sakros

sakros (nominative singular)
sakrou (dual nominative)
sakroi (nominative plural)
sakre (singular vocative)
sakrou (dual vocative)
sakroi (plural vocative)
sakrom (accusative singular)
sakrou (accusative dual)
sakrons (accusative plural)
sakrī (genitive singular)
sakrous (dual genitive)
sakrom (genitive plural)
sakrūi (dative singular)
sakrobom (dative dual)
sakrobos (dative plural)
sakrū (instrumental singular)
sakrobim (dual instrumental)
sakrobis (instrumental plural)
sakrā (nominative singular)
sakrai (dual nominative)
sakrās (nominative plural)
sakrā (singular vocative)
sakrai (dual vocative)
sakrās (plural vocative)
sakram (accusative singular)
sakrai (accusative dual)
sakrans (accusative plural)
sakrās (genitive singular)
sakrai (dative singular)
sakrābom (dative dual)
sakrābos (dative plural)
sakrābim (dual instrumental)
sakrābis (instrumental plural)
sakrom (nominative singular)
sakrā (nominative plural)
sakrom (singular vocative)
sakrā (plural vocative)
sakrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hagr (“ugly”)

Middle Breton: hagr

Middle Cornish: hager

Middle Welsh: hagyr

Welsh: hagr

Gaulish: *sacros

desc

→⇒ Latin: Sacrobena, Mediusacer, Sacrovirus, Sacrapus, Sacrodivus, Sacrobarus, Sacromainus, Sacrillus, Sacrillius

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂k-ró-s (“sacred”), from *seh₂k- (“to make sacred”). Cognate to Proto-Italic *sakros (whence Latin sacer).


tondā

tondā (nominative singular)
tondai (dual nominative)
tondās (nominative plural)
tondā (singular vocative)
tondai (dual vocative)
tondās (plural vocative)
tondam (accusative singular)
tondai (accusative dual)
tondāns (accusative plural)
tondās (genitive singular)
tondous (dual genitive)
tondom (genitive plural)
tondāi (dative singular)
tondābom (dative dual)
tondābos (dative plural)
tondai (locative singular)
tondābim (dual instrumental)
tondābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: tonnenn

Middle Breton: tonenn

Breton: tonnenn

Middle Welsh: tonn, tonnen

desctree

Old Irish: tonn, tond
Middle Irish: tonn
Irish: tonn
Manx: tonn
Scottish Gaelic: tonn

Gaulish: *tondā

→ Latin: tunna, tonna
Catalan: tona, tonya
Old French: tonne
French: tonne
→ English: tonne
Old French: tonel
Galician: tonel, tonelada
Portuguese: tonel, tonelada
Spanish: tonel, tonelada
→ Proto-West Germanic: *tunnā, *tonnā, *tunnu (see there for further descendants)

>? Gallaecian:

Old Galician-Portuguese: tona
Galician: tona
Portuguese: tona

From Proto-Indo-European *tend- (“to cut off”), similar to Latin tondeo.


dol-

Proto-Brythonic: *döl

Old Breton: dol

Middle Breton: del

Breton: del

Middle Cornish: del

Cornish: del

Middle Welsh: deil

Welsh: dail


auberos

auberos (nominative singular)
auberou (dual nominative)
auberoi (nominative plural)
aubere (singular vocative)
auberou (dual vocative)
auberoi (plural vocative)
auberom (accusative singular)
auberou (accusative dual)
auberons (accusative plural)
auberī (genitive singular)
auberous (dual genitive)
auberom (genitive plural)
auberūi (dative singular)
auberobom (dative dual)
auberobos (dative plural)
auberū (instrumental singular)
auberobim (dual instrumental)
auberobis (instrumental plural)
auberā (nominative singular)
auberai (dual nominative)
auberās (nominative plural)
auberā (singular vocative)
auberai (dual vocative)
auberās (plural vocative)
auberam (accusative singular)
auberai (accusative dual)
auberans (accusative plural)
auberās (genitive singular)
auberai (dative singular)
auberābom (dative dual)
auberābos (dative plural)
auberābim (dual instrumental)
auberābis (instrumental plural)
auberom (nominative singular)
auberā (nominative plural)
auberom (singular vocative)
auberā (plural vocative)
auberā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ọβer

Middle Welsh: ofer

Breton: euver

Welsh: ofer

desctree

Old Irish: úabar, óbar
Middle Irish: úabar
Irish: uabhar
Scottish Gaelic: uabhar

From *au- (“away, off”) + *ber-o- (“to carry”).


souyos

souyos (nominative singular)
souyou (dual nominative)
souyoi (nominative plural)
souye (singular vocative)
souyou (dual vocative)
souyoi (plural vocative)
souyom (accusative singular)
souyou (accusative dual)
souyons (accusative plural)
souyī (genitive singular)
souyous (dual genitive)
souyom (genitive plural)
souyūi (dative singular)
souyobom (dative dual)
souyobos (dative plural)
souyū (instrumental singular)
souyobim (dual instrumental)
souyobis (instrumental plural)
souyā (nominative singular)
souyai (dual nominative)
souyās (nominative plural)
souyā (singular vocative)
souyai (dual vocative)
souyās (plural vocative)
souyam (accusative singular)
souyai (accusative dual)
souyans (accusative plural)
souyās (genitive singular)
souyai (dative singular)
souyābom (dative dual)
souyābos (dative plural)
souyābim (dual instrumental)
souyābis (instrumental plural)
souyom (nominative singular)
souyā (nominative plural)
souyom (singular vocative)
souyā (plural vocative)
souyā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *sewyós (“left (handed)”).

der

assow

*assouyā f, *assouyos m (+ *ad- (“to, at, towards”))


bedom

bedom (nominative singular)
bedou (dual nominative)
bedā (nominative plural)
bedom (singular vocative)
bedou (dual vocative)
bedā (plural vocative)
bedom (accusative singular)
bedou (accusative dual)
bedā (accusative plural)
bedī (genitive singular)
bedous (dual genitive)
bedom (genitive plural)
bedūi (dative singular)
bedobom (dative dual)
bedobos (dative plural)
bedei (locative singular)
bedū (instrumental singular)
bedobim (dual instrumental)
bedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *beð

Middle Breton: bez

Breton: bez

Cornish: bedh

Middle Welsh: bedd

Welsh: bedd

Gaulish: *bedon

→ Old French: bied, bié

French: bief

desc

→ Ligurian: beu (Genoese dialect), beyu (Taggia dialect)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to dig”).


slunketi

slunkū (active first-person present singular)
slunkemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sisluxsū (active first-person future singular)
suslouka (active first-person preterite singular)
slunkesi (active present second-person singular)
slunketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sisluxsesi (active future second-person singular)
susloukas? (active preterite second-person singular)
slunketi (active present singular third-person)
slunketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
sisluxseti (active future singular third-person)
suslouke (active preterite singular third-person)
slunkomosi (active first-person plural present)
slunkemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sisluxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
susloukmo (active first-person plural preterite)
slunketesi (active plural present second-person)
slunkestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sisluxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
suslouxte (active plural preterite second-person)
slunkonti (active plural present third-person)
slunkento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sisluxsonti (active future plural third-person)
susloukars (active plural preterite third-person)
slouxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
slouxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
slunke (active imperative second-person singular)
slouxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
slunketou (active imperative singular third-person)
slouxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
slunkomos (active first-person imperative plural)
slouxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
slunkete (active imperative plural second-person)
slouxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
slunkontou (active imperative plural third-person)
slunkūr (first-person passive present singular)
sisluxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
susloukra (first-person passive preterite singular)
slunketar (passive present second-person singular)
sisluxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
susloukras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
slunketor (passive present singular third-person)
sisluxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
susloukre (passive preterite singular third-person)
slunkommor (first-person passive plural present)
sisluxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
slunkedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sisluxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
slunkontor (passive plural present third-person)
sisluxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
slouxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
slouxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
slouxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
slouxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
slouxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
slouxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
slunkonts (nominative singular)
slunkonte (dual nominative)
slunkontes (nominative plural)
slunkonts (singular vocative)
slunkonte (dual vocative)
slunkontes (plural vocative)
slunkontam (accusative singular)
slunkonte (accusative dual)
slunkontans (accusative plural)
slunkantos (genitive singular)
slunkantom (genitive plural)
slunkantei (dative singular)
slunkantbom (dative dual)
slunkantbos (dative plural)
slunkantī? (instrumental singular)
slunkantbim (dual instrumental)
slunkantbis (instrumental plural)
slunkantī (nominative singular)
slunkantī (dual nominative)
slunkantiyās (nominative plural)
slunkantī (singular vocative)
slunkantī (dual vocative)
slunkantiyās (plural vocative)
slunkantīm (accusative singular)
slunkantī (accusative dual)
slunkantiyans (accusative plural)
slunkantyās (genitive singular)
slunkantyom (genitive plural)
slunkantyāi (dative singular)
slunkantyābom (dative dual)
slunkantyābos (dative plural)
slunkantyābim (dual instrumental)
slunkantyābis (instrumental plural)
slunkont (nominative singular)
slunkonta (nominative plural)
slunkont (singular vocative)
slunkonta (plural vocative)
slunkont (accusative singular)
slunkonta (accusative plural)
sluxtos (nominative singular)
sluxtou (dual nominative)
sluxtoi (nominative plural)
sluxte (singular vocative)
sluxtou (dual vocative)
sluxtoi (plural vocative)
sluxtom (accusative singular)
sluxtou (accusative dual)
sluxtons (accusative plural)
sluxtī (genitive singular)
sluxtous (dual genitive)
sluxtom (genitive plural)
sluxtūi (dative singular)
sluxtobom (dative dual)
sluxtobos (dative plural)
sluxtū (instrumental singular)
sluxtobim (dual instrumental)
sluxtobis (instrumental plural)
sluxtā (nominative singular)
sluxtai (dual nominative)
sluxtās (nominative plural)
sluxtā (singular vocative)
sluxtai (dual vocative)
sluxtās (plural vocative)
sluxtam (accusative singular)
sluxtai (accusative dual)
sluxtans (accusative plural)
sluxtās (genitive singular)
sluxtai (dative singular)
sluxtābom (dative dual)
sluxtābos (dative plural)
sluxtābim (dual instrumental)
sluxtābis (instrumental plural)
sluxtom (nominative singular)
sluxtā (nominative plural)
sluxtom (singular vocative)
sluxtā (plural vocative)
sluxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llunk

Old Breton: ro-luncas

Breton: louncaff

Middle Welsh: llyncu

Welsh: llyncu

desctree

Old Irish: sluicid
Irish: slog, sloig
→ Yola: slug

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)lewg- *(s)lewk-, see also Dutch slokken, German schlucken, Ancient Greek λύζω (lúzō).


