lūtumāros

lūtumāros (nominative singular)
lūtumārou (dual nominative)
lūtumāroi (nominative plural)
lūtumāre (singular vocative)
lūtumārou (dual vocative)
lūtumāroi (plural vocative)
lūtumārom (accusative singular)
lūtumārou (accusative dual)
lūtumārons (accusative plural)
lūtumārī (genitive singular)
lūtumārous (dual genitive)
lūtumārom (genitive plural)
lūtumārūi (dative singular)
lūtumārobom (dative dual)
lūtumārobos (dative plural)
lūtumārū (instrumental singular)
lūtumārobim (dual instrumental)
lūtumārobis (instrumental plural)
lūtumārā (nominative singular)
lūtumārai (dual nominative)
lūtumārās (nominative plural)
lūtumārā (singular vocative)
lūtumārai (dual vocative)
lūtumārās (plural vocative)
lūtumāram (accusative singular)
lūtumārai (accusative dual)
lūtumārans (accusative plural)
lūtumārās (genitive singular)
lūtumārai (dative singular)
lūtumārābom (dative dual)
lūtumārābos (dative plural)
lūtumārābim (dual instrumental)
lūtumārābis (instrumental plural)
lūtumārom (nominative singular)
lūtumārā (nominative plural)
lūtumārom (singular vocative)
lūtumārā (plural vocative)
lūtumārā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: lúthmar

Classical Gaelic: lúthmhar

Gaulish: *lūtumāros

→ Latin: Lūtumārus

Compound of *lūtus (“vigour”) + *māros (“great”), literally “great in vigour”.


torrākos

torrākos (nominative singular)
torrākou (dual nominative)
torrākoi (nominative plural)
torrāke (singular vocative)
torrākou (dual vocative)
torrākoi (plural vocative)
torrākom (accusative singular)
torrākou (accusative dual)
torrākons (accusative plural)
torrākī (genitive singular)
torrākous (dual genitive)
torrākom (genitive plural)
torrākūi (dative singular)
torrākobom (dative dual)
torrākobos (dative plural)
torrākū (instrumental singular)
torrākobim (dual instrumental)
torrākobis (instrumental plural)
torrākā (nominative singular)
torrākai (dual nominative)
torrākās (nominative plural)
torrākā (singular vocative)
torrākai (dual vocative)
torrākās (plural vocative)
torrākam (accusative singular)
torrākai (accusative dual)
torrākans (accusative plural)
torrākās (genitive singular)
torrākai (dative singular)
torrākābom (dative dual)
torrākābos (dative plural)
torrākābim (dual instrumental)
torrākābis (instrumental plural)
torrākom (nominative singular)
torrākā (nominative plural)
torrākom (singular vocative)
torrākā (plural vocative)
torrākā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *torrọg

Cornish: torrog

Middle Welsh: torroc, torrawc

Welsh: torrog

desctree

Old Irish: torrach
Irish: torrach
Manx: torragh
Scottish Gaelic: torrach

Possibly a derivative of *torr- (“belly”) + *-ākos (adjectival suffix).


derweitā

derweitā (nominative singular)
derweitai (dual nominative)
derweitās (nominative plural)
derweitā (singular vocative)
derweitai (dual vocative)
derweitās (plural vocative)
derweitam (accusative singular)
derweitai (accusative dual)
derweitāns (accusative plural)
derweitās (genitive singular)
derweitous (dual genitive)
derweitom (genitive plural)
derweitāi (dative singular)
derweitābom (dative dual)
derweitābos (dative plural)
derweitai (locative singular)
derweitābim (dual instrumental)
derweitābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *derwuɨd

desc

Breton: (standard form) daroued, (attested nonstandard forms) dervoed, derouid, darvoed, tarwed, deruoet, derhouyd

Middle Welsh: derwhyden (“ringworm”)

Welsh: tarwden, darwden, darwyden, taroden

Gaulish: *deruētā

Latin: derbita (see there for further descendants)

Usually related to Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear apart”).

der

a skin condition that causes rashes or pustules; tetter


dīwiketi

dīwikū (active first-person present singular)
dīwikemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
dīwiwixsū (active first-person future singular)
dīwiwoika (active first-person preterite singular)
dīwikesi (active present second-person singular)
dīwiketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
dīwiwixsesi (active future second-person singular)
dīwiwoikas? (active preterite second-person singular)
dīwiketi (active present singular third-person)
dīwiketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
dīwiwixseti (active future singular third-person)
dīwiwoike (active preterite singular third-person)
dīwikomosi (active first-person plural present)
dīwikemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
dīwiwixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
dīwiwoikmo (active first-person plural preterite)
dīwiketesi (active plural present second-person)
dīwikestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
dīwiwixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
dīwiwoixte (active plural preterite second-person)
dīwikonti (active plural present third-person)
dīwikento (active imperfect plural third-person)
dīwiwixsonti (active future plural third-person)
dīwiwoikars (active plural preterite third-person)
dīweixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dīweixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dīwike (active imperative second-person singular)
dīweixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dīwiketou (active imperative singular third-person)
dīweixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dīwikomos (active first-person imperative plural)
dīweixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dīwikete (active imperative plural second-person)
dīweixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dīwikontou (active imperative plural third-person)
dīwikūr (first-person passive present singular)
dīwiwixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
dīwiwoikra (first-person passive preterite singular)
dīwiketar (passive present second-person singular)
dīwiwixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
dīwiwoikras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
dīwiketor (passive present singular third-person)
dīwiwixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
dīwiwoikre (passive preterite singular third-person)
dīwikommor (first-person passive plural present)
dīwiwixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
dīwikedwe (passive plural present second-person)
dīwiwixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
dīwikontor (passive plural present third-person)
dīwiwixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
dīweixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dīweixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dīweixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dīweixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dīweixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dīweixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dīwikonts (nominative singular)
dīwikonte (dual nominative)
dīwikontes (nominative plural)
dīwikonts (singular vocative)
dīwikonte (dual vocative)
dīwikontes (plural vocative)
dīwikontam (accusative singular)
dīwikonte (accusative dual)
dīwikontans (accusative plural)
dīwikantos (genitive singular)
dīwikantom (genitive plural)
dīwikantei (dative singular)
dīwikantbom (dative dual)
dīwikantbos (dative plural)
dīwikantī? (instrumental singular)
dīwikantbim (dual instrumental)
dīwikantbis (instrumental plural)
dīwikantī (nominative singular)
dīwikantī (dual nominative)
dīwikantiyās (nominative plural)
dīwikantī (singular vocative)
dīwikantī (dual vocative)
dīwikantiyās (plural vocative)
dīwikantīm (accusative singular)
dīwikantī (accusative dual)
dīwikantiyans (accusative plural)
dīwikantyās (genitive singular)
dīwikantyom (genitive plural)
dīwikantyāi (dative singular)
dīwikantyābom (dative dual)
dīwikantyābos (dative plural)
dīwikantyābim (dual instrumental)
dīwikantyābis (instrumental plural)
dīwikont (nominative singular)
dīwikonta (nominative plural)
dīwikont (singular vocative)
dīwikonta (plural vocative)
dīwikont (accusative singular)
dīwikonta (accusative plural)
dīwixtos (nominative singular)
dīwixtou (dual nominative)
dīwixtoi (nominative plural)
dīwixte (singular vocative)
dīwixtou (dual vocative)
dīwixtoi (plural vocative)
dīwixtom (accusative singular)
dīwixtou (accusative dual)
dīwixtons (accusative plural)
dīwixtī (genitive singular)
dīwixtous (dual genitive)
dīwixtom (genitive plural)
dīwixtūi (dative singular)
dīwixtobom (dative dual)
dīwixtobos (dative plural)
dīwixtū (instrumental singular)
dīwixtobim (dual instrumental)
dīwixtobis (instrumental plural)
dīwixtā (nominative singular)
dīwixtai (dual nominative)
dīwixtās (nominative plural)
dīwixtā (singular vocative)
dīwixtai (dual vocative)
dīwixtās (plural vocative)
dīwixtam (accusative singular)
dīwixtai (accusative dual)
dīwixtans (accusative plural)
dīwixtās (genitive singular)
dīwixtai (dative singular)
dīwixtābom (dative dual)
dīwixtābos (dative plural)
dīwixtābim (dual instrumental)
dīwixtābis (instrumental plural)
dīwixtom (nominative singular)
dīwixtā (nominative plural)
dīwixtom (singular vocative)
dīwixtā (plural vocative)
dīwixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *diwug

desc

Middle Welsh: diwin, difwyn (“to amend, make amends”)

Welsh: diwygio

Old Irish: do·fich

Gaulish: *dīuic-

Δειουικιιακος

⇒ Gaulish: Δειουικιιακος (Deiouikiiakos)

→ Latin: Dīviciācus

→⇒ Latin: Dīvica, Dīvicō, Dīvicius, Dīvicta, Dīvixtus, Dīvixtius, Dīvixtiānus, Dīvixtilla, Dīvixtullus, Dīvicatus, Dīviciānus, Toutodīvix

From *dī- (“off”) + *wiketi (“to fight”).


griyano-

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: grouan, grean

Breton: grouan, grean

Cornish: grouan, grean

Middle Welsh: graean

Welsh: graean

Old Irish: grïan
Irish: grean

Uncertain, as relating this word to anything presents phonetic difficulties, and the reconstruction of the Celtic word itself is highly uncertain. The current entry title *griyano- is not an endorsement of that reconstruction and was selected arbitrarily.
* Attempting to derive from *gʰreh₁w- (whence also Proto-Celtic *grāwā), Matasović posits a *gʰreh₁w-yos as an intermediary; but *-wy- normally does not assimilate to *-yy- in Celtic the way he suggests.
* Stifter seeks to relate this word to Middle Irish grinnell (“bed of body of water; gravel”), and thus reconstructs either *grisano- or *gresano- and invokes an ad hoc early syncope of the second vowel for grinnell to get the -nn-.
This word's gender is ambiguous in both Goidelic and Brittonic, making recovering the original gender impossible.


gulbīnos

gulbīnos (nominative singular)
gulbīnou (dual nominative)
gulbīnoi (nominative plural)
gulbīne (singular vocative)
gulbīnou (dual vocative)
gulbīnoi (plural vocative)
gulbīnom (accusative singular)
gulbīnou (accusative dual)
gulbīnons (accusative plural)
gulbīnī (genitive singular)
gulbīnous (dual genitive)
gulbīnom (genitive plural)
gulbīnūi (dative singular)
gulbīnobom (dative dual)
gulbīnobos (dative plural)
gulbīnei (locative singular)
gulbīnū (instrumental singular)
gulbīnobim (dual instrumental)
gulbīnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gülβin

⇒ Old Breton: golbinoc

desc

Breton: (standard spelling) Gelveneg, (non-standard forms) Gilvenek, Guilvinek, Guilvinec, Gilvineg

→ French: Guilvinec

Old Cornish: geluin

Cornish: gelvin

Old Welsh: gilbin

Middle Welsh: gylfin, gyluin

Welsh: gylfin

Old Irish: gulban

Some apparent extension of *gulb-, of unknown (possibly substrate) origin.


gulb-

Proto-Brythonic: *gülβ m

Old Welsh: gilb

Middle Welsh: gylyf

Welsh: gylf

→⇒ Latin: Regulbium

→ Old English: Raculf, Raculfceastre

English: Reculver

Middle Irish: gulba

Classical Gaelic: gulba

Gaulish: *gulbiā

desctree

→ Latin: gulbia, gubia
Galician: gubia
Italian: gorbia
Old French: gouge
English: gouge
French: gouge
Spanish: gubia


kaɸukos

kaɸukos (nominative singular)
kaɸukou (dual nominative)
kaɸukoi (nominative plural)
kaɸuke (singular vocative)
kaɸukou (dual vocative)
kaɸukoi (plural vocative)
kaɸukom (accusative singular)
kaɸukou (accusative dual)
kaɸukons (accusative plural)
kaɸukī (genitive singular)
kaɸukous (dual genitive)
kaɸukom (genitive plural)
kaɸukūi (dative singular)
kaɸukobom (dative dual)
kaɸukobos (dative plural)
kaɸukei (locative singular)
kaɸukū (instrumental singular)
kaɸukobim (dual instrumental)
kaɸukūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kọg

Middle Welsh: kawc

Welsh: cawg

Old Irish: cuäch
Middle Irish: cúach
Irish: cuach
Scottish Gaelic: cuach
→ Scots: quaich
→ English: quaich

Given the existence of the nigh-synonymous and similarly-shaped Old Irish cuäd (“drinking vessel”) (<*kaɸutos), relations to Proto-Germanic *haubudą (“head”) and Latin caput (“head”) become attractive; this would derive it from Proto-Indo-European *káput (“head”), with stem-final -d/t- and -k- representing attempts to render a glottal stop in a substrate language.


itrom

itrom (nominative singular)
itrou (dual nominative)
itrā (nominative plural)
itrom (singular vocative)
itrou (dual vocative)
itrā (plural vocative)
itrom (accusative singular)
itrou (accusative dual)
itrā (accusative plural)
itrī (genitive singular)
itrous (dual genitive)
itrom (genitive plural)
itrūi (dative singular)
itrobom (dative dual)
itrobos (dative plural)
itrei (locative singular)
itrū (instrumental singular)
itrobim (dual instrumental)
itrūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: ethar (“boat”)

Middle Irish: ethar

Irish: eathar

Scottish Gaelic: eathar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”); either via suffixation of *-trom (instrumental suffix) or a thematization of *h₁éytr̥ (“way, course”).


luxskā

luxskā (nominative singular)
luxskai (dual nominative)
luxskās (nominative plural)
luxskā (singular vocative)
luxskai (dual vocative)
luxskās (plural vocative)
luxskam (accusative singular)
luxskai (accusative dual)
luxskāns (accusative plural)
luxskās (genitive singular)
luxskous (dual genitive)
luxskom (genitive plural)
luxskāi (dative singular)
luxskābom (dative dual)
luxskābos (dative plural)
luxskai (locative singular)
luxskābim (dual instrumental)
luxskābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: losc f

Middle Welsh: llosc

Welsh: llosg (“burning, inflammation”)

Old Irish: *losc f

⇒ Old Irish: loscaid (“to burn”)

Middle Irish: loiscid

Irish: loisc

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *luk-s-ko-s, from *lewk- (“bright”). Compare Russian лоск (losk, “gloss”).


