tannos

tannos (nominative singular)
tannou (dual nominative)
tannoi (nominative plural)
tanne (singular vocative)
tannou (dual vocative)
tannoi (plural vocative)
tannom (accusative singular)
tannou (accusative dual)
tannons (accusative plural)
tannī (genitive singular)
tannous (dual genitive)
tannom (genitive plural)
tannūi (dative singular)
tannobom (dative dual)
tannobos (dative plural)
tannei (locative singular)
tannū (instrumental singular)
tannobim (dual instrumental)
tannūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tann

Breton: tann

Cornish: tannen

Old Irish:

Irish: tinne (< *tennyos (“holly, elder”))

Gaulish: *tannos

→ Late Latin: tannum

Old French: tan
Middle French: tan
French: tan
→ Dutch: taan

Galician: tano

Possibly from earlier *(s)tannos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)dʰnwos, *(s)dʰonu (“fir”), if not from a non-Indo-European substrate language.
Cognate with Proto-Germanic *dannǭ (“fir, pine”) (Old High German tanna (“fir wood”), Old Saxon danna (“pine”)), Albanian thanë (“cranberry bush”), Avestan 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə, “bow”), Sanskrit धनु (dhanu, “bow”)), Hittite 𒄑𒋫𒈾𒀀𒌑 (^(GIŠ)ta-na-a-ú /tanau/, “fir”), and perhaps Ancient Greek θάμνος (thámnos, “thicket”).


wroikos

wroikos (nominative singular)
wroikou (dual nominative)
wroikoi (nominative plural)
wroike (singular vocative)
wroikou (dual vocative)
wroikoi (plural vocative)
wroikom (accusative singular)
wroikou (accusative dual)
wroikons (accusative plural)
wroikī (genitive singular)
wroikous (dual genitive)
wroikom (genitive plural)
wroikūi (dative singular)
wroikobom (dative dual)
wroikobos (dative plural)
wroikei (locative singular)
wroikū (instrumental singular)
wroikobim (dual instrumental)
wroikūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwrʉg
Cornish: grug
Middle Breton: groegan
Middle Welsh: gerug, gwrug
Welsh: grug

Old Irish: froích, fróech

Middle Irish: fráech

Irish: fraoch

Scottish Gaelic: fraoch

Manx: freoagh

Celtiberian: *broikios

→ Vulgar Latin: *broccium~*verocium (see there for further descendants)

Gaulish: *wroika

→ Early Medieval Latin: brūcus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown, possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate source. Cognates include Proto-Balto-Slavic *werˀź-, *wirˀź- (whence Lithuanian vi̇̀ržis (“heather”), Latvian vir̂zis (“heather”), Proto-Slavic *vȇrsъ, *vȇrskъ) and Ancient Greek ἐρείκη (ereíkē, “heather”). It is sometimes linked to Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to twist, turn”).


klāwos

klāwos (nominative singular)
klāwou (dual nominative)
klāwoi (nominative plural)
klāwe (singular vocative)
klāwou (dual vocative)
klāwoi (plural vocative)
klāwom (accusative singular)
klāwou (accusative dual)
klāwons (accusative plural)
klāwī (genitive singular)
klāwous (dual genitive)
klāwom (genitive plural)
klāwūi (dative singular)
klāwobom (dative dual)
klāwobos (dative plural)
klāwei (locative singular)
klāwū (instrumental singular)
klāwobim (dual instrumental)
klāwūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *klọw
Old Breton: clou
Middle Breton: clou
Breton: klao, klow
Middle Welsh: clo
Welsh: clo

Old Irish: cló, cloë

Irish: cló

From Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w-os, from *(s)kleh₂w- (“hook, crook, peg”).


dindu

dindu (nominative singular)
dindū (dual nominative)
dindwā (nominative plural)
dindu (singular vocative)
dindū (dual vocative)
dindwā (plural vocative)
dindu (accusative singular)
dindū (accusative dual)
dindwā (accusative plural)
dindous (genitive singular)
dindous (dual genitive)
dindowom (genitive plural)
dindou (dative singular)
dindubom (dative dual)
dindubos (dative plural)
dindū (instrumental singular)
dindubim (dual instrumental)
dindubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dɨnn

desc

⇒ Middle Welsh: murddin (“fortification”)

Welsh: murddun, murddyn (“ruins”)

⇒ Middle Welsh: trefdyn (“homestead”)

⇒ Middle Welsh: tyddyn, tytyn, tedyn

Welsh: tyddyn

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gwėlɨɣðɨnn

Breton: gouelezenn (“lees, dregs”)

Middle Welsh: gwelyddyn (“grave; lees, dregs, sediment”)

Old Irish: dind

Middle Irish: dind, dinn

Obvious cognates include Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“peak, pinnacle”) and, as a name borrowed from Phrygian, Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon, name of a mountain).
It is unclear how these cognates are related, however.
* Due to the irregular shape of a hypothetical common inherited root *deyndʰ-, Lucht believes the word must have been a Wanderwort transmitted into Phrygian, Germanic and Celtic from elsewhere.
* Kroonen instead derives the Celtic and Germanic words as secondary derivatives of *h₃dónts (“tooth”), or more specifically *h₃dént-u- for Celtic. This etymology poses major phonetic problems in that it is incompatible with Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon), as **Τέντυμον (**Téntumon) would be expected from such a derivation. It also would require a pre-Celtic voicing assimilation of the second dental consonant to *d, because otherwise one would expect **-ddynt to appear in Welsh, not -ddyn.

cog

citadel, stronghold (stereotypically constructed on hills or comparable high ground)


messus

messus (nominative singular)
messū (dual nominative)
messowes (nominative plural)
messu (singular vocative)
messū (dual vocative)
messūs (plural vocative)
messum (accusative singular)
messū (accusative dual)
messuns (accusative plural)
messous (genitive singular)
messous (dual genitive)
messowom (genitive plural)
messou (dative singular)
messubom (dative dual)
messubos (dative plural)
messū (instrumental singular)
messubim (dual instrumental)
messubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: mess
Irish: meas
Scottish Gaelic: meas

From *med- + *-tus (verbal noun suffix).


messus

Proto-Brythonic: *mes

Middle Breton: mes

Breton: mez

Middle Cornish: mes

Cornish: mes

Middle Welsh: mes

Welsh: mes

Old Irish: mess
Middle Irish: mes, mess
Irish: meas
Manx: mess
Scottish Gaelic: meas

Possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate, as Matasovic finds connections to Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”) and *meh₂d- (“to be wet”) unconvincing.


ankos

ankos (nominative singular)
ankou (dual nominative)
ankoi (nominative plural)
anke (singular vocative)
ankou (dual vocative)
ankoi (plural vocative)
ankom (accusative singular)
ankou (accusative dual)
ankons (accusative plural)
ankī (genitive singular)
ankous (dual genitive)
ankom (genitive plural)
ankūi (dative singular)
ankobom (dative dual)
ankobos (dative plural)
ankū (instrumental singular)
ankobim (dual instrumental)
ankobis (instrumental plural)
ankā (nominative singular)
ankai (dual nominative)
ankās (nominative plural)
ankā (singular vocative)
ankai (dual vocative)
ankās (plural vocative)
ankam (accusative singular)
ankai (accusative dual)
ankans (accusative plural)
ankās (genitive singular)
ankai (dative singular)
ankābom (dative dual)
ankābos (dative plural)
ankābim (dual instrumental)
ankābis (instrumental plural)
ankom (nominative singular)
ankā (nominative plural)
ankom (singular vocative)
ankā (plural vocative)
ankā (accusative plural)

Middle Welsh: crauanc

Welsh: crafanc

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enkos, *h₂n̥kos (“a turn, bend”), from *h₂enk- (“curve, bend”).


amɸlabros

amɸlabros (nominative singular)
amɸlabrou (dual nominative)
amɸlabroi (nominative plural)
amɸlabre (singular vocative)
amɸlabrou (dual vocative)
amɸlabroi (plural vocative)
amɸlabrom (accusative singular)
amɸlabrou (accusative dual)
amɸlabrons (accusative plural)
amɸlabrī (genitive singular)
amɸlabrous (dual genitive)
amɸlabrom (genitive plural)
amɸlabrūi (dative singular)
amɸlabrobom (dative dual)
amɸlabrobos (dative plural)
amɸlabrū (instrumental singular)
amɸlabrobim (dual instrumental)
amɸlabrobis (instrumental plural)
amɸlabrā (nominative singular)
amɸlabrai (dual nominative)
amɸlabrās (nominative plural)
amɸlabrā (singular vocative)
amɸlabrai (dual vocative)
amɸlabrās (plural vocative)
amɸlabram (accusative singular)
amɸlabrai (accusative dual)
amɸlabrans (accusative plural)
amɸlabrās (genitive singular)
amɸlabrai (dative singular)
amɸlabrābom (dative dual)
amɸlabrābos (dative plural)
amɸlabrābim (dual instrumental)
amɸlabrābis (instrumental plural)
amɸlabrom (nominative singular)
amɸlabrā (nominative plural)
amɸlabrom (singular vocative)
amɸlabrā (plural vocative)
amɸlabrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *aβ̃laβar
Breton: amlavar
Old Cornish: aflauar
Middle Cornish: omlavar
Middle Welsh: aflauar
Welsh: aflafar

Old Irish: amlabar
Irish: amhlabhar

From *an- (“un-”) + *ɸlabros (“talkative”).


anxtu

anxtu (nominative singular)
anxtū (dual nominative)
anxtwā (nominative plural)
anxtu (singular vocative)
anxtū (dual vocative)
anxtwā (plural vocative)
anxtu (accusative singular)
anxtū (accusative dual)
anxtwā (accusative plural)
anxtous (genitive singular)
anxtous (dual genitive)
anxtowom (genitive plural)
anxtou (dative singular)
anxtubom (dative dual)
anxtubos (dative plural)
anxtū (instrumental singular)
anxtubim (dual instrumental)
anxtubis (instrumental plural)

Middle Welsh: aeth (“pain, fear”)

Welsh: aeth (“pain, fear”)

Old Irish: écht (“slaying, exploit”)

Irish: éacht (“slaughter, feat”)

desc

Scottish Gaelic: euchd (“exploit, feat”)

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱtu, from the root *neḱ- (“perish, disappear”).


gnātos

gnātos (nominative singular)
gnātou (dual nominative)
gnātoi (nominative plural)
gnāte (singular vocative)
gnātou (dual vocative)
gnātoi (plural vocative)
gnātom (accusative singular)
gnātou (accusative dual)
gnātons (accusative plural)
gnātī (genitive singular)
gnātous (dual genitive)
gnātom (genitive plural)
gnātūi (dative singular)
gnātobom (dative dual)
gnātobos (dative plural)
gnātū (instrumental singular)
gnātobim (dual instrumental)
gnātobis (instrumental plural)
gnātā (nominative singular)
gnātai (dual nominative)
gnātās (nominative plural)
gnātā (singular vocative)
gnātai (dual vocative)
gnātās (plural vocative)
gnātam (accusative singular)
gnātai (accusative dual)
gnātans (accusative plural)
gnātās (genitive singular)
gnātai (dative singular)
gnātābom (dative dual)
gnātābos (dative plural)
gnātābim (dual instrumental)
gnātābis (instrumental plural)
gnātom (nominative singular)
gnātā (nominative plural)
gnātom (singular vocative)
gnātā (plural vocative)
gnātā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *gnọd
Old Breton: gnot
Middle Welsh: gnawt
Welsh: gnawd

Old Irish: gnáth

Irish: gnáth

Scottish Gaelic: gnàth


angnātos

angnātos (nominative singular)
angnātou (dual nominative)
angnātoi (nominative plural)
angnāte (singular vocative)
angnātou (dual vocative)
angnātoi (plural vocative)
angnātom (accusative singular)
angnātou (accusative dual)
angnātons (accusative plural)
angnātī (genitive singular)
angnātous (dual genitive)
angnātom (genitive plural)
angnātūi (dative singular)
angnātobom (dative dual)
angnātobos (dative plural)
angnātū (instrumental singular)
angnātobim (dual instrumental)
angnātobis (instrumental plural)
angnātā (nominative singular)
angnātai (dual nominative)
angnātās (nominative plural)
angnātā (singular vocative)
angnātai (dual vocative)
angnātās (plural vocative)
angnātam (accusative singular)
angnātai (accusative dual)
angnātans (accusative plural)
angnātās (genitive singular)
angnātai (dative singular)
angnātābom (dative dual)
angnātābos (dative plural)
angnātābim (dual instrumental)
angnātābis (instrumental plural)
angnātom (nominative singular)
angnātā (nominative plural)
angnātom (singular vocative)
angnātā (plural vocative)
angnātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: annawd, anynaut, anynawt

