garyeti

garyū (active first-person present singular)
garyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gigarasū (active first-person future singular)
garam (active first-person preterite singular)
garyesi (active present second-person singular)
garyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gigarasesi (active future second-person singular)
gars (active preterite second-person singular)
garyeti (active present singular third-person)
garyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gigaraseti (active future singular third-person)
gart (active preterite singular third-person)
garyomosi (active first-person plural present)
garyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gigarasomosi (active first-person future plural)
garme (active first-person plural preterite)
garyetesi (active plural present second-person)
garyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gigarasetesi (active future plural second-person)
garte (active plural preterite second-person)
garyonti (active plural present third-person)
garyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gigarasonti (active future plural third-person)
garant (active plural preterite third-person)
garasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
garasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
garye (active imperative second-person singular)
garaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
garyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
garasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
garyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
garasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
garyete (active imperative plural second-person)
garasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
garyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
garyūr (first-person passive present singular)
gigarasūr (first-person future passive singular)
garyetar (passive present second-person singular)
gigarasetar (future passive second-person singular)
garyetor (passive present singular third-person)
gigarasetor (future passive singular third-person)
garyommor (first-person passive plural present)
gigarasommor (first-person future passive plural)
garyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gigarasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
garyontor (passive plural present third-person)
gigarasontor (future passive plural third-person)
garanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
garasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
garasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
garasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
garasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
garasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
garasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
garyonts (nominative singular)
garyonte (dual nominative)
garyontes (nominative plural)
garyonts (singular vocative)
garyonte (dual vocative)
garyontes (plural vocative)
garyontam (accusative singular)
garyonte (accusative dual)
garyontans (accusative plural)
garyantos (genitive singular)
garyantom (genitive plural)
garyantei (dative singular)
garyantbom (dative dual)
garyantbos (dative plural)
garyantī? (instrumental singular)
garyantbim (dual instrumental)
garyantbis (instrumental plural)
garyantī (nominative singular)
garyantī (dual nominative)
garyantiyās (nominative plural)
garyantī (singular vocative)
garyantī (dual vocative)
garyantiyās (plural vocative)
garyantīm (accusative singular)
garyantī (accusative dual)
garyantiyans (accusative plural)
garyantyās (genitive singular)
garyantyom (genitive plural)
garyantyāi (dative singular)
garyantyābom (dative dual)
garyantyābos (dative plural)
garyantyābim (dual instrumental)
garyantyābis (instrumental plural)
garyont (nominative singular)
garyonta (nominative plural)
garyont (singular vocative)
garyonta (plural vocative)
garyont (accusative singular)
garyonta (accusative plural)
gartos (nominative singular)
gartou (dual nominative)
gartoi (nominative plural)
garte (singular vocative)
gartou (dual vocative)
gartoi (plural vocative)
gartom (accusative singular)
gartou (accusative dual)
gartons (accusative plural)
gartī (genitive singular)
gartous (dual genitive)
gartom (genitive plural)
gartūi (dative singular)
gartobom (dative dual)
gartobos (dative plural)
gartū (instrumental singular)
gartobim (dual instrumental)
gartobis (instrumental plural)
gartā (nominative singular)
gartai (dual nominative)
gartās (nominative plural)
gartā (singular vocative)
gartai (dual vocative)
gartās (plural vocative)
gartam (accusative singular)
gartai (accusative dual)
gartans (accusative plural)
gartās (genitive singular)
gartai (dative singular)
gartābom (dative dual)
gartābos (dative plural)
gartābim (dual instrumental)
gartābis (instrumental plural)
gartom (nominative singular)
gartā (nominative plural)
gartom (singular vocative)
gartā (plural vocative)
gartā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: gerent

Middle Welsh: garddu

Old Irish: gairid
Middle Irish: gairid
Irish: gair
Scottish Gaelic: goir

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥-ye-ti (“to call, cry”).


gāri

gāri (nominative singular)
gārī (dual nominative)
gāryā (nominative plural)
gāri (singular vocative)
gārī (dual vocative)
gāryā (plural vocative)
gāri (accusative singular)
gārī (accusative dual)
gāryā (accusative plural)
gārois (genitive singular)
gārois (dual genitive)
gāryom (genitive plural)
gārei (dative singular)
gāribom (dative dual)
gāribos (dative plural)
gārei (locative singular)
gārī (instrumental singular)
gāribim (dual instrumental)
gāribis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gọr

Middle Welsh: gawr

Old Irish: gáir

Irish: gáir

Scottish Gaelic: gàir

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, cry”).


ɸitu

ɸitu (nominative singular)
ɸitū (dual nominative)
ɸitwā (nominative plural)
ɸitu (singular vocative)
ɸitū (dual vocative)
ɸitwā (plural vocative)
ɸitu (accusative singular)
ɸitū (accusative dual)
ɸitwā (accusative plural)
ɸitous (genitive singular)
ɸitous (dual genitive)
ɸitowom (genitive plural)
ɸitou (dative singular)
ɸitubom (dative dual)
ɸitubos (dative plural)
ɸitū (instrumental singular)
ɸitubim (dual instrumental)
ɸitubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨd (“corn, grain”)

Middle Breton: et, eth, yt

Breton: ed

Old Cornish: yd

⇒ Old Cornish: hitaduer

Middle Cornish: eys, ys

Cornish: ys

Middle Welsh: yt

Welsh: ŷd

desctree

Old Irish: ith n (“corn, grain”)
Irish: ioth
Scottish Gaelic: ioth

Gaulish: *itu

⇒ Latin: Itius, Ittu (personal name)

From Proto-Indo-European *péy-tu-s ~ *pi-téw-s (proterokinetic tu-stem) (whence Sanskrit पितु (pitú, “nutrition”), Avestan 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬎 (pitu, “food”)), from *pey- (“food, nutrition”) + *-tus. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *piťa, Lithuanian piẽtūs (“dinner”, pl.), Boeotian Greek πιτεύω (piteúō, “to irrigate, to water (cattle)”).


tankos

tankos (nominative singular)
tankou (dual nominative)
tankoi (nominative plural)
tanke (singular vocative)
tankou (dual vocative)
tankoi (plural vocative)
tankom (accusative singular)
tankou (accusative dual)
tankons (accusative plural)
tankī (genitive singular)
tankous (dual genitive)
tankom (genitive plural)
tankūi (dative singular)
tankobom (dative dual)
tankobos (dative plural)
tankei (locative singular)
tankū (instrumental singular)
tankobim (dual instrumental)
tankūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tank

Old Welsh: tagc

Middle Welsh: tang, tanc

Welsh: tang

Gaulish: *tankos, takos

From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to be solid, firm”).


rīgyom

rīgyom (nominative singular)
rīgyou (dual nominative)
rīgyā (nominative plural)
rīgyom (singular vocative)
rīgyou (dual vocative)
rīgyā (plural vocative)
rīgyom (accusative singular)
rīgyou (accusative dual)
rīgyā (accusative plural)
rīgyī (genitive singular)
rīgyous (dual genitive)
rīgyom (genitive plural)
rīgyūi (dative singular)
rīgyobom (dative dual)
rīgyobos (dative plural)
rīgyei (locative singular)
rīgyū (instrumental singular)
rīgyobim (dual instrumental)
rīgyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rriɣɨð

Middle Welsh: rihyt, rihyd

Welsh: rhiydd

Old Irish: ríge

→ Proto-Germanic: *rīkiją, *rīkijaz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king”), also of same origin Latin rex

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


kawaros

kawaros (nominative singular)
kawarou (dual nominative)
kawaroi (nominative plural)
kaware (singular vocative)
kawarou (dual vocative)
kawaroi (plural vocative)
kawarom (accusative singular)
kawarou (accusative dual)
kawarons (accusative plural)
kawarī (genitive singular)
kawarous (dual genitive)
kawarom (genitive plural)
kawarūi (dative singular)
kawarobom (dative dual)
kawarobos (dative plural)
kawarei (locative singular)
kawarū (instrumental singular)
kawarobim (dual instrumental)
kawarūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Old Cornish: caurmarch

Middle Welsh: cawr

Welsh: cawr

Old Irish: cuar, caur

Irish: curadh

Scottish Gaelic: curadh

Gaulish: Καυαρος (Kauaros)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“strong”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κῡ́ριος (kū́rios).


tigernākos

tigernākos (nominative singular)
tigernākou (dual nominative)
tigernākoi (nominative plural)
tigernāke (singular vocative)
tigernākou (dual vocative)
tigernākoi (plural vocative)
tigernākom (accusative singular)
tigernākou (accusative dual)
tigernākons (accusative plural)
tigernākī (genitive singular)
tigernākous (dual genitive)
tigernākom (genitive plural)
tigernākūi (dative singular)
tigernākobom (dative dual)
tigernākobos (dative plural)
tigernākū (instrumental singular)
tigernākobim (dual instrumental)
tigernākobis (instrumental plural)
tigernākā (nominative singular)
tigernākai (dual nominative)
tigernākās (nominative plural)
tigernākā (singular vocative)
tigernākai (dual vocative)
tigernākās (plural vocative)
tigernākam (accusative singular)
tigernākai (accusative dual)
tigernākans (accusative plural)
tigernākās (genitive singular)
tigernākai (dative singular)
tigernākābom (dative dual)
tigernākābos (dative plural)
tigernākābim (dual instrumental)
tigernākābis (instrumental plural)
tigernākom (nominative singular)
tigernākā (nominative plural)
tigernākom (singular vocative)
tigernākā (plural vocative)
tigernākā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tɨɣernọg
Old Breton: *tiarnoc
Welsh: teyrnog

Old Irish: tigernach

Gaulish: *tigernākos

→ Latin: Tigernacus


toranos

toranos (nominative singular)
toranou (dual nominative)
toranoi (nominative plural)
torane (singular vocative)
toranou (dual vocative)
toranoi (plural vocative)
toranom (accusative singular)
toranou (accusative dual)
toranons (accusative plural)
toranī (genitive singular)
toranous (dual genitive)
toranom (genitive plural)
toranūi (dative singular)
toranobom (dative dual)
toranobos (dative plural)
toranei (locative singular)
toranū (instrumental singular)
toranobim (dual instrumental)
toranūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *taran

Old Breton: taran

Breton: taran

Old Cornish: taran

Cornish: taran

Middle Welsh: taran

Welsh: taran

Old Irish: torann

Irish: torann

Scottish Gaelic: torrunn

⇒ Middle Irish: toirnech

Irish: toirneach

Gaulish: *taranus, Taranis

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þunraz (“thunder”), Latin tonō (“to thunder”), Persian تندر (tondar, “thunder”), and Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, “to resound; to thunder; to roar”).

cog

fothram

Middle Irish: fothrann (“noise”), fothrom

godaran

Proto-Brythonic: *gwodaran; Middle Welsh


winkʷos

winkʷos (nominative singular)
winkʷou (dual nominative)
winkʷoi (nominative plural)
winkʷe (singular vocative)
winkʷou (dual vocative)
winkʷoi (plural vocative)
winkʷom (accusative singular)
winkʷou (accusative dual)
winkʷons (accusative plural)
winkʷī (genitive singular)
winkʷous (dual genitive)
winkʷom (genitive plural)
winkūi (dative singular)
winkʷobom (dative dual)
winkʷobos (dative plural)
winkū (instrumental singular)
winkʷobim (dual instrumental)
winkʷobis (instrumental plural)
winkʷā (nominative singular)
winkʷai (dual nominative)
winkʷās (nominative plural)
winkʷā (singular vocative)
winkʷai (dual vocative)
winkʷās (plural vocative)
winkʷam (accusative singular)
winkʷai (accusative dual)
winkʷans (accusative plural)
winkʷās (genitive singular)
winkʷai (dative singular)
winkʷābom (dative dual)
winkʷābos (dative plural)
winkʷābim (dual instrumental)
winkʷābis (instrumental plural)
winkʷom (nominative singular)
winkʷā (nominative plural)
winkʷom (singular vocative)
winkʷā (plural vocative)
winkʷā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: gwemp

