selgā

selgā (nominative singular)
selgai (dual nominative)
selgās (nominative plural)
selgā (singular vocative)
selgai (dual vocative)
selgās (plural vocative)
selgam (accusative singular)
selgai (accusative dual)
selgāns (accusative plural)
selgās (genitive singular)
selgous (dual genitive)
selgom (genitive plural)
selgāi (dative singular)
selgābom (dative dual)
selgābos (dative plural)
selgai (locative singular)
selgābim (dual instrumental)
selgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: helcʼh

Cornish: helgh

Welsh: hel

desctree

Old Irish: selg
Irish: seilg
Scottish Gaelic: sealg
Manx: shelg

From *selgati (“to hunt”), from Proto-Indo-European *selǵ- (“to send away, set loose”). Cognate with Ancient Greek λαγάσαι (lagásai, “to set free”) and Sanskrit सृजति (sṛjáti, “sets loose”).


dus-

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: dy-

Welsh: dy-

Goidelic:

Old Irish: do-, du-

Irish: do-


su-

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hu-
Old Breton: ho-, hu-
Breton: he-
Middle Cornish: he-, hy-
Old Welsh: hi-, hu-
Middle Welsh: hy-, hu-
Welsh: hy-

Old Irish: so-

Irish: so-

Manx: so-

Scottish Gaelic: so-

Gaulish: su-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (“good”).


abūl

abūl (nominative singular)
abale (dual nominative)
abala (nominative plural)
abūl (singular vocative)
abale (dual vocative)
abala (plural vocative)
abūl (accusative singular)
abale (accusative dual)
abala (accusative plural)
abalos (genitive singular)
abalou (dual genitive)
abalom (genitive plural)
abalei (dative singular)
abalobom (dative dual)
abalobos (dative plural)
abali (locative singular)
abale? (instrumental singular)
abalobim (dual instrumental)
abalobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aβal
Old Breton: abal
Middle Breton: aval
Breton: aval
Cornish: aval
Middle Welsh: aual
Welsh: afal

Old Irish: ubull
Middle Irish: uball
Irish: úll
Manx: ooyl
Scottish Gaelic: ubhal

Gaulish: *abalo-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *aplaz and Proto-Balto-Slavic *āˀbōl.


Brigantī

brigantī (nominative singular)
brigantī (singular vocative)
brigantīm (accusative singular)
brigantyās (genitive singular)
brigantyai (dative singular)

Old Irish: Brigit
Irish: Bríd
Manx: Breeshey
Scottish Gaelic: Brìghde, Brìde

→ Latin: Brigantium/Brigantia

Brigantia, Brigid, Bride (name and goddess)


brixs

brixs (nominative singular)
brige (dual nominative)
briges (nominative plural)
brixs (singular vocative)
brige (dual vocative)
briges (plural vocative)
brigam (accusative singular)
brige (accusative dual)
brigans (accusative plural)
brigos (genitive singular)
brigou (dual genitive)
brigom (genitive plural)
brigei (dative singular)
brigobom (dative dual)
brigobos (dative plural)
brigi (locative singular)
brige? (instrumental singular)
brigobim (dual instrumental)
brigobis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: brí
Irish: brí
Scottish Gaelic: bre

Gaulish: *brignā (in toponyms)

→ Vulgar Latin: *brigna (see there for further descendants)

→ Ligurian: bric

→ Italian: bricco

→ Piedmontese: brich

Hispano-Celtic: -bris (“hill-fort”) (in toponyms)

→ Galician: -bre (in toponyms)

From *bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és (“something high up, fortified”), whence also *brigā.


ordos

ordos (nominative singular)
ordou (dual nominative)
ordoi (nominative plural)
orde (singular vocative)
ordou (dual vocative)
ordoi (plural vocative)
ordom (accusative singular)
ordou (accusative dual)
ordons (accusative plural)
ordī (genitive singular)
ordous (dual genitive)
ordom (genitive plural)
ordūi (dative singular)
ordobom (dative dual)
ordobos (dative plural)
ordei (locative singular)
ordū (instrumental singular)
ordobim (dual instrumental)
ordūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *orð

Old Breton: ord

Breton: orz

Old Welsh: ord

Middle Welsh: orð

Welsh: gordd

Old Irish: ord
Irish: ord
Manx: oard
Scottish Gaelic: òrd

→ Latin: Ordovices

Possibly from earlier *orxdo-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erg-dʰh₁o-, composed of *h₃erg- (“to perish”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do”). Also compare Old Armenian ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”), from a different root.


eni-

Old Irish: in-


berus

berus (nominative singular)
berū (dual nominative)
berowes (nominative plural)
beru (singular vocative)
berū (dual vocative)
berūs (plural vocative)
berum (accusative singular)
berū (accusative dual)
beruns (accusative plural)
berous (genitive singular)
berous (dual genitive)
berowom (genitive plural)
berou (dative singular)
berubom (dative dual)
berubos (dative plural)
berū (instrumental singular)
berubim (dual instrumental)
berubis (instrumental plural)

desc

Middle Irish: bir (appearing only in glossaries or poetry)

Classical Gaelic: bior

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, brew”).


beros

beros (nominative singular)
berou (dual nominative)
beroi (nominative plural)
bere (singular vocative)
berou (dual vocative)
beroi (plural vocative)
berom (accusative singular)
berou (accusative dual)
berons (accusative plural)
berī (genitive singular)
berous (dual genitive)
berom (genitive plural)
berūi (dative singular)
berobom (dative dual)
berobos (dative plural)
berei (locative singular)
berū (instrumental singular)
berobim (dual instrumental)
berūis (instrumental plural)

From *bereti (“to carry, bear; flow”) + *-os.


loku

loku (nominative singular)
lokū (dual nominative)
lokwā (nominative plural)
loku (singular vocative)
lokū (dual vocative)
lokwā (plural vocative)
loku (accusative singular)
lokū (accusative dual)
lokwā (accusative plural)
lokous (genitive singular)
lokous (dual genitive)
lokowom (genitive plural)
lokou (dative singular)
lokubom (dative dual)
lokubos (dative plural)
lokū (instrumental singular)
lokubim (dual instrumental)
lokubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: loch
Irish: loch
→ English: lough
→ Yola: Lough
Manx: logh
Scottish Gaelic: loch
→ Middle English: lough, loch, louche, luh
English: lough, loch
Scots: loch

>? Welsh: llwch

>? Breton: loc’h

>? Cornish: logh


toutyos

toutyos (nominative singular)
toutyou (dual nominative)
toutyoi (nominative plural)
toutye (singular vocative)
toutyou (dual vocative)
toutyoi (plural vocative)
toutyom (accusative singular)
toutyou (accusative dual)
toutyons (accusative plural)
toutyī (genitive singular)
toutyous (dual genitive)
toutyom (genitive plural)
toutyūi (dative singular)
toutyobom (dative dual)
toutyobos (dative plural)
toutyei (locative singular)
toutyū (instrumental singular)
toutyobim (dual instrumental)
toutyūis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: tooutious (Greek spelling)


karwos

karwos (nominative singular)
karwou (dual nominative)
karwoi (nominative plural)
karwe (singular vocative)
karwou (dual vocative)
karwoi (plural vocative)
karwom (accusative singular)
karwou (accusative dual)
karwons (accusative plural)
karwī (genitive singular)
karwous (dual genitive)
karwom (genitive plural)
karwūi (dative singular)
karwobom (dative dual)
karwobos (dative plural)
karwei (locative singular)
karwū (instrumental singular)
karwobim (dual instrumental)
karwūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *karw
Middle Breton: caro, qaro
Breton: karv
Old Cornish: karow
Cornish: karow
Old Welsh: caru
Middle Welsh: carw
Welsh: carw

Gaulish: caruus, carvos

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂wós, from the root *ḱerh₂- (“horn”). Cognate to Latin cervus (“deer”).


ameti

amū (active first-person present singular)
amemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
amesi (active present second-person singular)
ametās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ameti (active present singular third-person)
ameto (active imperfect singular third-person)
amomosi (active first-person plural present)
amemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ametesi (active plural present second-person)
amestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
amonti (active plural present third-person)
amento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ame (active imperative second-person singular)
ametou (active imperative singular third-person)
amomos (active first-person imperative plural)
amete (active imperative plural second-person)
amontou (active imperative plural third-person)
amūr (first-person passive present singular)
ametar (passive present second-person singular)
ametor (passive present singular third-person)
amommor (first-person passive plural present)
amedwe (passive plural present second-person)
amontor (passive plural present third-person)
amonts (nominative singular)
amonte (dual nominative)
amontes (nominative plural)
amonts (singular vocative)
amonte (dual vocative)
amontes (plural vocative)
amontam (accusative singular)
amonte (accusative dual)
amontans (accusative plural)
amantos (genitive singular)
amantom (genitive plural)
amantei (dative singular)
amantbom (dative dual)
amantbos (dative plural)
amantī? (instrumental singular)
amantbim (dual instrumental)
amantbis (instrumental plural)
amantī (nominative singular)
amantī (dual nominative)
amantiyās (nominative plural)
amantī (singular vocative)
amantī (dual vocative)
amantiyās (plural vocative)
amantīm (accusative singular)
amantī (accusative dual)
amantiyans (accusative plural)
amantyās (genitive singular)
amantyom (genitive plural)
amantyāi (dative singular)
amantyābom (dative dual)
amantyābos (dative plural)
amantyābim (dual instrumental)
amantyābis (instrumental plural)
amont (nominative singular)
amonta (nominative plural)
amont (singular vocative)
amonta (plural vocative)
amont (accusative singular)
amonta (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂em(H)- (“to pour”), whence also Ancient Greek ἀμάομαι (amáomai, “to draw milk”) and Old Armenian ամամ (amam, “to fill, pour out”).


moltos

moltos (nominative singular)
moltou (dual nominative)
moltoi (nominative plural)
molte (singular vocative)
moltou (dual vocative)
moltoi (plural vocative)
moltom (accusative singular)
moltou (accusative dual)
moltons (accusative plural)
moltī (genitive singular)
moltous (dual genitive)
moltom (genitive plural)
moltūi (dative singular)
moltobom (dative dual)
moltobos (dative plural)
moltei (locative singular)
moltū (instrumental singular)
moltobim (dual instrumental)
moltūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mollt
Middle Breton: mout, maout
Breton: maout
Cornish: mols
Middle Welsh: mollt
Welsh: mollt

Old Irish: molt
Irish: molt
Manx: mohlt
Scottish Gaelic: mult

Gaulish: *multon-
→ Medieval Latin: moltō, multō, montō, muttō, mutō (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Multiple theories exist.
* Pokorny derived this from *melh₂- (“to crush”), the semantic distance resolvable under the assumption that castration was done with a crushing method.
* Matasović, unsatisfied with previous theories, assumes a borrowing from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


ɸlitanos

head

*ɸlitanos (comparative *ɸletais, superlative *ɸletisamos)

ɸletais (comparative)
ɸletisamos (superlative)
ɸlitanos (nominative singular)
ɸlitanou (dual nominative)
ɸlitanoi (nominative plural)
ɸlitane (singular vocative)
ɸlitanou (dual vocative)
ɸlitanoi (plural vocative)
ɸlitanom (accusative singular)
ɸlitanou (accusative dual)
ɸlitanons (accusative plural)
ɸlitanī (genitive singular)
ɸlitanous (dual genitive)
ɸlitanom (genitive plural)
ɸlitanūi (dative singular)
ɸlitanobom (dative dual)
ɸlitanobos (dative plural)
ɸlitanū (instrumental singular)
ɸlitanobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlitanobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlitanā (nominative singular)
ɸlitanai (dual nominative)
ɸlitanās (nominative plural)
ɸlitanā (singular vocative)
ɸlitanai (dual vocative)
ɸlitanās (plural vocative)
ɸlitanam (accusative singular)
ɸlitanai (accusative dual)
ɸlitanans (accusative plural)
ɸlitanās (genitive singular)
ɸlitanai (dative singular)
ɸlitanābom (dative dual)
ɸlitanābos (dative plural)
ɸlitanābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlitanābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlitanom (nominative singular)
ɸlitanā (nominative plural)
ɸlitanom (singular vocative)
ɸlitanā (plural vocative)
ɸlitanā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨdan
Old Breton: litan
Breton: ledan
Cornish: ledan
Middle Welsh: llydan
Welsh: llydan

Old Irish: lethan
Irish: leathan
Manx: lhean
Scottish Gaelic: leathann

Gaulish: Litana

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂enós, from *pleth₂-.


mīlom

mīlom (nominative singular)
mīlou (dual nominative)
mīlā (nominative plural)
mīlom (singular vocative)
mīlou (dual vocative)
mīlā (plural vocative)
mīlom (accusative singular)
mīlou (accusative dual)
mīlā (accusative plural)
mīlī (genitive singular)
mīlous (dual genitive)
mīlom (genitive plural)
mīlūi (dative singular)
mīlobom (dative dual)
mīlobos (dative plural)
mīlei (locative singular)
mīlū (instrumental singular)
mīlobim (dual instrumental)
mīlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mil
Middle Breton: mil
Breton: mil
Old Cornish: mil
Middle Cornish: mil, myl
Cornish: mil
Middle Welsh: mil
Welsh: mil

Old Irish: míl

Irish: míol

Manx: meeyl

Scottish Gaelic: mial

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₁l- (“small animal”). Compare Dutch maal (“calf”), Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “sheep”).


