yuwankos

yowais (comparative)
yuwankos (nominative singular)
yuwankou (dual nominative)
yuwankoi (nominative plural)
yuwanke (singular vocative)
yuwankou (dual vocative)
yuwankoi (plural vocative)
yuwankom (accusative singular)
yuwankou (accusative dual)
yuwankons (accusative plural)
yuwankī (genitive singular)
yuwankous (dual genitive)
yuwankom (genitive plural)
yuwankūi (dative singular)
yuwankobom (dative dual)
yuwankobos (dative plural)
yuwankū (instrumental singular)
yuwankobim (dual instrumental)
yuwankobis (instrumental plural)
yuwankā (nominative singular)
yuwankai (dual nominative)
yuwankās (nominative plural)
yuwankā (singular vocative)
yuwankai (dual vocative)
yuwankās (plural vocative)
yuwankam (accusative singular)
yuwankai (accusative dual)
yuwankans (accusative plural)
yuwankās (genitive singular)
yuwankai (dative singular)
yuwankābom (dative dual)
yuwankābos (dative plural)
yuwankābim (dual instrumental)
yuwankābis (instrumental plural)
yuwankom (nominative singular)
yuwankā (nominative plural)
yuwankom (singular vocative)
yuwankā (plural vocative)
yuwankā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jowank
Middle Breton: youanc
Breton: yowank, yaouank
Old Cornish: iouenc
Middle Cornish: yowynk, yonk
Cornish: yowynk, yonk
Middle Welsh: ieuanc
Welsh: ieuanc, iefanc, ifanc

Old Irish: óc, oäc, oëc (early)
Irish: óg
Manx: aeg
Scottish Gaelic: òg
⇒ Middle Irish: ócán
Irish: ógán
Manx: aegan
Scottish Gaelic: ògan

Gaulish: Iouinca


klitos

klitos (nominative singular)
klitou (dual nominative)
klitoi (nominative plural)
klite (singular vocative)
klitou (dual vocative)
klitoi (plural vocative)
klitom (accusative singular)
klitou (accusative dual)
klitons (accusative plural)
klitī (genitive singular)
klitous (dual genitive)
klitom (genitive plural)
klitūi (dative singular)
klitobom (dative dual)
klitobos (dative plural)
klitū (instrumental singular)
klitobim (dual instrumental)
klitobis (instrumental plural)
klitā (nominative singular)
klitai (dual nominative)
klitās (nominative plural)
klitā (singular vocative)
klitai (dual vocative)
klitās (plural vocative)
klitam (accusative singular)
klitai (accusative dual)
klitans (accusative plural)
klitās (genitive singular)
klitai (dative singular)
klitābom (dative dual)
klitābos (dative plural)
klitābim (dual instrumental)
klitābis (instrumental plural)
klitom (nominative singular)
klitā (nominative plural)
klitom (singular vocative)
klitā (plural vocative)
klitā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *klɨd
Middle Welsh: clyd
Welsh: clyd

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱli-tós (“covered, sheltered”), from *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”) + *-tós.


ɸleitos

ɸleitos (nominative singular)
ɸleitou (dual nominative)
ɸleitoi (nominative plural)
ɸleite (singular vocative)
ɸleitou (dual vocative)
ɸleitoi (plural vocative)
ɸleitom (accusative singular)
ɸleitou (accusative dual)
ɸleitons (accusative plural)
ɸleitī (genitive singular)
ɸleitous (dual genitive)
ɸleitom (genitive plural)
ɸleitūi (dative singular)
ɸleitobom (dative dual)
ɸleitobos (dative plural)
ɸleitū (instrumental singular)
ɸleitobim (dual instrumental)
ɸleitobis (instrumental plural)
ɸleitā (nominative singular)
ɸleitai (dual nominative)
ɸleitās (nominative plural)
ɸleitā (singular vocative)
ɸleitai (dual vocative)
ɸleitās (plural vocative)
ɸleitam (accusative singular)
ɸleitai (accusative dual)
ɸleitans (accusative plural)
ɸleitās (genitive singular)
ɸleitai (dative singular)
ɸleitābom (dative dual)
ɸleitābos (dative plural)
ɸleitābim (dual instrumental)
ɸleitābis (instrumental plural)
ɸleitom (nominative singular)
ɸleitā (nominative plural)
ɸleitom (singular vocative)
ɸleitā (plural vocative)
ɸleitā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨd
Breton: louet
Cornish: loos
Welsh: llwyd

Old Irish: líath
Irish: liath
Manx: lheeah
Scottish Gaelic: liath
⇒ Middle Irish: lías
⇒ Middle Irish: líathaid

From Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁- (“pale”). Cognate with Latin palleo and English fallow.


noxtos

noxtos (nominative singular)
noxtou (dual nominative)
noxtoi (nominative plural)
noxte (singular vocative)
noxtou (dual vocative)
noxtoi (plural vocative)
noxtom (accusative singular)
noxtou (accusative dual)
noxtons (accusative plural)
noxtī (genitive singular)
noxtous (dual genitive)
noxtom (genitive plural)
noxtūi (dative singular)
noxtobom (dative dual)
noxtobos (dative plural)
noxtū (instrumental singular)
noxtobim (dual instrumental)
noxtobis (instrumental plural)
noxtā (nominative singular)
noxtai (dual nominative)
noxtās (nominative plural)
noxtā (singular vocative)
noxtai (dual vocative)
noxtās (plural vocative)
noxtam (accusative singular)
noxtai (accusative dual)
noxtans (accusative plural)
noxtās (genitive singular)
noxtai (dative singular)
noxtābom (dative dual)
noxtābos (dative plural)
noxtābim (dual instrumental)
noxtābis (instrumental plural)
noxtom (nominative singular)
noxtā (nominative plural)
noxtom (singular vocative)
noxtā (plural vocative)
noxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *noɨθ
Old Breton: noit
Middle Breton: noaz
Breton: noazh
Cornish: noth
Middle Welsh: noeth
Welsh: noeth

Old Irish: nocht
Irish: nocht
Scottish Gaelic: nochd


kʷoxtos

kʷoxtos (nominative singular)
kʷoxtou (dual nominative)
kʷoxtoi (nominative plural)
kʷoxte (singular vocative)
kʷoxtou (dual vocative)
kʷoxtoi (plural vocative)
kʷoxtom (accusative singular)
kʷoxtou (accusative dual)
kʷoxtons (accusative plural)
kʷoxtī (genitive singular)
kʷoxtous (dual genitive)
kʷoxtom (genitive plural)
kʷoxtūi (dative singular)
kʷoxtobom (dative dual)
kʷoxtobos (dative plural)
kʷoxtū (instrumental singular)
kʷoxtobim (dual instrumental)
kʷoxtobis (instrumental plural)
kʷoxtā (nominative singular)
kʷoxtai (dual nominative)
kʷoxtās (nominative plural)
kʷoxtā (singular vocative)
kʷoxtai (dual vocative)
kʷoxtās (plural vocative)
kʷoxtam (accusative singular)
kʷoxtai (accusative dual)
kʷoxtans (accusative plural)
kʷoxtās (genitive singular)
kʷoxtai (dative singular)
kʷoxtābom (dative dual)
kʷoxtābos (dative plural)
kʷoxtābim (dual instrumental)
kʷoxtābis (instrumental plural)
kʷoxtom (nominative singular)
kʷoxtā (nominative plural)
kʷoxtom (singular vocative)
kʷoxtā (plural vocative)
kʷoxtā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *poɨθ
Middle Breton: poaz
Breton: poazh
Middle Cornish: poth
Cornish: pooth
Middle Welsh: poeth
Welsh: poeth

From Proto-Indo-European *pokʷ-tó-s, from *pekʷ- (“to cook”). Effectively the past participle of *kʷokʷeti (“to cook”).