suweti

suwū (active first-person present singular)
suwemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sisūsū (active first-person future singular)
sesowa (active first-person preterite singular)
suwesi (active present second-person singular)
suwetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sisūsesi (active future second-person singular)
sesowas? (active preterite second-person singular)
suweti (active present singular third-person)
suweto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sisūseti (active future singular third-person)
sesowe (active preterite singular third-person)
suwomosi (active first-person plural present)
suwemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sisūsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sesowmo (active first-person plural preterite)
suwetesi (active plural present second-person)
suwestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sisūsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sesowe (active plural preterite second-person)
suwonti (active plural present third-person)
suwento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sisūsonti (active future plural third-person)
sesowars (active plural preterite third-person)
sowasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sowasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
suwe (active imperative second-person singular)
sowaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
suwetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sowasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
suwomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sowasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
suwete (active imperative plural second-person)
sowasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
suwontou (active imperative plural third-person)
suwūr (first-person passive present singular)
sisūsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sesowra (first-person passive preterite singular)
suwetar (passive present second-person singular)
sisūsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sesowras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
suwetor (passive present singular third-person)
sisūsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sesowre (passive preterite singular third-person)
suwommor (first-person passive plural present)
sisūsommor (first-person future passive plural)
suwedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sisūsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
suwontor (passive plural present third-person)
sisūsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sowasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sowasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sowasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sowasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sowasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sowasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
suwonts (nominative singular)
suwonte (dual nominative)
suwontes (nominative plural)
suwonts (singular vocative)
suwonte (dual vocative)
suwontes (plural vocative)
suwontam (accusative singular)
suwonte (accusative dual)
suwontans (accusative plural)
suwantos (genitive singular)
suwantom (genitive plural)
suwantei (dative singular)
suwantbom (dative dual)
suwantbos (dative plural)
suwantī? (instrumental singular)
suwantbim (dual instrumental)
suwantbis (instrumental plural)
suwantī (nominative singular)
suwantī (dual nominative)
suwantiyās (nominative plural)
suwantī (singular vocative)
suwantī (dual vocative)
suwantiyās (plural vocative)
suwantīm (accusative singular)
suwantī (accusative dual)
suwantiyans (accusative plural)
suwantyās (genitive singular)
suwantyom (genitive plural)
suwantyāi (dative singular)
suwantyābom (dative dual)
suwantyābos (dative plural)
suwantyābim (dual instrumental)
suwantyābis (instrumental plural)
suwont (nominative singular)
suwonta (nominative plural)
suwont (singular vocative)
suwonta (plural vocative)
suwont (accusative singular)
suwonta (accusative plural)
sūtos (nominative singular)
sūtou (dual nominative)
sūtoi (nominative plural)
sūte (singular vocative)
sūtou (dual vocative)
sūtoi (plural vocative)
sūtom (accusative singular)
sūtou (accusative dual)
sūtons (accusative plural)
sūtī (genitive singular)
sūtous (dual genitive)
sūtom (genitive plural)
sūtūi (dative singular)
sūtobom (dative dual)
sūtobos (dative plural)
sūtū (instrumental singular)
sūtobim (dual instrumental)
sūtobis (instrumental plural)
sūtā (nominative singular)
sūtai (dual nominative)
sūtās (nominative plural)
sūtā (singular vocative)
sūtai (dual vocative)
sūtās (plural vocative)
sūtam (accusative singular)
sūtai (accusative dual)
sūtans (accusative plural)
sūtās (genitive singular)
sūtai (dative singular)
sūtābom (dative dual)
sūtābos (dative plural)
sūtābim (dual instrumental)
sūtābis (instrumental plural)
sūtom (nominative singular)
sūtā (nominative plural)
sūtom (singular vocative)
sūtā (plural vocative)
sūtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: soïd
Irish: sóigh

From Proto-Indo-European *sewh₁-. Cognate to Sanskrit सुवति (suvati).


kʷākʷos

kʷākʷos (nominative singular)
kʷākʷou (dual nominative)
kʷākʷoi (nominative plural)
kʷākʷe (singular vocative)
kʷākʷou (dual vocative)
kʷākoi (plural vocative)
kʷākʷom (accusative singular)
kʷākʷou (accusative dual)
kʷākons (accusative plural)
kʷākʷī (genitive singular)
kʷākʷous (dual genitive)
kʷākʷom (genitive plural)
kʷākūi (dative singular)
kʷākʷobom (dative dual)
kʷākʷobos (dative plural)
kʷākʷei (locative singular)
kʷākū (instrumental singular)
kʷākʷobim (dual instrumental)
kʷākʷūis (instrumental plural)

Matasović is indecisive between two etymological possibilities:
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷo-h₃kʷ-os, a compound of *kʷos (“what”) and *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”), literally "what you see".
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂-kʷos, a dvandva compound of feminine *kʷeh₂ and masculine *kʷos (“what”). This etymology is endorsed by Stüber.


kʷākʷos

kʷākʷos (nominative singular)
kʷākʷou (dual nominative)
kʷākʷoi (nominative plural)
kʷākʷe (singular vocative)
kʷākʷou (dual vocative)
kʷākʷoi (plural vocative)
kʷākʷom (accusative singular)
kʷākʷou (accusative dual)
kʷākʷons (accusative plural)
kʷākʷī (genitive singular)
kʷākʷous (dual genitive)
kʷākʷom (genitive plural)
kʷākūi (dative singular)
kʷākʷobom (dative dual)
kʷākʷobos (dative plural)
kʷākū (instrumental singular)
kʷākʷobim (dual instrumental)
kʷākʷobis (instrumental plural)
kʷākʷā (nominative singular)
kʷākʷai (dual nominative)
kʷākʷās (nominative plural)
kʷākʷā (singular vocative)
kʷākʷai (dual vocative)
kʷākʷās (plural vocative)
kʷākʷam (accusative singular)
kʷākʷai (accusative dual)
kʷākʷans (accusative plural)
kʷākʷās (genitive singular)
kʷākʷai (dative singular)
kʷākʷābom (dative dual)
kʷākʷābos (dative plural)
kʷākʷābim (dual instrumental)
kʷākʷābis (instrumental plural)
kʷākʷom (nominative singular)
kʷākʷā (nominative plural)
kʷākʷom (singular vocative)
kʷākʷā (plural vocative)
kʷākʷā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *pọb

Old Breton: pop

Middle Breton: pep

Breton: pep

Cornish: pob, peub

Old Welsh: paup

Middle Welsh: pawb

Welsh: pob

Old Irish: cách, cach

Middle Irish: cách, cach

Irish: gach

Manx: dagh

Scottish Gaelic: gach, càch

Transalpine Gaulish: papos


kentusedom

kentusedom (nominative singular)
kentusedou (dual nominative)
kentusedā (nominative plural)
kentusedom (singular vocative)
kentusedou (dual vocative)
kentusedā (plural vocative)
kentusedom (accusative singular)
kentusedou (accusative dual)
kentusedā (accusative plural)
kentusedī (genitive singular)
kentusedous (dual genitive)
kentusedom (genitive plural)
kentusedūi (dative singular)
kentusedobom (dative dual)
kentusedobos (dative plural)
kentusedei (locative singular)
kentusedū (instrumental singular)
kentusedobim (dual instrumental)
kentusedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kɨntüheð

Middle Welsh: cyntedd

Welsh: cyntedd (“porch”)

Old Irish: cétad

Middle Irish: cétad

From *kentu- (“first”) + *sed- (“to sit”) + *-om.


liyants

liyants (nominative singular)
liyante (dual nominative)
liyantes (nominative plural)
liyants (singular vocative)
liyante (dual vocative)
liyantes (plural vocative)
liyantam (accusative singular)
liyante (accusative dual)
liyantans (accusative plural)
liyantos (genitive singular)
liyantou (dual genitive)
liyantom (genitive plural)
liyantei (dative singular)
liyantobom (dative dual)
liyantobos (dative plural)
liyanti (locative singular)
liyante? (instrumental singular)
liyantobim (dual instrumental)
liyantobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: lliant

Welsh: lliant

Old Irish: liae, lie
Middle Irish: lía

Present participle-like formation from *liyeti (“to flow”).


towissus

towissus (nominative singular)
towissū (dual nominative)
towissowes (nominative plural)
towissu (singular vocative)
towissū (dual vocative)
towissūs (plural vocative)
towissum (accusative singular)
towissū (accusative dual)
towissuns (accusative plural)
towissous (genitive singular)
towissous (dual genitive)
towissowom (genitive plural)
towissou (dative singular)
towissubom (dative dual)
towissubos (dative plural)
towissū (instrumental singular)
towissubim (dual instrumental)
towissubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *töwɨs

Middle Welsh: tywys

Welsh: tywys

desctree

Old Irish: tús, tuus
Irish: tús
Scottish Gaelic: tùs

From *to- (“to, towards”) + *wissus (“knowledge”).


garwos

garwos (nominative singular)
garwou (dual nominative)
garwoi (nominative plural)
garwe (singular vocative)
garwou (dual vocative)
garwoi (plural vocative)
garwom (accusative singular)
garwou (accusative dual)
garwons (accusative plural)
garwī (genitive singular)
garwous (dual genitive)
garwom (genitive plural)
garwūi (dative singular)
garwobom (dative dual)
garwobos (dative plural)
garwū (instrumental singular)
garwobim (dual instrumental)
garwobis (instrumental plural)
garwā (nominative singular)
garwai (dual nominative)
garwās (nominative plural)
garwā (singular vocative)
garwai (dual vocative)
garwās (plural vocative)
garwam (accusative singular)
garwai (accusative dual)
garwans (accusative plural)
garwās (genitive singular)
garwai (dative singular)
garwābom (dative dual)
garwābos (dative plural)
garwābim (dual instrumental)
garwābis (instrumental plural)
garwom (nominative singular)
garwā (nominative plural)
garwom (singular vocative)
garwā (plural vocative)
garwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *garw

Middle Breton: garu

Breton: garw

Cornish: garow

Middle Welsh: garw

Welsh: garw

Old Irish: garb

Irish: garbh

Scottish Gaelic: garbh

Manx: garroo

According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”), but Matasović dismisses this as "improbable," instead calling it an "expressive" development of Proto-Indo-European *ǵ-ʰr-wo- related to *gargos (“rough, fierce”).

