swizdeti

swizdū (active first-person present singular)
swizdemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
siswissū (active first-person future singular)
siswoizda (active first-person preterite singular)
swizdesi (active present second-person singular)
swizdetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
siswissesi (active future second-person singular)
siswoizdas? (active preterite second-person singular)
swizdeti (active present singular third-person)
swizdeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
siswisseti (active future singular third-person)
siswoizde (active preterite singular third-person)
swizdomosi (active first-person plural present)
swizdemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
siswissomosi (active first-person future plural)
siswoizdmo (active first-person plural preterite)
swizdetesi (active plural present second-person)
swizdestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
siswissetesi (active future plural second-person)
siswoizsse (active plural preterite second-person)
swizdonti (active plural present third-person)
swizdento (active imperfect plural third-person)
siswissonti (active future plural third-person)
siswoizdars (active plural preterite third-person)
sweissū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sweissesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
swizde (active imperative second-person singular)
sweisseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
swizdetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sweissomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
swizdomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sweissetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
swizdete (active imperative plural second-person)
sweissonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
swizdontou (active imperative plural third-person)
swizdūr (first-person passive present singular)
siswissūr (first-person future passive singular)
siswoizdra (first-person passive preterite singular)
swizdetar (passive present second-person singular)
siswissetar (future passive second-person singular)
siswoizdras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
swizdetor (passive present singular third-person)
siswissetor (future passive singular third-person)
siswoizdre (passive preterite singular third-person)
swizdommor (first-person passive plural present)
siswissommor (first-person future passive plural)
swizdedwe (passive plural present second-person)
siswissedwe (future passive plural second-person)
swizdontor (passive plural present third-person)
siswissontor (future passive plural third-person)
sweissūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sweissetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sweissetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sweissommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sweissedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sweissontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
swizdonts (nominative singular)
swizdonte (dual nominative)
swizdontes (nominative plural)
swizdonts (singular vocative)
swizdonte (dual vocative)
swizdontes (plural vocative)
swizdontam (accusative singular)
swizdonte (accusative dual)
swizdontans (accusative plural)
swizdantos (genitive singular)
swizdantom (genitive plural)
swizdantei (dative singular)
swizdantbom (dative dual)
swizdantbos (dative plural)
swizdantī? (instrumental singular)
swizdantbim (dual instrumental)
swizdantbis (instrumental plural)
swizdantī (nominative singular)
swizdantī (dual nominative)
swizdantiyās (nominative plural)
swizdantī (singular vocative)
swizdantī (dual vocative)
swizdantiyās (plural vocative)
swizdantīm (accusative singular)
swizdantī (accusative dual)
swizdantiyans (accusative plural)
swizdantyās (genitive singular)
swizdantyom (genitive plural)
swizdantyāi (dative singular)
swizdantyābom (dative dual)
swizdantyābos (dative plural)
swizdantyābim (dual instrumental)
swizdantyābis (instrumental plural)
swizdont (nominative singular)
swizdonta (nominative plural)
swizdont (singular vocative)
swizdonta (plural vocative)
swizdont (accusative singular)
swizdonta (accusative plural)
swissos (nominative singular)
swissou (dual nominative)
swissoi (nominative plural)
swisse (singular vocative)
swissou (dual vocative)
swissoi (plural vocative)
swissom (accusative singular)
swissou (accusative dual)
swissons (accusative plural)
swissī (genitive singular)
swissous (dual genitive)
swissom (genitive plural)
swissūi (dative singular)
swissobom (dative dual)
swissobos (dative plural)
swissū (instrumental singular)
swissobim (dual instrumental)
swissobis (instrumental plural)
swissā (nominative singular)
swissai (dual nominative)
swissās (nominative plural)
swissā (singular vocative)
swissai (dual vocative)
swissās (plural vocative)
swissam (accusative singular)
swissai (accusative dual)
swissans (accusative plural)
swissās (genitive singular)
swissai (dative singular)
swissābom (dative dual)
swissābos (dative plural)
swissābim (dual instrumental)
swissābis (instrumental plural)
swissom (nominative singular)
swissā (nominative plural)
swissom (singular vocative)
swissā (plural vocative)
swissā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨθɨd
Breton: c’hwezhañ
Cornish: hwytha
Welsh: chwythu

⇒ Old Irish: do·infet

From Proto-Indo-European *sweysd- (“to hiss”), of imitative origin; see also Ancient Greek σίζω (sízō, “I hiss”), Russian свиста́ть (svistátʹ).

onomatopoeic

imitative


ɸloudom

ɸloudom (nominative singular)
ɸloudou (dual nominative)
ɸloudā (nominative plural)
ɸloudom (singular vocative)
ɸloudou (dual vocative)
ɸloudā (plural vocative)
ɸloudom (accusative singular)
ɸloudou (accusative dual)
ɸloudā (accusative plural)
ɸloudī (genitive singular)
ɸloudous (dual genitive)
ɸloudom (genitive plural)
ɸloudūi (dative singular)
ɸloudobom (dative dual)
ɸloudobos (dative plural)
ɸloudei (locative singular)
ɸloudū (instrumental singular)
ɸloudobim (dual instrumental)
ɸloudūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: lúaide

Irish: luaidhe

Manx: leoaie

Scottish Gaelic: luaidhe

Gaulish: *loudon

→ Proto-West Germanic: *laud (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”), and cognate with Latin plumbum (“lead”) and perhaps connected with Proto-Berber *būldūn.
Rix derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (compare Old Irish ·lúaidi (“moves”), Old Norse fleyta), an enlargement of *plew- (“to flow”); however, Matasovic and de Vaan consider the word to be a borrowing from an unknown substrate.


siti-

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: hit

Middle Breton: het

Breton: hed

Cornish: hes

Old Welsh: hit

Middle Welsh: hyt

Welsh: hyd

Old Irish: sith-

Possibly related to the adjective *sīros (“long”), but the short *i is unexpected; perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European participle *seh₁-tó- (“lengthened”) before undergoing Dybo's law, though this law's application might have been too early for the change of *eh₁ to *ē to *ī in Proto-Celtic. If not, then possibly from *sh₁i-ti- instead.
MacBain compares Proto-Germanic *sīdaz (“extra, excessive”), from *seh₁(i)- (“to send, sow, deposit”).


dinīti

dinīmi (active first-person present singular)
dinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
dida (active first-person preterite singular)
dinīsi (active present second-person singular)
dinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didas? (active preterite second-person singular)
dinīti (active present singular third-person)
dinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
dide (active preterite singular third-person)
dinamosi (active first-person plural present)
dinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didmo (active first-person plural preterite)
dinatesi (active plural present second-person)
dinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
disse (active plural preterite second-person)
dinenti (active plural present third-person)
dinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
didars (active plural preterite third-person)
dinī (active imperative second-person singular)
dinītou (active imperative singular third-person)
dinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
dinate (active imperative plural second-person)
dinentou (active imperative plural third-person)
dinīr (first-person passive present singular)
didra (first-person passive preterite singular)
dinītar (passive present second-person singular)
didras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
dinītor (passive present singular third-person)
didre (passive preterite singular third-person)
dinammor (first-person passive plural present)
dinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
dinentor (passive plural present third-person)
dinonts (nominative singular)
dinonte (dual nominative)
dinontes (nominative plural)
dinonts (singular vocative)
dinonte (dual vocative)
dinontes (plural vocative)
dinontam (accusative singular)
dinonte (accusative dual)
dinontans (accusative plural)
dinantos (genitive singular)
dinantom (genitive plural)
dinantei (dative singular)
dinantbom (dative dual)
dinantbos (dative plural)
dinantī? (instrumental singular)
dinantbim (dual instrumental)
dinantbis (instrumental plural)
dinantī (nominative singular)
dinantī (dual nominative)
dinantiyās (nominative plural)
dinantī (singular vocative)
dinantī (dual vocative)
dinantiyās (plural vocative)
dinantīm (accusative singular)
dinantī (accusative dual)
dinantiyans (accusative plural)
dinantyās (genitive singular)
dinantyom (genitive plural)
dinantyāi (dative singular)
dinantyābom (dative dual)
dinantyābos (dative plural)
dinantyābim (dual instrumental)
dinantyābis (instrumental plural)
dinont (nominative singular)
dinonta (nominative plural)
dinont (singular vocative)
dinonta (plural vocative)
dinont (accusative singular)
dinonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *denad

Middle Breton: denaff

Breton: denañ

Cornish: dena

Middle Welsh: denu

Welsh: denu

⇒ Middle Welsh: adynu

Old Irish: denaid

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”), see also Latin fellō (“suck”), Old Church Slavonic доити (doiti, “to suckle”), Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “he sucks, drinks”).


kritos

kritos (nominative singular)
kritou (dual nominative)
kritoi (nominative plural)
krite (singular vocative)
kritou (dual vocative)
kritoi (plural vocative)
kritom (accusative singular)
kritou (accusative dual)
kritons (accusative plural)
kritī (genitive singular)
kritous (dual genitive)
kritom (genitive plural)
kritūi (dative singular)
kritobom (dative dual)
kritobos (dative plural)
kritei (locative singular)
kritū (instrumental singular)
kritobim (dual instrumental)
kritūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: crit

Cornish: dor-gryz

Old Welsh: crit

Middle Welsh: crid

Welsh: cryd

desctree

Old Irish: crith
Middle Irish: crith
Irish: crith
Manx: crie
Scottish Gaelic: crith

From Proto-Indo-European *krit-, from *(s)kreyt-, *(s)ker- (“twist, turn, bend”), see also Latin crīsāre.


tegoslougom

tegoslougom (nominative singular)
tegoslougou (dual nominative)
tegoslougā (nominative plural)
tegoslougom (singular vocative)
tegoslougou (dual vocative)
tegoslougā (plural vocative)
tegoslougom (accusative singular)
tegoslougou (accusative dual)
tegoslougā (accusative plural)
tegoslougī (genitive singular)
tegoslougous (dual genitive)
tegoslougom (genitive plural)
tegoslougūi (dative singular)
tegoslougobom (dative dual)
tegoslougobos (dative plural)
tegoslougei (locative singular)
tegoslougū (instrumental singular)
tegoslougobim (dual instrumental)
tegoslougūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *teɣlʉɣ

Old Cornish: teilu

Cornish: teylu

Old Welsh: telu

Middle Welsh: teilu

Welsh: teulu

Old Irish: teglach
Irish: teaghlach
Scottish Gaelic: teaghlach

From *tegos (“house”) + *slougos (“army”).


brattos

brattos (nominative singular)
brattou (dual nominative)
brattoi (nominative plural)
bratte (singular vocative)
brattou (dual vocative)
brattoi (plural vocative)
brattom (accusative singular)
brattou (accusative dual)
brattons (accusative plural)
brattī (genitive singular)
brattous (dual genitive)
brattom (genitive plural)
brattūi (dative singular)
brattobom (dative dual)
brattobos (dative plural)
brattei (locative singular)
brattū (instrumental singular)
brattobim (dual instrumental)
brattūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: broz

Breton: brozh (“skirt”)

Old Irish: bratt (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old Irish: brattach

Irish: bratach

Scottish Gaelic: bratach
→ English: brattach

desc

⇒ Old Breton: brothrac (possibly borrowed from Irish)

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*brattinyos</i>

⇒ Middle Welsh: brethyn (“cloth”) (from *brattinyos)