ɸriyos

ɸriyos (nominative singular)
ɸriyou (dual nominative)
ɸriyoi (nominative plural)
ɸriye (singular vocative)
ɸriyou (dual vocative)
ɸriyoi (plural vocative)
ɸriyom (accusative singular)
ɸriyou (accusative dual)
ɸriyons (accusative plural)
ɸriyī (genitive singular)
ɸriyous (dual genitive)
ɸriyom (genitive plural)
ɸriyūi (dative singular)
ɸriyobom (dative dual)
ɸriyobos (dative plural)
ɸriyū (instrumental singular)
ɸriyobim (dual instrumental)
ɸriyobis (instrumental plural)
ɸriyā (nominative singular)
ɸriyai (dual nominative)
ɸriyās (nominative plural)
ɸriyā (singular vocative)
ɸriyai (dual vocative)
ɸriyās (plural vocative)
ɸriyam (accusative singular)
ɸriyai (accusative dual)
ɸriyans (accusative plural)
ɸriyās (genitive singular)
ɸriyai (dative singular)
ɸriyābom (dative dual)
ɸriyābos (dative plural)
ɸriyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸriyābis (instrumental plural)
ɸriyom (nominative singular)
ɸriyā (nominative plural)
ɸriyom (singular vocative)
ɸriyā (plural vocative)
ɸriyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨð
Old Breton: rid
Old Cornish: rid
Cornish: rydh
Welsh: rhydd

From Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“dear, free”).


temeslos

temeslos (nominative singular)
temeslou (dual nominative)
temesloi (nominative plural)
temesle (singular vocative)
temeslou (dual vocative)
temesloi (plural vocative)
temeslom (accusative singular)
temeslou (accusative dual)
temeslons (accusative plural)
temeslī (genitive singular)
temeslous (dual genitive)
temeslom (genitive plural)
temeslūi (dative singular)
temeslobom (dative dual)
temeslobos (dative plural)
temeslei (locative singular)
temeslū (instrumental singular)
temeslobim (dual instrumental)
temeslūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tɨβ̃uɨl
Old Breton: temoel
Middle Breton: teffal
Breton: teñval
Old Cornish: tiwoulgou
Middle Cornish: teul, tevle
Cornish: tewl, tewal
Old Welsh: timuil
Welsh: tywyll

Old Irish: temel
Middle Irish: teimel
Irish: teimheal

From Proto-Indo-European *témHeslos (“darkness”), from *temH- (“dark”).


uɸer-

Old Irish: for-

Irish: for-

Proto-Brythonic: *gwor-

Breton: guor-

Cornish: gor-

Welsh: gor-

Gaulish: Vercingetorix (personal name)

From Proto-Indo-European *upér (which in Celtic also survived as a preposition *uɸer). Cognate with English over, Latin super.


tigernos

tigernos (nominative singular)
tigernou (dual nominative)
tigernoi (nominative plural)
tigerne (singular vocative)
tigernou (dual vocative)
tigernoi (plural vocative)
tigernom (accusative singular)
tigernou (accusative dual)
tigernons (accusative plural)
tigernī (genitive singular)
tigernous (dual genitive)
tigernom (genitive plural)
tigernūi (dative singular)
tigernobom (dative dual)
tigernobos (dative plural)
tigernei (locative singular)
tigernū (instrumental singular)
tigernobim (dual instrumental)
tigernūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tɨɣern, *teɣɨrn
Old Breton: *tiarn, *tiern
Middle Breton: tiern
Breton: tiern
Old Welsh: *tigern
Middle Welsh: teern, teyrn
Welsh: teyrn

Primitive Irish: ᚈᚔᚌᚔᚏᚅ (tigirn)

Old Irish: tigern

→ tigernae
Middle Irish: tigerna
Irish: tiarna
Manx: çhiarn
Scottish Gaelic: tighearna

Gaulish: *tigernos

⇒ Latin: Castrum Tigernum

Possibly from *tiger (“raid”) + *-īnos. The former could be from *teigeti (“to go”).


dīkos

dīkos (nominative singular)
dīkou (dual nominative)
dīkoi (nominative plural)
dīke (singular vocative)
dīkou (dual vocative)
dīkoi (plural vocative)
dīkom (accusative singular)
dīkou (accusative dual)
dīkons (accusative plural)
dīkī (genitive singular)
dīkous (dual genitive)
dīkom (genitive plural)
dīkūi (dative singular)
dīkobom (dative dual)
dīkobos (dative plural)
dīkei (locative singular)
dīkū (instrumental singular)
dīkobim (dual instrumental)
dīkūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *dig
Middle Welsh: dic
Welsh: dig


swerwos

swerwos (nominative singular)
swerwou (dual nominative)
swerwoi (nominative plural)
swerwe (singular vocative)
swerwou (dual vocative)
swerwoi (plural vocative)
swerwom (accusative singular)
swerwou (accusative dual)
swerwons (accusative plural)
swerwī (genitive singular)
swerwous (dual genitive)
swerwom (genitive plural)
swerwūi (dative singular)
swerwobom (dative dual)
swerwobos (dative plural)
swerwū (instrumental singular)
swerwobim (dual instrumental)
swerwobis (instrumental plural)
swerwā (nominative singular)
swerwai (dual nominative)
swerwās (nominative plural)
swerwā (singular vocative)
swerwai (dual vocative)
swerwās (plural vocative)
swerwam (accusative singular)
swerwai (accusative dual)
swerwans (accusative plural)
swerwās (genitive singular)
swerwai (dative singular)
swerwābom (dative dual)
swerwābos (dative plural)
swerwābim (dual instrumental)
swerwābis (instrumental plural)
swerwom (nominative singular)
swerwā (nominative plural)
swerwom (singular vocative)
swerwā (plural vocative)
swerwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwerw

Old Breton: hueru

Breton: c'hwerv

Cornish: hwerow

Middle Welsh: chwerw

Welsh: chwerw

Old Irish: serb

Irish: searbh

Scottish Gaelic: searbh

Manx: sharroo

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“ache”).


trīkonts

trīkonts (nominative singular)
trīkonte (dual nominative)
trīkontes (nominative plural)
trīkonts (singular vocative)
trīkonte (dual vocative)
trīkontes (plural vocative)
trīkontam (accusative singular)
trīkonte (accusative dual)
trīkontans (accusative plural)
trīkontos (genitive singular)
trīkontou (dual genitive)
trīkontom (genitive plural)
trīkontei (dative singular)
trīkontobom (dative dual)
trīkontobos (dative plural)
trīkonti (locative singular)
trīkonte? (instrumental singular)
trīkontobim (dual instrumental)
trīkontobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trigunt

Old Breton: tricont, trigont

Middle Breton: tregont

Breton: tregont

Old Irish: trícho

Middle Irish: trícha

Irish: tríocha

Gaulish: tricontis

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tridḱómt.


aratrom

aratrom (nominative singular)
aratrou (dual nominative)
aratrā (nominative plural)
aratrom (singular vocative)
aratrou (dual vocative)
aratrā (plural vocative)
aratrom (accusative singular)
aratrou (accusative dual)
aratrā (accusative plural)
aratrī (genitive singular)
aratrous (dual genitive)
aratrom (genitive plural)
aratrūi (dative singular)
aratrobom (dative dual)
aratrobos (dative plural)
aratrei (locative singular)
aratrū (instrumental singular)
aratrobim (dual instrumental)
aratrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aradr
Middle Breton: arazr
Breton: arar
Old Cornish: aradar
Cornish: arader
Old Welsh: ara⟨ter⟩
Middle Welsh: aradr
Welsh: aradr

Old Irish: arathar
Irish: arathar


woxtlom

woxtlom (nominative singular)
woxtlou (dual nominative)
woxtlā (nominative plural)
woxtlom (singular vocative)
woxtlou (dual vocative)
woxtlā (plural vocative)
woxtlom (accusative singular)
woxtlou (accusative dual)
woxtlā (accusative plural)
woxtlī (genitive singular)
woxtlous (dual genitive)
woxtlom (genitive plural)
woxtlūi (dative singular)
woxtlobom (dative dual)
woxtlobos (dative plural)
woxtlei (locative singular)
woxtlū (instrumental singular)
woxtlobim (dual instrumental)
woxtlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoɨθl

Middle Welsh: gwaethl (“dispute”)

Welsh: gwaethl (“debate”)

Old Irish: focul

Irish: focal

Manx: fockle

Scottish Gaelic: facal

From Proto-Indo-European *wókʷtlom, from the root *wekʷ- (“to utter, voice”). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *wáktram (“mouth”) (whence Sanskrit वक्त्र (vaktra), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬑𐬆𐬜𐬭𐬀 (vaxəδra)).


agrom

agrom (nominative singular)
agrou (dual nominative)
agrā (nominative plural)
agrom (singular vocative)
agrou (dual vocative)
agrā (plural vocative)
agrom (accusative singular)
agrou (accusative dual)
agrā (accusative plural)
agrī (genitive singular)
agrous (dual genitive)
agrom (genitive plural)
agrūi (dative singular)
agrobom (dative dual)
agrobos (dative plural)
agrei (locative singular)
agrū (instrumental singular)
agrobim (dual instrumental)
agrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨr
Old Breton: air
Old Cornish: hair
Old Welsh: hair
Middle Welsh: aer

Old Irish: ár
Irish: ár
Scottish Gaelic: àr

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro-, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaⁱδī, “hunt”).


wiweros

wiweros (nominative singular)
wiwerou (dual nominative)
wiweroi (nominative plural)
wiwere (singular vocative)
wiwerou (dual vocative)
wiweroi (plural vocative)
wiwerom (accusative singular)
wiwerou (accusative dual)
wiwerons (accusative plural)
wiwerī (genitive singular)
wiwerous (dual genitive)
wiwerom (genitive plural)
wiwerūi (dative singular)
wiwerobom (dative dual)
wiwerobos (dative plural)
wiwerei (locative singular)
wiwerū (instrumental singular)
wiwerobim (dual instrumental)
wiwerūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwɨwer
Breton: gwiñver
Cornish: gwiwer
Welsh: gwiwer

Old Irish: íaru

Irish: iora

Scottish Gaelic: feòrag

Manx: fiorag

From Proto-Indo-European *wi(r)-wer-, from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“squirrel”). Compare Latin viverra.


