wod(w)ā

wodā (canonical feminine)
wodā (nominative singular)
wodwā (nominative singular)
wodai (dual nominative)
wodwai (dual nominative)
wodās (nominative plural)
wodwās (nominative plural)
wodā (singular vocative)
wodwā (singular vocative)
wodai (dual vocative)
wodwai (dual vocative)
wodās (plural vocative)
wodwās (plural vocative)
wodam (accusative singular)
wodwam (accusative singular)
wodai (accusative dual)
wodwai (accusative dual)
wodāns (accusative plural)
wodwāns (accusative plural)
wodās (genitive singular)
wodwās (genitive singular)
wodous (dual genitive)
wodwous (dual genitive)
wodom (genitive plural)
wodwom (genitive plural)
wodāi (dative singular)
wodwāi (dative singular)
wodābom (dative dual)
wodwābom (dative dual)
wodābos (dative plural)
wodwābos (dative plural)
wodai (locative singular)
wodwai (locative singular)
wodābim (dual instrumental)
wodwābim (dual instrumental)
wodābis (instrumental plural)
wodwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoð

Old Breton: guod

Middle Breton: goz

Breton: goz

Old Cornish: god

Middle Cornish: goth

Middle Welsh: gwað

Welsh: gwadd, gwahadden

Goidelic:

Scottish Gaelic: famh m

Unknown; Matasović finds any connection with Old Irish fodb (“division, spoils”) dubious.


brākā

brākā (nominative singular)
brākai (dual nominative)
brākās (nominative plural)
brākā (singular vocative)
brākai (dual vocative)
brākās (plural vocative)
brākam (accusative singular)
brākai (accusative dual)
brākāns (accusative plural)
brākās (genitive singular)
brākous (dual genitive)
brākom (genitive plural)
brākāi (dative singular)
brākābom (dative dual)
brākābos (dative plural)
brākai (locative singular)
brākābim (dual instrumental)
brākābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: (early)

desc

→⇒ Latin: Mandubracius (literally “pony-trousers”)

Gaulish: *brācā

→ Latin: brāca (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *brōks before *ō became *ā in Celtic.


briskos

briskos (nominative singular)
briskou (dual nominative)
briskoi (nominative plural)
briske (singular vocative)
briskou (dual vocative)
briskoi (plural vocative)
briskom (accusative singular)
briskou (accusative dual)
briskons (accusative plural)
briskī (genitive singular)
briskous (dual genitive)
briskom (genitive plural)
briskūi (dative singular)
briskobom (dative dual)
briskobos (dative plural)
briskū (instrumental singular)
briskobim (dual instrumental)
briskobis (instrumental plural)
briskā (nominative singular)
briskai (dual nominative)
briskās (nominative plural)
briskā (singular vocative)
briskai (dual vocative)
briskās (plural vocative)
briskam (accusative singular)
briskai (accusative dual)
briskans (accusative plural)
briskās (genitive singular)
briskai (dative singular)
briskābom (dative dual)
briskābos (dative plural)
briskābim (dual instrumental)
briskābis (instrumental plural)
briskom (nominative singular)
briskā (nominative plural)
briskom (singular vocative)
briskā (plural vocative)
briskā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨsk

Breton: bresk

Middle Irish: brisc

Irish: briosc

Scottish Gaelic: brisg

Uncertain, but Matasović denies any relationship to Old Irish brisid (“to break”).


bristis

bristis (nominative singular)
bristī (dual nominative)
bristīs (nominative plural)
bristi (singular vocative)
bristī (dual vocative)
bristīs (plural vocative)
bristim (accusative singular)
bristī (accusative dual)
bristins (accusative plural)
bristeis (genitive singular)
bristyow (dual genitive)
bristyom (genitive plural)
bristei (dative singular)
bristibom (dative dual)
bristibos (dative plural)
bristei (locative singular)
bristī (instrumental singular)
bristibim (dual instrumental)
bristibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨs

⇒ Middle Breton: brezec (“swift”)

Middle Welsh: brys

Welsh: brys

Cognate to Latin festīnō (“to hasten”). An Italic-Celtic isogloss.


bruwo-

Old Irish: bróu

Middle Irish: bró (“multitude”)

Unknown; any etymology provided for either of the Welsh or Irish forms inevitably features an uncomfortable semantic distance and also make connecting the Welsh and Irish forms together phonologically impossible.


dastis

dastis (nominative singular)
dastī (dual nominative)
dastīs (nominative plural)
dasti (singular vocative)
dastī (dual vocative)
dastīs (plural vocative)
dastim (accusative singular)
dastī (accusative dual)
dastins (accusative plural)
dasteis (genitive singular)
dastyow (dual genitive)
dastyom (genitive plural)
dastei (dative singular)
dastibom (dative dual)
dastibos (dative plural)
dastei (locative singular)
dastī (instrumental singular)
dastibim (dual instrumental)
dastibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *das

Old Breton: desi

Old Welsh: das

Middle Welsh: das

Welsh: das

Old Irish: daiss

Middle Irish: daiss

Scottish Gaelic: dais

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁-s-tis ~ dʰh₁-s-téys, from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”).


kambitā

kambitā (nominative singular)
kambitai (dual nominative)
kambitās (nominative plural)
kambitā (singular vocative)
kambitai (dual vocative)
kambitās (plural vocative)
kambitam (accusative singular)
kambitai (accusative dual)
kambitāns (accusative plural)
kambitās (genitive singular)
kambitous (dual genitive)
kambitom (genitive plural)
kambitāi (dative singular)
kambitābom (dative dual)
kambitābos (dative plural)
kambitai (locative singular)
kambitābim (dual instrumental)
kambitābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kammed

Middle Breton: camhet

Breton: kammed

Gaulish: *cambitā

→ French: jante

Derivative of *kambos (“bent, twisted”).


deltos

deltos (nominative singular)
deltou (dual nominative)
deltoi (nominative plural)
delte (singular vocative)
deltou (dual vocative)
deltoi (plural vocative)
deltom (accusative singular)
deltou (accusative dual)
deltons (accusative plural)
deltī (genitive singular)
deltous (dual genitive)
deltom (genitive plural)
deltūi (dative singular)
deltobom (dative dual)
deltobos (dative plural)
deltū (instrumental singular)
deltobim (dual instrumental)
deltobis (instrumental plural)
deltā (nominative singular)
deltai (dual nominative)
deltās (nominative plural)
deltā (singular vocative)
deltai (dual vocative)
deltās (plural vocative)
deltam (accusative singular)
deltai (accusative dual)
deltans (accusative plural)
deltās (genitive singular)
deltai (dative singular)
deltābom (dative dual)
deltābos (dative plural)
deltābim (dual instrumental)
deltābis (instrumental plural)
deltom (nominative singular)
deltā (nominative plural)
deltom (singular vocative)
deltā (plural vocative)
deltā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *delt

Middle Breton: delt

Breton: delt

Goidelic:

Middle Irish: delt

Scottish Gaelic: dealt

Matasović, following Pokorny, compares this to Old Armenian տեղ (teł, “rain”) and Proto-Germanic *talgaz (“tallow”).


komnertos

komnertos (nominative singular)
komnertou (dual nominative)
komnertoi (nominative plural)
komnerte (singular vocative)
komnertou (dual vocative)
komnertoi (plural vocative)
komnertom (accusative singular)
komnertou (accusative dual)
komnertons (accusative plural)
komnertī (genitive singular)
komnertous (dual genitive)
komnertom (genitive plural)
komnertūi (dative singular)
komnertobom (dative dual)
komnertobos (dative plural)
komnertū (instrumental singular)
komnertobim (dual instrumental)
komnertobis (instrumental plural)
komnertā (nominative singular)
komnertai (dual nominative)
komnertās (nominative plural)
komnertā (singular vocative)
komnertai (dual vocative)
komnertās (plural vocative)
komnertam (accusative singular)
komnertai (accusative dual)
komnertans (accusative plural)
komnertās (genitive singular)
komnertai (dative singular)
komnertābom (dative dual)
komnertābos (dative plural)
komnertābim (dual instrumental)
komnertābis (instrumental plural)
komnertom (nominative singular)
komnertā (nominative plural)
komnertom (singular vocative)
komnertā (plural vocative)
komnertā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: cyfnerth (“strong; aid”)

Old Irish: comnart

Middle Irish: comnart

Gaulish: *comnertos

desc

→ Latin: Comnertus, Cobnertus, Cobnerta, Cobnertius, Counertus, Cunertus

From *kom- (“with”) + *nertom (“strength, power”).


uɸornertos

uɸornertos (nominative singular)
uɸornertou (dual nominative)
uɸornertoi (nominative plural)
uɸornerte (singular vocative)
uɸornertou (dual vocative)
uɸornertoi (plural vocative)
uɸornertom (accusative singular)
uɸornertou (accusative dual)
uɸornertons (accusative plural)
uɸornertī (genitive singular)
uɸornertous (dual genitive)
uɸornertom (genitive plural)
uɸornertūi (dative singular)
uɸornertobom (dative dual)
uɸornertobos (dative plural)
uɸornertū (instrumental singular)
uɸornertobim (dual instrumental)
uɸornertobis (instrumental plural)
uɸornertā (nominative singular)
uɸornertai (dual nominative)
uɸornertās (nominative plural)
uɸornertā (singular vocative)
uɸornertai (dual vocative)
uɸornertās (plural vocative)
uɸornertam (accusative singular)
uɸornertai (accusative dual)
uɸornertans (accusative plural)
uɸornertās (genitive singular)
uɸornertai (dative singular)
uɸornertābom (dative dual)
uɸornertābos (dative plural)
uɸornertābim (dual instrumental)
uɸornertābis (instrumental plural)
uɸornertom (nominative singular)
uɸornertā (nominative plural)
uɸornertom (singular vocative)
uɸornertā (plural vocative)
uɸornertā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwurnerθ

Middle Welsh: gwrnerth

Welsh: gwrnerth, gornerth

Old Irish: fornert (“superior power”)

Middle Irish: fornert

From *uɸer- (“over-”) + *nertom (“strength”).


dregenom

dregenom (nominative singular)
dregenou (dual nominative)
dregenā (nominative plural)
dregenom (singular vocative)
dregenou (dual vocative)
dregenā (plural vocative)
dregenom (accusative singular)
dregenou (accusative dual)
dregenā (accusative plural)
dregenī (genitive singular)
dregenous (dual genitive)
dregenom (genitive plural)
dregenūi (dative singular)
dregenobom (dative dual)
dregenobos (dative plural)
dregenei (locative singular)
dregenū (instrumental singular)
dregenobim (dual instrumental)
dregenūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *draɣen

Middle Breton: dren

Breton: draen

Old Cornish: drain

Middle Welsh: draen

Welsh: draen

desctree

Old Irish: draigen
Irish: draighean
Manx: drine
Scottish Gaelic: droigheann
⇒ Middle Irish: draignech
Irish: draighneach
Scottish Gaelic: droighneach
⇒ Middle Irish: draignén
Irish: draighneán
Scottish Gaelic: droighnean

Gaulish:

→ Latin: Dregenius, Drecinus, Draganes

desc

→ French: (dialectal terms) dren, ⇒ fourdraine

The usual comparanda are Proto-Slavic *dernъ (“cornel”), Ancient Greek τέρχνος (térkhnos, “twig”), Old High German dirnbaum (“cornel”), and Lithuanian drignė (“henbane”).


uɸodīl-

Proto-Brythonic: *gwöðill

Middle Welsh: gweðill

Welsh: gweddill

Old Irish: fuidel, ⇒ fo·díla

Middle Irish: fuidel, fuidell

Irish: fuíoll

Scottish Gaelic: fuigheall

⇒ Manx: fooillaght

Schrijver decomposes this as *uɸo- (“under”) + *dīl-, while Lucht prefers to relate this and Middle Irish feidil to Ancient Greek ἆθλος (âthlos).


