sedeti

sedū (active first-person present singular)
sedemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sedsū (active first-person future singular)
sāda (active first-person preterite singular)
sedesi (active present second-person singular)
sedetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sedsesi (active future second-person singular)
sādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
sedeti (active present singular third-person)
sedeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sedseti (active future singular third-person)
sāde (active preterite singular third-person)
sedomosi (active first-person plural present)
sedemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sedsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
sedetesi (active plural present second-person)
sedestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sedsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
sedonti (active plural present third-person)
sedento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sedsonti (active future plural third-person)
sādars (active plural preterite third-person)
sedsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sedsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sede (active imperative second-person singular)
sedseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sedetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sedsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sedomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sedsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sedete (active imperative plural second-person)
sedsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sedontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sedūr (first-person passive present singular)
sedsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sādra (first-person passive preterite singular)
sedetar (passive present second-person singular)
sedsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sādras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
sedetor (passive present singular third-person)
sedsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sādre (passive preterite singular third-person)
sedommor (first-person passive plural present)
sedsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sededwe (passive plural present second-person)
sedsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sedontor (passive plural present third-person)
sedsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sedsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sedsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sedsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sedsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sedsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sedsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
sedonts (nominative singular)
sedonte (dual nominative)
sedontes (nominative plural)
sedonts (singular vocative)
sedonte (dual vocative)
sedontes (plural vocative)
sedontam (accusative singular)
sedonte (accusative dual)
sedontans (accusative plural)
sedantos (genitive singular)
sedantom (genitive plural)
sedantei (dative singular)
sedantbom (dative dual)
sedantbos (dative plural)
sedantī? (instrumental singular)
sedantbim (dual instrumental)
sedantbis (instrumental plural)
sedantī (nominative singular)
sedantī (dual nominative)
sedantiyās (nominative plural)
sedantī (singular vocative)
sedantī (dual vocative)
sedantiyās (plural vocative)
sedantīm (accusative singular)
sedantī (accusative dual)
sedantiyans (accusative plural)
sedantyās (genitive singular)
sedantyom (genitive plural)
sedantyāi (dative singular)
sedantyābom (dative dual)
sedantyābos (dative plural)
sedantyābim (dual instrumental)
sedantyābis (instrumental plural)
sedont (nominative singular)
sedonta (nominative plural)
sedont (singular vocative)
sedonta (plural vocative)
sedont (accusative singular)
sedonta (accusative plural)
sessos (nominative singular)
sessou (dual nominative)
sessoi (nominative plural)
sesse (singular vocative)
sessou (dual vocative)
sessoi (plural vocative)
sessom (accusative singular)
sessou (accusative dual)
sessons (accusative plural)
sessī (genitive singular)
sessous (dual genitive)
sessom (genitive plural)
sessūi (dative singular)
sessobom (dative dual)
sessobos (dative plural)
sessū (instrumental singular)
sessobim (dual instrumental)
sessobis (instrumental plural)
sessā (nominative singular)
sessai (dual nominative)
sessās (nominative plural)
sessā (singular vocative)
sessai (dual vocative)
sessās (plural vocative)
sessam (accusative singular)
sessai (accusative dual)
sessans (accusative plural)
sessās (genitive singular)
sessai (dative singular)
sessābom (dative dual)
sessābos (dative plural)
sessābim (dual instrumental)
sessābis (instrumental plural)
sessom (nominative singular)
sessā (nominative plural)
sessom (singular vocative)
sessā (plural vocative)
sessā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *heðɨd

Middle Breton: hezaff

Breton: hezañ

Cornish: hedhi

desctree

Old Irish: saidid
⇒ Middle Irish: suidid (“to sit, set”) (with vowel changed under the influence of the verbal noun and transitive suidigidir)
Irish: suigh (“to sit, set”)
Manx: soie (“to set”)
Scottish Gaelic: suidh (“to sit”)

From Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”).

asez (3sg. pres)

Old Breton: assedam (1sg. pres); Middle Breton

*ɸare-sed-s (literally “sitting in front”)

Old Irish: araeMiddle Irish: araIrish: ara ()Scottish Gaelic: ara ()


kantos

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: kant

Welsh: cant

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Cantio

→ Latin: Cantium
Italian: Canzio
→ Old English: Cent
Middle English: Kent, Kente, Kentt
English: Kent

Welsh: Caint

Gaulish: *cantos

→ Latin: cantus

Uncertain. Pokorny constructs a Proto-Indo-European *kan-tho- and compares *kh₂em- (“to bend”). Compare Proto-Slavic *kǫtъ (“corner”). Less certain is a relation with Ancient Greek κανθός (kanthós, “corner of the eye”).


kartati

kartami (active first-person present singular)
kartamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kartasi (active present second-person singular)
kartatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kartati (active present singular third-person)
kartato (active imperfect singular third-person)
kartamosi (active first-person plural present)
kartamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kartatesi (active plural present second-person)
kartastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kartanti (active plural present third-person)
kartanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
karta (active imperative second-person singular)
kartatou (active imperative singular third-person)
kartamos (active first-person imperative plural)
kartate (active imperative plural second-person)
kartantou (active imperative plural third-person)
kartar (first-person passive present singular)
kartatar (passive present second-person singular)
kartator (passive present singular third-person)
kartammor (first-person passive plural present)
kartadwe (passive plural present second-person)
kartantor (passive plural present third-person)
kartants (nominative singular)
kartante (dual nominative)
kartantes (nominative plural)
kartants (singular vocative)
kartante (dual vocative)
kartantes (plural vocative)
kartantam (accusative singular)
kartante (accusative dual)
kartantans (accusative plural)
kartantos (genitive singular)
kartantom (genitive plural)
kartantei (dative singular)
kartantbom (dative dual)
kartantbos (dative plural)
kartantī? (instrumental singular)
kartantbim (dual instrumental)
kartantbis (instrumental plural)
kartantī (nominative singular)
kartantī (dual nominative)
kartantiyās (nominative plural)
kartantī (singular vocative)
kartantī (dual vocative)
kartantiyās (plural vocative)
kartantīm (accusative singular)
kartantī (accusative dual)
kartantiyans (accusative plural)
kartantyās (genitive singular)
kartantyom (genitive plural)
kartantyāi (dative singular)
kartantyābom (dative dual)
kartantyābos (dative plural)
kartantyābim (dual instrumental)
kartantyābis (instrumental plural)
kartant (nominative singular)
kartanta (nominative plural)
kartant (singular vocative)
kartanta (plural vocative)
kartant (accusative singular)
kartanta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *karθad

Middle Breton: carzaff

Breton: karzhañ

Cornish: kartha

Welsh: carthu

desctree

Middle Irish: cartaid
Irish: cart
Scottish Gaelic: cairt


gelus

gelus (nominative singular)
gelū (dual nominative)
gelowes (nominative plural)
gelu (singular vocative)
gelū (dual vocative)
gelūs (plural vocative)
gelum (accusative singular)
gelū (accusative dual)
geluns (accusative plural)
gelous (genitive singular)
gelous (dual genitive)
gelowom (genitive plural)
gelou (dative singular)
gelubom (dative dual)
gelubos (dative plural)
gelū (instrumental singular)
gelubim (dual instrumental)
gelubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gel sg, *gelow pl

Breton: gelaou

Middle Welsh: gel

Welsh: gele, gelen, gelod, geleod

Old Irish: gil

Middle Irish: gil

Cognacy with Sanskrit जलूका (jalūkā), via a putative *ǵelu- (“leech”), has long been speculated. However, the Sanskrit word has also been given incompatible alternative etymologies.
GPC's identification with *gʷeleti (“to graze”) (whence Old Irish gelid) is phonetically impossible, as *gʷ normally yields *gw- in Brittonic.


dant

dant (nominative singular)
danta (nominative plural)
dant (singular vocative)
danta (plural vocative)
dant (accusative singular)
danta (accusative plural)
dantos (genitive singular)
dantom (genitive plural)
dantei (dative singular)
dantobos (dative plural)
danti (locative singular)
dante? (instrumental singular)
dantobis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *dant
Old Breton: dant
Middle Breton: dant
Breton: dant
Old Cornish: dans
Cornish: dans
Middle Welsh: dant
Welsh: dant

Old Irish: dét
Irish: déad
Scottish Gaelic: deud


gelos

gelos (nominative singular)
gelou (dual nominative)
geloi (nominative plural)
gele (singular vocative)
gelou (dual vocative)
geloi (plural vocative)
gelom (accusative singular)
gelou (accusative dual)
gelons (accusative plural)
gelī (genitive singular)
gelous (dual genitive)
gelom (genitive plural)
gelūi (dative singular)
gelobom (dative dual)
gelobos (dative plural)
gelū (instrumental singular)
gelobim (dual instrumental)
gelobis (instrumental plural)
gelā (nominative singular)
gelai (dual nominative)
gelās (nominative plural)
gelā (singular vocative)
gelai (dual vocative)
gelās (plural vocative)
gelam (accusative singular)
gelai (accusative dual)
gelans (accusative plural)
gelās (genitive singular)
gelai (dative singular)
gelābom (dative dual)
gelābos (dative plural)
gelābim (dual instrumental)
gelābis (instrumental plural)
gelom (nominative singular)
gelā (nominative plural)
gelom (singular vocative)
gelā (plural vocative)
gelā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: gel
Irish: geal
Manx: gial
Scottish Gaelic: geal

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gell (“yellow”)

Welsh: gell

Middle Breton: gell (“brown”)

Breton: gell

Gaulish: *gelā

→ Gaulish: gelasonem (“cotton-weed”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃os, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow, green”). See also *glastos.


keleti

kelū (active first-person present singular)
kelemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kiklāsū (active first-person future singular)
kilam (active first-person preterite singular)
kelesi (active present second-person singular)
keletās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kiklāsesi (active future second-person singular)
kils (active preterite second-person singular)
keleti (active present singular third-person)
keleto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kiklāseti (active future singular third-person)
kilt (active preterite singular third-person)
kelomosi (active first-person plural present)
kelemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kiklāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
kilme (active first-person plural preterite)
keletesi (active plural present second-person)
kelestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kiklāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
kilte (active plural preterite second-person)
kelonti (active plural present third-person)
kelento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kiklāsonti (active future plural third-person)
kilant (active plural preterite third-person)
kelasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kelasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kele (active imperative second-person singular)
kelaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
keletou (active imperative singular third-person)
kelasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kelomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kelasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kelete (active imperative plural second-person)
kelasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kelontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kelūr (first-person passive present singular)
kiklāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
keletar (passive present second-person singular)
kiklāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
keletor (passive present singular third-person)
kiklāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
kelommor (first-person passive plural present)
kiklāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
keledwe (passive plural present second-person)
kiklāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kelontor (passive plural present third-person)
kiklāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
kilanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
kelasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kelasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kelasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kelasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kelasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kelasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kelonts (nominative singular)
kelonte (dual nominative)
kelontes (nominative plural)
kelonts (singular vocative)
kelonte (dual vocative)
kelontes (plural vocative)
kelontam (accusative singular)
kelonte (accusative dual)
kelontans (accusative plural)
kelantos (genitive singular)
kelantom (genitive plural)
kelantei (dative singular)
kelantbom (dative dual)
kelantbos (dative plural)
kelantī? (instrumental singular)
kelantbim (dual instrumental)
kelantbis (instrumental plural)
kelantī (nominative singular)
kelantī (dual nominative)
kelantiyās (nominative plural)
kelantī (singular vocative)
kelantī (dual vocative)
kelantiyās (plural vocative)
kelantīm (accusative singular)
kelantī (accusative dual)
kelantiyans (accusative plural)
kelantyās (genitive singular)
kelantyom (genitive plural)
kelantyāi (dative singular)
kelantyābom (dative dual)
kelantyābos (dative plural)
kelantyābim (dual instrumental)
kelantyābis (instrumental plural)
kelont (nominative singular)
kelonta (nominative plural)
kelont (singular vocative)
kelonta (plural vocative)
kelont (accusative singular)
kelonta (accusative plural)
klitos (nominative singular)
klitou (dual nominative)
klitoi (nominative plural)
klite (singular vocative)
klitou (dual vocative)
klitoi (plural vocative)
klitom (accusative singular)
klitou (accusative dual)
klitons (accusative plural)
klitī (genitive singular)
klitous (dual genitive)
klitom (genitive plural)
klitūi (dative singular)
klitobom (dative dual)
klitobos (dative plural)
klitū (instrumental singular)
klitobim (dual instrumental)
klitobis (instrumental plural)
klitā (nominative singular)
klitai (dual nominative)
klitās (nominative plural)
klitā (singular vocative)
klitai (dual vocative)
klitās (plural vocative)
klitam (accusative singular)
klitai (accusative dual)
klitans (accusative plural)
klitās (genitive singular)
klitai (dative singular)
klitābom (dative dual)
klitābos (dative plural)
klitābim (dual instrumental)
klitābis (instrumental plural)
klitom (nominative singular)
klitā (nominative plural)
klitom (singular vocative)
klitā (plural vocative)
klitā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kelɨd