Middle Welsh: gwymp

Gaulish: *uimpos

Gaulish: uimpi

Unknown. Posssibly from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to desire”).


wisus

wisus (nominative singular)
wisū (dual nominative)
wisowes (nominative plural)
wisu (singular vocative)
wisū (dual vocative)
wisūs (plural vocative)
wisum (accusative singular)
wisū (accusative dual)
wisuns (accusative plural)
wisous (genitive singular)
wisous (dual genitive)
wisowom (genitive plural)
wisou (dative singular)
wisubom (dative dual)
wisubos (dative plural)
wisū (instrumental singular)
wisubim (dual instrumental)
wisubis (instrumental plural)

desc

Welsh: gwlydd (“haulm, chickwedd; weeds”)

Middle Irish: fí

Gaulish: *wisus

⇒ Gaulish: *wisumāros (“clover”)

→ Latin: visumarus

From Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“fluidity, slime, poison”).


yextis

yextis (nominative singular)
yextī (dual nominative)
yextīs (nominative plural)
yexti (singular vocative)
yextī (dual vocative)
yextīs (plural vocative)
yextim (accusative singular)
yextī (accusative dual)
yextins (accusative plural)
yexteis (genitive singular)
yextyow (dual genitive)
yextyom (genitive plural)
yextei (dative singular)
yextibom (dative dual)
yextibos (dative plural)
yextei (locative singular)
yextī (instrumental singular)
yextibim (dual instrumental)
yextibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *jeiθ
Breton: yezh
Cornish: yeth
Middle Welsh: ieith
Welsh: iaith

Old Irish: icht (“race, people, tribe”)
Middle Irish: icht

From Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“to say”).


galnati

galnami (active first-person present singular)
galnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
giglāsū (active first-person future singular)
galnasi (active present second-person singular)
galnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
giglāsesi (active future second-person singular)
galnati (active present singular third-person)
galnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
giglāseti (active future singular third-person)
galnamosi (active first-person plural present)
galnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
giglāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
galnatesi (active plural present second-person)
galnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
giglāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
galnanti (active plural present third-person)
galnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
giglāsonti (active future plural third-person)
galasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
galasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
galna (active imperative second-person singular)
galaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
galnatou (active imperative singular third-person)
galasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
galnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
galasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
galnate (active imperative plural second-person)
galasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
galnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
galnar (first-person passive present singular)
giglāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
galnatar (passive present second-person singular)
giglāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
galnator (passive present singular third-person)
giglāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
galnammor (first-person passive plural present)
giglāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
galnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
giglāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
galnantor (passive plural present third-person)
giglāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
galasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
galasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
galasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
galasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
galasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
galasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
galnants (nominative singular)
galnante (dual nominative)
galnantes (nominative plural)
galnants (singular vocative)
galnante (dual vocative)
galnantes (plural vocative)
galnantam (accusative singular)
galnante (accusative dual)
galnantans (accusative plural)
galnantos (genitive singular)
galnantom (genitive plural)
galnantei (dative singular)
galnantbom (dative dual)
galnantbos (dative plural)
galnantī? (instrumental singular)
galnantbim (dual instrumental)
galnantbis (instrumental plural)
galnantī (nominative singular)
galnantī (dual nominative)
galnantiyās (nominative plural)
galnantī (singular vocative)
galnantī (dual vocative)
galnantiyās (plural vocative)
galnantīm (accusative singular)
galnantī (accusative dual)
galnantiyans (accusative plural)
galnantyās (genitive singular)
galnantyom (genitive plural)
galnantyāi (dative singular)
galnantyābom (dative dual)
galnantyābos (dative plural)
galnantyābim (dual instrumental)
galnantyābis (instrumental plural)
galnant (nominative singular)
galnanta (nominative plural)
galnant (singular vocative)
galnanta (plural vocative)
galnant (accusative singular)
galnanta (accusative plural)
glātos (nominative singular)
glātou (dual nominative)
glātoi (nominative plural)
glāte (singular vocative)
glātou (dual vocative)
glātoi (plural vocative)
glātom (accusative singular)
glātou (accusative dual)
glātons (accusative plural)
glātī (genitive singular)
glātous (dual genitive)
glātom (genitive plural)
glātūi (dative singular)
glātobom (dative dual)
glātobos (dative plural)
glātū (instrumental singular)
glātobim (dual instrumental)
glātobis (instrumental plural)
glātā (nominative singular)
glātai (dual nominative)
glātās (nominative plural)
glātā (singular vocative)
glātai (dual vocative)
glātās (plural vocative)
glātam (accusative singular)
glātai (accusative dual)
glātans (accusative plural)
glātās (genitive singular)
glātai (dative singular)
glātābom (dative dual)
glātābos (dative plural)
glātābim (dual instrumental)
glātābis (instrumental plural)
glātom (nominative singular)
glātā (nominative plural)
glātom (singular vocative)
glātā (plural vocative)
glātā (accusative plural)

Middle Breton: gallout, guell

Breton: gallout

Cornish: gallos

Middle Welsh: gallu

Welsh: gallu, geill

From Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (“able, powerful”). Akin to Lithuanian galėti (“to be able”), Proto-Slavic *golěmъ (“powerful”).

inh

→ Latin: Gallus→ Old Irish: GallIrish: GallManx: GoalScottish Gaelic: GallMiddle Irish: gallIrish: gallManx: goalScottish Gaelic: gall


koxsā

koxsā (nominative singular)
koxsai (dual nominative)
koxsās (nominative plural)
koxsā (singular vocative)
koxsai (dual vocative)
koxsās (plural vocative)
koxsam (accusative singular)
koxsai (accusative dual)
koxsāns (accusative plural)
koxsās (genitive singular)
koxsous (dual genitive)
koxsom (genitive plural)
koxsāi (dative singular)
koxsābom (dative dual)
koxsābos (dative plural)
koxsai (locative singular)
koxsābim (dual instrumental)
koxsābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *koɨs
Middle Welsh: coes
Welsh: coes

Old Irish: cos
Irish: cos
Manx: cass
Scottish Gaelic: cas

From Proto-Indo-European *koḱs-. Cognate with Latin coxa (“hip”), Old High German hahsa (“back of the knee”), and Sanskrit कक्ष (kákṣa, “armpit”).


kassos

kassos (nominative singular)
kassou (dual nominative)
kassoi (nominative plural)
kasse (singular vocative)
kassou (dual vocative)
kassoi (plural vocative)
kassom (accusative singular)
kassou (accusative dual)
kassons (accusative plural)
kassī (genitive singular)
kassous (dual genitive)
kassom (genitive plural)
kassūi (dative singular)
kassobom (dative dual)
kassobos (dative plural)
kassū (instrumental singular)
kassobim (dual instrumental)
kassobis (instrumental plural)
kassā (nominative singular)
kassai (dual nominative)
kassās (nominative plural)
kassā (singular vocative)
kassai (dual vocative)
kassās (plural vocative)
kassam (accusative singular)
kassai (accusative dual)
kassans (accusative plural)
kassās (genitive singular)
kassai (dative singular)
kassābom (dative dual)
kassābos (dative plural)
kassābim (dual instrumental)
kassābis (instrumental plural)
kassom (nominative singular)
kassā (nominative plural)
kassom (singular vocative)
kassā (plural vocative)
kassā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: cass

Irish: cas

Gaulish: *kassos

⇒ Gaulish: kassanos

Uncertain, as Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to comb”) would yield an expected *ksto; perhaps through an intermediary *kasto-.


brixtā

brixtā (nominative singular)
brixtai (dual nominative)
brixtās (nominative plural)
brixtā (singular vocative)
brixtai (dual vocative)
brixtās (plural vocative)
brixtam (accusative singular)
brixtai (accusative dual)
brixtāns (accusative plural)
brixtās (genitive singular)
brixtous (dual genitive)
brixtom (genitive plural)
brixtāi (dative singular)
brixtābom (dative dual)
brixtābos (dative plural)
brixtai (locative singular)
brixtābim (dual instrumental)
brixtābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *briθ
Old Breton: brith
Middle Welsh: brythron (“magic wand”), lledfrith (“delusion, illusion”) (in compounds)
Welsh: lledrith

Old Irish: bricht
Middle Irish: bricht
Irish: briocht

Gaulish: brixtia

Celtiberian: *bruxtia

→ Spanish: bruja

→ Galician: bruxa

→ Portuguese: bruxa

→ Catalan: bruixa

→ Occitan: bruèissa

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“enlighten”); compare Proto-Celtic *berxtos (“beautiful, bright”).


loutus

loutus (nominative singular)
loutū (dual nominative)
loutowes (nominative plural)
loutu (singular vocative)
loutū (dual vocative)
loutūs (plural vocative)
loutum (accusative singular)
loutū (accusative dual)
loutuns (accusative plural)
loutous (genitive singular)
loutous (dual genitive)
loutowom (genitive plural)
loutou (dative singular)
loutubom (dative dual)
loutubos (dative plural)
loutū (instrumental singular)
loutubim (dual instrumental)
loutubis (instrumental plural)
*loutwos (alternative)
*loutwis (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉdw

Middle Breton: ludu

Cornish: lusow

Middle Welsh: lludw, lludu

Welsh: lludw

desctree

Middle Irish: lúaith
Irish: luaith
Manx: leoie
Scottish Gaelic: luath²

* Pokorny suggests a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash”); see also *lowatrom (“bath”).
* Or, possibly related to *lutā (“dirt, mud”), from Proto-Indo-European *lew- (“dirt”) (Ancient Greek λῦμα (lûma, “dirt”), Latin lutum (“mud”)).
* Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European root shared by Sanskrit उल्का (ulkā, “meteor, firebrand, torch”).


wernā

wernā (nominative singular)
wernai (dual nominative)
wernās (nominative plural)
wernā (singular vocative)
wernai (dual vocative)
wernās (plural vocative)
wernam (accusative singular)
wernai (accusative dual)
wernāns (accusative plural)
wernās (genitive singular)
wernous (dual genitive)
wernom (genitive plural)
wernāi (dative singular)
wernābom (dative dual)
wernābos (dative plural)
wernai (locative singular)
wernābim (dual instrumental)
wernābis (instrumental plural)
*werno- (alternative)

desctree

Old Irish: fern
Irish: fearn
⇒ Irish: fearnóg
Manx: farney
Scottish Gaelic: feàrna

Proto-Brythonic: *gwern

Welsh: gwern, gwernen (“alder”)

Old Breton: guaern

Middle Breton: guern

Breton: gwern (“alder”)

Old Cornish: guern, guernen

Cornish: gwern

Gaulish: *wernā

→ Latin: verna, vernum

Catalan: vern, verna

French: vergne, verne

Ligurian: verna

Occitan: verna

Piedmontese: verna

>? Proto-Albanian: *werna

Albanian: verr

From Proto-Indo-European *wern- (“alder”).