Segomū

Segomū (nominative singular)
Segomū (singular vocative)

desc

ᚅᚓᚈᚐ ᚄᚓᚌᚐᚋᚑᚅᚐᚄ

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚅᚓᚈᚐ ᚄᚓᚌᚐᚋᚑᚅᚐᚄ (neta segamonas)

Middle Irish: Nía Segamain (a mythological figure)

Gaulish:

→ Latin: Segomō

Secondary derivative of *segos (“strong”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold”). Cognate to Proto-Italic *Seɣomō (“the god Semo”).


teɸ(e)smos

teɸsmos (canonical)
teɸsmos (nominative singular)
teɸesmos (nominative singular)
teɸsmou (dual nominative)
teɸesmou (dual nominative)
teɸsmoi (nominative plural)
teɸesmoi (nominative plural)
teɸsme (singular vocative)
teɸesme (singular vocative)
teɸsmou (dual vocative)
teɸesmou (dual vocative)
teɸsmoi (plural vocative)
teɸesmoi (plural vocative)
teɸsmom (accusative singular)
teɸesmom (accusative singular)
teɸsmou (accusative dual)
teɸesmou (accusative dual)
teɸsmons (accusative plural)
teɸesmons (accusative plural)
teɸsmī (genitive singular)
teɸesmī (genitive singular)
teɸsmous (dual genitive)
teɸesmous (dual genitive)
teɸsmom (genitive plural)
teɸesmom (genitive plural)
teɸsmūi (dative singular)
teɸesmūi (dative singular)
teɸsmobom (dative dual)
teɸesmobom (dative dual)
teɸsmobos (dative plural)
teɸesmobos (dative plural)
teɸsmū (instrumental singular)
teɸesmū (instrumental singular)
teɸsmobim (dual instrumental)
teɸesmobim (dual instrumental)
teɸsmobis (instrumental plural)
teɸesmobis (instrumental plural)
teɸsmā (nominative singular)
teɸesmā (nominative singular)
teɸsmai (dual nominative)
teɸesmai (dual nominative)
teɸsmās (nominative plural)
teɸesmās (nominative plural)
teɸsmā (singular vocative)
teɸesmā (singular vocative)
teɸsmai (dual vocative)
teɸesmai (dual vocative)
teɸsmās (plural vocative)
teɸesmās (plural vocative)
teɸsmam (accusative singular)
teɸesmam (accusative singular)
teɸsmai (accusative dual)
teɸesmai (accusative dual)
teɸsmans (accusative plural)
teɸesmans (accusative plural)
teɸsmās (genitive singular)
teɸesmās (genitive singular)
teɸsmai (dative singular)
teɸesmai (dative singular)
teɸsmābom (dative dual)
teɸesmābom (dative dual)
teɸsmābos (dative plural)
teɸesmābos (dative plural)
teɸsmābim (dual instrumental)
teɸesmābim (dual instrumental)
teɸsmābis (instrumental plural)
teɸesmābis (instrumental plural)
teɸsmom (nominative singular)
teɸesmom (nominative singular)
teɸsmā (nominative plural)
teɸesmā (nominative plural)
teɸsmom (singular vocative)
teɸesmom (singular vocative)
teɸsmā (plural vocative)
teɸesmā (plural vocative)
teɸsmā (accusative plural)
teɸesmā (accusative plural)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*teɸes-mos</i>

Proto-Brythonic: *tuɨm (< *teɸes-mos)

Middle Breton: toem

Breton: tomm

Old Cornish: toim

Middle Cornish: tum

Cornish: (archaic spellings) twbm, tubm, (Revived spellings) tomm, tobm

Middle Welsh: twym, tuim

Welsh: twym

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*teɸ-s-m-iyā</i>

⇒ Old Irish: timme, time (“heat”) (< *teɸ-s-m-iyā)

From Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“warm, hot”). The Brittonic terms may be formed from an s-stem *teɸos, combining form *teɸes-, but the Irish word cannot come from that combining form (one would expect an **ía to appear); instead the Irish must be from a base *teɸ-s- (see also *texstus).


windeti

windū (active first-person present singular)
windemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
wida (active first-person preterite singular)
windesi (active present second-person singular)
windetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
widas? (active preterite second-person singular)
windeti (active present singular third-person)
windeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
wide (active preterite singular third-person)
windomosi (active first-person plural present)
windemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
widmo (active first-person plural preterite)
windetesi (active plural present second-person)
windestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
wisse (active plural preterite second-person)
windonti (active plural present third-person)
windento (active imperfect plural third-person)
widars (active plural preterite third-person)
weitsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
weitsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
winde (active imperative second-person singular)
weitseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
windetou (active imperative singular third-person)
weitsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
windomos (active first-person imperative plural)
weitsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
windete (active imperative plural second-person)
weitsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
windontou (active imperative plural third-person)
windūr (first-person passive present singular)
widra (first-person passive preterite singular)
windetar (passive present second-person singular)
widras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
windetor (passive present singular third-person)
widre (passive preterite singular third-person)
windommor (first-person passive plural present)
windedwe (passive plural present second-person)
windontor (passive plural present third-person)
weitsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
weitsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
weitsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
weitsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
weitsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
weitsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
windonts (nominative singular)
windonte (dual nominative)
windontes (nominative plural)
windonts (singular vocative)
windonte (dual vocative)
windontes (plural vocative)
windontam (accusative singular)
windonte (accusative dual)
windontans (accusative plural)
windantos (genitive singular)
windantom (genitive plural)
windantei (dative singular)
windantbom (dative dual)
windantbos (dative plural)
windantī? (instrumental singular)
windantbim (dual instrumental)
windantbis (instrumental plural)
windantī (nominative singular)
windantī (dual nominative)
windantiyās (nominative plural)
windantī (singular vocative)
windantī (dual vocative)
windantiyās (plural vocative)
windantīm (accusative singular)
windantī (accusative dual)
windantiyans (accusative plural)
windantyās (genitive singular)
windantyom (genitive plural)
windantyāi (dative singular)
windantyābom (dative dual)
windantyābos (dative plural)
windantyābim (dual instrumental)
windantyābis (instrumental plural)
windont (nominative singular)
windonta (nominative plural)
windont (singular vocative)
windonta (plural vocative)
windont (accusative singular)
windonta (accusative plural)
wissos (nominative singular)
wissou (dual nominative)
wissoi (nominative plural)
wisse (singular vocative)
wissou (dual vocative)
wissoi (plural vocative)
wissom (accusative singular)
wissou (accusative dual)
wissons (accusative plural)
wissī (genitive singular)
wissous (dual genitive)
wissom (genitive plural)
wissūi (dative singular)
wissobom (dative dual)
wissobos (dative plural)
wissū (instrumental singular)
wissobim (dual instrumental)
wissobis (instrumental plural)
wissā (nominative singular)
wissai (dual nominative)
wissās (nominative plural)
wissā (singular vocative)
wissai (dual vocative)
wissās (plural vocative)
wissam (accusative singular)
wissai (accusative dual)
wissans (accusative plural)
wissās (genitive singular)
wissai (dative singular)
wissābom (dative dual)
wissābos (dative plural)
wissābim (dual instrumental)
wissābis (instrumental plural)
wissom (nominative singular)
wissā (nominative plural)
wissom (singular vocative)
wissā (plural vocative)
wissā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨbod (finite forms)
Old Breton: gudbut
Middle Breton: gouzuout
Breton: gouzout
Old Cornish: godbod
Middle Cornish: godhvos
Cornish: godhvos/goffos
Middle Welsh: gwybot
Welsh: gwybod

Old Irish: ro·finnadar
Middle Irish: finnaid
Irish: fionn
Irish: feadair (from perfect conjunct ·fitir)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to know”), more specifically via a nasal present *wi-né-d-ti ~ *wi-n-d-énti. The preterite in particular is from the unreduplicated stative *wóyd-e ~ *wid-ḗr.


winīti

winīmi (active first-person present singular)
winamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
wiwīsū (active first-person future singular)
wiwa (active first-person preterite singular)
winīsi (active present second-person singular)
winatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
wiwīsesi (active future second-person singular)
wiwas? (active preterite second-person singular)
winīti (active present singular third-person)
winato (active imperfect singular third-person)
wiwīseti (active future singular third-person)
wiwe (active preterite singular third-person)
winamosi (active first-person plural present)
winamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
wiwīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
wiwmo (active first-person plural preterite)
winatesi (active plural present second-person)
winastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
wiwīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
wiwe (active plural preterite second-person)
winenti (active plural present third-person)
winanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
wiwīsonti (active future plural third-person)
wiwars (active plural preterite third-person)
weyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
weyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
winī (active imperative second-person singular)
weyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
winītou (active imperative singular third-person)
weyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
winamos (active first-person imperative plural)
weyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
winate (active imperative plural second-person)
weyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
winentou (active imperative plural third-person)
winīr (first-person passive present singular)
wiwīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
wiwra (first-person passive preterite singular)
winītar (passive present second-person singular)
wiwīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
wiwras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
winītor (passive present singular third-person)
wiwīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
wiwre (passive preterite singular third-person)
winammor (first-person passive plural present)
wiwīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
winadwe (passive plural present second-person)
wiwīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
winentor (passive plural present third-person)
wiwīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
weyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
weyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
weyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
weyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
weyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
weyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
winonts (nominative singular)
winonte (dual nominative)
winontes (nominative plural)
winonts (singular vocative)
winonte (dual vocative)
winontes (plural vocative)
winontam (accusative singular)
winonte (accusative dual)
winontans (accusative plural)
winantos (genitive singular)
winantom (genitive plural)
winantei (dative singular)
winantbom (dative dual)
winantbos (dative plural)
winantī? (instrumental singular)
winantbim (dual instrumental)
winantbis (instrumental plural)
winantī (nominative singular)
winantī (dual nominative)
winantiyās (nominative plural)
winantī (singular vocative)
winantī (dual vocative)
winantiyās (plural vocative)
winantīm (accusative singular)
winantī (accusative dual)
winantiyans (accusative plural)
winantyās (genitive singular)
winantyom (genitive plural)
winantyāi (dative singular)
winantyābom (dative dual)
winantyābos (dative plural)
winantyābim (dual instrumental)
winantyābis (instrumental plural)
winont (nominative singular)
winonta (nominative plural)
winont (singular vocative)
winonta (plural vocative)
winont (accusative singular)
winonta (accusative plural)
wītos (nominative singular)
wītou (dual nominative)
wītoi (nominative plural)
wīte (singular vocative)
wītou (dual vocative)
wītoi (plural vocative)
wītom (accusative singular)
wītou (accusative dual)
wītons (accusative plural)
wītī (genitive singular)
wītous (dual genitive)
wītom (genitive plural)
wītūi (dative singular)
wītobom (dative dual)
wītobos (dative plural)
wītū (instrumental singular)
wītobim (dual instrumental)
wītobis (instrumental plural)
wītā (nominative singular)
wītai (dual nominative)
wītās (nominative plural)
wītā (singular vocative)
wītai (dual vocative)
wītās (plural vocative)
wītam (accusative singular)
wītai (accusative dual)
wītans (accusative plural)
wītās (genitive singular)
wītai (dative singular)
wītābom (dative dual)
wītābos (dative plural)
wītābim (dual instrumental)
wītābis (instrumental plural)
wītom (nominative singular)
wītā (nominative plural)
wītom (singular vocative)
wītā (plural vocative)
wītā (accusative plural)

desc

⇒ Old Irish: ar·fen, ad·fen, for·fen, imm·fen

From Proto-Indo-European *wyeh₁- (“to weave, twist”).


taryeti

taryū (active first-person present singular)
taryemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
taryesi (active present second-person singular)
taryetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
taryeti (active present singular third-person)
taryeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
taryomosi (active first-person plural present)
taryemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
taryetesi (active plural present second-person)
taryestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
taryonti (active plural present third-person)
taryento (active imperfect plural third-person)
tarye (active imperative second-person singular)
taryetou (active imperative singular third-person)
taryomos (active first-person imperative plural)
taryete (active imperative plural second-person)
taryontou (active imperative plural third-person)
taryūr (first-person passive present singular)
taryetar (passive present second-person singular)
taryetor (passive present singular third-person)
taryommor (first-person passive plural present)
taryedwe (passive plural present second-person)
taryontor (passive plural present third-person)
taryonts (nominative singular)
taryonte (dual nominative)
taryontes (nominative plural)
taryonts (singular vocative)
taryonte (dual vocative)
taryontes (plural vocative)
taryontam (accusative singular)
taryonte (accusative dual)
taryontans (accusative plural)
taryantos (genitive singular)
taryantom (genitive plural)
taryantei (dative singular)
taryantbom (dative dual)
taryantbos (dative plural)
taryantī? (instrumental singular)
taryantbim (dual instrumental)
taryantbis (instrumental plural)
taryantī (nominative singular)
taryantī (dual nominative)
taryantiyās (nominative plural)
taryantī (singular vocative)
taryantī (dual vocative)
taryantiyās (plural vocative)
taryantīm (accusative singular)
taryantī (accusative dual)
taryantiyans (accusative plural)
taryantyās (genitive singular)
taryantyom (genitive plural)
taryantyāi (dative singular)
taryantyābom (dative dual)
taryantyābos (dative plural)
taryantyābim (dual instrumental)
taryantyābis (instrumental plural)
taryont (nominative singular)
taryonta (nominative plural)
taryont (singular vocative)
taryonta (plural vocative)
taryont (accusative singular)
taryonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tėrðɨd