Middle Breton: keles

Middle Welsh: kelu

Welsh: celu

desctree

Old Irish: ceilid
Irish: ceil
Scottish Gaelic: ceil
Manx: keil
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: culaidh

ymgelu

Old Welsh: immit·cel (3sg present with infixed pronoun); Middle Welsh


ausos

ausos (nominative singular)
ausese? (dual nominative)
ausesa (nominative plural)
ausos (singular vocative)
ausese? (dual vocative)
ausesa (plural vocative)
ausos (accusative singular)
ausese? (accusative dual)
ausesa (accusative plural)
ausesos (genitive singular)
ausesous? (dual genitive)
ausesom (genitive plural)
ausesei (dative singular)
ausesbom (dative dual)
ausesbos (dative plural)
ausesi (locative singular)
ausesei (instrumental singular)
ausesbim (dual instrumental)
ausesbis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: áu

Middle Irish: ó

⇒ Gaulish: Suausia


stamus

stamus (nominative singular)
stamū (dual nominative)
stamowes (nominative plural)
stamu (singular vocative)
stamū (dual vocative)
stamūs (plural vocative)
stamum (accusative singular)
stamū (accusative dual)
stamuns (accusative plural)
stamous (genitive singular)
stamous (dual genitive)
stamowom (genitive plural)
stamou (dative singular)
stamubom (dative dual)
stamubos (dative plural)
stamū (instrumental singular)
stamubim (dual instrumental)
stamubis (instrumental plural)

⇒? Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: sevel

Middle Cornish: sevel

Middle Welsh: sefyll

Welsh: sefyll, saf

⇒ Old Irish: samaigid (“to set”)

Middle Irish: samaigid

Usually taken as a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).


sistamus

sistamus (nominative singular)
sistamū (dual nominative)
sistamowes (nominative plural)
sistamu (singular vocative)
sistamū (dual vocative)
sistamūs (plural vocative)
sistamum (accusative singular)
sistamū (accusative dual)
sistamuns (accusative plural)
sistamous (genitive singular)
sistamous (dual genitive)
sistamowom (genitive plural)
sistamou (dative singular)
sistamubom (dative dual)
sistamubos (dative plural)
sistamū (instrumental singular)
sistamubim (dual instrumental)
sistamubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: sessam
Irish: seasamh
Manx: shassoo
Scottish Gaelic: seasamh

From *si-sta- (“to put, stand”) + *-mus (verbal noun suffix).


reginis

reginis (nominative singular)
reginī (dual nominative)
reginīs (nominative plural)
regini (singular vocative)
reginī (dual vocative)
reginīs (plural vocative)
reginim (accusative singular)
reginī (accusative dual)
reginins (accusative plural)
regineis (genitive singular)
reginyou (dual genitive)
reginyom (genitive plural)
reginei (dative singular)
reginibom (dative dual)
reginibos (dative plural)
reginī (instrumental singular)
reginibim (dual instrumental)
reginibis (instrumental plural)
regini (nominative singular)
reginyā (nominative plural)
reginyā (plural vocative)
regini (accusative singular)
reginyā (accusative plural)
reginois (genitive singular)
reginois (dual genitive)
reginē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrėɣɨn

Middle Welsh: rein

Welsh: rhain

⇒ Old Welsh: Regin (as a tribal name)

Old Irish: rigin

Classical Gaelic: righin

Irish: righin

Manx: reen

Scottish Gaelic: righinn

A derivative of *regeti (“to stretch”) originally meaning "stretched".


alnos

alnos (nominative singular)
alnou (dual nominative)
alnoi (nominative plural)
alne (singular vocative)
alnou (dual vocative)
alnoi (plural vocative)
alnom (accusative singular)
alnou (accusative dual)
alnons (accusative plural)
alnī (genitive singular)
alnous (dual genitive)
alnom (genitive plural)
alnūi (dative singular)
alnobom (dative dual)
alnobos (dative plural)
alnū (instrumental singular)
alnobim (dual instrumental)
alnobis (instrumental plural)
alnā (nominative singular)
alnai (dual nominative)
alnās (nominative plural)
alnā (singular vocative)
alnai (dual vocative)
alnās (plural vocative)
alnam (accusative singular)
alnai (accusative dual)
alnans (accusative plural)
alnās (genitive singular)
alnai (dative singular)
alnābom (dative dual)
alnābos (dative plural)
alnābim (dual instrumental)
alnābis (instrumental plural)
alnom (nominative singular)
alnā (nominative plural)
alnom (singular vocative)
alnā (plural vocative)
alnā (accusative plural)

desc

Old Irish: aill (neut. nom./acc. sg.) (from *alnid formed by analogy to pronouns)

Gaulish: allos (“second”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-no-, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”).


stagnos

stāgnos (nominative singular)
stāgnou (dual nominative)
stāgnoi (nominative plural)
stāgne (singular vocative)
stāgnou (dual vocative)
stāgnoi (plural vocative)
stāgnom (accusative singular)
stāgnou (accusative dual)
stāgnons (accusative plural)
stāgnī (genitive singular)
stāgnous (dual genitive)
stāgnom (genitive plural)
stāgnūi (dative singular)
stāgnobom (dative dual)
stāgnobos (dative plural)
stāgnei (locative singular)
stāgnū (instrumental singular)
stāgnobim (dual instrumental)
stāgnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *staɨn

Breton: staen

Cornish: sten

Welsh: ystaen

Old Irish: stán

Irish: stán

Scottish Gaelic: staoin

Manx: stainney

Gaulish: *stagnom

→ Latin: stagnum, stannum (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sth₂gʰ-nó-s (“standing, firm”), from *steh₂-gʰ- + *-nós, from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Lithuanian stógas (“build, physique”).


anati

anami (active first-person present singular)
anamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
anasam (active first-person preterite singular)
anasi (active present second-person singular)
anatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
anass (active preterite second-person singular)
anati (active present singular third-person)
anato (active imperfect singular third-person)
anast (active preterite singular third-person)
anamosi (active first-person plural present)
anamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
anasme (active first-person plural preterite)
anatesi (active plural present second-person)
anastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
anaste (active plural preterite second-person)
ananti (active plural present third-person)
ananto (active imperfect plural third-person)
anasant (active plural preterite third-person)
anasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
anasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ana (active imperative second-person singular)
anaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
anatou (active imperative singular third-person)
anasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
anamos (active first-person imperative plural)
anasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
anate (active imperative plural second-person)
anasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
anantou (active imperative plural third-person)
anar (first-person passive present singular)
anatar (passive present second-person singular)
anator (passive present singular third-person)
anammor (first-person passive plural present)
anadwe (passive plural present second-person)
anantor (passive plural present third-person)
anasanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
anasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
anasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
anasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
anasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
anasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
anasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
anants (nominative singular)
anante (dual nominative)
anantes (nominative plural)
anants (singular vocative)
anante (dual vocative)
anantes (plural vocative)
anantam (accusative singular)
anante (accusative dual)
anantans (accusative plural)
anantos (genitive singular)
anantom (genitive plural)
anantei (dative singular)
anantbom (dative dual)
anantbos (dative plural)
anantī? (instrumental singular)
anantbim (dual instrumental)
anantbis (instrumental plural)
anantī (nominative singular)
anantī (dual nominative)
anantiyās (nominative plural)
anantī (singular vocative)
anantī (dual vocative)
anantiyās (plural vocative)
anantīm (accusative singular)
anantī (accusative dual)
anantiyans (accusative plural)
anantyās (genitive singular)
anantyom (genitive plural)
anantyāi (dative singular)
anantyābom (dative dual)
anantyābos (dative plural)
anantyābim (dual instrumental)
anantyābis (instrumental plural)
anant (nominative singular)
ananta (nominative plural)
anant (singular vocative)
ananta (plural vocative)
anant (accusative singular)
ananta (accusative plural)
anatos (nominative singular)
anatou (dual nominative)
anatoi (nominative plural)
anate (singular vocative)
anatou (dual vocative)
anatoi (plural vocative)
anatom (accusative singular)
anatou (accusative dual)
anatons (accusative plural)
anatī (genitive singular)
anatous (dual genitive)
anatom (genitive plural)
anatūi (dative singular)
anatobom (dative dual)
anatobos (dative plural)
anatū (instrumental singular)
anatobim (dual instrumental)
anatobis (instrumental plural)
anatā (nominative singular)
anatai (dual nominative)
anatās (nominative plural)
anatā (singular vocative)
anatai (dual vocative)
anatās (plural vocative)
anatam (accusative singular)
anatai (accusative dual)
anatans (accusative plural)
anatās (genitive singular)
anatai (dative singular)
anatābom (dative dual)
anatābos (dative plural)
anatābim (dual instrumental)
anatābis (instrumental plural)
anatom (nominative singular)
anatā (nominative plural)
anatom (singular vocative)
anatā (plural vocative)
anatā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *anad

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*exs-anati</i>

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *exanad (< *exs-anati)

Middle Breton: ehanaff

Breton: ehanañ

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*kom-anati</i>

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃anad (< *kom-anati)

Middle Welsh: kynhanu

Welsh: cynanu

desc

⇒ Welsh: cynnan (“ready, witty, eloquent”)

desctree

Old Irish: anaid
Middle Irish: fanaid
Irish: fan
Scottish Gaelic: fan

Gaulish: anat

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₁ti (“to breathe”), from the root *h₂enh₁-. Though this etymology is generally accepted, the semantic link is uncertain (maybe via “to exhale, to breathe deeply, to relax, to take a break”). For a parallel development, Matasović compares the derivation of Serbo-Croatian odàhnuti (“to pause”) from dȁh (“breath”).
Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ananą and Sanskrit अनिति (ániti).


sanis

sanis (nominative singular)
sanī (dual nominative)
sanīs (nominative plural)
sani (singular vocative)
sanī (dual vocative)
sanīs (plural vocative)
sanim (accusative singular)
sanī (accusative dual)
sanins (accusative plural)
saneis (genitive singular)
sanyou (dual genitive)
sanyom (genitive plural)
sanei (dative singular)
sanibom (dative dual)
sanibos (dative plural)
sanī (instrumental singular)
sanibim (dual instrumental)
sanibis (instrumental plural)
sani (nominative singular)
sanyā (nominative plural)
sanyā (plural vocative)
sani (accusative singular)
sanyā (accusative plural)
sanois (genitive singular)
sanois (dual genitive)
sanē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: han

⇒ Middle Breton: ahanoff (“from me”)

⇒ Cornish: ohanaw (“from him”)

Old Welsh: han

Welsh: hân

Old Welsh: hanaud (“from him”)

Middle Welsh: ohanaw

Old Irish: sain

From Proto-Indo-European *senH- (“without”); cognate with Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutar, “away, aside”), Latin sine (“without”), Proto-Germanic *sundraz (“separated”).


orbos

orbos (nominative singular)
orbou (dual nominative)
orboi (nominative plural)
orbe (singular vocative)
orbou (dual vocative)
orboi (plural vocative)
orbom (accusative singular)
orbou (accusative dual)
orbons (accusative plural)
orbī (genitive singular)
orbous (dual genitive)
orbom (genitive plural)
orbūi (dative singular)
orbobom (dative dual)
orbobos (dative plural)
orbei (locative singular)
orbū (instrumental singular)
orbobim (dual instrumental)
orbūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: orb


stratos

stratos (nominative singular)
stratou (dual nominative)
stratoi (nominative plural)
strate (singular vocative)
stratou (dual vocative)
stratoi (plural vocative)
stratom (accusative singular)
stratou (accusative dual)
stratons (accusative plural)
stratī (genitive singular)
stratous (dual genitive)
stratom (genitive plural)
stratūi (dative singular)
stratobom (dative dual)
stratobos (dative plural)
stratei (locative singular)
stratū (instrumental singular)
stratobim (dual instrumental)
stratūis (instrumental plural)
*stratus (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *strad