Welsh: brethyn

Uncertain; a comparison with Sanskrit ग्रथ्नाति (grathnāti, “to tie, string together”), from Proto-Indo-European *gretH- (“to tie”), seems unlikely due to the difficulty between th and tt; also compare Ancient Greek φάρσος (phársos, “cloth, covering”). Matasovic suggests a substrate borrowing due to the unclear relationship with any other Indo-European words.


molos

molos (nominative singular)
molou (dual nominative)
moloi (nominative plural)
mole (singular vocative)
molou (dual vocative)
moloi (plural vocative)
molom (accusative singular)
molou (accusative dual)
molons (accusative plural)
molī (genitive singular)
molous (dual genitive)
molom (genitive plural)
molūi (dative singular)
molobom (dative dual)
molobos (dative plural)
molei (locative singular)
molū (instrumental singular)
molobim (dual instrumental)
molūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: mol (“axle for a mill-wheel”)
Irish: mol (“hub, shaft”)
Scottish Gaelic: mul (“axis, axle-tree”)

From Proto-Indo-European *molh₂ós (Uhlich does not note the laryngeal) from *melh₂- (“to grind”) + *-ós (agent suffix).


edennos

ɸedennos (nominative singular)
ɸedennou (dual nominative)
ɸedennoi (nominative plural)
ɸedenne (singular vocative)
ɸedennou (dual vocative)
ɸedennoi (plural vocative)
ɸedennom (accusative singular)
ɸedennou (accusative dual)
ɸedennons (accusative plural)
ɸedennī (genitive singular)
ɸedennous (dual genitive)
ɸedennom (genitive plural)
ɸedennūi (dative singular)
ɸedennobom (dative dual)
ɸedennobos (dative plural)
ɸedennei (locative singular)
ɸedennū (instrumental singular)
ɸedennobim (dual instrumental)
ɸedennūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *eðenn
Middle Breton: ilieavenn
Breton: iliav, ilio, iliavenn (sgv.)
Cornish: idhyow, idhyo, idhyowen (sgv.)
Middle Welsh: eido, eiddio
Welsh: eiddew, eiddo

Old Irish: eidenn, eden, edenn
Irish: eidheann
>? Manx: hibbin[:iven#Middle_English|iven]], yven, ivyn, iwen from Old English īfeġn? -- Compare the Aran pronunciation /ˈɛvʲənˠ/, /ˈɛvʲən̪ˠ/ as if spelled eibhean(n)">
Scottish Gaelic: eidheann

Old Irish: eidenn, eden, edenn
Irish: eidheann
>? Manx: hibbin
Scottish Gaelic: eidheann

Unknown; possibly from earlier *ɸedennos, from Proto-Indo-European *ped-n̥-no-s, from *ped- (“to bind, tie, restrain”).


uɸodamyeti

uɸodamyū (active first-person present singular)
uɸodamyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
uɸodidamāsū (active first-person future singular)
uɸodamyesi (active present second-person singular)
uɸodamyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
uɸodidamāsesi (active future second-person singular)
uɸodamyeti (active present singular third-person)
uɸodamyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
uɸodidamāseti (active future singular third-person)
uɸodamyomosi (active first-person plural present)
uɸodamyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
uɸodidamāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
uɸodamyetesi (active plural present second-person)
uɸodamyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
uɸodidamāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
uɸodamyonti (active plural present third-person)
uɸodamyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
uɸodidamāsonti (active future plural third-person)
uɸodamasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
uɸodamasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸodamye (active imperative second-person singular)
uɸodamaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸodamyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
uɸodamasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
uɸodamyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
uɸodamasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸodamyete (active imperative plural second-person)
uɸodamasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸodamyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
uɸodamyūr (first-person passive present singular)
uɸodidamāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
uɸodamyetar (passive present second-person singular)
uɸodidamāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
uɸodamyetor (passive present singular third-person)
uɸodidamāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
uɸodamyommor (first-person passive plural present)
uɸodidamāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
uɸodamyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
uɸodidamāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
uɸodamyontor (passive plural present third-person)
uɸodidamāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
uɸodamasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
uɸodamasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸodamasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸodamasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
uɸodamasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸodamasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸodamyonts (nominative singular)
uɸodamyonte (dual nominative)
uɸodamyontes (nominative plural)
uɸodamyonts (singular vocative)
uɸodamyonte (dual vocative)
uɸodamyontes (plural vocative)
uɸodamyontam (accusative singular)
uɸodamyonte (accusative dual)
uɸodamyontans (accusative plural)
uɸodamyantos (genitive singular)
uɸodamyantom (genitive plural)
uɸodamyantei (dative singular)
uɸodamyantbom (dative dual)
uɸodamyantbos (dative plural)
uɸodamyantī? (instrumental singular)
uɸodamyantbim (dual instrumental)
uɸodamyantbis (instrumental plural)
uɸodamyantī (nominative singular)
uɸodamyantī (dual nominative)
uɸodamyantiyās (nominative plural)
uɸodamyantī (singular vocative)
uɸodamyantī (dual vocative)
uɸodamyantiyās (plural vocative)
uɸodamyantīm (accusative singular)
uɸodamyantī (accusative dual)
uɸodamyantiyans (accusative plural)
uɸodamyantyās (genitive singular)
uɸodamyantyom (genitive plural)
uɸodamyantyāi (dative singular)
uɸodamyantyābom (dative dual)
uɸodamyantyābos (dative plural)
uɸodamyantyābim (dual instrumental)
uɸodamyantyābis (instrumental plural)
uɸodamyont (nominative singular)
uɸodamyonta (nominative plural)
uɸodamyont (singular vocative)
uɸodamyonta (plural vocative)
uɸodamyont (accusative singular)
uɸodamyonta (accusative plural)
uɸodamtos (nominative singular)
uɸodamtou (dual nominative)
uɸodamtoi (nominative plural)
uɸodamte (singular vocative)
uɸodamtou (dual vocative)
uɸodamtoi (plural vocative)
uɸodamtom (accusative singular)
uɸodamtou (accusative dual)
uɸodamtons (accusative plural)
uɸodamtī (genitive singular)
uɸodamtous (dual genitive)
uɸodamtom (genitive plural)
uɸodamtūi (dative singular)
uɸodamtobom (dative dual)
uɸodamtobos (dative plural)
uɸodamtū (instrumental singular)
uɸodamtobim (dual instrumental)
uɸodamtobis (instrumental plural)
uɸodamtā (nominative singular)
uɸodamtai (dual nominative)
uɸodamtās (nominative plural)
uɸodamtā (singular vocative)
uɸodamtai (dual vocative)
uɸodamtās (plural vocative)
uɸodamtam (accusative singular)
uɸodamtai (accusative dual)
uɸodamtans (accusative plural)
uɸodamtās (genitive singular)
uɸodamtai (dative singular)
uɸodamtābom (dative dual)
uɸodamtābos (dative plural)
uɸodamtābim (dual instrumental)
uɸodamtābis (instrumental plural)
uɸodamtom (nominative singular)
uɸodamtā (nominative plural)
uɸodamtom (singular vocative)
uɸodamtā (plural vocative)
uɸodamtā (accusative plural)


leiris

leiris (nominative singular)
leirī (dual nominative)
leirīs (nominative plural)
leiri (singular vocative)
leirī (dual vocative)
leirīs (plural vocative)
leirim (accusative singular)
leirī (accusative dual)
leirins (accusative plural)
leireis (genitive singular)
leiryou (dual genitive)
leiryom (genitive plural)
leirei (dative singular)
leiribom (dative dual)
leiribos (dative plural)
leirī (instrumental singular)
leiribim (dual instrumental)
leiribis (instrumental plural)
leiri (nominative singular)
leiryā (nominative plural)
leiryā (plural vocative)
leiri (accusative singular)
leiryā (accusative plural)
leirois (genitive singular)
leirois (dual genitive)
leirē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨr

Old Breton: loir

Middle Welsh: llwyr

Welsh: llwyr

Old Irish: léir
Irish: léir
Scottish Gaelic: lèir


astilis

astilis (nominative singular)
astilī (dual nominative)
astilīs (nominative plural)
astili (singular vocative)
astilī (dual vocative)
astilīs (plural vocative)
astilim (accusative singular)
astilī (accusative dual)
astilins (accusative plural)
astileis (genitive singular)
astilyow (dual genitive)
astilyom (genitive plural)
astilei (dative singular)
astilibom (dative dual)
astilibos (dative plural)
astilei (locative singular)
astilī (instrumental singular)
astilibim (dual instrumental)
astilibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėsɨl

Middle Breton: esel

Breton: ezel

Cornish: esel

Old Irish: aisil, aisel, asil
Irish: aisil

Apparently a derivative of *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), whence also *ast (“rib”).


kambos

kambos (nominative singular)
kambou (dual nominative)
kamboi (nominative plural)
kambe (singular vocative)
kambou (dual vocative)
kamboi (plural vocative)
kambom (accusative singular)
kambou (accusative dual)
kambons (accusative plural)
kambī (genitive singular)
kambous (dual genitive)
kambom (genitive plural)
kambūi (dative singular)
kambobom (dative dual)
kambobos (dative plural)
kambū (instrumental singular)
kambobim (dual instrumental)
kambobis (instrumental plural)
kambā (nominative singular)
kambai (dual nominative)
kambās (nominative plural)
kambā (singular vocative)
kambai (dual vocative)
kambās (plural vocative)
kambam (accusative singular)
kambai (accusative dual)
kambans (accusative plural)
kambās (genitive singular)
kambai (dative singular)
kambābom (dative dual)
kambābos (dative plural)
kambābim (dual instrumental)
kambābis (instrumental plural)
kambom (nominative singular)
kambā (nominative plural)
kambom (singular vocative)
kambā (plural vocative)
kambā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kam

Old Breton: camm

Middle Breton: kamm

Breton: kamm

Cornish: kamm

Old Welsh: cam (“evil, wrong”)

Middle Welsh: cam

Welsh: cam

→ English: kam

Old Irish: camm, cam
Irish: cam
Manx: cam
Scottish Gaelic: cam

desc

Gaulish: Cambo, Καμβοδουνον (Kambodounon)

desctree

→ Latin: Campodūnum
Medieval Latin: Campidona
→ Middle High German: Kemptun
German: Kempten

→ Old French: camus

Middle French: camus

French: camus

desc

→ Middle English: camus, camuse, cammus, cammuse, camois, camoise, camoyse

English: camous, camoys

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Asturian: camba; ⇒ cambiella, cambiar, cambéu

→ Galician: camba; ⇒ canga, cambela, cambar

→ Portuguese: camba; ⇒ cambo, cambar, canga

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱh₂embos (“crooked”), probably from the same substrate source as *kh₂em- (“to arch”). Compare Ancient Greek σκαμβός (skambós, “crooked”) and Proto-Germanic *skimpijaną (“to skip, hop, dance; to joke”), *skumpōną.


koslos

koslos (nominative singular)
koslou (dual nominative)
kosloi (nominative plural)
kosle (singular vocative)
koslou (dual vocative)
kosloi (plural vocative)
koslom (accusative singular)
koslou (accusative dual)
koslons (accusative plural)
koslī (genitive singular)
koslous (dual genitive)
koslom (genitive plural)
koslūi (dative singular)
koslobom (dative dual)
koslobos (dative plural)
koslei (locative singular)
koslū (instrumental singular)
koslobim (dual instrumental)
koslūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koll