onomatopoeic

expressive


adkʷiseti

adkʷisū (active first-person present singular)
adkʷisemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
adkʷikʷisū (active first-person future singular)
adkʷikʷoisa (active first-person preterite singular)
adkʷisesi (active present second-person singular)
adkʷisetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
adkʷikʷisesi (active future second-person singular)
adkʷikʷoisas? (active preterite second-person singular)
adkʷiseti (active present singular third-person)
adkʷiseto (active imperfect singular third-person)
adkʷikʷiseti (active future singular third-person)
adkʷikʷoise (active preterite singular third-person)
adkʷisomosi (active first-person plural present)
adkʷisemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
adkʷikʷisomosi (active first-person future plural)
adkʷikʷoismo (active first-person plural preterite)
adkʷisetesi (active plural present second-person)
adkʷisestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
adkʷikʷisetesi (active future plural second-person)
adkʷikʷoise (active plural preterite second-person)
adkʷisonti (active plural present third-person)
adkʷisento (active imperfect plural third-person)
adkʷikʷisonti (active future plural third-person)
adkʷikʷoisars (active plural preterite third-person)
adkʷeissū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
adkʷeissesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
adkʷise (active imperative second-person singular)
adkʷeisseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
adkʷisetou (active imperative singular third-person)
adkʷeissomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
adkʷisomos (active first-person imperative plural)
adkʷeissetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
adkʷisete (active imperative plural second-person)
adkʷeissonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
adkʷisontou (active imperative plural third-person)
adkʷisūr (first-person passive present singular)
adkʷikʷisūr (first-person future passive singular)
adkʷikʷoisra (first-person passive preterite singular)
adkʷisetar (passive present second-person singular)
adkʷikʷisetar (future passive second-person singular)
adkʷikʷoisras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
adkʷisetor (passive present singular third-person)
adkʷikʷisetor (future passive singular third-person)
adkʷikʷoisre (passive preterite singular third-person)
adkʷisommor (first-person passive plural present)
adkʷikʷisommor (first-person future passive plural)
adkʷisedwe (passive plural present second-person)
adkʷikʷisedwe (future passive plural second-person)
adkʷisontor (passive plural present third-person)
adkʷikʷisontor (future passive plural third-person)
adkʷeissūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
adkʷeissetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
adkʷeissetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
adkʷeissommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
adkʷeissedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
adkʷeissontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
adkʷisonts (nominative singular)
adkʷisonte (dual nominative)
adkʷisontes (nominative plural)
adkʷisonts (singular vocative)
adkʷisonte (dual vocative)
adkʷisontes (plural vocative)
adkʷisontam (accusative singular)
adkʷisonte (accusative dual)
adkʷisontans (accusative plural)
adkʷisantos (genitive singular)
adkʷisantom (genitive plural)
adkʷisantei (dative singular)
adkʷisantbom (dative dual)
adkʷisantbos (dative plural)
adkʷisantī? (instrumental singular)
adkʷisantbim (dual instrumental)
adkʷisantbis (instrumental plural)
adkʷisantī (nominative singular)
adkʷisantī (dual nominative)
adkʷisantiyās (nominative plural)
adkʷisantī (singular vocative)
adkʷisantī (dual vocative)
adkʷisantiyās (plural vocative)
adkʷisantīm (accusative singular)
adkʷisantī (accusative dual)
adkʷisantiyans (accusative plural)
adkʷisantyās (genitive singular)
adkʷisantyom (genitive plural)
adkʷisantyāi (dative singular)
adkʷisantyābom (dative dual)
adkʷisantyābos (dative plural)
adkʷisantyābim (dual instrumental)
adkʷisantyābis (instrumental plural)
adkʷisont (nominative singular)
adkʷisonta (nominative plural)
adkʷisont (singular vocative)
adkʷisonta (plural vocative)
adkʷisont (accusative singular)
adkʷisonta (accusative plural)
adkʷistos (nominative singular)
adkʷistou (dual nominative)
adkʷistoi (nominative plural)
adkʷiste (singular vocative)
adkʷistou (dual vocative)
adkʷistoi (plural vocative)
adkʷistom (accusative singular)
adkʷistou (accusative dual)
adkʷistons (accusative plural)
adkʷistī (genitive singular)
adkʷistous (dual genitive)
adkʷistom (genitive plural)
adkʷistūi (dative singular)
adkʷistobom (dative dual)
adkʷistobos (dative plural)
adkʷistū (instrumental singular)
adkʷistobim (dual instrumental)
adkʷistobis (instrumental plural)
adkʷistā (nominative singular)
adkʷistai (dual nominative)
adkʷistās (nominative plural)
adkʷistā (singular vocative)
adkʷistai (dual vocative)
adkʷistās (plural vocative)
adkʷistam (accusative singular)
adkʷistai (accusative dual)
adkʷistans (accusative plural)
adkʷistās (genitive singular)
adkʷistai (dative singular)
adkʷistābom (dative dual)
adkʷistābos (dative plural)
adkʷistābim (dual instrumental)
adkʷistābis (instrumental plural)
adkʷistom (nominative singular)
adkʷistā (nominative plural)
adkʷistom (singular vocative)
adkʷistā (plural vocative)
adkʷistā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: ad·cí, ad·cíi
Irish: feic, chí
Manx: faik
Scottish Gaelic: faic, chì

Gaulish: appisetu (3sg. imperative)


kʷiseti

kʷisū (active first-person present singular)
kʷisemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kʷikʷisū (active first-person future singular)
kʷikʷoisa (active first-person preterite singular)
kʷisesi (active present second-person singular)
kʷisetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kʷikʷisesi (active future second-person singular)
kʷikʷoisas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kʷiseti (active present singular third-person)
kʷiseto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kʷikʷiseti (active future singular third-person)
kʷikʷoise (active preterite singular third-person)
kʷisomosi (active first-person plural present)
kʷisemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kʷikʷisomosi (active first-person future plural)
kʷikʷoismo (active first-person plural preterite)
kʷisetesi (active plural present second-person)
kʷisestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kʷikʷisetesi (active future plural second-person)
kʷikʷoise (active plural preterite second-person)
kʷisonti (active plural present third-person)
kʷisento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kʷikʷisonti (active future plural third-person)
kʷikʷoisars (active plural preterite third-person)
kʷeissū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kʷeissesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷise (active imperative second-person singular)
kʷeisseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷisetou (active imperative singular third-person)
kʷeissomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kʷisomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kʷeissetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷisete (active imperative plural second-person)
kʷeissonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷisontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kʷisūr (first-person passive present singular)
kʷikʷisūr (first-person future passive singular)
kʷikʷoisra (first-person passive preterite singular)
kʷisetar (passive present second-person singular)
kʷikʷisetar (future passive second-person singular)
kʷikʷoisras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
kʷisetor (passive present singular third-person)
kʷikʷisetor (future passive singular third-person)
kʷikʷoisre (passive preterite singular third-person)
kʷisommor (first-person passive plural present)
kʷikʷisommor (first-person future passive plural)
kʷisedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kʷikʷisedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kʷisontor (passive plural present third-person)
kʷikʷisontor (future passive plural third-person)
kʷeissūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kʷeissetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷeissetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷeissommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kʷeissedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷeissontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷisonts (nominative singular)
kʷisonte (dual nominative)
kʷisontes (nominative plural)
kʷisonts (singular vocative)
kʷisonte (dual vocative)
kʷisontes (plural vocative)
kʷisontam (accusative singular)
kʷisonte (accusative dual)
kʷisontans (accusative plural)
kʷisantos (genitive singular)
kʷisantom (genitive plural)
kʷisantei (dative singular)
kʷisantbom (dative dual)
kʷisantbos (dative plural)
kʷisantī? (instrumental singular)
kʷisantbim (dual instrumental)
kʷisantbis (instrumental plural)
kʷisantī (nominative singular)
kʷisantī (dual nominative)
kʷisantiyās (nominative plural)
kʷisantī (singular vocative)
kʷisantī (dual vocative)
kʷisantiyās (plural vocative)
kʷisantīm (accusative singular)
kʷisantī (accusative dual)
kʷisantiyans (accusative plural)
kʷisantyās (genitive singular)
kʷisantyom (genitive plural)
kʷisantyāi (dative singular)
kʷisantyābom (dative dual)
kʷisantyābos (dative plural)
kʷisantyābim (dual instrumental)
kʷisantyābis (instrumental plural)
kʷisont (nominative singular)
kʷisonta (nominative plural)
kʷisont (singular vocative)
kʷisonta (plural vocative)
kʷisont (accusative singular)
kʷisonta (accusative plural)
kʷistos (nominative singular)
kʷistou (dual nominative)
kʷistoi (nominative plural)
kʷiste (singular vocative)
kʷistou (dual vocative)
kʷistoi (plural vocative)
kʷistom (accusative singular)
kʷistou (accusative dual)
kʷistons (accusative plural)
kʷistī (genitive singular)
kʷistous (dual genitive)
kʷistom (genitive plural)
kʷistūi (dative singular)
kʷistobom (dative dual)
kʷistobos (dative plural)
kʷistū (instrumental singular)
kʷistobim (dual instrumental)
kʷistobis (instrumental plural)
kʷistā (nominative singular)
kʷistai (dual nominative)
kʷistās (nominative plural)
kʷistā (singular vocative)
kʷistai (dual vocative)
kʷistās (plural vocative)
kʷistam (accusative singular)
kʷistai (accusative dual)
kʷistans (accusative plural)
kʷistās (genitive singular)
kʷistai (dative singular)
kʷistābom (dative dual)
kʷistābos (dative plural)
kʷistābim (dual instrumental)
kʷistābis (instrumental plural)
kʷistom (nominative singular)
kʷistā (nominative plural)
kʷistom (singular vocative)
kʷistā (plural vocative)
kʷistā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: pissiumi (1sg. future)


agrinyos

agrinyos (nominative singular)
agrinyou (dual nominative)
agrinyoi (nominative plural)
agrinye (singular vocative)
agrinyou (dual vocative)
agrinyoi (plural vocative)
agrinyom (accusative singular)
agrinyou (accusative dual)
agrinyons (accusative plural)
agrinyī (genitive singular)
agrinyous (dual genitive)
agrinyom (genitive plural)
agrinyūi (dative singular)
agrinyobom (dative dual)
agrinyobos (dative plural)
agrinyei (locative singular)
agrinyū (instrumental singular)
agrinyobim (dual instrumental)
agrinyūis (instrumental plural)

Primitive Irish:

Old Irish: áirne

Irish: airne (“sloe, gland”)

Manx: airn (“sloe, bullace”)

desc

Scottish Gaelic: àirne (“sloe, blackthorn”)

Brythonic: ("plum")

Welsh: eirin

Breton: irin

Hispano-Iberian:

→? Catalan: aranyó (“sloe”)

→? Spanish: arañón (“sloe”)

→? Occitan: agreno, aranhon, aragnou, agragnou (“sloe”)

→? Proto-Basque: *araN

Basque: aran

From a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“berry”), similar in form to Proto-Germanic *akraną (“small fruit of a tree”). Cognate with Tocharian B oko (“fruit”), English acorn, Lithuanian uoga (“berry”), etc.


nāunyā

nāunyā (nominative singular)
nāunyai (dual nominative)
nāunyās (nominative plural)
nāunyā (singular vocative)
nāunyai (dual vocative)
nāunyās (plural vocative)
nāunyam (accusative singular)
nāunyai (accusative dual)
nāunyāns (accusative plural)
nāunyās (genitive singular)
nāunyous (dual genitive)
nāunyom (genitive plural)
nāunyāi (dative singular)
nāunyābom (dative dual)
nāunyābos (dative plural)
nāunyai (locative singular)
nāunyābim (dual instrumental)
nāunyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: newyn (“hunger”)

desc

Welsh: newyn (“hunger, starvation, famine”)

Breton: naoun (“hunger, starvation, famine”)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: núna, naunae

From Proto-Indo-European *nowh₂ny-eh₂-, from *neh₂w- (“to die, lack”). Cognate with Tocharian A nwām (“sick”), Tocharian B naut- (“to die”), etc.


slattā

slattā (nominative singular)
slattai (dual nominative)
slattās (nominative plural)
slattā (singular vocative)
slattai (dual vocative)
slattās (plural vocative)
slattam (accusative singular)
slattai (accusative dual)
slattāns (accusative plural)
slattās (genitive singular)
slattous (dual genitive)
slattom (genitive plural)
slattāi (dative singular)
slattābom (dative dual)
slattābos (dative plural)
slattai (locative singular)
slattābim (dual instrumental)
slattābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llaθ
Old Breton: lath
Breton: lazh
Cornish: lath
Welsh: llath

Old Irish: slat

Middle Irish: slat

Irish: slat

Scottish Gaelic: slat

Manx: slat, slatt

Possibly loaned from a substrate language of northwestern Europe, hinted by the geminate and a-vocalism. This substrate could also have been the source of Proto-Germanic *lattō (“plank, board”), but with loss of initial *s-. Perhaps related to the root of *sladyeti (“to slay, hit”) (compare Proto-Germanic *slahaną); similar sense development can be found in Serbo-Croatian šibati (“to flog, whip”) > šiba (“rod, switch”).


betuyā

betuyā (nominative singular)
betuyai (dual nominative)
betuyās (nominative plural)
betuyā (singular vocative)
betuyai (dual vocative)
betuyās (plural vocative)
betuyam (accusative singular)
betuyai (accusative dual)
betuyāns (accusative plural)
betuyās (genitive singular)
betuyous (dual genitive)
betuyom (genitive plural)
betuyāi (dative singular)
betuyābom (dative dual)
betuyābos (dative plural)
betuyai (locative singular)
betuyābim (dual instrumental)
betuyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bedu
Middle Breton: bezu
Cornish: besow
Middle Welsh: bedwen sg
Welsh: bedw

Old Irish: beithe m
Middle Irish: beith f
Irish: beith
Manx: beih
Scottish Gaelic: beithe

Gaulish: *bitu

→ Latin: betulla/betula (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷétw-ih₂ ~ *gʷtu-yéh₂, from *gʷétu (“resin”) + *-ih₂.