dīwedeti

dīwedū (active first-person present singular)
dīwedemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
dīwedesi (active present second-person singular)
dīwedetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
dīwedeti (active present singular third-person)
dīwedeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
dīwedomosi (active first-person plural present)
dīwedemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
dīwedetesi (active plural present second-person)
dīwedestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
dīwedonti (active plural present third-person)
dīwedento (active imperfect plural third-person)
dīwede (active imperative second-person singular)
dīwedetou (active imperative singular third-person)
dīwedomos (active first-person imperative plural)
dīwedete (active imperative plural second-person)
dīwedontou (active imperative plural third-person)
dīwedūr (first-person passive present singular)
dīwedetar (passive present second-person singular)
dīwedetor (passive present singular third-person)
dīwedommor (first-person passive plural present)
dīwededwe (passive plural present second-person)
dīwedontor (passive plural present third-person)
dīwedonts (nominative singular)
dīwedonte (dual nominative)
dīwedontes (nominative plural)
dīwedonts (singular vocative)
dīwedonte (dual vocative)
dīwedontes (plural vocative)
dīwedontam (accusative singular)
dīwedonte (accusative dual)
dīwedontans (accusative plural)
dīwedantos (genitive singular)
dīwedantom (genitive plural)
dīwedantei (dative singular)
dīwedantbom (dative dual)
dīwedantbos (dative plural)
dīwedantī? (instrumental singular)
dīwedantbim (dual instrumental)
dīwedantbis (instrumental plural)
dīwedantī (nominative singular)
dīwedantī (dual nominative)
dīwedantiyās (nominative plural)
dīwedantī (singular vocative)
dīwedantī (dual vocative)
dīwedantiyās (plural vocative)
dīwedantīm (accusative singular)
dīwedantī (accusative dual)
dīwedantiyans (accusative plural)
dīwedantyās (genitive singular)
dīwedantyom (genitive plural)
dīwedantyāi (dative singular)
dīwedantyābom (dative dual)
dīwedantyābos (dative plural)
dīwedantyābim (dual instrumental)
dīwedantyābis (instrumental plural)
dīwedont (nominative singular)
dīwedonta (nominative plural)
dīwedont (singular vocative)
dīwedonta (plural vocative)
dīwedont (accusative singular)
dīwedonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *diweðɨd

Middle Welsh: dywedd

Welsh: diweddu

desc

3rd person singular <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">ro-</i>form

Old Irish: do·ruid (3rd person singular ro-form)


dīwedom

dīwedom (nominative singular)
dīwedou (dual nominative)
dīwedā (nominative plural)
dīwedom (singular vocative)
dīwedou (dual vocative)
dīwedā (plural vocative)
dīwedom (accusative singular)
dīwedou (accusative dual)
dīwedā (accusative plural)
dīwedī (genitive singular)
dīwedous (dual genitive)
dīwedom (genitive plural)
dīwedūi (dative singular)
dīwedobom (dative dual)
dīwedobos (dative plural)
dīwedei (locative singular)
dīwedū (instrumental singular)
dīwedobim (dual instrumental)
dīwedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *diweð

Old Breton: diued

Middle Breton: divez

Breton: diwezh

Cornish: diwedh

Old Welsh: diued

Middle Welsh: diued, diwet

Welsh: diwedd

Old Irish: dead

From *dīwedeti (“to stop”), with the suffix *-om.


swantos

swantos (nominative singular)
swantou (dual nominative)
swantoi (nominative plural)
swante (singular vocative)
swantou (dual vocative)
swantoi (plural vocative)
swantom (accusative singular)
swantou (accusative dual)
swantons (accusative plural)
swantī (genitive singular)
swantous (dual genitive)
swantom (genitive plural)
swantūi (dative singular)
swantobom (dative dual)
swantobos (dative plural)
swantei (locative singular)
swantū (instrumental singular)
swantobim (dual instrumental)
swantūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwant (“desire”)

Breton: c'hoant

Cornish: hwans

Middle Welsh: chwant

Welsh: chwant

→? Old Irish: sant (“desire, avarice”)

Irish: saint

Manx: saynt

Scottish Gaelic: sannt

desctree

Old Irish: sét (“object of value”)
Irish: seoid, séad
Scottish Gaelic: seud

Gaulish: suante (loc. sg.)

The etymology is uncertain.
* Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (“good”), making it cognate with *su- (“good”), though the phonetic development is uncertain.
* From Proto-Indo-European *swentos (“strong, vigorous, active, healthy”), though there is a difference in semantics.
* From Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”), source of Ancient Greek οὐσία (ousía, “one's property, substance”).


mezgos

mezgos (nominative singular)
mezgou (dual nominative)
mezgoi (nominative plural)
mezge (singular vocative)
mezgou (dual vocative)
mezgoi (plural vocative)
mezgom (accusative singular)
mezgou (accusative dual)
mezgons (accusative plural)
mezgī (genitive singular)
mezgous (dual genitive)
mezgom (genitive plural)
mezgūi (dative singular)
mezgobom (dative dual)
mezgobos (dative plural)
mezgei (locative singular)
mezgū (instrumental singular)
mezgobim (dual instrumental)
mezgūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *meið
Old Breton: meid
Cornish: meith
Welsh: maidd

Old Irish: medc, medg
Irish: meadhg, meidhg, meug
Scottish Gaelic: mèag, meòg, meug, (dialectal) meang
Manx: meaig, meug

Gaulish: *mesgos

→ Latin: mesgus

Old French: mesgue

French: mègue, mêgue

Unknown; claimed to be from Proto-Indo-European *mosgʰos (“marrow”),, though this seems semantically difficult. A connection to Old Norse mysa (“whey”), Sanskrit आमिक्षा (āmikṣā, “cottage cheese, cream”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyḱ- (“to mix”) also seems unlikely.


lindom

lindom (nominative singular)
lindou (dual nominative)
lindā (nominative plural)
lindom (singular vocative)
lindou (dual vocative)
lindā (plural vocative)
lindom (accusative singular)
lindou (accusative dual)
lindā (accusative plural)
lindī (genitive singular)
lindous (dual genitive)
lindom (genitive plural)
lindūi (dative singular)
lindobom (dative dual)
lindobos (dative plural)
lindei (locative singular)
lindū (instrumental singular)
lindobim (dual instrumental)
lindūis (instrumental plural)
*lindus (alternative)
*lendus (alternative)
*lindos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨnn

Old Breton: lin (“lake”)

Middle Breton: lenn (“pool”)

Old Cornish: gre-lin (“lake”)

desc

Middle Welsh: llynn (“lake, drink”), llyn

Welsh: llyn

Old Irish: lind (“liquid, drink, ale”)

Scottish Gaelic: linne, leann, lionn

Gaulish: lindon

Gaulish: *Lindiakon

→ Latin: Lindiacum (“Lintgen”)

Compare *liyeti (“flow”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *liH-nd-o-, but that would result in *līndom with a long ī.

→ Ancient Greek: Λίνδον

→ Latin: Lindum (“Lindum Colonia, Lincoln”)


liyeti

liyū (active first-person present singular)
liyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
liyesi (active present second-person singular)
liyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
liyeti (active present singular third-person)
liyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
liyomosi (active first-person plural present)
liyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
liyetesi (active plural present second-person)
liyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
liyonti (active plural present third-person)
liyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
liye (active imperative second-person singular)
liyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
liyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
liyete (active imperative plural second-person)
liyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
liyūr (first-person passive present singular)
liyetar (passive present second-person singular)
liyetor (passive present singular third-person)
liyommor (first-person passive plural present)
liyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
liyontor (passive plural present third-person)
liyonts (nominative singular)
liyonte (dual nominative)
liyontes (nominative plural)
liyonts (singular vocative)
liyonte (dual vocative)
liyontes (plural vocative)
liyontam (accusative singular)
liyonte (accusative dual)
liyontans (accusative plural)
liyantos (genitive singular)
liyantom (genitive plural)
liyantei (dative singular)
liyantbom (dative dual)
liyantbos (dative plural)
liyantī? (instrumental singular)
liyantbim (dual instrumental)
liyantbis (instrumental plural)
liyantī (nominative singular)
liyantī (dual nominative)
liyantiyās (nominative plural)
liyantī (singular vocative)
liyantī (dual vocative)
liyantiyās (plural vocative)
liyantīm (accusative singular)
liyantī (accusative dual)
liyantiyans (accusative plural)
liyantyās (genitive singular)
liyantyom (genitive plural)
liyantyāi (dative singular)
liyantyābom (dative dual)
liyantyābos (dative plural)
liyantyābim (dual instrumental)
liyantyābis (instrumental plural)
liyont (nominative singular)
liyonta (nominative plural)
liyont (singular vocative)
liyonta (plural vocative)
liyont (accusative singular)
liyonta (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to flow”). Cognate with Ancient Greek λείβω (leíbō, “to pour”), Lithuanian li̇́eti (“to let flow”), Latgalian leit(i) (“to flow, to rain”).


liyeti

Old Irish: liid, lithae (“accuses”)

cog

Celtiberian: *litom (?) (however compare Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave”))

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)leyH- (“to accuse”). Cognate with Latin līs (“lawsuit, action”).


merkā

merkā (nominative singular)
merkai (dual nominative)
merkās (nominative plural)
merkā (singular vocative)
merkai (dual vocative)
merkās (plural vocative)
merkam (accusative singular)
merkai (accusative dual)
merkāns (accusative plural)
merkās (genitive singular)
merkous (dual genitive)
merkom (genitive plural)
merkāi (dative singular)
merkābom (dative dual)
merkābos (dative plural)
merkai (locative singular)
merkābim (dual instrumental)
merkābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *merx

Breton: merc'h

Cornish: myrgh

Welsh: merch

From Proto-Indo-European *merkeh₂ (“girl”), from *mer- (“boy, girl”). Compare Scottish Gaelic smarach (“lad”), Latin marītus (“husband”), Ancient Greek μεῖραξ (meîrax, “girl”), Old Armenian մարի (mari, “hen”)), Sanskrit मर्य (marya, “young man, suitor”), Lithuanian mergà (“girl”).


ligeti

ligū (active first-person present singular)
ligemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
lilixsū (active first-person future singular)
liloiga (active first-person preterite singular)
ligesi (active present second-person singular)
ligetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
lilixsesi (active future second-person singular)
liloigas? (active preterite second-person singular)
ligeti (active present singular third-person)
ligeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
lilixseti (active future singular third-person)
liloige (active preterite singular third-person)
ligomosi (active first-person plural present)
ligemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lilixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
liloigmo (active first-person plural preterite)
ligetesi (active plural present second-person)
ligestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
lilixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
liloixte (active plural preterite second-person)
ligonti (active plural present third-person)
ligento (active imperfect plural third-person)
lilixsonti (active future plural third-person)
liloigars (active plural preterite third-person)
leixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
leixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
lige (active imperative second-person singular)
leixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ligetou (active imperative singular third-person)
leixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ligomos (active first-person imperative plural)
leixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ligete (active imperative plural second-person)
leixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ligontou (active imperative plural third-person)
ligūr (first-person passive present singular)
lilixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
liloigra (first-person passive preterite singular)
ligetar (passive present second-person singular)
lilixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
liloigras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
ligetor (passive present singular third-person)
lilixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
liloigre (passive preterite singular third-person)
ligommor (first-person passive plural present)
lilixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ligedwe (passive plural present second-person)
lilixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ligontor (passive plural present third-person)
lilixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
leixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
leixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
leixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
leixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
leixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
leixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ligonts (nominative singular)
ligonte (dual nominative)
ligontes (nominative plural)
ligonts (singular vocative)
ligonte (dual vocative)
ligontes (plural vocative)
ligontam (accusative singular)
ligonte (accusative dual)
ligontans (accusative plural)
ligantos (genitive singular)
ligantom (genitive plural)
ligantei (dative singular)
ligantbom (dative dual)
ligantbos (dative plural)
ligantī? (instrumental singular)
ligantbim (dual instrumental)
ligantbis (instrumental plural)
ligantī (nominative singular)
ligantī (dual nominative)
ligantiyās (nominative plural)
ligantī (singular vocative)
ligantī (dual vocative)
ligantiyās (plural vocative)
ligantīm (accusative singular)
ligantī (accusative dual)
ligantiyans (accusative plural)
ligantyās (genitive singular)
ligantyom (genitive plural)
ligantyāi (dative singular)
ligantyābom (dative dual)
ligantyābos (dative plural)
ligantyābim (dual instrumental)
ligantyābis (instrumental plural)
ligont (nominative singular)
ligonta (nominative plural)
ligont (singular vocative)
ligonta (plural vocative)
ligont (accusative singular)
ligonta (accusative plural)
lixtos (nominative singular)
lixtou (dual nominative)
lixtoi (nominative plural)
lixte (singular vocative)
lixtou (dual vocative)
lixtoi (plural vocative)
lixtom (accusative singular)
lixtou (accusative dual)
lixtons (accusative plural)
lixtī (genitive singular)
lixtous (dual genitive)
lixtom (genitive plural)
lixtūi (dative singular)
lixtobom (dative dual)
lixtobos (dative plural)
lixtū (instrumental singular)
lixtobim (dual instrumental)
lixtobis (instrumental plural)
lixtā (nominative singular)
lixtai (dual nominative)
lixtās (nominative plural)
lixtā (singular vocative)
lixtai (dual vocative)
lixtās (plural vocative)
lixtam (accusative singular)
lixtai (accusative dual)
lixtans (accusative plural)
lixtās (genitive singular)
lixtai (dative singular)
lixtābom (dative dual)
lixtābos (dative plural)
lixtābim (dual instrumental)
lixtābis (instrumental plural)
lixtom (nominative singular)
lixtā (nominative plural)
lixtom (singular vocative)
lixtā (plural vocative)
lixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lliɣɨd