Welsh: angnawd, annawd

Old Irish: ingnad
Irish: ionadh
Scottish Gaelic: iongnadh
⇒ Middle Irish: ingantach
Irish: iontach
Scottish Gaelic: iongantach

From *an- + *gnātos. Compare Latin ignotus, of identical formation.


altein

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: altin

Middle Breton: autenn

Breton: aotenn

Cornish: alsen

Old Welsh: elinn

Middle Welsh: ellyn

Welsh: ellyn

Middle Irish: ailt

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


amarom

amarom (nominative singular)
amarou (dual nominative)
amarā (nominative plural)
amarom (singular vocative)
amarou (dual vocative)
amarā (plural vocative)
amarom (accusative singular)
amarou (accusative dual)
amarā (accusative plural)
amarī (genitive singular)
amarous (dual genitive)
amarom (genitive plural)
amarūi (dative singular)
amarobom (dative dual)
amarobos (dative plural)
amarei (locative singular)
amarū (instrumental singular)
amarobim (dual instrumental)
amarūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aβ̃ar

Middle Welsh: auar

Welsh: afar

Old Irish: amar

Unknown; likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


drukos

drukos (nominative singular)
drukou (dual nominative)
drukoi (nominative plural)
druke (singular vocative)
drukou (dual vocative)
drukoi (plural vocative)
drukom (accusative singular)
drukou (accusative dual)
drukons (accusative plural)
drukī (genitive singular)
drukous (dual genitive)
drukom (genitive plural)
drukūi (dative singular)
drukobom (dative dual)
drukobos (dative plural)
drukū (instrumental singular)
drukobim (dual instrumental)
drukobis (instrumental plural)
drukā (nominative singular)
drukai (dual nominative)
drukās (nominative plural)
drukā (singular vocative)
drukai (dual vocative)
drukās (plural vocative)
drukam (accusative singular)
drukai (accusative dual)
drukans (accusative plural)
drukās (genitive singular)
drukai (dative singular)
drukābom (dative dual)
drukābos (dative plural)
drukābim (dual instrumental)
drukābis (instrumental plural)
drukom (nominative singular)
drukā (nominative plural)
drukom (singular vocative)
drukā (plural vocative)
drukā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *drug
Breton: drouk
Cornish: drog
Middle Welsh: drwc
Welsh: drwg

Old Irish: droch
Irish: droch-, droch
Manx: drogh
Scottish Gaelic: droch

Unknown; one possibility is that it could be from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”), with the voiceless -k- originating in a root noun *dʰréwgʰ-s (“falsehood”) (pronounced *dʰrewks, compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰrúkš).


krittā

krittā (nominative singular)
krittai (dual nominative)
krittās (nominative plural)
krittā (singular vocative)
krittai (dual vocative)
krittās (plural vocative)
krittam (accusative singular)
krittai (accusative dual)
krittāns (accusative plural)
krittās (genitive singular)
krittous (dual genitive)
krittom (genitive plural)
krittāi (dative singular)
krittābom (dative dual)
krittābos (dative plural)
krittai (locative singular)
krittābim (dual instrumental)
krittābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *kreθ
Middle Welsh: kreth
Welsh: creth

Old Irish: cret

Middle Irish: crett, cret

Irish: creat

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages. Alternatively a derivative of *krép-s ~ *kr̥p-ós (“body”) (whence Proto-Celtic *krixs), such as *kr̥p-t-eh₂ or *kr̥p-dʰh₁-eh₂, but the sound change required for Celtic *-tt- is unknown and found in other unexplained words.


lomanā

lomanā (nominative singular)
lomanai (dual nominative)
lomanās (nominative plural)
lomanā (singular vocative)
lomanai (dual vocative)
lomanās (plural vocative)
lomanam (accusative singular)
lomanai (accusative dual)
lomanāns (accusative plural)
lomanās (genitive singular)
lomanous (dual genitive)
lomanom (genitive plural)
lomanāi (dative singular)
lomanābom (dative dual)
lomanābos (dative plural)
lomanai (locative singular)
lomanābim (dual instrumental)
lomanābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lloβ̃an
Middle Breton: louffan
Breton: louan
Cornish: lovan
Middle Welsh: llyfan
Welsh: llyfan

Old Irish: loman
Middle Irish: loman
Irish: lomhain
Scottish Gaelic: lomhainn


lukūts

lukūts (nominative singular)
lukote (dual nominative)
lukotes (nominative plural)
lukūts (singular vocative)
lukote (dual vocative)
lukotes (plural vocative)
lukotam (accusative singular)
lukote (accusative dual)
lukotans (accusative plural)
lukotos (genitive singular)
lukotou (dual genitive)
lukotom (genitive plural)
lukotei (dative singular)
lukotobom (dative dual)
lukotobos (dative plural)
lukoti (locative singular)
lukote? (instrumental singular)
lukotobim (dual instrumental)
lukotobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llug
Old Breton: loc
Middle Welsh: llyg
Welsh: llyg (“shrew”)

Old Irish: luch
Irish: luch
Manx: lugh
Scottish Gaelic: luch

Gaulish: *lucot-

desc

⇒ Gaulish: Lucotios, Λουκοτικνος (Loukotiknos)

⇒ Gaulish: *Lucotiācon

→ Latin: Locoteiaco

French: Ligugé

Unknown; most likely from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


wimmonā

wimmonā (nominative singular)
wimmonai (dual nominative)
wimmonās (nominative plural)
wimmonā (singular vocative)
wimmonai (dual vocative)
wimmonās (plural vocative)
wimmonam (accusative singular)
wimmonai (accusative dual)
wimmonāns (accusative plural)
wimmonās (genitive singular)
wimmonous (dual genitive)
wimmonom (genitive plural)
wimmonāi (dative singular)
wimmonābom (dative dual)
wimmonābos (dative plural)
wimmonai (locative singular)
wimmonābim (dual instrumental)
wimmonābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨmon
Old Breton: goumon
Middle Breton: gwemon
→ Middle French: goumon
French: goémon
Cornish: gommon, gobmon
Welsh: gwymon

Middle Irish: femain, femmain, femm

Irish: feamainn

Manx: famlagh, fammyragh

Scottish Gaelic: feamainn

> Proto-Ibero-Romance: *gamōnem (“asphodel”)

Catalan: gamó

Galician: gamón

Spanish: gamón

Portuguese: gamão

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language, or possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weyb- (“to wind around”). Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages, unless the Iberian Romance words for “asphodel” are derived from a Celtic language.
Reconstructed by Hamp as *wismon-.


talamū

talamū (nominative singular)
talamone? (dual nominative)
talamones (nominative plural)
talamū (singular vocative)
talamone? (dual vocative)
talamones (plural vocative)
talamonam (accusative singular)
talamone? (accusative dual)
talamonans (accusative plural)
talamonos (genitive singular)
talamonows? (dual genitive)
talamonom (genitive plural)
talamonei (dative singular)
talamombom (dative dual)
talamombos (dative plural)
talamon (locative singular)
talamoni (locative singular)
talamonei (instrumental singular)
talamombim (dual instrumental)
talamombis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: talam
Irish: talamh
Manx: thalloo
Scottish Gaelic: talamh

Gaulish: *talamon

→ Latin: Talamone

→ Latin: Talmun

French: Talmont

From Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“ground”). Compare with Latin tellus (“earth”) and Sanskrit तल (tala, “bottom”).
An exact formation cognate can be found in Ancient Greek τελαμών (telamṓn, “strap”), related on the notion of being objects that hold up another.


gʷenom

gʷenom (nominative singular)
gʷenou (dual nominative)
gʷenā (nominative plural)
gʷenom (singular vocative)
gʷenou (dual vocative)
gʷenā (plural vocative)
gʷenom (accusative singular)
gʷenou (accusative dual)
gʷenā (accusative plural)
gʷenī (genitive singular)
gʷenous (dual genitive)
gʷenom (genitive plural)
gʷenūi (dative singular)
gʷenobom (dative dual)
gʷenobos (dative plural)
gʷenei (locative singular)
gʷenū (instrumental singular)
gʷenobim (dual instrumental)
gʷenūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwen
Cornish: gwen
Welsh: gwên

Old Irish: gen

Uncertain; traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, love”), though this is formally unconvincing. Most likely from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


kalgā

kalgā (nominative singular)
kalgai (dual nominative)
kalgās (nominative plural)
kalgā (singular vocative)
kalgai (dual vocative)
kalgās (plural vocative)
kalgam (accusative singular)
kalgai (accusative dual)
kalgāns (accusative plural)
kalgās (genitive singular)
kalgous (dual genitive)
kalgom (genitive plural)
kalgāi (dative singular)
kalgābom (dative dual)
kalgābos (dative plural)
kalgai (locative singular)
kalgābim (dual instrumental)
kalgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kalɣ (“penis”)

Breton: kalc'h

Cornish: kal m, kalgh m

Welsh: cal, cala f, caly m

q

later <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>

Old Irish: colg, calg f (later m) (“sword”)

Pictish: ᚉᚐᚂᚈ (calt, “penis”)

Gaulish: *kalgos (“point, sword”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₂- (“to pierce, strike”).


albiyū

albiyū (nominative singular)
albiyone? (dual nominative)
albiyones (nominative plural)
albiyū (singular vocative)
albiyone? (dual vocative)
albiyones (plural vocative)
albiyonam (accusative singular)
albiyone? (accusative dual)
albiyonans (accusative plural)
albiyonos (genitive singular)
albiyonows? (dual genitive)
albiyonom (genitive plural)
albiyonei (dative singular)
albiyombom (dative dual)
albiyombos (dative plural)
albiyon (locative singular)
albiyoni (locative singular)
albiyonei (instrumental singular)
albiyombim (dual instrumental)
albiyombis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ėlβɨð
Old Welsh: elbid
Middle Welsh: eluit, eluyd
Welsh: elfydd

Goidelic:

Old Irish: Albu (“Scotland”)

→ Middle Welsh: Albbu

Irish: Albain, Alba

→ Welsh: Alban

→ Cornish: Alban

→ Latin: Albania

→ Middle English: Albany

English: Albany

Manx: Nalbin, Albin, Albey

Scottish Gaelic: Alba

→ English: Alba

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Latin: Albiones (ethnonym)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀλβίων (Albíōn), Ἀλουΐων (Alouḯōn)

→ Latin: Albiōn

→ English: Albion

→ Proto-West Germanic: *albijā

Old Saxon: elbon

Old High German: alba, Albūn

Middle High German: albe, Alben

Bavarian: Oipn

German: Alpe, Alp, Alm, Alpen

→? Latin: alpis, Alpēs (see there for further descendants)

→ English: Alps

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”). For the semantic development, compare Old Church Slavonic свѣтъ (světŭ, “light; world”).