Old Breton: tardom

Middle Breton: tarza

Breton: tarzhañ

Middle Cornish: tardha

Middle Welsh: tarðu

Welsh: tarddu

From Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to cross”), although Matasović struggles to understand the semantic pathway.


tendeti

tendū (active first-person present singular)
tendemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
titantsū (active first-person future singular)
tetonda (active first-person preterite singular)
tendesi (active present second-person singular)
tendetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
titantsesi (active future second-person singular)
tetondas? (active preterite second-person singular)
tendeti (active present singular third-person)
tendeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
titantseti (active future singular third-person)
tetonde (active preterite singular third-person)
tendomosi (active first-person plural present)
tendemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
titantsomosi (active first-person future plural)
tetondmo (active first-person plural preterite)
tendetesi (active plural present second-person)
tendestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
titantsetesi (active future plural second-person)
tetonsse (active plural preterite second-person)
tendonti (active plural present third-person)
tendento (active imperfect plural third-person)
titantsonti (active future plural third-person)
tetondars (active plural preterite third-person)
tentsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
tentsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
tende (active imperative second-person singular)
tentseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
tendetou (active imperative singular third-person)
tentsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
tendomos (active first-person imperative plural)
tentsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
tendete (active imperative plural second-person)
tentsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
tendontou (active imperative plural third-person)
tendūr (first-person passive present singular)
titantsūr (first-person future passive singular)
tetondra (first-person passive preterite singular)
tendetar (passive present second-person singular)
titantsetar (future passive second-person singular)
tetondras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
tendetor (passive present singular third-person)
titantsetor (future passive singular third-person)
tetondre (passive preterite singular third-person)
tendommor (first-person passive plural present)
titantsommor (first-person future passive plural)
tendedwe (passive plural present second-person)
titantsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
tendontor (passive plural present third-person)
titantsontor (future passive plural third-person)
tentsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
tentsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
tentsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
tentsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
tentsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
tentsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
tendonts (nominative singular)
tendonte (dual nominative)
tendontes (nominative plural)
tendonts (singular vocative)
tendonte (dual vocative)
tendontes (plural vocative)
tendontam (accusative singular)
tendonte (accusative dual)
tendontans (accusative plural)
tendantos (genitive singular)
tendantom (genitive plural)
tendantei (dative singular)
tendantbom (dative dual)
tendantbos (dative plural)
tendantī? (instrumental singular)
tendantbim (dual instrumental)
tendantbis (instrumental plural)
tendantī (nominative singular)
tendantī (dual nominative)
tendantiyās (nominative plural)
tendantī (singular vocative)
tendantī (dual vocative)
tendantiyās (plural vocative)
tendantīm (accusative singular)
tendantī (accusative dual)
tendantiyans (accusative plural)
tendantyās (genitive singular)
tendantyom (genitive plural)
tendantyāi (dative singular)
tendantyābom (dative dual)
tendantyābos (dative plural)
tendantyābim (dual instrumental)
tendantyābis (instrumental plural)
tendont (nominative singular)
tendonta (nominative plural)
tendont (singular vocative)
tendonta (plural vocative)
tendont (accusative singular)
tendonta (accusative plural)
tanssos (nominative singular)
tanssou (dual nominative)
tanssoi (nominative plural)
tansse (singular vocative)
tanssou (dual vocative)
tanssoi (plural vocative)
tanssom (accusative singular)
tanssou (accusative dual)
tanssons (accusative plural)
tanssī (genitive singular)
tanssous (dual genitive)
tanssom (genitive plural)
tanssūi (dative singular)
tanssobom (dative dual)
tanssobos (dative plural)
tanssū (instrumental singular)
tanssobim (dual instrumental)
tanssobis (instrumental plural)
tanssā (nominative singular)
tanssai (dual nominative)
tanssās (nominative plural)
tanssā (singular vocative)
tanssai (dual vocative)
tanssās (plural vocative)
tanssam (accusative singular)
tanssai (accusative dual)
tanssans (accusative plural)
tanssās (genitive singular)
tanssai (dative singular)
tanssābom (dative dual)
tanssābos (dative plural)
tanssābim (dual instrumental)
tanssābis (instrumental plural)
tanssom (nominative singular)
tanssā (nominative plural)
tanssom (singular vocative)
tanssā (plural vocative)
tanssā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: teinnid

From Proto-Indo-European *tend- (“to cut”).


tandman

tandman (nominative singular)
tandmane? (dual nominative)
tandmana (nominative plural)
tandman (singular vocative)
tandmane? (dual vocative)
tandmana (plural vocative)
tandman (accusative singular)
tandmane? (accusative dual)
tandmana (accusative plural)
tandmens (genitive singular)
tandmenous? (dual genitive)
tandmenom (genitive plural)
tandmenei (dative singular)
tandmembom (dative dual)
tandmembos (dative plural)
tandmen (locative singular)
tandmeni (locative singular)
tandmenei (instrumental singular)
tandmembim (dual instrumental)
tandmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tam (“morsel”)

Middle Breton: tam

Breton: tamm

Middle Cornish: tam

Middle Welsh: tam

Welsh: tam

Old Irish: teinm

Middle Irish: teinm

A zero-grade *-man action noun from Proto-Indo-European *tend- (“to cut”).


swannati

swannāmi (active first-person present singular)
swannamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
siswansū (active first-person future singular)
seswona (active first-person preterite singular)
swannāsi (active present second-person singular)
swannatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
siswansesi (active future second-person singular)
seswonas? (active preterite second-person singular)
swannāti (active present singular third-person)
swannato (active imperfect singular third-person)
siswanseti (active future singular third-person)
seswone (active preterite singular third-person)
swannamosi (active first-person plural present)
swannamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
siswansomosi (active first-person future plural)
seswonmo (active first-person plural preterite)
swannatesi (active plural present second-person)
swannastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
siswansetesi (active future plural second-person)
seswone (active plural preterite second-person)
swannanti (active plural present third-person)
swannanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
siswansonti (active future plural third-person)
seswonars (active plural preterite third-person)
swenū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
swenesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
swannā (active imperative second-person singular)
sweneti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
swannātou (active imperative singular third-person)
swenomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
swannamos (active first-person imperative plural)
swenetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
swannate (active imperative plural second-person)
swenonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
swannantou (active imperative plural third-person)
swannār (first-person passive present singular)
siswansūr (first-person future passive singular)
seswonra (first-person passive preterite singular)
swannātar (passive present second-person singular)
siswansetar (future passive second-person singular)
seswonras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
swannātor (passive present singular third-person)
siswansetor (future passive singular third-person)
seswonre (passive preterite singular third-person)
swannammor (first-person passive plural present)
siswansommor (first-person future passive plural)
swannadwe (passive plural present second-person)
siswansedwe (future passive plural second-person)
swannantor (passive plural present third-person)
siswansontor (future passive plural third-person)
swenūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
swenetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
swenetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
swenommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
swenedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
swenontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
swannonts (nominative singular)
swannonte (dual nominative)
swannontes (nominative plural)
swannonts (singular vocative)
swannonte (dual vocative)
swannontes (plural vocative)
swannontam (accusative singular)
swannonte (accusative dual)
swannontans (accusative plural)
swannantos (genitive singular)
swannantom (genitive plural)
swannantei (dative singular)
swannantbom (dative dual)
swannantbos (dative plural)
swannantī? (instrumental singular)
swannantbim (dual instrumental)
swannantbis (instrumental plural)
swannantī (nominative singular)
swannantī (dual nominative)
swannantiyās (nominative plural)
swannantī (singular vocative)
swannantī (dual vocative)
swannantiyās (plural vocative)
swannantīm (accusative singular)
swannantī (accusative dual)
swannantiyans (accusative plural)
swannantyās (genitive singular)
swannantyom (genitive plural)
swannantyāi (dative singular)
swannantyābom (dative dual)
swannantyābos (dative plural)
swannantyābim (dual instrumental)
swannantyābis (instrumental plural)
swannont (nominative singular)
swannonta (nominative plural)
swannont (singular vocative)
swannonta (plural vocative)
swannont (accusative singular)
swannonta (accusative plural)
swantos (nominative singular)
swantou (dual nominative)
swantoi (nominative plural)
swante (singular vocative)
swantou (dual vocative)
swantoi (plural vocative)
swantom (accusative singular)
swantou (accusative dual)
swantons (accusative plural)
swantī (genitive singular)
swantous (dual genitive)
swantom (genitive plural)
swantūi (dative singular)
swantobom (dative dual)
swantobos (dative plural)
swantū (instrumental singular)
swantobim (dual instrumental)
swantobis (instrumental plural)
swantā (nominative singular)
swantai (dual nominative)
swantās (nominative plural)
swantā (singular vocative)
swantai (dual vocative)
swantās (plural vocative)
swantam (accusative singular)
swantai (accusative dual)
swantans (accusative plural)
swantās (genitive singular)
swantai (dative singular)
swantābom (dative dual)
swantābos (dative plural)
swantābim (dual instrumental)
swantābis (instrumental plural)
swantom (nominative singular)
swantā (nominative plural)
swantom (singular vocative)
swantā (plural vocative)
swantā (accusative plural)

desc

Old Irish: seinnid (“to play a musical instrument”)

From a nasal present to Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”).


swaryeti

swaryū (active first-person present singular)
swaryemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
siswrisū (active first-person future singular)
seswora (active first-person preterite singular)
swaryesi (active present second-person singular)
swaryetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
siswrisesi (active future second-person singular)
sesworas? (active preterite second-person singular)
swaryeti (active present singular third-person)
swaryeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
siswriseti (active future singular third-person)
seswore (active preterite singular third-person)
swaryomosi (active first-person plural present)
swaryemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
siswrisomosi (active first-person future plural)
seswormo (active first-person plural preterite)
swaryetesi (active plural present second-person)
swaryestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
siswrisetesi (active future plural second-person)
seswore (active plural preterite second-person)
swaryonti (active plural present third-person)
swaryento (active imperfect plural third-person)
siswrisonti (active future plural third-person)
sesworars (active plural preterite third-person)
swersū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
swersesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
swarye (active imperative second-person singular)
swerseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
swaryetou (active imperative singular third-person)
swersomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
swaryomos (active first-person imperative plural)
swersetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
swaryete (active imperative plural second-person)
swersonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
swaryontou (active imperative plural third-person)
swaryūr (first-person passive present singular)
siswrisūr (first-person future passive singular)
sesworra (first-person passive preterite singular)
swaryetar (passive present second-person singular)
siswrisetar (future passive second-person singular)
sesworras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
swaryetor (passive present singular third-person)
siswrisetor (future passive singular third-person)
sesworre (passive preterite singular third-person)
swaryommor (first-person passive plural present)
siswrisommor (first-person future passive plural)
swaryedwe (passive plural present second-person)
siswrisedwe (future passive plural second-person)
swaryontor (passive plural present third-person)
siswrisontor (future passive plural third-person)
swersūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
swersetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
swersetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
swersommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
swersedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
swersontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
swaryonts (nominative singular)
swaryonte (dual nominative)
swaryontes (nominative plural)
swaryonts (singular vocative)
swaryonte (dual vocative)
swaryontes (plural vocative)
swaryontam (accusative singular)
swaryonte (accusative dual)
swaryontans (accusative plural)
swaryantos (genitive singular)
swaryantom (genitive plural)
swaryantei (dative singular)
swaryantbom (dative dual)
swaryantbos (dative plural)
swaryantī? (instrumental singular)
swaryantbim (dual instrumental)
swaryantbis (instrumental plural)
swaryantī (nominative singular)
swaryantī (dual nominative)
swaryantiyās (nominative plural)
swaryantī (singular vocative)
swaryantī (dual vocative)
swaryantiyās (plural vocative)
swaryantīm (accusative singular)
swaryantī (accusative dual)
swaryantiyans (accusative plural)
swaryantyās (genitive singular)
swaryantyom (genitive plural)
swaryantyāi (dative singular)
swaryantyābom (dative dual)
swaryantyābos (dative plural)
swaryantyābim (dual instrumental)
swaryantyābis (instrumental plural)
swaryont (nominative singular)
swaryonta (nominative plural)
swaryont (singular vocative)
swaryonta (plural vocative)
swaryont (accusative singular)
swaryonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwėrðɨd

desc

Middle Breton: hoarzhe (3sg. past subj.)