-biyos

-biyos (nominative singular)
-biyou (dual nominative)
-biyoi (nominative plural)
-biye (singular vocative)
-biyou (dual vocative)
-biyoi (plural vocative)
-biyom (accusative singular)
-biyou (accusative dual)
-biyons (accusative plural)
-biyī (genitive singular)
-biyous (dual genitive)
-biyom (genitive plural)
-biyūi (dative singular)
-biyobom (dative dual)
-biyobos (dative plural)
-biyei (locative singular)
-biyū (instrumental singular)
-biyobim (dual instrumental)
-biyūis (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒ Old Irish: Faílbe (literally “wolf-killer”)

Gaulish: *-bios

⇒ Gaulish: Commios (nom. sg.), *Lātobios, Banuabi (gen. sg.)

→ Latin: Commius, Lātobius

From the stem *bi- of *bināti (“to strike”) + *-iyos (agent suffix).


blāros

blāros (nominative singular)
blārou (dual nominative)
blāroi (nominative plural)
blāre (singular vocative)
blārou (dual vocative)
blāroi (plural vocative)
blārom (accusative singular)
blārou (accusative dual)
blārons (accusative plural)
blārī (genitive singular)
blārous (dual genitive)
blārom (genitive plural)
blārūi (dative singular)
blārobom (dative dual)
blārobos (dative plural)
blārū (instrumental singular)
blārobim (dual instrumental)
blārobis (instrumental plural)
blārā (nominative singular)
blārai (dual nominative)
blārās (nominative plural)
blārā (singular vocative)
blārai (dual vocative)
blārās (plural vocative)
blāram (accusative singular)
blārai (accusative dual)
blārans (accusative plural)
blārās (genitive singular)
blārai (dative singular)
blārābom (dative dual)
blārābos (dative plural)
blārābim (dual instrumental)
blārābis (instrumental plural)
blārom (nominative singular)
blārā (nominative plural)
blārom (singular vocative)
blārā (plural vocative)
blārā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *blọr

Middle Welsh: blawr

Welsh: blawr

Goidelic:

desc

Scottish Gaelic: blàr (“white-faced”, adjective)

Gaulish: *blāros

→ Latin: Blārus

→ Old French: bler

→ Occitan: blar (“glaucous”)

Relations to Latin flāvus and Latin flōrus may be possible.


bodyā

bodyā (nominative singular)
bodyai (dual nominative)
bodyās (nominative plural)
bodyā (singular vocative)
bodyai (dual vocative)
bodyās (plural vocative)
bodyam (accusative singular)
bodyai (accusative dual)
bodyāns (accusative plural)
bodyās (genitive singular)
bodyous (dual genitive)
bodyom (genitive plural)
bodyāi (dative singular)
bodyābom (dative dual)
bodyābos (dative plural)
bodyai (locative singular)
bodyābim (dual instrumental)
bodyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *boð m

Cornish: both

Middle Welsh: bodd, bot, bod

Welsh: bodd

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *boðlọn (“content, satisfied”)

Old Breton: bodlon

⇒ Old Welsh: anbodlaun

Middle Welsh: boðlawn, botlawn

Welsh: bodlon

Old Irish: buide (“gratitude”)

Irish: buí (“thanks”)

Scottish Gaelic: buidhe (“thanks”)

⇒ Manx: booise

Pokorny's derivation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”) is questioned by Matasović and Schrijver for semantic reasons. Schrijver instead brings up the alternative *bʰed- (“to make better”) as the root.


gnāstā

gnāstā (nominative singular)
gnāstai (dual nominative)
gnāstās (nominative plural)
gnāstā (singular vocative)
gnāstai (dual vocative)
gnāstās (plural vocative)
gnāstam (accusative singular)
gnāstai (accusative dual)
gnāstāns (accusative plural)
gnāstās (genitive singular)
gnāstous (dual genitive)
gnāstom (genitive plural)
gnāstāi (dative singular)
gnāstābom (dative dual)
gnāstābos (dative plural)
gnāstai (locative singular)
gnāstābim (dual instrumental)
gnāstābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gnọs

Middle Welsh: gnaws

desc

Welsh: naws (“nature, disposition; mood, atmosphere”)

Old Irish: gnás (“custom; company, companionship”)

Middle Irish: gnás

Irish: gnás

An -st- formation from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).

meaning unclear, see Reconstruction notes


ɸerissā

ɸerissā (nominative singular)
ɸerissai (dual nominative)
ɸerissās (nominative plural)
ɸerissā (singular vocative)
ɸerissai (dual vocative)
ɸerissās (plural vocative)
ɸerissam (accusative singular)
ɸerissai (accusative dual)
ɸerissāns (accusative plural)
ɸerissās (genitive singular)
ɸerissous (dual genitive)
ɸerissom (genitive plural)
ɸerissāi (dative singular)
ɸerissābom (dative dual)
ɸerissābos (dative plural)
ɸerissai (locative singular)
ɸerissābim (dual instrumental)
ɸerissābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: iress, hires, ires, iraes
Irish: iris (“faith, religion”)

desc

derived <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-yós</i> adjective

⇒ Gaulish: *erissios (derived *-yós adjective)

→ Latin: Ersea (cognomen of a Brescian)

The first part is the prefix *ɸeri-, from Proto-Indo-European *péri, locative to *per-.
The second element is ambiguous; it could either be:
* *-ssā, which Matasović derives from Proto-Indo-European *-dʰh₁-teh₂.
* *-stā, which Mallory and Adams among many others derive from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.


dīsyos

dīsyosos (nominative singular)
dīsyosou (dual nominative)
dīsyosoi (nominative plural)
dīsyose (singular vocative)
dīsyosou (dual vocative)
dīsyosoi (plural vocative)
dīsyosom (accusative singular)
dīsyosou (accusative dual)
dīsyosons (accusative plural)
dīsyosī (genitive singular)
dīsyosous (dual genitive)
dīsyosom (genitive plural)
dīsyosūi (dative singular)
dīsyosobom (dative dual)
dīsyosobos (dative plural)
dīsyosū (instrumental singular)
dīsyosobim (dual instrumental)
dīsyosobis (instrumental plural)
dīsyosā (nominative singular)
dīsyosai (dual nominative)
dīsyosās (nominative plural)
dīsyosā (singular vocative)
dīsyosai (dual vocative)
dīsyosās (plural vocative)
dīsyosam (accusative singular)
dīsyosai (accusative dual)
dīsyosans (accusative plural)
dīsyosās (genitive singular)
dīsyosai (dative singular)
dīsyosābom (dative dual)
dīsyosābos (dative plural)
dīsyosābim (dual instrumental)
dīsyosābis (instrumental plural)
dīsyosom (nominative singular)
dīsyosā (nominative plural)
dīsyosom (singular vocative)
dīsyosā (plural vocative)
dīsyosā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: *dīsios

→ Latin: Dīsius, Dīsia

→⇒ Latin: Dīsiania, Vorvodīsius

Lepontic: 𐌕𐌉𐌔𐌉𐌖𐌉 (tisiui, dat. sg.)

Prósper derives this from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁es-yos (the base being a neuter s-stem), from *dʰeh₁- (“to do (a ritual act)”) + *-yós (genitive adjective suffix). It would be formed identically to Ancient Greek θεῖος (theîos) and Latin fēriae.
De Vaan and Beekes' derivation of the Latin and Greek words from from *dʰéh₁s (“god”) + *-yós (genitive adjective suffix) is also unproblematic for the Celtic term.


ruteinos

ruteinos (nominative singular)
ruteinou (dual nominative)
ruteinoi (nominative plural)
ruteine (singular vocative)
ruteinou (dual vocative)
ruteinoi (plural vocative)
ruteinom (accusative singular)
ruteinou (accusative dual)
ruteinons (accusative plural)
ruteinī (genitive singular)
ruteinous (dual genitive)
ruteinom (genitive plural)
ruteinūi (dative singular)
ruteinobom (dative dual)
ruteinobos (dative plural)
ruteinū (instrumental singular)
ruteinobim (dual instrumental)
ruteinobis (instrumental plural)
ruteinā (nominative singular)
ruteinai (dual nominative)
ruteinās (nominative plural)
ruteinā (singular vocative)
ruteinai (dual vocative)
ruteinās (plural vocative)
ruteinam (accusative singular)
ruteinai (accusative dual)
ruteinans (accusative plural)
ruteinās (genitive singular)
ruteinai (dative singular)
ruteinābom (dative dual)
ruteinābos (dative plural)
ruteinābim (dual instrumental)
ruteinābis (instrumental plural)
ruteinom (nominative singular)
ruteinā (nominative plural)
ruteinom (singular vocative)
ruteinā (plural vocative)
ruteinā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: *rutēnos (“red-haired?”)

→ Latin: Rutēnī, Rutēnus

desc

Old Irish: ruithen (“ray or beam of light”) (with irregular palatalization)

Middle Irish: ruithen

According to Schaffner, from a -nos derivative of *rutis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂rew- (“to glow, shine”).

der

with a shiny reddish or rust-like colour


abankos

abankos (nominative singular)
abankou (dual nominative)
abankoi (nominative plural)
abanke (singular vocative)
abankou (dual vocative)
abankoi (plural vocative)
abankom (accusative singular)
abankou (accusative dual)
abankons (accusative plural)
abankī (genitive singular)
abankous (dual genitive)
abankom (genitive plural)
abankūi (dative singular)
abankobom (dative dual)
abankobos (dative plural)
abankei (locative singular)
abankū (instrumental singular)
abankobim (dual instrumental)
abankūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *aβank (“aquatic creature, beaver; dwarf”)

Old Breton: abac (“dwarf”), amach

Breton: avank (“beaver”)

Middle Welsh: afanc, aðanc

Welsh: afanc, addanc

Old Irish: abacc, abac (“dwarf”) (with unexplained devoicing of the velar)

Middle Irish: abacc, abac

Irish: abhac

From the oblique stem of the n-stem Proto-Indo-European *h₂ép-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés (which yielded *abū (“river”) in Celtic; from the root *h₂ep- (“water”)), suffixed with *-kos.


owistom

owistom (nominative singular)
owistou (dual nominative)
owistā (nominative plural)
owistom (singular vocative)
owistou (dual vocative)
owistā (plural vocative)
owistom (accusative singular)
owistou (accusative dual)
owistā (accusative plural)
owistī (genitive singular)
owistous (dual genitive)
owistom (genitive plural)
owistūi (dative singular)
owistobom (dative dual)
owistobos (dative plural)
owistei (locative singular)
owistū (instrumental singular)
owistobim (dual instrumental)
owistūis (instrumental plural)

desc

suffixed with Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">-ārius</i>

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *owsọr (“shepherd”) (suffixed with Latin -ārius)

Old Breton: ousor

⇒ Middle Breton: Ker Ouser

→⇒ French: Kérouzéré (name of a castle's location)

Middle Welsh: heusawr

Welsh: heusor

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *owslow (“sheep lice”)

Welsh: hislau, heuslau

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówi-sth₂-ó-, from *h₂ówis (“sheep”) (whence *owis (“sheep”)) + *steh₂- (“to stand”). A similar formation in Celtic is also attested in *boustom (“cow stable”).