cog

luminous world, upper world, (the habitable surface of the) world

high mountain (especially in the Alps), alp


aleti

alū (active first-person present singular)
alemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
īlāsū (active first-person future singular)
alam (active first-person preterite singular)
alesi (active present second-person singular)
aletās (active imperfect second-person singular)
īlāsesi (active future second-person singular)
als (active preterite second-person singular)
aleti (active present singular third-person)
aleto (active imperfect singular third-person)
īlāseti (active future singular third-person)
alt (active preterite singular third-person)
alomosi (active first-person plural present)
alemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
īlāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
alme (active first-person plural preterite)
aletesi (active plural present second-person)
alestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
īlāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
alte (active plural preterite second-person)
alonti (active plural present third-person)
alento (active imperfect plural third-person)
īlāsonti (active future plural third-person)
alant (active plural preterite third-person)
alasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
alasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ale (active imperative second-person singular)
alaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
aletou (active imperative singular third-person)
alasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
alomos (active first-person imperative plural)
alasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
alete (active imperative plural second-person)
alasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
alontou (active imperative plural third-person)
alūr (first-person passive present singular)
īlāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
aletar (passive present second-person singular)
īlāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
aletor (passive present singular third-person)
īlāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
alommor (first-person passive plural present)
īlāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
aledwe (passive plural present second-person)
īlāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
alontor (passive plural present third-person)
īlāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
alanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
alasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
alasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
alasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
alasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
alasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
alasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
alonts (nominative singular)
alonte (dual nominative)
alontes (nominative plural)
alonts (singular vocative)
alonte (dual vocative)
alontes (plural vocative)
alontam (accusative singular)
alonte (accusative dual)
alontans (accusative plural)
alantos (genitive singular)
alantom (genitive plural)
alantei (dative singular)
alantbom (dative dual)
alantbos (dative plural)
alantī? (instrumental singular)
alantbim (dual instrumental)
alantbis (instrumental plural)
alantī (nominative singular)
alantī (dual nominative)
alantiyās (nominative plural)
alantī (singular vocative)
alantī (dual vocative)
alantiyās (plural vocative)
alantīm (accusative singular)
alantī (accusative dual)
alantiyans (accusative plural)
alantyās (genitive singular)
alantyom (genitive plural)
alantyāi (dative singular)
alantyābom (dative dual)
alantyābos (dative plural)
alantyābim (dual instrumental)
alantyābis (instrumental plural)
alont (nominative singular)
alonta (nominative plural)
alont (singular vocative)
alonta (plural vocative)
alont (accusative singular)
alonta (accusative plural)
altos (nominative singular)
altou (dual nominative)
altoi (nominative plural)
alte (singular vocative)
altou (dual vocative)
altoi (plural vocative)
altom (accusative singular)
altou (accusative dual)
altons (accusative plural)
altī (genitive singular)
altous (dual genitive)
altom (genitive plural)
altūi (dative singular)
altobom (dative dual)
altobos (dative plural)
altū (instrumental singular)
altobim (dual instrumental)
altobis (instrumental plural)
altā (nominative singular)
altai (dual nominative)
altās (nominative plural)
altā (singular vocative)
altai (dual vocative)
altās (plural vocative)
altam (accusative singular)
altai (accusative dual)
altans (accusative plural)
altās (genitive singular)
altai (dative singular)
altābom (dative dual)
altābos (dative plural)
altābim (dual instrumental)
altābis (instrumental plural)
altom (nominative singular)
altā (nominative plural)
altom (singular vocative)
altā (plural vocative)
altā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alɨd

Middle Breton: halaff

Breton: halañ

desc

Middle Welsh: alu, alho (3sg.pres.subj.)

Welsh: alu

Old Irish: ailid, ·ail

Irish: oil

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂életi, from the root *h₂el-.


anaman

anaman (nominative singular)
anamane? (dual nominative)
anamana (nominative plural)
anaman (singular vocative)
anamane? (dual vocative)
anamana (plural vocative)
anaman (accusative singular)
anamane? (accusative dual)
anamana (accusative plural)
anamens (genitive singular)
anamenous? (dual genitive)
anamenom (genitive plural)
anamenei (dative singular)
anamembom (dative dual)
anamembos (dative plural)
anamen (locative singular)
anameni (locative singular)
anamenei (instrumental singular)
anamembim (dual instrumental)
anamembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: eneff

Cornish: enev

desctree

Old Irish: ainimm, ainim, anaim, anaimm, anim, animm
Irish: anam
Manx: annym
Scottish Gaelic: anam
⇒ Middle Irish: ainmide
Irish: ainmhí
Scottish Gaelic: ainmhidh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₁mn̥ (“breath, spirit, soul”), from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”) + *-mn̥ (abstract noun suffix). Equivalent to *ana- + *-man.
Compare Proto-Italic *anamos and Proto-Hellenic *ánemos, from *h₂énh₁mos.


teɸnets

teɸnets (nominative singular)
teɸnete (dual nominative)
teɸnetes (nominative plural)
teɸnets (singular vocative)
teɸnete (dual vocative)
teɸnetes (plural vocative)
teɸnetam (accusative singular)
teɸnete (accusative dual)
teɸnetans (accusative plural)
teɸnetos (genitive singular)
teɸnetou (dual genitive)
teɸnetom (genitive plural)
teɸnetei (dative singular)
teɸnetobom (dative dual)
teɸnetobos (dative plural)
teɸneti (locative singular)
teɸnete? (instrumental singular)
teɸnetobim (dual instrumental)
teɸnetobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tan (from zero-grade ablaut alternant *taɸnet-)
Old Breton: tan
Middle Breton: tan
Breton: tan
Old Cornish: tan
Middle Cornish: tan
Cornish: tan
Middle Welsh: tan
Welsh: tân

Old Irish: teine
Irish: tine
Manx: çhenney
Scottish Gaelic: teine

From Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“be warm”) (compare *tépos (“heat, warmth”)), likely through an intermediate s-stem *tep-n-ḗs, with the nasal infixed perhaps by influence of the participle *téponts, if not derived from an r/n-stem heteroclitic.
Along with *aidu ~ *aidus, presumably displaced inherited reflexes of the PIE fire terms *h₁n̥gʷnís and *péh₂wr̥, which left no trace in attested Celtic.


swādus

swādus (nominative singular)
swādū (dual nominative)
swādowes (nominative plural)
swādu (singular vocative)
swādū (dual vocative)
swādūs (plural vocative)
swādum (accusative singular)
swādū (accusative dual)
swāduns (accusative plural)
swādous (genitive singular)
swādous (dual genitive)
swādowom (genitive plural)
swādou (dative singular)
swādubom (dative dual)
swādubos (dative plural)
swādū (instrumental singular)
swādubim (dual instrumental)
swādubis (instrumental plural)
swādu (nominative singular)
swādwā (nominative plural)
swādwā (plural vocative)
swādu (accusative singular)
swādwā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: suados, suadus


exs

Proto-Brythonic: *ex
Old Breton: ech
Middle Welsh: ech
Welsh: a, ech-

Old Irish: a, ess-

Irish: as

Manx: ass

Scottish Gaelic: à, as

Gaulish: ex

Celtiberian: es

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs. Cognate with Latin ex.


kom-

Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃-
Breton: kev-, kem-, ken-
Old Cornish: com-
Cornish: kev-, kes-
Old Welsh: com-, cim-, cem-
Middle Welsh: kyf-, kyn-
Welsh: cyf-, cyn-, cym-, cy-

Old Irish: com-

Irish: comh-

Manx: co-

Scottish Gaelic: co-

⇒ Old Irish: cummae (< *ḱóm-smiyo-)

Irish: cuma

Scottish Gaelic: coma


genos

genos (nominative singular)
genese? (dual nominative)
genesa (nominative plural)
genos (singular vocative)
genese? (dual vocative)
genesa (plural vocative)
genos (accusative singular)
genese? (accusative dual)
genesa (accusative plural)
genesos (genitive singular)
genesous? (dual genitive)
genesom (genitive plural)
genesei (dative singular)
genesbom (dative dual)
genesbos (dative plural)
genesi (locative singular)
genesei (instrumental singular)
genesbim (dual instrumental)
genesbis (instrumental plural)
-genos (nominative singular)
-genou (dual nominative)
-genoi (nominative plural)
-gene (singular vocative)
-genou (dual vocative)
-genoi (plural vocative)
-genom (accusative singular)
-genou (accusative dual)
-genons (accusative plural)
-genī (genitive singular)
-genous (dual genitive)
-genom (genitive plural)
-genūi (dative singular)
-genobom (dative dual)
-genobos (dative plural)
-genei (locative singular)
-genū (instrumental singular)
-genobim (dual instrumental)
-genūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gen

Old Breton: gen

⇒ Breton: genel (denominative)

⇒ Old Welsh: Mor-gen

⇒ Gaulish: Ad-genus, Cintu-genus

Eógan

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚃᚐᚌᚓᚅᚔ (ivageni); Old Irish


sɸer-

sɸerā (nominative singular)
sɸerai (dual nominative)
sɸerās (nominative plural)
sɸerā (singular vocative)
sɸerai (dual vocative)
sɸerās (plural vocative)
sɸeram (accusative singular)
sɸerai (accusative dual)
sɸerāns (accusative plural)
sɸerās (genitive singular)
sɸerous (dual genitive)
sɸerom (genitive plural)
sɸerāi (dative singular)
sɸerābom (dative dual)
sɸerābos (dative plural)
sɸerai (locative singular)
sɸerābim (dual instrumental)
sɸerābis (instrumental plural)
sɸerets (nominative singular)
sɸerete (dual nominative)
sɸeretes (nominative plural)
sɸerets (singular vocative)
sɸerete (dual vocative)
sɸeretes (plural vocative)
sɸeretam (accusative singular)
sɸerete (accusative dual)
sɸeretans (accusative plural)
sɸeretos (genitive singular)
sɸeretou (dual genitive)
sɸeretom (genitive plural)
sɸeretei (dative singular)
sɸeretobom (dative dual)
sɸeretobos (dative plural)
sɸereti (locative singular)
sɸerete? (instrumental singular)
sɸeretobim (dual instrumental)
sɸeretobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *fer
Old Cornish: fer
Middle Welsh: ffer
Welsh: ffêr

Old Irish: seir
Middle Irish: seir
Irish: seir, speir

Derived by Kroonen from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick”). Cognate with Germanic *spurą.


loukos

lowkos (nominative singular)
lowkou (dual nominative)
lowkoi (nominative plural)
lowke (singular vocative)
lowkou (dual vocative)
lowkoi (plural vocative)
lowkom (accusative singular)
lowkou (accusative dual)
lowkons (accusative plural)
lowkī (genitive singular)
lowkous (dual genitive)
lowkom (genitive plural)
lowkūi (dative singular)
lowkobom (dative dual)
lowkobos (dative plural)
lowkū (instrumental singular)
lowkobim (dual instrumental)
lowkobis (instrumental plural)
lowkā (nominative singular)
lowkai (dual nominative)
lowkās (nominative plural)
lowkā (singular vocative)
lowkai (dual vocative)
lowkās (plural vocative)
lowkam (accusative singular)
lowkai (accusative dual)
lowkans (accusative plural)
lowkās (genitive singular)
lowkai (dative singular)
lowkābom (dative dual)
lowkābos (dative plural)
lowkābim (dual instrumental)
lowkābis (instrumental plural)
lowkom (nominative singular)
lowkā (nominative plural)
lowkom (singular vocative)
lowkā (plural vocative)
lowkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉg

Middle Welsh: lluc

Welsh: llug m (“eyesight, perception”)

Middle Irish: lóch (“bright”), lúach

Gaulish: Leucus

From Proto-Indo-European *lewkós, from *lewk-.


Lugus

Lugus (nominative singular)
Lugous (genitive singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *Llow
Old Welsh: Lou
Middle Welsh: Lleu

Celtiberian: Luguei (Dative singular)

Gaulish: *Lugos

Primitive Irish: ᚂᚒᚌ (lug)
Old Irish: Lug
Irish: Lú, Lugh (superseded)
→ English: Lugh
Scottish Gaelic: Lùgh

From Proto-Indo-European. The exact root is unknown. More at Lugus.


menmens

menmens (nominative singular)
menmene (dual nominative)
menmenes (nominative plural)
menmens (singular vocative)
menmene (dual vocative)
menmenes (plural vocative)
menmenam (accusative singular)
menmene (accusative dual)
menmenans (accusative plural)
menmenos (genitive singular)
menmenou (dual genitive)
menmenom (genitive plural)
menmenei (dative singular)
menmenobom (dative dual)
menmenobos (dative plural)
menmeni (locative singular)
menmene? (instrumental singular)
menmenobim (dual instrumental)
menmenobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *menw
Middle Breton: meno
Breton: meno
Middle Welsh: mynw

Old Irish: menmae
Middle Irish: menma
Irish: meanma
Scottish Gaelic: meanma

From *men- (“to think”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *memonai (“to remember”), Proto-Germanic *munaną (“to think, remember”), Ancient Greek μέμονα (mémona), Sanskrit मन्मन् (mánman, “thought, wisdom”).


neɸūts

neɸūts (nominative singular)
neɸote (dual nominative)
neɸotes (nominative plural)
neɸūts (singular vocative)
neɸote (dual vocative)
neɸotes (plural vocative)
neɸotam (accusative singular)
neɸote (accusative dual)
neɸotans (accusative plural)
neɸotos (genitive singular)
neɸotou (dual genitive)
neɸotom (genitive plural)
neɸotei (dative singular)
neɸotobom (dative dual)
neɸotobos (dative plural)
neɸoti (locative singular)
neɸote? (instrumental singular)
neɸotobim (dual instrumental)
neɸotobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *nei
Old Breton: ny
Middle Breton: ni
Breton: ni
Cornish: noi, noy
Old Welsh: nei
Welsh: nai