Old Welsh: coll

Middle Welsh: coll(en)

Welsh: cyll

desctree

Old Irish: coll
Irish: coll
Manx: coull
Scottish Gaelic: coll

colwiden

Proto-Brythonic: *koll-ɣwɨð (literally “hazel wood”)


krissus

krissus (nominative singular)
krissū (dual nominative)
krissowes (nominative plural)
krissu (singular vocative)
krissū (dual vocative)
krissūs (plural vocative)
krissum (accusative singular)
krissū (accusative dual)
krissuns (accusative plural)
krissous (genitive singular)
krissous (dual genitive)
krissowom (genitive plural)
krissou (dative singular)
krissubom (dative dual)
krissubos (dative plural)
krissū (instrumental singular)
krissubim (dual instrumental)
krissubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: guo-cris (“belt”)

Middle Breton: cres (“shirt”)

Breton: kres, krez

Old Cornish: kreis

Cornish: krys

Old Welsh: guecrissou

desc

Middle Welsh: crys (“shirt”), gwregys (“girdle, belt”)

Welsh: crys

Old Irish: cris

Irish: crios

Scottish Gaelic: crios

From Proto-Indo-European *krdʰ-tu-, suffixed form of the zero grade of *kerdʰ- (“belt”), see also Proto-Slavic *čersъ.


moxs

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mox
Middle Welsh: moch
Welsh: moch (“early, soon”)
→ Old Irish: moch
Irish: moch
Manx: mogh
Scottish Gaelic: moch

Old Irish: mó, mos

From Proto-Indo-European *moḱs, whence also Sanskrit मक्षू (makṣū, “fast; early”), Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬱𐬎 (mošu, “soon, quickly”), Latin mox (“soon”).


gezdā

gezdā (nominative singular)
gezdai (dual nominative)
gezdās (nominative plural)
gezdā (singular vocative)
gezdai (dual vocative)
gezdās (plural vocative)
gezdam (accusative singular)
gezdai (accusative dual)
gezdāns (accusative plural)
gezdās (genitive singular)
gezdous (dual genitive)
gezdom (genitive plural)
gezdāi (dative singular)
gezdābom (dative dual)
gezdābos (dative plural)
gezdai (locative singular)
gezdābim (dual instrumental)
gezdābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: gwaz

Old Cornish: guit

Cornish: goodh

Middle Welsh: guit

Welsh: gŵydd

Middle Irish: géd

Irish: gé

Probably of imitative origin and not related to *gansis (though the latter is itself also probably onomatopoeic).

onomatopoeic

imitative


mammā

mammā (nominative singular)
mammai (dual nominative)
mammās (nominative plural)
mammā (singular vocative)
mammai (dual vocative)
mammās (plural vocative)
mammam (accusative singular)
mammai (accusative dual)
mammāns (accusative plural)
mammās (genitive singular)
mammous (dual genitive)
mammom (genitive plural)
mammāi (dative singular)
mammābom (dative dual)
mammābos (dative plural)
mammai (locative singular)
mammābim (dual instrumental)
mammābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mamm
Middle Breton: mamm
Breton: mamm
Old Cornish: mam
Middle Cornish: mam
Cornish: mamm
Middle Welsh: mam
Welsh: mam

Old Irish: muimme
Irish: muime, buime
Manx: mimmey
Scottish Gaelic: muime

A baby talk word, similar to Ancient Greek μάμμη (mámmē).

onomatopoeic

baby talk


lagisamos

lagisamos (nominative singular)
lagisamou (dual nominative)
lagisamoi (nominative plural)
lagisame (singular vocative)
lagisamou (dual vocative)
lagisamoi (plural vocative)
lagisamom (accusative singular)
lagisamou (accusative dual)
lagisamons (accusative plural)
lagisamī (genitive singular)
lagisamous (dual genitive)
lagisamom (genitive plural)
lagisamūi (dative singular)
lagisamobom (dative dual)
lagisamobos (dative plural)
lagisamū (instrumental singular)
lagisamobim (dual instrumental)
lagisamobis (instrumental plural)
lagisamā (nominative singular)
lagisamai (dual nominative)
lagisamās (nominative plural)
lagisamā (singular vocative)
lagisamai (dual vocative)
lagisamās (plural vocative)
lagisamam (accusative singular)
lagisamai (accusative dual)
lagisamans (accusative plural)
lagisamās (genitive singular)
lagisamai (dative singular)
lagisamābom (dative dual)
lagisamābos (dative plural)
lagisamābim (dual instrumental)
lagisamābis (instrumental plural)
lagisamom (nominative singular)
lagisamā (nominative plural)
lagisamom (singular vocative)
lagisamā (plural vocative)
lagisamā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llaɣhaβ̃
Old Breton: leham, leiham, laham
Cornish: lyha
Middle Welsh: lleiaf
Welsh: lleiaf, lleia (colloquial)

Old Irish: lugimem, lugam

superlative degree of *legus (“small”): smallest, least


wegrom

wegros (nominative singular)
wegrou (dual nominative)
wegroi (nominative plural)
wegre (singular vocative)
wegrou (dual vocative)
wegroi (plural vocative)
wegrom (accusative singular)
wegrou (accusative dual)
wegrons (accusative plural)
wegrī (genitive singular)
wegrous (dual genitive)
wegrom (genitive plural)
wegrūi (dative singular)
wegrobom (dative dual)
wegrobos (dative plural)
wegrei (locative singular)
wegrū (instrumental singular)
wegrobim (dual instrumental)
wegrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweɨr

Cornish: gora

Middle Welsh: gweir

Welsh: gwair

Old Irish: fér
Irish: féar
Manx: faiyr
Scottish Gaelic: feur

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg- (“to increase, grow out”), comparable to Proto-Germanic *wahsijaną. However, it could instead be from *weǵ- (“strong, lively, awakened”), though the semantic development would be unclear.


kanis

kanis (nominative singular)
kanī (dual nominative)
kanīs (nominative plural)
kani (singular vocative)
kanī (dual vocative)
kanīs (plural vocative)
kanim (accusative singular)
kanī (accusative dual)
kanins (accusative plural)
kaneis (genitive singular)
kanyou (dual genitive)
kanyom (genitive plural)
kanei (dative singular)
kanibom (dative dual)
kanibos (dative plural)
kanī (instrumental singular)
kanibim (dual instrumental)
kanibis (instrumental plural)
kani (nominative singular)
kanyā (nominative plural)
kanyā (plural vocative)
kani (accusative singular)
kanyā (accusative plural)
kanois (genitive singular)
kanois (dual genitive)
kanē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: quen

Breton: ken

Middle Welsh: cein

Welsh: cain

Old Irish: cain (conflated with modern caín)

Sometimes said to be from *knyo-, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥-i-, from *ken- (“to begin, arise”), but this leaves a wide semantic gap. It could instead be from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


kruttos

kruttos (nominative singular)
kruttou (dual nominative)
kruttoi (nominative plural)
krutte (singular vocative)
kruttou (dual vocative)
kruttoi (plural vocative)
kruttom (accusative singular)
kruttou (accusative dual)
kruttons (accusative plural)
kruttī (genitive singular)
kruttous (dual genitive)
kruttom (genitive plural)
kruttūi (dative singular)
kruttobom (dative dual)
kruttobos (dative plural)
kruttei (locative singular)
kruttū (instrumental singular)
kruttobim (dual instrumental)
kruttūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kruθ

Middle Welsh: crwth, croth

Welsh: crwth

Old Breton: courz (“vulva”)

Breton: kourzh (“vagina”)

Cornish: krowd (“violin”)

desctree

Old Irish: crott
Irish: cruit
Manx: cruitçh
Scottish Gaelic: cruit

Hispano-Celtic:

desc

→? Galician: cruto, curuto (“top, summit”)

Origin unclear, perhaps related to Latvian krūtis (“breast, bust”). Possibly related to Proto-Celtic *krundis (“round”).


lowenos

lowenos (nominative singular)
lowenou (dual nominative)
lowenoi (nominative plural)
lowene (singular vocative)
lowenou (dual vocative)
lowenoi (plural vocative)
lowenom (accusative singular)
lowenou (accusative dual)
lowenons (accusative plural)
lowenī (genitive singular)
lowenous (dual genitive)
lowenom (genitive plural)
lowenūi (dative singular)
lowenobom (dative dual)
lowenobos (dative plural)
lowenū (instrumental singular)
lowenobim (dual instrumental)
lowenobis (instrumental plural)
lowenā (nominative singular)
lowenai (dual nominative)
lowenās (nominative plural)
lowenā (singular vocative)
lowenai (dual vocative)
lowenās (plural vocative)
lowenam (accusative singular)
lowenai (accusative dual)
lowenans (accusative plural)
lowenās (genitive singular)
lowenai (dative singular)
lowenābom (dative dual)
lowenābos (dative plural)
lowenābim (dual instrumental)
lowenābis (instrumental plural)
lowenom (nominative singular)
lowenā (nominative plural)
lowenom (singular vocative)
lowenā (plural vocative)
lowenā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llowen
Old Breton: louuen
Middle Breton: louen
Breton: laouen
Old Cornish: louen
Middle Cornish: lowen
Cornish: lowen
Middle Welsh: llawen
Welsh: llawen

Gaulish: *Lawenos

→ Latin: Lavenus

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“gain, benefit”).


kuwannos

kuwannos (nominative singular)
kuwannou (dual nominative)
kuwannoi (nominative plural)
kuwanne (singular vocative)
kuwannou (dual vocative)
kuwannoi (plural vocative)
kuwannom (accusative singular)
kuwannou (accusative dual)
kuwannons (accusative plural)
kuwannī (genitive singular)
kuwannous (dual genitive)
kuwannom (genitive plural)
kuwannūi (dative singular)
kuwannobom (dative dual)
kuwannobos (dative plural)
kuwannei (locative singular)
kuwannū (instrumental singular)
kuwannobim (dual instrumental)
kuwannūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kuwann f
Old Breton: couann, couhann
Middle Breton: couhenn, caouënn
Breton: kaouenn
→ Cornish: cowan
Early Vannetais Breton: cohan [1732 CE]
Vannetais Breton: kohann
Middle Welsh: cuan

Gaulish: *cauannos

Gaulish: Cauanos (personal name)

→ Late Latin: cavannus (“tawny owl”)
Old French: chavan
Middle French: chavan
Angevin: chahon, chohon, chéhon, choin
Berrichon: chavon
Norman: cahouain (Jèrriais)
Picard: cavan
Poitevin: chaon
Saintongeais: chavan
Old Occitan: chavan, chauana
Occitan: chavant, chavancou
Zarphatic Old French: javan
French: chat-huant