tīros

tīros (nominative singular)
tīrese? (dual nominative)
tīresa (nominative plural)
tīros (singular vocative)
tīrese? (dual vocative)
tīresa (plural vocative)
tīros (accusative singular)
tīrese? (accusative dual)
tīresa (accusative plural)
tīresos (genitive singular)
tīresous? (dual genitive)
tīresom (genitive plural)
tīresei (dative singular)
tīresbom (dative dual)
tīresbos (dative plural)
tīresi (locative singular)
tīresei (instrumental singular)
tīresbim (dual instrumental)
tīresbis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tir
Middle Breton: tir
Breton: tir
Old Cornish: tir
Cornish: tir
Old Welsh: tir
Middle Welsh: tir
Welsh: tir

Old Irish: tír
Irish: tír
Manx: çheer
Scottish Gaelic: tìr

From Proto-Indo-European *tērs-os or *tḗrs, from *ters- (“dry”). Cognate with Oscan 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 (teras), Latin terra (“dry land”).


oitos

oitos (nominative singular)
oitou (dual nominative)
oitoi (nominative plural)
oite (singular vocative)
oitou (dual vocative)
oitoi (plural vocative)
oitom (accusative singular)
oitou (accusative dual)
oitons (accusative plural)
oitī (genitive singular)
oitous (dual genitive)
oitom (genitive plural)
oitūi (dative singular)
oitobom (dative dual)
oitobos (dative plural)
oitei (locative singular)
oitū (instrumental singular)
oitobim (dual instrumental)
oitūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉd

⇒ Old Welsh: anutonou, anutonau pl

Middle Welsh: anudon (“perjury”)

Welsh: anudon

Middle Irish: áeth, óeth, oíth

Gaulish: *oitos

→⇒ Latin: Oitoccius, Aroitus

Cognate to Proto-Germanic *aiþaz (“oath”) and Ancient Greek οἶτος (oîtos, “fate”). They may either be from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”) or Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- (“to grant”).


barros

barros (nominative singular)
barrou (dual nominative)
barroi (nominative plural)
barre (singular vocative)
barrou (dual vocative)
barroi (plural vocative)
barrom (accusative singular)
barrou (accusative dual)
barrons (accusative plural)
barrī (genitive singular)
barrous (dual genitive)
barrom (genitive plural)
barrūi (dative singular)
barrobom (dative dual)
barrobos (dative plural)
barrei (locative singular)
barrū (instrumental singular)
barrobim (dual instrumental)
barrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: barr

Middle Breton: barr

Cornish: bar

Middle Welsh: barr
Welsh: bar

Old Irish: barr
Irish: barr
Manx: baar
Scottish Gaelic: bàrr

Gaulish: Cunobarrus

From earlier *barsos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥s-ó-s, from *bʰers- (“point, top, tip”).


mailos

mailos (nominative singular)
mailou (dual nominative)
mailoi (nominative plural)
maile (singular vocative)
mailou (dual vocative)
mailoi (plural vocative)
mailom (accusative singular)
mailou (accusative dual)
mailons (accusative plural)
mailī (genitive singular)
mailous (dual genitive)
mailom (genitive plural)
mailūi (dative singular)
mailobom (dative dual)
mailobos (dative plural)
mailū (instrumental singular)
mailobim (dual instrumental)
mailobis (instrumental plural)
mailā (nominative singular)
mailai (dual nominative)
mailās (nominative plural)
mailā (singular vocative)
mailai (dual vocative)
mailās (plural vocative)
mailam (accusative singular)
mailai (accusative dual)
mailans (accusative plural)
mailās (genitive singular)
mailai (dative singular)
mailābom (dative dual)
mailābos (dative plural)
mailābim (dual instrumental)
mailābis (instrumental plural)
mailom (nominative singular)
mailā (nominative plural)
mailom (singular vocative)
mailā (plural vocative)
mailā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *moɨl

Middle Breton: moel

Breton: moal

Cornish: mool

Old Welsh: mail

Middle Welsh: moel

Welsh: moel

Old Irish: máel
Irish: maol, maoil
Manx: meayl
Scottish Gaelic: maol

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚋᚐᚔᚂᚐᚌᚅᚔ (mailagni)

Uncertain. A connection with Proto-Germanic *maitaną (“cut”) has been made, but is not certain. Also compare Proto-Slavic *mělъkъ (“shallow, narrow”), Irish maoth (“tender”).


angʷīnā

angʷīnā (nominative singular)
angʷīnai (dual nominative)
angʷīnās (nominative plural)
angʷīnā (singular vocative)
angʷīnai (dual vocative)
angʷīnās (plural vocative)
angʷīnam (accusative singular)
angʷīnai (accusative dual)
angʷīnāns (accusative plural)
angʷīnās (genitive singular)
angʷīnous (dual genitive)
angʷīnom (genitive plural)
angʷīnāi (dative singular)
angʷīnābom (dative dual)
angʷīnābos (dative plural)
angʷīnai (locative singular)
angʷīnābim (dual instrumental)
angʷīnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėɣwin

Old Breton: eguin

Middle Breton: euin

Breton: ivin, ewin, iwin

Old Cornish: euuin

Cornish: ewin

Old Welsh: eguin

Middle Welsh: ewin

Welsh: ewin

desctree

Old Irish: ingen
Middle Irish: inga (reinterpreted as an n-stem)
Irish: ionga
Manx: ingin
Scottish Gaelic: ionga

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃n̥gʰu-, zero grade of *h₃nṓgʰs.

nail (thin, horny plate on fingers and toes)


aidu

aidu (nominative singular)
aidū (dual nominative)
aidwā (nominative plural)
aidu (singular vocative)
aidū (dual vocative)
aidwā (plural vocative)
aidu (accusative singular)
aidū (accusative dual)
aidwā (accusative plural)
aidous (genitive singular)
aidous (dual genitive)
aidowom (genitive plural)
aidou (dative singular)
aidubom (dative dual)
aidubos (dative plural)
aidū (instrumental singular)
aidubim (dual instrumental)
aidubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oɨð

Middle Breton: oaz

desc

Middle Welsh: aið (with unexplained diphthong ai-)

Old Irish: áed

desctree

Old Irish: Áed
Irish: Aodh
Scottish Gaelic: Aodh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“fire”).


-tlom

-tlom (nominative singular)
-tlou (dual nominative)
-tlā (nominative plural)
-tlom (singular vocative)
-tlou (dual vocative)
-tlā (plural vocative)
-tlom (accusative singular)
-tlou (accusative dual)
-tlā (accusative plural)
-tlī (genitive singular)
-tlous (dual genitive)
-tlom (genitive plural)
-tlūi (dative singular)
-tlobom (dative dual)
-tlobos (dative plural)
-tlei (locative singular)
-tlū (instrumental singular)
-tlobim (dual instrumental)
-tlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-tl, *-dl and *-θl

Gaulish: *-tlon

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


mrogis

mrogis (nominative singular)
mrogī (dual nominative)
mrogīs (nominative plural)
mrogi (singular vocative)
mrogī (dual vocative)
mrogīs (plural vocative)
mrogim (accusative singular)
mrogī (accusative dual)
mrogins (accusative plural)
mrogeis (genitive singular)
mrogyow (dual genitive)
mrogyom (genitive plural)
mrogei (dative singular)
mrogibom (dative dual)
mrogibos (dative plural)
mrogei (locative singular)
mrogī (instrumental singular)
mrogibim (dual instrumental)
mrogibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *broɣ
Old Breton: bro
Middle Breton: bro
Breton: bro
Cornish: bro
Middle Welsh: bro
Welsh: bro

Old Irish: mruig
Middle Irish: bruig, brug
Irish: brugh

Gaulish: *brogis, *-brogīs

→ Latin: brogi-, -broges

⇒? Gaulish: *brogilos

→ Italian: brolo

→ Old French: bruil

French: breuil

→? Old High German: brüel

Cimbrian: bröol

German: Brühl

→ Venetan: broło

From Proto-Indo-European *mórǵs (“frontier, border”). Cognate with Latin margo (“border, edge”), Proto-Germanic *markō (“border, region”), Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀 (mar^əza, “frontier”).


owis

owis (nominative singular)
owī (dual nominative)
owīs (nominative plural)
owi (singular vocative)
owī (dual vocative)
owīs (plural vocative)
owim (accusative singular)
owī (accusative dual)
owins (accusative plural)
oweis (genitive singular)
owyow (dual genitive)
owyom (genitive plural)
owei (dative singular)
owibom (dative dual)
owibos (dative plural)
owei (locative singular)
owī (instrumental singular)
owibim (dual instrumental)
owibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: oí


kridyom

kridyom (nominative singular)
kridyou (dual nominative)
kridyā (nominative plural)
kridyom (singular vocative)
kridyou (dual vocative)
kridyā (plural vocative)
kridyom (accusative singular)
kridyou (accusative dual)
kridyā (accusative plural)
kridyī (genitive singular)
kridyous (dual genitive)
kridyom (genitive plural)
kridyūi (dative singular)
kridyobom (dative dual)
kridyobos (dative plural)
kridyei (locative singular)
kridyū (instrumental singular)
kridyobim (dual instrumental)
kridyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krėð

Middle Breton: kreis

Breton: kreiz

Cornish: kres

Welsh: craidd

Old Irish: cride

Irish: croí

Manx: cree

Scottish Gaelic: cridhe

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥d-, weak stem of *ḱḗr.


woltos

woltos (nominative singular)
woltou (dual nominative)
woltoi (nominative plural)
wolte (singular vocative)
woltou (dual vocative)
woltoi (plural vocative)
woltom (accusative singular)
woltou (accusative dual)
woltons (accusative plural)
woltī (genitive singular)
woltous (dual genitive)
woltom (genitive plural)
woltūi (dative singular)
woltobom (dative dual)
woltobos (dative plural)
woltei (locative singular)
woltū (instrumental singular)
woltobim (dual instrumental)
woltūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwollt
Old Breton: guolt
Old Cornish: gols
Cornish: gols
Welsh: gwallt

Old Irish: folt
Irish: folt
Manx: folt
Scottish Gaelic: falt

Gaulish: uolto-, *woltos

From Proto-Indo-European *woltos (“hair”), perhaps an extension of *h₂welh₁- (“hair; wool”). Compare with English wold, Proto-Slavic *volsъ (“hair”), Lithuanian váltis (“oat awn”), Serbo-Croatian vlȃt (“ear (of wheat)”), Ancient Greek λάσιος (lásios, “hairy”).


woltākos

woltākos (nominative singular)
woltākou (dual nominative)
woltākoi (nominative plural)
woltāke (singular vocative)
woltākou (dual vocative)
woltākoi (plural vocative)
woltākom (accusative singular)
woltākou (accusative dual)
woltākons (accusative plural)
woltākī (genitive singular)
woltākous (dual genitive)
woltākom (genitive plural)
woltākūi (dative singular)
woltākobom (dative dual)
woltākobos (dative plural)
woltākū (instrumental singular)
woltākobim (dual instrumental)
woltākobis (instrumental plural)
woltākā (nominative singular)
woltākai (dual nominative)
woltākās (nominative plural)
woltākā (singular vocative)
woltākai (dual vocative)
woltākās (plural vocative)
woltākam (accusative singular)
woltākai (accusative dual)
woltākans (accusative plural)
woltākās (genitive singular)
woltākai (dative singular)
woltākābom (dative dual)
woltākābos (dative plural)
woltākābim (dual instrumental)
woltākābis (instrumental plural)
woltākom (nominative singular)
woltākā (nominative plural)
woltākom (singular vocative)
woltākā (plural vocative)
woltākā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwolltọg
Breton: gwalteg
Welsh: gwalltog

Old Irish: foltach

Irish: foltach

Manx: foltagh

Scottish Gaelic: faltach


deiwos

deiwos (nominative singular)
deiwou (dual nominative)
deiwoi (nominative plural)
deiwe (singular vocative)
deiwou (dual vocative)
deiwoi (plural vocative)
deiwom (accusative singular)
deiwou (accusative dual)
deiwons (accusative plural)
deiwī (genitive singular)
deiwous (dual genitive)
deiwom (genitive plural)
deiwūi (dative singular)
deiwobom (dative dual)
deiwobos (dative plural)
deiwei (locative singular)
deiwū (instrumental singular)
deiwobim (dual instrumental)
deiwūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *duɨw
Old Breton: *doi (in compound)
Middle Breton: doe
Breton: doue
Old Cornish: duy
Middle Cornish: dew, deu
Cornish: duw
Old Welsh: duiu
Middle Welsh: duw
Welsh: duw

Hispano-Celtic:

Celtiberian: Teiuoreikis, Deobriga

→ Galician: Deva (river name)

desc

Gaulish: *Dewognata, teuoxtonio-, Dēuos, Dēwos, Dēvona

Old Irish: día

Irish: dia, Dia, Dé

Manx: jee

Scottish Gaelic: dia


nizdos

nizdos (nominative singular)
nizdou (dual nominative)
nizdoi (nominative plural)
nizde (singular vocative)
nizdou (dual vocative)
nizdoi (plural vocative)
nizdom (accusative singular)
nizdou (accusative dual)
nizdons (accusative plural)
nizdī (genitive singular)
nizdous (dual genitive)
nizdom (genitive plural)
nizdūi (dative singular)
nizdobom (dative dual)
nizdobos (dative plural)
nizdei (locative singular)
nizdū (instrumental singular)
nizdobim (dual instrumental)
nizdūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *nɨθ
Middle Breton: nez
Breton: neizh, nezh
Old Cornish: neid
Middle Cornish: nyth
Cornish: neyth
Middle Welsh: nyth
Welsh: nyth

Old Irish: net
Irish: nead
Scottish Gaelic: nead
Manx: edd (“nest”)


kaikos

kaykos (nominative singular)
kaykou (dual nominative)
kaykoi (nominative plural)
kayke (singular vocative)
kaykou (dual vocative)
kaykoi (plural vocative)
kaykom (accusative singular)
kaykou (accusative dual)
kaykons (accusative plural)
kaykī (genitive singular)
kaykous (dual genitive)
kaykom (genitive plural)
kaykūi (dative singular)
kaykobom (dative dual)
kaykobos (dative plural)
kaykū (instrumental singular)
kaykobim (dual instrumental)
kaykobis (instrumental plural)
kaykā (nominative singular)
kaykai (dual nominative)
kaykās (nominative plural)
kaykā (singular vocative)
kaykai (dual vocative)
kaykās (plural vocative)
kaykam (accusative singular)
kaykai (accusative dual)
kaykans (accusative plural)
kaykās (genitive singular)
kaykai (dative singular)
kaykābom (dative dual)
kaykābos (dative plural)
kaykābim (dual instrumental)
kaykābis (instrumental plural)
kaykom (nominative singular)
kaykā (nominative plural)
kaykom (singular vocative)
kaykā (plural vocative)
kaykā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koɨg
Old Cornish: cuic
Cornish: koeg
Middle Welsh: coeg
Welsh: coeg

Old Irish: cáech
Irish: caoch
Manx: kyagh
Scottish Gaelic: caoch

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ikos (“one-eyed, blind”).