kounos

kounos (nominative singular)
kounou (dual nominative)
kounoi (nominative plural)
koune (singular vocative)
kounou (dual vocative)
kounoi (plural vocative)
kounom (accusative singular)
kounou (accusative dual)
kounons (accusative plural)
kounī (genitive singular)
kounous (dual genitive)
kounom (genitive plural)
kounūi (dative singular)
kounobom (dative dual)
kounobos (dative plural)
kounū (instrumental singular)
kounobim (dual instrumental)
kounobis (instrumental plural)
kounā (nominative singular)
kounai (dual nominative)
kounās (nominative plural)
kounā (singular vocative)
kounai (dual vocative)
kounās (plural vocative)
kounam (accusative singular)
kounai (accusative dual)
kounans (accusative plural)
kounās (genitive singular)
kounai (dative singular)
kounābom (dative dual)
kounābos (dative plural)
kounābim (dual instrumental)
kounābis (instrumental plural)
kounom (nominative singular)
kounā (nominative plural)
kounom (singular vocative)
kounā (plural vocative)
kounā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉn

Middle Welsh: cun

Welsh: cun

suffixed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">-dae</i>

⇒ Middle Irish: cúanna (“fine, noble, fair”) (suffixed with -dae)

Irish: cuanna

Gaulish: Counos

→ Latin: Counus, Caunus

→⇒ Latin: Caunius, Caunia, Caunō

Traditionally compared to Sanskrit शोण (śoṇa, “crimson red”), setting up a common etymon *ḱów-no- (“luminous”). Schrijver alternatively derives this from Proto-Indo-European *kup-nó-s, from the same root as Latin cupiō (“to desire”).


kounā

kounā (nominative singular)
kounai (dual nominative)
kounās (nominative plural)
kounā (singular vocative)
kounai (dual vocative)
kounās (plural vocative)
kounam (accusative singular)
kounai (accusative dual)
kounāns (accusative plural)
kounās (genitive singular)
kounous (dual genitive)
kounom (genitive plural)
kounāi (dative singular)
kounābom (dative dual)
kounābos (dative plural)
kounai (locative singular)
kounābim (dual instrumental)
kounābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉn

Middle Welsh: cun

Welsh: cun

Old Irish: cúan (“litter, pack”)

Middle Irish: cúan

Irish: cuain (“litter, brood”)

From a collective of a vṛddhi derivative *ḱewnós (“(born) of dogs”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). See also *deywós (“god”), whence Proto-Celtic *deiwos, for a similar formation.


kurros

kurros (nominative singular)
kurrou (dual nominative)
kurroi (nominative plural)
kurre (singular vocative)
kurrou (dual vocative)
kurroi (plural vocative)
kurrom (accusative singular)
kurrou (accusative dual)
kurrons (accusative plural)
kurrī (genitive singular)
kurrous (dual genitive)
kurrom (genitive plural)
kurrūi (dative singular)
kurrobom (dative dual)
kurrobos (dative plural)
kurrū (instrumental singular)
kurrobim (dual instrumental)
kurrobis (instrumental plural)
kurrā (nominative singular)
kurrai (dual nominative)
kurrās (nominative plural)
kurrā (singular vocative)
kurrai (dual vocative)
kurrās (plural vocative)
kurram (accusative singular)
kurrai (accusative dual)
kurrans (accusative plural)
kurrās (genitive singular)
kurrai (dative singular)
kurrābom (dative dual)
kurrābos (dative plural)
kurrābim (dual instrumental)
kurrābis (instrumental plural)
kurrom (nominative singular)
kurrā (nominative plural)
kurrom (singular vocative)
kurrā (plural vocative)
kurrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kurr

Middle Welsh: cwrr, kwrr, kwr

Welsh: cwr

Middle Irish: corr

Irish: corr

Unknown. Latin curvus (“bent”) and Ancient Greek κυρτός (kurtós) look tempting to compare, but it is impossible to extract a phonologically valid root from these.


lāt-

lātis (nominative singular)
lātī (dual nominative)
lātīs (nominative plural)
lāti (singular vocative)
lātī (dual vocative)
lātīs (plural vocative)
lātim (accusative singular)
lātī (accusative dual)
lātins (accusative plural)
lāteis (genitive singular)
lātyow (dual genitive)
lātyom (genitive plural)
lātei (dative singular)
lātibom (dative dual)
lātibos (dative plural)
lātei (locative singular)
lātī (instrumental singular)
lātibim (dual instrumental)
lātibis (instrumental plural)
lātos (nominative singular)
lātou (dual nominative)
lātoi (nominative plural)
lāte (singular vocative)
lātou (dual vocative)
lātoi (plural vocative)
lātom (accusative singular)
lātou (accusative dual)
lātons (accusative plural)
lātī (genitive singular)
lātous (dual genitive)
lātom (genitive plural)
lātūi (dative singular)
lātobom (dative dual)
lātobos (dative plural)
lātei (locative singular)
lātū (instrumental singular)
lātobim (dual instrumental)
lātūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llọd

Welsh: llawd (“the state of a sow being in heat”)

Old Irish: láth, láith

Middle Irish: láth, láith

Irish: láth

Gaulish: *lātos, *lātis

⇒ Gaulish: Εσκεγγολατι (Eskengolati)

→⇒ Latin: Lātobicī, Lātobrigi, Lātovicī, Lātobius, Lātobrogiī


loudos

loudos (nominative singular)
loudou (dual nominative)
loudoi (nominative plural)
loude (singular vocative)
loudou (dual vocative)
loudoi (plural vocative)
loudom (accusative singular)
loudou (accusative dual)
loudons (accusative plural)
loudī (genitive singular)
loudous (dual genitive)
loudom (genitive plural)
loudūi (dative singular)
loudobom (dative dual)
loudobos (dative plural)
loudei (locative singular)
loudū (instrumental singular)
loudobim (dual instrumental)
loudūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉð

Middle Breton: luz

Breton: luz

Middle Welsh: lluð, llut

Welsh: lludd

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *arllʉð

Old Breton: arlup (apparent misspelling of *arlud)

Middle Welsh: arlludd

Welsh: arlludd

>? Middle Irish: lod (“(type of) fence”) (if originally *lód)

An impeccable match for Sanskrit रुध् (rudh, “to obstruct”); the common root for these would be Proto-Indo-European *lewdʰ- (“to obstruct”).


manto-

Proto-Brythonic: *mant

Old Welsh: *mant

Middle Welsh: mant

Welsh: mant

→ Middle Irish: mant

Gaulish: *manto-

→ Latin: Mantus

desc

→⇒ Latin: Manta, Mantius, Mantidia, Mantusa, Mantounus, Caramantius, Venimantius

A Celtic, Italic, and Germanic isogloss; cognates include Latin mentum (“chin”) and Proto-Germanic *munþaz (“mouth”).


minaweto-

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨnawed

Middle Breton: menauet

Breton: minaoued

Cornish: benewas, benewez, (revived spelling) benewes

Welsh: mynawyd

Middle Irish: menad

Irish: meana

Manx: mennee

Scottish Gaelic: minnidh


mongā

mongā (nominative singular)
mongai (dual nominative)
mongās (nominative plural)
mongā (singular vocative)
mongai (dual vocative)
mongās (plural vocative)
mongam (accusative singular)
mongai (accusative dual)
mongāns (accusative plural)
mongās (genitive singular)
mongous (dual genitive)
mongom (genitive plural)
mongāi (dative singular)
mongābom (dative dual)
mongābos (dative plural)
mongai (locative singular)
mongābim (dual instrumental)
mongābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mung

Old Breton: mogou pl

Middle Breton: moe

Breton: moue

Middle Welsh: mwng

Welsh: mwng

Old Irish: mong

Middle Irish: mong

Irish: moing

Manx: mwing

Scottish Gaelic: uing

Apparently a close relative, with an extra velar suffix, of *monis (“neck”). A velar suffix also appears in Germanic cognates like Danish manke (“mane”)


-etos

*-metos (extended by analogy to *sextametos and *dekametos)

Old Irish: -madIrish: -úManx: -ooScottish Gaelic: -amh


wāgnā

wagnā (nominative singular)
wagnai (dual nominative)
wagnās (nominative plural)
wagnā (singular vocative)
wagnai (dual vocative)
wagnās (plural vocative)
wagnam (accusative singular)
wagnai (accusative dual)
wagnāns (accusative plural)
wagnās (genitive singular)
wagnous (dual genitive)
wagnom (genitive plural)
wagnāi (dative singular)
wagnābom (dative dual)
wagnābos (dative plural)
wagnai (locative singular)
wagnābim (dual instrumental)
wagnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: goen

Middle Breton: gueun

Old Cornish: guen (“campus”)

Cornish: goen, gon, goon

Old Welsh: guoun (“meadow”),

Middle Welsh: gwawn, gwuen

Welsh: gwaun

Old Irish: fán

Irish: fána

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wāg- (“to be bent”), which could be related to Latin vagus (“wandering, strolling”).


sɸondos

sɸondos (nominative singular)
sɸondou (dual nominative)
sɸondoi (nominative plural)
sɸonde (singular vocative)
sɸondou (dual vocative)
sɸondoi (plural vocative)
sɸondom (accusative singular)
sɸondou (accusative dual)
sɸondons (accusative plural)
sɸondī (genitive singular)
sɸondous (dual genitive)
sɸondom (genitive plural)
sɸondūi (dative singular)
sɸondobom (dative dual)
sɸondobos (dative plural)
sɸondei (locative singular)
sɸondū (instrumental singular)
sɸondobim (dual instrumental)
sɸondūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *fonn

Old Welsh: finn pl

Middle Welsh: ffon, fonn

Welsh: ffon

desc

Middle Irish: sonn, sond (“stake, post”)

Irish: sonn

Scottish Gaelic: sonn

Has been linked to Latin sponda (“bedstead”), Old English spōn (“shaving”), and Ancient Greek σφήν (sphḗn, “wedge”).


sītlom

sītlom (nominative singular)
sītlou (dual nominative)
sītlā (nominative plural)
sītlom (singular vocative)
sītlou (dual vocative)
sītlā (plural vocative)
sītlom (accusative singular)
sītlou (accusative dual)
sītlā (accusative plural)
sītlī (genitive singular)
sītlous (dual genitive)
sītlom (genitive plural)
sītlūi (dative singular)
sītlobom (dative dual)
sītlobos (dative plural)
sītlei (locative singular)
sītlū (instrumental singular)
sītlobim (dual instrumental)
sītlūis (instrumental plural)
*sītlā (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *sidl (unlenited), *hidl (lenited)

Middle Breton: sizl

Breton: sil

Cornish: sidhel

Welsh: hidl

merged with Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">situla</i>

Old Irish: síthal (“bucket, vessel to draw water”) (merged with Latin situla)

Middle Irish: síthal, síthil

Classical Gaelic: síothal

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: sìoladh (“filter”), sìolaidh (“to filter, strain”)

According to Schrijver (and repeated by Zair), cognate to Icelandic sáld (“sieve”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁-.


skʷetlom

skʷetlom (nominative singular)
skʷetlou (dual nominative)
skʷetlā (nominative plural)
skʷetlom (singular vocative)
skʷetlou (dual vocative)
skʷetlā (plural vocative)
skʷetlom (accusative singular)
skʷetlou (accusative dual)
skʷetlā (accusative plural)
skʷetlī (genitive singular)
skʷetlous (dual genitive)
skʷetlom (genitive plural)
skʷetlūi (dative singular)
skʷetlobom (dative dual)
skʷetlobos (dative plural)
skʷetlei (locative singular)
skʷetlū (instrumental singular)
skʷetlobim (dual instrumental)
skʷetlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwedl

⇒ Middle Breton: quehezl

Cornish: whethel

Middle Welsh: chwedyl, chuetil, chuedyl

Welsh: chwedl

desctree

Old Irish: scél
Irish: scéal
Manx: skeeal
Scottish Gaelic: sgeul

A simple derivation from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”) seems obvious, but the labiovelar seems to have lost its labialization in Brittonic; otherwise a p would have appeared. There are many ways to account for the delabialization:
* Schrijver presumes delabialization in this word happened at the Proto-Celtic level, yielding *sketlom.
* Matasović thinks a metathesis occurred; his own scenario of *skʷ > *xs- is implausible, since he cannot find a source for the following /w/. One can salvage his metathesis idea by instead positing *sékʷtlom > *sextlom > *sketlom, which would account for the odd position of the *e and apparent zero-grade root for a *-tlom noun.


skītos

skītos (nominative singular)
skītou (dual nominative)
skītoi (nominative plural)
skīte (singular vocative)
skītou (dual vocative)
skītoi (plural vocative)
skītom (accusative singular)
skītou (accusative dual)
skītons (accusative plural)
skītī (genitive singular)
skītous (dual genitive)
skītom (genitive plural)
skītūi (dative singular)
skītobom (dative dual)
skītobos (dative plural)
skītū (instrumental singular)
skītobim (dual instrumental)
skītobis (instrumental plural)
skītā (nominative singular)
skītai (dual nominative)
skītās (nominative plural)
skītā (singular vocative)
skītai (dual vocative)
skītās (plural vocative)
skītam (accusative singular)
skītai (accusative dual)
skītans (accusative plural)
skītās (genitive singular)
skītai (dative singular)
skītābom (dative dual)
skītābos (dative plural)
skītābim (dual instrumental)
skītābis (instrumental plural)
skītom (nominative singular)
skītā (nominative plural)
skītom (singular vocative)
skītā (plural vocative)
skītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: scuyz