trebā

trebā (nominative singular)
trebai (dual nominative)
trebās (nominative plural)
trebā (singular vocative)
trebai (dual vocative)
trebās (plural vocative)
trebam (accusative singular)
trebai (accusative dual)
trebāns (accusative plural)
trebās (genitive singular)
trebous (dual genitive)
trebom (genitive plural)
trebāi (dative singular)
trebābom (dative dual)
trebābos (dative plural)
trebai (locative singular)
trebābim (dual instrumental)
trebābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *treβ
Old Breton: treff
Breton: trev
Middle Welsh: tref
Welsh: tref, tre
Cumbric: *trev

Old Irish: treb

Irish: treabh, treibh

Gaulish: *trebā

→ Old Occitan: trevar (“to inhabit”)

⇒ Gaulish: Atrebates

From Proto-Indo-European *treb- (“dwelling, settlement”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þurpą (English thorp, German Dorf).


biwos

biwos (nominative singular)
biwou (dual nominative)
biwoi (nominative plural)
biwe (singular vocative)
biwou (dual vocative)
biwoi (plural vocative)
biwom (accusative singular)
biwou (accusative dual)
biwons (accusative plural)
biwī (genitive singular)
biwous (dual genitive)
biwom (genitive plural)
biwūi (dative singular)
biwobom (dative dual)
biwobos (dative plural)
biwū (instrumental singular)
biwobim (dual instrumental)
biwobis (instrumental plural)
biwā (nominative singular)
biwai (dual nominative)
biwās (nominative plural)
biwā (singular vocative)
biwai (dual vocative)
biwās (plural vocative)
biwam (accusative singular)
biwai (accusative dual)
biwans (accusative plural)
biwās (genitive singular)
biwai (dative singular)
biwābom (dative dual)
biwābos (dative plural)
biwābim (dual instrumental)
biwābis (instrumental plural)
biwom (nominative singular)
biwā (nominative plural)
biwom (singular vocative)
biwā (plural vocative)
biwā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨw
Breton: bev, beo (obsolete)
Cornish: byw, bew
Welsh: byw

Old Irish: béo
Irish: beo
Manx: bio
Scottish Gaelic: beò

desc

⇒ Lepontic: 𐌐𐌉𐌖𐌏𐌍𐌄𐌉 (piuonei, individualized n-stem name)


banonā

banonā (nominative singular)
banonai (dual nominative)
banonās (nominative plural)
banonā (singular vocative)
banonai (dual vocative)
banonās (plural vocative)
banonam (accusative singular)
banonai (accusative dual)
banonāns (accusative plural)
banonās (genitive singular)
banonous (dual genitive)
banonom (genitive plural)
banonāi (dative singular)
banonābom (dative dual)
banonābos (dative plural)
banonai (locative singular)
banonābim (dual instrumental)
banonābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *banon

Welsh: banon

Gaulish: Banona, Banonias

From *benā (“woman”) + *-onā (individualizing suffix).


britis

britis (nominative singular)
britī (dual nominative)
britīs (nominative plural)
briti (singular vocative)
britī (dual vocative)
britīs (plural vocative)
britim (accusative singular)
britī (accusative dual)
britins (accusative plural)
briteis (genitive singular)
brityow (dual genitive)
brityom (genitive plural)
britei (dative singular)
britibom (dative dual)
britibos (dative plural)
britei (locative singular)
britī (instrumental singular)
britibim (dual instrumental)
britibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨd
Cornish: brys
Middle Welsh: bryd
Welsh: bryd

Old Irish: brith, breth

Irish: breith

Scottish Gaelic: breith

An archaic inherited *-tis action noun. From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *bʰértis, from *bʰer- (“to bear”).


brigantī

brigantī (nominative singular)
brigantī (dual nominative)
brigantiyās (nominative plural)
brigantī (singular vocative)
brigantī (dual vocative)
brigantiyās (plural vocative)
brigantīm (accusative singular)
brigantī (accusative dual)
brigantīns (accusative plural)
brigantyās (genitive singular)
brigantyous (dual genitive)
brigantyom (genitive plural)
brigantyai (dative singular)
brigantyābom (dative dual)
brigantyābos (dative plural)
brigantyābim (dual instrumental)
brigantyābis (instrumental plural)

desc

→ Galician: (place name) Bergantiños; ⇒? (from *Brigantica, place names) Breanca, Brántega

→ Portuguese: (place name) Bragança

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨɣėnt
Old Breton: Brient (personal name)
→ Middle Irish: Brían
Irish: Brian
English: Brian, Bryan, Bryon
→ Cebuano: Brian
→ Danish: Brian
→ Faroese: Brian
→ French: Brian
Old Welsh: bryeint
Middle Welsh: breeint
Welsh: braint

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂ ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂-, feminine of *bʰérǵʰonts.

inh

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨɣėntinOld Breton: brientin

bryntynMiddle Welsh: brenhinWelsh: brenin→ Old Irish: BrénainnIrish: Bréanainn→ Latin: BrendanusGalician: Brandán→ Irish: Breandán→ English: Brendan


beitom

beitom (nominative singular)
beitou (dual nominative)
beitā (nominative plural)
beitom (singular vocative)
beitou (dual vocative)
beitā (plural vocative)
beitom (accusative singular)
beitou (accusative dual)
beitā (accusative plural)
beitī (genitive singular)
beitous (dual genitive)
beitom (genitive plural)
beitūi (dative singular)
beitobom (dative dual)
beitobos (dative plural)
beitei (locative singular)
beitū (instrumental singular)
beitobim (dual instrumental)
beitūis (instrumental plural)
*biyatom (alternative)
*beyatom (alternative)
*biyotom (alternative)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *buɨd
Middle Breton: boet, bouet
Breton: boued
Old Cornish: buit
Cornish: boos, boys
Middle Welsh: bwyt
Welsh: bwyd

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*biyatom, beyatom, biyotom</i>?

Old Irish: bíad, bïad (from *biyatom, beyatom, biyotom?)

Irish: bia

Manx: bee

Scottish Gaelic: biadh

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃tom, from *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”). The by-form *biyatom is from a different formation from the same root.


boukolyos

boukolyos (nominative singular)
boukolyou (dual nominative)
boukolyoi (nominative plural)
boukolye (singular vocative)
boukolyou (dual vocative)
boukolyoi (plural vocative)
boukolyom (accusative singular)
boukolyou (accusative dual)
boukolyons (accusative plural)
boukolyī (genitive singular)
boukolyous (dual genitive)
boukolyom (genitive plural)
boukolyūi (dative singular)
boukolyobom (dative dual)
boukolyobos (dative plural)
boukolyei (locative singular)
boukolyū (instrumental singular)
boukolyobim (dual instrumental)
boukolyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉgöl
Middle Breton: buguel, bugel
Breton: bugel
Cornish: bugel
Middle Welsh: bugeil
Welsh: bugail

Old Irish: búachaill, bóchaill
Irish: buachaill
Manx: bochilley
Scottish Gaelic: buachaill, buachaille

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷowkólos, from *gʷṓws (“cow”) + *kʷel- (“to revolve, move around, sojourn”).


datlā

datlā (nominative singular)
datlai (dual nominative)
datlās (nominative plural)
datlā (singular vocative)
datlai (dual vocative)
datlās (plural vocative)
datlam (accusative singular)
datlai (accusative dual)
datlāns (accusative plural)
datlās (genitive singular)
datlous (dual genitive)
datlom (genitive plural)
datlāi (dative singular)
datlābom (dative dual)
datlābos (dative plural)
datlai (locative singular)
datlābim (dual instrumental)
datlābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dadl
Old Breton: dadl
Breton: dael
Middle Welsh: dadl
Welsh: dadl

Old Irish: dál
Irish: dáil
Scottish Gaelic: dàil

Of disputed origin, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh̥₁-tl-eh₂, from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”) + *-tlo- (instrument noun suffix) (synchronically, *-tlā).


gdonyos

gdonyos (nominative singular)
gdonyou (dual nominative)
gdonyoi (nominative plural)
gdonye (singular vocative)
gdonyou (dual vocative)
gdonyoi (plural vocative)
gdonyom (accusative singular)
gdonyou (accusative dual)
gdonyons (accusative plural)
gdonyī (genitive singular)
gdonyous (dual genitive)
gdonyom (genitive plural)
gdonyūi (dative singular)
gdonyobom (dative dual)
gdonyobos (dative plural)
gdonyei (locative singular)
gdonyū (instrumental singular)
gdonyobim (dual instrumental)
gdonyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *dün
Old Breton: don, den
Middle Breton: den
Breton: den
Old Cornish: den
Cornish: den
Middle Welsh: dyn
Welsh: dyn

Old Irish: duine
Middle Irish: duine
Irish: duine
Manx: dooinney
Scottish Gaelic: duine

Gaulish: xtonion (gen. pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰom-yo-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).