Middle Breton: strad

Breton: strad

Cornish: stras

Old Welsh: Strat

Middle Welsh: ystrad

Welsh: ystrad

Old Irish: srath

Manx: strah

Irish: srath

desctree

Scottish Gaelic: srath
→ English: strath

From Proto-Indo-European *str̥h₃tós, From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread, extend, stretch out”). Cognate with Latin strātus, Sanskrit स्तृत (stṛtá) and Ancient Greek στρᾰτός (strătós).


melinos

melinos (nominative singular)
melinou (dual nominative)
melinoi (nominative plural)
meline (singular vocative)
melinou (dual vocative)
melinoi (plural vocative)
melinom (accusative singular)
melinou (accusative dual)
melinons (accusative plural)
melinī (genitive singular)
melinous (dual genitive)
melinom (genitive plural)
melinūi (dative singular)
melinobom (dative dual)
melinobos (dative plural)
melinū (instrumental singular)
melinobim (dual instrumental)
melinobis (instrumental plural)
melinā (nominative singular)
melinai (dual nominative)
melinās (nominative plural)
melinā (singular vocative)
melinai (dual vocative)
melinās (plural vocative)
melinam (accusative singular)
melinai (accusative dual)
melinans (accusative plural)
melinās (genitive singular)
melinai (dative singular)
melinābom (dative dual)
melinābos (dative plural)
melinābim (dual instrumental)
melinābis (instrumental plural)
melinom (nominative singular)
melinā (nominative plural)
melinom (singular vocative)
melinā (plural vocative)
melinā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨlɨn m, *melen f

Old Breton: melin, milin

Middle Breton: melen

Breton: melen

Old Cornish: milin

Middle Cornish: melyn

Cornish: melyn

Old Welsh: melen

Middle Welsh: melyn, melin

Welsh: melyn

Gaulish: *melinos

→ Latin: melinus, Melinus, Melina

Romansch: mélen

Sardinian: mélinu

→⇒ German: Mehlenbach (name of a river)

From *meli (“honey”) + *-nos (“adjectival suffix”).


artos

artos (nominative singular)
artou (dual nominative)
artoi (nominative plural)
arte (singular vocative)
artou (dual vocative)
artoi (plural vocative)
artom (accusative singular)
artou (accusative dual)
artons (accusative plural)
artī (genitive singular)
artous (dual genitive)
artom (genitive plural)
artūi (dative singular)
artobom (dative dual)
artobos (dative plural)
artei (locative singular)
artū (instrumental singular)
artobim (dual instrumental)
artūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *arθ
Old Breton: ard, arth
Breton: arzh
Cornish: arth
Middle Welsh: arth
Welsh: arth

Old Irish: art (“bear, hero, warrior”)

Gaulish: *artos

→⇒ Latin: Artiō

→⇒ Latin: Artodunum

Noric: 𐌀𐌓𐌕𐌄(𐌁𐌖𐌈𐌆) (Arte(budz))

Basque: hartz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”).


exteros

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: eithyr, eythyr, eithr

Welsh: eithr

Old Irish: echtar, echtra

Irish: eachtra, eachtar-

Scottish Gaelic: eachtradh


arom

arom (nominative singular)
arou (dual nominative)
arā (nominative plural)
arom (singular vocative)
arou (dual vocative)
arā (plural vocative)
arom (accusative singular)
arou (accusative dual)
arā (accusative plural)
arī (genitive singular)
arous (dual genitive)
arom (genitive plural)
arūi (dative singular)
arobom (dative dual)
arobos (dative plural)
arei (locative singular)
arū (instrumental singular)
arobim (dual instrumental)
arūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ar

Middle Welsh: ar

Welsh: âr

Old Irish: ar

Middle Irish: ar

Classical Gaelic: ar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”), more specifically via an o-stem *h₂érh₃-o-.


sentus

sentus (nominative singular)
sentū (dual nominative)
sentowes (nominative plural)
sentu (singular vocative)
sentū (dual vocative)
sentūs (plural vocative)
sentum (accusative singular)
sentū (accusative dual)
sentuns (accusative plural)
sentous (genitive singular)
sentous (dual genitive)
sentowom (genitive plural)
sentou (dative singular)
sentubom (dative dual)
sentubos (dative plural)
sentū (instrumental singular)
sentubim (dual instrumental)
sentubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨnt
Old Breton: hint
Middle Breton: hent
Breton: hent
Middle Cornish: hyns
Cornish: hyns, (RLC) hens
Middle Welsh: hint, hynt
Welsh: hynt

Old Irish: sét
Irish: séad

hennyð

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨntɨð (“companion, neighbour”); Middle Welsh


branos

branos (nominative singular)
branou (dual nominative)
branoi (nominative plural)
brane (singular vocative)
branou (dual vocative)
branoi (plural vocative)
branom (accusative singular)
branou (accusative dual)
branons (accusative plural)
branī (genitive singular)
branous (dual genitive)
branom (genitive plural)
branūi (dative singular)
branobom (dative dual)
branobos (dative plural)
branei (locative singular)
branū (instrumental singular)
branobim (dual instrumental)
branūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *bran
Middle Breton: bran
Breton: bran
Middle Cornish: bran
Cornish: bran
Middle Welsh: bran
Welsh: brân f

Gaulish: Branodūnon (toponymy?)

Primitive Irish: ᚁᚏᚐᚅᚐ (brana)

Old Irish: bran

Irish: bran

Scottish Gaelic: bran

Possibly cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *warnás (“raven”). In view of the formal difficulty that a change of *wr- to *br- would be irregular in Celtic, Matasović considers it more likely that this is a loanword from an unknown (substrate?) source.


korets

korets (nominative singular)
korete (dual nominative)
koretes (nominative plural)
korets (singular vocative)
korete (dual vocative)
koretes (plural vocative)
koretam (accusative singular)
korete (accusative dual)
koretans (accusative plural)
koretos (genitive singular)
koretou (dual genitive)
koretom (genitive plural)
koretei (dative singular)
koretobom (dative dual)
koretobos (dative plural)
koreti (locative singular)
korete? (instrumental singular)
koretobim (dual instrumental)
koretobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *kored (oblique stem), *kor (nominative)

Old Welsh: coret

Middle Welsh: cored, coret

Welsh: cored

⇒ Middle Welsh: amgor, bangor (“wattle fence”), ysgor (“fortress”)

Welsh: bangor

Old Irish: corae

Middle Irish: cara

Scottish Gaelic: caradh

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”), more precisely from *kor- (“putting, throwing”) + *-ets (noun-forming suffix), This word would literally mean "[something] put/thrown [together]".
Matasović presumes substrate origin after an unsatisfactory search for other European cognates. He does not consider the possibility of an internal Celtic or Indo-European derivation, despite citing De Bernardo Stempel (who makes one) in his entry.


dubus

dubus (nominative singular)
dubū (dual nominative)
dubowes (nominative plural)
dubu (singular vocative)
dubū (dual vocative)
dubūs (plural vocative)
dubum (accusative singular)
dubū (accusative dual)
dubuns (accusative plural)
dubous (genitive singular)
dubous (dual genitive)
dubowom (genitive plural)
dubou (dative singular)
dububom (dative dual)
dububos (dative plural)
dubū (instrumental singular)
dububim (dual instrumental)
dububis (instrumental plural)
dubu (nominative singular)
dubwā (nominative plural)
dubwā (plural vocative)
dubu (accusative singular)
dubwā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *duβ
Breton: du
Cornish: du
Welsh: du

Old Irish: dub

Irish: dubh

Manx: doo

Scottish Gaelic: dubh

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“black”). Cognate with English deaf.


esus

esus (nominative singular)
esū (dual nominative)
esowes (nominative plural)
esu (singular vocative)
esū (dual vocative)
esūs (plural vocative)
esum (accusative singular)
esū (accusative dual)
esuns (accusative plural)
esous (genitive singular)
esous (dual genitive)
esowom (genitive plural)
esou (dative singular)
esubom (dative dual)
esubos (dative plural)
esū (instrumental singular)
esubim (dual instrumental)
esubis (instrumental plural)
esu (nominative singular)
eswā (nominative plural)
eswā (plural vocative)
esu (accusative singular)
eswā (accusative plural)


emeti

emū (active first-person present singular)
ememam (active first-person imperfect singular)
iemasū (active first-person future singular)
imam (active first-person preterite singular)
emesi (active present second-person singular)
emetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
iemasesi (active future second-person singular)
ins (active preterite second-person singular)
emeti (active present singular third-person)
emeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
iemaseti (active future singular third-person)
int (active preterite singular third-person)
emomosi (active first-person plural present)
ememo (active first-person imperfect plural)
iemasomosi (active first-person future plural)
imme (active first-person plural preterite)
emetesi (active plural present second-person)
emestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
iemasetesi (active future plural second-person)
inte (active plural preterite second-person)
emonti (active plural present third-person)
emento (active imperfect plural third-person)
iemasonti (active future plural third-person)
imant (active plural preterite third-person)
emasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
emasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
eme (active imperative second-person singular)
emaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
emetou (active imperative singular third-person)
emasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
emomos (active first-person imperative plural)
emasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
emete (active imperative plural second-person)
emasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
emontou (active imperative plural third-person)
emūr (first-person passive present singular)
iemasūr (first-person future passive singular)
emetar (passive present second-person singular)
iemasetar (future passive second-person singular)
emetor (passive present singular third-person)
iemasetor (future passive singular third-person)
emommor (first-person passive plural present)
iemasommor (first-person future passive plural)
emedwe (passive plural present second-person)
iemasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
emontor (passive plural present third-person)
iemasontor (future passive plural third-person)
imanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
emasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
emasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
emasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
emasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
emasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
emasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
emonts (nominative singular)
emonte (dual nominative)
emontes (nominative plural)
emonts (singular vocative)
emonte (dual vocative)
emontes (plural vocative)
emontam (accusative singular)
emonte (accusative dual)
emontans (accusative plural)
emantos (genitive singular)
emantom (genitive plural)
emantei (dative singular)
emantbom (dative dual)
emantbos (dative plural)
emantī? (instrumental singular)
emantbim (dual instrumental)
emantbis (instrumental plural)
emantī (nominative singular)
emantī (dual nominative)
emantiyās (nominative plural)
emantī (singular vocative)
emantī (dual vocative)
emantiyās (plural vocative)
emantīm (accusative singular)
emantī (accusative dual)
emantiyans (accusative plural)
emantyās (genitive singular)
emantyom (genitive plural)
emantyāi (dative singular)
emantyābom (dative dual)
emantyābos (dative plural)
emantyābim (dual instrumental)
emantyābis (instrumental plural)
emont (nominative singular)
emonta (nominative plural)
emont (singular vocative)
emonta (plural vocative)
emont (accusative singular)
emonta (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁em- (“to take”).

con·roíter

*kom-ɸro-im- (t-preterite formation); Old Irish


matis

matis (nominative singular)
matī (dual nominative)
matīs (nominative plural)
mati (singular vocative)
matī (dual vocative)
matīs (plural vocative)
matim (accusative singular)
matī (accusative dual)
matins (accusative plural)
mateis (genitive singular)
matyou (dual genitive)
matyom (genitive plural)
matei (dative singular)
matibom (dative dual)
matibos (dative plural)
matī (instrumental singular)
matibim (dual instrumental)
matibis (instrumental plural)
mati (nominative singular)
matyā (nominative plural)
matyā (plural vocative)
mati (accusative singular)
matyā (accusative plural)
matois (genitive singular)
matois (dual genitive)
matē (dative singular)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mad
Middle Breton: mat
Breton: mad
Cornish: mas
Middle Welsh: mad
Welsh: mad

Old Irish: maith, maid
Irish: maith
Manx: mie
Scottish Gaelic: math

Pictish: ᚋᚐᚈᚄ (mats)

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂tis (“ripe, good”), from *meh₂- (“to ripen, to mature”). Cognate with Latin mānis, mānus (“good”), mātūrus (“mature”), Mātūta (“goddess Dawn”).

inh

math

Proto-Celtic: *matus m (“bear”); Old Irish


trīs

tisres (feminine)
tri- (prefix)
trīs (nominative plural)
trīs (plural vocative)
trins (accusative plural)
triyom (genitive plural)
tribom (dative plural)
tribim (instrumental plural)
tisres (nominative plural)
tisres (plural vocative)
tisrans (accusative plural)
tisrom (genitive plural)
tisribom (dative plural)
tisribim (instrumental plural)
trī (nominative plural)
trī (plural vocative)
trī (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tri m
Old Breton: tri
Middle Breton: tri
Breton: tri
Cornish: tri
Middle Welsh: tri
Welsh: tri