Breton: c’hoarzhin

Old Cornish: hwerthin

Cornish: hwerthin

Old Welsh: guardam (1pl. pres.)

Middle Welsh: chwerthin

Welsh: chwerthin

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to sound”).


tou(x)sman

tousman (canonical neuter)
tousman (nominative singular)
touxsman (nominative singular)
tousmane? (dual nominative)
touxsmane? (dual nominative)
tousmana (nominative plural)
touxsmana (nominative plural)
tousman (singular vocative)
touxsman (singular vocative)
tousmane? (dual vocative)
touxsmane? (dual vocative)
tousmana (plural vocative)
touxsmana (plural vocative)
tousman (accusative singular)
touxsman (accusative singular)
tousmane? (accusative dual)
touxsmane? (accusative dual)
tousmana (accusative plural)
touxsmana (accusative plural)
tousmens (genitive singular)
touxsmens (genitive singular)
tousmenous? (dual genitive)
touxsmenous? (dual genitive)
tousmenom (genitive plural)
touxsmenom (genitive plural)
tousmenei (dative singular)
touxsmenei (dative singular)
tousmembom (dative dual)
touxsmembom (dative dual)
tousmembos (dative plural)
touxsmembos (dative plural)
tousmen (locative singular)
tousmeni (locative singular)
touxn (locative singular)
touxni (locative singular)
tousmenei (instrumental singular)
touxsmenei (instrumental singular)
tousmembim (dual instrumental)
touxsmembim (dual instrumental)
tousmembis (instrumental plural)
touxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: túaim

Irish: tuaim (“tumulus”)

This word is a *-sman noun, but its origin is disputed. There are two basic possible etymologies:
* If one reconstructs *touxsman, Greene connects this word with Old Irish túag (“arch”). It may be further connected with *exsstungeti (“to bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg-, although Stüber denies a connection to this root.
* If one instead opts for *tousman, a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”) becomes possible. Zair questions this etymology on semantic grounds, preferring Greene's etymology.

der

stumm

Old Breton: *stum, ⇒ Stumou (a place name); Breton


trexstus

trexstus (nominative singular)
trexstū (dual nominative)
trexstowes (nominative plural)
trexstu (singular vocative)
trexstū (dual vocative)
trexstūs (plural vocative)
trexstum (accusative singular)
trexstū (accusative dual)
trexstuns (accusative plural)
trexstous (genitive singular)
trexstous (dual genitive)
trexstowom (genitive plural)
trexstou (dative singular)
trexstubom (dative dual)
trexstubos (dative plural)
trexstū (instrumental singular)
trexstubim (dual instrumental)
trexstubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tres

Middle Welsh: tres

Welsh: tres

Old Irish: tres (“battle”)

Middle Irish: tress (“battle”)

From the same root as *trexsnos (“strong”).


trexsnos

trexsais (comparative)
trexsnos (nominative singular)
trexsnou (dual nominative)
trexsnoi (nominative plural)
trexsne (singular vocative)
trexsnou (dual vocative)
trexsnoi (plural vocative)
trexsnom (accusative singular)
trexsnou (accusative dual)
trexsnons (accusative plural)
trexsnī (genitive singular)
trexsnous (dual genitive)
trexsnom (genitive plural)
trexsnūi (dative singular)
trexsnobom (dative dual)
trexsnobos (dative plural)
trexsnū (instrumental singular)
trexsnobim (dual instrumental)
trexsnobis (instrumental plural)
trexsnā (nominative singular)
trexsnai (dual nominative)
trexsnās (nominative plural)
trexsnā (singular vocative)
trexsnai (dual vocative)
trexsnās (plural vocative)
trexsnam (accusative singular)
trexsnai (accusative dual)
trexsnans (accusative plural)
trexsnās (genitive singular)
trexsnai (dative singular)
trexsnābom (dative dual)
trexsnābos (dative plural)
trexsnābim (dual instrumental)
trexsnābis (instrumental plural)
trexsnom (nominative singular)
trexsnā (nominative plural)
trexsnom (singular vocative)
trexsnā (plural vocative)
trexsnā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: trén
Irish: tréan
Manx: trean
Scottish Gaelic: treun

Gaulish: *trēnos

→ Latin: Trenus

From Proto-Indo-European *treg- (“strength”), cognates including Old Norse þrekr, þrek (“strength, courage”), and possibly also Latvian trekns (“fat”) and Albanian trashë (“fat”).


trexsais

Proto-Brythonic: *trex

Breton: trec'h (“victory”)

Cornish: trygh (“victorious”)

Middle Welsh: trech (“stronger”)

Welsh: trech

Old Irish: tressa

Irish: treise

Scottish Gaelic: treasa

⇒ Gaulish:

→ Latin: Trexius, Trexa

comparative degree of *trexsnos: stronger


sitros

sitros (nominative singular)
sitrou (dual nominative)
sitroi (nominative plural)
sitre (singular vocative)
sitrou (dual vocative)
sitroi (plural vocative)
sitrom (accusative singular)
sitrou (accusative dual)
sitrons (accusative plural)
sitrī (genitive singular)
sitrous (dual genitive)
sitrom (genitive plural)
sitrūi (dative singular)
sitrobom (dative dual)
sitrobos (dative plural)
sitrū (instrumental singular)
sitrobim (dual instrumental)
sitrobis (instrumental plural)
sitrā (nominative singular)
sitrai (dual nominative)
sitrās (nominative plural)
sitrā (singular vocative)
sitrai (dual vocative)
sitrās (plural vocative)
sitram (accusative singular)
sitrai (accusative dual)
sitrans (accusative plural)
sitrās (genitive singular)
sitrai (dative singular)
sitrābom (dative dual)
sitrābos (dative plural)
sitrābim (dual instrumental)
sitrābis (instrumental plural)
sitrom (nominative singular)
sitrā (nominative plural)
sitrom (singular vocative)
sitrā (plural vocative)
sitrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨdr

Middle Breton: hezr

Breton: her

Middle Welsh: hydyr

Welsh: hydr

desc

Irish: seathar (“strong”) (hapax in O'Clery's glossary)

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₁(y)- (“long”).


rundeti

rundū (active first-person present singular)
rundemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rirudsū (active first-person future singular)
rīrouda (active first-person preterite singular)
rundesi (active present second-person singular)
rundetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rirudsesi (active future second-person singular)
rīroudas? (active preterite second-person singular)
rundeti (active present singular third-person)
rundeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
rirudseti (active future singular third-person)
rīroude (active preterite singular third-person)
rundomosi (active first-person plural present)
rundemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rirudsomosi (active first-person future plural)
rīroudmo (active first-person plural preterite)
rundetesi (active plural present second-person)
rundestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rirudsetesi (active future plural second-person)
rīrousse (active plural preterite second-person)
rundonti (active plural present third-person)
rundento (active imperfect plural third-person)
rirudsonti (active future plural third-person)
rīroudars (active plural preterite third-person)
routsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
routsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
runde (active imperative second-person singular)
routseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
rundetou (active imperative singular third-person)
routsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rundomos (active first-person imperative plural)
routsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rundete (active imperative plural second-person)
routsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rundontou (active imperative plural third-person)
rundūr (first-person passive present singular)
rirudsūr (first-person future passive singular)
rīroudra (first-person passive preterite singular)
rundetar (passive present second-person singular)
rirudsetar (future passive second-person singular)
rīroudras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
rundetor (passive present singular third-person)
rirudsetor (future passive singular third-person)
rīroudre (passive preterite singular third-person)
rundommor (first-person passive plural present)
rirudsommor (first-person future passive plural)
rundedwe (passive plural present second-person)
rirudsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
rundontor (passive plural present third-person)
rirudsontor (future passive plural third-person)
routsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
routsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
routsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
routsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
routsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
routsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
rundonts (nominative singular)
rundonte (dual nominative)
rundontes (nominative plural)
rundonts (singular vocative)
rundonte (dual vocative)
rundontes (plural vocative)
rundontam (accusative singular)
rundonte (accusative dual)
rundontans (accusative plural)
rundantos (genitive singular)
rundantom (genitive plural)
rundantei (dative singular)
rundantbom (dative dual)
rundantbos (dative plural)
rundantī? (instrumental singular)
rundantbim (dual instrumental)
rundantbis (instrumental plural)
rundantī (nominative singular)
rundantī (dual nominative)
rundantiyās (nominative plural)
rundantī (singular vocative)
rundantī (dual vocative)
rundantiyās (plural vocative)
rundantīm (accusative singular)
rundantī (accusative dual)
rundantiyans (accusative plural)
rundantyās (genitive singular)
rundantyom (genitive plural)
rundantyāi (dative singular)
rundantyābom (dative dual)
rundantyābos (dative plural)
rundantyābim (dual instrumental)
rundantyābis (instrumental plural)
rundont (nominative singular)
rundonta (nominative plural)
rundont (singular vocative)
rundonta (plural vocative)
rundont (accusative singular)
rundonta (accusative plural)
russos (nominative singular)
russou (dual nominative)
russoi (nominative plural)
russe (singular vocative)
russou (dual vocative)
russoi (plural vocative)
russom (accusative singular)
russou (accusative dual)
russons (accusative plural)
russī (genitive singular)
russous (dual genitive)
russom (genitive plural)
russūi (dative singular)
russobom (dative dual)
russobos (dative plural)
russū (instrumental singular)
russobim (dual instrumental)
russobis (instrumental plural)
russā (nominative singular)
russai (dual nominative)
russās (nominative plural)
russā (singular vocative)
russai (dual vocative)
russās (plural vocative)
russam (accusative singular)
russai (accusative dual)
russans (accusative plural)
russās (genitive singular)
russai (dative singular)
russābom (dative dual)
russābos (dative plural)
russābim (dual instrumental)
russābis (instrumental plural)
russom (nominative singular)
russā (nominative plural)
russom (singular vocative)
russā (plural vocative)
russā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: rondaid, ⇒ fo·roind (verbs), ruisse (from past participle)

Nasal-infix verb from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).


rudyos

rudyos (nominative singular)
rudyou (dual nominative)
rudyoi (nominative plural)
rudye (singular vocative)
rudyou (dual vocative)
rudyoi (plural vocative)
rudyom (accusative singular)
rudyou (accusative dual)
rudyons (accusative plural)
rudyī (genitive singular)
rudyous (dual genitive)
rudyom (genitive plural)
rudyūi (dative singular)
rudyobom (dative dual)
rudyobos (dative plural)
rudyū (instrumental singular)
rudyobim (dual instrumental)
rudyobis (instrumental plural)
rudyā (nominative singular)
rudyai (dual nominative)
rudyās (nominative plural)
rudyā (singular vocative)
rudyai (dual vocative)
rudyās (plural vocative)
rudyam (accusative singular)
rudyai (accusative dual)
rudyans (accusative plural)
rudyās (genitive singular)
rudyai (dative singular)
rudyābom (dative dual)
rudyābos (dative plural)
rudyābim (dual instrumental)
rudyābis (instrumental plural)
rudyom (nominative singular)
rudyā (nominative plural)
rudyom (singular vocative)
rudyā (plural vocative)
rudyā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: ruide

Gaulish: *rudios

→⇒ Latin: Rudianus, Rudiobus

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”), possibly with *-yós (adjective suffix).