Primitive Irish: ᚅᚔᚑᚈᚈᚐ (niotta, genitive)
Old Irish: nïa
Irish: nia
Manx: neear


karants

karants (nominative singular)
karante (dual nominative)
karantes (nominative plural)
karants (singular vocative)
karante (dual vocative)
karantes (plural vocative)
karantam (accusative singular)
karante (accusative dual)
karantans (accusative plural)
karantos (genitive singular)
karantou (dual genitive)
karantom (genitive plural)
karantei (dative singular)
karantobom (dative dual)
karantobos (dative plural)
karanti (locative singular)
karante? (instrumental singular)
karantobim (dual instrumental)
karantobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kar
Middle Breton: car
Breton: kar
Old Cornish: car
Cornish: kar
Middle Welsh: car
Welsh: câr

Old Irish: carae
Middle Irish: cara, carait
Irish: cara
Scottish Gaelic: caraid
Manx: carrey

Gaulish: Caranto-, Carantōna

Hispano-Celtic:

→⇒ Galician: Canzobre (Caranzobre, 14th c. < *Karantyobrixs)

→⇒ Galician: carantoña

Fossilized present active participle of *karāti (“to love, desire”). Equivalent to *karos (“dear, beloved”) + *-ants. Suggested to be a parallel formation with Tocharian B krent (“good, good person”), however, this is now widely rejected.


anawos

anawos (nominative singular)
anawou (dual nominative)
anawoi (nominative plural)
anawe (singular vocative)
anawou (dual vocative)
anawoi (plural vocative)
anawom (accusative singular)
anawou (accusative dual)
anawons (accusative plural)
anawī (genitive singular)
anawous (dual genitive)
anawom (genitive plural)
anawūi (dative singular)
anawobom (dative dual)
anawobos (dative plural)
anawei (locative singular)
anawū (instrumental singular)
anawobim (dual instrumental)
anawūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *anaw

Middle Welsh: anaw

⇒ Old Irish: anai (from *anawyos)

Middle Irish: ana

Classical Gaelic: ana

Gaulish: *Anauos

→ Latin: Anauus


banowessā

banowessā (nominative singular)
banowessai (dual nominative)
banowessās (nominative plural)
banowessā (singular vocative)
banowessai (dual vocative)
banowessās (plural vocative)
banowessam (accusative singular)
banowessai (accusative dual)
banowessāns (accusative plural)
banowessās (genitive singular)
banowessous (dual genitive)
banowessom (genitive plural)
banowessāi (dative singular)
banowessābom (dative dual)
banowessābos (dative plural)
banowessai (locative singular)
banowessābim (dual instrumental)
banowessābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *banwess

Middle Breton: banues

Breton: banvez

Old Irish: banais

Irish: bainis

Manx: bannish

Scottish Gaelic: banais

From *benā (“female”) + *wedeti (“to lead”) + *-tā (verbal noun suffix). The last two parts of this construction are frequently confused with *westā (“staying the night, feast”).


belyom

belyom (nominative singular)
belyou (dual nominative)
belyā (nominative plural)
belyom (singular vocative)
belyou (dual vocative)
belyā (plural vocative)
belyom (accusative singular)
belyou (accusative dual)
belyā (accusative plural)
belyī (genitive singular)
belyous (dual genitive)
belyom (genitive plural)
belyūi (dative singular)
belyobom (dative dual)
belyobos (dative plural)
belyei (locative singular)
belyū (instrumental singular)
belyobim (dual instrumental)
belyūis (instrumental plural)
*belyos (alternative)

Middle Irish: bile

desctree

Gaulish: *biliā (“tall tree”)
Vulgar Latin: *billia
French: bille
Occitan: bilhe

A parallel e-grade formation to Proto-Indo-European *bʰolh₃yom (“leaf”), from *bʰleh₃- (“bloom, flower”). Cognate with Latin folium and Ancient Greek φῠ́λλον (phŭ́llon).


anamī

anamī (nominative singular)
anamī (dual nominative)
anamiyās (nominative plural)
anamī (singular vocative)
anamī (dual vocative)
anamiyās (plural vocative)
anamīm (accusative singular)
anamī (accusative dual)
anamīns (accusative plural)
anamyās (genitive singular)
anamyous (dual genitive)
anamyom (genitive plural)
anamyai (dative singular)
anamyābom (dative dual)
anamyābos (dative plural)
anamyābim (dual instrumental)
anamyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Welsh: anamou

Middle Welsh: anaf

Welsh: anaf

Middle Breton: anaf, anaff

Old Irish: anim

Transalpine Gaulish: anamis

Probably of PIE origin, although no-one has agreed on a definite etymology. Two possibilities have been put forward:
* Descended from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₃-
* A deverbal noun from *amū (to wash) with the negative prefix *an- attached


akros

akros (nominative singular)
akrou (dual nominative)
akroi (nominative plural)
akre (singular vocative)
akrou (dual vocative)
akroi (plural vocative)
akrom (accusative singular)
akrou (accusative dual)
akrons (accusative plural)
akrī (genitive singular)
akrous (dual genitive)
akrom (genitive plural)
akrūi (dative singular)
akrobom (dative dual)
akrobos (dative plural)
akrū (instrumental singular)
akrobim (dual instrumental)
akrobis (instrumental plural)
akrā (nominative singular)
akrai (dual nominative)
akrās (nominative plural)
akrā (singular vocative)
akrai (dual vocative)
akrās (plural vocative)
akram (accusative singular)
akrai (accusative dual)
akrans (accusative plural)
akrās (genitive singular)
akrai (dative singular)
akrābom (dative dual)
akrābos (dative plural)
akrābim (dual instrumental)
akrābis (instrumental plural)
akrom (nominative singular)
akrā (nominative plural)
akrom (singular vocative)
akrā (plural vocative)
akrā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: ér

Gaulish: *axros

⇒ Gaulish: *Axrotalus


snīs

snos (accusative)
mī (singular)
*snīsnīs (alternative)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: ne

Middle Breton: ne

Breton: ne

Cornish: ny

Old Welsh: ni

Middle Welsh: ny

Welsh: ni

Old Irish: sní

Gaulish: sni-

Proto-Brythonic: *nini

Middle Welsh: nini

Old Irish: snisni, nini, sinni

Irish: sinn

Manx: shin

Scottish Gaelic: sinn

From Proto-Indo-European *nēs, a modification of *nos, oblique plural form of *éǵh₂ (“I”).


ɸro-

Proto-Brythonic: rro

Welsh: rhy

Cornish: re

Old Irish: ro-

Irish: ró-

Scottish Gaelic: ro-

Gaulish: ro-, re-

From Proto-Indo-European *pró (“toward, leading to”). Cognate with Latin prō and Ancient Greek πρό (pró).


klukā

klokā (nominative singular)
klokai (dual nominative)
klokās (nominative plural)
klokā (singular vocative)
klokai (dual vocative)
klokās (plural vocative)
klokam (accusative singular)
klokai (accusative dual)
klokāns (accusative plural)
klokās (genitive singular)
klokous (dual genitive)
klokom (genitive plural)
klokāi (dative singular)
klokābom (dative dual)
klokābos (dative plural)
klokai (locative singular)
klokābim (dual instrumental)
klokābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *klog
Cornish: klog
Welsh: clog

Old Irish: cloch

Irish: cloch

Manx: clagh

Scottish Gaelic: clach

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


bāus

bāus (nominative singular)
bowe (dual nominative)
bowes (nominative plural)
bāus (singular vocative)
bowe (dual vocative)
bowes (plural vocative)
bom (accusative singular)
bowe (accusative dual)
bowans (accusative plural)
bowos (genitive singular)
bowou (dual genitive)
bowom (genitive plural)
bowei (dative singular)
bowobom (dative dual)
bowobos (dative plural)
bowi (locative singular)
bowe? (instrumental singular)
bowobim (dual instrumental)
bowobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉ
Breton: bu
Middle Welsh: bu, buw

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *bʉx

Old Irish: bó
Irish: bó
Manx: booa
Scottish Gaelic: bó, bò

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws. Cognate with Latin bōs.


kassis

kassis (nominative singular)
kassī (dual nominative)
kassīs (nominative plural)
kassi (singular vocative)
kassī (dual vocative)
kassīs (plural vocative)
kassim (accusative singular)
kassī (accusative dual)
kassins (accusative plural)
kasseis (genitive singular)
kassyow (dual genitive)
kassyom (genitive plural)
kassei (dative singular)
kassibom (dative dual)
kassibos (dative plural)
kassei (locative singular)
kassī (instrumental singular)
kassibim (dual instrumental)
kassibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kas
Middle Breton: cas
Breton: kas
Cornish: kas
Old Welsh: cas
Middle Welsh: cas
Welsh: cas

Old Irish: cais

Middle Irish: cais

⇒ Old Irish: miscuis

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂dtis, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂d- (“hatred, angriness”). Cognate with English hate.


rīganī

rīganī (nominative singular)
rīganī (dual nominative)
rīganiyās (nominative plural)
rīganī (singular vocative)
rīganī (dual vocative)
rīganiyās (plural vocative)
rīganīm (accusative singular)
rīganī (accusative dual)
rīganīns (accusative plural)
rīganyās (genitive singular)
rīganyous (dual genitive)
rīganyom (genitive plural)
rīganyai (dative singular)
rīganyābom (dative dual)
rīganyābos (dative plural)
rīganyābim (dual instrumental)
rīganyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *rriɣėn
Breton: rouanez?
Cornish: ruvanes?
Middle Welsh: riein (“maiden”)
Welsh: rhiain

Old Irish: rígain
Middle Irish: rígan
Irish: ríon, banríon
Manx: rein, benrein
Scottish Gaelic: rìghinn, banrìghinn, rìbhinn

Gaulish: rigani


dantos

dantos (nominative singular)
dantou (dual nominative)
dantoi (nominative plural)
dante (singular vocative)
dantou (dual vocative)
dantoi (plural vocative)
dantom (accusative singular)
dantou (accusative dual)
dantons (accusative plural)
dantī (genitive singular)
dantous (dual genitive)
dantom (genitive plural)
dantūi (dative singular)
dantobom (dative dual)
dantobos (dative plural)
dantei (locative singular)
dantū (instrumental singular)
dantobim (dual instrumental)
dantūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dant

Middle Welsh: deint (“manners”, pl.)