Breton: skuizh

Middle Cornish: squyth

Old Irish: scíth
Middle Irish: scíth
Irish: scíth (“rest”)
Manx: skee
Scottish Gaelic: sgìth

Uncertain.
* Traditionally traced to Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₁t- (“to damage”), whence also Proto-Germanic *skaþjaną. Ancient Greek ἀσκηθής (askēthḗs) may also be related but the root-final aspirate in that word is difficult to explain.
* Schrijver, instead reconstructing *skʷītos (he gets around the lack of a p/b in Brittonic by supposing a borrowing from Primitive Irish), would rather instead relate this to Latin quiēs (“rest”).
The vocalism of the Brythonic forms is unexpected. The Breton and Cornish forms seem to have Proto-Brythonic *uɨ, which is usually from Proto-Celtic *ei, while the Welsh forms seem to have *ʉ, which is usually from *oi or *ou.


skoltā

skoltā (nominative singular)
skoltai (dual nominative)
skoltās (nominative plural)
skoltā (singular vocative)
skoltai (dual vocative)
skoltās (plural vocative)
skoltam (accusative singular)
skoltai (accusative dual)
skoltāns (accusative plural)
skoltās (genitive singular)
skoltous (dual genitive)
skoltom (genitive plural)
skoltāi (dative singular)
skoltābom (dative dual)
skoltābos (dative plural)
skoltai (locative singular)
skoltābim (dual instrumental)
skoltābis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *hwollt (with *hw from the verb)

Middle Breton: faout

Breton: faout

Cornish: fals, (Revived form) fols

Middle Welsh: hollt

Welsh: hollt

Irish: scoilt

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cut”) + *-tā. The o-grade is irregular, but it could have been influenced by the derived verb *skoltīti.


skoltīti

skolteyū (active first-person present singular)
skoltīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
skoltīsi (active present second-person singular)
skoltītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
skoltīti (active present singular third-person)
skoltīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
skolteyomosi (active first-person plural present)
skoltīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
skoltītesi (active plural present second-person)
skoltīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
skolteyonti (active plural present third-person)
skoltīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
skoltī (active imperative second-person singular)
skoltītou (active imperative singular third-person)
skolteyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
skoltīte (active imperative plural second-person)
skolteyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
skolteyūr (first-person passive present singular)
skoltītar (passive present second-person singular)
skoltītor (passive present singular third-person)
skolteyommor (first-person passive plural present)
skoltīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
skolteyontor (passive plural present third-person)
skolteyonts (nominative singular)
skolteyonte (dual nominative)
skolteyontes (nominative plural)
skolteyonts (singular vocative)
skolteyonte (dual vocative)
skolteyontes (plural vocative)
skolteyontam (accusative singular)
skolteyonte (accusative dual)
skolteyontans (accusative plural)
skolteyantos (genitive singular)
skolteyantom (genitive plural)
skolteyantei (dative singular)
skolteyantbom (dative dual)
skolteyantbos (dative plural)
skolteyantī? (instrumental singular)
skolteyantbim (dual instrumental)
skolteyantbis (instrumental plural)
skolteyantī (nominative singular)
skolteyantī (dual nominative)
skolteyantiyās (nominative plural)
skolteyantī (singular vocative)
skolteyantī (dual vocative)
skolteyantiyās (plural vocative)
skolteyantīm (accusative singular)
skolteyantī (accusative dual)
skolteyantiyans (accusative plural)
skolteyantyās (genitive singular)
skolteyantyom (genitive plural)
skolteyantyāi (dative singular)
skolteyantyābom (dative dual)
skolteyantyābos (dative plural)
skolteyantyābim (dual instrumental)
skolteyantyābis (instrumental plural)
skolteyont (nominative singular)
skolteyonta (nominative plural)
skolteyont (singular vocative)
skolteyonta (plural vocative)
skolteyont (accusative singular)
skolteyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwülltid

Middle Welsh: holli, hollti

Welsh: holli

Old Irish: scoltaid

Middle Irish: scoiltid

Irish: scoilt

Manx: scolt

Scottish Gaelic: sgoilt

A derivative of *skoltā (“split, fissure”).


snādīti

snādeyū (active first-person present singular)
snādīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
snādīsi (active present second-person singular)
snādītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
snādīti (active present singular third-person)
snādīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
snādeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
snādīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
snādītesi (active plural present second-person)
snādīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
snādeyonti (active plural present third-person)
snādīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
snādī (active imperative second-person singular)
snādītou (active imperative singular third-person)
snādeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
snādīte (active imperative plural second-person)
snādeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
snādeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
snādītar (passive present second-person singular)
snādītor (passive present singular third-person)
snādeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
snādīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
snādeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
snādeyonts (nominative singular)
snādeyonte (dual nominative)
snādeyontes (nominative plural)
snādeyonts (singular vocative)
snādeyonte (dual vocative)
snādeyontes (plural vocative)
snādeyontam (accusative singular)
snādeyonte (accusative dual)
snādeyontans (accusative plural)
snādeyantos (genitive singular)
snādeyantom (genitive plural)
snādeyantei (dative singular)
snādeyantbom (dative dual)
snādeyantbos (dative plural)
snādeyantī? (instrumental singular)
snādeyantbim (dual instrumental)
snādeyantbis (instrumental plural)
snādeyantī (nominative singular)
snādeyantī (dual nominative)
snādeyantiyās (nominative plural)
snādeyantī (singular vocative)
snādeyantī (dual vocative)
snādeyantiyās (plural vocative)
snādeyantīm (accusative singular)
snādeyantī (accusative dual)
snādeyantiyans (accusative plural)
snādeyantyās (genitive singular)
snādeyantyom (genitive plural)
snādeyantyāi (dative singular)
snādeyantyābom (dative dual)
snādeyantyābos (dative plural)
snādeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
snādeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
snādeyont (nominative singular)
snādeyonta (nominative plural)
snādeyont (singular vocative)
snādeyonta (plural vocative)
snādeyont (accusative singular)
snādeyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nọðid

Middle Welsh: noði

Welsh: noddi, noddio

Old Irish: snádid

Of unknown origin; Fowkes followed by LÉIA and Matasović speculate on a connection to Sanskrit नाथ (nātha, “help”) via a putative root *(s)neh₂-, but that requires abandoning the usual derivation of that word from *h₃neh₂-.


snādetus

snādetus (nominative singular)
snādetū (dual nominative)
snādetowes (nominative plural)
snādetu (singular vocative)
snādetū (dual vocative)
snādetūs (plural vocative)
snādetum (accusative singular)
snādetū (accusative dual)
snādetuns (accusative plural)
snādetous (genitive singular)
snādetous (dual genitive)
snādetowom (genitive plural)
snādetou (dative singular)
snādetubom (dative dual)
snādetubos (dative plural)
snādetū (instrumental singular)
snādetubim (dual instrumental)
snādetubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nọðed

Old Breton: nodet

Middle Welsh: noðet, noteð

Welsh: nodded

Old Irish: snádud

Middle Irish: snádud

A *-tus verbal noun made alongside *snādīti (“to protect”).


snidā

snidā (nominative singular)
snidai (dual nominative)
snidās (nominative plural)
snidā (singular vocative)
snidai (dual vocative)
snidās (plural vocative)
snidam (accusative singular)
snidai (accusative dual)
snidāns (accusative plural)
snidās (genitive singular)
snidous (dual genitive)
snidom (genitive plural)
snidāi (dative singular)
snidābom (dative dual)
snidābos (dative plural)
snidai (locative singular)
snidābim (dual instrumental)
snidābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *neð

Middle Breton: nez

Breton: nez

Cornish: nedh

Middle Welsh: nedd

Welsh: nedd

Old Irish: sned

Irish: sniodh

Scottish Gaelic: sneadh

Seemingly a substrate word; see Proto-Indo-European *-níd- for more information.


stātlā

stātlā (nominative singular)
stātlai (dual nominative)
stātlās (nominative plural)
stātlā (singular vocative)
stātlai (dual vocative)
stātlās (plural vocative)
stātlam (accusative singular)
stātlai (accusative dual)
stātlāns (accusative plural)
stātlās (genitive singular)
stātlous (dual genitive)
stātlom (genitive plural)
stātlāi (dative singular)
stātlābom (dative dual)
stātlābos (dative plural)
stātlai (locative singular)
stātlābim (dual instrumental)
stātlābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *sọdl

Middle Breton: seuzl

Breton: seul (“heel”)

Middle Welsh: saudel

Welsh: sawdl

desctree

Old Irish: sál (“heel”)
Irish: sáil
Manx: saayl
Scottish Gaelic: sàil

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”) followed by an instrumental suffix in the form of either *-tlom (LÉIA and Matasović) or *-dʰlom (De Bernardo Stempel).


sɸiyonos

sɸiyonoos (nominative singular)
sɸiyonoou (dual nominative)
sɸiyonooi (nominative plural)
sɸiyonoe (singular vocative)
sɸiyonoou (dual vocative)
sɸiyonooi (plural vocative)
sɸiyonoom (accusative singular)
sɸiyonoou (accusative dual)
sɸiyonoons (accusative plural)
sɸiyonoī (genitive singular)
sɸiyonoous (dual genitive)
sɸiyonoom (genitive plural)
sɸiyonoūi (dative singular)
sɸiyonoobom (dative dual)
sɸiyonoobos (dative plural)
sɸiyonoei (locative singular)
sɸiyonoū (instrumental singular)
sɸiyonoobim (dual instrumental)
sɸiyonoūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *fion

desc

Old Breton: foeou (read as foeon), ⇒ fionauc

Breton: foeon, feon, freon (“Narcissus flowers”)

Old Welsh: fionou pl

Middle Welsh: ffion

Welsh: ffion

Middle Irish: sion, sían

Unknown; the only cognate suggesting itself is Latin spiōnia (“a type of grapevine”). It may possibly be a Wanderwort.


andīlyā

andīlyā (nominative singular)
andīlyai (dual nominative)
andīlyās (nominative plural)
andīlyā (singular vocative)
andīlyai (dual vocative)
andīlyās (plural vocative)
andīlyam (accusative singular)
andīlyai (accusative dual)
andīlyāns (accusative plural)
andīlyās (genitive singular)
andīlyous (dual genitive)
andīlyom (genitive plural)
andīlyāi (dative singular)
andīlyābom (dative dual)
andīlyābos (dative plural)
andīlyai (locative singular)
andīlyābim (dual instrumental)
andīlyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėndill

⇒ Old Breton: endlim

Middle Welsh: ennill

Welsh: ennill

Old Irish: indile

Middle Irish: indile

While known to be prefixed with *ande-, the origin of any other elements of this word is unknown.


alnomroxs

alnomroxs (nominative singular)
alnomroge (dual nominative)
alnomroges (nominative plural)
alnomroxs (singular vocative)
alnomroge (dual vocative)
alnomroges (plural vocative)
alnomrogam (accusative singular)
alnomroge (accusative dual)
alnomrogans (accusative plural)
alnomrogos (genitive singular)
alnomrogou (dual genitive)
alnomrogom (genitive plural)
alnomrogei (dative singular)
alnomrogobom (dative dual)
alnomrogobos (dative plural)
alnomrogi (locative singular)
alnomroge? (instrumental singular)
alnomrogobim (dual instrumental)
alnomrogobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *allβroɣ

Middle Welsh: allvro

Welsh: allfro

Gaulish: *allobrox

→ Latin: Allobroxus, Allobrogēs

→⇒ Latin: Allobrogicus

From *alnos (“other”) + *mrogis (“country”, originally an athematic *mroxs), literally “[from] the other country”.

compound

originally an athematic <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*mroxs</i>


alnomoris

alnomoris (nominative singular)
alnomorī (dual nominative)
alnomorīs (nominative plural)
alnomori (singular vocative)
alnomorī (dual vocative)
alnomorīs (plural vocative)
alnomorim (accusative singular)
alnomorī (accusative dual)
alnomorins (accusative plural)
alnomoreis (genitive singular)
alnomoryow (dual genitive)
alnomoryom (genitive plural)
alnomorei (dative singular)
alnomoribom (dative dual)
alnomoribos (dative plural)
alnomorei (locative singular)
alnomorī (instrumental singular)
alnomoribim (dual instrumental)
alnomoribis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *allmör pl (with irregular loss of lenition)

Middle Welsh: allmyr pl

Welsh: allmyr

Old Irish: allmuir

Middle Irish: allmuir

⇒ allmarach (“foreign”)