Middle Breton: leat

Breton: lead

Middle Welsh: llyu

Welsh: llyfu

desctree

Old Irish: ligid
Irish: ligh
Scottish Gaelic: ligh


orgeti

orgū (active first-person present singular)
orgemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
iorxsū (active first-person future singular)
orgam (active first-person preterite singular)
orgesi (active present second-person singular)
orgetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
iorxsesi (active future second-person singular)
orxs (active preterite second-person singular)
orgeti (active present singular third-person)
orgeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
iorxseti (active future singular third-person)
orxt (active preterite singular third-person)
orgomosi (active first-person plural present)
orgemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
iorxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
orgme (active first-person plural preterite)
orgetesi (active plural present second-person)
orgestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
iorxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
orxte (active plural preterite second-person)
orgonti (active plural present third-person)
orgento (active imperfect plural third-person)
iorxsonti (active future plural third-person)
organt (active plural preterite third-person)
orxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
orxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
orge (active imperative second-person singular)
orxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
orgetou (active imperative singular third-person)
orxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
orgomos (active first-person imperative plural)
orxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
orgete (active imperative plural second-person)
orxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
orgontou (active imperative plural third-person)
orgūr (first-person passive present singular)
iorxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
orgetar (passive present second-person singular)
iorxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
orgetor (passive present singular third-person)
iorxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
orgommor (first-person passive plural present)
iorxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
orgedwe (passive plural present second-person)
iorxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
orgontor (passive plural present third-person)
iorxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
organto (passive plural preterite third-person)
orxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
orxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
orxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
orxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
orxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
orxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
orgonts (nominative singular)
orgonte (dual nominative)
orgontes (nominative plural)
orgonts (singular vocative)
orgonte (dual vocative)
orgontes (plural vocative)
orgontam (accusative singular)
orgonte (accusative dual)
orgontans (accusative plural)
organtos (genitive singular)
organtom (genitive plural)
organtei (dative singular)
organtbom (dative dual)
organtbos (dative plural)
organtī? (instrumental singular)
organtbim (dual instrumental)
organtbis (instrumental plural)
organtī (nominative singular)
organtī (dual nominative)
organtiyās (nominative plural)
organtī (singular vocative)
organtī (dual vocative)
organtiyās (plural vocative)
organtīm (accusative singular)
organtī (accusative dual)
organtiyans (accusative plural)
organtyās (genitive singular)
organtyom (genitive plural)
organtyāi (dative singular)
organtyābom (dative dual)
organtyābos (dative plural)
organtyābim (dual instrumental)
organtyābis (instrumental plural)
orgont (nominative singular)
orgonta (nominative plural)
orgont (singular vocative)
orgonta (plural vocative)
orgont (accusative singular)
orgonta (accusative plural)
orxtos (nominative singular)
orxtou (dual nominative)
orxtoi (nominative plural)
orxte (singular vocative)
orxtou (dual vocative)
orxtoi (plural vocative)
orxtom (accusative singular)
orxtou (accusative dual)
orxtons (accusative plural)
orxtī (genitive singular)
orxtous (dual genitive)
orxtom (genitive plural)
orxtūi (dative singular)
orxtobom (dative dual)
orxtobos (dative plural)
orxtū (instrumental singular)
orxtobim (dual instrumental)
orxtobis (instrumental plural)
orxtā (nominative singular)
orxtai (dual nominative)
orxtās (nominative plural)
orxtā (singular vocative)
orxtai (dual vocative)
orxtās (plural vocative)
orxtam (accusative singular)
orxtai (accusative dual)
orxtans (accusative plural)
orxtās (genitive singular)
orxtai (dative singular)
orxtābom (dative dual)
orxtābos (dative plural)
orxtābim (dual instrumental)
orxtābis (instrumental plural)
orxtom (nominative singular)
orxtā (nominative plural)
orxtom (singular vocative)
orxtā (plural vocative)
orxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Old Breton: treorgam

Middle Welsh: yny-orth

Welsh: orn

Old Irish: orcaid, orgaid, orggaid
Middle Irish: oirgid, airgid
Irish: arg

Gaulish: orge (“kill”, imperative)

Gaulish: *orgetos (deverbal)

⇒ Gaulish: *Orgetorix

→ Latin: Orgetorix

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃erg- (“perish”), see also Hittite 𒄯𒀝𒍣 (ḫar-ak-zi /ḫarkzi/) and Old Armenian հարկանեմ (harkanem, “strike”).


lanxsman

lanxsman (nominative singular)
lanxsmane? (dual nominative)
lanxsmana (nominative plural)
lanxsman (singular vocative)
lanxsmane? (dual vocative)
lanxsmana (plural vocative)
lanxsman (accusative singular)
lanxsmane? (accusative dual)
lanxsmana (accusative plural)
lanxsmens (genitive singular)
lanxsmenous? (dual genitive)
lanxsmenom (genitive plural)
lanxsmenei (dative singular)
lanxsmembom (dative dual)
lanxsmembos (dative plural)
lanxsmen (locative singular)
lanxsmeni (locative singular)
lanxsmenei (instrumental singular)
lanxsmembim (dual instrumental)
lanxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: lam

Breton: lamm

Cornish: lamm

Middle Welsh: llam (“jump”)

desctree

Old Irish: léimm
Irish: léim
Manx: lheim
Scottish Gaelic: leum

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“light; move lightly”). However, it could instead be akin to Proto-Slavic *plęsati (“to dance”); see Old Irish lingid (“to jump”).
Contains the suffix *-sman.


ɸlengeti

ɸlengū (active first-person present singular)
ɸlengemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸiblanxsū (active first-person future singular)
ɸeblonga (active first-person preterite singular)
ɸlengesi (active present second-person singular)
ɸlengetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸiblanxsesi (active future second-person singular)
ɸeblongas? (active preterite second-person singular)
ɸlengeti (active present singular third-person)
ɸlengeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸiblanxseti (active future singular third-person)
ɸeblonge (active preterite singular third-person)
ɸlengomosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸlengemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸiblanxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ɸeblongmo (active first-person plural preterite)
ɸlengetesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸlengestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸiblanxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ɸeblonxte (active plural preterite second-person)
ɸlengonti (active plural present third-person)
ɸlengento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸiblanxsonti (active future plural third-person)
ɸeblongars (active plural preterite third-person)
ɸlenxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ɸlenxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸlenge (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸlenxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸlengetou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸlenxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ɸlengomos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸlenxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸlengete (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸlenxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸlengontou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸlengūr (first-person passive present singular)
ɸiblanxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ɸeblongra (first-person passive preterite singular)
ɸlengetar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸiblanxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ɸeblongras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
ɸlengetor (passive present singular third-person)
ɸiblanxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ɸeblongre (passive preterite singular third-person)
ɸlengommor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸiblanxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ɸlengedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸiblanxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ɸlengontor (passive plural present third-person)
ɸiblanxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ɸlenxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ɸlenxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸlenxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸlenxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ɸlenxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸlenxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸlengonts (nominative singular)
ɸlengonte (dual nominative)
ɸlengontes (nominative plural)
ɸlengonts (singular vocative)
ɸlengonte (dual vocative)
ɸlengontes (plural vocative)
ɸlengontam (accusative singular)
ɸlengonte (accusative dual)
ɸlengontans (accusative plural)
ɸlengantos (genitive singular)
ɸlengantom (genitive plural)
ɸlengantei (dative singular)
ɸlengantbom (dative dual)
ɸlengantbos (dative plural)
ɸlengantī? (instrumental singular)
ɸlengantbim (dual instrumental)
ɸlengantbis (instrumental plural)
ɸlengantī (nominative singular)
ɸlengantī (dual nominative)
ɸlengantiyās (nominative plural)
ɸlengantī (singular vocative)
ɸlengantī (dual vocative)
ɸlengantiyās (plural vocative)
ɸlengantīm (accusative singular)
ɸlengantī (accusative dual)
ɸlengantiyans (accusative plural)
ɸlengantyās (genitive singular)
ɸlengantyom (genitive plural)
ɸlengantyāi (dative singular)
ɸlengantyābom (dative dual)
ɸlengantyābos (dative plural)
ɸlengantyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlengantyābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlengont (nominative singular)
ɸlengonta (nominative plural)
ɸlengont (singular vocative)
ɸlengonta (plural vocative)
ɸlengont (accusative singular)
ɸlengonta (accusative plural)
ɸlanxtos (nominative singular)
ɸlanxtou (dual nominative)
ɸlanxtoi (nominative plural)
ɸlanxte (singular vocative)
ɸlanxtou (dual vocative)
ɸlanxtoi (plural vocative)
ɸlanxtom (accusative singular)
ɸlanxtou (accusative dual)
ɸlanxtons (accusative plural)
ɸlanxtī (genitive singular)
ɸlanxtous (dual genitive)
ɸlanxtom (genitive plural)
ɸlanxtūi (dative singular)
ɸlanxtobom (dative dual)
ɸlanxtobos (dative plural)
ɸlanxtū (instrumental singular)
ɸlanxtobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlanxtobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlanxtā (nominative singular)
ɸlanxtai (dual nominative)
ɸlanxtās (nominative plural)
ɸlanxtā (singular vocative)
ɸlanxtai (dual vocative)
ɸlanxtās (plural vocative)
ɸlanxtam (accusative singular)
ɸlanxtai (accusative dual)
ɸlanxtans (accusative plural)
ɸlanxtās (genitive singular)
ɸlanxtai (dative singular)
ɸlanxtābom (dative dual)
ɸlanxtābos (dative plural)
ɸlanxtābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlanxtābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlanxtom (nominative singular)
ɸlanxtā (nominative plural)
ɸlanxtom (singular vocative)
ɸlanxtā (plural vocative)
ɸlanxtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: lingid
Middle Irish: lingid
Irish: ling
⇒ Middle Irish: léimmid (denominal from the verbal noun)
Irish: léim
Scottish Gaelic: leum

Gaulish: *lingeti

Gaulish: *Lingones

→ Latin: Lingones

French: Langres

A conflation of Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“light; move lightly”) and another verb with initial *ɸ derived from the root of Proto-Germanic *springaną (“to spring, jump, burst”). See the Proto-Germanic entry for further etymology.
Another theory by Kroonen derives the root from a nasal-infixed zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“to jump around, bounce, shake, tremble”), though this does not seem to be favored by Celticists.


awelā

awelā (nominative singular)
awelai (dual nominative)
awelās (nominative plural)
awelā (singular vocative)
awelai (dual vocative)
awelās (plural vocative)
awelam (accusative singular)
awelai (accusative dual)
awelāns (accusative plural)
awelās (genitive singular)
awelous (dual genitive)
awelom (genitive plural)
awelāi (dative singular)
awelābom (dative dual)
awelābos (dative plural)
awelai (locative singular)
awelābim (dual instrumental)
awelābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *awel