-atis

-atis (nominative singular)
-atī (dual nominative)
-atīs (nominative plural)
-ati (singular vocative)
-atī (dual vocative)
-atīs (plural vocative)
-atim (accusative singular)
-atī (accusative dual)
-atins (accusative plural)
-ateis (genitive singular)
-atyow (dual genitive)
-atyom (genitive plural)
-atei (dative singular)
-atibom (dative dual)
-atibos (dative plural)
-atei (locative singular)
-atī (instrumental singular)
-atibim (dual instrumental)
-atibis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: -atis

From Proto-Indo-European *-tis (abstract suffix), with the -a- being extracted from laryngeal-final roots. That abstract suffix doubling as an agent suffix is not unheard of in Indo-European.


bekkos

bekkos (nominative singular)
bekkou (dual nominative)
bekkoi (nominative plural)
bekke (singular vocative)
bekkou (dual vocative)
bekkoi (plural vocative)
bekkom (accusative singular)
bekkou (accusative dual)
bekkons (accusative plural)
bekkī (genitive singular)
bekkous (dual genitive)
bekkom (genitive plural)
bekkūi (dative singular)
bekkobom (dative dual)
bekkobos (dative plural)
bekkei (locative singular)
bekkū (instrumental singular)
bekkobim (dual instrumental)
bekkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bek

Middle Breton: bec

Breton: bek, beg

Gaulish: *bekkos

→ Latin: beccus (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly of "expressive" origin, or perhaps related to Proto-Celtic *bakkos (“hook, curved stick”), the latter possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bak- (“peg, club”).

onomatopoeic

expressive


brokkos

brokkos (nominative singular)
brokkou (dual nominative)
brokkoi (nominative plural)
brokke (singular vocative)
brokkou (dual vocative)
brokkoi (plural vocative)
brokkom (accusative singular)
brokkou (accusative dual)
brokkons (accusative plural)
brokkī (genitive singular)
brokkous (dual genitive)
brokkom (genitive plural)
brokkūi (dative singular)
brokkobom (dative dual)
brokkobos (dative plural)
brokkei (locative singular)
brokkū (instrumental singular)
brokkobim (dual instrumental)
brokkūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brox
Middle Breton: broc'h
Breton: broc'h
Old Cornish: broch
Cornish: brogh
Middle Welsh: broch
Welsh: broch

desc

Primitive Irish: ᚁᚏᚑᚉᚔ (broci, genitive)

desctree

Middle Irish: brocc
Irish: broc
Manx: brock
Scottish Gaelic: broc

Gaulish: broko-, *brokkos

→ Latin: broccus (“buck-teeth”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old English: brocc, broc
Middle English: brok
English: brock
→ Danish: brok c

Unknown. Possible cognate with Old High German braccho (“sniffer dog”), for which see Middle English rache.


bolgos

bolgos (nominative singular)
bolgou (dual nominative)
bolgoi (nominative plural)
bolge (singular vocative)
bolgou (dual vocative)
bolgoi (plural vocative)
bolgom (accusative singular)
bolgou (accusative dual)
bolgons (accusative plural)
bolgī (genitive singular)
bolgous (dual genitive)
bolgom (genitive plural)
bolgūi (dative singular)
bolgobom (dative dual)
bolgobos (dative plural)
bolgei (locative singular)
bolgū (instrumental singular)
bolgobim (dual instrumental)
bolgūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bolɣ
Middle Breton: bolc'h
Breton: bolc'h
Cornish: bolgh
Middle Welsh: boly, boliau, byly
Welsh: bol, bola

Old Irish: bolg
Irish: bolg
→⇒ Yola: wurgheere (< bhoilg)
Manx: bolg
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: bolgan
⇒ Middle Irish: saigetbolc

Gaulish: *bolgā

→ Medieval Latin: bulga
→ Old French: bouge, boulge, bolge (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰólǵʰ-o-s (“skin bag, bolster”), from *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”).


ambaxtos

ambaxtos (nominative singular)
ambaxtou (dual nominative)
ambaxtoi (nominative plural)
ambaxte (singular vocative)
ambaxtou (dual vocative)
ambaxtoi (plural vocative)
ambaxtom (accusative singular)
ambaxtou (accusative dual)
ambaxtons (accusative plural)
ambaxtī (genitive singular)
ambaxtous (dual genitive)
ambaxtom (genitive plural)
ambaxtūi (dative singular)
ambaxtobom (dative dual)
ambaxtobos (dative plural)
ambaxtei (locative singular)
ambaxtū (instrumental singular)
ambaxtobim (dual instrumental)
ambaxtūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ammaɨθ
Old Breton: ambaith
Cornish: ammeth
Middle Welsh: amaeth
Welsh: amaeth

Old Irish: amos, amsach (perhaps borrowed from Brythonic)

Irish: amhas

Gaulish: ambaxtos
→ Latin: ambactus, ambaxtus (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Germanic: *ambahtaz (see there for further descendants)

From *ambi- (“around”) + *ageti (“to drive”) + *-tos.


uɸostos

uɸostos (nominative singular)
uɸostou (dual nominative)
uɸostoi (nominative plural)
uɸoste (singular vocative)
uɸostou (dual vocative)
uɸostoi (plural vocative)
uɸostom (accusative singular)
uɸostou (accusative dual)
uɸostons (accusative plural)
uɸostī (genitive singular)
uɸostous (dual genitive)
uɸostom (genitive plural)
uɸostūi (dative singular)
uɸostobom (dative dual)
uɸostobos (dative plural)
uɸostei (locative singular)
uɸostū (instrumental singular)
uɸostobim (dual instrumental)
uɸostūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwass

Middle Breton: uuas, guas

Breton: gwaz

Cumbric: gos

Old Cornish: guas

Cornish: gwas

Old Welsh: guas

Middle Welsh: gwas

Welsh: gwas

Old Irish: foss

Scottish Gaelic: fasdadh

Gaulish: *uassos

→ Latin: Vassa (cognomen of a Brescian)

→ Late Latin: vassus

⇒ Medieval Latin: vassallus (see there for further descendants)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-ó-s (“standing beneath”), from *upó (“under”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-ós (“agent suffix”). Matasović, however, is confused at how the -o- in *uɸo- became -a- in Gaulish and Brythonic. However, Schrijver believes that in Brythonic, sequences of *wo regularly split into *wa and *wo depending on whether the *w was lenited; in this case, the vowel in the Brythonic descendants would be generalized from the lenited form. The Gaulish conversion of *wo to ua is regular.


kʷezdis

kʷezdis (nominative singular)
kʷezdī (dual nominative)
kʷezdīs (nominative plural)
kʷezdi (singular vocative)
kʷezdī (dual vocative)
kʷezdīs (plural vocative)
kʷezdim (accusative singular)
kʷezdī (accusative dual)
kʷezdins (accusative plural)
kʷezdeis (genitive singular)
kʷezdyow (dual genitive)
kʷezdyom (genitive plural)
kʷezdei (dative singular)
kʷezdibom (dative dual)
kʷezdibos (dative plural)
kʷezdei (locative singular)
kʷezdī (instrumental singular)
kʷezdibim (dual instrumental)
kʷezdibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *peθ
Middle Breton: pez
Breton: pezh
Cornish: peth, pyth
Old Welsh: ped
Middle Welsh: peth
Welsh: peth
Pictish:
→ Scottish Gaelic: pett
→ English: peat

Old Irish: cuit
Middle Irish: cuit
Irish: cuid
Manx: cooid
Scottish Gaelic: cuid

Gaulish: *pettyā

→ Latin: pettia (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate source as no Indo-European cognates appear to exist.


udenskyos

udenskyos (nominative singular)
udenskyou (dual nominative)
udenskyoi (nominative plural)
udenskye (singular vocative)
udenskyou (dual vocative)
udenskyoi (plural vocative)
udenskyom (accusative singular)
udenskyou (accusative dual)
udenskyons (accusative plural)
udenskyī (genitive singular)
udenskyous (dual genitive)
udenskyom (genitive plural)
udenskyūi (dative singular)
udenskyobom (dative dual)
udenskyobos (dative plural)
udenskyei (locative singular)
udenskyū (instrumental singular)
udenskyobim (dual instrumental)
udenskyūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: uisce
Irish: uisce, uisge (obsolete)
→ English: whiskey
Manx: ushtey
Scottish Gaelic: uisge
→ English: whisky

From a suffixed form of Proto-Indo-European *udén-, the oblique stem of *wódr̥ (“water”).

ανδοουνναβο

Proto-Celtic: *ande-udnā (“underground water”)


buggos

buggos (nominative singular)
buggou (dual nominative)
buggoi (nominative plural)
bugge (singular vocative)
buggou (dual vocative)
buggoi (plural vocative)
buggom (accusative singular)
buggou (accusative dual)
buggons (accusative plural)
buggī (genitive singular)
buggous (dual genitive)
buggom (genitive plural)
buggūi (dative singular)
buggobom (dative dual)
buggobos (dative plural)
buggū (instrumental singular)
buggobim (dual instrumental)
buggobis (instrumental plural)
buggā (nominative singular)
buggai (dual nominative)
buggās (nominative plural)
buggā (singular vocative)
buggai (dual vocative)
buggās (plural vocative)
buggam (accusative singular)
buggai (accusative dual)
buggans (accusative plural)
buggās (genitive singular)
buggai (dative singular)
buggābom (dative dual)
buggābos (dative plural)
buggābim (dual instrumental)
buggābis (instrumental plural)
buggom (nominative singular)
buggā (nominative plural)
buggom (singular vocative)
buggā (plural vocative)
buggā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: boc

Irish: bog

→ Old Breton: buc

Middle Breton: boug

Breton: bouk, boug

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”). If so, cognate with Proto-Germanic *beuganą (“to bend”), Sanskrit भुजति (bhujati, “to bend”). Matasović considers this dubious due to the unexpected gemination.


benā

benā (nominative singular)
bnai? (dual nominative)
bnās (nominative plural)
benā (singular vocative)
bnai? (dual vocative)
bnās (plural vocative)
benam (accusative singular)
bnai? (accusative dual)
bnans (accusative plural)
bnās (genitive singular)
bnous (dual genitive)
banom (genitive plural)
bnāi (dative singular)
bnābom (dative dual)
bnābos (dative plural)
bnai (locative singular)
bnābim (dual instrumental)
bnābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *ben
Old Breton: ban- (in ban-leu, ban-doiuis)
Middle Breton: e-ben
Breton: eben
Old Cornish: benen
Cornish: ben, benyn
Old Welsh: ben
Welsh: benyw, menyw

Old Irish: ben
Middle Irish: ben
Irish: bean
Manx: ben
Scottish Gaelic: bean
⇒ Middle Irish: benagán

Gaulish: benā, bnanom (genitive plural)

A re-formation of *ben (directly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn < *gʷenh₂) as a feminine ā-stem.


kagyom

kagyom (nominative singular)
kagyou (dual nominative)
kagyā (nominative plural)
kagyom (singular vocative)
kagyou (dual vocative)
kagyā (plural vocative)
kagyom (accusative singular)
kagyou (accusative dual)
kagyā (accusative plural)
kagyī (genitive singular)
kagyous (dual genitive)
kagyom (genitive plural)
kagyūi (dative singular)
kagyobom (dative dual)
kagyobos (dative plural)
kagyei (locative singular)
kagyū (instrumental singular)
kagyobim (dual instrumental)
kagyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨ

Old Breton: cai

Middle Breton: quae

Breton: kae

Cornish: ke

Middle Welsh: kay, kae

Welsh: cae

desc

Gaulish: cagiíon (attested on the Cajarc tile)

→ Medieval Latin: caium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (“enclosure”).