→ Vulgar Latin: *cava (“owl”) (semantic loan)
Direct reflexes:
Old French: choe, choue, chave
Middle French: choe, choue
→ Galician: choia
→ Spanish: chova; choya (dialectal)
Old Occitan: cau
Picard: caue, cave
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cawesca (diminutive)
Gallo-Romance:
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: chuèche
Old French:
Middle French: chevece, chevoiche, chavoce
French: chevêche
→ Romanian: ciovică (Wallachian)
Occitano-Romance:
Aragonese: babieca, babueca, fabiaca
Catalan: cauèca, cavèca
Old Occitan: cavesca
Occitan: cavèca (several dialects)
Gascon: chavèca, gavèca, bavèca
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cawetta (diminutive, likely influenced by an archaic form of Italian zibetto (“cat-like animal”))
Dalmatian:
civet
Italo-Romance:
Italian: civetta, ciovetta (dialectal)
North Italian:
Friulian: civuite
Piedmontese: sioëtta
Romansch: tschuetta
Venetan: zovetta
Gallo-Romance:
Old French: *chouette, *chavette, suete, suette, çuete
Middle French: chouete, chüette, chouette
French: chouette
Norman: cahouette
Picard: cavette
Occitano-Romance:
Vivaro-Alpine: civeta

Probably imitative in origin. While formally similar to Proto-West Germanic *hūō and Proto-Slavic *sovà, regular derivation of these terms from a common root appears to be phonologically impossible.
Although often reconstructed as *kawannos on the evidence of the Latin borrowing, this cannot explain the Brythonic reflexes, which can only reflect *kuwann-. Schrijver suggests that -av- in the Latin borrowings may represent the adaption of a Gaulish sound sequence foreign to Latin phonology.

onomatopoeic

imitative


taketi

takū (active first-person present singular)
takemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
takesi (active present second-person singular)
taketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
taketi (active present singular third-person)
taketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
takomosi (active first-person plural present)
takemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
taketesi (active plural present second-person)
takestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
takonti (active plural present third-person)
takento (active imperfect plural third-person)
take (active imperative second-person singular)
taketou (active imperative singular third-person)
takomos (active first-person imperative plural)
takete (active imperative plural second-person)
takontou (active imperative plural third-person)
takūr (first-person passive present singular)
taketar (passive present second-person singular)
taketor (passive present singular third-person)
takommor (first-person passive plural present)
takedwe (passive plural present second-person)
takontor (passive plural present third-person)
takonts (nominative singular)
takonte (dual nominative)
takontes (nominative plural)
takonts (singular vocative)
takonte (dual vocative)
takontes (plural vocative)
takontam (accusative singular)
takonte (accusative dual)
takontans (accusative plural)
takantos (genitive singular)
takantom (genitive plural)
takantei (dative singular)
takantbom (dative dual)
takantbos (dative plural)
takantī? (instrumental singular)
takantbim (dual instrumental)
takantbis (instrumental plural)
takantī (nominative singular)
takantī (dual nominative)
takantiyās (nominative plural)
takantī (singular vocative)
takantī (dual vocative)
takantiyās (plural vocative)
takantīm (accusative singular)
takantī (accusative dual)
takantiyans (accusative plural)
takantyās (genitive singular)
takantyom (genitive plural)
takantyāi (dative singular)
takantyābom (dative dual)
takantyābos (dative plural)
takantyābim (dual instrumental)
takantyābis (instrumental plural)
takont (nominative singular)
takonta (nominative plural)
takont (singular vocative)
takonta (plural vocative)
takont (accusative singular)
takonta (accusative plural)
taxtos (nominative singular)
taxtou (dual nominative)
taxtoi (nominative plural)
taxte (singular vocative)
taxtou (dual vocative)
taxtoi (plural vocative)
taxtom (accusative singular)
taxtou (accusative dual)
taxtons (accusative plural)
taxtī (genitive singular)
taxtous (dual genitive)
taxtom (genitive plural)
taxtūi (dative singular)
taxtobom (dative dual)
taxtobos (dative plural)
taxtū (instrumental singular)
taxtobim (dual instrumental)
taxtobis (instrumental plural)
taxtā (nominative singular)
taxtai (dual nominative)
taxtās (nominative plural)
taxtā (singular vocative)
taxtai (dual vocative)
taxtās (plural vocative)
taxtam (accusative singular)
taxtai (accusative dual)
taxtans (accusative plural)
taxtās (genitive singular)
taxtai (dative singular)
taxtābom (dative dual)
taxtābos (dative plural)
taxtābim (dual instrumental)
taxtābis (instrumental plural)
taxtom (nominative singular)
taxtā (nominative plural)
taxtom (singular vocative)
taxtā (plural vocative)
taxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: tagu

Breton: tago

Cornish: tage

Middle Welsh: tagu

Welsh: tagu

desc

⇒ Old Irish: tachtaid (from past participle stem)

Irish: tacht

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tak-, the source of Latin taceo (“I am silent”), Proto-Germanic *þagjaną (“to be silent”).


katyeti

katyū (active first-person present singular)
katyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
katyesi (active present second-person singular)
katyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
katyeti (active present singular third-person)
katyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
katyomosi (active first-person plural present)
katyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
katyetesi (active plural present second-person)
katyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
katyonti (active plural present third-person)
katyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
katye (active imperative second-person singular)
katyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
katyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
katyete (active imperative plural second-person)
katyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
katyūr (first-person passive present singular)
katyetar (passive present second-person singular)
katyetor (passive present singular third-person)
katyommor (first-person passive plural present)
katyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
katyontor (passive plural present third-person)
katyonts (nominative singular)
katyonte (dual nominative)
katyontes (nominative plural)
katyonts (singular vocative)
katyonte (dual vocative)
katyontes (plural vocative)
katyontam (accusative singular)
katyonte (accusative dual)
katyontans (accusative plural)
katyantos (genitive singular)
katyantom (genitive plural)
katyantei (dative singular)
katyantbom (dative dual)
katyantbos (dative plural)
katyantī? (instrumental singular)
katyantbim (dual instrumental)
katyantbis (instrumental plural)
katyantī (nominative singular)
katyantī (dual nominative)
katyantiyās (nominative plural)
katyantī (singular vocative)
katyantī (dual vocative)
katyantiyās (plural vocative)
katyantīm (accusative singular)
katyantī (accusative dual)
katyantiyans (accusative plural)
katyantyās (genitive singular)
katyantyom (genitive plural)
katyantyāi (dative singular)
katyantyābom (dative dual)
katyantyābos (dative plural)
katyantyābim (dual instrumental)
katyantyābis (instrumental plural)
katyont (nominative singular)
katyonta (nominative plural)
katyont (singular vocative)
katyonta (plural vocative)
katyont (accusative singular)
katyonta (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: caithid (“use, consume”)
Middle Irish: caithid (“use, consume; throw”)
Irish: caith
Scottish Gaelic: caith
Manx: ceau

Gaulish: *kateya

→ Latin: catēia (“projectile”)

From the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *keh₂t-, compare Russian катать (katatʹ, “to rush, roll”). The original meaning of "throw" for the Irish word is assumed by Matasovic, though this use is not actually attested.


gabyeti

gabyū (active first-person present singular)
gabyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gaxsam (active first-person preterite singular)
gabyesi (active present second-person singular)
gabyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gaxss (active preterite second-person singular)
gabyeti (active present singular third-person)
gabyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gaxst (active preterite singular third-person)
gabyomosi (active first-person plural present)
gabyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gaxsme (active first-person plural preterite)
gabyetesi (active plural present second-person)
gabyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gaxste (active plural preterite second-person)
gabyonti (active plural present third-person)
gabyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gaxsant (active plural preterite third-person)
gaxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gaxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gabye (active imperative second-person singular)
gaxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gabyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
gaxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gabyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
gaxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gabyete (active imperative plural second-person)
gaxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gabyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gabyūr (first-person passive present singular)
gabyetar (passive present second-person singular)
gabyetor (passive present singular third-person)
gabyommor (first-person passive plural present)
gabyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gabyontor (passive plural present third-person)
gaxsanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
gaxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gaxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gaxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gaxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gaxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gaxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gabyonts (nominative singular)
gabyonte (dual nominative)
gabyontes (nominative plural)
gabyonts (singular vocative)
gabyonte (dual vocative)
gabyontes (plural vocative)
gabyontam (accusative singular)
gabyonte (accusative dual)
gabyontans (accusative plural)
gabyantos (genitive singular)
gabyantom (genitive plural)
gabyantei (dative singular)
gabyantbom (dative dual)
gabyantbos (dative plural)
gabyantī? (instrumental singular)
gabyantbim (dual instrumental)
gabyantbis (instrumental plural)
gabyantī (nominative singular)
gabyantī (dual nominative)
gabyantiyās (nominative plural)
gabyantī (singular vocative)
gabyantī (dual vocative)
gabyantiyās (plural vocative)
gabyantīm (accusative singular)
gabyantī (accusative dual)
gabyantiyans (accusative plural)
gabyantyās (genitive singular)
gabyantyom (genitive plural)
gabyantyāi (dative singular)
gabyantyābom (dative dual)
gabyantyābos (dative plural)
gabyantyābim (dual instrumental)
gabyantyābis (instrumental plural)
gabyont (nominative singular)
gabyonta (nominative plural)
gabyont (singular vocative)
gabyonta (plural vocative)
gabyont (accusative singular)
gabyonta (accusative plural)
gaxtos (nominative singular)
gaxtou (dual nominative)
gaxtoi (nominative plural)
gaxte (singular vocative)
gaxtou (dual vocative)
gaxtoi (plural vocative)
gaxtom (accusative singular)
gaxtou (accusative dual)
gaxtons (accusative plural)
gaxtī (genitive singular)
gaxtous (dual genitive)
gaxtom (genitive plural)
gaxtūi (dative singular)
gaxtobom (dative dual)
gaxtobos (dative plural)
gaxtū (instrumental singular)
gaxtobim (dual instrumental)
gaxtobis (instrumental plural)
gaxtā (nominative singular)
gaxtai (dual nominative)
gaxtās (nominative plural)
gaxtā (singular vocative)
gaxtai (dual vocative)
gaxtās (plural vocative)
gaxtam (accusative singular)
gaxtai (accusative dual)
gaxtans (accusative plural)
gaxtās (genitive singular)
gaxtai (dative singular)
gaxtābom (dative dual)
gaxtābos (dative plural)
gaxtābim (dual instrumental)
gaxtābis (instrumental plural)
gaxtom (nominative singular)
gaxtā (nominative plural)
gaxtom (singular vocative)
gaxtā (plural vocative)
gaxtā (accusative plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *kėβɨd (absolute), *kaβ (conjunct)

Middle Breton: caffout, caffeut

Breton: kavout

Middle Cornish: kavoes

Cornish: kavos

Old Welsh: cephitor (pres. impers.), cepi (2sg. pres.)