Old Breton: avelou

Middle Breton: avel, auel (“wind”)

Breton: avel

Old Cornish: auhel

Middle Cornish: awel

Cornish: awel

Middle Welsh: awel

Welsh: awel

Gallaecian: *awilā

⇒ Gallaecian: *Awilyobris

→ Latin: Aviliobris

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewh₁eleh₂, from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).


lutā

lutā (nominative singular)
lutai (dual nominative)
lutās (nominative plural)
lutā (singular vocative)
lutai (dual vocative)
lutās (plural vocative)
lutam (accusative singular)
lutai (accusative dual)
lutāns (accusative plural)
lutās (genitive singular)
lutous (dual genitive)
lutom (genitive plural)
lutāi (dative singular)
lutābom (dative dual)
lutābos (dative plural)
lutai (locative singular)
lutābim (dual instrumental)
lutābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: loth (“mire, mud”)

Gaulish: *lutos

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *Lutomagos, *Lutetia, *Luteva

→ Latin: Lutomagus, Lutetia

Celtiberian: *lutā

⇒ Celtiberian: *Lutiā

⇒ Celtiberian: lutiakos (“belonging to Lutia”) (possibly)

From Proto-Indo-European *lew- (“dirt, mud”). Cognate with Latin lutum (“dirt, filth”), Ancient Greek λῦμα (lûma, “dirt, filth”) and Albanian lym (“mud”).


tausyeti

tawsyū (active first-person present singular)
tawsyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
tawsyesi (active present second-person singular)
tawsyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
tawsyeti (active present singular third-person)
tawsyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
tawsyomosi (active first-person plural present)
tawsyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
tawsyetesi (active plural present second-person)
tawsyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
tawsyonti (active plural present third-person)
tawsyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
tawsye (active imperative second-person singular)
tawsyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
tawsyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
tawsyete (active imperative plural second-person)
tawsyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
tawsyūr (first-person passive present singular)
tawsyetar (passive present second-person singular)
tawsyetor (passive present singular third-person)
tawsyommor (first-person passive plural present)
tawsyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
tawsyontor (passive plural present third-person)
tawsyonts (nominative singular)
tawsyonte (dual nominative)
tawsyontes (nominative plural)
tawsyonts (singular vocative)
tawsyonte (dual vocative)
tawsyontes (plural vocative)
tawsyontam (accusative singular)
tawsyonte (accusative dual)
tawsyontans (accusative plural)
tawsyantos (genitive singular)
tawsyantom (genitive plural)
tawsyantei (dative singular)
tawsyantbom (dative dual)
tawsyantbos (dative plural)
tawsyantī? (instrumental singular)
tawsyantbim (dual instrumental)
tawsyantbis (instrumental plural)
tawsyantī (nominative singular)
tawsyantī (dual nominative)
tawsyantiyās (nominative plural)
tawsyantī (singular vocative)
tawsyantī (dual vocative)
tawsyantiyās (plural vocative)
tawsyantīm (accusative singular)
tawsyantī (accusative dual)
tawsyantiyans (accusative plural)
tawsyantyās (genitive singular)
tawsyantyom (genitive plural)
tawsyantyāi (dative singular)
tawsyantyābom (dative dual)
tawsyantyābos (dative plural)
tawsyantyābim (dual instrumental)
tawsyantyābis (instrumental plural)
tawsyont (nominative singular)
tawsyonta (nominative plural)
tawsyont (singular vocative)
tawsyonta (plural vocative)
tawsyont (accusative singular)
tawsyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: tewi, tawaf

Welsh: tewi

Middle Breton: teuell

Breton: tewel

Cornish: tewel

desc

⇒ Old Irish: (with some consonant-initial suffix preserving the /s/) ·túaisi

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂ws- (“to be quiet, be still”), see also Danish tyst (“quiet”), Old Prussian tusnan (“still”) and Luwian 𒌅𒄷𒅆𒀀𒄿 (tuḫušiya-, “to await, to wait and see”).


tausos

tawsos (nominative singular)
tawsou (dual nominative)
tawsoi (nominative plural)
tawse (singular vocative)
tawsou (dual vocative)
tawsoi (plural vocative)
tawsom (accusative singular)
tawsou (accusative dual)
tawsons (accusative plural)
tawsī (genitive singular)
tawsous (dual genitive)
tawsom (genitive plural)
tawsūi (dative singular)
tawsobom (dative dual)
tawsobos (dative plural)
tawsū (instrumental singular)
tawsobim (dual instrumental)
tawsobis (instrumental plural)
tawsā (nominative singular)
tawsai (dual nominative)
tawsās (nominative plural)
tawsā (singular vocative)
tawsai (dual vocative)
tawsās (plural vocative)
tawsam (accusative singular)
tawsai (accusative dual)
tawsans (accusative plural)
tawsās (genitive singular)
tawsai (dative singular)
tawsābom (dative dual)
tawsābos (dative plural)
tawsābim (dual instrumental)
tawsābis (instrumental plural)
tawsom (nominative singular)
tawsā (nominative plural)
tawsom (singular vocative)
tawsā (plural vocative)
tawsā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: taw (“silence”)

Welsh: taw

Middle Breton: tao (“silence”)

Breton: taw

Cornish: taw

desctree

Old Irish: tóe, tó, túae
Middle Irish: tóe
⇒ Middle Irish: toíthenach
Irish: taoitheanach

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂ws- (“to be quiet, be still”).


uɸolautom

uɸolautom (nominative singular)
uɸolautou (dual nominative)
uɸolautā (nominative plural)
uɸolautom (singular vocative)
uɸolautou (dual vocative)
uɸolautā (plural vocative)
uɸolautom (accusative singular)
uɸolautou (accusative dual)
uɸolautā (accusative plural)
uɸolautī (genitive singular)
uɸolautous (dual genitive)
uɸolautom (genitive plural)
uɸolautūi (dative singular)
uɸolautobom (dative dual)
uɸolautobos (dative plural)
uɸolautei (locative singular)
uɸolautū (instrumental singular)
uɸolautobim (dual instrumental)
uɸolautūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwolʉd
Middle Welsh: golud
Welsh: golud

Old Irish: folud

Irish: fala (“grudge”)

From *uɸo- + *lautom, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂u-tó-m, from *leh₂w- (“benefit, prize”) + *-tóm. Related to Old Irish lóg, lúag (“prize”).


anegeti

anegū (active first-person present singular)
anegemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
anixsū (active first-person future singular)
anīgam (active first-person preterite singular)
anegesi (active present second-person singular)
anegetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
anixsesi (active future second-person singular)
anīxs (active preterite second-person singular)
anegeti (active present singular third-person)
anegeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
anixseti (active future singular third-person)
anīxt (active preterite singular third-person)
anegomosi (active first-person plural present)
anegemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
anixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
anīgme (active first-person plural preterite)
anegetesi (active plural present second-person)
anegestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
anixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
anīxte (active plural preterite second-person)
anegonti (active plural present third-person)
anegento (active imperfect plural third-person)
anixsonti (active future plural third-person)
anīgant (active plural preterite third-person)
anexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
anexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
anege (active imperative second-person singular)
anexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
anegetou (active imperative singular third-person)
anexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
anegomos (active first-person imperative plural)
anexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
anegete (active imperative plural second-person)
anexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
anegontou (active imperative plural third-person)
anegūr (first-person passive present singular)
anixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
anegetar (passive present second-person singular)
anixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
anegetor (passive present singular third-person)
anixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
anegommor (first-person passive plural present)
anixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
anegedwe (passive plural present second-person)
anixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
anegontor (passive plural present third-person)
anixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
anīganto (passive plural preterite third-person)
anexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
anexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
anexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
anexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
anexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
anexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
anegonts (nominative singular)
anegonte (dual nominative)
anegontes (nominative plural)
anegonts (singular vocative)
anegonte (dual vocative)
anegontes (plural vocative)
anegontam (accusative singular)
anegonte (accusative dual)
anegontans (accusative plural)
anegantos (genitive singular)
anegantom (genitive plural)
anegantei (dative singular)
anegantbom (dative dual)
anegantbos (dative plural)
anegantī? (instrumental singular)
anegantbim (dual instrumental)
anegantbis (instrumental plural)
anegantī (nominative singular)
anegantī (dual nominative)
anegantiyās (nominative plural)
anegantī (singular vocative)
anegantī (dual vocative)
anegantiyās (plural vocative)
anegantīm (accusative singular)
anegantī (accusative dual)
anegantiyans (accusative plural)
anegantyās (genitive singular)
anegantyom (genitive plural)
anegantyāi (dative singular)
anegantyābom (dative dual)
anegantyābos (dative plural)
anegantyābim (dual instrumental)
anegantyābis (instrumental plural)
anegont (nominative singular)
anegonta (nominative plural)
anegont (singular vocative)
anegonta (plural vocative)
anegont (accusative singular)
anegonta (accusative plural)
anextos (nominative singular)
anextou (dual nominative)
anextoi (nominative plural)
anexte (singular vocative)
anextou (dual vocative)
anextoi (plural vocative)
anextom (accusative singular)
anextou (accusative dual)
anextons (accusative plural)
anextī (genitive singular)
anextous (dual genitive)
anextom (genitive plural)
anextūi (dative singular)
anextobom (dative dual)
anextobos (dative plural)
anextū (instrumental singular)
anextobim (dual instrumental)
anextobis (instrumental plural)
anextā (nominative singular)
anextai (dual nominative)
anextās (nominative plural)
anextā (singular vocative)
anextai (dual vocative)
anextās (plural vocative)
anextam (accusative singular)
anextai (accusative dual)
anextans (accusative plural)
anextās (genitive singular)
anextai (dative singular)
anextābom (dative dual)
anextābos (dative plural)
anextābim (dual instrumental)
anextābis (instrumental plural)
anextom (nominative singular)
anextā (nominative plural)
anextom (singular vocative)
anextā (plural vocative)
anextā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: aingid

desc

⇒ Celtiberian: Aneittiq (abbreviated surname from past participle stem *anext-)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eg- (“to lack”) (cognate with Latin egeo and Old Norse ekla), prefixed with *an- (“not, un-”). The odd appearance of *an-, which normally only appears in nominal formations, may be explained as spreading from the verbal noun *anextlom.


alamom

alamom (nominative singular)
alamou (dual nominative)
alamā (nominative plural)
alamom (singular vocative)
alamou (dual vocative)
alamā (plural vocative)
alamom (accusative singular)
alamou (accusative dual)
alamā (accusative plural)
alamī (genitive singular)
alamous (dual genitive)
alamom (genitive plural)
alamūi (dative singular)
alamobom (dative dual)
alamobos (dative plural)
alamei (locative singular)
alamū (instrumental singular)
alamobim (dual instrumental)
alamūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alaβ̃

Middle Welsh: alaf

Middle Irish: alam

According to Schrijver, this noun comes from *pelh₂- (“to drive”), which would give Proto-Celtic *ɸalamom. Matasović agrees that it is possible to derive this substantive from that root; yet, he preffers to derive this noun from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to surround”), upon which he connects it to Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒇷 (ḫāli, “pen, corral (for cows and horses)”). However, Kloekhorst dismisses the derivation of Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒇷 (ḫāli) from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to surround”).


banssus

banssus (nominative singular)
banssū (dual nominative)
banssowes (nominative plural)
banssu (singular vocative)
banssū (dual vocative)
banssūs (plural vocative)
banssum (accusative singular)
banssū (accusative dual)
banssuns (accusative plural)
banssous (genitive singular)
banssous (dual genitive)
banssowom (genitive plural)
banssou (dative singular)
banssubom (dative dual)
banssubos (dative plural)
banssū (instrumental singular)
banssubim (dual instrumental)
banssubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *boɨs

Breton: boas

q

influenced by Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">mōs</i> (“manner, custom, habit”)