ɸreswos

ɸreswos (nominative singular)
ɸreswou (dual nominative)
ɸreswoi (nominative plural)
ɸreswe (singular vocative)
ɸreswou (dual vocative)
ɸreswoi (plural vocative)
ɸreswom (accusative singular)
ɸreswou (accusative dual)
ɸreswons (accusative plural)
ɸreswī (genitive singular)
ɸreswous (dual genitive)
ɸreswom (genitive plural)
ɸreswūi (dative singular)
ɸreswobom (dative dual)
ɸreswobos (dative plural)
ɸreswei (locative singular)
ɸreswū (instrumental singular)
ɸreswobim (dual instrumental)
ɸreswūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Breton: rev

Cornish: rew

Welsh: rhew

From Proto-Indo-European *prews-, with metathesis of *-ws- to *-sw-.


budīnā

budinā (nominative singular)
budinai (dual nominative)
budinās (nominative plural)
budinā (singular vocative)
budinai (dual vocative)
budinās (plural vocative)
budinam (accusative singular)
budinai (accusative dual)
budināns (accusative plural)
budinās (genitive singular)
budinous (dual genitive)
budinom (genitive plural)
budināi (dative singular)
budinābom (dative dual)
budinābos (dative plural)
budinai (locative singular)
budinābim (dual instrumental)
budinābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *büðin

Old Breton: bodin

Middle Welsh: byddin

Welsh: byddin

Old Irish: buiden
Irish: buíon

Gaulish: budīnā

→ Late Latin: bodina (“frontier”), Budenicus (theonym)

Perhaps from the same source as *boudi (“victory, booty”).


uɸosistamus

uɸosistamus (nominative singular)
uɸosistamū (dual nominative)
uɸosistamowes (nominative plural)
uɸosistamu (singular vocative)
uɸosistamū (dual vocative)
uɸosistamūs (plural vocative)
uɸosistamum (accusative singular)
uɸosistamū (accusative dual)
uɸosistamuns (accusative plural)
uɸosistamous (genitive singular)
uɸosistamous (dual genitive)
uɸosistamowom (genitive plural)
uɸosistamou (dative singular)
uɸosistamubom (dative dual)
uɸosistamubos (dative plural)
uɸosistamū (instrumental singular)
uɸosistamubim (dual instrumental)
uɸosistamubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwaesaf

desctree

Old Irish: fóesam, foísam
Middle Irish: fáesam
Irish: faoiseamh (“relief”)


sāwūl

sāwūl (nominative singular)
sūle (dual nominative)
sūla (nominative plural)
sāwūl (singular vocative)
sūle (dual vocative)
sūla (plural vocative)
sāwūl (accusative singular)
sūle (accusative dual)
sūla (accusative plural)
sūlos (genitive singular)
sūlou (dual genitive)
sūlom (genitive plural)
sūlei (dative singular)
sūlobom (dative dual)
sūlobos (dative plural)
sūli (locative singular)
sūle? (instrumental singular)
sūlobim (dual instrumental)
sūlobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *họwl (from nominative singular)

Old Breton: houl

Middle Breton: heul

Breton: heol

Cornish: howl

Middle Welsh: heul, haul

Welsh: haul

desctree

Old Irish: súil (“eye”) (from oblique stem)
Irish: súil
Manx: sooill
Scottish Gaelic: sùil

>? Gaulish: Sulis

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥.


ambirādos

ambirādos (nominative singular)
ambirādou (dual nominative)
ambirādoi (nominative plural)
ambirāde (singular vocative)
ambirādou (dual vocative)
ambirādoi (plural vocative)
ambirādom (accusative singular)
ambirādou (accusative dual)
ambirādons (accusative plural)
ambirādī (genitive singular)
ambirādous (dual genitive)
ambirādom (genitive plural)
ambirādūi (dative singular)
ambirādobom (dative dual)
ambirādobos (dative plural)
ambirādei (locative singular)
ambirādū (instrumental singular)
ambirādobim (dual instrumental)
ambirādūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *amrọð

Old Welsh: amraud

Middle Welsh: amraud, amraut

Welsh: amrawdd

Old Irish: imrád

Middle Irish: imrád

Scottish Gaelic: iomradh


medyetor

medyūr (first-person passive present singular)
medyetar (passive present second-person singular)
medyetor (passive present singular third-person)
medyommor (first-person passive plural present)
medyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
medyontor (passive plural present third-person)
medyonts (nominative singular)
medyonte (dual nominative)
medyontes (nominative plural)
medyonts (singular vocative)
medyonte (dual vocative)
medyontes (plural vocative)
medyontam (accusative singular)
medyonte (accusative dual)
medyontans (accusative plural)
medyantos (genitive singular)
medyantom (genitive plural)
medyantei (dative singular)
medyantbom (dative dual)
medyantbos (dative plural)
medyantī? (instrumental singular)
medyantbim (dual instrumental)
medyantbis (instrumental plural)
medyantī (nominative singular)
medyantī (dual nominative)
medyantiyās (nominative plural)
medyantī (singular vocative)
medyantī (dual vocative)
medyantiyās (plural vocative)
medyantīm (accusative singular)
medyantī (accusative dual)
medyantiyans (accusative plural)
medyantyās (genitive singular)
medyantyom (genitive plural)
medyantyāi (dative singular)
medyantyābom (dative dual)
medyantyābos (dative plural)
medyantyābim (dual instrumental)
medyantyābis (instrumental plural)
medyont (nominative singular)
medyonta (nominative plural)
medyont (singular vocative)
medyonta (plural vocative)
medyont (accusative singular)
medyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėðɨd
Old Cornish: medhes
Middle Welsh: meðu
Welsh: meddu

Old Irish: midithir

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure; give advice”)


dīgalā

dīgalā (nominative singular)
dīgalai (dual nominative)
dīgalās (nominative plural)
dīgalā (singular vocative)
dīgalai (dual vocative)
dīgalās (plural vocative)
dīgalam (accusative singular)
dīgalai (accusative dual)
dīgalāns (accusative plural)
dīgalās (genitive singular)
dīgalous (dual genitive)
dīgalom (genitive plural)
dīgalāi (dative singular)
dīgalābom (dative dual)
dīgalābos (dative plural)
dīgalai (locative singular)
dīgalābim (dual instrumental)
dīgalābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *diɣal

Cornish: dyal

Old Welsh: digal

Middle Welsh: dial

Welsh: dial

desctree

Old Irish: dígal
Irish: díoghail
Manx: jeeyl
Scottish Gaelic: dìoghail


swīswīs

Proto-Brythonic: *hwihwi

Middle Welsh: chwchwi, chwichwi

Welsh: chwychwi, chwchwi, chychwi

Old Irish: sib
Irish: sibh
Manx: shiu
Scottish Gaelic: sibh


kasnī

kasnī (nominative singular)
kasnī (dual nominative)
kasniyās (nominative plural)
kasnī (singular vocative)
kasnī (dual vocative)
kasniyās (plural vocative)
kasnīm (accusative singular)
kasnī (accusative dual)
kasnīns (accusative plural)
kasnyās (genitive singular)
kasnyous (dual genitive)
kasnyom (genitive plural)
kasnyai (dative singular)
kasnyābom (dative dual)
kasnyābos (dative plural)
kasnyābim (dual instrumental)
kasnyābis (instrumental plural)

Feminine ī-stem derivation of Proto-Indo-European *ḱas- with a nasal suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *hesô (“hare”), Sanskrit शश (śaśa, “hare, rabbit”), and Latin cānus (“grey”).


kariyos

kariyos (nominative singular)
kariyou (dual nominative)
kariyoi (nominative plural)
kariye (singular vocative)
kariyou (dual vocative)
kariyoi (plural vocative)
kariyom (accusative singular)
kariyou (accusative dual)
kariyons (accusative plural)
kariyī (genitive singular)
kariyous (dual genitive)
kariyom (genitive plural)
kariyūi (dative singular)
kariyobom (dative dual)
kariyobos (dative plural)
kariyei (locative singular)
kariyū (instrumental singular)
kariyobim (dual instrumental)
kariyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėrɨ

Old Breton: kereon pl

Middle Breton: quere

Breton: kere, kereer, kereour

Old Cornish: chereor

Cornish: quere, keryor, keryer

Middle Welsh: crydd (< *kėrɨð)

Welsh: crydd

Old Irish: *cair

⇒ Old Irish: cairem (+ -em)

Uncertain; suggested to be cognate with Ancient Greek κρηπίς (krēpís, “man's high boot, half-boot”), Proto-Germanic *hrifilingaz (“shoe”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *kúrˀpāˀ (“shoe”), however reconstructing an underlying Indo-European form is problematic and is likely a substrate Wanderwort.


madyeti

madyū (active first-person present singular)
madyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mimatsū (active first-person future singular)
memāda (active first-person preterite singular)
madyesi (active present second-person singular)
madyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mimatsesi (active future second-person singular)
memādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
madyeti (active present singular third-person)
madyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
mimatseti (active future singular third-person)
memāde (active preterite singular third-person)
madyomosi (active first-person plural present)
madyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mimatsomosi (active first-person future plural)
memādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
madyetesi (active plural present second-person)
madyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mimatsetesi (active future plural second-person)
memāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
madyonti (active plural present third-person)
madyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
mimatsonti (active future plural third-person)
memādars (active plural preterite third-person)
mātsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
mātsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
madye (active imperative second-person singular)
mātseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
madyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
mātsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
madyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
mātsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
madyete (active imperative plural second-person)
mātsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
madyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
madyūr (first-person passive present singular)
mimatsūr (first-person future passive singular)
memādra (first-person passive preterite singular)
madyetar (passive present second-person singular)
mimatsetar (future passive second-person singular)
memādras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
madyetor (passive present singular third-person)
mimatsetor (future passive singular third-person)
memādre (passive preterite singular third-person)
madyommor (first-person passive plural present)
mimatsommor (first-person future passive plural)
madyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
mimatsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
madyontor (passive plural present third-person)
mimatsontor (future passive plural third-person)
mātsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
mātsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
mātsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
mātsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
mātsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
mātsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
madyonts (nominative singular)
madyonte (dual nominative)
madyontes (nominative plural)
madyonts (singular vocative)
madyonte (dual vocative)
madyontes (plural vocative)
madyontam (accusative singular)
madyonte (accusative dual)
madyontans (accusative plural)
madyantos (genitive singular)
madyantom (genitive plural)
madyantei (dative singular)
madyantbom (dative dual)
madyantbos (dative plural)
madyantī? (instrumental singular)
madyantbim (dual instrumental)
madyantbis (instrumental plural)
madyantī (nominative singular)
madyantī (dual nominative)
madyantiyās (nominative plural)
madyantī (singular vocative)
madyantī (dual vocative)
madyantiyās (plural vocative)
madyantīm (accusative singular)
madyantī (accusative dual)
madyantiyans (accusative plural)
madyantyās (genitive singular)
madyantyom (genitive plural)
madyantyāi (dative singular)
madyantyābom (dative dual)
madyantyābos (dative plural)
madyantyābim (dual instrumental)
madyantyābis (instrumental plural)
madyont (nominative singular)
madyonta (nominative plural)
madyont (singular vocative)
madyonta (plural vocative)
madyont (accusative singular)
madyonta (accusative plural)
massos (nominative singular)
massou (dual nominative)
massoi (nominative plural)
masse (singular vocative)
massou (dual vocative)
massoi (plural vocative)
massom (accusative singular)
massou (accusative dual)
massons (accusative plural)
massī (genitive singular)
massous (dual genitive)
massom (genitive plural)
massūi (dative singular)
massobom (dative dual)
massobos (dative plural)
massū (instrumental singular)
massobim (dual instrumental)
massobis (instrumental plural)
massā (nominative singular)
massai (dual nominative)
massās (nominative plural)
massā (singular vocative)
massai (dual vocative)
massās (plural vocative)
massam (accusative singular)
massai (accusative dual)
massans (accusative plural)
massās (genitive singular)
massai (dative singular)
massābom (dative dual)
massābos (dative plural)
massābim (dual instrumental)
massābis (instrumental plural)
massom (nominative singular)
massā (nominative plural)
massom (singular vocative)
massā (plural vocative)
massā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėðjɨd

Middle Breton: mezaff

Breton: mezañ

Middle Welsh: maeðu

Welsh: maeddu

desctree

Old Irish: maidid
Irish: maígh, maidhm (denominal re-formation from the verbal noun)

Possibly from (and formally derivable from) Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to be wet, moist”), though the semantic connection is weak; the evolution could have been from describing the bursting of streams and torrents to the more general use of breaking and bursting. Similar sense development is found in Serbo-Croatian prsnuti (“to explode, blow up”) and prskati (“to sprinkle, squirt, water”).


annketi

annkū (active first-person present singular)
annkemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
īnxsū (active first-person future singular)
ānonka (active first-person preterite singular)
annkesi (active present second-person singular)
annketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
īnxsesi (active future second-person singular)
ānonkas? (active preterite second-person singular)
annketi (active present singular third-person)
annketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
īnxseti (active future singular third-person)
ānonke (active preterite singular third-person)
annkomosi (active first-person plural present)
annkemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
īnxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ānonkmo (active first-person plural preterite)
annketesi (active plural present second-person)
annkestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
īnxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ānonxte (active plural preterite second-person)
annkonti (active plural present third-person)
annkento (active imperfect plural third-person)
īnxsonti (active future plural third-person)
ānonkars (active plural preterite third-person)
īnxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
īnxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
annke (active imperative second-person singular)
īnxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
annketou (active imperative singular third-person)
īnxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
annkomos (active first-person imperative plural)
īnxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
annkete (active imperative plural second-person)
īnxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
annkontou (active imperative plural third-person)
annkūr (first-person passive present singular)
īnxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ānonkra (first-person passive preterite singular)
annketar (passive present second-person singular)
īnxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ānonkras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
annketor (passive present singular third-person)
īnxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ānonkre (passive preterite singular third-person)
annkommor (first-person passive plural present)
īnxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
annkedwe (passive plural present second-person)
īnxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
annkontor (passive plural present third-person)
īnxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
īnxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
īnxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
īnxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
īnxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
īnxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
īnxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
annkonts (nominative singular)
annkonte (dual nominative)
annkontes (nominative plural)
annkonts (singular vocative)
annkonte (dual vocative)
annkontes (plural vocative)
annkontam (accusative singular)
annkonte (accusative dual)
annkontans (accusative plural)
annkantos (genitive singular)
annkantom (genitive plural)
annkantei (dative singular)
annkantbom (dative dual)
annkantbos (dative plural)
annkantī? (instrumental singular)
annkantbim (dual instrumental)
annkantbis (instrumental plural)
annkantī (nominative singular)
annkantī (dual nominative)
annkantiyās (nominative plural)
annkantī (singular vocative)
annkantī (dual vocative)
annkantiyās (plural vocative)
annkantīm (accusative singular)
annkantī (accusative dual)
annkantiyans (accusative plural)
annkantyās (genitive singular)
annkantyom (genitive plural)
annkantyāi (dative singular)
annkantyābom (dative dual)
annkantyābos (dative plural)
annkantyābim (dual instrumental)
annkantyābis (instrumental plural)
annkont (nominative singular)
annkonta (nominative plural)
annkont (singular vocative)
annkonta (plural vocative)
annkont (accusative singular)
annkonta (accusative plural)
anxtos (nominative singular)
anxtou (dual nominative)
anxtoi (nominative plural)
anxte (singular vocative)
anxtou (dual vocative)
anxtoi (plural vocative)
anxtom (accusative singular)
anxtou (accusative dual)
anxtons (accusative plural)
anxtī (genitive singular)
anxtous (dual genitive)
anxtom (genitive plural)
anxtūi (dative singular)
anxtobom (dative dual)
anxtobos (dative plural)
anxtū (instrumental singular)
anxtobim (dual instrumental)
anxtobis (instrumental plural)
anxtā (nominative singular)
anxtai (dual nominative)
anxtās (nominative plural)
anxtā (singular vocative)
anxtai (dual vocative)
anxtās (plural vocative)
anxtam (accusative singular)
anxtai (accusative dual)
anxtans (accusative plural)
anxtās (genitive singular)
anxtai (dative singular)
anxtābom (dative dual)
anxtābos (dative plural)
anxtābim (dual instrumental)
anxtābis (instrumental plural)
anxtom (nominative singular)
anxtā (nominative plural)
anxtom (singular vocative)
anxtā (plural vocative)
anxtā (accusative plural)

desc

Old Irish: ·icc (in various derived verbs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”).
One of the most controversial terms in Proto-Celtic to reconstruct, only outmatched by *essi in controversy. The main problem comes from the vowel of Old Irish ·icc, whose presence of i- is irregular, since all possible initials ank-, enk- and ink- all normally become éc- in Old Irish.
The mainstream reconstruction, *annketi, was introduced by Peter Schrijver in the 1990s and has remained the most popular theory since. It places faith in the assumption that *annk- would result in a different outcome in the daughter languages to that of *ank-. Kim McCone, rejecting the now-mainstream reconstruction, has attempted to position Middle Irish con·téici (“to freeze”) as counterevidence by reconstructing *tannketi for it, comparing the verb to Sanskrit तनक्ति (tanakti, “to coagulate”). However, EDPC points out that a pre-Irish denominal formation *tankīti is enough to beget con·téici, removing the supposed counterevidence.

noncog

Proto-Brythonic: *kuβ̃oɨθOld Cornish: chefuidOld Welsh: comoidMiddle Welsh: kyuoethWelsh: cyfoeth

Proto-Brythonic: *kuβ̃oɨθọgOld Cornish: chefuidocMiddle Welsh: kyuoethawcWelsh: cyfoethog


banwos

banwos (nominative singular)
banwou (dual nominative)
banwoi (nominative plural)
banwe (singular vocative)
banwou (dual vocative)
banwoi (plural vocative)
banwom (accusative singular)
banwou (accusative dual)
banwons (accusative plural)
banwī (genitive singular)
banwous (dual genitive)
banwom (genitive plural)
banwūi (dative singular)
banwobom (dative dual)
banwobos (dative plural)
banwei (locative singular)
banwū (instrumental singular)
banwobim (dual instrumental)
banwūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *banw

Old Breton: ban

Breton: banò, banw

Old Cornish: baneu

Middle Welsh: banw, beinw

Welsh: banw

desctree

Old Irish: banb
Irish: banbh
Manx: bannoo

Gaulish: Banuo, Banuus (found in placenames)

Lacking clear cognates in other Indo-European languages, probably from a non-Indo-European substrate.


kerdeti

kerdū (active first-person present singular)
kerdemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikritsū (active first-person future singular)
karda (active first-person preterite singular)
kerdesi (active present second-person singular)
kerdetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikritsesi (active future second-person singular)
kardas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kerdeti (active present singular third-person)
kerdeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikritseti (active future singular third-person)
karde (active preterite singular third-person)
kerdomosi (active first-person plural present)
kerdemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikritsomosi (active first-person future plural)
kardmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kerdetesi (active plural present second-person)
kerdestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikritsetesi (active future plural second-person)
karsse (active plural preterite second-person)
kerdonti (active plural present third-person)
kerdento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikritsonti (active future plural third-person)
kardars (active plural preterite third-person)
kertsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kertsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kerde (active imperative second-person singular)
kertseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kerdetou (active imperative singular third-person)
kertsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kerdomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kertsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kerdete (active imperative plural second-person)
kertsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kerdontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kerdūr (first-person passive present singular)
kikritsūr (first-person future passive singular)
kardra (first-person passive preterite singular)
kerdetar (passive present second-person singular)
kikritsetar (future passive second-person singular)
kardras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
kerdetor (passive present singular third-person)
kikritsetor (future passive singular third-person)
kardre (passive preterite singular third-person)
kerdommor (first-person passive plural present)
kikritsommor (first-person future passive plural)
kerdedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikritsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kerdontor (passive plural present third-person)
kikritsontor (future passive plural third-person)
kertsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kertsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kertsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kertsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kertsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kertsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kerdonts (nominative singular)
kerdonte (dual nominative)
kerdontes (nominative plural)
kerdonts (singular vocative)
kerdonte (dual vocative)
kerdontes (plural vocative)
kerdontam (accusative singular)
kerdonte (accusative dual)
kerdontans (accusative plural)
kerdantos (genitive singular)
kerdantom (genitive plural)
kerdantei (dative singular)
kerdantbom (dative dual)
kerdantbos (dative plural)
kerdantī? (instrumental singular)
kerdantbim (dual instrumental)
kerdantbis (instrumental plural)
kerdantī (nominative singular)
kerdantī (dual nominative)
kerdantiyās (nominative plural)
kerdantī (singular vocative)
kerdantī (dual vocative)
kerdantiyās (plural vocative)
kerdantīm (accusative singular)
kerdantī (accusative dual)
kerdantiyans (accusative plural)
kerdantyās (genitive singular)
kerdantyom (genitive plural)
kerdantyāi (dative singular)
kerdantyābom (dative dual)
kerdantyābos (dative plural)
kerdantyābim (dual instrumental)
kerdantyābis (instrumental plural)
kerdont (nominative singular)
kerdonta (nominative plural)
kerdont (singular vocative)
kerdonta (plural vocative)
kerdont (accusative singular)
kerdonta (accusative plural)
krissos (nominative singular)
krissou (dual nominative)
krissoi (nominative plural)
krisse (singular vocative)
krissou (dual vocative)
krissoi (plural vocative)
krissom (accusative singular)
krissou (accusative dual)
krissons (accusative plural)
krissī (genitive singular)
krissous (dual genitive)
krissom (genitive plural)
krissūi (dative singular)
krissobom (dative dual)
krissobos (dative plural)
krissū (instrumental singular)
krissobim (dual instrumental)
krissobis (instrumental plural)
krissā (nominative singular)
krissai (dual nominative)
krissās (nominative plural)
krissā (singular vocative)
krissai (dual vocative)
krissās (plural vocative)
krissam (accusative singular)
krissai (accusative dual)
krissans (accusative plural)
krissās (genitive singular)
krissai (dative singular)
krissābom (dative dual)
krissābos (dative plural)
krissābim (dual instrumental)
krissābis (instrumental plural)
krissom (nominative singular)
krissā (nominative plural)
krissom (singular vocative)
krissā (plural vocative)
krissā (accusative plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *kɨrðɨd (absolute), *kerð (conjunct)