Middle Welsh: caffael

Welsh: cael (only the forms with -f- or -ff-)

desctree

Old Irish: gaibid
Irish: gabh
Manx: gow
Scottish Gaelic: gabh

Gaulish: gabi (2sg. imperative), Gabiae

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-. Compare the verbal noun *gabaglā.


sagyeti

sagyū (active first-person present singular)
sagyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sisaxsū (active first-person future singular)
sesāga (active first-person preterite singular)
sagyesi (active present second-person singular)
sagyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sisaxsesi (active future second-person singular)
sesāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
sagyeti (active present singular third-person)
sagyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sisaxseti (active future singular third-person)
sesāge (active preterite singular third-person)
sagyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sagyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sisaxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sesāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
sagyetesi (active plural present second-person)
sagyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sisaxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sesāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
sagyonti (active plural present third-person)
sagyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sisaxsonti (active future plural third-person)
sesāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
sāxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sāxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sagye (active imperative second-person singular)
sāxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sagyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sāxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sagyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sāxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sagyete (active imperative plural second-person)
sāxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sagyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sagyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sisaxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sesāgra (first-person passive preterite singular)
sagyetar (passive present second-person singular)
sisaxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sesāgras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
sagyetor (passive present singular third-person)
sisaxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sesāgre (passive preterite singular third-person)
sagyommor (first-person passive plural present)
sisaxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sagyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sisaxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sagyontor (passive plural present third-person)
sisaxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sāxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sāxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sāxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sāxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sāxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sāxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
sagyonts (nominative singular)
sagyonte (dual nominative)
sagyontes (nominative plural)
sagyonts (singular vocative)
sagyonte (dual vocative)
sagyontes (plural vocative)
sagyontam (accusative singular)
sagyonte (accusative dual)
sagyontans (accusative plural)
sagyantos (genitive singular)
sagyantom (genitive plural)
sagyantei (dative singular)
sagyantbom (dative dual)
sagyantbos (dative plural)
sagyantī? (instrumental singular)
sagyantbim (dual instrumental)
sagyantbis (instrumental plural)
sagyantī (nominative singular)
sagyantī (dual nominative)
sagyantiyās (nominative plural)
sagyantī (singular vocative)
sagyantī (dual vocative)
sagyantiyās (plural vocative)
sagyantīm (accusative singular)
sagyantī (accusative dual)
sagyantiyans (accusative plural)
sagyantyās (genitive singular)
sagyantyom (genitive plural)
sagyantyāi (dative singular)
sagyantyābom (dative dual)
sagyantyābos (dative plural)
sagyantyābim (dual instrumental)
sagyantyābis (instrumental plural)
sagyont (nominative singular)
sagyonta (nominative plural)
sagyont (singular vocative)
sagyonta (plural vocative)
sagyont (accusative singular)
sagyonta (accusative plural)
saxtos (nominative singular)
saxtou (dual nominative)
saxtoi (nominative plural)
saxte (singular vocative)
saxtou (dual vocative)
saxtoi (plural vocative)
saxtom (accusative singular)
saxtou (accusative dual)
saxtons (accusative plural)
saxtī (genitive singular)
saxtous (dual genitive)
saxtom (genitive plural)
saxtūi (dative singular)
saxtobom (dative dual)
saxtobos (dative plural)
saxtū (instrumental singular)
saxtobim (dual instrumental)
saxtobis (instrumental plural)
saxtā (nominative singular)
saxtai (dual nominative)
saxtās (nominative plural)
saxtā (singular vocative)
saxtai (dual vocative)
saxtās (plural vocative)
saxtam (accusative singular)
saxtai (accusative dual)
saxtans (accusative plural)
saxtās (genitive singular)
saxtai (dative singular)
saxtābom (dative dual)
saxtābos (dative plural)
saxtābim (dual instrumental)
saxtābis (instrumental plural)
saxtom (nominative singular)
saxtā (nominative plural)
saxtom (singular vocative)
saxtā (plural vocative)
saxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: dir-haes

Breton: diraez (“attain, access”)

desc

Cornish: hedhes (“achieve, attain, reach”), drehedhes (“access, arrive, reach”)

Welsh: haeddu (“attempt”), cyrraedd (“arrive”)

Old Irish: saigid

⇒ Gaulish: Tecto-sagi

→ Latin: Tectosages

⇒ Gallaecian: Rigósages (possibly)

>? Latin: Curmisagius

Old Irish: íarmi·foichMiddle Irish: fóchtaid

fíarfaigidIrish: fiafraighScottish Gaelic: fiafraich


oβnus

obnus (nominative singular)
obnū (dual nominative)
obnowes (nominative plural)
obnu (singular vocative)
obnū (dual vocative)
obnūs (plural vocative)
obnum (accusative singular)
obnū (accusative dual)
obnuns (accusative plural)
obnous (genitive singular)
obnous (dual genitive)
obnowom (genitive plural)
obnou (dative singular)
obnubom (dative dual)
obnubos (dative plural)
obnū (instrumental singular)
obnubim (dual instrumental)
obnubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *oβn
Middle Breton: oun
Breton: ovn
Cornish: own
Middle Welsh: ofuyn
Welsh: ofn

Old Irish: ómun, omun, homun (with short vowel)
Middle Irish: úaman, oman
Irish: uamhan
Scottish Gaelic: uabhann

Uncertain.
According to Matasović, possibly related to Proto-Slavic *ęga (“to shiver”), assuming the root to be Proto-Indo-European *h₁engʷ-, though this root is usually reconstructed as *h₁eng- on the basis of Proto-Germanic *inkô (“ache, regret”).
Or, from *h₂enǵʰ- (“to constrict, tighten”); see the cognates listed at Latvian īgt (“to be angry”).
An alternative theory links the root to Proto-Indo-European *pow- (“to fear”), to which Proto-Italic *pawēō (“to be afraid”) may also belong.


trānts

Proto-Brythonic: *trọs

Old Breton: tros

Middle Breton: treux

Breton: treuz

Cornish: treus

Old Welsh: traus

Middle Welsh: traws

Old Irish: trá

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂n̥t-s, from *tr̥h₂-ónt-s ~ *tr̥h₂-n̥t-és, participle of *térh₂-t ~ *tr̥h₂-ént (“to get through, cross over”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *trānts.


kūlos

kūlos (nominative singular)
kūlou (dual nominative)
kūloi (nominative plural)
kūle (singular vocative)
kūlou (dual vocative)
kūloi (plural vocative)
kūlom (accusative singular)
kūlou (accusative dual)
kūlons (accusative plural)
kūlī (genitive singular)
kūlous (dual genitive)
kūlom (genitive plural)
kūlūi (dative singular)
kūlobom (dative dual)
kūlobos (dative plural)
kūlei (locative singular)
kūlū (instrumental singular)
kūlobim (dual instrumental)
kūlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kil

Middle Breton: quil

Breton: kil

Old Cornish: chil

Middle Welsh: kil

Welsh: cil

Old Irish: cúl (“back, rear, nape”)
Irish: cúl
Manx: cooyl
Scottish Gaelic: cùl

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), the most obvious cognate being Latin cūlus.


koryos

koryos (nominative singular)
koryou (dual nominative)
koryoi (nominative plural)
korye (singular vocative)
koryou (dual vocative)
koryoi (plural vocative)
koryom (accusative singular)
koryou (accusative dual)
koryons (accusative plural)
koryī (genitive singular)
koryous (dual genitive)
koryom (genitive plural)
koryūi (dative singular)
koryobom (dative dual)
koryobos (dative plural)
koryei (locative singular)
koryū (instrumental singular)
koryobim (dual instrumental)
koryūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cordd (“clan, tribe”)

Welsh: cordd

Old Irish: cuire

Middle Irish: cuire

Irish: cuire

Gaulish: *corios

⇒ Gaulish: *Āticorios

→ Latin: Atecorius

→⇒ Latin: Vocoriī

→⇒ Latin: Tricoriī

French: Trégor, Tréguier

→⇒ Latin: Petrucoriī

French: Périgord

From Proto-Indo-European *kóryos (“war, troops”), from *ker-, see also Lithuanian kãras, kãrias (“war”), Ancient Greek κοίρανος (koíranos, “ruler, commander, military leader”), Old Persian 𐎼𐎢 (r-u /kāra/, “people of war, army”).


bleidanī

bleidanī (nominative singular)
bleidanī (dual nominative)
bleidaniyās (nominative plural)
bleidanī (singular vocative)
bleidanī (dual vocative)
bleidaniyās (plural vocative)
bleidanīm (accusative singular)
bleidanī (accusative dual)
bleidanīns (accusative plural)
bleidanyās (genitive singular)
bleidanyous (dual genitive)
bleidanyom (genitive plural)
bleidanyai (dative singular)
bleidanyābom (dative dual)
bleidanyābos (dative plural)
bleidanyābim (dual instrumental)
bleidanyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bluɨðėn

Old Breton: blidan, bliden, blidon

Breton: blizen, blizenn

Old Cornish: bliþen

Middle Cornish: blythen

Cornish: bledhen

Old Welsh: bloidin

Middle Welsh: blwyðyn

Welsh: blwyddyn

Proto-Brythonic: *blɨneð (earlier *blɨðneð < nominative plural *blēdanyās)

Old Breton: blened

Middle Welsh: blyneð

Welsh: blynedd

desctree

Old Irish: blíadain
Irish: bliain
Manx: blein
Scottish Gaelic: bliadhna

Related to synonymous *bleidū, but with no known Indo-European cognates. Matasović says Pennaod’s connection of this word with Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyd- (“pale”) (compare Old Church Slavonic блѣдъ (blědŭ, “pale”), Old English blāt (“pale”), Lithuanian blai̇̃vas (“whitish”) “is possible formally…[but] the semantic connection is weak.” Stokes suggests Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleydʰ- (“to glide”) (Proto-Germanic *glīdaną), but MacBain writes that an evolution of ǵʰ- into Celtic b- is doubtful.


mandus

mandus (nominative singular)
mandū (dual nominative)
mandowes (nominative plural)
mandu (singular vocative)
mandū (dual vocative)
mandūs (plural vocative)
mandum (accusative singular)
mandū (accusative dual)
manduns (accusative plural)
mandous (genitive singular)
mandous (dual genitive)
mandowom (genitive plural)
mandou (dative singular)
mandubom (dative dual)
mandubos (dative plural)
mandū (instrumental singular)
mandubim (dual instrumental)
mandubis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: *mandus

→ Latin: mannus (“small pony”)

→ Basque: mando (“mule”)

Unknown; no etymology is specified by Delamarre.