Welsh: moes (influenced by Latin mōs (“manner, custom, habit”))

desctree

Old Irish: bés, béss, bǽs
Irish: béas
Scottish Gaelic: beus

>? Gaulish: *bessus

→ Basque: bezu

→ Latin: bessus

Spanish: bezo

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, bond”).
According to one theory, the Proto-Celtic word might derive from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- instead, thus rendering the Albanian besë as a cognate and explains the relationship between them as an Albanian/Celtic isogloss.


bandis

bandis (nominative singular)
bandī (dual nominative)
bandīs (nominative plural)
bandi (singular vocative)
bandī (dual vocative)
bandīs (plural vocative)
bandim (accusative singular)
bandī (accusative dual)
bandins (accusative plural)
bandeis (genitive singular)
bandyou (dual genitive)
bandyom (genitive plural)
bandei (dative singular)
bandibom (dative dual)
bandibos (dative plural)
bandī (instrumental singular)
bandibim (dual instrumental)
bandibis (instrumental plural)
bandi (nominative singular)
bandyā (nominative plural)
bandyā (plural vocative)
bandi (accusative singular)
bandyā (accusative plural)
bandois (genitive singular)
bandois (dual genitive)
bandē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *bann

Old Breton: bann

Middle Welsh: bann, ban

Old Irish: bind

Irish: binn

Scottish Gaelic: binn

From Proto-Indo-European *bend- (“point, pin”). Cognate with Old English pintel (“penis”). The initial "b" may point to a European substrate language.


walos

walos (nominative singular)
walou (dual nominative)
waloi (nominative plural)
wale (singular vocative)
walou (dual vocative)
waloi (plural vocative)
walom (accusative singular)
walou (accusative dual)
walons (accusative plural)
walī (genitive singular)
walous (dual genitive)
walom (genitive plural)
walūi (dative singular)
walobom (dative dual)
walobos (dative plural)
walei (locative singular)
walū (instrumental singular)
walobim (dual instrumental)
walūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: fal (“rule”)

Middle Irish: fál (“king (?)”)

Gaulish: *walos

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule”).


ɸorkos

ɸorkos (nominative singular)
ɸorkou (dual nominative)
ɸorkoi (nominative plural)
ɸorke (singular vocative)
ɸorkou (dual vocative)
ɸorkoi (plural vocative)
ɸorkom (accusative singular)
ɸorkou (accusative dual)
ɸorkons (accusative plural)
ɸorkī (genitive singular)
ɸorkous (dual genitive)
ɸorkom (genitive plural)
ɸorkūi (dative singular)
ɸorkobom (dative dual)
ɸorkobos (dative plural)
ɸorkei (locative singular)
ɸorkū (instrumental singular)
ɸorkobim (dual instrumental)
ɸorkūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: orc, orcán

Middle Irish: orc

Irish: arc, arcán, uircín

Scottish Gaelic: arc, arcan, uircean

Manx: ark

Gaulish: *orkos

→? Ancient Greek: Ὀρκάδες (Orkádes)

Greek: Ορκάδες (Orkádes)

→ Latin: Orcades

desctree

→⇒ Old Norse: Orkneyjar
Icelandic: Orkneyjar f pl
Faroese: Orknoyggjar f pl
Norwegian Nynorsk: Orknøyar f pl; (definite form) Orknøyane, Orknøyarne
Norwegian Bokmål: Orknøyene m pl or f pl
Swedish: Orknöarna c pl
Danish: Ørkenøerne c pl
→ English: Orkney, Orkneys, Orkney Islands

From Proto-Indo-European *pórḱos (“pig”).


brikkos

brikkos (nominative singular)
brikkou (dual nominative)
brikkoi (nominative plural)
brikke (singular vocative)
brikkou (dual vocative)
brikkoi (plural vocative)
brikkom (accusative singular)
brikkou (accusative dual)
brikkons (accusative plural)
brikkī (genitive singular)
brikkous (dual genitive)
brikkom (genitive plural)
brikkūi (dative singular)
brikkobom (dative dual)
brikkobos (dative plural)
brikkū (instrumental singular)
brikkobim (dual instrumental)
brikkobis (instrumental plural)
brikkā (nominative singular)
brikkai (dual nominative)
brikkās (nominative plural)
brikkā (singular vocative)
brikkai (dual vocative)
brikkās (plural vocative)
brikkam (accusative singular)
brikkai (accusative dual)
brikkans (accusative plural)
brikkās (genitive singular)
brikkai (dative singular)
brikkābom (dative dual)
brikkābos (dative plural)
brikkābim (dual instrumental)
brikkābis (instrumental plural)
brikkom (nominative singular)
brikkā (nominative plural)
brikkom (singular vocative)
brikkā (plural vocative)
brikkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨx

Breton: brec'h (“variola”)

Cornish: brygh

Middle Welsh: brych

Welsh: brych

Old Irish: brecc
Irish: breac
Manx: breck
Scottish Gaelic: breac

Gaulish: *brikkos, *Brikkos

Latin: briccus, Briccus

French: brèche (Poitevin)

From Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“motley, colored, spotted”).


ɸūros

ɸūros (nominative singular)
ɸūrou (dual nominative)
ɸūroi (nominative plural)
ɸūre (singular vocative)
ɸūrou (dual vocative)
ɸūroi (plural vocative)
ɸūrom (accusative singular)
ɸūrou (accusative dual)
ɸūrons (accusative plural)
ɸūrī (genitive singular)
ɸūrous (dual genitive)
ɸūrom (genitive plural)
ɸūrūi (dative singular)
ɸūrobom (dative dual)
ɸūrobos (dative plural)
ɸūrū (instrumental singular)
ɸūrobim (dual instrumental)
ɸūrobis (instrumental plural)
ɸūrā (nominative singular)
ɸūrai (dual nominative)
ɸūrās (nominative plural)
ɸūrā (singular vocative)
ɸūrai (dual vocative)
ɸūrās (plural vocative)
ɸūram (accusative singular)
ɸūrai (accusative dual)
ɸūrans (accusative plural)
ɸūrās (genitive singular)
ɸūrai (dative singular)
ɸūrābom (dative dual)
ɸūrābos (dative plural)
ɸūrābim (dual instrumental)
ɸūrābis (instrumental plural)
ɸūrom (nominative singular)
ɸūrā (nominative plural)
ɸūrom (singular vocative)
ɸūrā (plural vocative)
ɸūrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ir
Cornish: yr
Welsh: ir

Middle Irish: úr

Irish: úr

Scottish Gaelic: ùr

From Proto-Indo-European *puHrós, from the root *pewH- (“to be clean, pure”). Cognate with Latin pūrus.


adberos

adberos (nominative singular)
adberou (dual nominative)
adberoi (nominative plural)
adbere (singular vocative)
adberou (dual vocative)
adberoi (plural vocative)
adberom (accusative singular)
adberou (accusative dual)
adberons (accusative plural)
adberī (genitive singular)
adberous (dual genitive)
adberom (genitive plural)
adberūi (dative singular)
adberobom (dative dual)
adberobos (dative plural)
adberei (locative singular)
adberū (instrumental singular)
adberobim (dual instrumental)
adberūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aber
Old Breton: aperou pl (possibly borrowed from Old Welsh)
Breton: aber
→ French: aber
Old Cornish: aber
Old Welsh: aper
Middle Welsh: aber
Welsh: aber

→? Irish: abar

desc

→? Scottish Gaelic: abar, obar (possibly via Pictish)

Pictish: *ᚐᚁᚓᚏ (*aber)

→ Latin: Averius

Portuguese: Aveiro

Prefixed with *ad- (“to, at, towards”). See *komberos for further etymology and related terms.


tekʷeti

tekʷū (active first-person present singular)
tekʷemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
tākʷa (active first-person preterite singular)
tekʷesi (active present second-person singular)
tekʷetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
tākʷas? (active preterite second-person singular)
tekʷeti (active present singular third-person)
tekʷeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
tākʷe (active preterite singular third-person)
tekʷomosi (active first-person plural present)
tekʷemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
tākʷmo (active first-person plural preterite)
tekʷetesi (active plural present second-person)
tekʷestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
tākʷe (active plural preterite second-person)
tekʷonti (active plural present third-person)
tekʷento (active imperfect plural third-person)
tākʷars (active plural preterite third-person)
texsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
texsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
tekʷe (active imperative second-person singular)
texseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
tekʷetou (active imperative singular third-person)
texsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
tekʷomos (active first-person imperative plural)
texsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
tekʷete (active imperative plural second-person)
texsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
tekʷontou (active imperative plural third-person)
tekʷūr (first-person passive present singular)
tākʷra (first-person passive preterite singular)
tekʷetar (passive present second-person singular)
tākʷras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
tekʷetor (passive present singular third-person)
tākʷre (passive preterite singular third-person)
tekʷommor (first-person passive plural present)
tekʷedwe (passive plural present second-person)
tekʷontor (passive plural present third-person)
texsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
texsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
texsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
texsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
texsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
texsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
tekʷonts (nominative singular)
tekʷonte (dual nominative)
tekʷontes (nominative plural)
tekʷonts (singular vocative)
tekʷonte (dual vocative)
tekʷontes (plural vocative)
tekʷontam (accusative singular)
tekʷonte (accusative dual)
tekʷontans (accusative plural)
tekʷantos (genitive singular)
tekʷantom (genitive plural)
tekʷantei (dative singular)
tekʷantbom (dative dual)
tekʷantbos (dative plural)
tekʷantī? (instrumental singular)
tekʷantbim (dual instrumental)
tekʷantbis (instrumental plural)
tekʷantī (nominative singular)
tekʷantī (dual nominative)
tekʷantiyās (nominative plural)
tekʷantī (singular vocative)
tekʷantī (dual vocative)
tekʷantiyās (plural vocative)
tekʷantīm (accusative singular)
tekʷantī (accusative dual)
tekʷantiyans (accusative plural)
tekʷantyās (genitive singular)
tekʷantyom (genitive plural)
tekʷantyāi (dative singular)
tekʷantyābom (dative dual)
tekʷantyābos (dative plural)
tekʷantyābim (dual instrumental)
tekʷantyābis (instrumental plural)
tekʷont (nominative singular)
tekʷonta (nominative plural)
tekʷont (singular vocative)
tekʷonta (plural vocative)
tekʷont (accusative singular)
tekʷonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tebɨd

Middle Welsh: debit (initially mutated)

desctree

Old Irish: teichid, techid
Irish: teith
Manx: çhea
Scottish Gaelic: teich
→ Proto-Brythonic: *texɨd
Middle Breton: techet
Breton: tec'hed
Cornish: têgh
Middle Welsh: techu

From Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run, to flow”).


marwonatus

marwonatus (nominative singular)
marwonatū (dual nominative)
marwonatowes (nominative plural)
marwonatu (singular vocative)
marwonatū (dual vocative)
marwonatūs (plural vocative)
marwonatum (accusative singular)
marwonatū (accusative dual)
marwonatuns (accusative plural)
marwonatous (genitive singular)
marwonatous (dual genitive)
marwonatowom (genitive plural)
marwonatou (dative singular)
marwonatubom (dative dual)
marwonatubos (dative plural)
marwonatū (instrumental singular)
marwonatubim (dual instrumental)
marwonatubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *marwnad

Breton: marvnad

Middle Welsh: marwnad

Welsh: marwnad, marnad

Middle Irish: marbnad


wīkā

wīkā (nominative singular)
wīkai (dual nominative)
wīkās (nominative plural)
wīkā (singular vocative)
wīkai (dual vocative)
wīkās (plural vocative)
wīkam (accusative singular)
wīkai (accusative dual)
wīkāns (accusative plural)
wīkās (genitive singular)
wīkous (dual genitive)
wīkom (genitive plural)
wīkāi (dative singular)
wīkābom (dative dual)
wīkābos (dative plural)
wīkai (locative singular)
wīkābim (dual instrumental)
wīkābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gwig