Irish: allúrach

Scottish Gaelic: allmharach


galarom

galarom (nominative singular)
galarou (dual nominative)
galarā (nominative plural)
galarom (singular vocative)
galarou (dual vocative)
galarā (plural vocative)
galarom (accusative singular)
galarou (accusative dual)
galarā (accusative plural)
galarī (genitive singular)
galarous (dual genitive)
galarom (genitive plural)
galarūi (dative singular)
galarobom (dative dual)
galarobos (dative plural)
galarei (locative singular)
galarū (instrumental singular)
galarobim (dual instrumental)
galarūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *galar (“grief, sorrow”)

Middle Breton: glachar

Breton: glacʼhar

Cornish: galar

Middle Welsh: galar

Welsh: galar

Old Irish: galar (“disease, pain”)

Middle Irish: galar

Irish: galar

Scottish Gaelic: galar

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelH-ro-, cognate to Hittite 𒆗𒆷𒅈 (kal-la-ar /kallar-/, “evil, unpleasant, unhealthy; inauspicious; enormous”), and possibly also Old English gealla (“gall”) and Lithuanian žalà (“damage”).

cog

a distressing or painful condition, such as:


uɸerkrets

uɸerkrets (nominative singular)
uɸerkrete (dual nominative)
uɸerkretes (nominative plural)
uɸerkrets (singular vocative)
uɸerkrete (dual vocative)
uɸerkretes (plural vocative)
uɸerkretam (accusative singular)
uɸerkrete (accusative dual)
uɸerkretans (accusative plural)
uɸerkretos (genitive singular)
uɸerkretou (dual genitive)
uɸerkretom (genitive plural)
uɸerkretei (dative singular)
uɸerkretobom (dative dual)
uɸerkretobos (dative plural)
uɸerkreti (locative singular)
uɸerkrete? (instrumental singular)
uɸerkretobim (dual instrumental)
uɸerkretobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gworgred

Middle Welsh: gworgret, gorgret

desc

Welsh: gwarged, gwargred m (“surplus, remainder”)

via i-stem extension *uɸorkreti<ref name=Weiss/>

Old Irish: forcraid, forcrith f (“excess, superfluity”) (via i-stem extension *uɸorkreti)

Middle Irish: forcraid

An *-ets noun from *uɸer- (“over-”) + Proto-Indo-European *ḱreh₁- (“to grow”), literally “overgrowth”; the same root also yielded Latin crēscō (“to grow”).


dristis

dristis (nominative singular)
dristī (dual nominative)
dristīs (nominative plural)
dristi (singular vocative)
dristī (dual vocative)
dristīs (plural vocative)
dristim (accusative singular)
dristī (accusative dual)
dristins (accusative plural)
dristeis (genitive singular)
dristyow (dual genitive)
dristyom (genitive plural)
dristei (dative singular)
dristibom (dative dual)
dristibos (dative plural)
dristei (locative singular)
dristī (instrumental singular)
dristibim (dual instrumental)
dristibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *drɨs

Breton: drez

Old Cornish: dreis

Old Welsh: drissi pl

Middle Welsh: drysi, dryssi

Welsh: drysi

Old Irish: dris, driss

Irish: dris

Scottish Gaelic: dris

Manx: dress

Unknown; the only similar-looking word known is Ancient Greek δρίος (dríos, “thicket”).


-ets

-ets (nominative singular)
-ete (dual nominative)
-etes (nominative plural)
-ets (singular vocative)
-ete (dual vocative)
-etes (plural vocative)
-etam (accusative singular)
-ete (accusative dual)
-etans (accusative plural)
-etos (genitive singular)
-etou (dual genitive)
-etom (genitive plural)
-etei (dative singular)
-etobom (dative dual)
-etobos (dative plural)
-eti (locative singular)
-ete? (instrumental singular)
-etobim (dual instrumental)
-etobis (instrumental plural)

gʷereti (“to heat up”) + *-ets → *gʷerets (“tallow”)


delwā

delwā (nominative singular)
delwai (dual nominative)
delwās (nominative plural)
delwā (singular vocative)
delwai (dual vocative)
delwās (plural vocative)
delwam (accusative singular)
delwai (accusative dual)
delwāns (accusative plural)
delwās (genitive singular)
delwous (dual genitive)
delwom (genitive plural)
delwāi (dative singular)
delwābom (dative dual)
delwābos (dative plural)
delwai (locative singular)
delwābim (dual instrumental)
delwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *delw

Middle Cornish: del

Old Welsh: delu

Middle Welsh: delw

Welsh: delw

desctree

Old Irish: delb
Irish: dealbh
Manx: jalloo
Scottish Gaelic: dealbh

From Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- (“to carve, split”) (the laryngeal of which Matasović fails to notate), whence also Latin dolō (“to hew, fashion”), Lithuanian dalýti (“to divide”), and Albanian dalloj (“to cut”).


derwos

derwos (nominative singular)
derwou (dual nominative)
derwoi (nominative plural)
derwe (singular vocative)
derwou (dual vocative)
derwoi (plural vocative)
derwom (accusative singular)
derwou (accusative dual)
derwons (accusative plural)
derwī (genitive singular)
derwous (dual genitive)
derwom (genitive plural)
derwūi (dative singular)
derwobom (dative dual)
derwobos (dative plural)
derwū (instrumental singular)
derwobim (dual instrumental)
derwobis (instrumental plural)
derwā (nominative singular)
derwai (dual nominative)
derwās (nominative plural)
derwā (singular vocative)
derwai (dual vocative)
derwās (plural vocative)
derwam (accusative singular)
derwai (accusative dual)
derwans (accusative plural)
derwās (genitive singular)
derwai (dative singular)
derwābom (dative dual)
derwābos (dative plural)
derwābim (dual instrumental)
derwābis (instrumental plural)
derwom (nominative singular)
derwā (nominative plural)
derwom (singular vocative)
derwā (plural vocative)
derwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *derw (“oaks”)

Old Breton: daeru

Middle Breton: deru

Breton: derv, dero

Old Welsh: deruen (singulative)

Middle Welsh: derw, deru

Welsh: derw

desctree

Old Irish: derb (“certain”, adj.), derb f (“pail”, noun)
Irish: dearbh
Manx: jarroo
Scottish Gaelic: dearbh

Gaulish: *deruos

desc

→ Latin: Dervus (name of a forest in Haute-Marne)

French: Der (see Pays du Der)

→⇒ Latin: Dervius, Dervacus, Dervonia

→⇒ Old French: dervée (“oak wood”)

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“oak”), possibly via a vṛddhi formation *derwós (“of oak”).
The Irish sense "true, certain" is a shift from a base meaning "(firm) as oak".


dusyos

dusyos (nominative singular)
dusyou (dual nominative)
dusyoi (nominative plural)
dusye (singular vocative)
dusyou (dual vocative)
dusyoi (plural vocative)
dusyom (accusative singular)
dusyou (accusative dual)
dusyons (accusative plural)
dusyī (genitive singular)
dusyous (dual genitive)
dusyom (genitive plural)
dusyūi (dative singular)
dusyobom (dative dual)
dusyobos (dative plural)
dusyei (locative singular)
dusyū (instrumental singular)
dusyobim (dual instrumental)
dusyūis (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: (with major taboo deformations)

Breton: Diz (“the Devil”)

Cornish: dus

Middle Irish: dóe (“human”) (poetic)

Gaulish: dusios (“type of demon”)

→ Basque: tusuri (“the Devil”)

→ Latin: dusius

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes- (“to breathe”). The suffix may be *-yós (adjectival suffix).


bonusedom

bonusedom (nominative singular)
bonusedou (dual nominative)
bonusedā (nominative plural)
bonusedom (singular vocative)
bonusedou (dual vocative)
bonusedā (plural vocative)
bonusedom (accusative singular)
bonusedou (accusative dual)
bonusedā (accusative plural)
bonusedī (genitive singular)
bonusedous (dual genitive)
bonusedom (genitive plural)
bonusedūi (dative singular)
bonusedobom (dative dual)
bonusedobos (dative plural)
bonusedei (locative singular)
bonusedū (instrumental singular)
bonusedobim (dual instrumental)
bonusedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bonheð

Old Welsh: boned, bonhed

Middle Welsh: bonheð, boneð

Welsh: bonedd

Old Irish: bunad

Middle Irish: bunad

Irish: bunadh

Scottish Gaelic: bunadh

From *bonus (“base”) + *sedom (“seat, sitting”).


sindū diyū

desctree

Old Irish: indiu
Irish: inniu
Manx: jiu
Scottish Gaelic: an-diugh

Gaulish: sindiu

From *sindos (“this”) and some remodelling of *dyīus (“day”). Delamarre reconstructs an instrumental singular phrase.


konkoros

konkoros (nominative singular)
konkorou (dual nominative)
konkoroi (nominative plural)
konkore (singular vocative)
konkorou (dual vocative)
konkoroi (plural vocative)
konkorom (accusative singular)
konkorou (accusative dual)
konkorons (accusative plural)
konkorī (genitive singular)
konkorous (dual genitive)
konkorom (genitive plural)
konkorūi (dative singular)
konkorobom (dative dual)
konkorobos (dative plural)
konkorei (locative singular)
konkorū (instrumental singular)
konkorobim (dual instrumental)
konkorūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kunkor

Middle Welsh: kyghor

Welsh: cyngor

Old Irish: cocur

Irish: cogar

Scottish Gaelic: cogar

From *kom- (“together”) + *koros (“putting”), literally “putting together”.


wolkīti

wolkeyū (active first-person present singular)
wolkīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
wolkīsi (active present second-person singular)
wolkītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
wolkīti (active present singular third-person)
wolkīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
wolkeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
wolkīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
wolkītesi (active plural present second-person)
wolkīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
wolkeyonti (active plural present third-person)
wolkīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
wolkī (active imperative second-person singular)
wolkītou (active imperative singular third-person)
wolkeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
wolkīte (active imperative plural second-person)
wolkeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
wolkeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
wolkītar (passive present second-person singular)
wolkītor (passive present singular third-person)
wolkeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
wolkīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
wolkeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
wolkeyonts (nominative singular)
wolkeyonte (dual nominative)
wolkeyontes (nominative plural)
wolkeyonts (singular vocative)
wolkeyonte (dual vocative)
wolkeyontes (plural vocative)
wolkeyontam (accusative singular)
wolkeyonte (accusative dual)
wolkeyontans (accusative plural)
wolkeyantos (genitive singular)
wolkeyantom (genitive plural)
wolkeyantei (dative singular)
wolkeyantbom (dative dual)
wolkeyantbos (dative plural)
wolkeyantī? (instrumental singular)
wolkeyantbim (dual instrumental)
wolkeyantbis (instrumental plural)
wolkeyantī (nominative singular)
wolkeyantī (dual nominative)
wolkeyantiyās (nominative plural)
wolkeyantī (singular vocative)
wolkeyantī (dual vocative)
wolkeyantiyās (plural vocative)
wolkeyantīm (accusative singular)
wolkeyantī (accusative dual)
wolkeyantiyans (accusative plural)
wolkeyantyās (genitive singular)
wolkeyantyom (genitive plural)
wolkeyantyāi (dative singular)
wolkeyantyābom (dative dual)
wolkeyantyābos (dative plural)
wolkeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
wolkeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
wolkeyont (nominative singular)
wolkeyonta (nominative plural)
wolkeyont (singular vocative)
wolkeyonta (plural vocative)
wolkeyont (accusative singular)
wolkeyonta (accusative plural)
wolketos (nominative singular)
wolketou (dual nominative)
wolketoi (nominative plural)
wolkete (singular vocative)
wolketou (dual vocative)
wolketoi (plural vocative)
wolketom (accusative singular)
wolketou (accusative dual)
wolketons (accusative plural)
wolketī (genitive singular)
wolketous (dual genitive)
wolketom (genitive plural)
wolketūi (dative singular)
wolketobom (dative dual)
wolketobos (dative plural)
wolketū (instrumental singular)
wolketobim (dual instrumental)
wolketobis (instrumental plural)
wolketā (nominative singular)
wolketai (dual nominative)
wolketās (nominative plural)
wolketā (singular vocative)
wolketai (dual vocative)
wolketās (plural vocative)
wolketam (accusative singular)
wolketai (accusative dual)
wolketans (accusative plural)
wolketās (genitive singular)
wolketai (dative singular)
wolketābom (dative dual)
wolketābos (dative plural)
wolketābim (dual instrumental)
wolketābis (instrumental plural)
wolketom (nominative singular)
wolketā (nominative plural)
wolketom (singular vocative)
wolketā (plural vocative)
wolketā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwölxid

Middle Breton: guelchiff

Breton: gwalc'hiñ

desc

Cornish: (various spellings) golhi, golhy, golghi

Middle Welsh: golchi

Welsh: golchi

Old Irish: folcaid

Middle Irish: foilcid

Irish: folc (verb)

Scottish Gaelic: failc (“to bathe”)

From Proto-Indo-European *wolkéyeti, an o-grade causative *-éyeti formation from a root Proto-Indo-European *welk-, a variant of *welg- (“wet”). See *wolkos (“rain, shower”) for further explanation.