Middle Breton: querzet

Breton: kerzhet

Cornish: kerdhes

Middle Welsh: kerddet

Welsh: cerdded

From Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“to swing”), often compared to Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “to shake”).


weidwūs

weidwūs (nominative singular)
weiduse (dual nominative)
weiduses (nominative plural)
weidwūs (singular vocative)
weiduse (dual vocative)
weiduses (plural vocative)
weidusam (accusative singular)
weiduse (accusative dual)
weidusans (accusative plural)
weidusos (genitive singular)
weidusou (dual genitive)
weidusom (genitive plural)
weidusei (dative singular)
weidusobom (dative dual)
weidusobos (dative plural)
weidusi (locative singular)
weiduse? (instrumental singular)
weidusobim (dual instrumental)
weidusobis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: fíadu

From Proto-Indo-European *weydwōs, from *weyd- (“to know”) + *-wōs (stative participle suffix), literally “who has witnessed”.

af

naíScottish Gaelic: naoidhean⇒ Middle Irish: nóedenánIrish: naíonán⇒ Middle Irish: noídenda


snāti

snāmi (active first-person present singular)
snāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sesnū (active first-person preterite singular)
snāsi (active present second-person singular)
snātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sesnūs (active preterite second-person singular)
snāti (active present singular third-person)
snāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sesnū (active preterite singular third-person)
snāmosi (active first-person plural present)
snāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sesnamo (active first-person plural preterite)
snātesi (active plural present second-person)
snāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sesnate (active plural preterite second-person)
snānti (active plural present third-person)
snānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
sesnars (active plural preterite third-person)
snā (active imperative second-person singular)
snātou (active imperative singular third-person)
snāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
snāte (active imperative plural second-person)
snāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
snār (first-person passive present singular)
snātar (passive present second-person singular)
snātor (passive present singular third-person)
snāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
snādwe (passive plural present second-person)
snāntor (passive plural present third-person)
snants (nominative singular)
snante (dual nominative)
snantes (nominative plural)
snants (singular vocative)
snante (dual vocative)
snantes (plural vocative)
snantam (accusative singular)
snante (accusative dual)
snantans (accusative plural)
snantos (genitive singular)
snantom (genitive plural)
snantei (dative singular)
snantbom (dative dual)
snantbos (dative plural)
snantī? (instrumental singular)
snantbim (dual instrumental)
snantbis (instrumental plural)
snantī (nominative singular)
snantī (dual nominative)
snantiyās (nominative plural)
snantī (singular vocative)
snantī (dual vocative)
snantiyās (plural vocative)
snantīm (accusative singular)
snantī (accusative dual)
snantiyans (accusative plural)
snantyās (genitive singular)
snantyom (genitive plural)
snantyāi (dative singular)
snantyābom (dative dual)
snantyābos (dative plural)
snantyābim (dual instrumental)
snantyābis (instrumental plural)
snant (nominative singular)
snanta (nominative plural)
snant (singular vocative)
snanta (plural vocative)
snant (accusative singular)
snanta (accusative plural)

Old Irish: snaid
Middle Irish: snáid

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to swim”).


snāmus

snāmus (nominative singular)
snāmū (dual nominative)
snāmowes (nominative plural)
snāmu (singular vocative)
snāmū (dual vocative)
snāmūs (plural vocative)
snāmum (accusative singular)
snāmū (accusative dual)
snāmuns (accusative plural)
snāmous (genitive singular)
snāmous (dual genitive)
snāmowom (genitive plural)
snāmou (dative singular)
snāmubom (dative dual)
snāmubos (dative plural)
snāmū (instrumental singular)
snāmubim (dual instrumental)
snāmubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hnọβ̃

Middle Welsh: nawf

⇒ Welsh: nofio

Middle Breton: neuff

Breton: neuñv

Old Irish: snám

Irish: snámh

From *snā- + *-mus (verbal noun ending for verbs eventually becoming hiatus verbs in Old Irish).


glāwos

glāwos (nominative singular)
glāwou (dual nominative)
glāwoi (nominative plural)
glāwe (singular vocative)
glāwou (dual vocative)
glāwoi (plural vocative)
glāwom (accusative singular)
glāwou (accusative dual)
glāwons (accusative plural)
glāwī (genitive singular)
glāwous (dual genitive)
glāwom (genitive plural)
glāwūi (dative singular)
glāwobom (dative dual)
glāwobos (dative plural)
glāwei (locative singular)
glāwū (instrumental singular)
glāwobim (dual instrumental)
glāwūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *glọw
Breton: glaou
Cornish: glow
Welsh: glo

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₁-wó-s, from *ǵʰleh₁- (“to shine, glow”) + *-wós (adjectival suffix).

af

⇒ Old Irish: rétgluMiddle Irish: rétluIrish: réaltaManx: roltScottish Gaelic: reul


lubros

lubros (nominative singular)
lubrou (dual nominative)
lubroi (nominative plural)
lubre (singular vocative)
lubrou (dual vocative)
lubroi (plural vocative)
lubrom (accusative singular)
lubrou (accusative dual)
lubrons (accusative plural)
lubrī (genitive singular)
lubrous (dual genitive)
lubrom (genitive plural)
lubrūi (dative singular)
lubrobom (dative dual)
lubrobos (dative plural)
lubrū (instrumental singular)
lubrobim (dual instrumental)
lubrobis (instrumental plural)
lubrā (nominative singular)
lubrai (dual nominative)
lubrās (nominative plural)
lubrā (singular vocative)
lubrai (dual vocative)
lubrās (plural vocative)
lubram (accusative singular)
lubrai (accusative dual)
lubrans (accusative plural)
lubrās (genitive singular)
lubrai (dative singular)
lubrābom (dative dual)
lubrābos (dative plural)
lubrābim (dual instrumental)
lubrābis (instrumental plural)
lubrom (nominative singular)
lubrā (nominative plural)
lubrom (singular vocative)
lubrā (plural vocative)
lubrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluβr

Middle Breton: loffr

Breton: lovr

Cornish: lover

Welsh: llwfr

desctree

Old Irish: lobur
Middle Irish: lobar
Irish: lobhar
Scottish Gaelic: lobhar
⇒ Manx: lourane

From Proto-Indo-European *luprós, from *lewp- (“to peel, strip”) + *-rós, whence cognate to Ancient Greek λυπρός (luprós, “distressing, wretched”).


kaletos

kaletos (nominative singular)
kaletou (dual nominative)
kaletoi (nominative plural)
kalete (singular vocative)
kaletou (dual vocative)
kaletoi (plural vocative)
kaletom (accusative singular)
kaletou (accusative dual)
kaletons (accusative plural)
kaletī (genitive singular)
kaletous (dual genitive)
kaletom (genitive plural)
kaletūi (dative singular)
kaletobom (dative dual)
kaletobos (dative plural)
kaletū (instrumental singular)
kaletobim (dual instrumental)
kaletobis (instrumental plural)
kaletā (nominative singular)
kaletai (dual nominative)
kaletās (nominative plural)
kaletā (singular vocative)
kaletai (dual vocative)
kaletās (plural vocative)
kaletam (accusative singular)
kaletai (accusative dual)
kaletans (accusative plural)
kaletās (genitive singular)
kaletai (dative singular)
kaletābom (dative dual)
kaletābos (dative plural)
kaletābim (dual instrumental)
kaletābis (instrumental plural)
kaletom (nominative singular)
kaletā (nominative plural)
kaletom (singular vocative)
kaletā (plural vocative)
kaletā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaled

Middle Breton: calet, caled

Breton: kaled

Middle Cornish: cales

Cornish: kales

Middle Welsh: caled

Welsh: caled

desctree

Old Irish: calad
Middle Irish: calad
Irish: caladh

Gaulish: Caleti (ethnonym)

If the original meaning was "frozen" before evolving into "hard," possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlH-eto- (“cold”), related to *kal- (“hard”), see also Proto-Germanic *haliþaz (“hero”), Latin calleo (“I am hardened”). MacBain prefers a connection with Proto-Germanic *halluz (“stone, boulder”), from *(s)kel- (“to cut; hew”).


kakkā

kakkā (nominative singular)
kakkai (dual nominative)
kakkās (nominative plural)
kakkā (singular vocative)
kakkai (dual vocative)
kakkās (plural vocative)
kakkam (accusative singular)
kakkai (accusative dual)
kakkāns (accusative plural)
kakkās (genitive singular)
kakkous (dual genitive)
kakkom (genitive plural)
kakkāi (dative singular)
kakkābom (dative dual)
kakkābos (dative plural)
kakkai (locative singular)
kakkābim (dual instrumental)
kakkābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kax
Middle Breton: cauch
Breton: kaoc'h
Cornish: kawgh
Welsh: cach

Old Irish: cacc, cac
Irish: cac (noun)
Manx: keck (noun)
Scottish Gaelic: cac (noun)
⇒ Middle Irish: caccaid
Irish: cac (verb)
Manx: keck (verb)
Scottish Gaelic: cac (verb)

From Proto-Indo-European *kakka- (“to shit, defecate”)


krūs

krūs (nominative singular)
krūs (singular vocative)
kruwam (accusative singular)
kruwos (genitive singular)
kruwei (dative singular)
kruwi (locative singular)
kruwe? (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *krow (from the oblique stem)
Middle Cornish: crow
Cornish: krow
Middle Welsh: creu
Welsh: crau

Old Irish: crú (“blood, wound”)
Irish: cró


dowenis

dowenis (nominative singular)
dowenī (dual nominative)
dowenīs (nominative plural)
doweni (singular vocative)
dowenī (dual vocative)
dowenīs (plural vocative)
dowenim (accusative singular)
dowenī (accusative dual)
dowenins (accusative plural)
doweneis (genitive singular)
dowenyow (dual genitive)
dowenyom (genitive plural)
dowenei (dative singular)
dowenibom (dative dual)
dowenibos (dative plural)
dowenei (locative singular)
dowenī (instrumental singular)
dowenibim (dual instrumental)
dowenibis (instrumental plural)

suppletive plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">duine</i>

Old Irish: doíni (suppletive plural of duine)
Irish: daoine
Manx: deiney
Scottish Gaelic: daoine

Middle Irish: dóen (poetic)

Generally held as a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die”), literally meaning "mortal".


trāgi

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: tre, tre(c'h)

Cornish: trig

Middle Welsh: trei

Welsh: trai

Old Irish: tráig
Irish: trá
Manx: traie
Scottish Gaelic: tràigh

Often connected to *tregess (“foot”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, run”), but Matasovic disputes this on semantic grounds.


brusnyos

brusnyos (nominative singular)
brusnyou (dual nominative)
brusnyoi (nominative plural)
brusnye (singular vocative)
brusnyou (dual vocative)
brusnyoi (plural vocative)
brusnyom (accusative singular)
brusnyou (accusative dual)
brusnyons (accusative plural)
brusnyī (genitive singular)
brusnyous (dual genitive)
brusnyom (genitive plural)
brusnyūi (dative singular)
brusnyobom (dative dual)
brusnyobos (dative plural)
brusnyei (locative singular)
brusnyū (instrumental singular)
brusnyobim (dual instrumental)
brusnyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brünn

Cornish: bren

Middle Welsh: brynn

Welsh: bryn

desctree

Old Irish: bruinne (“breast”)
Middle Irish: bruinne
Irish: broinne

→ Proto-Germanic: *brunjǭ (see there for further descendants)