Middle Irish: dét

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build”).


nextī

nextī (nominative singular)
nextī (dual nominative)
nextiyās (nominative plural)
nextī (singular vocative)
nextī (dual vocative)
nextiyās (plural vocative)
nextīm (accusative singular)
nextī (accusative dual)
nextīns (accusative plural)
nextyās (genitive singular)
nextyous (dual genitive)
nextyom (genitive plural)
nextyai (dative singular)
nextyābom (dative dual)
nextyābos (dative plural)
nextyābim (dual instrumental)
nextyābis (instrumental plural)
*nextā (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *nėθ
Old Breton: nith
Middle Breton: nyz
Breton: nizh
Old Cornish: noit
Cornish: nith
Old Welsh:
Middle Welsh: nith
Welsh: nith

Old Irish: necht

Irish: neacht


awontīr

awontīr (nominative singular)
awontere (dual nominative)
awonteres (nominative plural)
awonter (singular vocative)
awontere (dual vocative)
awonteres (plural vocative)
awonteram (accusative singular)
awontere (accusative dual)
awonterans (accusative plural)
awontros (genitive singular)
awontrous (dual genitive)
awontrom (genitive plural)
awontrei (dative singular)
awontarbom (dative dual)
awontarbos (dative plural)
awontri (locative singular)
awontrei (instrumental singular)
awontarbim (dual instrumental)
awontarbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėwöntr

Breton: eontr

Old Cornish: euitor

Middle Cornish: eviter

Cornish: ewnter

Middle Welsh: ewythyr

Welsh: ewythr

Old Irish: amnair
Irish: amhnair, omhnair (obsolete)

From *awū ~ *awonos (“uncle”) + *-tīr (agent noun suffix).


bāregos

bāregos (nominative singular)
bāregou (dual nominative)
bāregoi (nominative plural)
bārege (singular vocative)
bāregou (dual vocative)
bāregoi (plural vocative)
bāregom (accusative singular)
bāregou (accusative dual)
bāregons (accusative plural)
bāregī (genitive singular)
bāregous (dual genitive)
bāregom (genitive plural)
bāregūi (dative singular)
bāregobom (dative dual)
bāregobos (dative plural)
bāregei (locative singular)
bāregū (instrumental singular)
bāregobim (dual instrumental)
bāregūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bọreɣ
Middle Breton: beure
Breton: beure
Middle Welsh: bore
Welsh: bore
→ Cornish: bore

Old Irish: bárach

⇒ Old Irish: i mbárach
Irish: amárach
Manx: mairagh
Scottish Gaelic: a-màireach

Either from *bā-rigos (“cow-tying”) (*bāus + *rigos) as theorized by Hamp, or from a Proto-Indo-European compound *bʰeh₂-h₃reǵos (“light-extending”), from *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”) and *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”), as theorized by Matasovic who rejects Hamp's theory as semantically far-fetched. If the latter theory is correct, then *bāregos was originally an adjective that referred to dawn.


wikantī

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉgėnt

Old Breton: ucent

Middle Breton: uguent

Breton: ugent

Cornish: ugens

Old Welsh: uceint

Welsh: ugain

Old Irish: fiche
Irish: fiche
Manx: feed
Scottish Gaelic: fichead

From a dissimilated variant of Proto-Indo-European *dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti.


siskʷos

siskʷos (nominative singular)
siskʷou (dual nominative)
siskʷoi (nominative plural)
siskʷe (singular vocative)
siskʷou (dual vocative)
siskʷoi (plural vocative)
siskʷom (accusative singular)
siskʷou (accusative dual)
siskʷons (accusative plural)
siskʷī (genitive singular)
siskʷous (dual genitive)
siskʷom (genitive plural)
siskūi (dative singular)
siskʷobom (dative dual)
siskʷobos (dative plural)
siskū (instrumental singular)
siskʷobim (dual instrumental)
siskʷobis (instrumental plural)
siskʷā (nominative singular)
siskʷai (dual nominative)
siskʷās (nominative plural)
siskʷā (singular vocative)
siskʷai (dual vocative)
siskʷās (plural vocative)
siskʷam (accusative singular)
siskʷai (accusative dual)
siskʷans (accusative plural)
siskʷās (genitive singular)
siskʷai (dative singular)
siskʷābom (dative dual)
siskʷābos (dative plural)
siskʷābim (dual instrumental)
siskʷābis (instrumental plural)
siskʷom (nominative singular)
siskʷā (nominative plural)
siskʷom (singular vocative)
siskʷā (plural vocative)
siskʷā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨsp
Middle Breton: hesp
Middle Welsh: hysb, hysp, hesb
Welsh: hysb

Old Irish: sesc
Middle Irish: sesc, seisc
Irish: seasc
Manx: shast
Scottish Gaelic: seasg

From Proto-Indo-European *sisku-. Cognate with Latin siccus, Ancient Greek ἰσχνός (iskhnós), Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬐𐬎 (hišku).

etymon

*siskʷos


ɸlikkā

ɸlikkā (nominative singular)
ɸlikkai (dual nominative)
ɸlikkās (nominative plural)
ɸlikkā (singular vocative)
ɸlikkai (dual vocative)
ɸlikkās (plural vocative)
ɸlikkam (accusative singular)
ɸlikkai (accusative dual)
ɸlikkāns (accusative plural)
ɸlikkās (genitive singular)
ɸlikkous (dual genitive)
ɸlikkom (genitive plural)
ɸlikkāi (dative singular)
ɸlikkābom (dative dual)
ɸlikkābos (dative plural)
ɸlikkai (locative singular)
ɸlikkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlikkābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llex
Breton: lec'h
Cornish: legh
Middle Welsh: llech
Welsh: llech

Old Irish: lecc

Irish: leac

Scottish Gaelic: leac

Manx: lhiack

Gaulish: *lica

→⇒ Latin: Arelica, Ariolica, Abelica

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥keh₂ (“flat surface”), from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πλάξ (pláx) and English flake.


grāwā

grāwā (nominative singular)
grāwai (dual nominative)
grāwās (nominative plural)
grāwā (singular vocative)
grāwai (dual vocative)
grāwās (plural vocative)
grāwam (accusative singular)
grāwai (accusative dual)
grāwāns (accusative plural)
grāwās (genitive singular)
grāwous (dual genitive)
grāwom (genitive plural)
grāwāi (dative singular)
grāwābom (dative dual)
grāwābos (dative plural)
grāwai (locative singular)
grāwābim (dual instrumental)
grāwābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *grọw
Middle Breton: grouanenn
Breton: groa, gro, grouan
→ English: growan
Old Cornish: grou
Cornish: grow
Welsh: gro

Gaulish: *grawa, *growa

→ Old French: groe

Middle French: groe

→ Medieval Latin: grava

Old French: greve, grave
Middle French: grave
French: grave
→ Norwegian Bokmål: grave
⇒ Old French: gravele
Middle French: gravelle, gravele
→ Middle English: grauel
English: gravel

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰroh₁weh₂, from *gʰreh₁w- (“to grind”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *greutą (“grit”), Old Armenian կորկոտ (korkot, “groats of wheat”), Lithuanian grū́das (“grain”), Latvian grauds (“grain”), Russian гру́да (grúda, “heap”).


ɸletos

ɸletos (nominative singular)
ɸletese? (dual nominative)
ɸletesa (nominative plural)
ɸletos (singular vocative)
ɸletese? (dual vocative)
ɸletesa (plural vocative)
ɸletos (accusative singular)
ɸletese? (accusative dual)
ɸletesa (accusative plural)
ɸletesos (genitive singular)
ɸletesous? (dual genitive)
ɸletesom (genitive plural)
ɸletesei (dative singular)
ɸletesbom (dative dual)
ɸletesbos (dative plural)
ɸletesi (locative singular)
ɸletesei (instrumental singular)
ɸletesbim (dual instrumental)
ɸletesbis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lled
Middle Breton: let, led (“large”), led (“greatness”)
Breton: led
Cornish: les
Middle Welsh: lled (“breadth, width, half”)
Welsh: lled

Old Irish: leth (“side”)
Irish: leath
Manx: lieh
Scottish Gaelic: leth

From Proto-Indo-European *pléth₂-os (“breadth”), from *pleth₂- (“broad, flat”).


exs-

Old Irish: ess-
Irish: eas-
Scottish Gaelic: eas-

Gaulish: ex-, exs-

Celtiberian: es-

exs- + *oβnus (“fear”) → *exsoβnos (“fearless”)


laxsaros

laxsaros (nominative singular)
laxsarou (dual nominative)
laxsaroi (nominative plural)
laxsare (singular vocative)
laxsarou (dual vocative)
laxsaroi (plural vocative)
laxsarom (accusative singular)
laxsarou (accusative dual)
laxsarons (accusative plural)
laxsarī (genitive singular)
laxsarous (dual genitive)
laxsarom (genitive plural)
laxsarūi (dative singular)
laxsarobom (dative dual)
laxsarobos (dative plural)
laxsarū (instrumental singular)
laxsarobim (dual instrumental)
laxsarobis (instrumental plural)
laxsarā (nominative singular)
laxsarai (dual nominative)
laxsarās (nominative plural)
laxsarā (singular vocative)
laxsarai (dual vocative)
laxsarās (plural vocative)
laxsaram (accusative singular)
laxsarai (accusative dual)
laxsarans (accusative plural)
laxsarās (genitive singular)
laxsarai (dative singular)
laxsarābom (dative dual)
laxsarābos (dative plural)
laxsarābim (dual instrumental)
laxsarābis (instrumental plural)
laxsarom (nominative singular)
laxsarā (nominative plural)
laxsarom (singular vocative)
laxsarā (plural vocative)
laxsarā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: llachar

Old Irish: lassar

From Proto-Indo-European *lh₂ps-, from *leh₂p- (“to shine”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (lāpzi, “glows”), Ancient Greek λάμπω (lámpō, “to shine”) (whence English lamp), Old Prussian lopis (“flame”).


wīros

wīros (nominative singular)
wīrou (dual nominative)
wīroi (nominative plural)
wīre (singular vocative)
wīrou (dual vocative)
wīroi (plural vocative)
wīrom (accusative singular)
wīrou (accusative dual)
wīrons (accusative plural)
wīrī (genitive singular)
wīrous (dual genitive)
wīrom (genitive plural)
wīrūi (dative singular)
wīrobom (dative dual)
wīrobos (dative plural)
wīrū (instrumental singular)
wīrobim (dual instrumental)
wīrobis (instrumental plural)
wīrā (nominative singular)
wīrai (dual nominative)
wīrās (nominative plural)
wīrā (singular vocative)
wīrai (dual vocative)
wīrās (plural vocative)
wīram (accusative singular)
wīrai (accusative dual)
wīrans (accusative plural)
wīrās (genitive singular)
wīrai (dative singular)
wīrābom (dative dual)
wīrābos (dative plural)
wīrābim (dual instrumental)
wīrābis (instrumental plural)
wīrom (nominative singular)
wīrā (nominative plural)
wīrom (singular vocative)
wīrā (plural vocative)
wīrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwir
Old Breton: guir
Breton: gwir
Old Cornish: guir
Middle Cornish: gwyr
Cornish: gwir
Middle Welsh: gwir
Welsh: gwir

Old Irish: fír
Irish: fíor
Manx: feer
Scottish Gaelic: fìor

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros, from *weh₁- (“true”).


welīts

welīts (nominative singular)
welete (dual nominative)
weletes (nominative plural)
welīts (singular vocative)
welete (dual vocative)
weletes (plural vocative)
weletam (accusative singular)
welete (accusative dual)
weletans (accusative plural)
weletos (genitive singular)
weletou (dual genitive)
weletom (genitive plural)
weletei (dative singular)
weletobom (dative dual)
weletobos (dative plural)
weleti (locative singular)
welete? (instrumental singular)
weletobim (dual instrumental)
weletobis (instrumental plural)

Primitive Irish: ᚃᚓᚂᚔᚈᚐᚄ (velitas)
Old Irish: fili
Irish: file
Manx: feelee
Scottish Gaelic: filidh

>? Gaulish: VIIL[II]TS (uelets)

→⇒ Latin: Veleda

From *weleti (“to see”), from Proto-Indo-European *wel-.


genetā

genetā (nominative singular)
genetai (dual nominative)
genetās (nominative plural)
genetā (singular vocative)
genetai (dual vocative)
genetās (plural vocative)
genetam (accusative singular)
genetai (accusative dual)
genetāns (accusative plural)
genetās (genitive singular)
genetous (dual genitive)
genetom (genitive plural)
genetāi (dative singular)
genetābom (dative dual)
genetābos (dative plural)
genetai (locative singular)
genetābim (dual instrumental)
genetābis (instrumental plural)

Welsh: geneth (from *genettā with expressive gemination)

Gaulish: geneta, genata, gnata

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-eteh₂. Compare Oscan genetaí (“daughter”, dative singular) and Latin (primo-)genitus.