sagyetis

sagyetis (nominative singular)
sagyetī (dual nominative)
sagyetīs (nominative plural)
sagyeti (singular vocative)
sagyetī (dual vocative)
sagyetīs (plural vocative)
sagyetim (accusative singular)
sagyetī (accusative dual)
sagyetins (accusative plural)
sagyeteis (genitive singular)
sagyetyow (dual genitive)
sagyetyom (genitive plural)
sagyetei (dative singular)
sagyetibom (dative dual)
sagyetibos (dative plural)
sagyetei (locative singular)
sagyetī (instrumental singular)
sagyetibim (dual instrumental)
sagyetibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: saigid (noun)

⇒ Gaulish: sagitiontias (pres. part. gen. sg. f. of a denominative verb)

From *sagyeti (“to seek”) + *-tis (action noun suffix).

af

i ndigaidIrish: i ndiaidhScottish Gaelic: an dèidh


kʷetyeti

kʷetyū (active first-person present singular)
kʷetyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kʷixtsū (active first-person future singular)
kʷāta (active first-person preterite singular)
kʷetyesi (active present second-person singular)
kʷetyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kʷixtsesi (active future second-person singular)
kʷātas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kʷetyeti (active present singular third-person)
kʷetyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kʷixtseti (active future singular third-person)
kʷāte (active preterite singular third-person)
kʷetyomosi (active first-person plural present)
kʷetyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kʷixtsomosi (active first-person future plural)
kʷātmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kʷetyetesi (active plural present second-person)
kʷetyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kʷixtsetesi (active future plural second-person)
kʷāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
kʷetyonti (active plural present third-person)
kʷetyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kʷixtsonti (active future plural third-person)
kʷātars (active plural preterite third-person)
kʷetsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kʷetsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷetye (active imperative second-person singular)
kʷetseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷetyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
kʷetsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kʷetyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kʷetsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷetyete (active imperative plural second-person)
kʷetsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷetyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kʷetyūr (first-person passive present singular)
kʷixtsūr (first-person future passive singular)
kʷātra (first-person passive preterite singular)
kʷetyetar (passive present second-person singular)
kʷixtsetar (future passive second-person singular)
kʷātras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
kʷetyetor (passive present singular third-person)
kʷixtsetor (future passive singular third-person)
kʷātre (passive preterite singular third-person)
kʷetyommor (first-person passive plural present)
kʷixtsommor (first-person future passive plural)
kʷetyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kʷixtsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kʷetyontor (passive plural present third-person)
kʷixtsontor (future passive plural third-person)
kʷetsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kʷetsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷetsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷetsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kʷetsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷetsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷetyonts (nominative singular)
kʷetyonte (dual nominative)
kʷetyontes (nominative plural)
kʷetyonts (singular vocative)
kʷetyonte (dual vocative)
kʷetyontes (plural vocative)
kʷetyontam (accusative singular)
kʷetyonte (accusative dual)
kʷetyontans (accusative plural)
kʷetyantos (genitive singular)
kʷetyantom (genitive plural)
kʷetyantei (dative singular)
kʷetyantbom (dative dual)
kʷetyantbos (dative plural)
kʷetyantī? (instrumental singular)
kʷetyantbim (dual instrumental)
kʷetyantbis (instrumental plural)
kʷetyantī (nominative singular)
kʷetyantī (dual nominative)
kʷetyantiyās (nominative plural)
kʷetyantī (singular vocative)
kʷetyantī (dual vocative)
kʷetyantiyās (plural vocative)
kʷetyantīm (accusative singular)
kʷetyantī (accusative dual)
kʷetyantiyans (accusative plural)
kʷetyantyās (genitive singular)
kʷetyantyom (genitive plural)
kʷetyantyāi (dative singular)
kʷetyantyābom (dative dual)
kʷetyantyābos (dative plural)
kʷetyantyābim (dual instrumental)
kʷetyantyābis (instrumental plural)
kʷetyont (nominative singular)
kʷetyonta (nominative plural)
kʷetyont (singular vocative)
kʷetyonta (plural vocative)
kʷetyont (accusative singular)
kʷetyonta (accusative plural)
kʷessos (nominative singular)
kʷessou (dual nominative)
kʷessoi (nominative plural)
kʷesse (singular vocative)
kʷessou (dual vocative)
kʷessoi (plural vocative)
kʷessom (accusative singular)
kʷessou (accusative dual)
kʷessons (accusative plural)
kʷessī (genitive singular)
kʷessous (dual genitive)
kʷessom (genitive plural)
kʷessūi (dative singular)
kʷessobom (dative dual)
kʷessobos (dative plural)
kʷessū (instrumental singular)
kʷessobim (dual instrumental)
kʷessobis (instrumental plural)
kʷessā (nominative singular)
kʷessai (dual nominative)
kʷessās (nominative plural)
kʷessā (singular vocative)
kʷessai (dual vocative)
kʷessās (plural vocative)
kʷessam (accusative singular)
kʷessai (accusative dual)
kʷessans (accusative plural)
kʷessās (genitive singular)
kʷessai (dative singular)
kʷessābom (dative dual)
kʷessābos (dative plural)
kʷessābim (dual instrumental)
kʷessābis (instrumental plural)
kʷessom (nominative singular)
kʷessā (nominative plural)
kʷessom (singular vocative)
kʷessā (plural vocative)
kʷessā (accusative plural)

desc

Gaulish: petidsiont (3pl. fut.), peti (2sg. imp.)

Matasović finds connecting these Celtic terms to an Indo-European root to be very difficult. Ancient Greek πάσχω (páskhō, “to undergo”) and Lithuanian pakentė́ti have been compared, but suffer from major phonetic incompatibilities.


ɸatriyos

ɸatriyos (nominative singular)
ɸatriyou (dual nominative)
ɸatriyoi (nominative plural)
ɸatriye (singular vocative)
ɸatriyou (dual vocative)
ɸatriyoi (plural vocative)
ɸatriyom (accusative singular)
ɸatriyou (accusative dual)
ɸatriyons (accusative plural)
ɸatriyī (genitive singular)
ɸatriyous (dual genitive)
ɸatriyom (genitive plural)
ɸatriyūi (dative singular)
ɸatriyobom (dative dual)
ɸatriyobos (dative plural)
ɸatriyū (instrumental singular)
ɸatriyobim (dual instrumental)
ɸatriyobis (instrumental plural)
ɸatriyā (nominative singular)
ɸatriyai (dual nominative)
ɸatriyās (nominative plural)
ɸatriyā (singular vocative)
ɸatriyai (dual vocative)
ɸatriyās (plural vocative)
ɸatriyam (accusative singular)
ɸatriyai (accusative dual)
ɸatriyans (accusative plural)
ɸatriyās (genitive singular)
ɸatriyai (dative singular)
ɸatriyābom (dative dual)
ɸatriyābos (dative plural)
ɸatriyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸatriyābis (instrumental plural)
ɸatriyom (nominative singular)
ɸatriyā (nominative plural)
ɸatriyom (singular vocative)
ɸatriyā (plural vocative)
ɸatriyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėdrɨð

desc

Middle Welsh: edryð (“residence, abode”)

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">adrodd</i>

Welsh: edrydd (“history, lineage”) (conflated with adrodd)

Middle Irish: aithre (“paternal relatives”)


slānos

slānos (nominative singular)
slānou (dual nominative)
slānoi (nominative plural)
slāne (singular vocative)
slānou (dual vocative)
slānoi (plural vocative)
slānom (accusative singular)
slānou (accusative dual)
slānons (accusative plural)
slānī (genitive singular)
slānous (dual genitive)
slānom (genitive plural)
slānūi (dative singular)
slānobom (dative dual)
slānobos (dative plural)
slānū (instrumental singular)
slānobim (dual instrumental)
slānobis (instrumental plural)
slānā (nominative singular)
slānai (dual nominative)
slānās (nominative plural)
slānā (singular vocative)
slānai (dual vocative)
slānās (plural vocative)
slānam (accusative singular)
slānai (accusative dual)
slānans (accusative plural)
slānās (genitive singular)
slānai (dative singular)
slānābom (dative dual)
slānābos (dative plural)
slānābim (dual instrumental)
slānābis (instrumental plural)
slānom (nominative singular)
slānā (nominative plural)
slānom (singular vocative)
slānā (plural vocative)
slānā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: slán
Irish: slán
Manx: slane
Scottish Gaelic: slàn

desc

⇒ Gaulish: slanossiietumi (“that may heal me”, 3sg. fut. imp.)

From Proto-Indo-European *solh₂-, but Matasović and others list entirely different cognate sets to each other:
* Matasović lists Latin sōlor (“to comfort, soothe”), Ancient Greek ἱλάσκομαι (hiláskomai, “to appease”) and Gothic 𐍃𐌴𐌻𐍃 (sēls, “good, kind”);
* Delamarre lists Latin salvus, Ancient Greek ὅλος (hólos), and Sanskrit सर्व (sarva), all meaning "whole".


sonīti

soneyū (active first-person present singular)
sonīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sonīsi (active present second-person singular)
sonītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sonīti (active present singular third-person)
sonīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
soneyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sonīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sonītesi (active plural present second-person)
sonīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
soneyonti (active plural present third-person)
sonīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
sonī (active imperative second-person singular)
sonītou (active imperative singular third-person)
soneyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sonīte (active imperative plural second-person)
soneyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
soneyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sonītar (passive present second-person singular)
sonītor (passive present singular third-person)
soneyommor (first-person passive plural present)
sonīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
soneyontor (passive plural present third-person)
soneyonts (nominative singular)
soneyonte (dual nominative)
soneyontes (nominative plural)
soneyonts (singular vocative)
soneyonte (dual vocative)
soneyontes (plural vocative)
soneyontam (accusative singular)
soneyonte (accusative dual)
soneyontans (accusative plural)
soneyantos (genitive singular)
soneyantom (genitive plural)
soneyantei (dative singular)
soneyantbom (dative dual)
soneyantbos (dative plural)
soneyantī? (instrumental singular)
soneyantbim (dual instrumental)
soneyantbis (instrumental plural)
soneyantī (nominative singular)
soneyantī (dual nominative)
soneyantiyās (nominative plural)
soneyantī (singular vocative)
soneyantī (dual vocative)
soneyantiyās (plural vocative)
soneyantīm (accusative singular)
soneyantī (accusative dual)
soneyantiyans (accusative plural)
soneyantyās (genitive singular)
soneyantyom (genitive plural)
soneyantyāi (dative singular)
soneyantyābom (dative dual)
soneyantyābos (dative plural)
soneyantyābim (dual instrumental)
soneyantyābis (instrumental plural)
soneyont (nominative singular)
soneyonta (nominative plural)
soneyont (singular vocative)
soneyonta (plural vocative)
soneyont (accusative singular)
soneyonta (accusative plural)
sonetos (nominative singular)
sonetou (dual nominative)
sonetoi (nominative plural)
sonete (singular vocative)
sonetou (dual vocative)
sonetoi (plural vocative)
sonetom (accusative singular)
sonetou (accusative dual)
sonetons (accusative plural)
sonetī (genitive singular)
sonetous (dual genitive)
sonetom (genitive plural)
sonetūi (dative singular)
sonetobom (dative dual)
sonetobos (dative plural)
sonetū (instrumental singular)
sonetobim (dual instrumental)
sonetobis (instrumental plural)
sonetā (nominative singular)
sonetai (dual nominative)
sonetās (nominative plural)
sonetā (singular vocative)
sonetai (dual vocative)
sonetās (plural vocative)
sonetam (accusative singular)
sonetai (accusative dual)
sonetans (accusative plural)
sonetās (genitive singular)
sonetai (dative singular)
sonetābom (dative dual)
sonetābos (dative plural)
sonetābim (dual instrumental)
sonetābis (instrumental plural)
sonetom (nominative singular)
sonetā (nominative plural)
sonetom (singular vocative)
sonetā (plural vocative)
sonetā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: soniti

>? Celtiberian: uerzoniti

O-grade causative formation from Proto-Indo-European *senh₂- (“to reach, attain”).