Proto-Brythonic: *teir f
Breton: teir
Cornish: teyr
Welsh: tair

Old Irish: trí, tri
Middle Irish: trí
Irish: trí
Manx: tree
Scottish Gaelic: trì

Gaulish: treis m, tiđres f

Celtiberian: Tiriś

From Proto-Indo-European *tréyes and feminine *tisres.


sextam

Proto-Brythonic: *seiθ

Breton: seizh

Cornish: seyth

Middle Welsh: seith

Welsh: saith

Old Irish: secht
Middle Irish: secht
Irish: seacht
Manx: shiaght
Scottish Gaelic: seachd

Gaulish: sextam

From earlier *seɸtam, from Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥.


markos

markos (nominative singular)
markou (dual nominative)
markoi (nominative plural)
marke (singular vocative)
markou (dual vocative)
markoi (plural vocative)
markom (accusative singular)
markou (accusative dual)
markons (accusative plural)
markī (genitive singular)
markous (dual genitive)
markom (genitive plural)
markūi (dative singular)
markobom (dative dual)
markobos (dative plural)
markei (locative singular)
markū (instrumental singular)
markobim (dual instrumental)
markūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *marx
Old Breton: marh
Middle Breton: march
Breton: marc'h
Old Cornish: march
Middle Cornish: margh
Cornish: margh
Middle Welsh: march
Welsh: march

Old Irish: marc

Irish: marc

Scottish Gaelic: marc

Galatian: μάρκαν (márkan)

Gaulish: markos

Cognate with Proto-Germanic *marhaz. This is generally reconstructed as being from a Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”), but other theories exist; see that page for further discussion.


-tus

-tus (nominative singular)
-tū (dual nominative)
-towes (nominative plural)
-tu (singular vocative)
-tū (dual vocative)
-tūs (plural vocative)
-tum (accusative singular)
-tū (accusative dual)
-tuns (accusative plural)
-tous (genitive singular)
-tous (dual genitive)
-towom (genitive plural)
-tou (dative singular)
-tubom (dative dual)
-tubos (dative plural)
-tū (instrumental singular)
-tubim (dual instrumental)
-tubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-d

Welsh: -d

Old Irish: -ad, -ed (slender form), -ud (often with A II verbs)
Irish: -adh
Manx: -ey
Scottish Gaelic: -adh

Gaulish: -tus


-tis

-tis (nominative singular)
-tī (dual nominative)
-tīs (nominative plural)
-ti (singular vocative)
-tī (dual vocative)
-tīs (plural vocative)
-tim (accusative singular)
-tī (accusative dual)
-tins (accusative plural)
-teis (genitive singular)
-tyow (dual genitive)
-tyom (genitive plural)
-tei (dative singular)
-tibom (dative dual)
-tibos (dative plural)
-tei (locative singular)
-tī (instrumental singular)
-tibim (dual instrumental)
-tibis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-tis (action/abstract noun suffix).

inh

sagyeti (“to seek”) + *-tis → *sagyetis (“seeking”)


gutus

gutus (nominative singular)
gutū (dual nominative)
gutowes (nominative plural)
gutu (singular vocative)
gutū (dual vocative)
gutūs (plural vocative)
gutum (accusative singular)
gutū (accusative dual)
gutuns (accusative plural)
gutous (genitive singular)
gutous (dual genitive)
gutowom (genitive plural)
gutou (dative singular)
gutubom (dative dual)
gutubos (dative plural)
gutū (instrumental singular)
gutubim (dual instrumental)
gutubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: guth
Irish: guth
Manx: goo
Scottish Gaelic: guth

Gaulish: *gutus

⇒ Gaulish: *gutuatir (+ *atir (“father”))

→ Latin: gutuater (“priest”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰuH-tu-s (“to call on, invoke”), from *ǵʰewH- (“to call on, invoke”).


anman

anman (nominative singular)
anmane? (dual nominative)
anmana (nominative plural)
anman (singular vocative)
anmane? (dual vocative)
anmana (plural vocative)
anman (accusative singular)
anmane? (accusative dual)
anmana (accusative plural)
anmens (genitive singular)
anmenous? (dual genitive)
anmenom (genitive plural)
anmenei (dative singular)
anmembom (dative dual)
anmembos (dative plural)
anmen (locative singular)
anmeni (locative singular)
anmenei (instrumental singular)
anmembim (dual instrumental)
anmembis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *anw
Old Breton: anu
Middle Breton: hanu, anff
Breton: anv
Cornish: hanow
Old Welsh: anu
Middle Welsh: enw
Welsh: enw

Primitive Irish: ᚐᚅᚋ (anm)
Old Irish: ainmm, ainm
Middle Irish: ainm
Irish: ainm
Manx: ennym
Scottish Gaelic: ainm

Gaulish: anuana

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥. The root vowel was lost or swapped places; had it been retained at its position, the result would have been either *noman or *anoman. Cognates include Latin nōmen.


tegos

tegos (nominative singular)
tegese? (dual nominative)
tegesa (nominative plural)
tegos (singular vocative)
tegese? (dual vocative)
tegesa (plural vocative)
tegos (accusative singular)
tegese? (accusative dual)
tegesa (accusative plural)
tegesos (genitive singular)
tegesous? (dual genitive)
tegesom (genitive plural)
tegesei (dative singular)
tegesbom (dative dual)
tegesbos (dative plural)
tegesi (locative singular)
tegesei (instrumental singular)
tegesbim (dual instrumental)
tegesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tɨɣ
Old Breton: tig
Breton: ti
Old Cornish: ti
Cornish: chi, chy
Middle Welsh: ty
Welsh: tŷ

Old Irish: tech, teg
Irish: teach
Manx: çhagh, thie
Scottish Gaelic: taigh
⇒ Middle Irish: tech midchuarta
⇒ Middle Irish: tech n-óil
⇒ Middle Irish: tech talman
⇒ Classical Gaelic: teach othuir

Celtiberian:

→ Galician: tei (obsolete)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“cover, roof”).

der

Old Irish: coitchenn

*kon-teges-nos (“sharing the same house > common”)

coitchennIrish: coiteannScottish Gaelic: coitcheannManx: cadjin


gortos

gortos (nominative singular)
gortou (dual nominative)
gortoi (nominative plural)
gorte (singular vocative)
gortou (dual vocative)
gortoi (plural vocative)
gortom (accusative singular)
gortou (accusative dual)
gortons (accusative plural)
gortī (genitive singular)
gortous (dual genitive)
gortom (genitive plural)
gortūi (dative singular)
gortobom (dative dual)
gortobos (dative plural)
gortei (locative singular)
gortū (instrumental singular)
gortobim (dual instrumental)
gortūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: gort

Middle Irish: gort

Irish: gort

Manx: gart

Scottish Gaelic: gort

Proto-Brythonic: *gorθ

Old Breton: orth

Cornish: gorth

Welsh: garth (“hill, enclosure”)

⇒ Gaulish: *gortiā

→ French: Gorses, Gorze, Gorcy, Lagorce

→⇒ Italian: Gorzone

→ Lombard: gorso

desc

→ Occitan: (Provençal) gòrsa, (Limousin) gorso

By comparison with Latin hortus and Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos), Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰórtos can be mechanically reconstructed.
Matasović goes further and derives that from *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”), assuming that the t came from the nominative singular of a root noun, where *-s would devoice a preceding consonant, with the *-t- then generalized across its paradigm and thematicized.


sukkos

sukkos (nominative singular)
sukkou (dual nominative)
sukkoi (nominative plural)
sukke (singular vocative)
sukkou (dual vocative)
sukkoi (plural vocative)
sukkom (accusative singular)
sukkou (accusative dual)
sukkons (accusative plural)
sukkī (genitive singular)
sukkous (dual genitive)
sukkom (genitive plural)
sukkūi (dative singular)
sukkobom (dative dual)
sukkobos (dative plural)
sukkei (locative singular)
sukkū (instrumental singular)
sukkobim (dual instrumental)
sukkūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hux (“pig”)
Old Breton: hoch
Middle Breton: hoc’h, houc’h
Breton: soc’h
Old Cornish: hoch
Cornish: hogh
Welsh: hwch
→? Old English: hogg (“hog”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: socc (“snout; plowshare”)

Irish: soc

→ Vulgar Latin: *soccus (“plowshare”)

Old French: soc

Middle French: soc

French: soc

⇒ Old French: soket
→ Middle English: socket, soket
English: socket

→? Proto-Brythonic: *sux (“plowshare”)
Middle Breton: souch
Breton: soc’h
Welsh: swch

Ultimately a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *súH-s (“pig”), possibly through:
* earlier *sukos, geminated under the influence of *mokkus (“pig”), from *su(H)-k-ó-s (compare the ungeminated cognate Proto-West Germanic *sugu (“female pig”) < *su(H)-ké-h₂), from *súH-s + *-k- (velar extension) + *-ós with unexplained loss of the laryngeal or pretonic shortening (the disputed "Dybo's law");
* Proto-Indo-European *su-k-ko-s, from *súH-s + *-k- (intrusive velar) + *-kos (compare Latin sucula, succula (“piglet”));
* earlier *suɸkus, from Proto-Indo-European *suH-pḱu-s, from *súH-s + *péḱu (“livestock”).
For a parallel sense development, compare cognates in Ancient Greek ὗς (hûs, “pig”) and ὕνις (húnis, “plowshare”).


sunus

sunus (nominative singular)
sunū (dual nominative)
sunowes (nominative plural)
sunu (singular vocative)
sunū (dual vocative)
sunūs (plural vocative)
sunum (accusative singular)
sunū (accusative dual)
sununs (accusative plural)
sunous (genitive singular)
sunous (dual genitive)
sunowom (genitive plural)
sunou (dative singular)
sunubom (dative dual)
sunubos (dative plural)
sunū (instrumental singular)
sunubim (dual instrumental)
sunubis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: *sunus

desc

→⇒ Latin: Lemisunia, Suniducus, Sunducca, Sunucus, Sunutius, Sunutia, Sunnura, Sunuxalis

compound with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*eburos</i> (“yew”)

⇒ Celtiberian: Ebursunos (literally “Yewson”) (compound with *eburos (“yew”))

name of a Britannian man, borrowed from a very early Brittonic language, compound with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*kallī</i> (“woods”)

→⇒ Latin: Callīsunus (name of a Britannian man, borrowed from a very early Brittonic language, compound with *kallī (“woods”))


meinis

meinis (nominative singular)
meinī (dual nominative)
meinīs (nominative plural)
meini (singular vocative)
meinī (dual vocative)
meinīs (plural vocative)
meinim (accusative singular)
meinī (accusative dual)
meinins (accusative plural)
meineis (genitive singular)
meinyow (dual genitive)
meinyom (genitive plural)
meinei (dative singular)
meinibom (dative dual)
meinibos (dative plural)
meinei (locative singular)
meinī (instrumental singular)
meinibim (dual instrumental)
meinibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *muɨn
Middle Breton: *men
⇒ Breton: mengleuz (“quarry”)
Cornish: moon (“mineral”)
Middle Welsh: mwyn
Welsh: mwyn

Old Irish: méin, mían

Irish: méin, míanach

Gaulish:

→ Late Latin: mina

Old French: myne, mine

Middle French: mine, myne

French: mine

→ Middle English: mine, myne, myn

English: mine

From Proto-Indo-European *mēy(H)nis, from *(s)mēy(H)- (“to cut, hew”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *smiþaz (“smith”).


windos

windos (nominative singular)
windou (dual nominative)
windoi (nominative plural)
winde (singular vocative)
windou (dual vocative)
windoi (plural vocative)
windom (accusative singular)
windou (accusative dual)
windons (accusative plural)
windī (genitive singular)
windous (dual genitive)
windom (genitive plural)
windūi (dative singular)
windobom (dative dual)
windobos (dative plural)
windū (instrumental singular)
windobim (dual instrumental)
windobis (instrumental plural)
windā (nominative singular)
windai (dual nominative)
windās (nominative plural)
windā (singular vocative)
windai (dual vocative)
windās (plural vocative)
windam (accusative singular)
windai (accusative dual)
windans (accusative plural)
windās (genitive singular)
windai (dative singular)
windābom (dative dual)
windābos (dative plural)
windābim (dual instrumental)
windābis (instrumental plural)
windom (nominative singular)
windā (nominative plural)
windom (singular vocative)
windā (plural vocative)
windā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨnn
Old Breton: guinn
Middle Breton: guinn
Breton: gwenn
Old Cornish: guyn
Cornish: gwynn
Middle Welsh: gwynn
Welsh: gwyn