ānniyos

ānniyos (nominative singular)
ānniyou (dual nominative)
ānniyoi (nominative plural)
ānniye (singular vocative)
ānniyou (dual vocative)
ānniyoi (plural vocative)
ānniyom (accusative singular)
ānniyou (accusative dual)
ānniyons (accusative plural)
ānniyī (genitive singular)
ānniyous (dual genitive)
ānniyom (genitive plural)
ānniyūi (dative singular)
ānniyobom (dative dual)
ānniyobos (dative plural)
ānniyei (locative singular)
ānniyū (instrumental singular)
ānniyobim (dual instrumental)
ānniyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: áinne
Middle Irish: fáinne
Irish: fáinne
→ English: fainne, Fainne, Fáinne, fáinne, fawny, fawney, phony, phoney (British)
→ Romani: foni
Manx: fainey
Scottish Gaelic: fàinne

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂n- (“ring”). Cognate with Latin ānus (“ring, anus”) and Old Armenian անուր (anur, “ring, necklace”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₃s- (“belt, girdle”); compare Ancient Greek ζώνη (zṓnē), Old Church Slavonic (по)ꙗсъ ((po)jasŭ), Lithuanian júosta.


argantom

argantom (nominative singular)
argantou (dual nominative)
argantā (nominative plural)
argantom (singular vocative)
argantou (dual vocative)
argantā (plural vocative)
argantom (accusative singular)
argantou (accusative dual)
argantā (accusative plural)
argantī (genitive singular)
argantous (dual genitive)
argantom (genitive plural)
argantūi (dative singular)
argantobom (dative dual)
argantobos (dative plural)
argantei (locative singular)
argantū (instrumental singular)
argantobim (dual instrumental)
argantūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *arɣant
Old Breton: argant
Middle Breton: archant
Breton: arc'hant
Cornish: arghans
Old Welsh: argant
Middle Welsh: ariant
Welsh: arian

Old Irish: argat

Irish: airgead

Manx: argid

Scottish Gaelic: airgead

Gaulish: arganto-, *arganton

Celtiberian: arkanta, arkato-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (“silver”), from *h₂erǵ- (“white, brilliant”). Cognate with Latin argentum (“silver”), Sanskrit रजत (rajata, “silver”), Old Armenian արծաթ (arcatʻ, “silver”).


karros

karros (nominative singular)
karrou (dual nominative)
karroi (nominative plural)
karre (singular vocative)
karrou (dual vocative)
karroi (plural vocative)
karrom (accusative singular)
karrou (accusative dual)
karrons (accusative plural)
karrī (genitive singular)
karrous (dual genitive)
karrom (genitive plural)
karrūi (dative singular)
karrobom (dative dual)
karrobos (dative plural)
karrei (locative singular)
karrū (instrumental singular)
karrobim (dual instrumental)
karrūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *karr
Old Breton: carr
Middle Breton: carr
Breton: karr
Cornish: karr
Middle Welsh: carr
Welsh: car

Old Irish: carr

Gaulish: karró-, *karros

→ Latin: carrus, carra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós, from *ḱers- (“to run”).


karbantos

karbantos (nominative singular)
karbantou (dual nominative)
karbantoi (nominative plural)
karbante (singular vocative)
karbantou (dual vocative)
karbantoi (plural vocative)
karbantom (accusative singular)
karbantou (accusative dual)
karbantons (accusative plural)
karbantī (genitive singular)
karbantous (dual genitive)
karbantom (genitive plural)
karbantūi (dative singular)
karbantobom (dative dual)
karbantobos (dative plural)
karbantei (locative singular)
karbantū (instrumental singular)
karbantobim (dual instrumental)
karbantūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: carpat, carbat
Irish: carbad
Manx: carbyd
Scottish Gaelic: carbad
→ Proto-Brythonic: *kėrbɨd
Old Breton: cerpit
Breton: karbed
Cornish: cerpit
Middle Welsh: kerbyt
Welsh: cerbyd

Gaulish: *karbanton

→ Ancient Greek: καρβαντός (karbantós)

→ Latin: carpentum (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Gaulish: *Karbanyā

→ Latin: Carbantia

Uncertain; possibly related to *korbos (“wagon; basket”), (whence Old Irish corb (“wagon”)), though its irregular *k-bʰ root shape and a-vocalism probably point to a substrate language borrowing. Perhaps cognate with Latin corbis (“wicker-basket”) Proto-Germanic *hrepaz (“basket”) (Old Norse hrip, Old High German ref), Lithuanian krẽpšas (“basket”), kar̃bas (“basket”), Russian короб (korob, “container”).


slougos

slougos (nominative singular)
slougou (dual nominative)
slougoi (nominative plural)
slouge (singular vocative)
slougou (dual vocative)
slougoi (plural vocative)
slougom (accusative singular)
slougou (accusative dual)
slougons (accusative plural)
slougī (genitive singular)
slougous (dual genitive)
slougom (genitive plural)
slougūi (dative singular)
slougobom (dative dual)
slougobos (dative plural)
slougei (locative singular)
slougū (instrumental singular)
slougobim (dual instrumental)
slougūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉɣ
Old Breton: *lu (in toponyms)
Breton: lu
Old Cornish: luu
Cornish: lu
Middle Welsh: llu
Welsh: llu

Old Irish: slóg, slúag
Middle Irish: slúag
Classical Gaelic: sluagh
Irish: slua, sluagh (superseded)
→ English: slew
Scottish Gaelic: sluagh
Manx: sleih

Gaulish: *slugi

From Proto-Indo-European *slowgʰos, *slowgos (“entourage”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sluga (“servant”) (compare Old Church Slavonic слоуга (sluga)), Lithuanian slaugà (“servitude”).


īsarnom

īsarnom (nominative singular)
īsarnou (dual nominative)
īsarnā (nominative plural)
īsarnom (singular vocative)
īsarnou (dual vocative)
īsarnā (plural vocative)
īsarnom (accusative singular)
īsarnou (accusative dual)
īsarnā (accusative plural)
īsarnī (genitive singular)
īsarnous (dual genitive)
īsarnom (genitive plural)
īsarnūi (dative singular)
īsarnobom (dative dual)
īsarnobos (dative plural)
īsarnei (locative singular)
īsarnū (instrumental singular)
īsarnobim (dual instrumental)
īsarnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hijarn (< *hiarno- < *iharno- by metathesis)

Old Breton: hoiarn

Middle Breton: houarnn

Breton: houarn

Old Cornish: hoern

Cornish: horn

Middle Welsh: haearn

Welsh: haearn

Old Irish: íarn

Irish: iarann

Manx: yiarn

Scottish Gaelic: iarann

Gaulish: Isarnus (proper name)

→ Proto-Germanic: *īsarną (see there for further descendants)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēsh₂r̥no- (“bloody, red”), from *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), but the long ē (which regularly became ī in Proto-Celtic) is unexplained. A connection with *ish₂ros (“supernatural, holy”) (compare Ancient Greek ἱερός (hierós, “supernatural, holy”), Sanskrit इषिर (iṣira, “refreshing”)) is also possible, though here too the long ī (which is confirmed by the Proto-Germanic loanword *īsarną) is unexplained.


bandā

bandā (nominative singular)
bandai (dual nominative)
bandās (nominative plural)
bandā (singular vocative)
bandai (dual vocative)
bandās (plural vocative)
bandam (accusative singular)
bandai (accusative dual)
bandāns (accusative plural)
bandās (genitive singular)
bandous (dual genitive)
bandom (genitive plural)
bandāi (dative singular)
bandābom (dative dual)
bandābos (dative plural)
bandai (locative singular)
bandābim (dual instrumental)
bandābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *bann
Middle Breton: ban
Breton: bann
Cornish: ban
Middle Welsh: bann
Welsh: ban

Old Irish: benn

Irish: beann, binn

Manx: beinn

Scottish Gaelic: beann

Gaulish: benn-, *bannā

Old Occitan:

Catalan: banya; banyut

Occitan: bana

Galician: beán

From Proto-Indo-European *bn̥dʰéh₂, from zero-grade form of *bendʰ- (“pin, point”). Cognate with Old English pinn (“pin, peg, bolt”).


srognā

srognā (nominative singular)
srognai (dual nominative)
srognās (nominative plural)
srognā (singular vocative)
srognai (dual vocative)
srognās (plural vocative)
srognam (accusative singular)
srognai (accusative dual)
srognāns (accusative plural)
srognās (genitive singular)
srognous (dual genitive)
srognom (genitive plural)
srognāi (dative singular)
srognābom (dative dual)
srognābos (dative plural)
srognai (locative singular)
srognābim (dual instrumental)
srognābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *froɨn
Old Breton: fron
Middle Breton: froan, fron
Breton: froen (“nostril”)
Middle Welsh: ffroen
Welsh: ffroen

Old Irish: srón
Irish: srón
Manx: stroin
Scottish Gaelic: sròn

Gaulish: *srognā
→ Old French: froigner, frogner
→ Middle English: frounen
English: frown
⇒ Old French: enfrogner
→ Catalan: enfurrunyar
→ Galician: enfurruñar
→ Spanish: enfurruñar

>? Proto-Celtic: *trognī-

⇒ Gaulish: trugna

→ French: trogne

→ Vivaro-Alpine: tronha

→ Piedmontese: dorgna, drogno

From Proto-Indo-European *sregʰ- (“snore”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ῥέγχος (rhénkhos, “snoring”), Old Armenian ռունգն (ṙungn, “nose”). See also Ancient Greek ῥύγχος (rhúnkhos, “snout”).


baskis

baskis (nominative singular)
baskī (dual nominative)
baskīs (nominative plural)
baski (singular vocative)
baskī (dual vocative)
baskīs (plural vocative)
baskim (accusative singular)
baskī (accusative dual)
baskins (accusative plural)
baskeis (genitive singular)
baskyow (dual genitive)
baskyom (genitive plural)
baskei (dative singular)
baskibom (dative dual)
baskibos (dative plural)
baskei (locative singular)
baskī (instrumental singular)
baskibim (dual instrumental)
baskibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: bech

Breton: bec'h

Middle Welsh: beich

Welsh: baich

Cornish: begh

desc

→ Late Latin: bascauda (“kettle, table-vessel”)

Old French: baschoe, (North) bascat

French: bâche, dial. bâchot, bachou

→ English: basket

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Arabic: فَشْقَار (fašqār, “a heap of sheaves”), فَشْقَر (fašqar)

→ Aragonese: fascal (“a heap of sheaves, a bundle of six sheaves; nautical: a wisp of plaits of raw esparto from which cables are made”), fascar

→ Galician: vascullo (“a bundle of straw; broom”), bascallo, bascullo, vascallo, vasallo

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (“bundle”), which may derive from a non-Indo-European source. Cognate with Latin fascis (“bundle, faggot”), and perhaps Ancient Greek φάσκωλος (pháskōlos, “leathern bag, sack”), Albanian bashkë (“fleece”).


wlanā

wlanā (nominative singular)
wlanai (dual nominative)
wlanās (nominative plural)
wlanā (singular vocative)
wlanai (dual vocative)
wlanās (plural vocative)
wlanam (accusative singular)
wlanai (accusative dual)
wlanāns (accusative plural)
wlanās (genitive singular)
wlanous (dual genitive)
wlanom (genitive plural)
wlanāi (dative singular)
wlanābom (dative dual)
wlanābos (dative plural)
wlanai (locative singular)
wlanābim (dual instrumental)
wlanābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwlan
Middle Breton: glan, gloan
Breton: gloan
Old Cornish: gluan
Middle Cornish: glan, glawn
Cornish: gwlan
Old Welsh: gulan
Middle Welsh: gwlan
Welsh: gwlân

from sandhi variant <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*ulanā</i>

Old Irish: olann (from sandhi variant *ulanā)
Irish: olann
Scottish Gaelic: olann
Manx: ollan

Gaulish: *wlanā

→ Old French: flaine, floene

→ Old French: flanelle (diminutive)

Norman: flianné

→ Middle English: flaunneol

English: flannel

→ French: flanelle (reborrowing)

→ Catalan: franel·la

→ German: Flanell

→ Italian: flanella

→ Portuguese: flanela

→ Spanish: franela

→ Swedish: flanell

→ Middle English: flanyn


bruseti

brusū (active first-person present singular)
brusemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
brusesi (active present second-person singular)
brusetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bruseti (active present singular third-person)
bruseto (active imperfect singular third-person)
brusomosi (active first-person plural present)
brusemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
brusetesi (active plural present second-person)
brusestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
brusonti (active plural present third-person)
brusento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bruse (active imperative second-person singular)
brusetou (active imperative singular third-person)
brusomos (active first-person imperative plural)
brusete (active imperative plural second-person)
brusontou (active imperative plural third-person)
brusūr (first-person passive present singular)
brusetar (passive present second-person singular)
brusetor (passive present singular third-person)
brusommor (first-person passive plural present)
brusedwe (passive plural present second-person)
brusontor (passive plural present third-person)
brusonts (nominative singular)
brusonte (dual nominative)
brusontes (nominative plural)
brusonts (singular vocative)
brusonte (dual vocative)
brusontes (plural vocative)
brusontam (accusative singular)
brusonte (accusative dual)
brusontans (accusative plural)
brusantos (genitive singular)
brusantom (genitive plural)
brusantei (dative singular)
brusantbom (dative dual)
brusantbos (dative plural)
brusantī? (instrumental singular)
brusantbim (dual instrumental)
brusantbis (instrumental plural)
brusantī (nominative singular)
brusantī (dual nominative)
brusantiyās (nominative plural)
brusantī (singular vocative)
brusantī (dual vocative)
brusantiyās (plural vocative)
brusantīm (accusative singular)
brusantī (accusative dual)
brusantiyans (accusative plural)
brusantyās (genitive singular)
brusantyom (genitive plural)
brusantyāi (dative singular)
brusantyābom (dative dual)
brusantyābos (dative plural)
brusantyābim (dual instrumental)
brusantyābis (instrumental plural)
brusont (nominative singular)
brusonta (nominative plural)
brusont (singular vocative)
brusonta (plural vocative)
brusont (accusative singular)
brusonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: brew