ɸedom

ɸedom (nominative singular)
ɸedou (dual nominative)
ɸedā (nominative plural)
ɸedom (singular vocative)
ɸedou (dual vocative)
ɸedā (plural vocative)
ɸedom (accusative singular)
ɸedou (accusative dual)
ɸedā (accusative plural)
ɸedī (genitive singular)
ɸedous (dual genitive)
ɸedom (genitive plural)
ɸedūi (dative singular)
ɸedobom (dative dual)
ɸedobos (dative plural)
ɸedei (locative singular)
ɸedū (instrumental singular)
ɸedobim (dual instrumental)
ɸedūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Middle Irish: ed (“space, interval”), fed
Irish: feadh, feá
Scottish Gaelic: feadh

Gaulish: *edon

⇒ Gaulish: *cantedon

→ Latin: candetum (with metathesis)

desc

Early Proto-Brittonic, compound with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*tarwos</i> (“bull”)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Tarwedo- (name of a promontory in Britain) (Early Proto-Brittonic, compound with *tarwos (“bull”))

→ Latin: Tarvedum

→ Ancient Greek: Ταρουεδούμ (Tarouedoúm)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*eni-ɸedo-</i>

⇒ Old Irish: ined (< *eni-ɸedo-)

Middle Irish: inad

Irish: ionad

Scottish Gaelic: ionad

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*mages-ɸedo-</i>

⇒ Middle Irish: machad (“milking yard”) (< *mages-ɸedo-)

From Proto-Indo-European *pedom, a thematic derivative of *ped- (“to step”).


triyanom

triyanom (nominative singular)
triyanou (dual nominative)
triyanā (nominative plural)
triyanom (singular vocative)
triyanou (dual vocative)
triyanā (plural vocative)
triyanom (accusative singular)
triyanou (accusative dual)
triyanā (accusative plural)
triyanī (genitive singular)
triyanous (dual genitive)
triyanom (genitive plural)
triyanūi (dative singular)
triyanobom (dative dual)
triyanobos (dative plural)
triyanei (locative singular)
triyanū (instrumental singular)
triyanobim (dual instrumental)
triyanūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: troian, troean

Old Welsh: trean

Middle Welsh: traean

Welsh: traean

desctree

Old Irish: trïan
Middle Irish: trían
Irish: trian
Scottish Gaelic: trian

Gaulish: trianis

Stifter derives this from two possibilities:
* Via *triyanom, this would be a thematization of *tri- (“three”) + *-Hō (possessive suffix).
* Via *trisanom, this would be a thematization of Proto-Indo-European *trís (“thrice”) + *-Hō.


wasnos

wasnos (nominative singular)
wasnou (dual nominative)
wasnoi (nominative plural)
wasne (singular vocative)
wasnou (dual vocative)
wasnoi (plural vocative)
wasnom (accusative singular)
wasnou (accusative dual)
wasnons (accusative plural)
wasnī (genitive singular)
wasnous (dual genitive)
wasnom (genitive plural)
wasnūi (dative singular)
wasnobom (dative dual)
wasnobos (dative plural)
wasnū (instrumental singular)
wasnobim (dual instrumental)
wasnobis (instrumental plural)
wasnā (nominative singular)
wasnai (dual nominative)
wasnās (nominative plural)
wasnā (singular vocative)
wasnai (dual vocative)
wasnās (plural vocative)
wasnam (accusative singular)
wasnai (accusative dual)
wasnans (accusative plural)
wasnās (genitive singular)
wasnai (dative singular)
wasnābom (dative dual)
wasnābos (dative plural)
wasnābim (dual instrumental)
wasnābis (instrumental plural)
wasnom (nominative singular)
wasnā (nominative plural)
wasnom (singular vocative)
wasnā (plural vocative)
wasnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwann

Old Breton: guenion pl

Middle Breton: guan

Breton: gwan

Old Cornish: guan

Middle Cornish: gwan, guan

Cornish: gwann

Middle Welsh: gwann

Welsh: gwan

Middle Irish: fann

Irish: fann

Scottish Gaelic: fann

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to disappear, give out”), possibly via *h₁weh₂-s-nos or *h₁uh₂-s-nós. A close cognate seems to be Latin vānus (“empty”).


ɸūts

ɸūts (nominative singular)
ɸāde (dual nominative)
ɸādes (nominative plural)
ɸūts (singular vocative)
ɸāde (dual vocative)
ɸādes (plural vocative)
ɸādam (accusative singular)
ɸāde (accusative dual)
ɸādans (accusative plural)
ɸādos (genitive singular)
ɸādou (dual genitive)
ɸādom (genitive plural)
ɸādei (dative singular)
ɸādobom (dative dual)
ɸādobos (dative plural)
ɸādi (locative singular)
ɸāde? (instrumental singular)
ɸādobim (dual instrumental)
ɸādobis (instrumental plural)

Galatian: αδες pl (ades)

From Proto-Indo-European *pṓds (“foot”).


ɸīssu

Proto-Brythonic: *is

Old Breton: is

Breton: is

Old Welsh: is (“under”)

Middle Welsh: is

Welsh: is

desctree

Old Irish: ís
⇒ Irish: aníos, síos, thíos
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: nìos, shìos, sìos

From Proto-Indo-European *pḗdsu (literally “at the feet”), locative plural of *pṓds (“foot”). The long vowel is unexpected.


ɸīsselos

ɸīsselos (nominative singular)
ɸīsselou (dual nominative)
ɸīsseloi (nominative plural)
ɸīssele (singular vocative)
ɸīsselou (dual vocative)
ɸīsseloi (plural vocative)
ɸīsselom (accusative singular)
ɸīsselou (accusative dual)
ɸīsselons (accusative plural)
ɸīsselī (genitive singular)
ɸīsselous (dual genitive)
ɸīsselom (genitive plural)
ɸīsselūi (dative singular)
ɸīsselobom (dative dual)
ɸīsselobos (dative plural)
ɸīsselū (instrumental singular)
ɸīsselobim (dual instrumental)
ɸīsselobis (instrumental plural)
ɸīsselā (nominative singular)
ɸīsselai (dual nominative)
ɸīsselās (nominative plural)
ɸīsselā (singular vocative)
ɸīsselai (dual vocative)
ɸīsselās (plural vocative)
ɸīsselam (accusative singular)
ɸīsselai (accusative dual)
ɸīsselans (accusative plural)
ɸīsselās (genitive singular)
ɸīsselai (dative singular)
ɸīsselābom (dative dual)
ɸīsselābos (dative plural)
ɸīsselābim (dual instrumental)
ɸīsselābis (instrumental plural)
ɸīsselom (nominative singular)
ɸīsselā (nominative plural)
ɸīsselom (singular vocative)
ɸīsselā (plural vocative)
ɸīsselā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *isel

Old Breton: isel

Middle Breton: isel

Breton: izel

desc

Cornish: (various spellings) yssel, ysel, isel

Old Welsh: isel

Middle Welsh: isel

Welsh: isel

desctree

Old Irish: ísel
Irish: íseal
Manx: injil
Scottish Gaelic: ìosal, ìseal

Adjectival derivative of *ɸīssu (“below”), possibly formed analogically to its antonym *ouxselos (“high”).


uɸo

Proto-Brythonic: *gwo

⇒ Old Welsh: guotan, gutan

Middle Welsh: a dan

Welsh: o dan

Old Irish: fo, fu, fú
Irish: faoi
Manx: fo
Scottish Gaelic: fo

From Proto-Indo-European *upó (“below”).


uɸer

Proto-Brythonic: *gwor (unlenited), *war (lenited)
Old Breton: guar
Breton: war
Middle Cornish: war
Old Welsh: guar, guor
Middle Welsh: ar
Welsh: ar

Old Irish: for, far
Middle Irish: for
Irish: ar (partially)
Manx: er (partially)
Scottish Gaelic: air (partially)

From Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above, over”).

inh

ueramos

*uɸeramos (with archaic superlative suffix *-amos)


klārom

klārom (nominative singular)
klārou (dual nominative)
klārā (nominative plural)
klārom (singular vocative)
klārou (dual vocative)
klārā (plural vocative)
klārom (accusative singular)
klārou (accusative dual)
klārā (accusative plural)
klārī (genitive singular)
klārous (dual genitive)
klārom (genitive plural)
klārūi (dative singular)
klārobom (dative dual)
klārobos (dative plural)
klārei (locative singular)
klārū (instrumental singular)
klārobim (dual instrumental)
klārūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *klọr
Breton: kleur
Old Welsh: claur
Welsh: clawr

Old Irish: clár
Irish: clár
Manx: claare
Scottish Gaelic: clàr

May be related to Ancient Greek κλῆρος (klêros); see there for discussion.


ninnos

ninnos (nominative singular)
ninnou (dual nominative)
ninnoi (nominative plural)
ninne (singular vocative)
ninnou (dual vocative)
ninnoi (plural vocative)
ninnom (accusative singular)
ninnou (accusative dual)
ninnons (accusative plural)
ninnī (genitive singular)
ninnous (dual genitive)
ninnom (genitive plural)
ninnūi (dative singular)
ninnobom (dative dual)
ninnobos (dative plural)
ninnei (locative singular)
ninnū (instrumental singular)
ninnobim (dual instrumental)
ninnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

→⇒ Latin: Nennius

desc

Middle Irish: nen (“handmaid”) (< feminine *ninnā)

Gaulish: *Ninnos, *Nininos, *Ninnaros

Probably originally a childish term of affective origin.


komen-

komene (dual nominative)
komenes (nominative plural)
komene (dual vocative)
komenes (plural vocative)
komenam (accusative singular)
komene (accusative dual)
komenans (accusative plural)
komenos (genitive singular)
komenou (dual genitive)
komenom (genitive plural)
komenei (dative singular)
komenobom (dative dual)
komenobos (dative plural)
komeni (locative singular)
komene? (instrumental singular)
komenobim (dual instrumental)
komenobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koβ̃

Old Breton: commin pl, ⇒ alcam

Middle Breton: coff, couff

Breton: koun

appearing in the personal name <i class="Latn mention" lang="owl">Cob Cadduc</i>

Old Welsh: cob (appearing in the personal name Cob Cadduc)

Middle Welsh: cof

Welsh: cof

desctree

Old Irish: is cuman la
Middle Irish: is cuman, is cuman la
Irish: is cuimhin le

From earlier *kommen-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm + *men- (“to think”).


korukos

korukos (nominative singular)
korukou (dual nominative)
korukoi (nominative plural)
koruke (singular vocative)
korukou (dual vocative)
korukoi (plural vocative)
korukom (accusative singular)
korukou (accusative dual)
korukons (accusative plural)
korukī (genitive singular)
korukous (dual genitive)
korukom (genitive plural)
korukūi (dative singular)
korukobom (dative dual)
korukobos (dative plural)
korukei (locative singular)
korukū (instrumental singular)
korukobim (dual instrumental)
korukūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *korug

Middle Welsh: corwc

Welsh: corwg, corwgl

Old Irish: curach

Middle Irish: curach

Irish: curach

Scottish Gaelic: curach

desc

→ Latin: curucus (borrowed from Insular Celtic)

Related to Latin corium (“skin, hide, leather”) and Sanskrit चर्मन् (carman, “skin, pelt”) Ancient Greek κώρυκος (kṓrukos, “leather sack”) looks almost identical except for the vowel length mismatch (which makes Stifter label such a comparison as "deceptive").

cog

currach; a boat covered in animal leather


krixsos

krixsos (nominative singular)
krixsou (dual nominative)
krixsoi (nominative plural)
krixse (singular vocative)
krixsou (dual vocative)
krixsoi (plural vocative)
krixsom (accusative singular)
krixsou (accusative dual)
krixsons (accusative plural)
krixsī (genitive singular)
krixsous (dual genitive)
krixsom (genitive plural)
krixsūi (dative singular)
krixsobom (dative dual)
krixsobos (dative plural)
krixsū (instrumental singular)
krixsobim (dual instrumental)
krixsobis (instrumental plural)
krixsā (nominative singular)
krixsai (dual nominative)
krixsās (nominative plural)
krixsā (singular vocative)
krixsai (dual vocative)
krixsās (plural vocative)
krixsam (accusative singular)
krixsai (accusative dual)
krixsans (accusative plural)
krixsās (genitive singular)
krixsai (dative singular)
krixsābom (dative dual)
krixsābos (dative plural)
krixsābim (dual instrumental)
krixsābis (instrumental plural)
krixsom (nominative singular)
krixsā (nominative plural)
krixsom (singular vocative)
krixsā (plural vocative)
krixsā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *krɨx
Middle Breton: crech
Breton: krec'h
Cornish: krygh
Middle Welsh: crych
Welsh: crych

desc

Gaulish: *crixos, ⇒ Κριξξος (Krixxos), Κριξια (Krixia)

→ Latin: Crixus, Crixius

→⇒ Latin: *Crixiacum

French: Crissé, Cressé, Crécey, Crissey

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, turn”). Cognates include Latin crispus (and also crīnis), Albanian krip, and Avestan 𐬯𐬭𐬌𐬟𐬁 (srifā, “plume”).