ekʷālos

ekʷālos (nominative singular)
ekʷālou (dual nominative)
ekʷāloi (nominative plural)
ekʷāle (singular vocative)
ekʷālou (dual vocative)
ekʷāloi (plural vocative)
ekʷālom (accusative singular)
ekʷālou (accusative dual)
ekʷālons (accusative plural)
ekʷālī (genitive singular)
ekʷālous (dual genitive)
ekʷālom (genitive plural)
ekʷālūi (dative singular)
ekʷālobom (dative dual)
ekʷālobos (dative plural)
ekʷālei (locative singular)
ekʷālū (instrumental singular)
ekʷālobim (dual instrumental)
ekʷālūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ebọl
Old Breton: ebol
Middle Breton: ebeul
Breton: ebeul
Old Cornish: ebol
Cornish: ebel
Middle Welsh: ebawl
Welsh: ebol


glendos

glendos (nominative singular)
glendese? (dual nominative)
glendesa (nominative plural)
glendos (singular vocative)
glendese? (dual vocative)
glendesa (plural vocative)
glendos (accusative singular)
glendese? (accusative dual)
glendesa (accusative plural)
glendesos (genitive singular)
glendesous? (dual genitive)
glendesom (genitive plural)
glendesei (dative singular)
glendesbom (dative dual)
glendesbos (dative plural)
glendesi (locative singular)
glendesei (instrumental singular)
glendesbim (dual instrumental)
glendesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *glɨnn
Middle Breton: glenn
Breton: glen
Cornish: glynn, glydn
Middle Welsh: glynn
Welsh: glyn

Old Irish: glenn

Irish: gleann

Manx: glion

Scottish Gaelic: gleann

Hypothetically from Proto-Indo-European *glendos (“shore”); however, the only cognate is Proto-Germanic *klintaz (whence Icelandic klettur, Middle Low German klint), so it may be a borrowing from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


swekrū

swekrū (nominative singular)
swekrone? (dual nominative)
swekrones (nominative plural)
swekrū (singular vocative)
swekrone? (dual vocative)
swekrones (plural vocative)
swekronam (accusative singular)
swekrone? (accusative dual)
swekronans (accusative plural)
swekronos (genitive singular)
swekronows? (dual genitive)
swekronom (genitive plural)
swekronei (dative singular)
swekrombom (dative dual)
swekrombos (dative plural)
swekron (locative singular)
swekroni (locative singular)
swekronei (instrumental singular)
swekrombim (dual instrumental)
swekrombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwegr
Old Cornish: hweger
Cornish: hweger
Welsh: chwegr

From Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂. Cognate with Latin socrus.


wlatis

wlatis (nominative singular)
wlatī (dual nominative)
wlatīs (nominative plural)
wlati (singular vocative)
wlatī (dual vocative)
wlatīs (plural vocative)
wlatim (accusative singular)
wlatī (accusative dual)
wlatins (accusative plural)
wlateis (genitive singular)
wlatyow (dual genitive)
wlatyom (genitive plural)
wlatei (dative singular)
wlatibom (dative dual)
wlatibos (dative plural)
wlatei (locative singular)
wlatī (instrumental singular)
wlatibim (dual instrumental)
wlatibis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwlad
Breton: glad
Old Cornish: gulat
Cornish: gulas, gwlas
Old Welsh: gulat
Middle Welsh: gwlad
Welsh: gwlad

Old Irish: flaith

Irish: flaith

Manx: flah

Scottish Gaelic: flath

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wélh₁tis ~ *h₂wl̥h₁téy-, from the root *h₂welh₁-.


krundis

krundis (nominative singular)
krundī (dual nominative)
krundīs (nominative plural)
krundi (singular vocative)
krundī (dual vocative)
krundīs (plural vocative)
krundim (accusative singular)
krundī (accusative dual)
krundins (accusative plural)
krundeis (genitive singular)
krundyou (dual genitive)
krundyom (genitive plural)
krundei (dative singular)
krundibom (dative dual)
krundibos (dative plural)
krundī (instrumental singular)
krundibim (dual instrumental)
krundibis (instrumental plural)
krundi (nominative singular)
krundyā (nominative plural)
krundyā (plural vocative)
krundi (accusative singular)
krundyā (accusative plural)
krundois (genitive singular)
krundois (dual genitive)
krundē (dative singular)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *krunn
Breton: krenn
Cornish: krenn
Middle Welsh: crwnn
Welsh: crwn

Old Irish: cruind
Middle Irish: cruinn
Irish: cruinn
Manx: cruinn
Scottish Gaelic: cruinn

Unknown. Likely borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Bezzenberger derives from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend”), comparing Ancient Greek κυρτός (kurtós, “bent”), κορώνη (korṓnē) and Latin curvus and writing that the semantic extension parallels Latin rotundus (“round”) from rota (“wheel”), but these words themselves are of unclear origin.


wlidā

wlidā (nominative singular)
wlidai (dual nominative)
wlidās (nominative plural)
wlidā (singular vocative)
wlidai (dual vocative)
wlidās (plural vocative)
wlidam (accusative singular)
wlidai (accusative dual)
wlidāns (accusative plural)
wlidās (genitive singular)
wlidous (dual genitive)
wlidom (genitive plural)
wlidāi (dative singular)
wlidābom (dative dual)
wlidābos (dative plural)
wlidai (locative singular)
wlidābim (dual instrumental)
wlidābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwleð
Old Welsh: guled
Middle Welsh: gwledd
Welsh: gwledd

Old Irish: fled
Irish: fleá, fleadh, fleidh
→ English: fleadh
Manx: fleah
Scottish Gaelic: fleadh

From Proto-Indo-European *wl̥deh₂, from *welh₁- (“to wish, desire, want”), see also Ancient Greek ἔλδομαι (éldomai), Old English willan (modern English will).


wintos

wintos (nominative singular)
wintou (dual nominative)
wintoi (nominative plural)
winte (singular vocative)
wintou (dual vocative)
wintoi (plural vocative)
wintom (accusative singular)
wintou (accusative dual)
wintons (accusative plural)
wintī (genitive singular)
wintous (dual genitive)
wintom (genitive plural)
wintūi (dative singular)
wintobom (dative dual)
wintobos (dative plural)
wintei (locative singular)
wintū (instrumental singular)
wintobim (dual instrumental)
wintūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨnt
Middle Breton: guent
Breton: gwent
Old Cornish: guins
Cornish: gwyns
Middle Welsh: gwynt
Welsh: gwynt

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts. Old Irish fet (“whistle”) is probably not related.


widus

widus (nominative singular)
widū (dual nominative)
widowes (nominative plural)
widu (singular vocative)
widū (dual vocative)
widūs (plural vocative)
widum (accusative singular)
widū (accusative dual)
widuns (accusative plural)
widous (genitive singular)
widous (dual genitive)
widowom (genitive plural)
widou (dative singular)
widubom (dative dual)
widubos (dative plural)
widū (instrumental singular)
widubim (dual instrumental)
widubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨð
Old Breton: guid
Middle Breton: guez
Breton: gwez
Cornish: gwydh
Old Welsh: guid
Middle Welsh: gwydd
Welsh: gwŷdd

Old Irish: fid
Irish: fiodh
Scottish Gaelic: fiodh
Manx: fuygh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *widuz.


kantlom

kantlom (nominative singular)
kantlou (dual nominative)
kantlā (nominative plural)
kantlom (singular vocative)
kantlou (dual vocative)
kantlā (plural vocative)
kantlom (accusative singular)
kantlou (accusative dual)
kantlā (accusative plural)
kantlī (genitive singular)
kantlous (dual genitive)
kantlom (genitive plural)
kantlūi (dative singular)
kantlobom (dative dual)
kantlobos (dative plural)
kantlei (locative singular)
kantlū (instrumental singular)
kantlobim (dual instrumental)
kantlūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *kantl
Middle Breton: quentel
Breton: kentel
Middle Welsh: kathyl, kathl
Welsh: cathl

Old Irish: cétal

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”) + *-tlom (instrumental suffix). Equivalent to *kaneti + *-tlom.


kalyākos

kalyākos (nominative singular)
kalyākou (dual nominative)
kalyākoi (nominative plural)
kalyāke (singular vocative)
kalyākou (dual vocative)
kalyākoi (plural vocative)
kalyākom (accusative singular)
kalyākou (accusative dual)
kalyākons (accusative plural)
kalyākī (genitive singular)
kalyākous (dual genitive)
kalyākom (genitive plural)
kalyākūi (dative singular)
kalyākobom (dative dual)
kalyākobos (dative plural)
kalyākei (locative singular)
kalyākū (instrumental singular)
kalyākobim (dual instrumental)
kalyākūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėljọg
Old Breton: kelihuc
Middle Breton: kilhog, kilheg
Breton: kilhog
Old Cornish: chelioc
Middle Cornish: celioc, kullyek, colyek
Cornish: kulyek
Middle Welsh: keilyawc
Welsh: ceiliog, ceilog

Old Irish: cailech
Irish: coileach
Manx: kellagh
Scottish Gaelic: coileach

Gaulish: *caliacos

From Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call”). Compare English hen from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”) for semantic development.


kanawū

kanawū (nominative singular)
kanawone? (dual nominative)
kanawones (nominative plural)
kanawū (singular vocative)
kanawone? (dual vocative)
kanawones (plural vocative)
kanawonam (accusative singular)
kanawone? (accusative dual)
kanawonans (accusative plural)
kanawonos (genitive singular)
kanawonows? (dual genitive)
kanawonom (genitive plural)
kanawonei (dative singular)
kanawombom (dative dual)
kanawombos (dative plural)
kanawon (locative singular)
kanawoni (locative singular)
kanawonei (instrumental singular)
kanawombim (dual instrumental)
kanawombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėnėw
Old Breton: ceneuan, compare Rikeneu (PN)
Middle Breton: kenou
Breton: kenow
Middle Welsh: ceneu
Welsh: cenau, cenaw