Katuwelnāmnos

Katuwelnāmnos (nominative singular)
Katuwelnāmne (singular vocative)
Katuwelnāmnom (accusative singular)
Katuwelnāmnī (genitive singular)
Katuwelnāmnūi (dative singular)
Katuwelnāmnei (locative singular)
Katuwelnāmnū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *Kaduwallọn
Old Breton: Kaduuallon, Catuuallon
Breton: Kadwallawn
Cornish: Kaswallawn
Old Welsh: Cadwallawn
Middle Welsh: Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun
Welsh: Cadwallon
→ Old English: Cædwalla
→ Latin: Caedualla

Old Irish: Cathfollomon

Irish: Cathfollomon

Gaulish: Cattuellaunos, Catalaunos, Catellaunos

From *katus (“battle”) + *wolnāmnos, from *wolnāmon- (“ruler”), from *wolnāti (“to rule, govern”), from Proto-Indo-European *wol-néh₂-ti, from *h₂welh₁- (“to be strong, rule”) (compare Proto-Celtic *walos (“prince, chief”)).

a male given name, equivalent to English Cadwallon


meteti

metū (active first-person present singular)
metemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mintsū (active first-person future singular)
māta (active first-person preterite singular)
metesi (active present second-person singular)
metetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mintsesi (active future second-person singular)
mātas? (active preterite second-person singular)
meteti (active present singular third-person)
meteto (active imperfect singular third-person)
mintseti (active future singular third-person)
māte (active preterite singular third-person)
metomosi (active first-person plural present)
metemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mintsomosi (active first-person future plural)
mātmo (active first-person plural preterite)
metetesi (active plural present second-person)
metestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mintsetesi (active future plural second-person)
māsse (active plural preterite second-person)
metonti (active plural present third-person)
metento (active imperfect plural third-person)
mintsonti (active future plural third-person)
mātars (active plural preterite third-person)
metsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
metsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mete (active imperative second-person singular)
metseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
metetou (active imperative singular third-person)
metsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
metomos (active first-person imperative plural)
metsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
metete (active imperative plural second-person)
metsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
metontou (active imperative plural third-person)
metūr (first-person passive present singular)
mintsūr (first-person future passive singular)
mātra (first-person passive preterite singular)
metetar (passive present second-person singular)
mintsetar (future passive second-person singular)
mātras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
metetor (passive present singular third-person)
mintsetor (future passive singular third-person)
mātre (passive preterite singular third-person)
metommor (first-person passive plural present)
mintsommor (first-person future passive plural)
metedwe (passive plural present second-person)
mintsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
metontor (passive plural present third-person)
mintsontor (future passive plural third-person)
metsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
metsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
metsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
metsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
metsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
metsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
metonts (nominative singular)
metonte (dual nominative)
metontes (nominative plural)
metonts (singular vocative)
metonte (dual vocative)
metontes (plural vocative)
metontam (accusative singular)
metonte (accusative dual)
metontans (accusative plural)
metantos (genitive singular)
metantom (genitive plural)
metantei (dative singular)
metantbom (dative dual)
metantbos (dative plural)
metantī? (instrumental singular)
metantbim (dual instrumental)
metantbis (instrumental plural)
metantī (nominative singular)
metantī (dual nominative)
metantiyās (nominative plural)
metantī (singular vocative)
metantī (dual vocative)
metantiyās (plural vocative)
metantīm (accusative singular)
metantī (accusative dual)
metantiyans (accusative plural)
metantyās (genitive singular)
metantyom (genitive plural)
metantyāi (dative singular)
metantyābom (dative dual)
metantyābos (dative plural)
metantyābim (dual instrumental)
metantyābis (instrumental plural)
metont (nominative singular)
metonta (nominative plural)
metont (singular vocative)
metonta (plural vocative)
metont (accusative singular)
metonta (accusative plural)
messos (nominative singular)
messou (dual nominative)
messoi (nominative plural)
messe (singular vocative)
messou (dual vocative)
messoi (plural vocative)
messom (accusative singular)
messou (accusative dual)
messons (accusative plural)
messī (genitive singular)
messous (dual genitive)
messom (genitive plural)
messūi (dative singular)
messobom (dative dual)
messobos (dative plural)
messū (instrumental singular)
messobim (dual instrumental)
messobis (instrumental plural)
messā (nominative singular)
messai (dual nominative)
messās (nominative plural)
messā (singular vocative)
messai (dual vocative)
messās (plural vocative)
messam (accusative singular)
messai (accusative dual)
messans (accusative plural)
messās (genitive singular)
messai (dative singular)
messābom (dative dual)
messābos (dative plural)
messābim (dual instrumental)
messābis (instrumental plural)
messom (nominative singular)
messā (nominative plural)
messom (singular vocative)
messā (plural vocative)
messā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėdɨd

Middle Breton: midiff

Cornish: midzhi

Middle Welsh: medi

Welsh: medi, Medi

From Proto-Indo-European *met-. Cognate with Latin metō.


ouxselos

head

*ouxselos (comparative *ouxsais, superlative *ouxsamos)

ouxsais (comparative)
ouxsamos (superlative)
ouxselos (nominative singular)
ouxselou (dual nominative)
ouxseloi (nominative plural)
ouxsele (singular vocative)
ouxselou (dual vocative)
ouxseloi (plural vocative)
ouxselom (accusative singular)
ouxselou (accusative dual)
ouxselons (accusative plural)
ouxselī (genitive singular)
ouxselous (dual genitive)
ouxselom (genitive plural)
ouxselūi (dative singular)
ouxselobom (dative dual)
ouxselobos (dative plural)
ouxselū (instrumental singular)
ouxselobim (dual instrumental)
ouxselobis (instrumental plural)
ouxselā (nominative singular)
ouxselai (dual nominative)
ouxselās (nominative plural)
ouxselā (singular vocative)
ouxselai (dual vocative)
ouxselās (plural vocative)
ouxselam (accusative singular)
ouxselai (accusative dual)
ouxselans (accusative plural)
ouxselās (genitive singular)
ouxselai (dative singular)
ouxselābom (dative dual)
ouxselābos (dative plural)
ouxselābim (dual instrumental)
ouxselābis (instrumental plural)
ouxselom (nominative singular)
ouxselā (nominative plural)
ouxselom (singular vocative)
ouxselā (plural vocative)
ouxselā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉxel

Breton: uhel

Cornish: huhel

Middle Welsh: uchel

Welsh: uchel

Old Irish: úasal

Irish: uasal

Manx: ooasle

Scottish Gaelic: uasal

Gaulish: *uxelos

→ Latin: Uxellodūnum

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὕψος (húpsos, “height”).


ageti

agū (active first-person present singular)
agemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
agam (active first-person preterite singular)
agesi (active present second-person singular)
agetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
axs (active preterite second-person singular)
ageti (active present singular third-person)
ageto (active imperfect singular third-person)
axt (active preterite singular third-person)
agomosi (active first-person plural present)
agemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
agme (active first-person plural preterite)
agetesi (active plural present second-person)
agestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
axte (active plural preterite second-person)
agonti (active plural present third-person)
agento (active imperfect plural third-person)
agant (active plural preterite third-person)
agāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
agāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
age (active imperative second-person singular)
agāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
agetou (active imperative singular third-person)
agāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
agomos (active first-person imperative plural)
agāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
agete (active imperative plural second-person)
agāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
agontou (active imperative plural third-person)
agūr (first-person passive present singular)
agetar (passive present second-person singular)
agetor (passive present singular third-person)
agommor (first-person passive plural present)
agedwe (passive plural present second-person)
agontor (passive plural present third-person)
aganto (passive plural preterite third-person)
agāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
agāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
agāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
agāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
agāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
agāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
agonts (nominative singular)
agonte (dual nominative)
agontes (nominative plural)
agonts (singular vocative)
agonte (dual vocative)
agontes (plural vocative)
agontam (accusative singular)
agonte (accusative dual)
agontans (accusative plural)
agantos (genitive singular)
agantom (genitive plural)
agantei (dative singular)
agantbom (dative dual)
agantbos (dative plural)
agantī? (instrumental singular)
agantbim (dual instrumental)
agantbis (instrumental plural)
agantī (nominative singular)
agantī (dual nominative)
agantiyās (nominative plural)
agantī (singular vocative)
agantī (dual vocative)
agantiyās (plural vocative)
agantīm (accusative singular)
agantī (accusative dual)
agantiyans (accusative plural)
agantyās (genitive singular)
agantyom (genitive plural)
agantyāi (dative singular)
agantyābom (dative dual)
agantyābos (dative plural)
agantyābim (dual instrumental)
agantyābis (instrumental plural)
agont (nominative singular)
agonta (nominative plural)
agont (singular vocative)
agonta (plural vocative)
agont (accusative singular)
agonta (accusative plural)
axtos (nominative singular)
axtou (dual nominative)
axtoi (nominative plural)
axte (singular vocative)
axtou (dual vocative)
axtoi (plural vocative)
axtom (accusative singular)
axtou (accusative dual)
axtons (accusative plural)
axtī (genitive singular)
axtous (dual genitive)
axtom (genitive plural)
axtūi (dative singular)
axtobom (dative dual)
axtobos (dative plural)
axtū (instrumental singular)
axtobim (dual instrumental)
axtobis (instrumental plural)
axtā (nominative singular)
axtai (dual nominative)
axtās (nominative plural)
axtā (singular vocative)
axtai (dual vocative)
axtās (plural vocative)
axtam (accusative singular)
axtai (accusative dual)
axtans (accusative plural)
axtās (genitive singular)
axtai (dative singular)
axtābom (dative dual)
axtābos (dative plural)
axtābim (dual instrumental)
axtābis (instrumental plural)
axtom (nominative singular)
axtā (nominative plural)
axtom (singular vocative)
axtā (plural vocative)
axtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėɣɨd

Middle Breton: a

Cornish: a

Old Welsh: agit, hegit

Middle Welsh: ëyt

Welsh: af (inflected forms of mynd)

Old Irish: aigid, ·aig

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti. Cognate with Sanskrit अजति (ajati), Latin agō, Old Armenian ածեմ (acem).


bwiyeti

bwiyū (active first-person present singular)
bwiyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibūsū (active first-person future singular)
bubuwa (active first-person preterite singular)
bwiyesi (active present second-person singular)
bwiyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibūsesi (active future second-person singular)
bubuwas? (active preterite second-person singular)
bwiyeti (active present singular third-person)
bwiyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibūseti (active future singular third-person)
bubuwe (active preterite singular third-person)
bwiyomosi (active first-person plural present)
bwiyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibūsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bubuwmo (active first-person plural preterite)
bwiyetesi (active plural present second-person)
bwiyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibūsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bubuwe (active plural preterite second-person)
bwiyonti (active plural present third-person)
bwiyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibūsonti (active future plural third-person)
bubuwars (active plural preterite third-person)
buwū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
buwesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
bwiye (active imperative second-person singular)
buweti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
bwiyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
buwomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
bwiyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
buwetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
bwiyete (active imperative plural second-person)
buwonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
bwiyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
bwiyūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibūsūr (first-person future passive singular)
bubuwra (first-person passive preterite singular)
bwiyetar (passive present second-person singular)
bibūsetar (future passive second-person singular)
bubuwras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
bwiyetor (passive present singular third-person)
bibūsetor (future passive singular third-person)
bubuwre (passive preterite singular third-person)
bwiyommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibūsommor (first-person future passive plural)
bwiyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibūsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
bwiyontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibūsontor (future passive plural third-person)
buwūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
buwetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
buwetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
buwommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
buwedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
buwontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
bwiyonts (nominative singular)
bwiyonte (dual nominative)
bwiyontes (nominative plural)
bwiyonts (singular vocative)
bwiyonte (dual vocative)
bwiyontes (plural vocative)
bwiyontam (accusative singular)
bwiyonte (accusative dual)
bwiyontans (accusative plural)
bwiyantos (genitive singular)
bwiyantom (genitive plural)
bwiyantei (dative singular)
bwiyantbom (dative dual)
bwiyantbos (dative plural)
bwiyantī? (instrumental singular)
bwiyantbim (dual instrumental)
bwiyantbis (instrumental plural)
bwiyantī (nominative singular)
bwiyantī (dual nominative)
bwiyantiyās (nominative plural)
bwiyantī (singular vocative)
bwiyantī (dual vocative)
bwiyantiyās (plural vocative)
bwiyantīm (accusative singular)
bwiyantī (accusative dual)
bwiyantiyans (accusative plural)
bwiyantyās (genitive singular)
bwiyantyom (genitive plural)
bwiyantyāi (dative singular)
bwiyantyābom (dative dual)
bwiyantyābos (dative plural)
bwiyantyābim (dual instrumental)
bwiyantyābis (instrumental plural)
bwiyont (nominative singular)
bwiyonta (nominative plural)
bwiyont (singular vocative)
bwiyonta (plural vocative)
bwiyont (accusative singular)
bwiyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨðɨd

Old Breton: bout

Cornish: bos

Old Welsh: bot

Middle Welsh: bod

Welsh: bod

desc

Gaulish: biiete (2pl.pres.ind./imp.), buetid (3sg. subj.)