Likely from *brusū (“belly, breast”), with pre-form *bʰrus-n-yo-s.


akkiyā

akkiyā (nominative singular)
akkiyai (dual nominative)
akkiyās (nominative plural)
akkiyā (singular vocative)
akkiyai (dual vocative)
akkiyās (plural vocative)
akkiyam (accusative singular)
akkiyai (accusative dual)
akkiyāns (accusative plural)
akkiyās (genitive singular)
akkiyous (dual genitive)
akkiyom (genitive plural)
akkiyāi (dative singular)
akkiyābom (dative dual)
akkiyābos (dative plural)
akkiyai (locative singular)
akkiyābim (dual instrumental)
akkiyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ax

Old Breton: acom

Old Cornish: ach

Middle Welsh: ach

Welsh: ach (“lineage, near”)

Old Irish: aicce (“proximity, fosterage”)
Irish: aice
Scottish Gaelic: aice

Derived from *ad- (“at”), literally “nearness”.


wolsos

wolsos (nominative singular)
wolsou (dual nominative)
wolsoi (nominative plural)
wolse (singular vocative)
wolsou (dual vocative)
wolsoi (plural vocative)
wolsom (accusative singular)
wolsou (accusative dual)
wolsons (accusative plural)
wolsī (genitive singular)
wolsous (dual genitive)
wolsom (genitive plural)
wolsūi (dative singular)
wolsobom (dative dual)
wolsobos (dative plural)
wolsei (locative singular)
wolsū (instrumental singular)
wolsobim (dual instrumental)
wolsūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goall

Breton: gwall

Cornish: gwall

Middle Welsh: gwall

Welsh: gwall

Gaulish: uolson (accusative singular)


krīkʷā

krīkʷā (nominative singular)
krīkʷai (dual nominative)
krīkʷās (nominative plural)
krīkʷā (singular vocative)
krīkʷai (dual vocative)
krīkʷās (plural vocative)
krīkʷam (accusative singular)
krīkʷai (accusative dual)
krīkʷāns (accusative plural)
krīkʷās (genitive singular)
krīkʷous (dual genitive)
krīkʷom (genitive plural)
krīkʷāi (dative singular)
krīkʷābom (dative dual)
krīkʷābos (dative plural)
krīkʷai (locative singular)
krīkʷābim (dual instrumental)
krīkʷābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krib

Middle Breton: crib (“comb”)

Breton: krib

Cornish: cryb

Old Welsh: crip

Middle Welsh: crib

Welsh: crib (“comb”)

Old Irish: crích
Middle Irish: crích
Irish: críoch
Manx: creagh (“furrow”)
Scottish Gaelic: crìoch

From Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“post”), though this would yield an unexpected lengthened earlier form of *krēkʷ-.


kolignos

kolignos (nominative singular)
kolignou (dual nominative)
kolignoi (nominative plural)
koligne (singular vocative)
kolignou (dual vocative)
kolignoi (plural vocative)
kolignom (accusative singular)
kolignou (accusative dual)
kolignons (accusative plural)
kolignī (genitive singular)
kolignous (dual genitive)
kolignom (genitive plural)
kolignūi (dative singular)
kolignobom (dative dual)
kolignobos (dative plural)
kolignei (locative singular)
kolignū (instrumental singular)
kolignobim (dual instrumental)
kolignūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koluɨn

Breton: kolen

Old Cornish: coloin

Cornish: kolen

Welsh: colwyn

Old Irish: cuilén

Irish: coileán

Irish: Coileán

English: Colin

English: Cullane

Manx: quallian

Scottish Gaelic: cuilean

Scottish Gaelic: Cailean

English: Colin

Due to a lack of potential Indo-European comparanda, Matasović concludes that the word was probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


tworkos

tworkos (nominative singular)
tworkou (dual nominative)
tworkoi (nominative plural)
tworke (singular vocative)
tworkou (dual vocative)
tworkoi (plural vocative)
tworkom (accusative singular)
tworkou (accusative dual)
tworkons (accusative plural)
tworkī (genitive singular)
tworkous (dual genitive)
tworkom (genitive plural)
tworkūi (dative singular)
tworkobom (dative dual)
tworkobos (dative plural)
tworkei (locative singular)
tworkū (instrumental singular)
tworkobim (dual instrumental)
tworkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: torch

Breton: tourc'h

Old Cornish: torch

Middle Welsh: twrch

Welsh: twrch

Old Irish: torc
Irish: torc
Scottish Gaelic: torc

From Proto-Indo-European *tworḱ-ó-s, from *twerḱ- (“to cut”) + *-ós (agent suffix), literally “cutter”.


widubiyom

widubiyom (nominative singular)
widubiyou (dual nominative)
widubiyā (nominative plural)
widubiyom (singular vocative)
widubiyou (dual vocative)
widubiyā (plural vocative)
widubiyom (accusative singular)
widubiyou (accusative dual)
widubiyā (accusative plural)
widubiyī (genitive singular)
widubiyous (dual genitive)
widubiyom (genitive plural)
widubiyūi (dative singular)
widubiyobom (dative dual)
widubiyobos (dative plural)
widubiyei (locative singular)
widubiyū (instrumental singular)
widubiyobim (dual instrumental)
widubiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨðüβ

Old Breton: guedom, guodob

Middle Breton: gousifyat, gouzifyad

Breton: gouzifiad

Cornish: gwydhyv

Old Welsh: uidimm

Middle Welsh: gwddyf

Welsh: gwddi (obsolete)

Old Irish: fidbae

Irish: fiodhbha

Gaulish: *uidubion

→ Latin: vidubium

French: vouge, voulge

→ English: voulge

Franco-Provençal: vezoig

From *widu- (“wood”) + *bi- (“to strike”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix).


balnīti

balnīmi (active first-person present singular)
balnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
biblāsū (active first-person future singular)
bilam (active first-person preterite singular)
balnīsi (active present second-person singular)
balnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
biblāsesi (active future second-person singular)
bils (active preterite second-person singular)
balnīti (active present singular third-person)
balnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
biblāseti (active future singular third-person)
bilt (active preterite singular third-person)
balnamosi (active first-person plural present)
balnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
biblāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bilme (active first-person plural preterite)
balnatesi (active plural present second-person)
balnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
biblāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bilte (active plural preterite second-person)
balnenti (active plural present third-person)
balnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
biblāsonti (active future plural third-person)
bilant (active plural preterite third-person)
belasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
belasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
balnī (active imperative second-person singular)
belaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
balnītou (active imperative singular third-person)
belasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
balnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
belasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
balnate (active imperative plural second-person)
belasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
balnentou (active imperative plural third-person)
balnīr (first-person passive present singular)
biblāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
balnītar (passive present second-person singular)
biblāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
balnītor (passive present singular third-person)
biblāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
balnammor (first-person passive plural present)
biblāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
balnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
biblāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
balnentor (passive plural present third-person)
biblāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
bilanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
belasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
belasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
belasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
belasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
belasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
belasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
balnonts (nominative singular)
balnonte (dual nominative)
balnontes (nominative plural)
balnonts (singular vocative)
balnonte (dual vocative)
balnontes (plural vocative)
balnontam (accusative singular)
balnonte (accusative dual)
balnontans (accusative plural)
balnantos (genitive singular)
balnantom (genitive plural)
balnantei (dative singular)
balnantbom (dative dual)
balnantbos (dative plural)
balnantī? (instrumental singular)
balnantbim (dual instrumental)
balnantbis (instrumental plural)
balnantī (nominative singular)
balnantī (dual nominative)
balnantiyās (nominative plural)
balnantī (singular vocative)
balnantī (dual vocative)
balnantiyās (plural vocative)
balnantīm (accusative singular)
balnantī (accusative dual)
balnantiyans (accusative plural)
balnantyās (genitive singular)
balnantyom (genitive plural)
balnantyāi (dative singular)
balnantyābom (dative dual)
balnantyābos (dative plural)
balnantyābim (dual instrumental)
balnantyābis (instrumental plural)
balnont (nominative singular)
balnonta (nominative plural)
balnont (singular vocative)
balnonta (plural vocative)
balnont (accusative singular)
balnonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Middle Welsh: ballwyf (1sg. subjunctive)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₁- (“to throw”), with an original meaning "throw (it away)" becoming a euphemism for death in Celtic. The -n-is from the nasal infix *-né-.


rināti

rināmi (active first-person present singular)
rinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rirīsū (active first-person future singular)
rira (active first-person preterite singular)
rināsi (active present second-person singular)
rinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rirīsesi (active future second-person singular)
riras? (active preterite second-person singular)
rināti (active present singular third-person)
rinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
rirīseti (active future singular third-person)
rire (active preterite singular third-person)
rinamosi (active first-person plural present)
rinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rirīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
rirmo (active first-person plural preterite)
rinatesi (active plural present second-person)
rinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rirīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
rire (active plural preterite second-person)
rinanti (active plural present third-person)
rinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
rirīsonti (active future plural third-person)
rirars (active plural preterite third-person)
reyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
reyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
rinā (active imperative second-person singular)
reyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
rinātou (active imperative singular third-person)
reyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
reyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rinate (active imperative plural second-person)
reyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rinantou (active imperative plural third-person)
rinār (first-person passive present singular)
rirīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
rirra (first-person passive preterite singular)
rinātar (passive present second-person singular)
rirīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
rirras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
rinātor (passive present singular third-person)
rirīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
rirre (passive preterite singular third-person)
rinammor (first-person passive plural present)
rirīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
rinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
rirīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
rinantor (passive plural present third-person)
rirīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
reyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
reyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
reyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
reyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
reyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
reyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
rinonts (nominative singular)
rinonte (dual nominative)
rinontes (nominative plural)
rinonts (singular vocative)
rinonte (dual vocative)
rinontes (plural vocative)
rinontam (accusative singular)
rinonte (accusative dual)
rinontans (accusative plural)
rinantos (genitive singular)
rinantom (genitive plural)
rinantei (dative singular)
rinantbom (dative dual)
rinantbos (dative plural)
rinantī? (instrumental singular)
rinantbim (dual instrumental)
rinantbis (instrumental plural)
rinantī (nominative singular)
rinantī (dual nominative)
rinantiyās (nominative plural)
rinantī (singular vocative)
rinantī (dual vocative)
rinantiyās (plural vocative)
rinantīm (accusative singular)
rinantī (accusative dual)
rinantiyans (accusative plural)
rinantyās (genitive singular)
rinantyom (genitive plural)
rinantyāi (dative singular)
rinantyābom (dative dual)
rinantyābos (dative plural)
rinantyābim (dual instrumental)
rinantyābis (instrumental plural)
rinont (nominative singular)
rinonta (nominative plural)
rinont (singular vocative)
rinonta (plural vocative)
rinont (accusative singular)
rinonta (accusative plural)
rītos (nominative singular)
rītou (dual nominative)
rītoi (nominative plural)
rīte (singular vocative)
rītou (dual vocative)
rītoi (plural vocative)
rītom (accusative singular)
rītou (accusative dual)
rītons (accusative plural)
rītī (genitive singular)
rītous (dual genitive)
rītom (genitive plural)
rītūi (dative singular)
rītobom (dative dual)
rītobos (dative plural)
rītū (instrumental singular)
rītobim (dual instrumental)
rītobis (instrumental plural)
rītā (nominative singular)
rītai (dual nominative)
rītās (nominative plural)
rītā (singular vocative)
rītai (dual vocative)
rītās (plural vocative)
rītam (accusative singular)
rītai (accusative dual)
rītans (accusative plural)
rītās (genitive singular)
rītai (dative singular)
rītābom (dative dual)
rītābos (dative plural)
rītābim (dual instrumental)
rītābis (instrumental plural)
rītom (nominative singular)
rītā (nominative plural)
rītom (singular vocative)
rītā (plural vocative)
rītā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: renaid
⇒ Middle Irish: reccaid (denominative from verbal noun)
Irish: reic
Scottish Gaelic: reic