krideti

kridū (active first-person present singular)
kridemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikritsū (active first-person future singular)
karda (active first-person preterite singular)
kridesi (active present second-person singular)
kridetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikritsesi (active future second-person singular)
kardas? (active preterite second-person singular)
krideti (active present singular third-person)
krideto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikritseti (active future singular third-person)
karde (active preterite singular third-person)
kridomosi (active first-person plural present)
kridemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikritsomosi (active first-person future plural)
kardmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kridetesi (active plural present second-person)
kridestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikritsetesi (active future plural second-person)
karsse (active plural preterite second-person)
kridonti (active plural present third-person)
kridento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikritsonti (active future plural third-person)
kardars (active plural preterite third-person)
kertsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kertsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kride (active imperative second-person singular)
kertseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kridetou (active imperative singular third-person)
kertsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kridomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kertsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kridete (active imperative plural second-person)
kertsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kridontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kridūr (first-person passive present singular)
kikritsūr (first-person future passive singular)
kardra (first-person passive preterite singular)
kridetar (passive present second-person singular)
kikritsetar (future passive second-person singular)
kardras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
kridetor (passive present singular third-person)
kikritsetor (future passive singular third-person)
kardre (passive preterite singular third-person)
kridommor (first-person passive plural present)
kikritsommor (first-person future passive plural)
kridedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikritsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kridontor (passive plural present third-person)
kikritsontor (future passive plural third-person)
kertsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kertsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kertsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kertsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kertsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kertsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kridonts (nominative singular)
kridonte (dual nominative)
kridontes (nominative plural)
kridonts (singular vocative)
kridonte (dual vocative)
kridontes (plural vocative)
kridontam (accusative singular)
kridonte (accusative dual)
kridontans (accusative plural)
kridantos (genitive singular)
kridantom (genitive plural)
kridantei (dative singular)
kridantbom (dative dual)
kridantbos (dative plural)
kridantī? (instrumental singular)
kridantbim (dual instrumental)
kridantbis (instrumental plural)
kridantī (nominative singular)
kridantī (dual nominative)
kridantiyās (nominative plural)
kridantī (singular vocative)
kridantī (dual vocative)
kridantiyās (plural vocative)
kridantīm (accusative singular)
kridantī (accusative dual)
kridantiyans (accusative plural)
kridantyās (genitive singular)
kridantyom (genitive plural)
kridantyāi (dative singular)
kridantyābom (dative dual)
kridantyābos (dative plural)
kridantyābim (dual instrumental)
kridantyābis (instrumental plural)
kridont (nominative singular)
kridonta (nominative plural)
kridont (singular vocative)
kridonta (plural vocative)
kridont (accusative singular)
kridonta (accusative plural)
krissos (nominative singular)
krissou (dual nominative)
krissoi (nominative plural)
krisse (singular vocative)
krissou (dual vocative)
krissoi (plural vocative)
krissom (accusative singular)
krissou (accusative dual)
krissons (accusative plural)
krissī (genitive singular)
krissous (dual genitive)
krissom (genitive plural)
krissūi (dative singular)
krissobom (dative dual)
krissobos (dative plural)
krissū (instrumental singular)
krissobim (dual instrumental)
krissobis (instrumental plural)
krissā (nominative singular)
krissai (dual nominative)
krissās (nominative plural)
krissā (singular vocative)
krissai (dual vocative)
krissās (plural vocative)
krissam (accusative singular)
krissai (accusative dual)
krissans (accusative plural)
krissās (genitive singular)
krissai (dative singular)
krissābom (dative dual)
krissābos (dative plural)
krissābim (dual instrumental)
krissābis (instrumental plural)
krissom (nominative singular)
krissā (nominative plural)
krissom (singular vocative)
krissā (plural vocative)
krissā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: crez (“stingy”)

Breton: krez

Middle Welsh: cryðu

desc

from derivative <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*krid-w-o/ā-</i>

Middle Irish: cres (“narrow”) (from past participle), ⇒ credba, credbaid (from derivative *krid-w-o/ā-)

Usually compared to Sanskrit कृधु (kṛdhu, “shortened”); the root may be an extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


wetsis

wetsis (nominative singular)
wetsī (dual nominative)
wetsīs (nominative plural)
wetsi (singular vocative)
wetsī (dual vocative)
wetsīs (plural vocative)
wetsim (accusative singular)
wetsī (accusative dual)
wetsins (accusative plural)
wetseis (genitive singular)
wetsyow (dual genitive)
wetsyom (genitive plural)
wetsei (dative singular)
wetsibom (dative dual)
wetsibos (dative plural)
wetsei (locative singular)
wetsī (instrumental singular)
wetsibim (dual instrumental)
wetsibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨs

Old Breton: guis

Middle Breton: gues, guys

Breton: gwiz

Old Cornish: guis

Cornish: gwis

Middle Welsh: gwys (“sow”)

Middle Irish: feis

An i-stem derivative of Proto-Indo-European *wetsós (whence Sanskrit वत्स (vatsa, “calf, yearling”)), from *wet- (“year”).


dekʷro-

Proto-Brythonic: *debr

⇒ Old Breton: diprim (“to eat”)

Middle Breton: dibriff

Breton: debriñ

⇒ Cornish: dybbry, debri, dybri

⇒ Gaulish: Deprosagiios (literally “food-seeker”)

Unknown, with many speculative ideas floating around. Lucht is ready to fall back on supposing a potential substrate borrowing if no other option proves worthy. See Lucht 2007 (p. 137) for discussion. Delamarre's comparison to Ancient Greek δεῖπνον (deîpnon) does not work due to mismatched first vowels.


ouxsos

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉx
Old Breton: uh
Middle Breton: uc'h
Breton: uc'h
Cornish: ugh
Middle Welsh: uch
Welsh: uwch

Old Irish: úas
Irish: os
Scottish Gaelic: os

Cognate to Ancient Greek ὕψι (húpsi, “above”).


lorgom

lorgom (nominative singular)
lorgou (dual nominative)
lorgā (nominative plural)
lorgom (singular vocative)
lorgou (dual vocative)
lorgā (plural vocative)
lorgom (accusative singular)
lorgou (accusative dual)
lorgā (accusative plural)
lorgī (genitive singular)
lorgous (dual genitive)
lorgom (genitive plural)
lorgūi (dative singular)
lorgobom (dative dual)
lorgobos (dative plural)
lorgei (locative singular)
lorgū (instrumental singular)
lorgobim (dual instrumental)
lorgūis (instrumental plural)
*lergo- (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *llurɣ

Middle Welsh: llwrw

Welsh: llwrw

Old Irish: lorc

Middle Irish: lorg

Irish: lorg

Uncertain; Matasović rules out Old Armenian ողորկ (ołork, “smooth”) as a "chance similarity".


lergo-

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: lerg

Breton: lerc'h

Cornish: lergh

⇒ Gaulish: Aulerci


magyos

magyos (nominative singular)
magyou (dual nominative)
magyoi (nominative plural)
magye (singular vocative)
magyou (dual vocative)
magyoi (plural vocative)
magyom (accusative singular)
magyou (accusative dual)
magyons (accusative plural)
magyī (genitive singular)
magyous (dual genitive)
magyom (genitive plural)
magyūi (dative singular)
magyobom (dative dual)
magyobos (dative plural)
magyū (instrumental singular)
magyobim (dual instrumental)
magyobis (instrumental plural)
magyā (nominative singular)
magyai (dual nominative)
magyās (nominative plural)
magyā (singular vocative)
magyai (dual vocative)
magyās (plural vocative)
magyam (accusative singular)
magyai (accusative dual)
magyans (accusative plural)
magyās (genitive singular)
magyai (dative singular)
magyābom (dative dual)
magyābos (dative plural)
magyābim (dual instrumental)
magyābis (instrumental plural)
magyom (nominative singular)
magyā (nominative plural)
magyom (singular vocative)
magyā (plural vocative)
magyā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: maige (poetic)

Gaulish: *magios

desc

→ Latin: Magius, Magia, Magio, ⇒ Magiona, Maginus, Magiononus, Magirus, Magidius, Magidia, Magissa, Magiorix, Maiorix, Magiomarus, Magiovindus, Esumagius

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (“large”) + possibly *-yós (adjectival suffix).


tuknā

tuknā (nominative singular)
tuknai (dual nominative)
tuknās (nominative plural)
tuknā (singular vocative)
tuknai (dual vocative)
tuknās (plural vocative)
tuknam (accusative singular)
tuknai (accusative dual)
tuknāns (accusative plural)
tuknās (genitive singular)
tuknous (dual genitive)
tuknom (genitive plural)
tuknāi (dative singular)
tuknābom (dative dual)
tuknābos (dative plural)
tuknai (locative singular)
tuknābim (dual instrumental)
tuknābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tin

Middle Cornish: tyn

Middle Welsh: tin

Welsh: tin

Old Irish: tón

Middle Irish: tón

Irish: tóin

Scottish Gaelic: tòn

Manx: thoin, thoyn

Matasović derives this from Proto-Indo-European *tewk- (“swelling”), whence also Proto-Germanic *þeuhą (“thigh”) and Lithuanian taukai (“fat”).


noibos

noibos (nominative singular)
noibou (dual nominative)
noiboi (nominative plural)
noibe (singular vocative)
noibou (dual vocative)
noiboi (plural vocative)
noibom (accusative singular)
noibou (accusative dual)
noibons (accusative plural)
noibī (genitive singular)
noibous (dual genitive)
noibom (genitive plural)
noibūi (dative singular)
noibobom (dative dual)
noibobos (dative plural)
noibū (instrumental singular)
noibobim (dual instrumental)
noibobis (instrumental plural)
noibā (nominative singular)
noibai (dual nominative)
noibās (nominative plural)
noibā (singular vocative)
noibai (dual vocative)
noibās (plural vocative)
noibam (accusative singular)
noibai (accusative dual)
noibans (accusative plural)
noibās (genitive singular)
noibai (dative singular)
noibābom (dative dual)
noibābos (dative plural)
noibābim (dual instrumental)
noibābis (instrumental plural)
noibom (nominative singular)
noibā (nominative plural)
noibom (singular vocative)
noibā (plural vocative)
noibā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: noíb, nóeb, ⇒ noíbe
Middle Irish: náem
Irish: naomh
Manx: noo
Scottish Gaelic: naomh

⇒ Gaulish:

→ Latin: Noibia, Noibio

From Proto-Indo-European *neybʰ- (“blessed, holy, fortunate”), possibly from *ney- (“to be excited”). Cognate with Proto-Iranian *naybah.


neibos

neibos (nominative singular)
neibou (dual nominative)
neiboi (nominative plural)
neibe (singular vocative)
neibou (dual vocative)
neiboi (plural vocative)
neibom (accusative singular)
neibou (accusative dual)
neibons (accusative plural)
neibī (genitive singular)
neibous (dual genitive)
neibom (genitive plural)
neibūi (dative singular)
neibobom (dative dual)
neibobos (dative plural)
neibei (locative singular)
neibū (instrumental singular)
neibobim (dual instrumental)
neibūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nuɨβ

Middle Welsh: nwyf (“passion”)

Welsh: nwyf

Middle Irish: níab

See the ablaut relative *noibos (“holy”) for more information.


okelom

okelom (nominative singular)
okelou (dual nominative)
okelā (nominative plural)
okelom (singular vocative)
okelou (dual vocative)
okelā (plural vocative)
okelom (accusative singular)
okelou (accusative dual)
okelā (accusative plural)
okelī (genitive singular)
okelous (dual genitive)
okelom (genitive plural)
okelūi (dative singular)
okelobom (dative dual)
okelobos (dative plural)
okelei (locative singular)
okelū (instrumental singular)
okelobim (dual instrumental)
okelūis (instrumental plural)

desc

→ Latin: Cindocelum, Itunocelum (British place names)

Gaulish: *okelon

→ Ancient Greek: Ωκελον (Ōkelon) (name of an Italian town near Turin)

Celtiberian:

→ Ancient Greek: Οκελον (Okelon) (name of some Spanish places)

From the root Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


trudskos

trudskos (nominative singular)
trudskou (dual nominative)
trudskoi (nominative plural)
trudske (singular vocative)
trudskou (dual vocative)
trudskoi (plural vocative)
trudskom (accusative singular)
trudskou (accusative dual)
trudskons (accusative plural)
trudskī (genitive singular)
trudskous (dual genitive)
trudskom (genitive plural)
trudskūi (dative singular)
trudskobom (dative dual)
trudskobos (dative plural)
trudskū (instrumental singular)
trudskobim (dual instrumental)
trudskobis (instrumental plural)
trudskā (nominative singular)
trudskai (dual nominative)
trudskās (nominative plural)
trudskā (singular vocative)
trudskai (dual vocative)
trudskās (plural vocative)
trudskam (accusative singular)
trudskai (accusative dual)
trudskans (accusative plural)
trudskās (genitive singular)
trudskai (dative singular)
trudskābom (dative dual)
trudskābos (dative plural)
trudskābim (dual instrumental)
trudskābis (instrumental plural)
trudskom (nominative singular)
trudskā (nominative plural)
trudskom (singular vocative)
trudskā (plural vocative)
trudskā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trusk

Old Breton: trusci

Middle Breton: trousq

Breton: trousk

Middle Welsh: trwsgl

Welsh: trwsgl (“clumsy”)

Old Irish: trosc

Gaulish: Troxo, 𐌕𐌓𐌏𐌗𐌏 (troxo)

Unknown, the only known cognates are Germanic terms like Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍄𐍃𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌻 (þrutsfill, “leprosy”).