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">·tá</i> for derivatives

Old Irish: bí (see ·tá for derivatives)

Irish: bí

Manx: bee

Scottish Gaelic: bi

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-yé-ti (“to grow, become”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φῡ́ομαι (phū́omai, “to grow”), Latin fīō (“to become”) and English be.


didāti

didāmi (active first-person present singular)
didamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
dedū (active first-person preterite singular)
didāsi (active present second-person singular)
didatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
dedūs (active preterite second-person singular)
didāti (active present singular third-person)
didato (active imperfect singular third-person)
dedū (active preterite singular third-person)
didamosi (active first-person plural present)
didamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
dedamo (active first-person plural preterite)
didatesi (active plural present second-person)
didastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
dedate (active plural preterite second-person)
didonti (active plural present third-person)
didanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
dedars (active plural preterite third-person)
dāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
didā (active imperative second-person singular)
dāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
didātou (active imperative singular third-person)
dāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
didamos (active first-person imperative plural)
dāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
didate (active imperative plural second-person)
dāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
didontou (active imperative plural third-person)
didār (first-person passive present singular)
didātar (passive present second-person singular)
didātor (passive present singular third-person)
didammor (first-person passive plural present)
didadwe (passive plural present second-person)
didontor (passive plural present third-person)
dāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
didonts (nominative singular)
didonte (dual nominative)
didontes (nominative plural)
didonts (singular vocative)
didonte (dual vocative)
didontes (plural vocative)
didontam (accusative singular)
didonte (accusative dual)
didontans (accusative plural)
didantos (genitive singular)
didantom (genitive plural)
didantei (dative singular)
didantbom (dative dual)
didantbos (dative plural)
didantī? (instrumental singular)
didantbim (dual instrumental)
didantbis (instrumental plural)
didantī (nominative singular)
didantī (dual nominative)
didantiyās (nominative plural)
didantī (singular vocative)
didantī (dual vocative)
didantiyās (plural vocative)
didantīm (accusative singular)
didantī (accusative dual)
didantiyans (accusative plural)
didantyās (genitive singular)
didantyom (genitive plural)
didantyāi (dative singular)
didantyābom (dative dual)
didantyābos (dative plural)
didantyābim (dual instrumental)
didantyābis (instrumental plural)
didont (nominative singular)
didonta (nominative plural)
didont (singular vocative)
didonta (plural vocative)
didont (accusative singular)
didonta (accusative plural)
*dāti (alternative)

desc

Celtiberian: tatuz (3sg. impv.), zizeti (3sg. pres. (subj.?)), zizonti (3pl. pres. (subj.?))

Gaulish: dede (3sg. pret.), da (2sg. impv.)

Lepontic: 𐌕𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tetu)

From earlier *didōti, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti. Cognate with Latin dō and Lithuanian dúoti.

Old Irish: íadaidMiddle Irish: íadaidIrish: iaighScottish Gaelic: iadh


dringeti

dringū (active first-person present singular)
dringemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
didrixsū (active first-person future singular)
dedroga (active first-person preterite singular)
dringesi (active present second-person singular)
dringetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didrixsesi (active future second-person singular)
dedrogas? (active preterite second-person singular)
dringeti (active present singular third-person)
dringeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
didrixseti (active future singular third-person)
dedroge (active preterite singular third-person)
dringomosi (active first-person plural present)
dringemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didrixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
dedrogmo (active first-person plural preterite)
dringetesi (active plural present second-person)
dringestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
didrixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
dedroxte (active plural preterite second-person)
dringonti (active plural present third-person)
dringento (active imperfect plural third-person)
didrixsonti (active future plural third-person)
dedrogars (active plural preterite third-person)
drexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
drexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dringe (active imperative second-person singular)
drexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dringetou (active imperative singular third-person)
drexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dringomos (active first-person imperative plural)
drexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dringete (active imperative plural second-person)
drexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dringontou (active imperative plural third-person)
dringūr (first-person passive present singular)
didrixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
dedrogra (first-person passive preterite singular)
dringetar (passive present second-person singular)
didrixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
dedrogras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
dringetor (passive present singular third-person)
didrixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
dedrogre (passive preterite singular third-person)
dringommor (first-person passive plural present)
didrixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
dringedwe (passive plural present second-person)
didrixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
dringontor (passive plural present third-person)
didrixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
drexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
drexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
drexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
drexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
drexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
drexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dringonts (nominative singular)
dringonte (dual nominative)
dringontes (nominative plural)
dringonts (singular vocative)
dringonte (dual vocative)
dringontes (plural vocative)
dringontam (accusative singular)
dringonte (accusative dual)
dringontans (accusative plural)
dringantos (genitive singular)
dringantom (genitive plural)
dringantei (dative singular)
dringantbom (dative dual)
dringantbos (dative plural)
dringantī? (instrumental singular)
dringantbim (dual instrumental)
dringantbis (instrumental plural)
dringantī (nominative singular)
dringantī (dual nominative)
dringantiyās (nominative plural)
dringantī (singular vocative)
dringantī (dual vocative)
dringantiyās (plural vocative)
dringantīm (accusative singular)
dringantī (accusative dual)
dringantiyans (accusative plural)
dringantyās (genitive singular)
dringantyom (genitive plural)
dringantyāi (dative singular)
dringantyābom (dative dual)
dringantyābos (dative plural)
dringantyābim (dual instrumental)
dringantyābis (instrumental plural)
dringont (nominative singular)
dringonta (nominative plural)
dringont (singular vocative)
dringonta (plural vocative)
dringont (accusative singular)
dringonta (accusative plural)
drixtos (nominative singular)
drixtou (dual nominative)
drixtoi (nominative plural)
drixte (singular vocative)
drixtou (dual vocative)
drixtoi (plural vocative)
drixtom (accusative singular)
drixtou (accusative dual)
drixtons (accusative plural)
drixtī (genitive singular)
drixtous (dual genitive)
drixtom (genitive plural)
drixtūi (dative singular)
drixtobom (dative dual)
drixtobos (dative plural)
drixtū (instrumental singular)
drixtobim (dual instrumental)
drixtobis (instrumental plural)
drixtā (nominative singular)
drixtai (dual nominative)
drixtās (nominative plural)
drixtā (singular vocative)
drixtai (dual vocative)
drixtās (plural vocative)
drixtam (accusative singular)
drixtai (accusative dual)
drixtans (accusative plural)
drixtās (genitive singular)
drixtai (dative singular)
drixtābom (dative dual)
drixtābos (dative plural)
drixtābim (dual instrumental)
drixtābis (instrumental plural)
drixtom (nominative singular)
drixtā (nominative plural)
drixtom (singular vocative)
drixtā (plural vocative)
drixtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: dringid
Middle Irish: dringid
Classical Gaelic: dringidh
→ Middle Welsh: dringo
Welsh: dringo, dringad
⇒ Irish: dréim (from the verbal noun)

From Proto-Indo-European *dregʰ- (“to hold, fasten”). Cognate with Russian держа́ть (deržátʹ, “to hold”). Note also Proto-Germanic *drangijaz (“staff, crutch”).


lamyeti

lamyū (active first-person present singular)
lamyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
lilmasū (active first-person future singular)
lāma (active first-person preterite singular)
lamyesi (active present second-person singular)
lamyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
lilmasesi (active future second-person singular)
lāmas? (active preterite second-person singular)
lamyeti (active present singular third-person)
lamyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
lilmaseti (active future singular third-person)
lāme (active preterite singular third-person)
lamyomosi (active first-person plural present)
lamyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lilmasomosi (active first-person future plural)
lāmmo (active first-person plural preterite)
lamyetesi (active plural present second-person)
lamyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
lilmasetesi (active future plural second-person)
lānte (active plural preterite second-person)
lamyonti (active plural present third-person)
lamyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
lilmasonti (active future plural third-person)
lāmars (active plural preterite third-person)
lamasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
lamasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
lamye (active imperative second-person singular)
lamaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
lamyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
lamasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
lamyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
lamasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
lamyete (active imperative plural second-person)
lamasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
lamyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
lamyūr (first-person passive present singular)
lilmasūr (first-person future passive singular)
lāmra (first-person passive preterite singular)
lamyetar (passive present second-person singular)
lilmasetar (future passive second-person singular)
lāmras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
lamyetor (passive present singular third-person)
lilmasetor (future passive singular third-person)
lāmre (passive preterite singular third-person)
lamyommor (first-person passive plural present)
lilmasommor (first-person future passive plural)
lamyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
lilmasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
lamyontor (passive plural present third-person)
lilmasontor (future passive plural third-person)
lamasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
lamasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
lamasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
lamasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
lamasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
lamasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
lamyonts (nominative singular)
lamyonte (dual nominative)
lamyontes (nominative plural)
lamyonts (singular vocative)
lamyonte (dual vocative)
lamyontes (plural vocative)
lamyontam (accusative singular)
lamyonte (accusative dual)
lamyontans (accusative plural)
lamyantos (genitive singular)
lamyantom (genitive plural)
lamyantei (dative singular)
lamyantbom (dative dual)
lamyantbos (dative plural)
lamyantī? (instrumental singular)
lamyantbim (dual instrumental)
lamyantbis (instrumental plural)
lamyantī (nominative singular)
lamyantī (dual nominative)
lamyantiyās (nominative plural)
lamyantī (singular vocative)
lamyantī (dual vocative)
lamyantiyās (plural vocative)
lamyantīm (accusative singular)
lamyantī (accusative dual)
lamyantiyans (accusative plural)
lamyantyās (genitive singular)
lamyantyom (genitive plural)
lamyantyāi (dative singular)
lamyantyābom (dative dual)
lamyantyābos (dative plural)
lamyantyābim (dual instrumental)
lamyantyābis (instrumental plural)
lamyont (nominative singular)
lamyonta (nominative plural)
lamyont (singular vocative)
lamyonta (plural vocative)
lamyont (accusative singular)
lamyonta (accusative plural)
lantos (nominative singular)
lantou (dual nominative)
lantoi (nominative plural)
lante (singular vocative)
lantou (dual vocative)
lantoi (plural vocative)
lantom (accusative singular)
lantou (accusative dual)
lantons (accusative plural)
lantī (genitive singular)
lantous (dual genitive)
lantom (genitive plural)
lantūi (dative singular)
lantobom (dative dual)
lantobos (dative plural)
lantū (instrumental singular)
lantobim (dual instrumental)
lantobis (instrumental plural)
lantā (nominative singular)
lantai (dual nominative)
lantās (nominative plural)
lantā (singular vocative)
lantai (dual vocative)
lantās (plural vocative)
lantam (accusative singular)
lantai (accusative dual)
lantans (accusative plural)
lantās (genitive singular)
lantai (dative singular)
lantābom (dative dual)
lantābos (dative plural)
lantābim (dual instrumental)
lantābis (instrumental plural)
lantom (nominative singular)
lantā (nominative plural)
lantom (singular vocative)
lantā (plural vocative)
lantā (accusative plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: lafuaez

Middle Cornish: lauasos

Middle Welsh: llafasu

desctree

Old Irish: ro·laimethar
Middle Irish: lamaid
Irish: leomh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃lem-. Cognate with Lithuanian lémti.


ketorā

ketorā (nominative singular)
ketorai (dual nominative)
ketorās (nominative plural)
ketorā (singular vocative)
ketorai (dual vocative)
ketorās (plural vocative)
ketoram (accusative singular)
ketorai (accusative dual)
ketorāns (accusative plural)
ketorās (genitive singular)
ketorous (dual genitive)
ketorom (genitive plural)
ketorāi (dative singular)
ketorābom (dative dual)
ketorābos (dative plural)
ketorai (locative singular)
ketorābim (dual instrumental)
ketorābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kedor
Middle Breton: quaezour
Cornish: kedhor
Old Welsh: caitoir
Middle Welsh: cedor
Welsh: cedor

Middle Irish: caither


dubrokū

dubrokū (nominative singular)
dubrokone (dual nominative)
dubrokones (nominative plural)
dubrokū (singular vocative)
dubrokone (dual vocative)
dubrokones (plural vocative)
dubrokonam (accusative singular)
dubrokone (accusative dual)
dubrokonans (accusative plural)
dubrokunos (genitive singular)
dubrokunou (dual genitive)
dubrokunom (genitive plural)
dubrokunei (dative singular)
dubrokunobom (dative dual)
dubrokunobos (dative plural)
dubrokuni (locative singular)
dubrokune? (instrumental singular)
dubrokunobim (dual instrumental)
dubrokunobis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *düβrgi
Breton: dourgi
Old Cornish: doferghi
Cornish: dowrgi
Welsh: dyfrgi, dwrgi