rukkos

rukkos (nominative singular)
rukkou (dual nominative)
rukkoi (nominative plural)
rukke (singular vocative)
rukkou (dual vocative)
rukkoi (plural vocative)
rukkom (accusative singular)
rukkou (accusative dual)
rukkons (accusative plural)
rukkī (genitive singular)
rukkous (dual genitive)
rukkom (genitive plural)
rukkūi (dative singular)
rukkobom (dative dual)
rukkobos (dative plural)
rukkū (instrumental singular)
rukkobim (dual instrumental)
rukkobis (instrumental plural)
rukkā (nominative singular)
rukkai (dual nominative)
rukkās (nominative plural)
rukkā (singular vocative)
rukkai (dual vocative)
rukkās (plural vocative)
rukkam (accusative singular)
rukkai (accusative dual)
rukkans (accusative plural)
rukkās (genitive singular)
rukkai (dative singular)
rukkābom (dative dual)
rukkābos (dative plural)
rukkābim (dual instrumental)
rukkābis (instrumental plural)
rukkom (nominative singular)
rukkā (nominative plural)
rukkom (singular vocative)
rukkā (plural vocative)
rukkā (accusative plural)

⇒ Old Irish: ruccae

Gaulish: *ruccos

→ Latin: Ruccus, Ruca, ⇒ Rucius, Senoruccus, Ruccon, Adruci, Atruciani, Ciruca

From earlier *rudkos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) with a velar suffix.

red (as in a face that is blushed over something shameful)


rudīti

rudeyū (active first-person present singular)
rudīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rudīsi (active present second-person singular)
rudītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rudīti (active present singular third-person)
rudīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
rudeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
rudīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rudītesi (active plural present second-person)
rudīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rudeyonti (active plural present third-person)
rudīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
rudī (active imperative second-person singular)
rudītou (active imperative singular third-person)
rudeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
rudīte (active imperative plural second-person)
rudeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
rudeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
rudītar (passive present second-person singular)
rudītor (passive present singular third-person)
rudeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
rudīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
rudeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
rudeyonts (nominative singular)
rudeyonte (dual nominative)
rudeyontes (nominative plural)
rudeyonts (singular vocative)
rudeyonte (dual vocative)
rudeyontes (plural vocative)
rudeyontam (accusative singular)
rudeyonte (accusative dual)
rudeyontans (accusative plural)
rudeyantos (genitive singular)
rudeyantom (genitive plural)
rudeyantei (dative singular)
rudeyantbom (dative dual)
rudeyantbos (dative plural)
rudeyantī? (instrumental singular)
rudeyantbim (dual instrumental)
rudeyantbis (instrumental plural)
rudeyantī (nominative singular)
rudeyantī (dual nominative)
rudeyantiyās (nominative plural)
rudeyantī (singular vocative)
rudeyantī (dual vocative)
rudeyantiyās (plural vocative)
rudeyantīm (accusative singular)
rudeyantī (accusative dual)
rudeyantiyans (accusative plural)
rudeyantyās (genitive singular)
rudeyantyom (genitive plural)
rudeyantyāi (dative singular)
rudeyantyābom (dative dual)
rudeyantyābos (dative plural)
rudeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
rudeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
rudeyont (nominative singular)
rudeyonta (nominative plural)
rudeyont (singular vocative)
rudeyonta (plural vocative)
rudeyont (accusative singular)
rudeyonta (accusative plural)

Old Irish: ruidid

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰéh₁ti (“to be red”), a stative formation from *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). Exact cognates include Latin rubeō and Proto-Slavic *rъděti.


weiyā

weiyā (nominative singular)
weiyai (dual nominative)
weiyās (nominative plural)
weiyā (singular vocative)
weiyai (dual vocative)
weiyās (plural vocative)
weiyam (accusative singular)
weiyai (accusative dual)
weiyāns (accusative plural)
weiyās (genitive singular)
weiyous (dual genitive)
weiyom (genitive plural)
weiyāi (dative singular)
weiyābom (dative dual)
weiyābos (dative plural)
weiyai (locative singular)
weiyābim (dual instrumental)
weiyābis (instrumental plural)

>? Middle Irish: fé (“woe, grief”)

Gaulish: ueia (Lezoux plate, line 10)

Cognate to Ancient Greek ῑ̓́ς (ī́s, “force, power”), Sanskrit वयस् (vayas, “force, vigour”), and also Latin vīs (“force, power”). The root of these is Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-.


gloidos

gloidos (nominative singular)
gloide (singular vocative)
gloidom (accusative singular)
gloidī (genitive singular)
gloidūi (dative singular)
gloidei (locative singular)
gloidū (instrumental singular)

desc

with non-lenition of *d under the influence of Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">glūten</i>

Proto-Brythonic: *glʉd (with non-lenition of *d under the influence of Latin glūten)

Middle Breton: glut

Breton: glud

Old Cornish: glut

Middle Welsh: glut

Welsh: glud

Old Irish: glaíth (as attested in a late Laws manuscript)

Middle Irish: gláed

Irish: glae

Scottish Gaelic: glaodh

From a dental extension of Proto-Indo-European *gleyH- (“to glue, smear”).


āgos

āgos (nominative singular)
āgou (dual nominative)
āgoi (nominative plural)
āge (singular vocative)
āgou (dual vocative)
āgoi (plural vocative)
āgom (accusative singular)
āgou (accusative dual)
āgons (accusative plural)
āgī (genitive singular)
āgous (dual genitive)
āgom (genitive plural)
āgūi (dative singular)
āgobom (dative dual)
āgobos (dative plural)
āgei (locative singular)
āgū (instrumental singular)
āgobim (dual instrumental)
āgūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: ág

Middle Irish: ág

Irish: ágh

Gaulish: *āgos

desc

Τολιστοάγιοι

→⇒ Ancient Greek: Τολιστοάγιοι (Tolistoágioi)

→⇒ Latin: Agorix, Arviragus, Agelitus, Comagus, Comagius, Comagia

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), but the derivation of the long vowel *ā is unclear.


baitos

baitos (nominative singular)
baitou (dual nominative)
baitoi (nominative plural)
baite (singular vocative)
baitou (dual vocative)
baitoi (plural vocative)
baitom (accusative singular)
baitou (accusative dual)
baitons (accusative plural)
baitī (genitive singular)
baitous (dual genitive)
baitom (genitive plural)
baitūi (dative singular)
baitobom (dative dual)
baitobos (dative plural)
baitū (instrumental singular)
baitobim (dual instrumental)
baitobis (instrumental plural)
baitā (nominative singular)
baitai (dual nominative)
baitās (nominative plural)
baitā (singular vocative)
baitai (dual vocative)
baitās (plural vocative)
baitam (accusative singular)
baitai (accusative dual)
baitans (accusative plural)
baitās (genitive singular)
baitai (dative singular)
baitābom (dative dual)
baitābos (dative plural)
baitābim (dual instrumental)
baitābis (instrumental plural)
baitom (nominative singular)
baitā (nominative plural)
baitom (singular vocative)
baitā (plural vocative)
baitā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: báeth (“foolish, stupid”)

Middle Irish: báeth

Irish: baoth

Scottish Gaelic: baoth

Gaulish: *baitos

→ Latin: Baetus

→⇒ Ancient Greek: Βαιτόριξ (Baitórix)

Unknown; the -ai- diphthong poses a problem.

amoed

Proto-Brythonic: *ammoɨd (“fool”); Breton

→ Old Irish: ammaitIrish: amaid⇒ Middle Irish: amaidecht⇒ Middle Irish: *ammatánIrish: amadánManx: ommidanScottish Gaelic: amadan


baissā

baissā (nominative singular)
baissai (dual nominative)
baissās (nominative plural)
baissā (singular vocative)
baissai (dual vocative)
baissās (plural vocative)
baissam (accusative singular)
baissai (accusative dual)
baissāns (accusative plural)
baissās (genitive singular)
baissous (dual genitive)
baissom (genitive plural)
baissāi (dative singular)
baissābom (dative dual)
baissābos (dative plural)
baissai (locative singular)
baissābim (dual instrumental)
baissābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *boɨs (“custom”)

Middle Breton: boas

Breton: boaz

Middle Welsh: moes

Welsh: moes

desctree

→ Old Irish: bés, béss, bǽs (borrowed after the monophthongization of *ai to /ɛː/ but before breaking of /ɛː/ to *oɨ)
Irish: béas
Scottish Gaelic: beus

Old Irish: báes, baís (“folly”)

Middle Irish: báes, baís

Irish: baois

A derivative of *baitos (“custom; mad; foolish”).
Which of the two main senses came first is unclear; Pedersen argued that "folly" came first, while Jørgensen prefers to argue that "custom" came first.


ɸlātrom

ɸlātrom (nominative singular)
ɸlātrou (dual nominative)
ɸlātrā (nominative plural)
ɸlātrom (singular vocative)
ɸlātrou (dual vocative)
ɸlātrā (plural vocative)
ɸlātrom (accusative singular)
ɸlātrou (accusative dual)
ɸlātrā (accusative plural)
ɸlātrī (genitive singular)
ɸlātrous (dual genitive)
ɸlātrom (genitive plural)
ɸlātrūi (dative singular)
ɸlātrobom (dative dual)
ɸlātrobos (dative plural)
ɸlātrei (locative singular)
ɸlātrū (instrumental singular)
ɸlātrobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlātrūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *llọdr (“leg covering”)

Middle Breton: louzr

Breton: loer (“stocking”)

Old Cornish: loder (“leather shoe”)

Cornish: loder (“stocking”)

Middle Welsh: llawdyr (“trousers”)

Welsh: llawdr, llodrau

desctree

Old Irish: láthar
Middle Irish: láither, láthair
Irish: láthair
Scottish Gaelic: làthair

From Proto-Indo-European *pléh₂-trom, a *-trom noun from the root *pleh₂- (“flat”)


gʷariyā

gʷariyā (nominative singular)
gʷariyai (dual nominative)
gʷariyās (nominative plural)
gʷariyā (singular vocative)
gʷariyai (dual vocative)
gʷariyās (plural vocative)
gʷariyam (accusative singular)
gʷariyai (accusative dual)
gʷariyāns (accusative plural)
gʷariyās (genitive singular)
gʷariyous (dual genitive)
gʷariyom (genitive plural)
gʷariyāi (dative singular)
gʷariyābom (dative dual)
gʷariyābos (dative plural)
gʷariyai (locative singular)
gʷariyābim (dual instrumental)
gʷariyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwareð

Middle Breton: goarez

Breton: gwarez (“shelter, protection”)

Middle Welsh: gwareð

desc

Welsh: gwaredd (“gentleness, compassion”)

Old Irish: goire

Middle Irish: gaire

From *gʷaros (“pious, dutiful”) + *-iyā (deadjectival abstract suffix).


gʷaros

gʷaros (nominative singular)
gʷarou (dual nominative)
gʷaroi (nominative plural)
gʷare (singular vocative)
gʷarou (dual vocative)
gʷaroi (plural vocative)
gʷarom (accusative singular)
gʷarou (accusative dual)
gʷarons (accusative plural)
gʷarī (genitive singular)
gʷarous (dual genitive)
gʷarom (genitive plural)
gʷarūi (dative singular)
gʷarobom (dative dual)
gʷarobos (dative plural)
gʷarū (instrumental singular)
gʷarobim (dual instrumental)
gʷarobis (instrumental plural)
gʷarā (nominative singular)
gʷarai (dual nominative)
gʷarās (nominative plural)
gʷarā (singular vocative)
gʷarai (dual vocative)
gʷarās (plural vocative)
gʷaram (accusative singular)
gʷarai (accusative dual)
gʷarans (accusative plural)
gʷarās (genitive singular)
gʷarai (dative singular)
gʷarābom (dative dual)
gʷarābos (dative plural)
gʷarābim (dual instrumental)
gʷarābis (instrumental plural)
gʷarom (nominative singular)
gʷarā (nominative plural)
gʷarom (singular vocative)
gʷarā (plural vocative)
gʷarā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwar

desc

Middle Breton: goar (“weak, soft, humble”)

Breton: gwar (“free time, leisure”)

Middle Welsh: gwar (“civilized, gentle”)

Welsh: gwâr

Old Irish: gor (“pious, dutiful, filial”)

Middle Irish: gor (“pious, dutiful, filial”)