reketi

rekū (active first-person present singular)
rekemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rirxsū (active first-person future singular)
rirexsū (active first-person future singular)
reroka (active first-person preterite singular)
rekesi (active present second-person singular)
reketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rirxsesi (active future second-person singular)
rirexsesi (active future second-person singular)
rerokas? (active preterite second-person singular)
reketi (active present singular third-person)
reketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
rirxseti (active future singular third-person)
rirexseti (active future singular third-person)
reroke (active preterite singular third-person)
rekomosi (active first-person plural present)
rekemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rirxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
rirexsomosi (active first-person future plural)
rerokmo (active first-person plural preterite)
reketesi (active plural present second-person)
rekestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rirxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
rirexsetesi (active future plural second-person)
reroxte (active plural preterite second-person)
rekonti (active plural present third-person)
rekento (active imperfect plural third-person)
rirxsonti (active future plural third-person)
rirexsonti (active future plural third-person)
rerokars (active plural preterite third-person)
rexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
rexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
reke (active imperative second-person singular)
rexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
reketou (active imperative singular third-person)
rexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rekomos (active first-person imperative plural)
rexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rekete (active imperative plural second-person)
rexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rekontou (active imperative plural third-person)
rekūr (first-person passive present singular)
rirxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
rirexsūr (first-person future passive singular)
rerokra (first-person passive preterite singular)
reketar (passive present second-person singular)
rirxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
rirexsetar (future passive second-person singular)
rerokras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
reketor (passive present singular third-person)
rirxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
rirexsetor (future passive singular third-person)
rerokre (passive preterite singular third-person)
rekommor (first-person passive plural present)
rirxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
rirexsommor (first-person future passive plural)
rekedwe (passive plural present second-person)
rirxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
rirexsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
rekontor (passive plural present third-person)
rirxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
rirexsontor (future passive plural third-person)
rexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
rexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
rexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
rexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
rexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
rexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
rekonts (nominative singular)
rekonte (dual nominative)
rekontes (nominative plural)
rekonts (singular vocative)
rekonte (dual vocative)
rekontes (plural vocative)
rekontam (accusative singular)
rekonte (accusative dual)
rekontans (accusative plural)
rekantos (genitive singular)
rekantom (genitive plural)
rekantei (dative singular)
rekantbom (dative dual)
rekantbos (dative plural)
rekantī? (instrumental singular)
rekantbim (dual instrumental)
rekantbis (instrumental plural)
rekantī (nominative singular)
rekantī (dual nominative)
rekantiyās (nominative plural)
rekantī (singular vocative)
rekantī (dual vocative)
rekantiyās (plural vocative)
rekantīm (accusative singular)
rekantī (accusative dual)
rekantiyans (accusative plural)
rekantyās (genitive singular)
rekantyom (genitive plural)
rekantyāi (dative singular)
rekantyābom (dative dual)
rekantyābos (dative plural)
rekantyābim (dual instrumental)
rekantyābis (instrumental plural)
rekont (nominative singular)
rekonta (nominative plural)
rekont (singular vocative)
rekonta (plural vocative)
rekont (accusative singular)
rekonta (accusative plural)
rixtos (nominative singular)
rixtou (dual nominative)
rixtoi (nominative plural)
rixte (singular vocative)
rixtou (dual vocative)
rixtoi (plural vocative)
rixtom (accusative singular)
rixtou (accusative dual)
rixtons (accusative plural)
rixtī (genitive singular)
rixtous (dual genitive)
rixtom (genitive plural)
rixtūi (dative singular)
rixtobom (dative dual)
rixtobos (dative plural)
rixtū (instrumental singular)
rixtobim (dual instrumental)
rixtobis (instrumental plural)
rixtā (nominative singular)
rixtai (dual nominative)
rixtās (nominative plural)
rixtā (singular vocative)
rixtai (dual vocative)
rixtās (plural vocative)
rixtam (accusative singular)
rixtai (accusative dual)
rixtans (accusative plural)
rixtās (genitive singular)
rixtai (dative singular)
rixtābom (dative dual)
rixtābos (dative plural)
rixtābim (dual instrumental)
rixtābis (instrumental plural)
rixtom (nominative singular)
rixtā (nominative plural)
rixtom (singular vocative)
rixtā (plural vocative)
rixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: atrec (“repentance”)

Welsh: atreg

Cornish: edrek (“regret”)

desctree

⇒ Old Irish: ad·eirrig, ad·errig
Middle Irish: aithrigid
Irish: athraigh
Manx: arree
Scottish Gaelic: atharraich

From Proto-Indo-European *(H)rek- (“to arrange, set in order”). Conventionally linked to Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”), Tocharian B reki (“word”), and Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rahnjan, “to count, calculate”).


komskʷom

komskʷom (nominative singular)
komskʷou (dual nominative)
komskʷā (nominative plural)
komskʷom (singular vocative)
komskʷou (dual vocative)
komskʷā (plural vocative)
komskʷom (accusative singular)
komskʷou (accusative dual)
komskʷā (accusative plural)
komskʷī (genitive singular)
komskʷous (dual genitive)
komskʷom (genitive plural)
komskūi (dative singular)
komskʷobom (dative dual)
komskʷobos (dative plural)
komskʷei (locative singular)
komskū (instrumental singular)
komskʷobim (dual instrumental)
komskʷūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cosp

Welsh: cosb

Old Irish: cosc

Middle Irish: cosc

Irish: cosc

From *kom- + *-skʷ- + *-om, a zero-grade root neuter verbal noun from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”).


starnāti

starnāmi (active first-person present singular)
starnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sistrāsū (active first-person future singular)
stiram (active first-person preterite singular)
starnāsi (active present second-person singular)
starnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sistrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
stirs (active preterite second-person singular)
starnāti (active present singular third-person)
starnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
sistrāseti (active future singular third-person)
stirt (active preterite singular third-person)
starnamosi (active first-person plural present)
starnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sistrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
stirme (active first-person plural preterite)
starnatesi (active plural present second-person)
starnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sistrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
stirte (active plural preterite second-person)
starnonti (active plural present third-person)
starnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
sistrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
stirant (active plural preterite third-person)
sterasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sterasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
starnā (active imperative second-person singular)
steraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
starnātou (active imperative singular third-person)
sterasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
starnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
sterasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
starnate (active imperative plural second-person)
sterasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
starnontou (active imperative plural third-person)
starnār (first-person passive present singular)
sistrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
starnātar (passive present second-person singular)
sistrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
starnātor (passive present singular third-person)
sistrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
starnammor (first-person passive plural present)
sistrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
starnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
sistrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
starnontor (passive plural present third-person)
sistrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
stiranto (passive plural preterite third-person)
sterasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sterasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sterasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sterasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sterasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sterasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
starnonts (nominative singular)
starnonte (dual nominative)
starnontes (nominative plural)
starnonts (singular vocative)
starnonte (dual vocative)
starnontes (plural vocative)
starnontam (accusative singular)
starnonte (accusative dual)
starnontans (accusative plural)
starnantos (genitive singular)
starnantom (genitive plural)
starnantei (dative singular)
starnantbom (dative dual)
starnantbos (dative plural)
starnantī? (instrumental singular)
starnantbim (dual instrumental)
starnantbis (instrumental plural)
starnantī (nominative singular)
starnantī (dual nominative)
starnantiyās (nominative plural)
starnantī (singular vocative)
starnantī (dual vocative)
starnantiyās (plural vocative)
starnantīm (accusative singular)
starnantī (accusative dual)
starnantiyans (accusative plural)
starnantyās (genitive singular)
starnantyom (genitive plural)
starnantyāi (dative singular)
starnantyābom (dative dual)
starnantyābos (dative plural)
starnantyābim (dual instrumental)
starnantyābis (instrumental plural)
starnont (nominative singular)
starnonta (nominative plural)
starnont (singular vocative)
starnonta (plural vocative)
starnont (accusative singular)
starnonta (accusative plural)
strātos (nominative singular)
strātou (dual nominative)
strātoi (nominative plural)
strāte (singular vocative)
strātou (dual vocative)
strātoi (plural vocative)
strātom (accusative singular)
strātou (accusative dual)
strātons (accusative plural)
strātī (genitive singular)
strātous (dual genitive)
strātom (genitive plural)
strātūi (dative singular)
strātobom (dative dual)
strātobos (dative plural)
strātū (instrumental singular)
strātobim (dual instrumental)
strātobis (instrumental plural)
strātā (nominative singular)
strātai (dual nominative)
strātās (nominative plural)
strātā (singular vocative)
strātai (dual vocative)
strātās (plural vocative)
strātam (accusative singular)
strātai (accusative dual)
strātans (accusative plural)
strātās (genitive singular)
strātai (dative singular)
strātābom (dative dual)
strātābos (dative plural)
strātābim (dual instrumental)
strātābis (instrumental plural)
strātom (nominative singular)
strātā (nominative plural)
strātom (singular vocative)
strātā (plural vocative)
strātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: sarnu

→ English: sarn (possibly)

Old Irish: sernaid
Irish: searn

From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread”).
See also Sanskrit आस्तॄ (āstṝ, “spread”), Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (stər^ənāⁱti, “spread, extend”), Ancient Greek στόρνυμι (stórnumi, “scatter”), στρατός (stratós, “army, people, body of men”), Old Church Slavonic прострѣти (prostrěti, “stretch, expand”), просторъ (prostorŭ, “spaciousness”), Old English strewian (English strew), Old Norse strá.


anketi

ankū (active first-person present singular)
ankemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
īnxsū (active first-person future singular)
ānka (active first-person preterite singular)
ankesi (active present second-person singular)
anketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
īnxsesi (active future second-person singular)
ānkas? (active preterite second-person singular)
anketi (active present singular third-person)
anketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
īnxseti (active future singular third-person)
ānke (active preterite singular third-person)
ankomosi (active first-person plural present)
ankemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
īnxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ānkmo (active first-person plural preterite)
anketesi (active plural present second-person)
ankestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
īnxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ānxte (active plural preterite second-person)
ankonti (active plural present third-person)
ankento (active imperfect plural third-person)
īnxsonti (active future plural third-person)
ānkars (active plural preterite third-person)
anxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
anxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
anke (active imperative second-person singular)
anxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
anketou (active imperative singular third-person)
anxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ankomos (active first-person imperative plural)
anxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ankete (active imperative plural second-person)
anxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ankontou (active imperative plural third-person)
ankūr (first-person passive present singular)
īnxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ānkra (first-person passive preterite singular)
anketar (passive present second-person singular)
īnxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ānkras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
anketor (passive present singular third-person)
īnxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ānkre (passive preterite singular third-person)
ankommor (first-person passive plural present)
īnxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ankedwe (passive plural present second-person)
īnxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ankontor (passive plural present third-person)
īnxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
anxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
anxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
anxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
anxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
anxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
anxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ankonts (nominative singular)
ankonte (dual nominative)
ankontes (nominative plural)
ankonts (singular vocative)
ankonte (dual vocative)
ankontes (plural vocative)
ankontam (accusative singular)
ankonte (accusative dual)
ankontans (accusative plural)
ankantos (genitive singular)
ankantom (genitive plural)
ankantei (dative singular)
ankantbom (dative dual)
ankantbos (dative plural)
ankantī? (instrumental singular)
ankantbim (dual instrumental)
ankantbis (instrumental plural)
ankantī (nominative singular)
ankantī (dual nominative)
ankantiyās (nominative plural)
ankantī (singular vocative)
ankantī (dual vocative)
ankantiyās (plural vocative)
ankantīm (accusative singular)
ankantī (accusative dual)
ankantiyans (accusative plural)
ankantyās (genitive singular)
ankantyom (genitive plural)
ankantyāi (dative singular)
ankantyābom (dative dual)
ankantyābos (dative plural)
ankantyābim (dual instrumental)
ankantyābis (instrumental plural)
ankont (nominative singular)
ankonta (nominative plural)
ankont (singular vocative)
ankonta (plural vocative)
ankont (accusative singular)
ankonta (accusative plural)
anxtos (nominative singular)
anxtou (dual nominative)
anxtoi (nominative plural)
anxte (singular vocative)
anxtou (dual vocative)
anxtoi (plural vocative)
anxtom (accusative singular)
anxtou (accusative dual)
anxtons (accusative plural)
anxtī (genitive singular)
anxtous (dual genitive)
anxtom (genitive plural)
anxtūi (dative singular)
anxtobom (dative dual)
anxtobos (dative plural)
anxtū (instrumental singular)
anxtobim (dual instrumental)
anxtobis (instrumental plural)
anxtā (nominative singular)
anxtai (dual nominative)
anxtās (nominative plural)
anxtā (singular vocative)
anxtai (dual vocative)
anxtās (plural vocative)
anxtam (accusative singular)
anxtai (accusative dual)
anxtans (accusative plural)
anxtās (genitive singular)
anxtai (dative singular)
anxtābom (dative dual)
anxtābos (dative plural)
anxtābim (dual instrumental)
anxtābis (instrumental plural)
anxtom (nominative singular)
anxtā (nominative plural)
anxtom (singular vocative)
anxtā (plural vocative)
anxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėnkɨd

desc

Middle Welsh: engi (“to escape, give birth, produce”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to bend”).