Old Irish: finn, find
Irish: fionn
Manx: fynn
Scottish Gaelic: fionn

Gaulish: *windos

Gaulish: Vindonnus

Galatian: Ούινδιεινος (Oúindieinos)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *windo-, nasal infix of Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”). However, Matasović refrains from assigning any etymology, only mentioning French vandoise (“dace, cub”), saying that it is itself probably a Gaulish borrowing. Other theories relating the Celtic to Proto-Germanic *wintruz (“winter”) are not very semantically convincing.


meinos

meinos (nominative singular)
meinou (dual nominative)
meinoi (nominative plural)
meine (singular vocative)
meinou (dual vocative)
meinoi (plural vocative)
meinom (accusative singular)
meinou (accusative dual)
meinons (accusative plural)
meinī (genitive singular)
meinous (dual genitive)
meinom (genitive plural)
meinūi (dative singular)
meinobom (dative dual)
meinobos (dative plural)
meinū (instrumental singular)
meinobim (dual instrumental)
meinobis (instrumental plural)
meinā (nominative singular)
meinai (dual nominative)
meinās (nominative plural)
meinā (singular vocative)
meinai (dual vocative)
meinās (plural vocative)
meinam (accusative singular)
meinai (accusative dual)
meinans (accusative plural)
meinās (genitive singular)
meinai (dative singular)
meinābom (dative dual)
meinābos (dative plural)
meinābim (dual instrumental)
meinābis (instrumental plural)
meinom (nominative singular)
meinā (nominative plural)
meinom (singular vocative)
meinā (plural vocative)
meinā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *muɨn
Old Breton: moin (“delicate”)
Middle Breton: moen (“thin”)
Breton: moan
Old Cornish: muin (“gracile”)
Cornish: moon (“slender, slim”)
Middle Welsh: mwyn
Welsh: mwyn

Gaulish: *mēnos

⇒ Gaulish: Menos, Mena

→⇒ Latin: Menilus

→⇒ Latin: Meniō

→⇒ Latin: Dacumēna

→⇒ Latin: Sumēna

French: Sumène

Occitan: Sumena

From Proto-Indo-European *meyh₁- (“mild, soft”), whence also Latin mītis, Lithuanian meilė, and Sanskrit मयस् (mayas). See also Proto-Celtic *mīnis from the same root, but with different root ablaut and suffixation.


glanis

glanis (nominative singular)
glanī (dual nominative)
glanīs (nominative plural)
glani (singular vocative)
glanī (dual vocative)
glanīs (plural vocative)
glanim (accusative singular)
glanī (accusative dual)
glanins (accusative plural)
glaneis (genitive singular)
glanyow (dual genitive)
glanyom (genitive plural)
glanei (dative singular)
glanibom (dative dual)
glanibos (dative plural)
glanei (locative singular)
glanī (instrumental singular)
glanibim (dual instrumental)
glanibis (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *glėn (< thematicized *glanyos)

Old Welsh: gleiniou pl

Middle Welsh: glein (“pearl, bead, gem”)

Welsh: glain

Old Irish: glain (“crystal, glass”)

Middle Irish: glain

Gaulish: *glanis

→ Latin: Glanis

Celtiberian: *glanis

→ Ancient Greek: Γλάνις (Glánis, name of a river in Spain)


eti

Gaulish: eti, t-ic

n-g

Old Irish: formed absolute and deuterotonic verb forms

Proto-Brythonic: formed absolute verbal forms

From Proto-Indo-European *éti. The particle *eti is currently the mainstream explanation for the difference between the absolute and conjunct forms in Old Irish and Old Welsh. However, other explanations of the absolute and conjunct have been proposed:
* Cowgill and Kortlandt reconstruct this particle as *es and derive it from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“is”).
* Roma and Budassi reconstruct subject pronouns instead of *eti as the clitic(s) that differentiated absolute and conjunct forms. They believe that their reconstruction also has the advantage of explaining the subject pronouns (like mé, tú, é, etc.) not occurring as subjects of inflected verbs in Old Irish.
* McCone opposes all forms of the “particle hypothesis” and claims the postulated sentence particle faces more difficulties than it solves and requires numerous dubious ad hoc phonological assumptions. Instead he postulates the generalization of topicalized clause-initial verbs whose final -i was shielded by other enclitics if present, and then homogenization of forms with and without following enclitics in this position.


-kʷe

Old Irish: -ch-

Celtiberian: -kue

Lepontic: 𐌐𐌄 (pe)

From Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Latin -que and Ancient Greek τε (te).


-trom

-trom (nominative singular)
-trou (dual nominative)
-trā (nominative plural)
-trom (singular vocative)
-trou (dual vocative)
-trā (plural vocative)
-trom (accusative singular)
-trou (accusative dual)
-trā (accusative plural)
-trī (genitive singular)
-trous (dual genitive)
-trom (genitive plural)
-trūi (dative singular)
-trobom (dative dual)
-trobos (dative plural)
-trei (locative singular)
-trū (instrumental singular)
-trobim (dual instrumental)
-trūis (instrumental plural)
*-strom (alternative)

Forms instrumental nouns from verb roots.


amban

amban (nominative singular)
ambane? (dual nominative)
ambana (nominative plural)
amban (singular vocative)
ambane? (dual vocative)
ambana (plural vocative)
amban (accusative singular)
ambane? (accusative dual)
ambana (accusative plural)
ambens (genitive singular)
ambenous? (dual genitive)
ambenom (genitive plural)
ambenei (dative singular)
ambembom (dative dual)
ambembos (dative plural)
amben (locative singular)
ambeni (locative singular)
ambenei (instrumental singular)
ambembim (dual instrumental)
ambembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton:

Middle Breton: amanen

Breton: amanenn, amann

Old Cornish: amanen

Middle Cornish:

Cornish: amanyn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: ymenyn

Welsh: ymenyn

desctree

Old Irish: imb
Irish: im
Manx: eeym
Scottish Gaelic: ìm

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃éngʷn̥ (compare Latin unguen (“grease”), Old High German ancho (“butter”)), from *h₃engʷ- (“anoint”).


makʷos

makʷos (nominative singular)
makʷou (dual nominative)
makʷoi (nominative plural)
makʷe (singular vocative)
makʷou (dual vocative)
makoi (plural vocative)
makʷom (accusative singular)
makʷou (accusative dual)
makons (accusative plural)
makʷī (genitive singular)
makʷous (dual genitive)
makʷom (genitive plural)
makūi (dative singular)
makʷobom (dative dual)
makʷobos (dative plural)
makʷei (locative singular)
makū (instrumental singular)
makʷobim (dual instrumental)
makʷūis (instrumental plural)
*makʷkʷos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *mab
Old Breton: map, mab
Middle Breton: mab
Breton: mab
Old Cornish: mab, map
Cornish: mab
Old Welsh: map
Middle Welsh: map
Welsh: mab

Gaulish: mapos

Primitive Irish: ᚋᚐᚊᚔ (maqi, genitive), ᚋᚐᚊᚊᚔ (maqqi), ᚋᚐᚊ (maq), ᚋᚐᚉᚉᚔ (macci)
Old Irish: macc (genitive singular maiccᴸ, meicc)
Middle Irish: mac
Irish: mac
Manx: mac
Scottish Gaelic: mac

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱwos, from *meh₂ḱ- (“to raise, grow”). Compare Latin macer (“lean, thin”), Ancient Greek μακρός (makrós, “long, tall”), Proto-Germanic *magraz (“lean, meager”).


brātīr

brātīr (nominative singular)
brātere (dual nominative)
brāteres (nominative plural)
brāter (singular vocative)
brātere (dual vocative)
brāteres (plural vocative)
brāteram (accusative singular)
brātere (accusative dual)
brāterans (accusative plural)
brātros (genitive singular)
brātrous (dual genitive)
brātrom (genitive plural)
brātrei (dative singular)
brātarbom (dative dual)
brātarbos (dative plural)
brātri (locative singular)
brātrei (instrumental singular)
brātarbim (dual instrumental)
brātarbis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brọdr
Old Breton: brotr
Middle Breton: breuzr
Breton: breur
Old Welsh: braut
Welsh: brawd
Cornish: broder

Old Irish: bráthair

Irish: bráthair

Manx: braar

Scottish Gaelic: bràthair

Gaulish: *bratir


ɸatīr

ɸatīr (nominative singular)
ɸatere (dual nominative)
ɸateres (nominative plural)
ɸater (singular vocative)
ɸatere (dual vocative)
ɸateres (plural vocative)
ɸateram (accusative singular)
ɸatere (accusative dual)
ɸaterans (accusative plural)
ɸatros (genitive singular)
ɸatrous (dual genitive)
ɸatrom (genitive plural)
ɸatrei (dative singular)
ɸatarbom (dative dual)
ɸatarbos (dative plural)
ɸatri (locative singular)
ɸatrei (instrumental singular)
ɸatarbim (dual instrumental)
ɸatarbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: -atr

Old Irish: athair, athir
Irish: athair
Manx: ayr
→ English: ayr
Scottish Gaelic: athair

desc

Gaulish: *atir (nominative), ater (vocative)


mātīr

mātīr (nominative singular)
mātere (dual nominative)
māteres (nominative plural)
māter (singular vocative)
mātere (dual vocative)
māteres (plural vocative)
māteram (accusative singular)
mātere (accusative dual)
māterans (accusative plural)
mātros (genitive singular)
mātrous (dual genitive)
mātrom (genitive plural)
mātrei (dative singular)
mātarbom (dative dual)
mātarbos (dative plural)
mātri (locative singular)
mātrei (instrumental singular)
mātarbim (dual instrumental)
mātarbis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Welsh: modrydaf (“queen bee”) (from *modr + bydaf (“beehive”))

desctree

Old Irish: máthir
Irish: máthair
Manx: moir
Scottish Gaelic: màthair

Celtiberian: matrubos (dative plural)

Gaulish: matir

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *mātrikʷā (“maternal aunt”) or, alternatively, *mātrokʷī

Proto-Brythonic: *mọdrebOld Cornish: moderebCornish: modrepOld Breton: motrepMiddle Breton: mozrebBreton: moerebOld Welsh: modrepedMiddle Welsh: modrybWelsh: modryb


swesūr

swesūr (nominative singular)
swesre (dual nominative)
swesres (nominative plural)
swesūr (singular vocative)
swesre (dual vocative)
swesres (plural vocative)
swesram (accusative singular)
swesre (accusative dual)
swesrans (accusative plural)
swesros (genitive singular)
swesrou (dual genitive)
swesrom (genitive plural)
swesrei (dative singular)
swesrobom (dative dual)
swesrobos (dative plural)
swesri (locative singular)
swesre? (instrumental singular)
swesrobim (dual instrumental)
swesrobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwoɨr
Old Breton: guoer
Middle Breton: hoer
Breton: c'hoar
Old Cornish: huir
Cornish: hwor
Middle Welsh: chwaer
Welsh: chwaer

Old Irish: siur
Irish: siúr
Manx: shuyr
Scottish Gaelic: piuthar (back-formed from lenited form fiur, phiur)
⇒ Middle Irish: derbṡiur
Irish: deirfiúr

Gaulish: suiorebe (instrumental plural)


duxtīr

duxtīr (nominative singular)
duxtere (dual nominative)
duxteres (nominative plural)
duxter (singular vocative)
duxtere (dual vocative)
duxteres (plural vocative)
duxteram (accusative singular)
duxtere (accusative dual)
duxterans (accusative plural)
duxtros (genitive singular)
duxtrous (dual genitive)
duxtrom (genitive plural)
duxtrei (dative singular)
duxtarbom (dative dual)
duxtarbos (dative plural)
duxtri (locative singular)
duxtrei (instrumental singular)
duxtarbim (dual instrumental)
duxtarbis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: Der-, Dar- (elements of personal names, such as Darinill, Dechtir)

Celtiberian: tuateros (genitive singular)

Gaulish: duxtīr

From Pre-Celtic *dʰuktḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr.