From the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer-; whether this root is the same root as the one meaning "warm" is disputed.
* Binchy, Matasović and Gordon stand by identifying the root of this word as *gʷʰer- (“warm”).
* Schrijver denies any relation to *gʷʰer- (“warm”), but instead reconstructs a homophonous root meaning "to compensate, be worth something", and links this to Germanic derivatives of Proto-Germanic *werþaz (“worth”); this putative root would be unlikely to be of Proto-Indo-European provenance.


angʷaros

angʷaros (nominative singular)
angʷarou (dual nominative)
angʷaroi (nominative plural)
angʷare (singular vocative)
angʷarou (dual vocative)
angʷaroi (plural vocative)
angʷarom (accusative singular)
angʷarou (accusative dual)
angʷarons (accusative plural)
angʷarī (genitive singular)
angʷarous (dual genitive)
angʷarom (genitive plural)
angʷarūi (dative singular)
angʷarobom (dative dual)
angʷarobos (dative plural)
angʷarū (instrumental singular)
angʷarobim (dual instrumental)
angʷarobis (instrumental plural)
angʷarā (nominative singular)
angʷarai (dual nominative)
angʷarās (nominative plural)
angʷarā (singular vocative)
angʷarai (dual vocative)
angʷarās (plural vocative)
angʷaram (accusative singular)
angʷarai (accusative dual)
angʷarans (accusative plural)
angʷarās (genitive singular)
angʷarai (dative singular)
angʷarābom (dative dual)
angʷarābos (dative plural)
angʷarābim (dual instrumental)
angʷarābis (instrumental plural)
angʷarom (nominative singular)
angʷarā (nominative plural)
angʷarom (singular vocative)
angʷarā (plural vocative)
angʷarā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *angwar

⇒ Old Breton: annguarhaheitic (“monstrous”) (deadjectival verbal adjective)

Middle Welsh: anwar (“uncivilized”)

Welsh: anwar

Old Irish: ingor (“undutiful, impious”)

Middle Irish: ingar

From *an- (“un-”) + *gʷaros (“dutiful, pious”)


makʷos angʷaros

Proto-Brythonic: *mab angwar

Middle Welsh: mab anwar

Old Irish: macc ingor

(Insular Celtic) a son who fails to perform filial duties


gāwā

gāwā (nominative singular)
gāwai (dual nominative)
gāwās (nominative plural)
gāwā (singular vocative)
gāwai (dual vocative)
gāwās (plural vocative)
gāwam (accusative singular)
gāwai (accusative dual)
gāwāns (accusative plural)
gāwās (genitive singular)
gāwous (dual genitive)
gāwom (genitive plural)
gāwāi (dative singular)
gāwābom (dative dual)
gāwābos (dative plural)
gāwai (locative singular)
gāwābim (dual instrumental)
gāwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *guw, *gow?, *gaw?

Middle Breton: gou

Breton: gaou

Old Cornish: gou

Cornish: gow

Middle Welsh: geu

Welsh: gau

Old Irish: gáu, gó
Middle Irish: gó

Unknown. See Matasović (2009) and Zair (2011) for various ideas.


uɸertogyā

uɸertogyā (nominative singular)
uɸertogyai (dual nominative)
uɸertogyās (nominative plural)
uɸertogyā (singular vocative)
uɸertogyai (dual vocative)
uɸertogyās (plural vocative)
uɸertogyam (accusative singular)
uɸertogyai (accusative dual)
uɸertogyāns (accusative plural)
uɸertogyās (genitive singular)
uɸertogyous (dual genitive)
uɸertogyom (genitive plural)
uɸertogyāi (dative singular)
uɸertogyābom (dative dual)
uɸertogyābos (dative plural)
uɸertogyai (locative singular)
uɸertogyābim (dual instrumental)
uɸertogyābis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *wertogyā (early), *gworθoɣ (late)

Middle Welsh: gortho, gwortho

Welsh: gortho

→ Latin: vertogia (name of an item stolen from Camulorix and Titocuna)

Old Irish: fortgae, fortche

From *uɸer- (“over-”) + *togyā (“covering”).


erwā

erwā (nominative singular)
erwai (dual nominative)
erwās (nominative plural)
erwā (singular vocative)
erwai (dual vocative)
erwās (plural vocative)
erwam (accusative singular)
erwai (accusative dual)
erwāns (accusative plural)
erwās (genitive singular)
erwous (dual genitive)
erwom (genitive plural)
erwāi (dative singular)
erwābom (dative dual)
erwābos (dative plural)
erwai (locative singular)
erwābim (dual instrumental)
erwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *erw

Middle Breton: eru (“furrow”)

Breton: erv

Old Cornish: ereu, erw

Middle Cornish: erw

Middle Welsh: erw

Welsh: erw

Possibly related to Hittite 𒅕𒄩𒀸 (er-ḫa-aš /erḫaš/, “line, boundary”), Latin ōra, perhaps all from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erh₂- (“border, line”).


-(a)is

Old Irish: -a

Often believed to originate as the neuter of Proto-Indo-European *-yōs used adverbially; many Celticists believe that the neuter of that suffix was *-is, not *-yos.
The -a- in the suffix originally was from the rebracketing of *mais
(adverbial/neuter comparative of *māros).

Forms adverbs that act as the comparative degree to certain common adjectives.


merwis

merwis (nominative singular)
merwī (dual nominative)
merwīs (nominative plural)
merwi (singular vocative)
merwī (dual vocative)
merwīs (plural vocative)
merwim (accusative singular)
merwī (accusative dual)
merwins (accusative plural)
merweis (genitive singular)
merwyou (dual genitive)
merwyom (genitive plural)
merwei (dative singular)
merwibom (dative dual)
merwibos (dative plural)
merwī (instrumental singular)
merwibim (dual instrumental)
merwibis (instrumental plural)
merwi (nominative singular)
merwyā (nominative plural)
merwyā (plural vocative)
merwi (accusative singular)
merwyā (accusative plural)
merwois (genitive singular)
merwois (dual genitive)
merwē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *merw

Middle Welsh: merw, merf

Welsh: merf

Old Irish: meirb

Middle Irish: meirb

Irish: meirbh

Scottish Gaelic: meirbh

From Proto-Indo-European *merh₂- (“to crush, destroy”); related to *mratom (“treachery”) and *marnati (“to betray”).


yantumāros

yantumāros (nominative singular)
yantumārou (dual nominative)
yantumāroi (nominative plural)
yantumāre (singular vocative)
yantumārou (dual vocative)
yantumāroi (plural vocative)
yantumārom (accusative singular)
yantumārou (accusative dual)
yantumārons (accusative plural)
yantumārī (genitive singular)
yantumārous (dual genitive)
yantumārom (genitive plural)
yantumārūi (dative singular)
yantumārobom (dative dual)
yantumārobos (dative plural)
yantumārū (instrumental singular)
yantumārobim (dual instrumental)
yantumārobis (instrumental plural)
yantumārā (nominative singular)
yantumārai (dual nominative)
yantumārās (nominative plural)
yantumārā (singular vocative)
yantumārai (dual vocative)
yantumārās (plural vocative)
yantumāram (accusative singular)
yantumārai (accusative dual)
yantumārans (accusative plural)
yantumārās (genitive singular)
yantumārai (dative singular)
yantumārābom (dative dual)
yantumārābos (dative plural)
yantumārābim (dual instrumental)
yantumārābis (instrumental plural)
yantumārom (nominative singular)
yantumārā (nominative plural)
yantumārom (singular vocative)
yantumārā (plural vocative)
yantumārā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: édmur, éudbur

Irish: éadmhar

Scottish Gaelic: eudmhor

Gaulish: *Iantumāros

→ Latin: Iantumārus

From *yantus (“jealousy”) + *māros (“great”), literally “(with) great jealousy”.


nertomāros

nertomāros (nominative singular)
nertomārou (dual nominative)
nertomāroi (nominative plural)
nertomāre (singular vocative)
nertomārou (dual vocative)
nertomāroi (plural vocative)
nertomārom (accusative singular)
nertomārou (accusative dual)
nertomārons (accusative plural)
nertomārī (genitive singular)
nertomārous (dual genitive)
nertomārom (genitive plural)
nertomārūi (dative singular)
nertomārobom (dative dual)
nertomārobos (dative plural)
nertomārū (instrumental singular)
nertomārobim (dual instrumental)
nertomārobis (instrumental plural)
nertomārā (nominative singular)
nertomārai (dual nominative)
nertomārās (nominative plural)
nertomārā (singular vocative)
nertomārai (dual vocative)
nertomārās (plural vocative)
nertomāram (accusative singular)
nertomārai (accusative dual)
nertomārans (accusative plural)
nertomārās (genitive singular)
nertomārai (dative singular)
nertomārābom (dative dual)
nertomārābos (dative plural)
nertomārābim (dual instrumental)
nertomārābis (instrumental plural)
nertomārom (nominative singular)
nertomārā (nominative plural)
nertomārom (singular vocative)
nertomārā (plural vocative)
nertomārā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nerθβ̃ọr

Middle Welsh: nerthuawr

Welsh: nerthfawr

Middle Irish: nertmar

Irish: neartmhar

Scottish Gaelic: neartmhor

Gaulish: *Nertomāros

→ Latin: Nertomārus, Nertomārius

From *nertom (“strength, power”) + *māros (“great”), literally “(with) great power”.


Katumāros

Katumāros (nominative singular)
Katumārou (dual nominative)
Katumāroi (nominative plural)
Katumārou (dual vocative)
Katumāroi (plural vocative)
Katumārom (accusative singular)
Katumārou (accusative dual)
Katumārons (accusative plural)
Katumārous (dual genitive)
Katumārom (genitive plural)
Katumārūi (dative singular)
Katumārobos (dative plural)
Katumārei (locative singular)
Katumārūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *Kadβ̃ọr

Welsh: Cadfawr

Gaulish: *Catumāros

→ Latin: Catumārus

From *katus (“battle”) + *māros (“great”).


uɸostarnāti

uɸstarnāmi (active first-person present singular)
uɸstarnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
uɸosistrāsū (active first-person future singular)
uɸostiram (active first-person preterite singular)
uɸstarnāsi (active present second-person singular)
uɸstarnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
uɸosistrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
uɸostirs (active preterite second-person singular)
uɸstarnāti (active present singular third-person)
uɸstarnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
uɸosistrāseti (active future singular third-person)
uɸostirt (active preterite singular third-person)
uɸstarnamosi (active first-person plural present)
uɸstarnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
uɸosistrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
uɸostirme (active first-person plural preterite)
uɸstarnatesi (active plural present second-person)
uɸstarnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
uɸosistrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
uɸostirte (active plural preterite second-person)
uɸstarnonti (active plural present third-person)
uɸstarnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
uɸosistrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
uɸostirant (active plural preterite third-person)
uɸosterasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
uɸosterasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸstarnā (active imperative second-person singular)
uɸosteraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸstarnātou (active imperative singular third-person)
uɸosterasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
uɸstarnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
uɸosterasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸstarnate (active imperative plural second-person)
uɸosterasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸstarnontou (active imperative plural third-person)
uɸstarnār (first-person passive present singular)
uɸosistrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
uɸstarnātar (passive present second-person singular)
uɸosistrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
uɸstarnātor (passive present singular third-person)
uɸosistrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
uɸstarnammor (first-person passive plural present)
uɸosistrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
uɸstarnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
uɸosistrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
uɸstarnontor (passive plural present third-person)
uɸosistrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
uɸostiranto (passive plural preterite third-person)
uɸosterasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
uɸosterasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸosterasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸosterasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
uɸosterasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸosterasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸstarnonts (nominative singular)
uɸstarnonte (dual nominative)
uɸstarnontes (nominative plural)
uɸstarnonts (singular vocative)
uɸstarnonte (dual vocative)
uɸstarnontes (plural vocative)
uɸstarnontam (accusative singular)
uɸstarnonte (accusative dual)
uɸstarnontans (accusative plural)
uɸstarnantos (genitive singular)
uɸstarnantom (genitive plural)
uɸstarnantei (dative singular)
uɸstarnantbom (dative dual)
uɸstarnantbos (dative plural)
uɸstarnantī? (instrumental singular)
uɸstarnantbim (dual instrumental)
uɸstarnantbis (instrumental plural)
uɸstarnantī (nominative singular)
uɸstarnantī (dual nominative)
uɸstarnantiyās (nominative plural)
uɸstarnantī (singular vocative)
uɸstarnantī (dual vocative)
uɸstarnantiyās (plural vocative)
uɸstarnantīm (accusative singular)
uɸstarnantī (accusative dual)
uɸstarnantiyans (accusative plural)
uɸstarnantyās (genitive singular)
uɸstarnantyom (genitive plural)
uɸstarnantyāi (dative singular)
uɸstarnantyābom (dative dual)
uɸstarnantyābos (dative plural)
uɸstarnantyābim (dual instrumental)
uɸstarnantyābis (instrumental plural)
uɸstarnont (nominative singular)
uɸstarnonta (nominative plural)
uɸstarnont (singular vocative)
uɸstarnonta (plural vocative)
uɸstarnont (accusative singular)
uɸstarnonta (accusative plural)
uɸostrātos (nominative singular)
uɸostrātou (dual nominative)
uɸostrātoi (nominative plural)
uɸostrāte (singular vocative)
uɸostrātou (dual vocative)
uɸostrātoi (plural vocative)
uɸostrātom (accusative singular)
uɸostrātou (accusative dual)
uɸostrātons (accusative plural)
uɸostrātī (genitive singular)
uɸostrātous (dual genitive)
uɸostrātom (genitive plural)
uɸostrātūi (dative singular)
uɸostrātobom (dative dual)
uɸostrātobos (dative plural)
uɸostrātū (instrumental singular)
uɸostrātobim (dual instrumental)
uɸostrātobis (instrumental plural)
uɸostrātā (nominative singular)
uɸostrātai (dual nominative)
uɸostrātās (nominative plural)
uɸostrātā (singular vocative)
uɸostrātai (dual vocative)
uɸostrātās (plural vocative)
uɸostrātam (accusative singular)
uɸostrātai (accusative dual)
uɸostrātans (accusative plural)
uɸostrātās (genitive singular)
uɸostrātai (dative singular)
uɸostrātābom (dative dual)
uɸostrātābos (dative plural)
uɸostrātābim (dual instrumental)
uɸostrātābis (instrumental plural)
uɸostrātom (nominative singular)
uɸostrātā (nominative plural)
uɸostrātom (singular vocative)
uɸostrātā (plural vocative)
uɸostrātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwassarnu

Welsh: gwasarnu, gosarnu

Old Irish: fo·sern

From *uɸo- (“under”) + *starnāti (“to strew”).


uɸosterā

uɸosterā (nominative singular)
uɸosterai (dual nominative)
uɸosterās (nominative plural)
uɸosterā (singular vocative)
uɸosterai (dual vocative)
uɸosterās (plural vocative)
uɸosteram (accusative singular)
uɸosterai (accusative dual)
uɸosterāns (accusative plural)
uɸosterās (genitive singular)
uɸosterous (dual genitive)
uɸosterom (genitive plural)
uɸosterāi (dative singular)
uɸosterābom (dative dual)
uɸosterābos (dative plural)
uɸosterai (locative singular)
uɸosterābim (dual instrumental)
uɸosterābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoser

Breton: gouzer

Old Irish: fosair

A verbal noun corresponding to *uɸostarnāti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread”).


stamnā

stamnā (nominative singular)
stamnai (dual nominative)
stamnās (nominative plural)
stamnā (singular vocative)
stamnai (dual vocative)
stamnās (plural vocative)
stamnam (accusative singular)
stamnai (accusative dual)
stamnāns (accusative plural)
stamnās (genitive singular)
stamnous (dual genitive)
stamnom (genitive plural)
stamnāi (dative singular)
stamnābom (dative dual)
stamnābos (dative plural)
stamnai (locative singular)
stamnābim (dual instrumental)
stamnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *s(t)aβ̃n

Middle Breton: staffn

Breton: staon

Middle Welsh: safn

Welsh: safn

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *s(t)ėβ̃nig

Old Cornish: stefenic

Cornish: stevnig

Middle Welsh: sefnig

Welsh: sefnig

Related to Ancient Greek στόμᾰ (stómă, “mouth”), Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬥 (staman, “mouth (of a dog)”), Hittite [script needed] (ištāman-, “ear”) and Proto-Germanic *stebnō (“voice, sound”)


s(t)umrVtanos

sumrVtanos (canonical)
sumrVtanos (nominative singular)
stumrVtanos (nominative singular)
sumrVtanou (dual nominative)
stumrVtanou (dual nominative)
sumrVtanoi (nominative plural)
stumrVtanoi (nominative plural)
sumrVtane (singular vocative)
stumrVtane (singular vocative)
sumrVtanou (dual vocative)
stumrVtanou (dual vocative)
sumrVtanoi (plural vocative)
stumrVtanoi (plural vocative)
sumrVtanom (accusative singular)
stumrVtanom (accusative singular)
sumrVtanou (accusative dual)
stumrVtanou (accusative dual)
sumrVtanons (accusative plural)
stumrVtanons (accusative plural)
sumrVtanī (genitive singular)
stumrVtanī (genitive singular)
sumrVtanous (dual genitive)
stumrVtanous (dual genitive)
sumrVtanom (genitive plural)
stumrVtanom (genitive plural)
sumrVtanūi (dative singular)
stumrVtanūi (dative singular)
sumrVtanobom (dative dual)
stumrVtanobom (dative dual)
sumrVtanobos (dative plural)
stumrVtanobos (dative plural)
sumrVtanū (instrumental singular)
stumrVtanū (instrumental singular)
sumrVtanobim (dual instrumental)
stumrVtanobim (dual instrumental)
sumrVtanobis (instrumental plural)
stumrVtanobis (instrumental plural)
sumrVtanā (nominative singular)
stumrVtanā (nominative singular)
sumrVtanai (dual nominative)
stumrVtanai (dual nominative)
sumrVtanās (nominative plural)
stumrVtanās (nominative plural)
sumrVtanā (singular vocative)
stumrVtanā (singular vocative)
sumrVtanai (dual vocative)
stumrVtanai (dual vocative)
sumrVtanās (plural vocative)
stumrVtanās (plural vocative)
sumrVtanam (accusative singular)
stumrVtanam (accusative singular)
sumrVtanai (accusative dual)
stumrVtanai (accusative dual)
sumrVtanans (accusative plural)
stumrVtanans (accusative plural)
sumrVtanās (genitive singular)
stumrVtanās (genitive singular)
sumrVtanai (dative singular)
stumrVtanai (dative singular)
sumrVtanābom (dative dual)
stumrVtanābom (dative dual)
sumrVtanābos (dative plural)
stumrVtanābos (dative plural)
sumrVtanābim (dual instrumental)
stumrVtanābim (dual instrumental)
sumrVtanābis (instrumental plural)
stumrVtanābis (instrumental plural)
sumrVtanom (nominative singular)
stumrVtanom (nominative singular)
sumrVtanā (nominative plural)
stumrVtanā (nominative plural)
sumrVtanom (singular vocative)
stumrVtanom (singular vocative)
sumrVtanā (plural vocative)
stumrVtanā (plural vocative)
sumrVtanā (accusative plural)
stumrVtanā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *suβ̃rdan

Old Breton: soudan

Breton: saouzan (“surprise”)

desc

⇒ Cornish: sawthanas, (Revived spelling) sowdhanas (“to surprise”)

Middle Welsh: syfrdan

Welsh: syfrdan

⇒ Middle Irish: somairnid (“to lull”)

Unknown; the bizarre shape of this word defies all etymology.


suxtos

suxtos (nominative singular)
suxtou (dual nominative)
suxtoi (nominative plural)
suxte (singular vocative)
suxtou (dual vocative)
suxtoi (plural vocative)
suxtom (accusative singular)
suxtou (accusative dual)
suxtons (accusative plural)
suxtī (genitive singular)
suxtous (dual genitive)
suxtom (genitive plural)
suxtūi (dative singular)
suxtobom (dative dual)
suxtobos (dative plural)
suxtei (locative singular)
suxtū (instrumental singular)
suxtobim (dual instrumental)
suxtūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *suɨθ f

Middle Breton: soez

Breton: souezh

Old Irish: socht

Middle Irish: socht

Disputed. There are three major schools of thought, summarized by Irslinger:
* Pokorny, LEIA, De Bernardo Stempel, and Matasović connect this to the descendants of Proto-Germanic *seukaz (“sick”), via a root *sewg-.
* Schrijver, who connects Breton souezh to this term, reconstructs *stuxt- and relates this to Latin stupeō. The common root would be *(s)tewp- (“to push”).
* Watkins and Hamp reconstruct *soxtos and derive this from a root *sek- (“to dry up”). This etymology, unlike the other two, is incompatible with Breton souezh.


stlissus

stlissus (nominative singular)
stlissū (dual nominative)
stlissowes (nominative plural)
stlissu (singular vocative)
stlissū (dual vocative)
stlissūs (plural vocative)
stlissum (accusative singular)
stlissū (accusative dual)
stlissuns (accusative plural)
stlissous (genitive singular)
stlissous (dual genitive)
stlissowom (genitive plural)
stlissou (dative singular)
stlissubom (dative dual)
stlissubos (dative plural)
stlissū (instrumental singular)
stlissubim (dual instrumental)
stlissubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *stlɨs (as a noun), *llɨs- (as a prefix)

Middle Welsh: ystlys

Welsh: ystlys, llys-

desctree

Old Irish: slis
Middle Irish: slis
Irish: slios
Scottish Gaelic: slios
Manx: slyst

Disputed. Summarized from Irslinger (2002):
* Pedersen, implying *sɸlixstus, relates this to Ancient Greek πλίσσομαι (plíssomai) via a putative Proto-Indo-European *(s)pleygʰ-. Frisk, Mayrhofer, and Schrijver reject this connection.
* Foy, LEIA, Hamp (and also Matasović) go for a connection to Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to spread”), via an extended *st(é)l-t-tus. This requires posing an isolated -t- extension to the root, which does not satisfy Irslinger.
* Irslinger, citing De Bernardo Stempel, prefers to derive this from a root *spelt-, avoiding the need for an aberrant root extension.


stleiki-

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *stlēki- (early), *stluɨg (late)

Breton: stloag

→ Old Irish: sléic (borrowed before *ē (< *ei) re-diphthongized)

Obscure; it may be linked to Latin lixa (“lye”), but that would require abandoning any links between that and *wleykʷ- (“wet”).


grannos

grannos (nominative singular)
grannou (dual nominative)
grannoi (nominative plural)
granne (singular vocative)
grannou (dual vocative)
grannoi (plural vocative)
grannom (accusative singular)
grannou (accusative dual)
grannons (accusative plural)
grannī (genitive singular)
grannous (dual genitive)
grannom (genitive plural)
grannūi (dative singular)
grannobom (dative dual)
grannobos (dative plural)
grannei (locative singular)
grannū (instrumental singular)
grannobim (dual instrumental)
grannūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *grann

Middle Welsh: grann

Welsh: gran

Breton: grann

Old Irish: grenn f

Middle Irish: grend, grenn

Irish: greann

Scottish Gaelic: greann

Gaulish: *grennos

→ Old French: grenon

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: grenhon, greñón

→ Piedmontese: gernon

→ Venetan: grana

Unknown, although Delamarre (followed by Matasović) compares Proto-Germanic *granō.


gyemirātom

gyemirātom (nominative singular)
gyemirātou (dual nominative)
gyemirātā (nominative plural)
gyemirātom (singular vocative)
gyemirātou (dual vocative)
gyemirātā (plural vocative)
gyemirātom (accusative singular)
gyemirātou (accusative dual)
gyemirātā (accusative plural)
gyemirātī (genitive singular)
gyemirātous (dual genitive)
gyemirātom (genitive plural)
gyemirātūi (dative singular)
gyemirātobom (dative dual)
gyemirātobos (dative plural)
gyemirātei (locative singular)
gyemirātū (instrumental singular)
gyemirātobim (dual instrumental)
gyemirātūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gaeafrawd

desctree

Old Irish: gaimred
Middle Irish: gemred, geimred
Irish: geimhreadh
Scottish Gaelic: geamhradh
Manx: geurey

From *gyemos (“winter”) + a suffix *-rātom that also appears in Old Irish samrad (“summer”).