Middle Irish: cana
Scottish Gaelic: cana
Irish: cana

From Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to begin”).


landā

landā (nominative singular)
landai (dual nominative)
landās (nominative plural)
landā (singular vocative)
landai (dual vocative)
landās (plural vocative)
landam (accusative singular)
landai (accusative dual)
landāns (accusative plural)
landās (genitive singular)
landous (dual genitive)
landom (genitive plural)
landāi (dative singular)
landābom (dative dual)
landābos (dative plural)
landai (locative singular)
landābim (dual instrumental)
landābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llann
Middle Breton: lann
Cornish: lann
Old Welsh: lann
Middle Welsh: llann
Welsh: llan

Old Irish: lann
Irish: lann
Manx: lann
Scottish Gaelic: lann
⇒ Middle Irish: -lann
Irish: -lann
Manx: -lan
Scottish Gaelic: -lann

Gaulish: *landā

→ Vulgar Latin: *landa

Old French: lande, launde
→ Middle English: launde
English: laund
English: lawn
French: lande (“sandymoor, heath”)

Italian: landa

Occitan: landa

Spanish: landa

→ Basque: landa

From Proto-Indo-European *ln̥dʰ-éh₂, from *léndʰ-s ~ *ln̥dʰ-és, from *lendʰ- (“land, heath”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *lundaz (“grove”) (whence Old Norse lundr), Proto-Germanic *landą (“land”), and Proto-Slavic *lędo (“uncultivated land”).


legyom

legyom (nominative singular)
legyou (dual nominative)
legyā (nominative plural)
legyom (singular vocative)
legyou (dual vocative)
legyā (plural vocative)
legyom (accusative singular)
legyou (accusative dual)
legyā (accusative plural)
legyī (genitive singular)
legyous (dual genitive)
legyom (genitive plural)
legyūi (dative singular)
legyobom (dative dual)
legyobos (dative plural)
legyei (locative singular)
legyū (instrumental singular)
legyobim (dual instrumental)
legyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lleɣ
Old Breton: le
Breton: le
Cornish: le
Middle Welsh: lle
Welsh: lle

Old Irish: lige

Irish: luí

Proto-Indo-European *legʰyom, from *legʰ-.


ɸlārom

ɸlārom (nominative singular)
ɸlārou (dual nominative)
ɸlārā (nominative plural)
ɸlārom (singular vocative)
ɸlārou (dual vocative)
ɸlārā (plural vocative)
ɸlārom (accusative singular)
ɸlārou (accusative dual)
ɸlārā (accusative plural)
ɸlārī (genitive singular)
ɸlārous (dual genitive)
ɸlārom (genitive plural)
ɸlārūi (dative singular)
ɸlārobom (dative dual)
ɸlārobos (dative plural)
ɸlārei (locative singular)
ɸlārū (instrumental singular)
ɸlārobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlārūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llọr
Old Breton: lor
Breton: leur
Old Cornish: lor
Cornish: leur
Old Welsh: laur
Middle Welsh: llawr, llaur
Welsh: llawr

Old Irish: lár
Irish: lár
Manx: laare
Scottish Gaelic: làr
⇒ Middle Irish: urlár, airlár, erlar, irlár, orlár
Irish: urlár
Scottish Gaelic: ùrlar

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂rom or Proto-Indo-European *ploh₂rom, from *pleh₂- (“to be flat”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *flōraz.


ɸlāmā

ɸlāmā (nominative singular)
ɸlāmai (dual nominative)
ɸlāmās (nominative plural)
ɸlāmā (singular vocative)
ɸlāmai (dual vocative)
ɸlāmās (plural vocative)
ɸlāmam (accusative singular)
ɸlāmai (accusative dual)
ɸlāmāns (accusative plural)
ɸlāmās (genitive singular)
ɸlāmous (dual genitive)
ɸlāmom (genitive plural)
ɸlāmāi (dative singular)
ɸlāmābom (dative dual)
ɸlāmābos (dative plural)
ɸlāmai (locative singular)
ɸlāmābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlāmābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llọβ̃
Old Breton: lom-
Old Cornish: lof
Cornish: leuv
Old Welsh: lau
Middle Welsh: llaw
Welsh: llaw

Old Irish: lám

Irish: lámh

Manx: laue

Scottish Gaelic: làmh

→ Old Norse: lámr

Faroese: lámur

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂ (“palm, hand”), from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Latin palma, Proto-Germanic *fulmō, Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē, “palm of the hand”).


kariyā

kariyā (nominative singular)
kariyai (dual nominative)
kariyās (nominative plural)
kariyā (singular vocative)
kariyai (dual vocative)
kariyās (plural vocative)
kariyam (accusative singular)
kariyai (accusative dual)
kariyāns (accusative plural)
kariyās (genitive singular)
kariyous (dual genitive)
kariyom (genitive plural)
kariyāi (dative singular)
kariyābom (dative dual)
kariyābos (dative plural)
kariyai (locative singular)
kariyābim (dual instrumental)
kariyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *kareð
Middle Breton: carez
Cornish: cara
Old Welsh: cared
Middle Welsh: cared, karet
Welsh: caredd

Old Irish: caire

Irish: coir

Scottish Gaelic: coire

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂er- (“blame, abuse”), see also Latin carino (“I blame, revile”), Proto-Slavic *koriti (“to reproach”).


markākos

markākos (nominative singular)
markākou (dual nominative)
markākoi (nominative plural)
markāke (singular vocative)
markākou (dual vocative)
markākoi (plural vocative)
markākom (accusative singular)
markākou (accusative dual)
markākons (accusative plural)
markākī (genitive singular)
markākous (dual genitive)
markākom (genitive plural)
markākūi (dative singular)
markākobom (dative dual)
markākobos (dative plural)
markākei (locative singular)
markākū (instrumental singular)
markākobim (dual instrumental)
markākūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *marxọg
Breton: marc'heg
Middle Cornish: marrek
Cornish: marghek
Middle Welsh: marchawc
Welsh: marchog

Old Irish: marcach

Irish: marcach

Manx markiagh

Scottish Gaelic: marcach


mokkus

mokkus (nominative singular)
mokkū (dual nominative)
mokkowes (nominative plural)
mokku (singular vocative)
mokkū (dual vocative)
mokkūs (plural vocative)
mokkum (accusative singular)
mokkū (accusative dual)
mokkuns (accusative plural)
mokkous (genitive singular)
mokkous (dual genitive)
mokkowom (genitive plural)
mokkou (dative singular)
mokkubom (dative dual)
mokkubos (dative plural)
mokkū (instrumental singular)
mokkubim (dual instrumental)
mokkubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mox pl
Old Breton: moch
Middle Breton: moch
Breton: moc'h
Middle Cornish: mogh
Cornish: mogh
Old Welsh: moch
Middle Welsh: moch
Welsh: moch

Old Irish: mucc, muc
Middle Irish: mucc
Irish: muc
Manx: muc
Scottish Gaelic: muc

Gaulish: moccos

Latin: Moccus (Gallo-Latin, theonym), Catomocus (placename)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *mukk-

desc

Middle Dutch: mocke (“slovenly woman, whore”)

Middle High German: mocke (“sow, female pig”, western)

Borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language. MacBain prefers a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *mew-k- (“slippery, slimy”), connecting Latin mucus, Ancient Greek μυκτήρ (muktḗr, “nose, nostril”).


nertom

nertom (nominative singular)
nertou (dual nominative)
nertā (nominative plural)
nertom (singular vocative)
nertou (dual vocative)
nertā (plural vocative)
nertom (accusative singular)
nertou (accusative dual)
nertā (accusative plural)
nertī (genitive singular)
nertous (dual genitive)
nertom (genitive plural)
nertūi (dative singular)
nertobom (dative dual)
nertobos (dative plural)
nertei (locative singular)
nertū (instrumental singular)
nertobim (dual instrumental)
nertūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *nerθ
Old Breton: nerth
Middle Breton: nerz
Breton: nerzh
Middle Cornish: nerth
Cornish: nerth
Old Welsh: nerth
Middle Welsh: nerth
Welsh: nerth

Celtiberian: Nerto-

→ Latin: Nertobrīga

Gaulish: Nerto-

Goidelic:

Old Irish: nert

Irish: neart

Manx: niart

Scottish Gaelic: neart

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ner-tós (“virile, strong”), from *h₂nḗr (“man”) (whence *neros (“hero”)).