do·futhracair

*de-uɸo-tri-ānk- (preterite formation); Old Irish


rigeti

rigū (active first-person present singular)
rigemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ririxsū (active first-person future singular)
riroiga (active first-person preterite singular)
rigesi (active present second-person singular)
rigetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ririxsesi (active future second-person singular)
riroigas? (active preterite second-person singular)
rigeti (active present singular third-person)
rigeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
ririxseti (active future singular third-person)
riroige (active preterite singular third-person)
rigomosi (active first-person plural present)
rigemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ririxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
riroigmo (active first-person plural preterite)
rigetesi (active plural present second-person)
rigestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ririxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
riroixte (active plural preterite second-person)
rigonti (active plural present third-person)
rigento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ririxsonti (active future plural third-person)
riroigars (active plural preterite third-person)
rēxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
rēxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
rige (active imperative second-person singular)
rēxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
rigetou (active imperative singular third-person)
rēxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rigomos (active first-person imperative plural)
rēxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rigete (active imperative plural second-person)
rēxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rigontou (active imperative plural third-person)
rigūr (first-person passive present singular)
ririxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
riroigra (first-person passive preterite singular)
rigetar (passive present second-person singular)
ririxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
riroigras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
rigetor (passive present singular third-person)
ririxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
riroigre (passive preterite singular third-person)
rigommor (first-person passive plural present)
ririxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
rigedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ririxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
rigontor (passive plural present third-person)
ririxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
rēxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
rēxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
rēxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
rēxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
rēxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
rēxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
rigonts (nominative singular)
rigonte (dual nominative)
rigontes (nominative plural)
rigonts (singular vocative)
rigonte (dual vocative)
rigontes (plural vocative)
rigontam (accusative singular)
rigonte (accusative dual)
rigontans (accusative plural)
rigantos (genitive singular)
rigantom (genitive plural)
rigantei (dative singular)
rigantbom (dative dual)
rigantbos (dative plural)
rigantī? (instrumental singular)
rigantbim (dual instrumental)
rigantbis (instrumental plural)
rigantī (nominative singular)
rigantī (dual nominative)
rigantiyās (nominative plural)
rigantī (singular vocative)
rigantī (dual vocative)
rigantiyās (plural vocative)
rigantīm (accusative singular)
rigantī (accusative dual)
rigantiyans (accusative plural)
rigantyās (genitive singular)
rigantyom (genitive plural)
rigantyāi (dative singular)
rigantyābom (dative dual)
rigantyābos (dative plural)
rigantyābim (dual instrumental)
rigantyābis (instrumental plural)
rigont (nominative singular)
rigonta (nominative plural)
rigont (singular vocative)
rigonta (plural vocative)
rigont (accusative singular)
rigonta (accusative plural)
rixtos (nominative singular)
rixtou (dual nominative)
rixtoi (nominative plural)
rixte (singular vocative)
rixtou (dual vocative)
rixtoi (plural vocative)
rixtom (accusative singular)
rixtou (accusative dual)
rixtons (accusative plural)
rixtī (genitive singular)
rixtous (dual genitive)
rixtom (genitive plural)
rixtūi (dative singular)
rixtobom (dative dual)
rixtobos (dative plural)
rixtū (instrumental singular)
rixtobim (dual instrumental)
rixtobis (instrumental plural)
rixtā (nominative singular)
rixtai (dual nominative)
rixtās (nominative plural)
rixtā (singular vocative)
rixtai (dual vocative)
rixtās (plural vocative)
rixtam (accusative singular)
rixtai (accusative dual)
rixtans (accusative plural)
rixtās (genitive singular)
rixtai (dative singular)
rixtābom (dative dual)
rixtābos (dative plural)
rixtābim (dual instrumental)
rixtābis (instrumental plural)
rixtom (nominative singular)
rixtā (nominative plural)
rixtom (singular vocative)
rixtā (plural vocative)
rixtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: rigid
Middle Irish: rigid

From Proto-Indo-European *Hreyǵ- (“to bind, stretch”). Due to the semantic distance, the "bind" and "stretch" meanings have been assumed to be different roots, but De Vaan considers them the same root.

der

Old Irish: con·rigMiddle Irish: cuimrigidIrish: cuibhrighScottish Gaelic: cuibhrich


toutos

toutos (nominative singular)
toutou (dual nominative)
toutoi (nominative plural)
toute (singular vocative)
toutou (dual vocative)
toutoi (plural vocative)
toutom (accusative singular)
toutou (accusative dual)
toutons (accusative plural)
toutī (genitive singular)
toutous (dual genitive)
toutom (genitive plural)
toutūi (dative singular)
toutobom (dative dual)
toutobos (dative plural)
toutū (instrumental singular)
toutobim (dual instrumental)
toutobis (instrumental plural)
toutā (nominative singular)
toutai (dual nominative)
toutās (nominative plural)
toutā (singular vocative)
toutai (dual vocative)
toutās (plural vocative)
toutam (accusative singular)
toutai (accusative dual)
toutans (accusative plural)
toutās (genitive singular)
toutai (dative singular)
toutābom (dative dual)
toutābos (dative plural)
toutābim (dual instrumental)
toutābis (instrumental plural)
toutom (nominative singular)
toutā (nominative plural)
toutom (singular vocative)
toutā (plural vocative)
toutā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Old Breton: tut (“favorable, good”), tuthe (“kind of demon”) (possibly)

desctree

Old Irish: túaid
Irish: thuaidh
Manx: twoaie
Scottish Gaelic: tuath

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tewH- (“to look favorably, protect, observe”), see also Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸 (þiuþ, “good thing”), Latin tueor (“I gaze”), Proto-Germanic *þiudijaz (“kind, good, friendly”).
The reason for the diverged meaning in Brythonic of "good, favorable" from "left, north" in Gaelic is unclear; possibly due to some sort of taboo replacement.


tungeti

tungū (active first-person present singular)
tungemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
tituxsū (active first-person future singular)
tetoka (active first-person preterite singular)
tungesi (active present second-person singular)
tungetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
tituxsesi (active future second-person singular)
tetokas? (active preterite second-person singular)
tungeti (active present singular third-person)
tungeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
tituxseti (active future singular third-person)
tetoke (active preterite singular third-person)
tungomosi (active first-person plural present)
tungemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
tituxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
tetokmo (active first-person plural preterite)
tungetesi (active plural present second-person)
tungestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
tituxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
tetoxte (active plural preterite second-person)
tungonti (active plural present third-person)
tungento (active imperfect plural third-person)
tituxsonti (active future plural third-person)
tetokars (active plural preterite third-person)
touxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
touxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
tunge (active imperative second-person singular)
touxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
tungetou (active imperative singular third-person)
touxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
tungomos (active first-person imperative plural)
touxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
tungete (active imperative plural second-person)
touxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
tungontou (active imperative plural third-person)
tungūr (first-person passive present singular)
tituxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
tetokra (first-person passive preterite singular)
tungetar (passive present second-person singular)
tituxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
tetokras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
tungetor (passive present singular third-person)
tituxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
tetokre (passive preterite singular third-person)
tungommor (first-person passive plural present)
tituxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
tungedwe (passive plural present second-person)
tituxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
tungontor (passive plural present third-person)
tituxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
touxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
touxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
touxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
touxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
touxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
touxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
tungonts (nominative singular)
tungonte (dual nominative)
tungontes (nominative plural)
tungonts (singular vocative)
tungonte (dual vocative)
tungontes (plural vocative)
tungontam (accusative singular)
tungonte (accusative dual)
tungontans (accusative plural)
tungantos (genitive singular)
tungantom (genitive plural)
tungantei (dative singular)
tungantbom (dative dual)
tungantbos (dative plural)
tungantī? (instrumental singular)
tungantbim (dual instrumental)
tungantbis (instrumental plural)
tungantī (nominative singular)
tungantī (dual nominative)
tungantiyās (nominative plural)
tungantī (singular vocative)
tungantī (dual vocative)
tungantiyās (plural vocative)
tungantīm (accusative singular)
tungantī (accusative dual)
tungantiyans (accusative plural)
tungantyās (genitive singular)
tungantyom (genitive plural)
tungantyāi (dative singular)
tungantyābom (dative dual)
tungantyābos (dative plural)
tungantyābim (dual instrumental)
tungantyābis (instrumental plural)
tungont (nominative singular)
tungonta (nominative plural)
tungont (singular vocative)
tungonta (plural vocative)
tungont (accusative singular)
tungonta (accusative plural)
tuxtos (nominative singular)
tuxtou (dual nominative)
tuxtoi (nominative plural)
tuxte (singular vocative)
tuxtou (dual vocative)
tuxtoi (plural vocative)
tuxtom (accusative singular)
tuxtou (accusative dual)
tuxtons (accusative plural)
tuxtī (genitive singular)
tuxtous (dual genitive)
tuxtom (genitive plural)
tuxtūi (dative singular)
tuxtobom (dative dual)
tuxtobos (dative plural)
tuxtū (instrumental singular)
tuxtobim (dual instrumental)
tuxtobis (instrumental plural)
tuxtā (nominative singular)
tuxtai (dual nominative)
tuxtās (nominative plural)
tuxtā (singular vocative)
tuxtai (dual vocative)
tuxtās (plural vocative)
tuxtam (accusative singular)
tuxtai (accusative dual)
tuxtans (accusative plural)
tuxtās (genitive singular)
tuxtai (dative singular)
tuxtābom (dative dual)
tuxtābos (dative plural)
tuxtābim (dual instrumental)
tuxtābis (instrumental plural)
tuxtom (nominative singular)
tuxtā (nominative plural)
tuxtom (singular vocative)
tuxtā (plural vocative)
tuxtā (accusative plural)
*tongeti (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: toeaff, touet

Breton: touiñ

Cornish: tia

Middle Welsh: tyngu

Welsh: tyngu

Old Irish: tongaid

>? Gaulish: toncsiiontio (3p.fut.rel.)