Gaulish: rinoti

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ri-né-H-ti, nasal infix present of root *h₂reyH- (“to count”).


mantī

mantī (nominative singular)
mantī (dual nominative)
mantiyās (nominative plural)
mantī (singular vocative)
mantī (dual vocative)
mantiyās (plural vocative)
mantīm (accusative singular)
mantī (accusative dual)
mantīns (accusative plural)
mantyās (genitive singular)
mantyous (dual genitive)
mantyom (genitive plural)
mantyai (dative singular)
mantyābom (dative dual)
mantyābos (dative plural)
mantyābim (dual instrumental)
mantyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėnt

Old Breton: ment

Breton: ment

Cornish: mens, myns

Old Welsh: meint, mint

Middle Welsh: maint

Welsh: maint

Old Irish: méit
Irish: méid, méad
Scottish Gaelic: meud
Manx: mooad

From Proto-Indo-European *mh₁n̥tih₂, a feminine *-onts derivative of *meh₁- (“to measure”).


yālos

yālos (nominative singular)
yālou (dual nominative)
yāloi (nominative plural)
yāle (singular vocative)
yālou (dual vocative)
yāloi (plural vocative)
yālom (accusative singular)
yālou (accusative dual)
yālons (accusative plural)
yālī (genitive singular)
yālous (dual genitive)
yālom (genitive plural)
yālūi (dative singular)
yālobom (dative dual)
yālobos (dative plural)
yālei (locative singular)
yālū (instrumental singular)
yālobim (dual instrumental)
yālūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *yọl

Middle Welsh: iawl

Welsh: iawl

Old Irish: áil

From Proto-Indo-European *yéh₂los (“zeal”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos) and Serbo-Croatian jal (“envy, malice”).


eɸirom

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“near, on”). Originally a derived noun reworked into a preposition in Irish.


eɸirom

efirom (nominative singular)
efirou (dual nominative)
efirā (nominative plural)
efirom (singular vocative)
efirou (dual vocative)
efirā (plural vocative)
efirom (accusative singular)
efirou (accusative dual)
efirā (accusative plural)
efirī (genitive singular)
efirous (dual genitive)
efirom (genitive plural)
efirūi (dative singular)
efirobom (dative dual)
efirobos (dative plural)
efirei (locative singular)
efirū (instrumental singular)
efirobim (dual instrumental)
efirūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: íar
Irish: ar (partly)

⇒ Gaulish: *ēri-, *ērno-

Éditions de la Différence
w::fr:Éditions de la Différence


bergā

bergā (nominative singular)
bergai (dual nominative)
bergās (nominative plural)
bergā (singular vocative)
bergai (dual vocative)
bergās (plural vocative)
bergam (accusative singular)
bergai (accusative dual)
bergāns (accusative plural)
bergās (genitive singular)
bergous (dual genitive)
bergom (genitive plural)
bergāi (dative singular)
bergābom (dative dual)
bergābos (dative plural)
bergai (locative singular)
bergābim (dual instrumental)
bergābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: beryf, bery

Welsh: bery (“bird of prey”)

Old Irish: berg

From either:
* According to Matasović, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”), similar to Latin fur (“thief”), though the *-gā suffix is unusual.
* According to Schrijver, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“high”); "stealing" developing from "flying" has a parallel in French voler (“to fly, steal”).


-isamos

-isamos (nominative singular)
-isamou (dual nominative)
-isamoi (nominative plural)
-isame (singular vocative)
-isamou (dual vocative)
-isamoi (plural vocative)
-isamom (accusative singular)
-isamou (accusative dual)
-isamons (accusative plural)
-isamī (genitive singular)
-isamous (dual genitive)
-isamom (genitive plural)
-isamūi (dative singular)
-isamobom (dative dual)
-isamobos (dative plural)
-isamū (instrumental singular)
-isamobim (dual instrumental)
-isamobis (instrumental plural)
-isamā (nominative singular)
-isamai (dual nominative)
-isamās (nominative plural)
-isamā (singular vocative)
-isamai (dual vocative)
-isamās (plural vocative)
-isamam (accusative singular)
-isamai (accusative dual)
-isamans (accusative plural)
-isamās (genitive singular)
-isamai (dative singular)
-isamābom (dative dual)
-isamābos (dative plural)
-isamābim (dual instrumental)
-isamābis (instrumental plural)
-isamom (nominative singular)
-isamā (nominative plural)
-isamom (singular vocative)
-isamā (plural vocative)
-isamā (accusative plural)
*-samos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *-haβ̃

Old Breton: -ham

Breton: -añ

Old Welsh: -ham

Middle Welsh: -af

Welsh: -af

Old Irish: -em (superlative suffix)

Gaulish: -isamos

From a combination of *-is- (zero-grade intensive adjectival suffix) + *-tm̥mos (superlative suffix).

af

senos (“old”) + *-isamos → *senisamos (“oldest”) (whence Old Irish sinem and Welsh hynaf)


suwits

suwits (nominative singular)
suwide (dual nominative)
suwides (nominative plural)
suwits (singular vocative)
suwide (dual vocative)
suwides (plural vocative)
suwidam (accusative singular)
suwide (accusative dual)
suwidans (accusative plural)
suwidos (genitive singular)
suwidou (dual genitive)
suwidom (genitive plural)
suwidei (dative singular)
suwidobom (dative dual)
suwidobos (dative plural)
suwidi (locative singular)
suwide? (instrumental singular)
suwidobim (dual instrumental)
suwidobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: syw (“excellent”)

Old Irish: suí (“sage”)

From *su- (“good”) + *wid- (“to know”), literally “good-knower”.


duketi

dukū (active first-person present singular)
dukemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
diduxsū (active first-person future singular)
dudouka (active first-person preterite singular)
dukesi (active present second-person singular)
duketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
diduxsesi (active future second-person singular)
dudoukas? (active preterite second-person singular)
duketi (active present singular third-person)
duketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
diduxseti (active future singular third-person)
dudouke (active preterite singular third-person)
dukomosi (active first-person plural present)
dukemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
diduxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
dudoukmo (active first-person plural preterite)
duketesi (active plural present second-person)
dukestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
diduxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
dudouxte (active plural preterite second-person)
dukonti (active plural present third-person)
dukento (active imperfect plural third-person)
diduxsonti (active future plural third-person)
dudoukars (active plural preterite third-person)
douxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
douxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
duke (active imperative second-person singular)
douxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
duketou (active imperative singular third-person)
douxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dukomos (active first-person imperative plural)
douxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dukete (active imperative plural second-person)
douxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dukontou (active imperative plural third-person)
dukūr (first-person passive present singular)
diduxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
dudoukra (first-person passive preterite singular)
duketar (passive present second-person singular)
diduxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
dudoukras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
duketor (passive present singular third-person)
diduxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
dudoukre (passive preterite singular third-person)
dukommor (first-person passive plural present)
diduxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
dukedwe (passive plural present second-person)
diduxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
dukontor (passive plural present third-person)
diduxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
douxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
douxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
douxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
douxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
douxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
douxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dukonts (nominative singular)
dukonte (dual nominative)
dukontes (nominative plural)
dukonts (singular vocative)
dukonte (dual vocative)
dukontes (plural vocative)
dukontam (accusative singular)
dukonte (accusative dual)
dukontans (accusative plural)
dukantos (genitive singular)
dukantom (genitive plural)
dukantei (dative singular)
dukantbom (dative dual)
dukantbos (dative plural)
dukantī? (instrumental singular)
dukantbim (dual instrumental)
dukantbis (instrumental plural)
dukantī (nominative singular)
dukantī (dual nominative)
dukantiyās (nominative plural)
dukantī (singular vocative)
dukantī (dual vocative)
dukantiyās (plural vocative)
dukantīm (accusative singular)
dukantī (accusative dual)
dukantiyans (accusative plural)
dukantyās (genitive singular)
dukantyom (genitive plural)
dukantyāi (dative singular)
dukantyābom (dative dual)
dukantyābos (dative plural)
dukantyābim (dual instrumental)
dukantyābis (instrumental plural)
dukont (nominative singular)
dukonta (nominative plural)
dukont (singular vocative)
dukonta (plural vocative)
dukont (accusative singular)
dukonta (accusative plural)
duxtos (nominative singular)
duxtou (dual nominative)
duxtoi (nominative plural)
duxte (singular vocative)
duxtou (dual vocative)
duxtoi (plural vocative)
duxtom (accusative singular)
duxtou (accusative dual)
duxtons (accusative plural)
duxtī (genitive singular)
duxtous (dual genitive)
duxtom (genitive plural)
duxtūi (dative singular)
duxtobom (dative dual)
duxtobos (dative plural)
duxtū (instrumental singular)
duxtobim (dual instrumental)
duxtobis (instrumental plural)
duxtā (nominative singular)
duxtai (dual nominative)
duxtās (nominative plural)
duxtā (singular vocative)
duxtai (dual vocative)
duxtās (plural vocative)
duxtam (accusative singular)
duxtai (accusative dual)
duxtans (accusative plural)
duxtās (genitive singular)
duxtai (dative singular)
duxtābom (dative dual)
duxtābos (dative plural)
duxtābim (dual instrumental)
duxtābis (instrumental plural)
duxtom (nominative singular)
duxtā (nominative plural)
duxtom (singular vocative)
duxtā (plural vocative)
duxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: douen

Breton: dougen

Cornish: don

Middle Welsh: dwyn

Welsh: dwyn

From Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”).


uɸolexs

uɸolexs (nominative singular)
uɸolege (dual nominative)
uɸoleges (nominative plural)
uɸolexs (singular vocative)
uɸolege (dual vocative)
uɸoleges (plural vocative)
uɸolegam (accusative singular)
uɸolege (accusative dual)
uɸolegans (accusative plural)
uɸolegos (genitive singular)
uɸolegou (dual genitive)
uɸolegom (genitive plural)
uɸolegei (dative singular)
uɸolegobom (dative dual)
uɸolegobos (dative plural)
uɸolegi (locative singular)
uɸolege? (instrumental singular)
uɸolegobim (dual instrumental)
uɸolegobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwal

Middle Welsh: gwâl

Welsh: gwâl

Old Irish: foil

⇒ Old Irish: muccfoil (“pigsty”)

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *leg- (“to lie”), literally “lying underneath”.


-iyos

-yos (nominative singular)
-you (dual nominative)
-yoi (nominative plural)
-ye (singular vocative)
-you (dual vocative)
-yoi (plural vocative)
-yom (accusative singular)
-you (accusative dual)
-yons (accusative plural)
-yī (genitive singular)
-yous (dual genitive)
-yom (genitive plural)
-yūi (dative singular)
-yobom (dative dual)
-yobos (dative plural)
-yei (locative singular)
-yū (instrumental singular)
-yobim (dual instrumental)
-yūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ɨð

Welsh: -ydd

From an enlargement of *-os (agent suffix) by analogy with the feminine abstract suffix *-iyā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (agent suffix).

sag- (“to seek”) + *-iyos → *sagiyos (“seeker”)