Welsh: briw

Old Irish: bruïd

Gaulish: *brus-

→ Anglo-Norman: bruiser, bruser

→ Middle English: bruisen, brusen (partially)

English: bruise

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to break”). Related to Latin frustum (“bit, scrap”), Proto-Germanic *brausijaną (compare Old English brȳsan, brīesan (“to crush”)), Proto-Albanian *brauša (compare Albanian breshër (“hail”)).


uɸoreidos

uɸoreidos (nominative singular)
uɸoreidou (dual nominative)
uɸoreidoi (nominative plural)
uɸoreide (singular vocative)
uɸoreidou (dual vocative)
uɸoreidoi (plural vocative)
uɸoreidom (accusative singular)
uɸoreidou (accusative dual)
uɸoreidons (accusative plural)
uɸoreidī (genitive singular)
uɸoreidous (dual genitive)
uɸoreidom (genitive plural)
uɸoreidūi (dative singular)
uɸoreidobom (dative dual)
uɸoreidobos (dative plural)
uɸoreidei (locative singular)
uɸoreidū (instrumental singular)
uɸoreidobim (dual instrumental)
uɸoreidūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gworuɨð
Middle Welsh: gorwyð
Welsh: gorwydd

Gaulish: *werēdos

→ Late Latin: verēdus; ⇒ paraverēdus (see there for further descendants)

Hispano-Celtic:

→? Galician: verea (or derived from Late Latin verēdus)

→? Portuguese: vereda (or derived from Late Latin verēdus)

→? Spanish: vereda (or derived from Late Latin verēdus)

From *uɸo- (“under”) + *reidos (“ride, chariot”), the latter from *reideti (“to ride, move”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to ride, move”). Related to Proto-Germanic *rīdaną (“to ride”) (whence English ride).


kladiwos

kladiwos (nominative singular)
kladiwou (dual nominative)
kladiwoi (nominative plural)
kladiwe (singular vocative)
kladiwou (dual vocative)
kladiwoi (plural vocative)
kladiwom (accusative singular)
kladiwou (accusative dual)
kladiwons (accusative plural)
kladiwī (genitive singular)
kladiwous (dual genitive)
kladiwom (genitive plural)
kladiwūi (dative singular)
kladiwobom (dative dual)
kladiwobos (dative plural)
kladiwei (locative singular)
kladiwū (instrumental singular)
kladiwobim (dual instrumental)
kladiwūis (instrumental plural)

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: claideb
Middle Irish: claidem
Irish: claíomh, claidheamh
Manx: cliwe
Scottish Gaelic: claidheamh

→ Proto-Brythonic: *klėðɨβ̃

Middle Breton: clezeff

Breton: klezeñv, kleze

Middle Cornish: clethe

Cornish: kledha

Middle Welsh: cledyf

Welsh: cleddyf, cleddydd

Gaulish: *kladyos

→ Latin: gladius (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kladivo

Czech: kladivo

Serbo-Croatian: kladivo

Slovak: kladivo

Slovene: kladivo


bostā

bostā (nominative singular)
bostai (dual nominative)
bostās (nominative plural)
bostā (singular vocative)
bostai (dual vocative)
bostās (plural vocative)
bostam (accusative singular)
bostai (accusative dual)
bostāns (accusative plural)
bostās (genitive singular)
bostous (dual genitive)
bostom (genitive plural)
bostāi (dative singular)
bostābom (dative dual)
bostābos (dative plural)
bostai (locative singular)
bostābim (dual instrumental)
bostābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bos
Middle Breton: boz
Breton: boz
Old Welsh: bos
Middle Welsh: bos
Welsh: bos

Old Irish: bas, bos
Irish: bos, bas
→ Yola: baush, bash
Manx: bass
Scottish Gaelic: bas

Gaulish: *bostyā

→ Medieval Latin: bostia (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷosdeh₂, from *gʷésdos (“branch”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *kwastō (compare Old English cwist (“branch”), Old High German questa (“tuft”), Old Norse kvistr (“twig”)), Proto-Slavic *gvozdь (compare Czech hvozd (“forest”), Slovene gòzd (“forest”), Russian гвоздь (gvozdʹ, “nail”)), Proto-Albanian *gazda (compare Albanian gjeth (“leaf”)).


ulkos

ulkos (nominative singular)
ulkou (dual nominative)
ulkoi (nominative plural)
ulke (singular vocative)
ulkou (dual vocative)
ulkoi (plural vocative)
ulkom (accusative singular)
ulkou (accusative dual)
ulkons (accusative plural)
ulkī (genitive singular)
ulkous (dual genitive)
ulkom (genitive plural)
ulkūi (dative singular)
ulkobom (dative dual)
ulkobos (dative plural)
ulkei (locative singular)
ulkū (instrumental singular)
ulkobim (dual instrumental)
ulkūis (instrumental plural)
*lukos (alternative)

Goidelic:

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚒᚂᚉᚐᚌᚅᚔ (ulcagni)

Old Irish: olc (“bad”), olcc, elc, Olc (in names of mythological figures), ⇒ Olcán
Irish: olc
Manx: olk
Scottish Gaelic: olc

Lepontic: 𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔 (ulkos)

According to McCone, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”).
* The odd resyllabification to *ulk(ʷ)os is paralleled by Old Irish olann (< *wlanā).
* The loss of labialization in the velar stop (guaranteed by Lepontic, which is P-Celtic, in addition to this term never being spelled with q in Ogham) may be a dissimilation against the initial *w ~ u.
* The meaning "bad" in Irish could have been derived from pejorative comparison to wolves, or through a taboo association.
Stifter and Höfler adopt a different semantic derivation to McCone, given how Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) may be originally a deadjectivally accent-retracted substantivization of *wl̥kʷós (“harmful”); the adjective "bad" would simply instead be a survival of this base adjective into Irish.
MacBain's derivation of the Goidelic words for "bad" from Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ- (compare Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”), whence also Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz (“bad, evil”), Latin ulcus (“wound, sore”), Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound, ulcer”), Sanskrit अर्श (arśa, “hemorrhoids”)) does not work because it cannot account for the -u- in Celtic.


rūskos

ruskos (nominative singular)
ruskou (dual nominative)
ruskoi (nominative plural)
ruske (singular vocative)
ruskou (dual vocative)
ruskoi (plural vocative)
ruskom (accusative singular)
ruskou (accusative dual)
ruskons (accusative plural)
ruskī (genitive singular)
ruskous (dual genitive)
ruskom (genitive plural)
ruskūi (dative singular)
ruskobom (dative dual)
ruskobos (dative plural)
ruskei (locative singular)
ruskū (instrumental singular)
ruskobim (dual instrumental)
ruskūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrisk

Middle Breton: rusquenn

desc

Breton: rusk (“bark”), ruskenn (“beehive”)

Old Cornish: rusc

Middle Cornish: risc

Cornish: rusk

Middle Welsh: risgl

Welsh: rhisgl, rhisg

Old Irish: rúsc

Irish: rúsc

Manx: roost

Scottish Gaelic: rùsg

Gaulish: rusca

→ Medieval Latin: rusca (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from earlier *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, to stir”). Cognate with Latin runcō (“to grub, weed”), Ancient Greek ὀρύσσω (orússō, “to dig, grub”), Sanskrit लुञ्चति (luñcati, “to pluck”). Related to Irish rúam (“spade, shovel”).


kurmi

kurmi (nominative singular)
kurmī (dual nominative)
kurmyā (nominative plural)
kurmi (singular vocative)
kurmī (dual vocative)
kurmyā (plural vocative)
kurmi (accusative singular)
kurmī (accusative dual)
kurmyā (accusative plural)
kurmois (genitive singular)
kurmois (dual genitive)
kurmyom (genitive plural)
kurmei (dative singular)
kurmibom (dative dual)
kurmibos (dative plural)
kurmei (locative singular)
kurmī (instrumental singular)
kurmibim (dual instrumental)
kurmibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kurβ̃

Middle Breton: coref

Breton: korev

Old Cornish: coruf

Middle Cornish: coref

Cornish: korev

Old Welsh: curum

Middle Welsh: cwrwf

Welsh: cwrw

Proto-Brythonic: *kürβ̃ėsi

desctree

Old Irish: cuirm
Irish: coirm
Scottish Gaelic: cuirm

desc

Gaulish: curmi, curmí, κόρμα (kórma), κούρμι (koúrmi)

q

⇒ Gaulish: *kurmēsyā (+ *-ēsyā, apparently with /m/ > /β̃ ~ w̃/ mutation)

desc

→ Latin: cervēsa, cervēsia, cervisa, cervisia [77–79 CE] (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Often connected with Latin cremor (“thick juice made by boiling grain”), Sanskrit करम्भ (karambha, “barley porridge, soup, mixture”), Russian корм (korm, “food”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *kremH- (“to burn”).


tarwos

tarwos (nominative singular)
tarwou (dual nominative)
tarwoi (nominative plural)
tarwe (singular vocative)
tarwou (dual vocative)
tarwoi (plural vocative)
tarwom (accusative singular)
tarwou (accusative dual)
tarwons (accusative plural)
tarwī (genitive singular)
tarwous (dual genitive)
tarwom (genitive plural)
tarwūi (dative singular)
tarwobom (dative dual)
tarwobos (dative plural)
tarwei (locative singular)
tarwū (instrumental singular)
tarwobim (dual instrumental)
tarwūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tarw
Old Breton: taruu
Middle Breton: taru
Breton: tarw, tarv
Old Cornish: tarow
Cornish: tarow
Middle Welsh: tarw
Welsh: tarw

Old Irish: tarb
Irish: tarbh
Manx: tarroo
Scottish Gaelic: tarbh
→ Old Norse: tarfr
Icelandic: tarfur m
Faroese: tarvur m

Gaulish: taruos

From an early form *tawros, with metathesis of -wr- to -rw-; from Proto-Indo-European *táwros (“wild bull, aurochs”).


tarankyos

tarankyos (nominative singular)
tarankyou (dual nominative)
tarankyoi (nominative plural)
tarankye (singular vocative)
tarankyou (dual vocative)
tarankyoi (plural vocative)
tarankyom (accusative singular)
tarankyou (accusative dual)
tarankyons (accusative plural)
tarankyī (genitive singular)
tarankyous (dual genitive)
tarankyom (genitive plural)
tarankyūi (dative singular)
tarankyobom (dative dual)
tarankyobos (dative plural)
tarankyei (locative singular)
tarankyū (instrumental singular)
tarankyobim (dual instrumental)
tarankyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Middle Irish: tairnge
Irish: tairne
Scottish Gaelic: tàirnge, tàirng, tarrang, tarrag

Gaulish: *tarankā

→ Vulgar Latin: *taranca (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to drill, rub”).

der

nail (“spike-shaped metal fastener used for joining wood or similar materials”)


brigā

brigā (nominative singular)
brigai (dual nominative)
brigās (nominative plural)
brigā (singular vocative)
brigai (dual vocative)
brigās (plural vocative)
brigam (accusative singular)
brigai (accusative dual)
brigāns (accusative plural)
brigās (genitive singular)
brigous (dual genitive)
brigom (genitive plural)
brigāi (dative singular)
brigābom (dative dual)
brigābos (dative plural)
brigai (locative singular)
brigābim (dual instrumental)
brigābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *breɣ
Middle Cornish: bre
Cornish: bre
Middle Breton: bre
Breton: bre
Middle Welsh: bre
Welsh: bre

Gaulish: *brigā
French: Brie
⇒ French: brie
→ English: brie
→ Esperanto: brio
→ Persian: بری (beri)
→⇒ Latin: Eburobriga

→⇒ Latin: Abobriga

→⇒ Latin: Arabriga

→⇒ Latin: Arcobriga

→⇒ Latin: Augustobriga

→⇒ Latin: Caetobriga

→⇒ Latin: Conimbriga

→⇒ Latin: Flaviobriga

→⇒ Latin: Ierabriga

→⇒ Latin: Juliobriga

→⇒ Latin: Lacobriga

→⇒ Latin: Langobriga

→⇒ Latin: Medubriga

→⇒ Latin: Merobriga

→⇒ Latin: Nemetobriga

→⇒ Latin: Nertobriga

→⇒ Latin: Segobriga

→⇒ Latin: Talabriga

→⇒ Latin: Tongobriga

→⇒ Latin: Turobriga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥ǵʰ-éh₂, thematized from *bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és (“something high up, fortified”), whence also *brixs.


-īnos

-īnos (nominative singular)
-īnou (dual nominative)
-īnoi (nominative plural)
-īne (singular vocative)
-īnou (dual vocative)
-īnoi (plural vocative)
-īnom (accusative singular)
-īnou (accusative dual)
-īnons (accusative plural)
-īnī (genitive singular)
-īnous (dual genitive)
-īnom (genitive plural)
-īnūi (dative singular)
-īnobom (dative dual)
-īnobos (dative plural)
-īnū (instrumental singular)
-īnobim (dual instrumental)
-īnobis (instrumental plural)
-īnā (nominative singular)
-īnai (dual nominative)
-īnās (nominative plural)
-īnā (singular vocative)
-īnai (dual vocative)
-īnās (plural vocative)
-īnam (accusative singular)
-īnai (accusative dual)
-īnans (accusative plural)
-īnās (genitive singular)
-īnai (dative singular)
-īnābom (dative dual)
-īnābos (dative plural)
-īnābim (dual instrumental)
-īnābis (instrumental plural)
-īnom (nominative singular)
-īnā (nominative plural)
-īnom (singular vocative)
-īnā (plural vocative)
-īnā (accusative plural)
*-inos (alternative)
*-enos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *-in

Welsh: -in

Of or pertaining to; -ine; usually indicates a relationship of position, possession, or origin.