A verb infamous for its complicated origin. There are two major theories on its origin:
* A modern theory derives the verb from a suppletive conflation of a nasal-infix present *lungeti from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lewgʰ- (“to announce”) and a preterite derived from *tek- (“to reach out, receive with one's hands”). The initial t- outside the present would thus come from analogy with the preterite. This theory dismisses a connection with Gaulish toncsiiontio.
* An older, more traditional theory supposed descent from Proto-Indo-European *th₂négti (“to touch, grasp; to take”), ne-infixed verb from the root *teh₂g- (“to touch; to take”), with semantic divergence (i.e. to “take (an oath)”); compare Latin tangō (“(I) touch”), especially in the figurative meanings “affect; enchant”, Proto-Germanic *þakkōną (“to touch lightly”) and Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”, ptcp.). The o-grade in Old Irish however would be unexplained.

cog

fristoing

*writ-tungeti (“to counter-swear”); Old Irish


yarā

yarā (nominative singular)
yarai (dual nominative)
yarās (nominative plural)
yarā (singular vocative)
yarai (dual vocative)
yarās (plural vocative)
yaram (accusative singular)
yarai (accusative dual)
yarāns (accusative plural)
yarās (genitive singular)
yarous (dual genitive)
yarom (genitive plural)
yarāi (dative singular)
yarābom (dative dual)
yarābos (dative plural)
yarai (locative singular)
yarābim (dual instrumental)
yarābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jar

Breton: yar

Old Cornish: yar
Cornish: yar

Old Welsh: iar

Middle Welsh: yar

Welsh: iâr

⇒? Middle Irish: eirín, eiréne

Irish: eireog

Scottish Gaelic: eireag

Gaulish: Iaros (placename)

Perhaps from earlier *ɸiɸeros, from a Proto-Indo-European root *pip- that would also be the source of Latin pīpiō (“to chirp”) and Sanskrit पिप्पका (pippakā, “kind of bird”). Ultimately of imitative origin either way.

onomatopoeic

imitative


weskʷeros

weskʷeros (nominative singular)
weskʷerou (dual nominative)
weskʷeroi (nominative plural)
weskʷere (singular vocative)
weskʷerou (dual vocative)
weskʷeroi (plural vocative)
weskʷerom (accusative singular)
weskʷerou (accusative dual)
weskʷerons (accusative plural)
weskʷerī (genitive singular)
weskʷerous (dual genitive)
weskʷerom (genitive plural)
weskʷerūi (dative singular)
weskʷerobom (dative dual)
weskʷerobos (dative plural)
weskʷerei (locative singular)
weskʷerū (instrumental singular)
weskʷerobim (dual instrumental)
weskʷerūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉxer
Old Cornish: *uher
⇒ Old Cornish: gurthuher
Cornish: gorthugher
Middle Welsh: ucher, uchyr
Welsh: ucher

Old Irish: fescor
Irish: feascar
Manx: fastyr
Scottish Gaelic: feasgar


ɸalnati

ɸalnāmi (active first-person present singular)
ɸalnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸiblāsū (active first-person future singular)
ɸalnāsi (active present second-person singular)
ɸalnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸiblāsesi (active future second-person singular)
ɸalnāti (active present singular third-person)
ɸalnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸiblāseti (active future singular third-person)
ɸalnamosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸalnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸiblāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ɸalnatesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸalnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸiblāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ɸalnanti (active plural present third-person)
ɸalnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸiblāsonti (active future plural third-person)
ɸelū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ɸelesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸalnā (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸeleti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸalnātou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸelomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ɸalnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸeletesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸalnate (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸelonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸalnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸalnār (first-person passive present singular)
ɸiblāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ɸalnātar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸiblāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ɸalnātor (passive present singular third-person)
ɸiblāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ɸalnammor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸiblāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ɸalnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸiblāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ɸalnantor (passive plural present third-person)
ɸiblāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ɸelūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ɸeletar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸeletor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸelommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ɸeledwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸelontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸalnonts (nominative singular)
ɸalnonte (dual nominative)
ɸalnontes (nominative plural)
ɸalnonts (singular vocative)
ɸalnonte (dual vocative)
ɸalnontes (plural vocative)
ɸalnontam (accusative singular)
ɸalnonte (accusative dual)
ɸalnontans (accusative plural)
ɸalnantos (genitive singular)
ɸalnantom (genitive plural)
ɸalnantei (dative singular)
ɸalnantbom (dative dual)
ɸalnantbos (dative plural)
ɸalnantī? (instrumental singular)
ɸalnantbim (dual instrumental)
ɸalnantbis (instrumental plural)
ɸalnantī (nominative singular)
ɸalnantī (dual nominative)
ɸalnantiyās (nominative plural)
ɸalnantī (singular vocative)
ɸalnantī (dual vocative)
ɸalnantiyās (plural vocative)
ɸalnantīm (accusative singular)
ɸalnantī (accusative dual)
ɸalnantiyans (accusative plural)
ɸalnantyās (genitive singular)
ɸalnantyom (genitive plural)
ɸalnantyāi (dative singular)
ɸalnantyābom (dative dual)
ɸalnantyābos (dative plural)
ɸalnantyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸalnantyābis (instrumental plural)
ɸalnont (nominative singular)
ɸalnonta (nominative plural)
ɸalnont (singular vocative)
ɸalnonta (plural vocative)
ɸalnont (accusative singular)
ɸalnonta (accusative plural)
ɸlatos (nominative singular)
ɸlatou (dual nominative)
ɸlatoi (nominative plural)
ɸlate (singular vocative)
ɸlatou (dual vocative)
ɸlatoi (plural vocative)
ɸlatom (accusative singular)
ɸlatou (accusative dual)
ɸlatons (accusative plural)
ɸlatī (genitive singular)
ɸlatous (dual genitive)
ɸlatom (genitive plural)
ɸlatūi (dative singular)
ɸlatobom (dative dual)
ɸlatobos (dative plural)
ɸlatū (instrumental singular)
ɸlatobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlatobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlatā (nominative singular)
ɸlatai (dual nominative)
ɸlatās (nominative plural)
ɸlatā (singular vocative)
ɸlatai (dual vocative)
ɸlatās (plural vocative)
ɸlatam (accusative singular)
ɸlatai (accusative dual)
ɸlatans (accusative plural)
ɸlatās (genitive singular)
ɸlatai (dative singular)
ɸlatābom (dative dual)
ɸlatābos (dative plural)
ɸlatābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlatābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlatom (nominative singular)
ɸlatā (nominative plural)
ɸlatom (singular vocative)
ɸlatā (plural vocative)
ɸlatā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

q

among other inflected forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="kw">mos</i> (“to go”)

Cornish: ylliv (among other inflected forms of mos (“to go”))

among other literary inflected forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">mynd</i> (“to go”)

Welsh: elwyf (among other literary inflected forms of mynd (“to go”))

Old Irish: ·ella (lost outside of compounds)

From a nasal-infix present *pl̥néh₂ti ~ pl̥nh₂énti, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to approach”). Cognate with Latin pellō (“to drive”).


aglos

aglos (nominative singular)
aglou (dual nominative)
agloi (nominative plural)
agle (singular vocative)
aglou (dual vocative)
agloi (plural vocative)
aglom (accusative singular)
aglou (accusative dual)
aglons (accusative plural)
aglī (genitive singular)
aglous (dual genitive)
aglom (genitive plural)
aglūi (dative singular)
aglobom (dative dual)
aglobos (dative plural)
aglei (locative singular)
aglū (instrumental singular)
aglobim (dual instrumental)
aglūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨl f (from collective *aglā)

Middle Welsh: ael

Old Irish: ál

Irish: ál

According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵʰ- (“cow”), see also Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬍 (azī), Old Armenian եզն (ezn), Old Irish ag (“cow”). Matasovic compares *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), though with a semantic gap.


welsos

welsos (nominative singular)
welsou (dual nominative)
welsoi (nominative plural)
welse (singular vocative)
welsou (dual vocative)
welsoi (plural vocative)
welsom (accusative singular)
welsou (accusative dual)
welsons (accusative plural)
welsī (genitive singular)
welsous (dual genitive)
welsom (genitive plural)
welsūi (dative singular)
welsobom (dative dual)
welsobos (dative plural)
welsei (locative singular)
welsū (instrumental singular)
welsobim (dual instrumental)
welsūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goall

Breton: gwall

Cornish: gwall

Middle Welsh: guall

Welsh: gwall

Old Irish: fell

Middle Irish: fell

Irish: feall

Scottish Gaelic: feall

Manx: foall

From Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)welh₁(bʰ)-, from *wel- (“to deceive”), see also Lithuanian vilti (“to deceive, cheat”).


karnom

karnom (nominative singular)
karnou (dual nominative)
karnā (nominative plural)
karnom (singular vocative)
karnou (dual vocative)
karnā (plural vocative)
karnom (accusative singular)
karnou (accusative dual)
karnā (accusative plural)
karnī (genitive singular)
karnous (dual genitive)
karnom (genitive plural)
karnūi (dative singular)
karnobom (dative dual)
karnobos (dative plural)
karnei (locative singular)
karnū (instrumental singular)
karnobim (dual instrumental)
karnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *karn

Old Breton: carn

Middle Breton: karn (Pen)

Breton: karn

Cornish: carn

Middle Welsh: carn, carnau, cernydd, cerni

Welsh: carn

Old Irish: carn

Scottish Gaelic: càrn

Gaulish: karnon (“horn”)

⇒ Gaulish: 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌍𐌉𐌕𐌖 (karnitu, 3sg. pret. of a denominative verb), Carnuntum, karnuātus (“horned”)

→ Ancient Greek: κάρνον (kárnon, “Gallic horn”)

Perhaps related to *karwos (“stag, deer”) and *karno- (“hoof, horn”), all from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head, top, horn”).


gargos

gargos (nominative singular)
gargou (dual nominative)
gargoi (nominative plural)
garge (singular vocative)
gargou (dual vocative)
gargoi (plural vocative)
gargom (accusative singular)
gargou (accusative dual)
gargons (accusative plural)
gargī (genitive singular)
gargous (dual genitive)
gargom (genitive plural)
gargūi (dative singular)
gargobom (dative dual)
gargobos (dative plural)
gargū (instrumental singular)
gargobim (dual instrumental)
gargobis (instrumental plural)
gargā (nominative singular)
gargai (dual nominative)
gargās (nominative plural)
gargā (singular vocative)
gargai (dual vocative)
gargās (plural vocative)
gargam (accusative singular)
gargai (accusative dual)
gargans (accusative plural)
gargās (genitive singular)
gargai (dative singular)
gargābom (dative dual)
gargābos (dative plural)
gargābim (dual instrumental)
gargābis (instrumental plural)
gargom (nominative singular)
gargā (nominative plural)
gargom (singular vocative)
gargā (plural vocative)
gargā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: garg, gargg

Irish: garg

Scottish Gaelic: garg

Manx: garg

Gaulish: Gargenus (placename)

Likely of expressive/onomatopoeic origin. Compared to Proto-Slavic *groza (“horror”), Ancient Greek γοργός (gorgós, “rough, frightsome”), Old Armenian կարծր (karcr, “hard”), which could be related or just similarities.

onomatopoeic

expressive


brugnos

brugnos (nominative singular)
brugnou (dual nominative)
brugnoi (nominative plural)
brugne (singular vocative)
brugnou (dual vocative)
brugnoi (plural vocative)
brugnom (accusative singular)
brugnou (accusative dual)
brugnons (accusative plural)
brugnī (genitive singular)
brugnous (dual genitive)
brugnom (genitive plural)
brugnūi (dative singular)
brugnobom (dative dual)
brugnobos (dative plural)
brugnei (locative singular)
brugnū (instrumental singular)
brugnobim (dual instrumental)
brugnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bruɨn

Middle Welsh: brwyn

Welsh: brwyn

desctree

Old Irish: brón
Irish: brón
Scottish Gaelic: bròn

Uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷruHǵʰ-nó-, from the root *gʷrewHǵʰ- (“to bite”) + *-nós, though the laryngeal makes this problematic; alternatively from *bʰreg- (“to break”).


nixtos

Brill Publishers
James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)

Proto-Brythonic: *niθ

Old Irish: *necht

q

⇒ Old Irish: cruthnecht, cruithnecht (possibly + cruth (“form”) or Cruithen (“Pict”))

Irish: cruithneacht

Manx: curnaght

Scottish Gaelic: cruithneachd

From Proto-Indo-European *nik-tó-s, from *neyk- (“to winnow”) + *-tós.