kʷresnom

kʷresnom (nominative singular)
kʷresnou (dual nominative)
kʷresnā (nominative plural)
kʷresnom (singular vocative)
kʷresnou (dual vocative)
kʷresnā (plural vocative)
kʷresnom (accusative singular)
kʷresnou (accusative dual)
kʷresnā (accusative plural)
kʷresnī (genitive singular)
kʷresnous (dual genitive)
kʷresnom (genitive plural)
kʷresnūi (dative singular)
kʷresnobom (dative dual)
kʷresnobos (dative plural)
kʷresnei (locative singular)
kʷresnū (instrumental singular)
kʷresnobim (dual instrumental)
kʷresnūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *prenn
Old Breton: pren
Middle Breton: prenn
Breton: prenn
Old Cornish: pren
Cornish: prenn
Middle Welsh: prenn
Welsh: pren
Cumbric: *prenn

Old Irish: crann
Middle Irish: crann
Irish: crann
Manx: croan
Scottish Gaelic: crann

Gaulish: prenne (“big tree”)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷres- (“bush, thicket”); related to Proto-West Germanic *hursti (archaic English hurst) and Ancient Greek πρῖνος (prînos, “holm oak”).


kʷrīyets

kʷrīyets (nominative singular)
kʷrīyete (dual nominative)
kʷrīyetes (nominative plural)
kʷrīyets (singular vocative)
kʷrīyete (dual vocative)
kʷrīyetes (plural vocative)
kʷrīyetam (accusative singular)
kʷrīyete (accusative dual)
kʷrīyetans (accusative plural)
kʷrīyetos (genitive singular)
kʷrīyetou (dual genitive)
kʷrīyetom (genitive plural)
kʷrīyetei (dative singular)
kʷrīyetobom (dative dual)
kʷrīyetobos (dative plural)
kʷrīyeti (locative singular)
kʷrīyete? (instrumental singular)
kʷrīyetobim (dual instrumental)
kʷrīyetobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *prið
Old Breton: pri
Middle Breton: pri
Breton: pri
Cornish: pri
Middle Welsh: pridd
Welsh: pridd

Old Irish: cré
Middle Irish: cré
Irish: cré
Manx: cray
Scottish Gaelic: crè

Generally agreed to be related to Latin creta (“clay, chalk, soil”), but the relationship is mysterious. The Latin word itself could be related to cerno (“I separate”), Ancient Greek κρίνω (krínō, “to divide, separate”), from Proto-Indo-European *krey-.
Mallory & Adams reconstruct *tkʷreh₁yot-, adding Tocharian B tukri (“clay”); Matasovic suggests *kʷreh₁ + Proto-Celtic *-yet-, adding that the Tocharian words could have had their own prefix. However, these all could have instead been borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.


kʷrimis

kʷrimis (nominative singular)
kʷrimī (dual nominative)
kʷrimīs (nominative plural)
kʷrimi (singular vocative)
kʷrimī (dual vocative)
kʷrimīs (plural vocative)
kʷrimim (accusative singular)
kʷrimī (accusative dual)
kʷrimins (accusative plural)
kʷrimeis (genitive singular)
kʷrimyow (dual genitive)
kʷrimyom (genitive plural)
kʷrimei (dative singular)
kʷrimibom (dative dual)
kʷrimibos (dative plural)
kʷrimei (locative singular)
kʷrimī (instrumental singular)
kʷrimibim (dual instrumental)
kʷrimibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *prɨβ̃
Middle Breton: preff
Breton: preñv
Old Cornish: prif
Middle Cornish: pref
Cornish: pryv, prev
Old Welsh: prem
Middle Welsh: pryf
Welsh: pryf

Old Irish: cruim

Irish: cruimh

Scottish Gaelic: cnuimh

⇒ Manx: crooag

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷŕ̥mis. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *kŕ̥miš, Proto-Balto-Slavic *kirmis.


ɸrixtus

ɸrixtus (nominative singular)
ɸrixtū (dual nominative)
ɸrixtowes (nominative plural)
ɸrixtu (singular vocative)
ɸrixtū (dual vocative)
ɸrixtūs (plural vocative)
ɸrixtum (accusative singular)
ɸrixtū (accusative dual)
ɸrixtuns (accusative plural)
ɸrixtous (genitive singular)
ɸrixtous (dual genitive)
ɸrixtowom (genitive plural)
ɸrixtou (dative singular)
ɸrixtubom (dative dual)
ɸrixtubos (dative plural)
ɸrixtū (instrumental singular)
ɸrixtubim (dual instrumental)
ɸrixtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rriθ
Old Breton: arrith (in compound)
Middle Breton: rez
Breton: rezh
Middle Welsh: rith
Welsh: rhith

Old Irish: richt

Irish: riocht

Scottish Gaelic: riochd


ɸritus

ɸritus (nominative singular)
ɸritū (dual nominative)
ɸritowes (nominative plural)
ɸritu (singular vocative)
ɸritū (dual vocative)
ɸritūs (plural vocative)
ɸritum (accusative singular)
ɸritū (accusative dual)
ɸrituns (accusative plural)
ɸritous (genitive singular)
ɸritous (dual genitive)
ɸritowom (genitive plural)
ɸritou (dative singular)
ɸritubom (dative dual)
ɸritubos (dative plural)
ɸritū (instrumental singular)
ɸritubim (dual instrumental)
ɸritubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨd
Old Breton: rit
Breton: red (rare)
Old Cornish: rid
Middle Cornish: ryd
Cornish: rys
Old Welsh: rit
Middle Welsh: ryd, rid
Welsh: rhyd

Gaulish: *ritus

From Proto-Indo-European *pértus ~ *pr̥téw-.


taratrom

taratrom (nominative singular)
taratrou (dual nominative)
taratrā (nominative plural)
taratrom (singular vocative)
taratrou (dual vocative)
taratrā (plural vocative)
taratrom (accusative singular)
taratrou (accusative dual)
taratrā (accusative plural)
taratrī (genitive singular)
taratrous (dual genitive)
taratrom (genitive plural)
taratrūi (dative singular)
taratrobom (dative dual)
taratrobos (dative plural)
taratrei (locative singular)
taratrū (instrumental singular)
taratrobim (dual instrumental)
taratrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *taradr
Middle Breton: tarazr, talazr
Breton: tarar
Cornish: tardar
Old Welsh: tarater
Welsh: taradr

Old Irish: tarathar
Irish: tarathar
Manx: tarrar

→ Late Latin: taratrum

French: tarière

Spanish: taladro

Old Galician-Portuguese: traado
Galician: trade
Portuguese: trado

From Proto-Indo-European *térh₁trom (“tool for drilling”), from the root *terh₁- (“to rub away at; to bore, drill”). Cognate with Ancient Greek τέρετρον (téretron).


dubros

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰrós (“dark”), from *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”).


dubros

dubros (nominative singular)
dubrou (dual nominative)
dubroi (nominative plural)
dubre (singular vocative)
dubrou (dual vocative)
dubroi (plural vocative)
dubrom (accusative singular)
dubrou (accusative dual)
dubrons (accusative plural)
dubrī (genitive singular)
dubrous (dual genitive)
dubrom (genitive plural)
dubrūi (dative singular)
dubrobom (dative dual)
dubrobos (dative plural)
dubrei (locative singular)
dubrū (instrumental singular)
dubrobim (dual instrumental)
dubrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *duβr
Middle Breton: dour
Breton: dour
Cornish: dowr
Middle Welsh: dwfyr, dwfuyr, dwr, dwuyr, dwvyr, dyfwr
Welsh: dwfr, dŵr

Old Irish: dobur
Irish: dobhar
⇒ Middle Irish: dobrán
Irish: dobhrán
Scottish Gaelic: dòbhran

Gaulish: Dubra, Uerbo-dubrum

French: Douvres

Gallaecian:

Latin: Durius
Old Galician-Portuguese: Doiro, Doyro
Portuguese: Douro
Spanish: Duero

→ Galician: Dubra


yugom

yugom (nominative singular)
yugou (dual nominative)
yugā (nominative plural)
yugom (singular vocative)
yugou (dual vocative)
yugā (plural vocative)
yugom (accusative singular)
yugou (accusative dual)
yugā (accusative plural)
yugī (genitive singular)
yugous (dual genitive)
yugom (genitive plural)
yugūi (dative singular)
yugobom (dative dual)
yugobos (dative plural)
yugei (locative singular)
yugū (instrumental singular)
yugobim (dual instrumental)
yugūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jọw
Middle Breton: yeu, ieo
Breton: yev
Cornish: yew
Old Welsh: iou
Welsh: iau

Gaulish: *yugom

⇒? Gaulish: *Weryugos (personal name)