-ākos

-ākos (nominative singular)
-ākou (dual nominative)
-ākoi (nominative plural)
-āke (singular vocative)
-ākou (dual vocative)
-ākoi (plural vocative)
-ākom (accusative singular)
-ākou (accusative dual)
-ākons (accusative plural)
-ākī (genitive singular)
-ākous (dual genitive)
-ākom (genitive plural)
-ākūi (dative singular)
-ākobom (dative dual)
-ākobos (dative plural)
-ākū (instrumental singular)
-ākobim (dual instrumental)
-ākobis (instrumental plural)
-ākā (nominative singular)
-ākai (dual nominative)
-ākās (nominative plural)
-ākā (singular vocative)
-ākai (dual vocative)
-ākās (plural vocative)
-ākam (accusative singular)
-ākai (accusative dual)
-ākans (accusative plural)
-ākās (genitive singular)
-ākai (dative singular)
-ākābom (dative dual)
-ākābos (dative plural)
-ākābim (dual instrumental)
-ākābis (instrumental plural)
-ākom (nominative singular)
-ākā (nominative plural)
-ākom (singular vocative)
-ākā (plural vocative)
-ākā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: -ach
Middle Irish: -ach
Irish: -ach
Manx: -agh
Scottish Gaelic: -ach

From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂- + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos. Cognate with Latin -ācus, -īcus, Ancient Greek -ακός (-akós), -ικός (-ikós), Proto-Germanic *-agaz, Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ, Sanskrit -कस (-kasa), -शस (-śasa).

Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of "involved with, belonging to, having".


-ākos

-ākos (nominative singular)
-ākou (dual nominative)
-ākoi (nominative plural)
-āke (singular vocative)
-ākou (dual vocative)
-ākoi (plural vocative)
-ākom (accusative singular)
-ākou (accusative dual)
-ākons (accusative plural)
-ākī (genitive singular)
-ākous (dual genitive)
-ākom (genitive plural)
-ākūi (dative singular)
-ākobom (dative dual)
-ākobos (dative plural)
-ākei (locative singular)
-ākū (instrumental singular)
-ākobim (dual instrumental)
-ākūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ọg
Old Breton: -oc
Middle Breton: -ec
Breton: -ek, -eg
Old Cornish: -oc
Middle Cornish: -ec
Cornish: -ek
Old Welsh: -auc
Middle Welsh: -awc, -awg
Welsh: -og
→ Old Irish: -óc
Irish: -óg
Manx: -ag
Scottish Gaelic: -ag

Substantivisation of the above adjective suffix. Functionally cognate with Proto-Slavic *-akъ.

Forms nouns indicating a person involved with, belonging to or having.


wailannā

wailannā (nominative singular)
wailannai (dual nominative)
wailannās (nominative plural)
wailannā (singular vocative)
wailannai (dual vocative)
wailannās (plural vocative)
wailannam (accusative singular)
wailannai (accusative dual)
wailannāns (accusative plural)
wailannās (genitive singular)
wailannous (dual genitive)
wailannom (genitive plural)
wailannāi (dative singular)
wailannābom (dative dual)
wailannābos (dative plural)
wailannai (locative singular)
wailannābim (dual instrumental)
wailannābis (instrumental plural)
*weilannā (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwuɨlann (< *weilannā)

Old Breton: guilannou (plural)

Middle Breton: goelann

Breton: gouelan

→ Middle French: gaellans, goilant

French: goéland

→ Middle English: gulle

English: gull, seagull

Old Cornish: guilan

→ Cornish: golan (semi-learned)

Middle Welsh: gwylan

Welsh: gwylan

Goidelic:

Old Irish: foílenn

Middle Irish: faílenn
Irish: faoileán, faoileog
Manx: foillan, foilleig, fooilleig
Scottish Gaelic: faoileann, faoileag

PIE word
 *wáy
Schrijver explains as "the wailer", from Proto-Indo-European *wai. For a similar formation compare *wailos (“wolf”, literally “wailer, howler”). However the suffix is still uncertain. Ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


Boudīkā

Bowdīkā (nominative singular)
Bowdīkā (singular vocative)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *Bʉðig
Breton: Budic
Welsh: Buddug

Gaulish: *Boudīkā

→ Latin: Boudicca, Boadicea

→ English: Boudica

From *boudīkos (“victorious”) (compare Welsh buddug (“victorious”)), from *boudi (“booty, victory”) + *-ākos.


Komgeistlos

Komgeistlos (nominative singular)
Komgeistle (singular vocative)
Komgeistlom (accusative singular)
Komgeistlī (genitive singular)
Komgeistlūi (dative singular)
Komgeistlei (locative singular)
Komgeistlū (instrumental singular)

Gaulish: Congeistlus

Old Irish: Comgell

Irish: Comhghall

From *kom- (“with”) + *geistlos (“surety, pledge, hostage”).


Wirogustus

Wirogustus (nominative singular)
Wirogustu (singular vocative)
Wirogustum (accusative singular)
Wirogustous (genitive singular)
Wirogustou (dative singular)
Wirogustū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Gwɨroɣust
Old Welsh: Gurgust, Gorust
Welsh: Gwrwst

Pictish: Uurgust

Primitive Irish: ᚃᚓᚏᚌᚑᚄᚑ (vergoso)

Old Irish: Fergus

Irish: Fearghas

Scottish Gaelic: Fearghas

From *wiros (“man”) + *gustus (“excellence, force”).


Kʷennowindos

Kʷennowindos (nominative singular)
Kʷennowinde (singular vocative)
Kʷennowindom (accusative singular)
Kʷennowindī (genitive singular)
Kʷennowindūi (dative singular)
Kʷennowindei (locative singular)
Kʷennowindū (instrumental singular)

Old Irish: Cennfinn

Irish: Ceannfhionn

desctree

ᚊᚓᚅᚑᚃᚓᚅᚇᚐᚌᚅᚔ

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚊᚓᚅᚑᚃᚓᚅᚇᚐᚌᚅᚔ (qenovendagni)
Old Irish: Cennfinnán

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: Penven

desc

Πεννοουινδος

Gaulish: Πεννοουινδος (Pennowindos)

Gaulish: *Pennowindos

→ Latin: Penvennum

From *kʷennom (“head”) + *windos (“white”).


Kengetorīxs

Kengetorīxs (nominative singular)
Kengetorīxs (singular vocative)
Kengetorīgos (genitive singular)
Kengetorīgi (locative singular)

Brythonic:

Latin: Cingetorix

Gaulish: Cingetorix

From *kengets (“warrior”) + *rīxs (“king”).


Kunowalos

Kunowalos (nominative singular)
Kunowalom (accusative singular)
Kunowalūi (dative singular)
Kunowalei (locative singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Kunowal
Old Breton: Conuual
Old Welsh: Congual, Cingual
Middle Welsh: Cynwal, Gynwal
Welsh: Cynwal
→ Latin: Cunovalī (gen.) [533-566 CE]

desc

Primitive Irish: ᚉᚆᚅᚑᚆᚐᚂᚔ (Cunouali, gen.)

Old Irish: Conall

Irish: Conall

→ English: Connell, Connel

Manx: Conall

Scottish Gaelic: Conall

From *kuno-, stem of *kū (“dog”) + *walos (“prince, chief”).


Karatākos

Karatākos (nominative singular)
Karatākom (accusative singular)
Karatākūi (dative singular)
Karatākei (locative singular)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *Karadọg
Breton: Karadeg
Middle Welsh: Caratawc
Welsh: Caradog
→ Latin: Caratacus, Caractacus
→ Old English: Cerdic

Primitive Irish: ᚉᚐᚏᚏᚈᚈᚐᚉᚉ (carrttacc)

Irish: Carthach

⇒ Irish: Mac Carthaigh
English: McCarthy, Mc Carthy, Mccarthy, MacCarthy, Mac Carthy, Maccarthy, M'Carthy, MaCarthy, Macarthy, Carthy, McCarty

From *karatākos (“beloved, pleasing”), from *karatus (“love”) + *-ākos. Cognate with Latin carus (“beloved”).


Kartimandwā

Kartimandwā (nominative singular)
Kartimandwā (singular vocative)
Kartimandwam (accusative singular)
Kartimandwās (genitive singular)
Kartimandwāi (dative singular)
Kartimandwai (locative singular)

Latin: Cartimandua, Cartismandua

From *kartati (“to drive out, expel”) + *mandwos (“pony”).


Korobilyos

Korobilyos (nominative singular)
Korobilye (singular vocative)
Korobilyom (accusative singular)
Korobilyī (genitive singular)
Korobilyūi (dative singular)
Korobilyei (locative singular)
Korobilyū (instrumental singular)

Brythonic:

Brytho-Latin: Carvilius, Carbilius

Gaulish:

Gallo-Latin: Corobilius, Corobilla

Uncertain. Perhaps from *karos (“dear, beloved”) + *belyos (“tree”).


Tankorīxs

Tankorīxs (nominative singular)
Tankorīxs (singular vocative)
Tankorīgos (genitive singular)
Tankorīgi (locative singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Tankoriɣ
→ Brytho-Latin: Tancorix [400-599 CE]

Gaulish: Tankorīx

From *tankos (“peace”) + *rīxs (“king”).


Dagorīxs

Dagorīxs (nominative singular)
Dagorīxs (singular vocative)
Dagorīgos (genitive singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *Daɣüriɣ

>? Latin: Daari

Gaulish: Dagorix


Wirogalos

Wirogalos (nominative singular)
Wirogalom (accusative singular)
Wirogalūi (dative singular)
Wirogalei (locative singular)

Brythonic: *Gwɨroɣal
Old Breton: Uuruual, Uurgual
Middle Breton: Gurgual
Old Welsh: Guruol, Guorguol, Gurguol
Middle Welsh: Gurgal

Old Irish: Fergal

Irish: Fearghal

Gaulish: *Wirogalos

From *wiros (“man”) + *galā (“valour, ability”).


Wirognāwos

Wirognāwos (nominative singular)
Wirognāwe (singular vocative)
Wirognāwom (accusative singular)
Wirognāwī (genitive singular)
Wirognāwūi (dative singular)
Wirognāwei (locative singular)
Wirognāwū (instrumental singular)

Brythonic: *Gwɨroɣnọw
→ Brytho-Latin: Uirognous

Old Irish: Fergnae

From *wiros (“man”) + *gnāwos (“knowledge”).


Dubnowalos

Dubnowalos (nominative singular)
Dubnowale (singular vocative)
Dubnowalom (accusative singular)
Dubnowalī (genitive singular)
Dubnowalūi (dative singular)
Dubnowalei (locative singular)
Dubnowalū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Duβnowal
Breton: (possibly) Dunvel
Old Welsh: Dumnagual [10th c. AD]
Middle Welsh: Dyuynwal, Dyvynwal, Dyfynwal
Welsh: Dyfnwal

Old Irish: Domnall

Irish: Domhnall, Dónall

Scottish Gaelic: Dòmhnall

→ Old English: Dufenal

desc

Medieval Latin: Donvaldus, Donivaldus, Donaldus, Dubnovaldus

→ English: Donald

→ Faroese: Dunaldur

From *dubnos (“world”) + *walos (“prince, chief”).


Dubnogenos

Duβnogenos (nominative singular)
Duβnogenom (accusative singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Duβnoɣen
Welsh: Dyfnien
→ Brytho-Latin: Dumnogeni

desc

Primitive Irish: ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚓᚅ (domngen), ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚔᚅᚅ (domnginn)

Old Irish: Domaingen

From *dubnos (“world”) + *genos (“born; family”).


Katutigernos

Katutigernos (nominative singular)
Katutigerne (singular vocative)
Katutigernom (accusative singular)
Katutigernī (genitive singular)
Katutigernūi (dative singular)
Katutigernei (locative singular)
Katutigernū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Kadüdɨɣern
Old Welsh: Categern, Catigern
Middle Welsh: Cattegirn
Welsh: Cadeyrn

Gaulish: *Katutigernos

Gallo-Latin: Catutigernus

From *katus (“battle”) + *tigernos (“lord, master”).


Toutorīxs

Toutorīxs (nominative singular)
Toutorīxs (singular vocative)
Toutorīgos (genitive singular)
Toutorīgi (locative singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Tʉdür
Old Welsh: Tutir (from the nominative), Tutri (from the accusative)
Welsh: Tudur
English: Tudor

Gaulish: Toutorix

Latin: Tudorex

From *toutā (“people, tribe”) + *rīxs (“king”). Equivalent to Proto-Germanic *Þeudarīks.