abū

abū (nominative singular)
abone? (dual nominative)
abones (nominative plural)
abū (singular vocative)
abone? (dual vocative)
abones (plural vocative)
abonam (accusative singular)
abone? (accusative dual)
abonans (accusative plural)
abonos (genitive singular)
abonows? (dual genitive)
abonom (genitive plural)
abonei (dative singular)
abombom (dative dual)
abombos (dative plural)
abon (locative singular)
aboni (locative singular)
abonei (instrumental singular)
abombim (dual instrumental)
abombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aβon
Middle Breton: auon
Breton: aven
Cornish: avon
Middle Welsh: afon
Welsh: afon
→ English: Avon
→ Scots: A'an

Old Irish: aub, ab, ob, oub
Middle Irish: ab, aband, abann
Irish: abha, abhainn
Manx: awin
Scottish Gaelic: abhainn

→ Latin: Avus
Portuguese: Ave

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés, from *h₂ep- (“water”).


gdū

gdū (nominative singular)
gdone? (dual nominative)
gdones (nominative plural)
gdū (singular vocative)
gdone? (dual vocative)
gdones (plural vocative)
gdonam (accusative singular)
gdone? (accusative dual)
gdonans (accusative plural)
gdonos (genitive singular)
gdonows? (dual genitive)
gdonom (genitive plural)
gdonei (dative singular)
gdombom (dative dual)
gdombos (dative plural)
gdon (locative singular)
gdoni (locative singular)
gdonei (instrumental singular)
gdombim (dual instrumental)
gdombis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: dú


grānom

grānom (nominative singular)
grānou (dual nominative)
grānā (nominative plural)
grānom (singular vocative)
grānou (dual vocative)
grānā (plural vocative)
grānom (accusative singular)
grānou (accusative dual)
grānā (accusative plural)
grānī (genitive singular)
grānous (dual genitive)
grānom (genitive plural)
grānūi (dative singular)
grānobom (dative dual)
grānobos (dative plural)
grānei (locative singular)
grānū (instrumental singular)
grānobim (dual instrumental)
grānūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *grọn
Breton: greun
Cornish: greun
Welsh: grawn

Old Irish: grán
Irish: grán
Scottish Gaelic: gràn


ekʷos

ekʷos (nominative singular)
ekʷou (dual nominative)
ekʷoi (nominative plural)
ekʷe (singular vocative)
ekʷou (dual vocative)
ekoi (plural vocative)
ekʷom (accusative singular)
ekʷou (accusative dual)
ekons (accusative plural)
ekʷī (genitive singular)
ekʷous (dual genitive)
ekʷom (genitive plural)
ekūi (dative singular)
ekʷobom (dative dual)
ekʷobos (dative plural)
ekʷei (locative singular)
ekū (instrumental singular)
ekʷobim (dual instrumental)
ekʷūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *eb
Old Breton: eb
Breton: keneb (“mare in foal”), ebeul (“colt, foal”)
Old Welsh: eb
Middle Welsh: ep, ebawl (“colt, foal”)
Welsh: cyfeb (“mare in foal”), ebol (“colt, foal”), ebran (“fodder, stover”)

Primitive Irish: *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas)

Old Irish: ech

Middle Irish: ech

Irish: each

Manx: agh, eagh

Scottish Gaelic: each

Gaulish: epos

Celtiberian: ekua-


rīxs

rīxs (nominative singular)
rīge (dual nominative)
rīges (nominative plural)
rīxs (singular vocative)
rīge (dual vocative)
rīges (plural vocative)
rīgam (accusative singular)
rīge (accusative dual)
rīgans (accusative plural)
rīgos (genitive singular)
rīgou (dual genitive)
rīgom (genitive plural)
rīgei (dative singular)
rīgobom (dative dual)
rīgobos (dative plural)
rīgi (locative singular)
rīge? (instrumental singular)
rīgobim (dual instrumental)
rīgobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrix
Middle Welsh: ri
Welsh: rhi
Old Breton: ri

Primitive Irish: ᚏᚔᚌᚐᚄ (rigas) (genitive)

Old Irish: rí
Middle Irish: rí
Irish: rí
Manx: ree
Scottish Gaelic: rìgh

Celtiberian: reikis

Gaulish: *rīx

→ Proto-Germanic: *rīks (see there for further descendants)


klowos

klowos (nominative singular)
klowese? (dual nominative)
klowesa (nominative plural)
klowos (singular vocative)
klowese? (dual vocative)
klowesa (plural vocative)
klowos (accusative singular)
klowese? (accusative dual)
klowesa (accusative plural)
klowesos (genitive singular)
klowesous? (dual genitive)
klowesom (genitive plural)
klowesei (dative singular)
klowesbom (dative dual)
klowesbos (dative plural)
klowesi (locative singular)
klowesei (instrumental singular)
klowesbim (dual instrumental)
klowesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: klev

Cornish: klew

Welsh: clyw

Old Irish: clú
Irish: clú
Scottish Gaelic: cliù


nemos

nemos (nominative singular)
nemese? (dual nominative)
nemesa (nominative plural)
nemos (singular vocative)
nemese? (dual vocative)
nemesa (plural vocative)
nemos (accusative singular)
nemese? (accusative dual)
nemesa (accusative plural)
nemesos (genitive singular)
nemesous? (dual genitive)
nemesom (genitive plural)
nemesei (dative singular)
nemesbom (dative dual)
nemesbos (dative plural)
nemesi (locative singular)
nemesei (instrumental singular)
nemesbim (dual instrumental)
nemesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *neβ̃
Old Breton: nem
Middle Breton: neff
Breton: neñv
Old Cornish: nef
Cornish: nev
Old Welsh: nem
Middle Welsh: nef
Welsh: nef

Old Irish: nem
Irish: neamh
Manx: niau
Scottish Gaelic: nèamh


noxs

noxts (nominative singular)
noxte (dual nominative)
noxtes (nominative plural)
noxts (singular vocative)
noxte (dual vocative)
noxtes (plural vocative)
noxtam (accusative singular)
noxte (accusative dual)
noxtans (accusative plural)
noxtos (genitive singular)
noxtou (dual genitive)
noxtom (genitive plural)
noxtei (dative singular)
noxtobom (dative dual)
noxtobos (dative plural)
noxti (locative singular)
noxte? (instrumental singular)
noxtobim (dual instrumental)
noxtobis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: nox

Proto-Brythonic: *henoɨθMiddle Breton: hanoezBreton: henoazhMiddle Cornish: hanethOld Welsh: henoidMiddle Welsh: henoWelsh: heno

Old Irish: innochtIrish: anochtManx: noghtScottish Gaelic: a-nochd


toutā

toutā (nominative singular)
toutai (dual nominative)
toutās (nominative plural)
toutā (singular vocative)
toutai (dual vocative)
toutās (plural vocative)
toutam (accusative singular)
toutai (accusative dual)
toutāns (accusative plural)
toutās (genitive singular)
toutous (dual genitive)
toutom (genitive plural)
toutāi (dative singular)
toutābom (dative dual)
toutābos (dative plural)
toutai (locative singular)
toutābim (dual instrumental)
toutābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tʉd
Middle Breton: tut
Breton: tud
Cornish: tus
Middle Welsh: tut
Welsh: tud

Old Irish: túath
Irish: tuath
Manx: theay
Scottish Gaelic: tuath

Gaulish: touta, teuta


wiros

wiros (nominative singular)
wirou (dual nominative)
wiroi (nominative plural)
wire (singular vocative)
wirou (dual vocative)
wiroi (plural vocative)
wirom (accusative singular)
wirou (accusative dual)
wirons (accusative plural)
wirī (genitive singular)
wirous (dual genitive)
wirom (genitive plural)
wirūi (dative singular)
wirobom (dative dual)
wirobos (dative plural)
wirei (locative singular)
wirū (instrumental singular)
wirobim (dual instrumental)
wirūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwur
Middle Breton: *gur
Breton: gour
Old Cornish: uir
Cornish: gour
Old Welsh: gur
Middle Welsh: gwr
Welsh: gŵr

Primitive Irish: *ᚃᚔᚏᚐᚄ (*viras)
Old Irish: fer
Middle Irish: fer
Irish: fear
Manx: fer
Scottish Gaelic: fear

Gaulish: *wiros

Celtiberian: [Term?] (UIROS)


medyos

medyos (nominative singular)
medyou (dual nominative)
medyoi (nominative plural)
medye (singular vocative)
medyou (dual vocative)
medyoi (plural vocative)
medyom (accusative singular)
medyou (accusative dual)
medyons (accusative plural)
medyī (genitive singular)
medyous (dual genitive)
medyom (genitive plural)
medyūi (dative singular)
medyobom (dative dual)
medyobos (dative plural)
medyū (instrumental singular)
medyobim (dual instrumental)
medyobis (instrumental plural)
medyā (nominative singular)
medyai (dual nominative)
medyās (nominative plural)
medyā (singular vocative)
medyai (dual vocative)
medyās (plural vocative)
medyam (accusative singular)
medyai (accusative dual)
medyans (accusative plural)
medyās (genitive singular)
medyai (dative singular)
medyābom (dative dual)
medyābos (dative plural)
medyābim (dual instrumental)
medyābis (instrumental plural)
medyom (nominative singular)
medyā (nominative plural)
medyom (singular vocative)
medyā (plural vocative)
medyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨð

Old Breton: med (“mid-summer (period)”)

Old Irish: mide

Middle Irish: mide

Irish: mí

Gaulish: *medios

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *Mediolanon (common settlement name)

→ Latin: Mediolanum (see there for further descendants)

Gaulish: *Mediomatrici

→ Latin: Mediomatrici

⇒ Gaulish: Medionemeton


nowiyos

nowiyos (nominative singular)
nowiyou (dual nominative)
nowiyoi (nominative plural)
nowiye (singular vocative)
nowiyou (dual vocative)
nowiyoi (plural vocative)
nowiyom (accusative singular)
nowiyou (accusative dual)
nowiyons (accusative plural)
nowiyī (genitive singular)
nowiyous (dual genitive)
nowiyom (genitive plural)
nowiyūi (dative singular)
nowiyobom (dative dual)
nowiyobos (dative plural)
nowiyū (instrumental singular)
nowiyobim (dual instrumental)
nowiyobis (instrumental plural)
nowiyā (nominative singular)
nowiyai (dual nominative)
nowiyās (nominative plural)
nowiyā (singular vocative)
nowiyai (dual vocative)
nowiyās (plural vocative)
nowiyam (accusative singular)
nowiyai (accusative dual)
nowiyans (accusative plural)
nowiyās (genitive singular)
nowiyai (dative singular)
nowiyābom (dative dual)
nowiyābos (dative plural)
nowiyābim (dual instrumental)
nowiyābis (instrumental plural)
nowiyom (nominative singular)
nowiyā (nominative plural)
nowiyom (singular vocative)
nowiyā (plural vocative)
nowiyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nöwɨð

Breton: nevez

Cornish: nowydh

Old Welsh: neguid

Middle Welsh: newyð

Welsh: newydd

desctree

Old Irish: nuae, nue, naue, nóe
Middle Irish: núa
Irish: nua
Manx: noa
Scottish Gaelic: nuadh

desc

Gaulish: nouiio (in the plate of Lezoux, also in many Roman place names)

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Galician: Noia (place name)

From Proto-Indo-European *néwos, *néwyos.