→ Latin: Veriugus

Middle Irish: cuingIrish: cuingManx: quingScottish Gaelic: cuing


ɸibeti

ɸibū (active first-person present singular)
ɸibemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸiɸixsū (active first-person future singular)
ɸixsam (active first-person preterite singular)
ɸibesi (active present second-person singular)
ɸibetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸiɸixsesi (active future second-person singular)
ɸixss (active preterite second-person singular)
ɸibeti (active present singular third-person)
ɸibeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸiɸixseti (active future singular third-person)
ɸixst (active preterite singular third-person)
ɸibomosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸibemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸiɸixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ɸixsme (active first-person plural preterite)
ɸibetesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸibestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸiɸixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ɸixste (active plural preterite second-person)
ɸibonti (active plural present third-person)
ɸibento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸiɸixsonti (active future plural third-person)
ɸixsant (active plural preterite third-person)
ɸeixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ɸeixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸibe (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸeixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸibetou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸeixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ɸibomos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸeixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸibete (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸeixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸibontou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸibūr (first-person passive present singular)
ɸiɸixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ɸibetar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸiɸixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ɸibetor (passive present singular third-person)
ɸiɸixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ɸibommor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸiɸixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ɸibedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸiɸixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ɸibontor (passive plural present third-person)
ɸiɸixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ɸixsanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
ɸeixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ɸeixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸeixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸeixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ɸeixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸeixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸibonts (nominative singular)
ɸibonte (dual nominative)
ɸibontes (nominative plural)
ɸibonts (singular vocative)
ɸibonte (dual vocative)
ɸibontes (plural vocative)
ɸibontam (accusative singular)
ɸibonte (accusative dual)
ɸibontans (accusative plural)
ɸibantos (genitive singular)
ɸibantom (genitive plural)
ɸibantei (dative singular)
ɸibantbom (dative dual)
ɸibantbos (dative plural)
ɸibantī? (instrumental singular)
ɸibantbim (dual instrumental)
ɸibantbis (instrumental plural)
ɸibantī (nominative singular)
ɸibantī (dual nominative)
ɸibantiyās (nominative plural)
ɸibantī (singular vocative)
ɸibantī (dual vocative)
ɸibantiyās (plural vocative)
ɸibantīm (accusative singular)
ɸibantī (accusative dual)
ɸibantiyans (accusative plural)
ɸibantyās (genitive singular)
ɸibantyom (genitive plural)
ɸibantyāi (dative singular)
ɸibantyābom (dative dual)
ɸibantyābos (dative plural)
ɸibantyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸibantyābis (instrumental plural)
ɸibont (nominative singular)
ɸibonta (nominative plural)
ɸibont (singular vocative)
ɸibonta (plural vocative)
ɸibont (accusative singular)
ɸibonta (accusative plural)
ɸixtos (nominative singular)
ɸixtou (dual nominative)
ɸixtoi (nominative plural)
ɸixte (singular vocative)
ɸixtou (dual vocative)
ɸixtoi (plural vocative)
ɸixtom (accusative singular)
ɸixtou (accusative dual)
ɸixtons (accusative plural)
ɸixtī (genitive singular)
ɸixtous (dual genitive)
ɸixtom (genitive plural)
ɸixtūi (dative singular)
ɸixtobom (dative dual)
ɸixtobos (dative plural)
ɸixtū (instrumental singular)
ɸixtobim (dual instrumental)
ɸixtobis (instrumental plural)
ɸixtā (nominative singular)
ɸixtai (dual nominative)
ɸixtās (nominative plural)
ɸixtā (singular vocative)
ɸixtai (dual vocative)
ɸixtās (plural vocative)
ɸixtam (accusative singular)
ɸixtai (accusative dual)
ɸixtans (accusative plural)
ɸixtās (genitive singular)
ɸixtai (dative singular)
ɸixtābom (dative dual)
ɸixtābos (dative plural)
ɸixtābim (dual instrumental)
ɸixtābis (instrumental plural)
ɸixtom (nominative singular)
ɸixtā (nominative plural)
ɸixtom (singular vocative)
ɸixtā (plural vocative)
ɸixtā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *ɨβɨd
Middle Breton: yvet
Breton: evañ
Middle Cornish: eva, eve
Cornish: eva
Old Welsh: iben (1pl. impf.)
Middle Welsh: yuet
Welsh: yfed

Old Irish: ibid

Irish: ibh

Manx: iu

Gaulish: ibetis (2pl.impv/ind.)

From Proto-Indo-European *píph₃eti. Cognates include Latin bibere.


wegnos

wegnos (nominative singular)
wegnou (dual nominative)
wegnoi (nominative plural)
wegne (singular vocative)
wegnou (dual vocative)
wegnoi (plural vocative)
wegnom (accusative singular)
wegnou (accusative dual)
wegnons (accusative plural)
wegnī (genitive singular)
wegnous (dual genitive)
wegnom (genitive plural)
wegnūi (dative singular)
wegnobom (dative dual)
wegnobos (dative plural)
wegnei (locative singular)
wegnū (instrumental singular)
wegnobim (dual instrumental)
wegnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweɨn

Welsh: gwain

Old Irish: fén

Irish: féan

Gaulish: *uinnos

→⇒ Latin: covinnus

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰnos, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to go, transport”).


gʷedyeti

gʷedyū (active first-person present singular)
gʷedyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gʷigʷitsū (active first-person future singular)
gʷāda (active first-person preterite singular)
gʷedyesi (active present second-person singular)
gʷedyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gʷigʷitsesi (active future second-person singular)
gʷādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
gʷedyeti (active present singular third-person)
gʷedyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gʷigʷitseti (active future singular third-person)
gʷāde (active preterite singular third-person)
gʷedyomosi (active first-person plural present)
gʷedyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gʷigʷitsomosi (active first-person future plural)
gʷādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
gʷedyetesi (active plural present second-person)
gʷedyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gʷigʷitsetesi (active future plural second-person)
gʷāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
gʷedyonti (active plural present third-person)
gʷedyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gʷigʷitsonti (active future plural third-person)
gʷādars (active plural preterite third-person)
gʷetsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gʷetsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷedye (active imperative second-person singular)
gʷetseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷedyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
gʷetsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gʷedyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
gʷetsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gʷedyete (active imperative plural second-person)
gʷetsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gʷedyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gʷedyūr (first-person passive present singular)
gʷigʷitsūr (first-person future passive singular)
gʷādra (first-person passive preterite singular)
gʷedyetar (passive present second-person singular)
gʷigʷitsetar (future passive second-person singular)
gʷādras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
gʷedyetor (passive present singular third-person)
gʷigʷitsetor (future passive singular third-person)
gʷādre (passive preterite singular third-person)
gʷedyommor (first-person passive plural present)
gʷigʷitsommor (first-person future passive plural)
gʷedyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gʷigʷitsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
gʷedyontor (passive plural present third-person)
gʷigʷitsontor (future passive plural third-person)
gʷetsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gʷetsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷetsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷetsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gʷetsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gʷetsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gʷedyonts (nominative singular)
gʷedyonte (dual nominative)
gʷedyontes (nominative plural)
gʷedyonts (singular vocative)
gʷedyonte (dual vocative)
gʷedyontes (plural vocative)
gʷedyontam (accusative singular)
gʷedyonte (accusative dual)
gʷedyontans (accusative plural)
gʷedyantos (genitive singular)
gʷedyantom (genitive plural)
gʷedyantei (dative singular)
gʷedyantbom (dative dual)
gʷedyantbos (dative plural)
gʷedyantī? (instrumental singular)
gʷedyantbim (dual instrumental)
gʷedyantbis (instrumental plural)
gʷedyantī (nominative singular)
gʷedyantī (dual nominative)
gʷedyantiyās (nominative plural)
gʷedyantī (singular vocative)
gʷedyantī (dual vocative)
gʷedyantiyās (plural vocative)
gʷedyantīm (accusative singular)
gʷedyantī (accusative dual)
gʷedyantiyans (accusative plural)
gʷedyantyās (genitive singular)
gʷedyantyom (genitive plural)
gʷedyantyāi (dative singular)
gʷedyantyābom (dative dual)
gʷedyantyābos (dative plural)
gʷedyantyābim (dual instrumental)
gʷedyantyābis (instrumental plural)
gʷedyont (nominative singular)
gʷedyonta (nominative plural)
gʷedyont (singular vocative)
gʷedyonta (plural vocative)
gʷedyont (accusative singular)
gʷedyonta (accusative plural)
gʷessos (nominative singular)
gʷessou (dual nominative)
gʷessoi (nominative plural)
gʷesse (singular vocative)
gʷessou (dual vocative)
gʷessoi (plural vocative)
gʷessom (accusative singular)
gʷessou (accusative dual)
gʷessons (accusative plural)
gʷessī (genitive singular)
gʷessous (dual genitive)
gʷessom (genitive plural)
gʷessūi (dative singular)
gʷessobom (dative dual)
gʷessobos (dative plural)
gʷessū (instrumental singular)
gʷessobim (dual instrumental)
gʷessobis (instrumental plural)
gʷessā (nominative singular)
gʷessai (dual nominative)
gʷessās (nominative plural)
gʷessā (singular vocative)
gʷessai (dual vocative)
gʷessās (plural vocative)
gʷessam (accusative singular)
gʷessai (accusative dual)
gʷessans (accusative plural)
gʷessās (genitive singular)
gʷessai (dative singular)
gʷessābom (dative dual)
gʷessābos (dative plural)
gʷessābim (dual instrumental)
gʷessābis (instrumental plural)
gʷessom (nominative singular)
gʷessā (nominative plural)
gʷessom (singular vocative)
gʷessā (plural vocative)
gʷessā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gweddïo

desctree

Old Irish: guidid
Irish: guigh
Manx: guee
Scottish Gaelic: guidh

Gaulish: uediiu (“I pray”)