Uɸortigernos

Uɸortigernos (nominative singular)
Uɸortigerne (singular vocative)
Uɸortigernom (accusative singular)
Uɸortigernī (genitive singular)
Uɸortigernūi (dative singular)
Uɸortigernei (locative singular)
Uɸortigernū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Gworθɨɣern
Old Breton: Guorthigern
Breton: Gourziern
Old Welsh: Guorthigirn
Middle Welsh: Gwrtheyrn
Welsh: Gwrtheyrn
→ Old English: Wyrtġeorn [9th c. CE]
→ Latin: Vortigernus, Gurthigernus [5th–6th c. CE?], Vertigernus [725 CE], Uvertigernus [9th c. CE], Vurtigernus
→ English: Vortigern

desc

Primitive Irish: ᚃᚑᚏᚈᚔᚌᚒᚏᚅ (vortigurn), ᚃᚑᚏᚏᚈᚔᚌᚒᚏᚅ (vorrtigurn)

Old Irish: Foirtchern

From *uɸer- (“over”) + *tigernos (“lord, master”).


Esugenos

Esugenos (nominative singular)
Esugenom (accusative singular)

Gaulish: Esugeni

Perhaps from *esus (“good”) + *genos (“born; family”) (compare Ancient Greek Εὐγένιος (Eugénios), Sanskrit सुजन (sujana)). First element alternatively from *Aysus, *Esus of uncertain theonym meaning.


kulis

kulis (nominative singular)
kulī (dual nominative)
kulīs (nominative plural)
kuli (singular vocative)
kulī (dual vocative)
kulīs (plural vocative)
kulim (accusative singular)
kulī (accusative dual)
kulins (accusative plural)
kuleis (genitive singular)
kulyow (dual genitive)
kulyom (genitive plural)
kulei (dative singular)
kulibom (dative dual)
kulibos (dative plural)
kulei (locative singular)
kulī (instrumental singular)
kulibim (dual instrumental)
kulibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: (pluralized)

Middle Breton: quelyen

Breton: kelien

Middle Welsh: kylyon

Welsh: cylion

Cornish: kelyon

desctree

Old Irish: cuil
Middle Irish: cuil, cuileóc
Irish: cuil, cuileog
Manx: quill, quaillag
Scottish Gaelic: cuileag

Often compared to Latin culex. Pokorny, followed by Schrijver and Zair, connect the terms to Sanskrit शूल (śūla, “stake”). Matasović is not confident in this connection.


nantos

nantos (nominative singular)
nantou (dual nominative)
nantoi (nominative plural)
nante (singular vocative)
nantou (dual vocative)
nantoi (plural vocative)
nantom (accusative singular)
nantou (accusative dual)
nantons (accusative plural)
nantī (genitive singular)
nantous (dual genitive)
nantom (genitive plural)
nantūi (dative singular)
nantobom (dative dual)
nantobos (dative plural)
nantei (locative singular)
nantū (instrumental singular)
nantobim (dual instrumental)
nantūis (instrumental plural)
*nantus (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *nant
Middle Breton: nant
Breton: ant
Old Cornish: nans
Cornish: nans
Middle Welsh: nant
Welsh: nant

Gaulish: nantos

→ Latin: Nantolium

→ French: nant (dialect)

Hispano-Celtic:

desc

→⇒ Medieval Latin: Ebronanto (“Yew-valley”)

Possibly related to *nemetom (“sacred place”).


-we

Celtiberian: -ue

Gaulish: -ue

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-we.


birros

birros (nominative singular)
birrou (dual nominative)
birroi (nominative plural)
birre (singular vocative)
birrou (dual vocative)
birroi (plural vocative)
birrom (accusative singular)
birrou (accusative dual)
birrons (accusative plural)
birrī (genitive singular)
birrous (dual genitive)
birrom (genitive plural)
birrūi (dative singular)
birrobom (dative dual)
birrobos (dative plural)
birrū (instrumental singular)
birrobim (dual instrumental)
birrobis (instrumental plural)
birrā (nominative singular)
birrai (dual nominative)
birrās (nominative plural)
birrā (singular vocative)
birrai (dual vocative)
birrās (plural vocative)
birram (accusative singular)
birrai (accusative dual)
birrans (accusative plural)
birrās (genitive singular)
birrai (dative singular)
birrābom (dative dual)
birrābos (dative plural)
birrābim (dual instrumental)
birrābis (instrumental plural)
birrom (nominative singular)
birrā (nominative plural)
birrom (singular vocative)
birrā (plural vocative)
birrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *bɨrr
Old Breton: berr
Middle Breton: berr
Breton: berr
Cornish: berr
Middle Welsh: byrr
Welsh: byr

Old Irish: berr

Gaulish: *birros

→ Latin: birrus (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: βίρρος (bírrhos)

Unknown. According to Matasović, likely a substrate word.


anderā

anderā (nominative singular)
anderai (dual nominative)
anderās (nominative plural)
anderā (singular vocative)
anderai (dual vocative)
anderās (plural vocative)
anderam (accusative singular)
anderai (accusative dual)
anderāns (accusative plural)
anderās (genitive singular)
anderous (dual genitive)
anderom (genitive plural)
anderāi (dative singular)
anderābom (dative dual)
anderābos (dative plural)
anderai (locative singular)
anderābim (dual instrumental)
anderābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *anner

Middle Breton: annoer

Breton: ounner (Léonard/Cornouaillais), annoar (Trégorrois), annoer (Vannetais)

Old Cornish: annoer

Cornish: annor

Middle Welsh: anneir

Welsh: anner, annair

Old Irish: ainder

Middle Irish: ander

Irish: ainnir

Scottish Gaelic: ainnir

>? Gaulish: anderon

desc

Old French: aundire, aundirne, andire, andirne

Middle French: landier

French: landier

→ Middle English: anderne, aunderne, aundyre

English: andiron

Unknown; possibly related to Basque andere (“lady, woman”). Most likely from a non-IE substrate language.
Schrijver, however, argues that the only reconstruction that can account for the Celtic evidence is *andēro-, and the Basque-Aquitanian word is analysable within Basque-Aquitanian, so the Celtic word would have to be a borrowing from Basque-Aquitanian. However, for phonetic reasons, the Goidelic word can only be a late borrowing into Primitive Irish.


ande-

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *an-
Breton: an-
Cornish: an-
Middle Welsh: an-
Welsh: an-, af-

Old Irish: ind-

Gaulish: ande-


galā

galā (nominative singular)
galai (dual nominative)
galās (nominative plural)
galā (singular vocative)
galai (dual vocative)
galās (plural vocative)
galam (accusative singular)
galai (accusative dual)
galāns (accusative plural)
galās (genitive singular)
galous (dual genitive)
galom (genitive plural)
galāi (dative singular)
galābom (dative dual)
galābos (dative plural)
galai (locative singular)
galābim (dual instrumental)
galābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gal
Old Breton: gal

Old Irish: gal

Irish: gal


kʷennom

kʷennom (nominative singular)
kʷennou (dual nominative)
kʷennā (nominative plural)
kʷennom (singular vocative)
kʷennou (dual vocative)
kʷennā (plural vocative)
kʷennom (accusative singular)
kʷennou (accusative dual)
kʷennā (accusative plural)
kʷennī (genitive singular)
kʷennous (dual genitive)
kʷennom (genitive plural)
kʷennūi (dative singular)
kʷennobom (dative dual)
kʷennobos (dative plural)
kʷennei (locative singular)
kʷennū (instrumental singular)
kʷennobim (dual instrumental)
kʷennūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *penn
Old Breton: penn, pen
Middle Breton: penn, pen
Breton: penn
Old Cornish: pen
Middle Cornish: pen
Cornish: penn, pedn
Old Welsh: penn
Middle Welsh: penn
Welsh: pen
Cumbric: pen

Old Irish: cenn
Middle Irish: cenn
Irish: ceann
Manx: kione
Scottish Gaelic: ceann

Old Irish: conn
Middle Irish: conn
Irish: conn
Scottish Gaelic: conn (“sense, reason”)

Gaulish: pennon


gabros

gabros (nominative singular)
gabrou (dual nominative)
gabroi (nominative plural)
gabre (singular vocative)
gabrou (dual vocative)
gabroi (plural vocative)
gabrom (accusative singular)
gabrou (accusative dual)
gabrons (accusative plural)
gabrī (genitive singular)
gabrous (dual genitive)
gabrom (genitive plural)
gabrūi (dative singular)
gabrobom (dative dual)
gabrobos (dative plural)
gabrei (locative singular)
gabrū (instrumental singular)
gabrobim (dual instrumental)
gabrūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gaβr
Old Breton: gabr
Breton: gaor, gavr
Old Cornish: gauar
Cornish: gaver
Middle Welsh: gauar
Welsh: gafr

Gaulish: Gabrus, Gabro-(magus)

→ French: garron (dialectal)

→ Portuguese: gabre

Old Irish: gabor

Irish: gabhar

Manx: goayr

Scottish Gaelic: gobhar

From Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“male hooved animal”).
The change from p to b is phonologically regular in Proto-Celtic in this position, but the change from k to g is unexpected. There may have been conflation with the *gʰayd- that underlies Proto-Germanic *gaits and Latin haedus, as this would have given *gaid- in Proto-Celtic. However, there is no evidence for *gaid- itself in Celtic.


au-

Gaulish: au-

Prefix counterpart to *au (“away, from”).


segnos

segnos (nominative singular)
segnou (dual nominative)
segnoi (nominative plural)
segne (singular vocative)
segnou (dual vocative)
segnoi (plural vocative)
segnom (accusative singular)
segnou (accusative dual)
segnons (accusative plural)
segnī (genitive singular)
segnous (dual genitive)
segnom (genitive plural)
segnūi (dative singular)
segnobom (dative dual)
segnobos (dative plural)
segnei (locative singular)
segnū (instrumental singular)
segnobim (dual instrumental)
segnūis (instrumental plural)
*sognos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: (<*sognos)

Middle Welsh: hoenyn, hwynyn

Middle Irish: sén

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *seg- (“to attach, touch, sow”), or perhaps from *segos + *-nos.


boudīkos

boudīkos (nominative singular)
boudīkou (dual nominative)
boudīkoi (nominative plural)
boudīke (singular vocative)
boudīkou (dual vocative)
boudīkoi (plural vocative)
boudīkom (accusative singular)
boudīkou (accusative dual)
boudīkons (accusative plural)
boudīkī (genitive singular)
boudīkous (dual genitive)
boudīkom (genitive plural)
boudīkūi (dative singular)
boudīkobom (dative dual)
boudīkobos (dative plural)
boudīkū (instrumental singular)
boudīkobim (dual instrumental)
boudīkobis (instrumental plural)
boudīkā (nominative singular)
boudīkai (dual nominative)
boudīkās (nominative plural)
boudīkā (singular vocative)
boudīkai (dual vocative)
boudīkās (plural vocative)
boudīkam (accusative singular)
boudīkai (accusative dual)
boudīkans (accusative plural)
boudīkās (genitive singular)
boudīkai (dative singular)
boudīkābom (dative dual)
boudīkābos (dative plural)
boudīkābim (dual instrumental)
boudīkābis (instrumental plural)
boudīkom (nominative singular)
boudīkā (nominative plural)
boudīkom (singular vocative)
boudīkā (plural vocative)
boudīkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉðig

Welsh: buddig, buddug

Cornish: budhek

Old Irish: búadach

Scottish Gaelic: buaidheach

From *boudi (“booty, victory”) + *-ākos.


loɸernos

loɸernos (nominative singular)
loɸernou (dual nominative)
loɸernoi (nominative plural)
loɸerne (singular vocative)
loɸernou (dual vocative)
loɸernoi (plural vocative)
loɸernom (accusative singular)
loɸernou (accusative dual)
loɸernons (accusative plural)
loɸernī (genitive singular)
loɸernous (dual genitive)
loɸernom (genitive plural)
loɸernūi (dative singular)
loɸernobom (dative dual)
loɸernobos (dative plural)
loɸernei (locative singular)
loɸernū (instrumental singular)
loɸernobim (dual instrumental)
loɸernūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llowern (“fox”)
Old Breton: louuern
Middle Breton: louarn
Breton: louarn (“fox”), lowern, luhern
Old Cornish: louuern (“vulpes”)
Cornish: lowarn (“fox”)
Old Welsh: louern
Middle Welsh: llewyrn (“foxes”)
Welsh: llwyrn (“will o' the wisp”)

Old Irish: loarn

Gaulish: *louernos

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂(w)lop- ~ *h₂ulp- (“(red) fox”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *wolpis, Proto-Hellenic *alōpēkos, Proto-Balto-Slavic *lapē, Proto-Albanian *dzelpinā, *welpinā, Old Armenian աղուէս (ałuēs), աղուվէս (ałuvēs), Proto-Indo-Iranian *HlawpaHćás and Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬋𐬞𐬌 (raōpi).
Cognates in other IE languages differ too wildly to reconstruct a PIE prototype noun, so this may be a Wanderwort.


kaxtos

kaxtos (nominative singular)
kaxtou (dual nominative)
kaxtoi (nominative plural)
kaxte (singular vocative)
kaxtou (dual vocative)
kaxtoi (plural vocative)
kaxtom (accusative singular)
kaxtou (accusative dual)
kaxtons (accusative plural)
kaxtī (genitive singular)
kaxtous (dual genitive)
kaxtom (genitive plural)
kaxtūi (dative singular)
kaxtobom (dative dual)
kaxtobos (dative plural)
kaxtū (instrumental singular)
kaxtobim (dual instrumental)
kaxtobis (instrumental plural)
kaxtā (nominative singular)
kaxtai (dual nominative)
kaxtās (nominative plural)
kaxtā (singular vocative)
kaxtai (dual vocative)
kaxtās (plural vocative)
kaxtam (accusative singular)
kaxtai (accusative dual)
kaxtans (accusative plural)
kaxtās (genitive singular)
kaxtai (dative singular)
kaxtābom (dative dual)
kaxtābos (dative plural)
kaxtābim (dual instrumental)
kaxtābis (instrumental plural)
kaxtom (nominative singular)
kaxtā (nominative plural)
kaxtom (singular vocative)
kaxtā (plural vocative)
kaxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨθ
Breton: kaezh
Cornish: keth
Welsh: caeth