sɸraxtos

sɸraxtos (nominative singular)
sɸraxtou (dual nominative)
sɸraxtoi (nominative plural)
sɸraxte (singular vocative)
sɸraxtou (dual vocative)
sɸraxtoi (plural vocative)
sɸraxtom (accusative singular)
sɸraxtou (accusative dual)
sɸraxtons (accusative plural)
sɸraxtī (genitive singular)
sɸraxtous (dual genitive)
sɸraxtom (genitive plural)
sɸraxtūi (dative singular)
sɸraxtobom (dative dual)
sɸraxtobos (dative plural)
sɸraxtū (instrumental singular)
sɸraxtobim (dual instrumental)
sɸraxtobis (instrumental plural)
sɸraxtā (nominative singular)
sɸraxtai (dual nominative)
sɸraxtās (nominative plural)
sɸraxtā (singular vocative)
sɸraxtai (dual vocative)
sɸraxtās (plural vocative)
sɸraxtam (accusative singular)
sɸraxtai (accusative dual)
sɸraxtans (accusative plural)
sɸraxtās (genitive singular)
sɸraxtai (dative singular)
sɸraxtābom (dative dual)
sɸraxtābos (dative plural)
sɸraxtābim (dual instrumental)
sɸraxtābis (instrumental plural)
sɸraxtom (nominative singular)
sɸraxtā (nominative plural)
sɸraxtom (singular vocative)
sɸraxtā (plural vocative)
sɸraxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *fraɨθ

Middle Breton: fraez, freaz

Breton: fraezh

Middle Cornish: freth

Middle Welsh: ffraeth

Welsh: ffraeth

From Proto-Indo-European *spreg-, cognate with German sprechen (“to speak”) and Albanian shpreh (“to express, voice”).


tlātis

tlātis (nominative singular)
tlātī (dual nominative)
tlātīs (nominative plural)
tlāti (singular vocative)
tlātī (dual vocative)
tlātīs (plural vocative)
tlātim (accusative singular)
tlātī (accusative dual)
tlātins (accusative plural)
tlāteis (genitive singular)
tlātyou (dual genitive)
tlātyom (genitive plural)
tlātei (dative singular)
tlātibom (dative dual)
tlātibos (dative plural)
tlātī (instrumental singular)
tlātibim (dual instrumental)
tlātibis (instrumental plural)
tlāti (nominative singular)
tlātyā (nominative plural)
tlātyā (plural vocative)
tlāti (accusative singular)
tlātyā (accusative plural)
tlātois (genitive singular)
tlātois (dual genitive)
tlātē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *tlọd

Middle Welsh: tlawd

Welsh: tlawd

Middle Irish: tláith

Irish: tláith

Scottish Gaelic: tlàth

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“to support”). The semantics may have evolved from "bearing" > "suffering" > "weakened".


-dyos

-dyos (nominative singular)
-dyou (dual nominative)
-dyoi (nominative plural)
-dye (singular vocative)
-dyou (dual vocative)
-dyoi (plural vocative)
-dyom (accusative singular)
-dyou (accusative dual)
-dyons (accusative plural)
-dyī (genitive singular)
-dyous (dual genitive)
-dyom (genitive plural)
-dyūi (dative singular)
-dyobom (dative dual)
-dyobos (dative plural)
-dyū (instrumental singular)
-dyobim (dual instrumental)
-dyobis (instrumental plural)
-dyā (nominative singular)
-dyai (dual nominative)
-dyās (nominative plural)
-dyā (singular vocative)
-dyai (dual vocative)
-dyās (plural vocative)
-dyam (accusative singular)
-dyai (accusative dual)
-dyans (accusative plural)
-dyās (genitive singular)
-dyai (dative singular)
-dyābom (dative dual)
-dyābos (dative plural)
-dyābim (dual instrumental)
-dyābis (instrumental plural)
-dyom (nominative singular)
-dyā (nominative plural)
-dyom (singular vocative)
-dyā (plural vocative)
-dyā (accusative plural)
*-odyos (alternative)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *-öð (following Thurneysen and De Bernardo Stempel), *-ėð (following McCone)

Middle Welsh: -eidd

Welsh: -aidd

Old Irish: -dae, -de

Middle Irish: -da

Irish: -aí

Gaulish: -dios

⇒ Gaulish: uxedios, andedion

→⇒ Latin: Carantodius, Allodius, Genetodia, Togidius (among many others)

karants (“friend”) + *-dyos → *karantodyos (“friendly”)


karantodyos

karantodyos (nominative singular)
karantodyou (dual nominative)
karantodyoi (nominative plural)
karantodye (singular vocative)
karantodyou (dual vocative)
karantodyoi (plural vocative)
karantodyom (accusative singular)
karantodyou (accusative dual)
karantodyons (accusative plural)
karantodyī (genitive singular)
karantodyous (dual genitive)
karantodyom (genitive plural)
karantodyūi (dative singular)
karantodyobom (dative dual)
karantodyobos (dative plural)
karantodyū (instrumental singular)
karantodyobim (dual instrumental)
karantodyobis (instrumental plural)
karantodyā (nominative singular)
karantodyai (dual nominative)
karantodyās (nominative plural)
karantodyā (singular vocative)
karantodyai (dual vocative)
karantodyās (plural vocative)
karantodyam (accusative singular)
karantodyai (accusative dual)
karantodyans (accusative plural)
karantodyās (genitive singular)
karantodyai (dative singular)
karantodyābom (dative dual)
karantodyābos (dative plural)
karantodyābim (dual instrumental)
karantodyābis (instrumental plural)
karantodyom (nominative singular)
karantodyā (nominative plural)
karantodyom (singular vocative)
karantodyā (plural vocative)
karantodyā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: cairdide

Gaulish: *Carantodios

→ Latin: Carantodius

From *karants (“friend”) + *-(o)dyos (adjective-forming suffix).


salixs

salixs (nominative singular)
salike (dual nominative)
salikes (nominative plural)
salixs (singular vocative)
salike (dual vocative)
salikes (plural vocative)
salikam (accusative singular)
salike (accusative dual)
salikans (accusative plural)
salikos (genitive singular)
salikou (dual genitive)
salikom (genitive plural)
salikei (dative singular)
salikobom (dative dual)
salikobos (dative plural)
saliki (locative singular)
salike? (instrumental singular)
salikobim (dual instrumental)
salikobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *hėlɨg (from oblique stem)

Breton: haleg (with unexplained reversal of i-affection)

Old Cornish: heligen (singulative)

Cornish: helyk

Old Welsh: helic

Middle Welsh: helyg, helyc, helic

Welsh: helyg

desctree

Old Irish: sail
Middle Irish: sail
Irish: sail
⇒ Middle Irish: *sailech
Irish: saileach
Manx: shellagh
Scottish Gaelic: seileach

Gaulish: *salicā

desc

→ Latin: Salica, ⇒ Salicogenna, Salicilla

French: Saulges, Saugues

Probably a Wanderwort from an unknown source. Cognate to Latin salix, Proto-Germanic *salhô, and also Ancient Greek ἑλίκη (helíkē) with divergent ablaut.


ɸarekʷennom

ɸarekʷennom (nominative singular)
ɸarekʷennou (dual nominative)
ɸarekʷennā (nominative plural)
ɸarekʷennom (singular vocative)
ɸarekʷennou (dual vocative)
ɸarekʷennā (plural vocative)
ɸarekʷennom (accusative singular)
ɸarekʷennou (accusative dual)
ɸarekʷennā (accusative plural)
ɸarekʷennī (genitive singular)
ɸarekʷennous (dual genitive)
ɸarekʷennom (genitive plural)
ɸarekʷennūi (dative singular)
ɸarekʷennobom (dative dual)
ɸarekʷennobos (dative plural)
ɸarekʷennei (locative singular)
ɸarekʷennū (instrumental singular)
ɸarekʷennobim (dual instrumental)
ɸarekʷennūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: airchenn

Middle Irish: airchend

Gaulish:

→ Latin: arepennis

French: arpent


ɸarekʷennīkos

ɸarekʷennīkos (nominative singular)
ɸarekʷennīkou (dual nominative)
ɸarekʷennīkoi (nominative plural)
ɸarekʷennīke (singular vocative)
ɸarekʷennīkou (dual vocative)
ɸarekʷennīkoi (plural vocative)
ɸarekʷennīkom (accusative singular)
ɸarekʷennīkou (accusative dual)
ɸarekʷennīkons (accusative plural)
ɸarekʷennīkī (genitive singular)
ɸarekʷennīkous (dual genitive)
ɸarekʷennīkom (genitive plural)
ɸarekʷennīkūi (dative singular)
ɸarekʷennīkobom (dative dual)
ɸarekʷennīkobos (dative plural)
ɸarekʷennīkū (instrumental singular)
ɸarekʷennīkobim (dual instrumental)
ɸarekʷennīkobis (instrumental plural)
ɸarekʷennīkā (nominative singular)
ɸarekʷennīkai (dual nominative)
ɸarekʷennīkās (nominative plural)
ɸarekʷennīkā (singular vocative)
ɸarekʷennīkai (dual vocative)
ɸarekʷennīkās (plural vocative)
ɸarekʷennīkam (accusative singular)
ɸarekʷennīkai (accusative dual)
ɸarekʷennīkans (accusative plural)
ɸarekʷennīkās (genitive singular)
ɸarekʷennīkai (dative singular)
ɸarekʷennīkābom (dative dual)
ɸarekʷennīkābos (dative plural)
ɸarekʷennīkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸarekʷennīkābis (instrumental plural)
ɸarekʷennīkom (nominative singular)
ɸarekʷennīkā (nominative plural)
ɸarekʷennīkom (singular vocative)
ɸarekʷennīkā (plural vocative)
ɸarekʷennīkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: arbennig

Welsh: arbennig

Old Irish: airchinnech

Middle Irish: airchindech

Irish: airchinneach

→ English: erenagh

From *ɸarekʷennom (“end”) + *-īkos (adjective-forming suffix).


anatyom

anatyom (nominative singular)
anatyou (dual nominative)
anatyā (nominative plural)
anatyom (singular vocative)
anatyou (dual vocative)
anatyā (plural vocative)
anatyom (accusative singular)
anatyou (accusative dual)
anatyā (accusative plural)
anatyī (genitive singular)
anatyous (dual genitive)
anatyom (genitive plural)
anatyūi (dative singular)
anatyobom (dative dual)
anatyobos (dative plural)
anatyei (locative singular)
anatyū (instrumental singular)
anatyobim (dual instrumental)
anatyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėnėd

Middle Welsh: eneid

Welsh: enaid

desc

Gaulish: anatia pl (in the lead tablet of Larzac)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”), whence also *anaman (“soul”), *anatlā (“breath”), and *anati (“to remain”).


ankatos

ankatos (nominative singular)
ankatou (dual nominative)
ankatoi (nominative plural)
ankate (singular vocative)
ankatou (dual vocative)
ankatoi (plural vocative)
ankatom (accusative singular)
ankatou (accusative dual)
ankatons (accusative plural)
ankatī (genitive singular)
ankatous (dual genitive)
ankatom (genitive plural)
ankatūi (dative singular)
ankatobom (dative dual)
ankatobos (dative plural)
ankatū (instrumental singular)
ankatobim (dual instrumental)
ankatobis (instrumental plural)
ankatā (nominative singular)
ankatai (dual nominative)
ankatās (nominative plural)
ankatā (singular vocative)
ankatai (dual vocative)
ankatās (plural vocative)
ankatam (accusative singular)
ankatai (accusative dual)
ankatans (accusative plural)
ankatās (genitive singular)
ankatai (dative singular)
ankatābom (dative dual)
ankatābos (dative plural)
ankatābim (dual instrumental)
ankatābis (instrumental plural)
ankatom (nominative singular)
ankatā (nominative plural)
ankatom (singular vocative)
ankatā (plural vocative)
ankatā (accusative plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *ankad f (“hand, grasp”)

Middle Welsh: angad, aghad

Welsh: angad

Old Irish: écath (“fish-hook”) (scholarly normalized spelling), ǽcath, écad (attested spellings)

Gaulish:

→⇒ Latin: *Ancataria (literally “area at the bend”)

→ Middle High German: Angdayr, Angdair

German: Angedair (“name of an area in Landeck, Tyrol, Austria”)

Closely related to *ankos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to curve, bend”).