ɸlānos

ɸlānos (nominative singular)
ɸlānou (dual nominative)
ɸlānoi (nominative plural)
ɸlāne (singular vocative)
ɸlānou (dual vocative)
ɸlānoi (plural vocative)
ɸlānom (accusative singular)
ɸlānou (accusative dual)
ɸlānons (accusative plural)
ɸlānī (genitive singular)
ɸlānous (dual genitive)
ɸlānom (genitive plural)
ɸlānūi (dative singular)
ɸlānobom (dative dual)
ɸlānobos (dative plural)
ɸlānū (instrumental singular)
ɸlānobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlānobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlānā (nominative singular)
ɸlānai (dual nominative)
ɸlānās (nominative plural)
ɸlānā (singular vocative)
ɸlānai (dual vocative)
ɸlānās (plural vocative)
ɸlānam (accusative singular)
ɸlānai (accusative dual)
ɸlānans (accusative plural)
ɸlānās (genitive singular)
ɸlānai (dative singular)
ɸlānābom (dative dual)
ɸlānābos (dative plural)
ɸlānābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlānābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlānom (nominative singular)
ɸlānā (nominative plural)
ɸlānom (singular vocative)
ɸlānā (plural vocative)
ɸlānā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llọn
Old Breton: dacrlon
Middle Breton: leun
Breton: leun
Cornish: leun
Middle Welsh: llawn
Welsh: llawn

Old Irish: lán

Irish: lán

Manx: lane

Scottish Gaelic: làn


duwo

dwei (feminine)
duwo (dual nominative)
duwo (dual vocative)
duwo (accusative dual)
duwo (dual genitive)
duwo (dative dual)
duwo (dual instrumental)
dwei (dual nominative)
dwei (dual vocative)
dwei (accusative dual)
dwiyou (dual genitive)
dwibom (dative dual)
dwibim (dual instrumental)

Proto-Brythonic: *dow
Breton: daou
Cornish: dew
Welsh: dau

Old Irish: dá
Irish: dhá, dá, a dó
Manx: daa
Scottish Gaelic: dà, dhà

From Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ due to Lindeman’s Law.


kʷetwores

head

*kʷetwores (feminine *kʷetesres, prefix *kʷetru-)

kʷetesres (feminine)
kʷetru- (prefix)
kʷetwores (nominative plural)
kʷetwores (plural vocative)
kʷetworans (accusative plural)
kʷeturiyom (genitive plural)
kʷeturibom (dative plural)
kʷeturibim (instrumental plural)
kʷetesres (nominative plural)
kʷetesres (plural vocative)
kʷetesrans (accusative plural)
kʷetesriyom (genitive plural)
kʷetesribom (dative plural)
kʷetesribim (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *pedwar
Old Breton: petguar
Middle Breton: peuar
Breton: pevar
Cornish: peswar, peder
Old Welsh: petguar
Middle Welsh: pedwar
Welsh: pedwar

Old Irish: cethair, cetheoir f

Irish: ceathair

Manx: kiare

Scottish Gaelic: ceithir


kʷenkʷe

Brythonic: *pɨmp
Old Breton: pemp
Middle Breton: pemp
Breton: pemp
Cornish: pymp
Old Welsh: pimp
Middle Welsh: pymp
Welsh: pump

Old Irish: cóic

Irish: cúig

Manx: queig

Scottish Gaelic: còig

Gaulish: pempe


swexs

Proto-Brythonic: *hwex
Breton: c'hwec'h
Cornish: hwegh
Welsh: chwech

Old Irish: sé
Irish: sé
Manx: shey
Scottish Gaelic: sia

Celtiberian: sues


oxtū

Proto-Brythonic: *üiθ
Old Breton: eith
Middle Breton: eiz
Breton: eizh
Cornish: eth
Old Welsh: oith
Middle Welsh: wyth
Welsh: wyth

Old Irish: ocht
Irish: ocht
Manx: hoght
Scottish Gaelic: ochd

Gaulish: oxtu


dekam

Proto-Brythonic: *deg
Old Breton: dec
Middle Breton: dek
Breton: dek
Cornish: deg
Cumbric: *deg
→ English: dick
Middle Welsh: deg
Welsh: deg

Old Irish: deich
Irish: deich
Manx: jeih
Scottish Gaelic: deich


kantom

kantom (nominative singular)
kantou (dual nominative)
kantā (nominative plural)
kantom (singular vocative)
kantou (dual vocative)
kantā (plural vocative)
kantom (accusative singular)
kantou (accusative dual)
kantā (accusative plural)
kantī (genitive singular)
kantous (dual genitive)
kantom (genitive plural)
kantūi (dative singular)
kantobom (dative dual)
kantobos (dative plural)
kantei (locative singular)
kantū (instrumental singular)
kantobim (dual instrumental)
kantūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kant
Old Breton: cant
Middle Breton: kant
Breton: kant
Cornish: kans
Old Welsh: cant
Middle Welsh: cant
Welsh: cant

Old Irish: cét
Irish: céad
Manx: keead
Scottish Gaelic: ceud

Gaulish: *canta

Gallo: cantë

Angevin: cante

Celtiberian: kantom


dūnom

dūnom (nominative singular)
dūnou (dual nominative)
dūnā (nominative plural)
dūnom (singular vocative)
dūnou (dual vocative)
dūnā (plural vocative)
dūnom (accusative singular)
dūnou (accusative dual)
dūnā (accusative plural)
dūnī (genitive singular)
dūnous (dual genitive)
dūnom (genitive plural)
dūnūi (dative singular)
dūnobom (dative dual)
dūnobos (dative plural)
dūnei (locative singular)
dūnū (instrumental singular)
dūnobim (dual instrumental)
dūnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *din
Old Breton: din
Breton: din
Cornish: din
Old Welsh: din
Middle Welsh: din
Welsh: din

Old Irish: dún

Irish: dún

Manx: doon

Scottish Gaelic: dùn

Gaulish: *dūnon
→⇒ Latin: Arialdūnum
→⇒ Latin: Augustodūnum
Old French: Ostun
Middle French: Austun, Authun
French: Autun
→ English: Autun
→⇒ Latin: Brannodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Caesarodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Campodūnum
Medieval Latin: Campidona
→ Middle High German: Kemptun
German: Kempten
→⇒ Latin: Camulodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Eburodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Lugdūnum
→⇒ Latin: Melodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Minnodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Moridūnum
→⇒ Latin: Noviodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Sedūnum
→⇒ Latin: Segodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Singidūnum
→⇒ Latin: Uxellodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Virodūnum

→ Proto-Germanic: *tūną (“enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (see there for further descendants)

desc

→? Proto-Germanic: *dūnǭ (“sandhill, dune”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-nós (“lasting, durable”), from *dewh₂- (“to last”) + *-nós, or from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuHno-, of unclear origin, but possibly related to Latin fūnus (“burial”), if this originally meant “burial mound”.


druwits

druwits (nominative singular)
druwide (dual nominative)
druwides (nominative plural)
druwits (singular vocative)
druwide (dual vocative)
druwides (plural vocative)
druwidam (accusative singular)
druwide (accusative dual)
druwidans (accusative plural)
druwidos (genitive singular)
druwidou (dual genitive)
druwidom (genitive plural)
druwidei (dative singular)
druwidobom (dative dual)
druwidobos (dative plural)
druwidi (locative singular)
druwide? (instrumental singular)
druwidobim (dual instrumental)
druwidobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *drüw
Old Cornish: druw
Middle Welsh: dryw
Welsh: dryw
→ Old English: drȳ (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: druí, druï (disyllabic in early poetry)
Irish: draoi
⇒ Manx: druaight (via druídecht)
Scottish Gaelic: draoidh

desc

Gaulish: *druwits, druwides (nominative plural)

→ Ancient Greek: δρυΐδαι (druḯdai, nominative plural)

→ Late Latin: Druidae

→ Latin: Druidēs (nom.pl.) (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally taken to be from *daru (“oak”) (from from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”)) + *wid-, the root of *windeti (“to know, to see”), thus meaning ‘oak-knower’ or ‘tree-knower’. Since 1960s the first part is often derived from Proto-Indo-European *drew- (“firm, solid, hard”), thus meaning ‘one with solid knowledge, great sage’. The connection with ‘oak’ is doubtful both on phonological and historical grounds (Pliny the Elder being the only ancient author drawing the connection, and proposing a folk etymology of the Celtic word as borrowed from Ancient Greek δρῦς (drûs, “oak tree”)). The first element being an intensifying adverbial modifier of the second element also fits better with other similar compounds preserved in Old Irish: suí (“wise man, sage”) < *suwits (“good knower”), duí (“idiot, fool”) < *duwits (“bad knower”), ainb (“ignorant”) < *anwits (“not knower”).


bereti

berū (active first-person present singular)
beremam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibrāsū (active first-person future singular)
biram (active first-person preterite singular)
beresi (active present second-person singular)
beretās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
birs (active preterite second-person singular)
bereti (active present singular third-person)
bereto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibrāseti (active future singular third-person)
birt (active preterite singular third-person)
beromosi (active first-person plural present)
beremo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
birme (active first-person plural preterite)
beretesi (active plural present second-person)
berestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
birte (active plural preterite second-person)
beronti (active plural present third-person)
berento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
birant (active plural preterite third-person)
berasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
berasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
bere (active imperative second-person singular)
beraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
beretou (active imperative singular third-person)
berasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
beromos (active first-person imperative plural)
berasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
berete (active imperative plural second-person)
berasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
berontou (active imperative plural third-person)
berūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
beretar (passive present second-person singular)
bibrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
beretor (passive present singular third-person)
bibrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
berommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
beredwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
berontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
biranto (passive plural preterite third-person)
berasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
berasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
berasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
berasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
berasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
berasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
beronts (nominative singular)
beronte (dual nominative)
berontes (nominative plural)
beronts (singular vocative)
beronte (dual vocative)
berontes (plural vocative)
berontam (accusative singular)
beronte (accusative dual)
berontans (accusative plural)
berantos (genitive singular)
berantom (genitive plural)
berantei (dative singular)
berantbom (dative dual)
berantbos (dative plural)
berantī? (instrumental singular)
berantbim (dual instrumental)
berantbis (instrumental plural)
berantī (nominative singular)
berantī (dual nominative)
berantiyās (nominative plural)
berantī (singular vocative)
berantī (dual vocative)
berantiyās (plural vocative)
berantīm (accusative singular)
berantī (accusative dual)
berantiyans (accusative plural)
berantyās (genitive singular)
berantyom (genitive plural)
berantyāi (dative singular)
berantyābom (dative dual)
berantyābos (dative plural)
berantyābim (dual instrumental)
berantyābis (instrumental plural)
beront (nominative singular)
beronta (nominative plural)
beront (singular vocative)
beronta (plural vocative)
beront (accusative singular)
beronta (accusative plural)
britos (nominative singular)
britou (dual nominative)
britoi (nominative plural)
brite (singular vocative)
britou (dual vocative)
britoi (plural vocative)
britom (accusative singular)
britou (accusative dual)
britons (accusative plural)
britī (genitive singular)
britous (dual genitive)
britom (genitive plural)
britūi (dative singular)
britobom (dative dual)
britobos (dative plural)
britū (instrumental singular)
britobim (dual instrumental)
britobis (instrumental plural)
britā (nominative singular)
britai (dual nominative)
britās (nominative plural)
britā (singular vocative)
britai (dual vocative)
britās (plural vocative)
britam (accusative singular)
britai (accusative dual)
britans (accusative plural)
britās (genitive singular)
britai (dative singular)
britābom (dative dual)
britābos (dative plural)
britābim (dual instrumental)
britābis (instrumental plural)
britom (nominative singular)
britā (nominative plural)
britom (singular vocative)
britā (plural vocative)
britā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bėrɨd
Middle Welsh: beru
Middle Breton: beraff
Breton: berañ

Old Irish: beirid
Middle Irish: beirid
Irish: beir
Manx: behr
Scottish Gaelic: beir


roudos

roudos (nominative singular)
roudou (dual nominative)
roudoi (nominative plural)
roude (singular vocative)
roudou (dual vocative)
roudoi (plural vocative)
roudom (accusative singular)
roudou (accusative dual)
roudons (accusative plural)
roudī (genitive singular)
roudous (dual genitive)
roudom (genitive plural)
roudūi (dative singular)
roudobom (dative dual)
roudobos (dative plural)
roudū (instrumental singular)
roudobim (dual instrumental)
roudobis (instrumental plural)
roudā (nominative singular)
roudai (dual nominative)
roudās (nominative plural)
roudā (singular vocative)
roudai (dual vocative)
roudās (plural vocative)
roudam (accusative singular)
roudai (accusative dual)
roudans (accusative plural)
roudās (genitive singular)
roudai (dative singular)
roudābom (dative dual)
roudābos (dative plural)
roudābim (dual instrumental)
roudābis (instrumental plural)
roudom (nominative singular)
roudā (nominative plural)
roudom (singular vocative)
roudā (plural vocative)
roudā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrʉð
Breton: ruz
Cornish: rudh
Welsh: rhudd