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ptós (“grabbed”).


kaxtos

kaxtos (nominative singular)
kaxtou (dual nominative)
kaxtoi (nominative plural)
kaxte (singular vocative)
kaxtou (dual vocative)
kaxtoi (plural vocative)
kaxtom (accusative singular)
kaxtou (accusative dual)
kaxtons (accusative plural)
kaxtī (genitive singular)
kaxtous (dual genitive)
kaxtom (genitive plural)
kaxtūi (dative singular)
kaxtobom (dative dual)
kaxtobos (dative plural)
kaxtei (locative singular)
kaxtū (instrumental singular)
kaxtobim (dual instrumental)
kaxtūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨθ

Old Cornish: cait

Cornish: caid

Old Irish: cacht

Irish: cacht

Gaulish: *kaxtos

⇒ Gaulish: *Moinikaxtos

→ Latin: Moenicaptus


swīs

Proto-Brythonic: *hwi
Old Breton: hui
Middle Breton: huy
Breton: c'hwi
Cornish: hwi, hwei
Old Welsh: hui
Welsh: chwi, chi

Old Irish: síi, sí

Gaulish: suis

Proto-Brythonic: *hwihwi

Middle Welsh: chwchwi, chwichwi

Welsh: chwychwi, chwchwi, chychwi

Old Irish: sib
Irish: sibh
Manx: shiu
Scottish Gaelic: sibh

From Proto-Indo-European *wēs, a variant form of *wos, the oblique plural of *túh₂ (“you”).


gurmos

gurmos (nominative singular)
gurmou (dual nominative)
gurmoi (nominative plural)
gurme (singular vocative)
gurmou (dual vocative)
gurmoi (plural vocative)
gurmom (accusative singular)
gurmou (accusative dual)
gurmons (accusative plural)
gurmī (genitive singular)
gurmous (dual genitive)
gurmom (genitive plural)
gurmūi (dative singular)
gurmobom (dative dual)
gurmobos (dative plural)
gurmū (instrumental singular)
gurmobim (dual instrumental)
gurmobis (instrumental plural)
gurmā (nominative singular)
gurmai (dual nominative)
gurmās (nominative plural)
gurmā (singular vocative)
gurmai (dual vocative)
gurmās (plural vocative)
gurmam (accusative singular)
gurmai (accusative dual)
gurmans (accusative plural)
gurmās (genitive singular)
gurmai (dative singular)
gurmābom (dative dual)
gurmābos (dative plural)
gurmābim (dual instrumental)
gurmābis (instrumental plural)
gurmom (nominative singular)
gurmā (nominative plural)
gurmom (singular vocative)
gurmā (plural vocative)
gurmā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *gurm
Old Breton: Uurm-haelon (literally “with dark brows”)
Cornish: gorm
Welsh: gwrm

Middle Irish: gorm

Irish: gorm

Manx: gorrym

Scottish Gaelic: gorm

Unknown; presumably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate source since there are no cognates outside Celtic.


tregess

tregets (nominative singular)
tregete (dual nominative)
tregetes (nominative plural)
tregets (singular vocative)
tregete (dual vocative)
tregetes (plural vocative)
tregetam (accusative singular)
tregete (accusative dual)
tregetans (accusative plural)
tregetos (genitive singular)
tregetou (dual genitive)
tregetom (genitive plural)
tregetei (dative singular)
tregetobom (dative dual)
tregetobos (dative plural)
tregeti (locative singular)
tregete? (instrumental singular)
tregetobim (dual instrumental)
tregetobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *traɣed

Old Breton: troat (plural treit < *tragetes)

Middle Breton: troat

Breton: troad

Old Cornish: truit

Middle Cornish: troys, tros

Cornish: troes

Middle Welsh: troet (plural traet < *tragetes)

Welsh: troed

Old Irish: traig (gen. traiged < *tragetos)

Irish: troigh

Manx: trie

Scottish Gaelic: troigh

Gaulish: treide

From Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to run, walk”), apparently a variant of *dʰregʰ- (“to run”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan, “to run”) and Serbo-Croatian trȃg (“trace”).


santeros

santeros (nominative singular)
santerou (dual nominative)
santeroi (nominative plural)
santere (singular vocative)
santerou (dual vocative)
santeroi (plural vocative)
santerom (accusative singular)
santerou (accusative dual)
santerons (accusative plural)
santerī (genitive singular)
santerous (dual genitive)
santerom (genitive plural)
santerūi (dative singular)
santerobom (dative dual)
santerobos (dative plural)
santerei (locative singular)
santerū (instrumental singular)
santerobim (dual instrumental)
santerūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hanter

Old Welsh: hanther

Middle Welsh: hanner

Welsh: hanner

Cornish: hanter

Breton: hanter

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥teros 'one of the two', itself from the zero grade of the root *sem- (“one”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix). Cf. Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros).


-mus

-mus (nominative singular)
-mū (dual nominative)
-mowes (nominative plural)
-mu (singular vocative)
-mū (dual vocative)
-mūs (plural vocative)
-mum (accusative singular)
-mū (accusative dual)
-muns (accusative plural)
-mous (genitive singular)
-mous (dual genitive)
-mowom (genitive plural)
-mou (dative singular)
-mubom (dative dual)
-mubos (dative plural)
-mū (instrumental singular)
-mubim (dual instrumental)
-mubis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-mos, switching from o-stem declension to u-stem declension.

snā- (“to swim”) + *-mus → *snāmus (“swimming”).

sista- (“to stand”) + *-mus → *sistamus (“standing”)

Forms verbal nouns to verbs from vowel-final roots.


towe

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: da

Cornish: dha

Welsh: dy

desc

Old Irish: do, du, t' (determiner), taí (disjunctive)

Irish: do

Scottish Gaelic: do

Manx: dty

From Proto-Indo-European *téwe, genitive singular of *túh₂.


geistlos

geistlos (nominative singular)
geistlou (dual nominative)
geistloi (nominative plural)
geistle (singular vocative)
geistlou (dual vocative)
geistloi (plural vocative)
geistlom (accusative singular)
geistlou (accusative dual)
geistlons (accusative plural)
geistlī (genitive singular)
geistlous (dual genitive)
geistlom (genitive plural)
geistlūi (dative singular)
geistlobom (dative dual)
geistlobos (dative plural)
geistlei (locative singular)
geistlū (instrumental singular)
geistlobim (dual instrumental)
geistlūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *guɨstl
Old Breton: guistl
Middle Breton: goestl
Breton: gouestl
Old Cornish: guistel
Cornish: gostel
Middle Welsh: gwystyl, gwystl
Welsh: gwystl

Old Irish: gíall
Middle Irish: gíall
Irish: giall (“hostage, human pledge”)
Scottish Gaelic: giall
⇒ Middle Irish: gíallacht

Gaulish: geistlus

→ Proto-Germanic: *gīslaz (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (“desire, wait for”), apparently interpreted as "one who waits (to be released)". Cognate with Lithuanian geidžiù (“to desire”), Proto-Slavic *žьdati (“to await”).


loudom

loudom (nominative singular)
loudou (dual nominative)
loudā (nominative plural)
loudom (singular vocative)
loudou (dual vocative)
loudā (plural vocative)
loudom (accusative singular)
loudou (accusative dual)
loudā (accusative plural)
loudī (genitive singular)
loudous (dual genitive)
loudom (genitive plural)
loudūi (dative singular)
loudobom (dative dual)
loudobos (dative plural)
loudei (locative singular)
loudū (instrumental singular)
loudobim (dual instrumental)
loudūis (instrumental plural)

Alternative reconstruction of *ɸloudom (“lead (metal)”)


dubnos

dubnos (nominative singular)
dubnou (dual nominative)
dubnoi (nominative plural)
dubne (singular vocative)
dubnou (dual vocative)
dubnoi (plural vocative)
dubnom (accusative singular)
dubnou (accusative dual)
dubnons (accusative plural)
dubnī (genitive singular)
dubnous (dual genitive)
dubnom (genitive plural)
dubnūi (dative singular)
dubnobom (dative dual)
dubnobos (dative plural)
dubnū (instrumental singular)
dubnobim (dual instrumental)
dubnobis (instrumental plural)
dubnā (nominative singular)
dubnai (dual nominative)
dubnās (nominative plural)
dubnā (singular vocative)
dubnai (dual vocative)
dubnās (plural vocative)
dubnam (accusative singular)
dubnai (accusative dual)
dubnans (accusative plural)
dubnās (genitive singular)
dubnai (dative singular)
dubnābom (dative dual)
dubnābos (dative plural)
dubnābim (dual instrumental)
dubnābis (instrumental plural)
dubnom (nominative singular)
dubnā (nominative plural)
dubnom (singular vocative)
dubnā (plural vocative)
dubnā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *duβn
Middle Breton: doun
Breton: don
Cornish: down
Middle Welsh: dwvyn
Welsh: dwfn

Old Irish: domain, doimin

Irish: domhain

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós (“deep, hollow”).


dubnos

dubnos (nominative singular)
dubnou (dual nominative)
dubnoi (nominative plural)
dubne (singular vocative)
dubnou (dual vocative)
dubnoi (plural vocative)
dubnom (accusative singular)
dubnou (accusative dual)
dubnons (accusative plural)
dubnī (genitive singular)
dubnous (dual genitive)
dubnom (genitive plural)
dubnūi (dative singular)
dubnobom (dative dual)
dubnobos (dative plural)
dubnei (locative singular)
dubnū (instrumental singular)
dubnobim (dual instrumental)
dubnūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Gaulish: Dubno-talus, Dumno-rix (a surname, literally “world-king”)

Old Irish: domun

Irish: domhan


bragyeti

bragyū (active first-person present singular)
bragyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibraxsū (active first-person future singular)
bebrāga (active first-person preterite singular)
bragyesi (active present second-person singular)
bragyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibraxsesi (active future second-person singular)
bebrāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
bragyeti (active present singular third-person)
bragyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibraxseti (active future singular third-person)
bebrāge (active preterite singular third-person)
bragyomosi (active first-person plural present)
bragyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibraxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bebrāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
bragyetesi (active plural present second-person)
bragyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibraxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bebrāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
bragyonti (active plural present third-person)
bragyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibraxsonti (active future plural third-person)
bebrāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
bragye (active imperative second-person singular)
bragyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
bragyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
bragyete (active imperative plural second-person)
bragyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
bragyūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibraxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
bebrāgra (first-person passive preterite singular)
bragyetar (passive present second-person singular)
bibraxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
bebrāgras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
bragyetor (passive present singular third-person)
bibraxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
bebrāgre (passive preterite singular third-person)
bragyommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibraxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
bragyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibraxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
bragyontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibraxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
bragyonts (nominative singular)
bragyonte (dual nominative)
bragyontes (nominative plural)
bragyonts (singular vocative)
bragyonte (dual vocative)
bragyontes (plural vocative)
bragyontam (accusative singular)
bragyonte (accusative dual)
bragyontans (accusative plural)
bragyantos (genitive singular)
bragyantom (genitive plural)
bragyantei (dative singular)
bragyantbom (dative dual)
bragyantbos (dative plural)
bragyantī? (instrumental singular)
bragyantbim (dual instrumental)
bragyantbis (instrumental plural)
bragyantī (nominative singular)
bragyantī (dual nominative)
bragyantiyās (nominative plural)
bragyantī (singular vocative)
bragyantī (dual vocative)
bragyantiyās (plural vocative)
bragyantīm (accusative singular)
bragyantī (accusative dual)
bragyantiyans (accusative plural)
bragyantyās (genitive singular)
bragyantyom (genitive plural)
bragyantyāi (dative singular)
bragyantyābom (dative dual)
bragyantyābos (dative plural)
bragyantyābim (dual instrumental)
bragyantyābis (instrumental plural)
bragyont (nominative singular)
bragyonta (nominative plural)
bragyont (singular vocative)
bragyonta (plural vocative)
bragyont (accusative singular)
bragyonta (accusative plural)
braxtos (nominative singular)
braxtou (dual nominative)
braxtoi (nominative plural)
braxte (singular vocative)
braxtou (dual vocative)
braxtoi (plural vocative)
braxtom (accusative singular)
braxtou (accusative dual)
braxtons (accusative plural)
braxtī (genitive singular)
braxtous (dual genitive)
braxtom (genitive plural)
braxtūi (dative singular)
braxtobom (dative dual)
braxtobos (dative plural)
braxtū (instrumental singular)
braxtobim (dual instrumental)
braxtobis (instrumental plural)
braxtā (nominative singular)
braxtai (dual nominative)
braxtās (nominative plural)
braxtā (singular vocative)
braxtai (dual vocative)
braxtās (plural vocative)
braxtam (accusative singular)
braxtai (accusative dual)
braxtans (accusative plural)
braxtās (genitive singular)
braxtai (dative singular)
braxtābom (dative dual)
braxtābos (dative plural)
braxtābim (dual instrumental)
braxtābis (instrumental plural)
braxtom (nominative singular)
braxtā (nominative plural)
braxtom (singular vocative)
braxtā (plural vocative)
braxtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: braigid
Middle Irish: braigid

Gaulish: *bragiū

→ Vulgar Latin: *bragiō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti, from *bʰreHg- (“to stink, flatulate”).