Old Irish: doburchú

Irish: dobharchú

Scottish Gaelic: dobhar-chù

Manx: dooarchoo


berxtos

berxtos (nominative singular)
berxtou (dual nominative)
berxtoi (nominative plural)
berxte (singular vocative)
berxtou (dual vocative)
berxtoi (plural vocative)
berxtom (accusative singular)
berxtou (accusative dual)
berxtons (accusative plural)
berxtī (genitive singular)
berxtous (dual genitive)
berxtom (genitive plural)
berxtūi (dative singular)
berxtobom (dative dual)
berxtobos (dative plural)
berxtū (instrumental singular)
berxtobim (dual instrumental)
berxtobis (instrumental plural)
berxtā (nominative singular)
berxtai (dual nominative)
berxtās (nominative plural)
berxtā (singular vocative)
berxtai (dual vocative)
berxtās (plural vocative)
berxtam (accusative singular)
berxtai (accusative dual)
berxtans (accusative plural)
berxtās (genitive singular)
berxtai (dative singular)
berxtābom (dative dual)
berxtābos (dative plural)
berxtābim (dual instrumental)
berxtābis (instrumental plural)
berxtom (nominative singular)
berxtā (nominative plural)
berxtom (singular vocative)
berxtā (plural vocative)
berxtā (accusative plural)
*bertos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *berθ
Middle Breton: berz
Breton: berzh
Middle Welsh: berth
Welsh: berth

Old Irish: *bertach (+ -ach)

Old Irish: Flaithbertach (+ flaith (“lordship”))

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer(H)ǵ-tó-s, from *bʰerHǵ- (“to shine”) + *-tós. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *berhtaz.


brixtus

brixtus (nominative singular)
brixtū (dual nominative)
brixtowes (nominative plural)
brixtu (singular vocative)
brixtū (dual vocative)
brixtūs (plural vocative)
brixtum (accusative singular)
brixtū (accusative dual)
brixtuns (accusative plural)
brixtous (genitive singular)
brixtous (dual genitive)
brixtowom (genitive plural)
brixtou (dative singular)
brixtubom (dative dual)
brixtubos (dative plural)
brixtū (instrumental singular)
brixtubim (dual instrumental)
brixtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *briθ (see there for further descendants)

Gaulish: brictom

Old Irish: bricht

Irish: briocht

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to enlighten”). There is, however, also a Proto-Celtic adjective *berxtos (“bright, beautiful”), pointing to the other meaning of this PIE root, sometimes reconstructed with a laryngeal *bʰerHǵ- (“bright”).

der

charm, spell, magical formula, incantation


mrixtos

mrixtos (nominative singular)
mrixtou (dual nominative)
mrixtoi (nominative plural)
mrixte (singular vocative)
mrixtou (dual vocative)
mrixtoi (plural vocative)
mrixtom (accusative singular)
mrixtou (accusative dual)
mrixtons (accusative plural)
mrixtī (genitive singular)
mrixtous (dual genitive)
mrixtom (genitive plural)
mrixtūi (dative singular)
mrixtobom (dative dual)
mrixtobos (dative plural)
mrixtū (instrumental singular)
mrixtobim (dual instrumental)
mrixtobis (instrumental plural)
mrixtā (nominative singular)
mrixtai (dual nominative)
mrixtās (nominative plural)
mrixtā (singular vocative)
mrixtai (dual vocative)
mrixtās (plural vocative)
mrixtam (accusative singular)
mrixtai (accusative dual)
mrixtans (accusative plural)
mrixtās (genitive singular)
mrixtai (dative singular)
mrixtābom (dative dual)
mrixtābos (dative plural)
mrixtābim (dual instrumental)
mrixtābis (instrumental plural)
mrixtom (nominative singular)
mrixtā (nominative plural)
mrixtom (singular vocative)
mrixtā (plural vocative)
mrixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *briθ

Middle Breton: briz

Breton: brizh

Cornish: brith, bryth, bruit

Old Welsh: brith

Welsh: brith

Old Irish: mrecht

Middle Irish: brecht

From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥gʷ-tó-s, from *mergʷ- (“dark, coloured”) + *-tós. Cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓μορβός (ămorbós, “dark”), Old Norse myrkr (“dark”), Lithuanian márgas (“variegated, colorful”).


dallos

dallos (nominative singular)
dallou (dual nominative)
dalloi (nominative plural)
dalle (singular vocative)
dallou (dual vocative)
dalloi (plural vocative)
dallom (accusative singular)
dallou (accusative dual)
dallons (accusative plural)
dallī (genitive singular)
dallous (dual genitive)
dallom (genitive plural)
dallūi (dative singular)
dallobom (dative dual)
dallobos (dative plural)
dallū (instrumental singular)
dallobim (dual instrumental)
dallobis (instrumental plural)
dallā (nominative singular)
dallai (dual nominative)
dallās (nominative plural)
dallā (singular vocative)
dallai (dual vocative)
dallās (plural vocative)
dallam (accusative singular)
dallai (accusative dual)
dallans (accusative plural)
dallās (genitive singular)
dallai (dative singular)
dallābom (dative dual)
dallābos (dative plural)
dallābim (dual instrumental)
dallābis (instrumental plural)
dallom (nominative singular)
dallā (nominative plural)
dallom (singular vocative)
dallā (plural vocative)
dallā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *dall
Old Breton: dall
Middle Breton: dall
Breton: dall
Old Cornish: dal
Cornish: dall
Middle Welsh: dall
Welsh: dall

Old Irish: dall

Irish: dall

Scottish Gaelic: dall

Gaulish: *dallos

→⇒ Latin: Dallō

→⇒ Latin: Tridallus

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwl̥no-, from *dʰwolno (“to dim, make obscure”). See also Proto-Germanic *dwalaz (“stunned, confused”).


exsoβnos

exsobnos (nominative singular)
exsobnou (dual nominative)
exsobnoi (nominative plural)
exsobne (singular vocative)
exsobnou (dual vocative)
exsobnoi (plural vocative)
exsobnom (accusative singular)
exsobnou (accusative dual)
exsobnons (accusative plural)
exsobnī (genitive singular)
exsobnous (dual genitive)
exsobnom (genitive plural)
exsobnūi (dative singular)
exsobnobom (dative dual)
exsobnobos (dative plural)
exsobnū (instrumental singular)
exsobnobim (dual instrumental)
exsobnobis (instrumental plural)
exsobnā (nominative singular)
exsobnai (dual nominative)
exsobnās (nominative plural)
exsobnā (singular vocative)
exsobnai (dual vocative)
exsobnās (plural vocative)
exsobnam (accusative singular)
exsobnai (accusative dual)
exsobnans (accusative plural)
exsobnās (genitive singular)
exsobnai (dative singular)
exsobnābom (dative dual)
exsobnābos (dative plural)
exsobnābim (dual instrumental)
exsobnābis (instrumental plural)
exsobnom (nominative singular)
exsobnā (nominative plural)
exsobnom (singular vocative)
exsobnā (plural vocative)
exsobnā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *exoβn
Middle Breton: ehaffn
Middle Welsh: ehouyn
Welsh: eofn

desc

Old Irish: esamain, esámain, esomain, essamain, essamin, hesamain

Gaulish: *exsoβnos

→ Latin: Exobnos, Exobna, Exsobinno, Exomnus, Exomna, Exsomnus, Exomnius, Exomniacus (placename)

From *exs- (“out of, from”) + *oβnos (“fear”).


glanos

glanos (nominative singular)
glanou (dual nominative)
glanoi (nominative plural)
glane (singular vocative)
glanou (dual vocative)
glanoi (plural vocative)
glanom (accusative singular)
glanou (accusative dual)
glanons (accusative plural)
glanī (genitive singular)
glanous (dual genitive)
glanom (genitive plural)
glanūi (dative singular)
glanobom (dative dual)
glanobos (dative plural)
glanū (instrumental singular)
glanobim (dual instrumental)
glanobis (instrumental plural)
glanā (nominative singular)
glanai (dual nominative)
glanās (nominative plural)
glanā (singular vocative)
glanai (dual vocative)
glanās (plural vocative)
glanam (accusative singular)
glanai (accusative dual)
glanans (accusative plural)
glanās (genitive singular)
glanai (dative singular)
glanābom (dative dual)
glanābos (dative plural)
glanābim (dual instrumental)
glanābis (instrumental plural)
glanom (nominative singular)
glanā (nominative plural)
glanom (singular vocative)
glanā (plural vocative)
glanā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *glan
Old Breton: glan
Middle Breton: glan
Breton: glan
Cornish: glan
Middle Welsh: glan
Welsh: glân

Old Irish: glan

Irish: glan

Scottish Gaelic: glan

Manx: glen

Gaulish: Glanis (hydronym), (Matrebo) Glaneikabo (theonym)

→ French: Gland (placename)

→? French: glaner

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₁-nó-s, from *ǵʰleh₁- (“to shine, glow”) + *-nós.


wlikʷos

wlikʷos (nominative singular)
wlikʷou (dual nominative)
wlikʷoi (nominative plural)
wlikʷe (singular vocative)
wlikʷou (dual vocative)
wlikʷoi (plural vocative)
wlikʷom (accusative singular)
wlikʷou (accusative dual)
wlikʷons (accusative plural)
wlikʷī (genitive singular)
wlikʷous (dual genitive)
wlikʷom (genitive plural)
wlikūi (dative singular)
wlikʷobom (dative dual)
wlikʷobos (dative plural)
wlikū (instrumental singular)
wlikʷobim (dual instrumental)
wlikʷobis (instrumental plural)
wlikʷā (nominative singular)
wlikʷai (dual nominative)
wlikʷās (nominative plural)
wlikʷā (singular vocative)
wlikʷai (dual vocative)
wlikʷās (plural vocative)
wlikʷam (accusative singular)
wlikʷai (accusative dual)
wlikʷans (accusative plural)
wlikʷās (genitive singular)
wlikʷai (dative singular)
wlikʷābom (dative dual)
wlikʷābos (dative plural)
wlikʷābim (dual instrumental)
wlikʷābis (instrumental plural)
wlikʷom (nominative singular)
wlikʷā (nominative plural)
wlikʷom (singular vocative)
wlikʷā (plural vocative)
wlikʷā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwlɨb
Old Breton: gulip
Middle Breton: gloeb, glueb
Breton: gwleb
Cornish: gleb, glyb
Old Welsh: gulip
Middle Welsh: gulip, gwlyp
Welsh: gwlyb

Old Irish: fliuch
Irish: fliuch
Manx: fliugh
Scottish Gaelic: fliuch

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gwliθ
Middle Breton: gluiz
Breton: glizh
Cornish: gluth
Middle Welsh: gwlith
Welsh: gwlith

Disputed.
* Matasović derives this from Proto-Indo-European *welk- (“wet, damp”) with a suffix *-wo-. This derivation allows for close relations to *wolkos (“rain, wet weather”) and *wolkīti (“to wash”).
* Others instead derive this from Proto-Indo-European *wleykʷ- (“moist, to wet”).

der

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


sīros

seis (comparative)
sīros (nominative singular)
sīrou (dual nominative)
sīroi (nominative plural)
sīre (singular vocative)
sīrou (dual vocative)
sīroi (plural vocative)
sīrom (accusative singular)
sīrou (accusative dual)
sīrons (accusative plural)
sīrī (genitive singular)
sīrous (dual genitive)
sīrom (genitive plural)
sīrūi (dative singular)
sīrobom (dative dual)
sīrobos (dative plural)
sīrū (instrumental singular)
sīrobim (dual instrumental)
sīrobis (instrumental plural)
sīrā (nominative singular)
sīrai (dual nominative)
sīrās (nominative plural)
sīrā (singular vocative)
sīrai (dual vocative)
sīrās (plural vocative)
sīram (accusative singular)
sīrai (accusative dual)
sīrans (accusative plural)
sīrās (genitive singular)
sīrai (dative singular)
sīrābom (dative dual)
sīrābos (dative plural)
sīrābim (dual instrumental)
sīrābis (instrumental plural)
sīrom (nominative singular)
sīrā (nominative plural)
sīrom (singular vocative)
sīrā (plural vocative)
sīrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hir
Cornish: hir
Old Breton:
Middle Breton: hir
Breton: hir (see there for further descendants)
Old Welsh: hir
Middle Welsh: hir
Welsh: hir

Old Irish: sír

Irish: síor

Manx: sheer-

Scottish Gaelic: sìor

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₁-ró-s, from *seh₁- (“long, lasting”) + *-rós. Cognate with Latin sērus (“late”).