Old Irish: rúad
Irish: rua
Manx: ruy
Scottish Gaelic: ruadh

Gaulish: roudos


bānos

bānos (nominative singular)
bānou (dual nominative)
bānoi (nominative plural)
bāne (singular vocative)
bānou (dual vocative)
bānoi (plural vocative)
bānom (accusative singular)
bānou (accusative dual)
bānons (accusative plural)
bānī (genitive singular)
bānous (dual genitive)
bānom (genitive plural)
bānūi (dative singular)
bānobom (dative dual)
bānobos (dative plural)
bānū (instrumental singular)
bānobim (dual instrumental)
bānobis (instrumental plural)
bānā (nominative singular)
bānai (dual nominative)
bānās (nominative plural)
bānā (singular vocative)
bānai (dual vocative)
bānās (plural vocative)
bānam (accusative singular)
bānai (accusative dual)
bānans (accusative plural)
bānās (genitive singular)
bānai (dative singular)
bānābom (dative dual)
bānābos (dative plural)
bānābim (dual instrumental)
bānābis (instrumental plural)
bānom (nominative singular)
bānā (nominative plural)
bānom (singular vocative)
bānā (plural vocative)
bānā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: bán

Irish: bán

Manx: bane

Scottish Gaelic: bàn

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”).


mīns

mīns (nominative singular)
mīnse (dual nominative)
mīnses (nominative plural)
mīns (singular vocative)
mīnse (dual vocative)
mīnses (plural vocative)
mīnsam (accusative singular)
mīnse (accusative dual)
mīnsans (accusative plural)
mīnsos (genitive singular)
mīnsou (dual genitive)
mīnsom (genitive plural)
mīnsei (dative singular)
mīnsobom (dative dual)
mīnsobos (dative plural)
mīnsi (locative singular)
mīnse? (instrumental singular)
mīnsobim (dual instrumental)
mīnsobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mis

Breton: miz

Cornish: mis

Welsh: mis

Old Irish: mí

Irish: mí

Manx: mee

Scottish Gaelic: mìos

desc

read as <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">miđ</i>, implying a tense /s/

Gaulish: mid (read as miđ, implying a tense /s/)

From Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (“month, moon”).


māros

head

*māros (comparative *māyūs, superlative *maisamos)

māyūs (comparative)
maisamos (superlative)
māros (nominative singular)
mārou (dual nominative)
māroi (nominative plural)
māre (singular vocative)
mārou (dual vocative)
māroi (plural vocative)
mārom (accusative singular)
mārou (accusative dual)
mārons (accusative plural)
mārī (genitive singular)
mārous (dual genitive)
mārom (genitive plural)
mārūi (dative singular)
mārobom (dative dual)
mārobos (dative plural)
mārū (instrumental singular)
mārobim (dual instrumental)
mārobis (instrumental plural)
mārā (nominative singular)
mārai (dual nominative)
mārās (nominative plural)
mārā (singular vocative)
mārai (dual vocative)
mārās (plural vocative)
māram (accusative singular)
mārai (accusative dual)
mārans (accusative plural)
mārās (genitive singular)
mārai (dative singular)
mārābom (dative dual)
mārābos (dative plural)
mārābim (dual instrumental)
mārābis (instrumental plural)
mārom (nominative singular)
mārā (nominative plural)
mārom (singular vocative)
mārā (plural vocative)
mārā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mọr
Old Breton: mor
Breton: meur
Old Cornish: maur
Middle Cornish: mur
Cornish: meur
Old Welsh: maur
Middle Welsh: mawr
Welsh: mawr

analogy with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">mó</i>

Old Irish: már, máar, ⇒ mór (analogy with mó)
Irish: mór
Manx: mooar
Scottish Gaelic: mòr

⇒ Old Irish: -mar (adjective-forming suffix)
Irish: -mhar
Scottish Gaelic: -mhor
Manx: -r, -yr

Gaulish: maros

⇒ Gaulish: Danomaros (personal name)

Lepontic: 𐌌𐌀𐌓𐌖𐌉 (marui)

desc

→? Byzantine Greek: μάραον (máraon, “sweet chestnut”, literally “great one”)

→ Italian: marrone (“chestnut; chestnut-colored”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂-ro-s, from *meh₂- (“good”), as the comparative and superlative reflect *h₂. Derived by others from Proto-Indo-European *moh₁-ro-s (“great”), with o-grade of the root *meh₁- (“to measure”), but then the comparative and superlative must be suppletive. Cognate with Ancient Greek -μωρος (-mōros, “mighty”) and maybe with Proto-Germanic *mērijaz (“renowned, famous, great”), Old Church Slavonic мѣръ (měrŭ, “great”), but unrelated to Romanian mare (“good”).

cog

mò

Old Irish: mó, ⇒ moü, moä (resuffixed with -u and -a); Scottish Gaelic

má

*ma-is n (comparative) (from *meh₂-is); Old Irish

máam

*ma-is-amos (superlative) (rebuilt from *meh₂-m̥mo-s); Old Irish


ɸeiskos

ɸeiskos (nominative singular)
ɸeiskou (dual nominative)
ɸeiskoi (nominative plural)
ɸeiske (singular vocative)
ɸeiskou (dual vocative)
ɸeiskoi (plural vocative)
ɸeiskom (accusative singular)
ɸeiskou (accusative dual)
ɸeiskons (accusative plural)
ɸeiskī (genitive singular)
ɸeiskous (dual genitive)
ɸeiskom (genitive plural)
ɸeiskūi (dative singular)
ɸeiskobom (dative dual)
ɸeiskobos (dative plural)
ɸeiskei (locative singular)
ɸeiskū (instrumental singular)
ɸeiskobim (dual instrumental)
ɸeiskūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *uɨsk

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Uɨsk

Old Irish: íasc

Irish: iasc

Manx: eeast

Scottish Gaelic: iasg

From Proto-Indo-European *peysk-. Cognate with Latin piscis, Proto-Germanic *fiskaz.


towissākos

towissākos (nominative singular)
towissākou (dual nominative)
towissākoi (nominative plural)
towissāke (singular vocative)
towissākou (dual vocative)
towissākoi (plural vocative)
towissākom (accusative singular)
towissākou (accusative dual)
towissākons (accusative plural)
towissākī (genitive singular)
towissākous (dual genitive)
towissākom (genitive plural)
towissākūi (dative singular)
towissākobom (dative dual)
towissākobos (dative plural)
towissākū (instrumental singular)
towissākobim (dual instrumental)
towissākobis (instrumental plural)
towissākā (nominative singular)
towissākai (dual nominative)
towissākās (nominative plural)
towissākā (singular vocative)
towissākai (dual vocative)
towissākās (plural vocative)
towissākam (accusative singular)
towissākai (accusative dual)
towissākans (accusative plural)
towissākās (genitive singular)
towissākai (dative singular)
towissākābom (dative dual)
towissākābos (dative plural)
towissākābim (dual instrumental)
towissākābis (instrumental plural)
towissākom (nominative singular)
towissākā (nominative plural)
towissākom (singular vocative)
towissākā (plural vocative)
towissākā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *towɨssọg
Old Breton: toguisoc
Breton: tevezeg
Middle Welsh: tywyssawc (“prince”)
Welsh: tywysog

Primitive Irish: ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (tovisaci)

Old Irish: toísech
Irish: taoiseach, Taoiseach
→ English: Taoiseach
Scottish Gaelic: tòiseach
Manx: toshiagh


salā

salā (nominative singular)
salai (dual nominative)
salās (nominative plural)
salā (singular vocative)
salai (dual vocative)
salās (plural vocative)
salam (accusative singular)
salai (accusative dual)
salāns (accusative plural)
salās (genitive singular)
salous (dual genitive)
salom (genitive plural)
salāi (dative singular)
salābom (dative dual)
salābos (dative plural)
salai (locative singular)
salābim (dual instrumental)
salābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: halou

Old Irish: sal

Irish: sail

Sometimes derived from *seh₂l- (“salt”), but Matasović finds this dubious on semantic grouds. Has also been connected with Latin salīva, but this is not wholly convincing either. Matasović notes a possible cognate in Proto-Germanic *salwaz, whence Old English salu.


gaisos

gaisos (nominative singular)
gaisou (dual nominative)
gaisoi (nominative plural)
gaise (singular vocative)
gaisou (dual vocative)
gaisoi (plural vocative)
gaisom (accusative singular)
gaisou (accusative dual)
gaisons (accusative plural)
gaisī (genitive singular)
gaisous (dual genitive)
gaisom (genitive plural)
gaisūi (dative singular)
gaisobom (dative dual)
gaisobos (dative plural)
gaisei (locative singular)
gaisū (instrumental singular)
gaisobim (dual instrumental)
gaisūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *goɨw

Middle Cornish: gyw, giu, gew

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *godɣoɨw

Middle Welsh: gotoyw, gottoev

Old Irish: gae

Irish: ga

Gaulish: *gaisos

→ Latin: gaesum (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Gaulish: *Ariogaisos (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz (given the diphthong *ai instead of the expected *oi), which itself is derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to throw, impel”). Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (héṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).


bitus

bitus (nominative singular)
bitū (dual nominative)
bitowes (nominative plural)
bitu (singular vocative)
bitū (dual vocative)
bitūs (plural vocative)
bitum (accusative singular)
bitū (accusative dual)
bituns (accusative plural)
bitous (genitive singular)
bitous (dual genitive)
bitowom (genitive plural)
bitou (dative singular)
bitubom (dative dual)
bitubos (dative plural)
bitū (instrumental singular)
bitubim (dual instrumental)
bitubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨd
Old Breton: bit, bet
Breton: bed
Old Cornish: bit, bys
Cornish: bys, bes
Old Welsh: bid
Middle Welsh: byd
Welsh: byd

Old Irish: bith
Irish: bith
→? Middle Welsh: byth
Welsh: byth

Gaulish: bitus

⇒ Gaulish: Biturīges

→ Latin: Bituriges

French: Bourges, Berry

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃-tus (“life”). Cognate with Latin vita.


bardos

bardos (nominative singular)
bardou (dual nominative)
bardoi (nominative plural)
barde (singular vocative)
bardou (dual vocative)
bardoi (plural vocative)
bardom (accusative singular)
bardou (accusative dual)
bardons (accusative plural)
bardī (genitive singular)
bardous (dual genitive)
bardom (genitive plural)
bardūi (dative singular)
bardobom (dative dual)
bardobos (dative plural)
bardei (locative singular)
bardū (instrumental singular)
bardobim (dual instrumental)
bardūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *barð
Middle Breton: barz
Breton: barzh
Old Cornish: barth
Cornish: bardh
Middle Welsh: bardd
Welsh: bardd

Old Irish: bard
Irish: bard
Manx: bard
Scottish Gaelic: bàrd
→ English: bard

→ Latin: bardus
Italian: bardo

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-dʰh₁o- (“praise-maker”), from *gʷerH- (“to approve, praise”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, make”), with a loss of the laryngeal in *gʷerH-.


bodwos

bodwos (nominative singular)
bodwou (dual nominative)
bodwoi (nominative plural)
bodwe (singular vocative)
bodwou (dual vocative)
bodwoi (plural vocative)
bodwom (accusative singular)
bodwou (accusative dual)
bodwons (accusative plural)
bodwī (genitive singular)
bodwous (dual genitive)
bodwom (genitive plural)
bodwūi (dative singular)
bodwobom (dative dual)
bodwobos (dative plural)
bodwei (locative singular)
bodwū (instrumental singular)
bodwobim (dual instrumental)
bodwūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *boðw

Old Breton: bodou (“heron”)

⇒ Old Breton: Boduuan, Bodguan

desc

⇒ Old Welsh: Gurbodu, Bodgu, Elbodgu, Elbodug

Old Irish: Bodb (name of a mythical king)

Gaulish: Boduos

⇒ Gaulish: *Ateboduos

→ Latin: Ateboduus

⇒ Gaulish: *Boduogenos

→ Latin: Boduogenus

⇒ Gaulish: *Boduognātos

→ Latin: Boduognatus

⇒ Gaulish: Κομβοδουος (Kombodouos)

⇒ Gaulish: *Maroboduos

→ Latin: Maroboduus

⇒ Gaulish: *Soliboduos

→ Latin: Soliboduus

⇒ Gaulish: *Toutoboduos

→ Latin: Teutoboduus

⇒ Gaulish: *Boduoialon

→ Latin: Boolium, Boelium

French: Bueil

⇒ Gaulish: *Boduoriton

→ French: Bort

Given the meaning of the apparent cognate in Proto-Germanic *badwō (“battle”) (whence Old English beadu), the sense "crow" is secondary, borne out of the crow serving as a symbol of violence.


ni-

From Proto-Indo-European *ni (“down, inside”), possibly from *h₁én (“in”).