Old Irish: fích

Scottish Gaelic: fioch

>? Gaulish: *uēkā

⇒ Gaulish: *Rowēkā

→ Latin: Roveca

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to overcome”).


nāmants

nāmants (nominative singular)
nāmante (dual nominative)
nāmantes (nominative plural)
nāmants (singular vocative)
nāmante (dual vocative)
nāmantes (plural vocative)
nāmantam (accusative singular)
nāmante (accusative dual)
nāmantans (accusative plural)
nāmantos (genitive singular)
nāmantou (dual genitive)
nāmantom (genitive plural)
nāmantei (dative singular)
nāmantobom (dative dual)
nāmantobos (dative plural)
nāmanti (locative singular)
nāmante? (instrumental singular)
nāmantobim (dual instrumental)
nāmantobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: námae
Middle Irish: náma
Irish: namhaid
Manx: noid
Scottish Gaelic: nàmhaid

Gaulish: *nāmants

According to Sanas Cormaic, from *an- (“un-, not”) + the present participle of *amati (“to love”), with a reconstructed PIE *n(e)-h₂em-nt-, which would make this noun cognate with Latin amō. However, Matasović disputes this, stating that it looks like folk etymology and that the root *am- is otherwise unattested in Celtic.


garanos

garanos (nominative singular)
garanou (dual nominative)
garanoi (nominative plural)
garane (singular vocative)
garanou (dual vocative)
garanoi (plural vocative)
garanom (accusative singular)
garanou (accusative dual)
garanons (accusative plural)
garanī (genitive singular)
garanous (dual genitive)
garanom (genitive plural)
garanūi (dative singular)
garanobom (dative dual)
garanobos (dative plural)
garanei (locative singular)
garanū (instrumental singular)
garanobim (dual instrumental)
garanūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *garan
Breton: garan
Old Cornish: garan
→ Cornish: garan (semi-learned)
Middle Welsh: garan
Welsh: garan

Gaulish: *garanus

desc

⇒ Gaulish: Tarvostrigaranus (Celtic divinity, literally “bull with three cranes”)

From Proto-Indo-European *gérh₂n-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂-.


kerdā

kerdā (nominative singular)
kerdai (dual nominative)
kerdās (nominative plural)
kerdā (singular vocative)
kerdai (dual vocative)
kerdās (plural vocative)
kerdam (accusative singular)
kerdai (accusative dual)
kerdāns (accusative plural)
kerdās (genitive singular)
kerdous (dual genitive)
kerdom (genitive plural)
kerdāi (dative singular)
kerdābom (dative dual)
kerdābos (dative plural)
kerdai (locative singular)
kerdābim (dual instrumental)
kerdābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: cherdoran

Middle Welsh: cerdd

Welsh: cerdd

Old Irish: cerd

Irish: ceird, ceard, ceardaí

Manx: keird, keirdagh

Scottish Gaelic: ceàird, ceàrd

From Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“to profit”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κέρδος (kérdos).


kaballos

kaballos (nominative singular)
kaballou (dual nominative)
kaballoi (nominative plural)
kaballe (singular vocative)
kaballou (dual vocative)
kaballoi (plural vocative)
kaballom (accusative singular)
kaballou (accusative dual)
kaballons (accusative plural)
kaballī (genitive singular)
kaballous (dual genitive)
kaballom (genitive plural)
kaballūi (dative singular)
kaballobom (dative dual)
kaballobos (dative plural)
kaballei (locative singular)
kaballū (instrumental singular)
kaballobim (dual instrumental)
kaballūis (instrumental plural)
*kappallos (alternative)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kėfɨl
Old Breton: cefel
Breton: kefel
Old Welsh: cefel, chefel
Middle Welsh: keffyl
Welsh: ceffyl

Old Irish: capall (← Brythonic)
Irish: capall
Manx: cabbyl
Scottish Gaelic: capall
→ Old Norse: kapall
Icelandic: kapall

Gaulish: *kaballos

→? Latin: caballus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; perhaps a Wanderwort. See caballus.


Katuwalos

Katuwalos (nominative singular)
Katuwalom (accusative singular)
Katuwalūi (dative singular)
Katuwalei (locative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *Kadwal

Old Welsh: Catgual

Welsh: Cadwal

⇒ Welsh: Cadwaladr

Old Irish: Cathal

Irish: Cathal

Gaulish: Κατουαλος (Katoualos)

From *katus (“battle”) + *walos (“prince, chief”).


leigā

leigā (nominative singular)
leigai (dual nominative)
leigās (nominative plural)
leigā (singular vocative)
leigai (dual vocative)
leigās (plural vocative)
leigam (accusative singular)
leigai (accusative dual)
leigāns (accusative plural)
leigās (genitive singular)
leigous (dual genitive)
leigom (genitive plural)
leigāi (dative singular)
leigābom (dative dual)
leigābos (dative plural)
leigai (locative singular)
leigābim (dual instrumental)
leigābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨɣ
Old Breton: loi
Middle Breton: loa
Breton: loa
Old Cornish: loe
Cornish: lo
Middle Welsh: llwy
Welsh: llwy

Old Irish: líag, líach

Irish: liach

Manx: lheegh

Scottish Gaelic: liogh, liagh

From Proto-Indo-European *leyǵʰ- (“lick”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *likkōną (“lick”) (whence English lick) and Proto-Italic *lingō (“I lick (up)”) (whence Latin lingō).


attrebā

attrebā (nominative singular)
attrebai (dual nominative)
attrebās (nominative plural)
attrebā (singular vocative)
attrebai (dual vocative)
attrebās (plural vocative)
attrebam (accusative singular)
attrebai (accusative dual)
attrebāns (accusative plural)
attrebās (genitive singular)
attrebous (dual genitive)
attrebom (genitive plural)
attrebāi (dative singular)
attrebābom (dative dual)
attrebābos (dative plural)
attrebai (locative singular)
attrebābim (dual instrumental)
attrebābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aθreβ
Middle Welsh: athref
Welsh: athref

Old Irish: atrab n, attrab
Middle Irish: aitreb
Irish: áitreabh
Scottish Gaelic: aitreabh

desc

→⇒ Latin: Atrebates (from a Gaulish source)


gobanns

gobanns (nominative singular)
gobanne (dual nominative)
gobannes (nominative plural)
gobanns (singular vocative)
gobanne (dual vocative)
gobannes (plural vocative)
gobannam (accusative singular)
gobanne (accusative dual)
gobannans (accusative plural)
gobannos (genitive singular)
gobannou (dual genitive)
gobannom (genitive plural)
gobannei (dative singular)
gobannobom (dative dual)
gobannobos (dative plural)
gobanni (locative singular)
gobanne? (instrumental singular)
gobannobim (dual instrumental)
gobannobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *goβ

Middle Breton: goff

Breton: gov

Old Cornish: gof

Middle Welsh: gof

Welsh: gof

desctree

Old Irish: gobae
Irish: gabha
Manx: gaaue
Scottish Gaelic: gobha

Unknown. Possibly related to Latin faber, if the original root was Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰobʰ- or *gʰwobʰ-; however, the Latin word is usually instead derived from *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“to fit, fashion”).

Brill Publishers
D. A. Binchy
Osborn Bergin


ɸeruti

Old Irish: uraid, urid
Middle Irish: uraid
Irish: anuraidh
Manx: nurree
Scottish Gaelic: an-uiridh

From Proto-Indo-European *péruti.
The form and history of this term is subject to controversy due to providing major difficulties in the traditional theory of the rise of the absolute and conjunct inflection in Old Irish. The traditional theory requires an early apocope of the final *-i that appeared in multiple Celtic personal endings, especially the third-person endings *-ti and *-nti that was blocked by a supposed transphonologized enclitic particle. The apocopated verbal forms are assumed by the theory to become Old Irish conjunct forms, while the encliticized forms became absolute forms. *ɸeruti is a major counterexample to the apocope rule the theory relies on, since the palatalization of the Old Irish descendant uraid indicates a word-final *-i remaining in an identical position to the verb-final *-i whose apocope is sought.
Schrijver and McCone, supporters of the traditional theory, attempt to eliminate this counterexample by deriving this adverb from an accusative *ɸerutam, creating an accusative with no fellow Indo-European parallel, citing what appears to be the accusative definite article being always being prefixed before uraid in Old Irish. Kortlandt rejects extrapolating the accusative beyond Old Irish due to other Indo-European descendants of *peruti having long been fossilized, viewing such a defossilization of a clearly fossilized adverb as an unlikely development. Later on, Matasović joined Kortlandt in rejecting it for semantic reasons, believing that a locative with *-i was more semantically appropriate for an expression of time.


atigabaglā

atigabaglā (nominative singular)
atigabaglai (dual nominative)
atigabaglās (nominative plural)
atigabaglā (singular vocative)
atigabaglai (dual vocative)
atigabaglās (plural vocative)
atigabaglam (accusative singular)
atigabaglai (accusative dual)
atigabaglāns (accusative plural)
atigabaglās (genitive singular)
atigabaglous (dual genitive)
atigabaglom (genitive plural)
atigabaglāi (dative singular)
atigabaglābom (dative dual)
atigabaglābos (dative plural)
atigabaglai (locative singular)
atigabaglābim (dual instrumental)
atigabaglābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *adɣaβaɨl

Old Breton: adgabael

Middle Welsh: adauael, adafael

Welsh: adafael

Old Irish: athgabáil

Middle Irish: athgabáil

Irish: athghabháil

From *ati- (“re-”) + *gabaglā (“taking”), literally "retaking".


gabaglā

gabaglā (nominative singular)
gabaglai (dual nominative)
gabaglās (nominative plural)
gabaglā (singular vocative)
gabaglai (dual vocative)
gabaglās (plural vocative)
gabaglam (accusative singular)
gabaglai (accusative dual)
gabaglāns (accusative plural)
gabaglās (genitive singular)
gabaglous (dual genitive)
gabaglom (genitive plural)
gabaglāi (dative singular)
gabaglābom (dative dual)
gabaglābos (dative plural)
gabaglai (locative singular)
gabaglābim (dual instrumental)
gabaglābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gaβaɨl

⇒ Old Breton: adgabael

Cornish: gavel

Middle Welsh: gauael

Welsh: gafael

⇒ Middle Welsh: ymafael

Welsh: ymafael

Old Irish: gabál
Middle Irish: gabáil
Irish: gabháil, goil (possibly)
→ English: gwall
Manx: goaill, goll
Scottish Gaelic: gabhail

Effectively a blend of *gabyeti (“to take”) + *kaglā (“getting”).


mennos

mennos (nominative singular)
mennou (dual nominative)
mennoi (nominative plural)
menne (singular vocative)
mennou (dual vocative)
mennoi (plural vocative)
mennom (accusative singular)
mennou (accusative dual)
mennons (accusative plural)
mennī (genitive singular)
mennous (dual genitive)
mennom (genitive plural)
mennūi (dative singular)
mennobom (dative dual)
mennobos (dative plural)
mennei (locative singular)
mennū (instrumental singular)
mennobim (dual instrumental)
mennūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: menn

Old Cornish: min

Cornish: mynn

Middle Welsh: myn

Welsh: myn

Middle Irish: menn

Scottish Gaelic: meann

Matasović tries to relate this to Proto-Indo-European *men- (“small”), whence also Old Armenian մանր (manr), but the suffixation to yield the Celtic forms would be unclear.


komangus

komangus (nominative singular)
komangū (dual nominative)
komangowes (nominative plural)
komangu (singular vocative)
komangū (dual vocative)
komangūs (plural vocative)
komangum (accusative singular)
komangū (accusative dual)
komanguns (accusative plural)
komangous (genitive singular)
komangous (dual genitive)
komangowom (genitive plural)
komangou (dative singular)
komangubom (dative dual)
komangubos (dative plural)
komangū (instrumental singular)
komangubim (dual instrumental)
komangubis (instrumental plural)
komangu (nominative singular)
komangwā (nominative plural)
komangwā (plural vocative)
komangu (accusative singular)
komangwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃ɨŋ

Middle Welsh: kyving

Welsh: cyfyng

desctree

Old Irish: cumung
Middle Irish: cumang
Irish: cúng
Manx: coon
Scottish Gaelic: cumhang


dauyeti

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: deuu

Middle Breton: devo

Breton: deviñ

Cornish: dewi

Middle Welsh: deifyaw

Welsh: deifio

Old Irish: dóïd
Middle Irish: dóigid
Irish: dóigh
Manx: daah
Scottish Gaelic: dòth

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₂w- (“kindle, burn”) (compare Tocharian A twās, Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō)).


anatlā

anatlā (nominative singular)
anatlai (dual nominative)
anatlās (nominative plural)
anatlā (singular vocative)
anatlai (dual vocative)
anatlās (plural vocative)
anatlam (accusative singular)
anatlai (accusative dual)
anatlāns (accusative plural)
anatlās (genitive singular)
anatlous (dual genitive)
anatlom (genitive plural)
anatlāi (dative singular)
anatlābom (dative dual)
anatlābos (dative plural)
anatlai (locative singular)
anatlābim (dual instrumental)
anatlābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *anadl
Middle Breton: alazn, azlan
Breton: alan
Middle Cornish: anel
Cornish: anal
Middle Welsh: anadyl, anadl
Welsh: anadl

Old Irish: anál, anáil
Irish: anáil
Manx: ennal
Scottish Gaelic: anail

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₁tleh₂, from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”) + *-tl-eh₂ f (instrument noun suffix). Equivalent to *ana- + *-tlā.
Related to Middle Welsh eneit (“spirit, life; purity”) (whence the given name English Enid), Gaulish anatia (“souls (?)”), presumably from Proto-Celtic *anatyom (“life; spirit, soul”).


lordskākos

glastos (nominative singular)
glastou (dual nominative)
glastoi (nominative plural)
glaste (singular vocative)
glastou (dual vocative)
glastoi (plural vocative)
glastom (accusative singular)
glastou (accusative dual)
glastons (accusative plural)
glastī (genitive singular)
glastous (dual genitive)
glastom (genitive plural)
glastūi (dative singular)
glastobom (dative dual)
glastobos (dative plural)
glastū (instrumental singular)
glastobim (dual instrumental)
glastobis (instrumental plural)
glastā (nominative singular)
glastai (dual nominative)
glastās (nominative plural)
glastā (singular vocative)
glastai (dual vocative)
glastās (plural vocative)
glastam (accusative singular)
glastai (accusative dual)
glastans (accusative plural)
glastās (genitive singular)
glastai (dative singular)
glastābom (dative dual)
glastābos (dative plural)
glastābim (dual instrumental)
glastābis (instrumental plural)
glastom (nominative singular)
glastā (nominative plural)
glastom (singular vocative)
glastā (plural vocative)
glastā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: lorcach, lurcach

Scottish Gaelic: loirc

From *lordskā, from Proto-Indo-European *lord-sk-eh₂, *lord-sḱ-eh₂, from *lerd- (“crooked”), + *-ākos. Cognate with լորցք (lorcʻkʻ), Greek λορδός (lordós, “bent backward”), Proto-West Germanic *lort (“crooked”).


awV-

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aβʉ
Middle Breton: auu
Breton: avu
Old Cornish: avi
Cornish: avi
Middle Welsh: auu
Welsh: afu

Old Irish: óa

Middle Irish: áe
Irish: ae
Manx: aane
Scottish Gaelic: adha

Unknown. The exact form cannot be reconstructed with certainty. The Brythonic terms suggest a form beginning *awoi- or *awou-, but no connections outside Celtic can be established; possibly from a lost substrate.


sīnā

sīnā (nominative singular)
sīnai (dual nominative)
sīnās (nominative plural)
sīnā (singular vocative)
sīnai (dual vocative)
sīnās (plural vocative)
sīnam (accusative singular)
sīnai (accusative dual)
sīnāns (accusative plural)
sīnās (genitive singular)
sīnous (dual genitive)
sīnom (genitive plural)
sīnāi (dative singular)
sīnābom (dative dual)
sīnābos (dative plural)
sīnai (locative singular)
sīnābim (dual instrumental)
sīnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hin

desc

Middle Breton: hynon, hinon (“(nice) weather”)

Breton: hinon

Middle Welsh: hin (“(bad) weather, air”)

Welsh: hin

→ Breton: hin (“climate”)

Old Irish: sín (“bad weather, storm”)

Irish: síon

Scottish Gaelic: sian

Suggested to be related to *sīniti (“to stretch, extend”) (whence Middle Irish sínid) and *sīros (“long”), from *seh₁- (“long, lasting”), compare semantics of French temps (“time; weather”), from Latin tempus (“time; season”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *temp- (“to stretch”).


togos

togos (nominative singular)
togou (dual nominative)
togoi (nominative plural)
toge (singular vocative)
togou (dual vocative)
togoi (plural vocative)
togom (accusative singular)
togou (accusative dual)
togons (accusative plural)
togī (genitive singular)
togous (dual genitive)
togom (genitive plural)
togūi (dative singular)
togobom (dative dual)
togobos (dative plural)
togei (locative singular)
togū (instrumental singular)
togobim (dual instrumental)
togūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *toɣ
Middle Breton: toenn
Breton: to
Old Cornish: to
Welsh: to

Formed with *-os, serving as the verbal noun to *togīti (whence Old Irish in·tuigethar). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”), whence also *tegos (“house”).
The neuter gender of the Old Irish derivatives must be analogical, either after *tegos or other prefixed verbal nouns in *-om.


wolis

wolis (nominative singular)
wolī (dual nominative)
wolīs (nominative plural)
woli (singular vocative)
wolī (dual vocative)
wolīs (plural vocative)
wolim (accusative singular)
wolī (accusative dual)
wolins (accusative plural)
woleis (genitive singular)
wolyow (dual genitive)
wolyom (genitive plural)
wolei (dative singular)
wolibom (dative dual)
wolibos (dative plural)
wolei (locative singular)
wolī (instrumental singular)
wolibim (dual instrumental)
wolibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goulyow

Cornish: goly

Middle Welsh: gweli (“wound, blood”)

desctree

Old Irish: fuil
Middle Irish: fuil
Irish: fuil
Manx: fuill
Scottish Gaelic: fuil

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to wound, strike”), see also Latin vulnus (“wound”).


skamos

skamos (nominative singular)
skamou (dual nominative)
skamoi (nominative plural)
skame (singular vocative)
skamou (dual vocative)
skamoi (plural vocative)
skamom (accusative singular)
skamou (accusative dual)
skamons (accusative plural)
skamī (genitive singular)
skamous (dual genitive)
skamom (genitive plural)
skamūi (dative singular)
skamobom (dative dual)
skamobos (dative plural)
skamū (instrumental singular)
skamobim (dual instrumental)
skamobis (instrumental plural)
skamā (nominative singular)
skamai (dual nominative)
skamās (nominative plural)
skamā (singular vocative)
skamai (dual vocative)
skamās (plural vocative)
skamam (accusative singular)
skamai (accusative dual)
skamans (accusative plural)
skamās (genitive singular)
skamai (dative singular)
skamābom (dative dual)
skamābos (dative plural)
skamābim (dual instrumental)
skamābis (instrumental plural)
skamom (nominative singular)
skamā (nominative plural)
skamom (singular vocative)
skamā (plural vocative)
skamā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *skaβ̃

desc

Middle Welsh: ysgafn (“light”), ysgefeint (“lung”)

Welsh: ysgafn (“light”), ysgyfant (“lung”)

Middle Breton: caff, scanff

Breton: skañv (“light”)

Cornish: skav (“light”)

Middle Irish: scam (“lung”) (only attested as plural scaim)

Uncertain, as a-vocalisms are not common. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱem-, same source as Proto-Germanic *skammaz (“short”). Similar semantic connections can be found between "light" and "lungs" in other Indo-European languages, such as Proto-Germanic *lungô (“lung”) being from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“nimble, light”).


tundā

tundā (nominative singular)
tundai (dual nominative)
tundās (nominative plural)
tundā (singular vocative)
tundai (dual vocative)
tundās (plural vocative)
tundam (accusative singular)
tundai (accusative dual)
tundāns (accusative plural)
tundās (genitive singular)
tundous (dual genitive)
tundom (genitive plural)
tundāi (dative singular)
tundābom (dative dual)
tundābos (dative plural)
tundai (locative singular)
tundābim (dual instrumental)
tundābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tonn

Old Breton: tonnou

Middle Breton: tonn

Breton: tonn

Cornish: ton

Old Welsh: tonnou

Middle Welsh: tonn

Welsh: ton

desctree

Old Irish: tonn, tond
Middle Irish: tonn
Irish: tonn
Manx: tonn
Scottish Gaelic: tonn

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to hit, beat”), as in waves hitting against the shore. Or, it could instead be related to *tondā (“surface, skin”), if the original meaning was the surface of the sea, from *temh₁- (“to cut”).
Zair alternatively reconstructs the term as *tusnā and provides an alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”).


dwār

dwār (nominative singular)
dwore (dual nominative)
dwores (nominative plural)
dwār (singular vocative)
dwore (dual vocative)
dwores (plural vocative)
dworam (accusative singular)
dwore (accusative dual)
dworans (accusative plural)
duros (genitive singular)
durou (dual genitive)
durom (genitive plural)
durei (dative singular)
durobom (dative dual)
durobos (dative plural)
duri (locative singular)
dure? (instrumental singular)
durobim (dual instrumental)
durobis (instrumental plural)

q

Proto-Brythonic: *dor (from Early Brythonic *dorā, generalized from the accusative *dworam)

Middle Breton: dor

Breton: dor

Cornish: dor, darat

Old Welsh: dor

Middle Welsh: dor

Welsh: dôr

generalized from the genitive <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*duros</i>

Gaulish: *durom (generalized from the genitive *duros)

→ Latin: Augustodurum

→ Latin: Nemetodurum

French: Nanterre


dworestus

dworestus (nominative singular)
dworestū (dual nominative)
dworestowes (nominative plural)
dworestu (singular vocative)
dworestū (dual vocative)
dworestūs (plural vocative)
dworestum (accusative singular)
dworestū (accusative dual)
dworestuns (accusative plural)
dworestous (genitive singular)
dworestous (dual genitive)
dworestowom (genitive plural)
dworestou (dative singular)
dworestubom (dative dual)
dworestubos (dative plural)
dworestū (instrumental singular)
dworestubim (dual instrumental)
dworestubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *drus

Old Welsh: drus

Middle Welsh: drws

Welsh: drws

Old Cornish: darat

Middle Cornish: daras

Cornish: daras

desctree

Old Irish: dorus
Middle Irish: dorus
Irish: doras
Manx: dorrys
Scottish Gaelic: dorus, doras

From *dwor-es- (extended stem of *dwār) + *-tus.


leigis

leigis (nominative singular)
leigī (dual nominative)
leigīs (nominative plural)
leigi (singular vocative)
leigī (dual vocative)
leigīs (plural vocative)
leigim (accusative singular)
leigī (accusative dual)
leigins (accusative plural)
leigeis (genitive singular)
leigyow (dual genitive)
leigyom (genitive plural)
leigei (dative singular)
leigibom (dative dual)
leigibos (dative plural)
leigei (locative singular)
leigī (instrumental singular)
leigibim (dual instrumental)
leigibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: líaig
Irish: lia
Scottish Gaelic: lèigh

→? Proto-Germanic: *lēkijaz

Possibly borrowed Proto-Germanic *lēkiz (“healing; medicine; healer”), or directly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leg- (“to care for”).