aryeti

aryū (active first-person present singular)
aryemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
aryesi (active present second-person singular)
aryetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
aryeti (active present singular third-person)
aryeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
aryomosi (active first-person plural present)
aryemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
aryetesi (active plural present second-person)
aryestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
aryonti (active plural present third-person)
aryento (active imperfect plural third-person)
arasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
arasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
arye (active imperative second-person singular)
araseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
aryetou (active imperative singular third-person)
arasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
aryomos (active first-person imperative plural)
arasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
aryete (active imperative plural second-person)
arasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
aryontou (active imperative plural third-person)
aryūr (first-person passive present singular)
aryetar (passive present second-person singular)
aryetor (passive present singular third-person)
aryommor (first-person passive plural present)
aryedwe (passive plural present second-person)
aryontor (passive plural present third-person)
arasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
arasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
arasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
arasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
arasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
arasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
aryonts (nominative singular)
aryonte (dual nominative)
aryontes (nominative plural)
aryonts (singular vocative)
aryonte (dual vocative)
aryontes (plural vocative)
aryontam (accusative singular)
aryonte (accusative dual)
aryontans (accusative plural)
aryantos (genitive singular)
aryantom (genitive plural)
aryantei (dative singular)
aryantbom (dative dual)
aryantbos (dative plural)
aryantī? (instrumental singular)
aryantbim (dual instrumental)
aryantbis (instrumental plural)
aryantī (nominative singular)
aryantī (dual nominative)
aryantiyās (nominative plural)
aryantī (singular vocative)
aryantī (dual vocative)
aryantiyās (plural vocative)
aryantīm (accusative singular)
aryantī (accusative dual)
aryantiyans (accusative plural)
aryantyās (genitive singular)
aryantyom (genitive plural)
aryantyāi (dative singular)
aryantyābom (dative dual)
aryantyābos (dative plural)
aryantyābim (dual instrumental)
aryantyābis (instrumental plural)
aryont (nominative singular)
aryonta (nominative plural)
aryont (singular vocative)
aryonta (plural vocative)
aryont (accusative singular)
aryonta (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *ėrðɨd
Breton: arat
Cornish: aras
Middle Welsh: eredic, ardaf
Welsh: aredig, arddu

Old Irish: airid

Irish: air (literary)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ér-ye-ti (sic), from root *h₂erh₃-.


ɸlabros

ɸlabros (nominative singular)
ɸlabrou (dual nominative)
ɸlabroi (nominative plural)
ɸlabre (singular vocative)
ɸlabrou (dual vocative)
ɸlabroi (plural vocative)
ɸlabrom (accusative singular)
ɸlabrou (accusative dual)
ɸlabrons (accusative plural)
ɸlabrī (genitive singular)
ɸlabrous (dual genitive)
ɸlabrom (genitive plural)
ɸlabrūi (dative singular)
ɸlabrobom (dative dual)
ɸlabrobos (dative plural)
ɸlabrū (instrumental singular)
ɸlabrobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlabrobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlabrā (nominative singular)
ɸlabrai (dual nominative)
ɸlabrās (nominative plural)
ɸlabrā (singular vocative)
ɸlabrai (dual vocative)
ɸlabrās (plural vocative)
ɸlabram (accusative singular)
ɸlabrai (accusative dual)
ɸlabrans (accusative plural)
ɸlabrās (genitive singular)
ɸlabrai (dative singular)
ɸlabrābom (dative dual)
ɸlabrābos (dative plural)
ɸlabrābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlabrābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlabrom (nominative singular)
ɸlabrā (nominative plural)
ɸlabrom (singular vocative)
ɸlabrā (plural vocative)
ɸlabrā (accusative plural)
*labros (alternative)
*labaros (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *llaβar
Old Breton: labar
Breton: lavar
Old Cornish: lauar
Middle Welsh: llauar
Welsh: llafar

Old Irish: labar
Irish: labhar
Scottish Gaelic: labhar

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥b-ró-s, from *pleb- (“to babble”) + *-rós, or perhaps onomatopoeic, compare Ancient Greek βᾰ́ρβᾰρος (bắrbăros), English blab, blabber for other examples of sound-symbolic mixes of labial and liquid consonants to symbolize talking.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


kloustā

kloustā (nominative singular)
kloustai (dual nominative)
kloustās (nominative plural)
kloustā (singular vocative)
kloustai (dual vocative)
kloustās (plural vocative)
kloustam (accusative singular)
kloustai (accusative dual)
kloustāns (accusative plural)
kloustās (genitive singular)
kloustous (dual genitive)
kloustom (genitive plural)
kloustāi (dative singular)
kloustābom (dative dual)
kloustābos (dative plural)
kloustai (locative singular)
kloustābim (dual instrumental)
kloustābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *klʉst
Middle Welsh: clust
Welsh: clust

Old Irish: clúas
Irish: cluas
Manx: cleaysh
Scottish Gaelic: cluas

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlow-steh₂, from *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


yegis

yegis (nominative singular)
yegī (dual nominative)
yegīs (nominative plural)
yegi (singular vocative)
yegī (dual vocative)
yegīs (plural vocative)
yegim (accusative singular)
yegī (accusative dual)
yegins (accusative plural)
yegeis (genitive singular)
yegyow (dual genitive)
yegyom (genitive plural)
yegei (dative singular)
yegibom (dative dual)
yegibos (dative plural)
yegei (locative singular)
yegī (instrumental singular)
yegibim (dual instrumental)
yegibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jaɣ
Cornish: yey
Welsh: iâ

Old Irish: aig

Irish: oighear

Scottish Gaelic: eigh


wīnom

wīnom (nominative singular)
wīnou (dual nominative)
wīnā (nominative plural)
wīnom (singular vocative)
wīnou (dual vocative)
wīnā (plural vocative)
wīnom (accusative singular)
wīnou (accusative dual)
wīnā (accusative plural)
wīnī (genitive singular)
wīnous (dual genitive)
wīnom (genitive plural)
wīnūi (dative singular)
wīnobom (dative dual)
wīnobos (dative plural)
wīnei (locative singular)
wīnū (instrumental singular)
wīnobim (dual instrumental)
wīnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwin
Breton: gwin
Cornish: gwin, gwyn
Welsh: gwin

Old Irish: fín
Irish: fíon
Manx: feeyn
Scottish Gaelic: fìon

Lepontic: 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌏𐌌 (uinom)


molātor

molār (first-person passive present singular)
molātar (passive present second-person singular)
molātor (passive present singular third-person)
molāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
molādwe (passive plural present second-person)
molāntor (passive plural present third-person)
molants (nominative singular)
molante (dual nominative)
molantes (nominative plural)
molants (singular vocative)
molante (dual vocative)
molantes (plural vocative)
molantam (accusative singular)
molante (accusative dual)
molantans (accusative plural)
molantos (genitive singular)
molantom (genitive plural)
molantei (dative singular)
molantbom (dative dual)
molantbos (dative plural)
molantī? (instrumental singular)
molantbim (dual instrumental)
molantbis (instrumental plural)
molantī (nominative singular)
molantī (dual nominative)
molantiyās (nominative plural)
molantī (singular vocative)
molantī (dual vocative)
molantiyās (plural vocative)
molantīm (accusative singular)
molantī (accusative dual)
molantiyans (accusative plural)
molantyās (genitive singular)
molantyom (genitive plural)
molantyāi (dative singular)
molantyābom (dative dual)
molantyābos (dative plural)
molantyābim (dual instrumental)
molantyābis (instrumental plural)
molant (nominative singular)
molanta (nominative plural)
molant (singular vocative)
molanta (plural vocative)
molant (accusative singular)
molanta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *molọd
Middle Breton: meuliff
Breton: meuliñ
Cornish: moli, mawl
Old Welsh: molim (verbal noun)
Middle Welsh: moli
Welsh: moli

Old Irish: molaidir, molid
Middle Irish: molaid
Irish: mol
Scottish Gaelic: mol
Manx: moylley

Cognate with *mālos (“praise”). Possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *meldʰ- (Proto-West Germanic *melþōn (“inform”), Proto-Slavic *modliti (“ask, pray”), Old Armenian մաղթեմ (małtʻem, “implore, pray”)), though the loss of the dʰ is problematic.


molātus

molātus (nominative singular)
molātū (dual nominative)
molātowes (nominative plural)
molātu (singular vocative)
molātū (dual vocative)
molātūs (plural vocative)
molātum (accusative singular)
molātū (accusative dual)
molātuns (accusative plural)
molātous (genitive singular)
molātous (dual genitive)
molātowom (genitive plural)
molātou (dative singular)
molātubom (dative dual)
molātubos (dative plural)
molātū (instrumental singular)
molātubim (dual instrumental)
molātubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *molọd
Middle Welsh: molaut
Welsh: molawd

Old Irish: molad
Irish: moladh
Scottish Gaelic: moladh

Gaulish: molatus (Lezoux inscription)


barnati

barnami (active first-person present singular)
barnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibrāsū (active first-person future singular)
barnasi (active present second-person singular)
barnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
barnati (active present singular third-person)
barnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibrāseti (active future singular third-person)
barnamosi (active first-person plural present)
barnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
barnatesi (active plural present second-person)
barnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
barnanti (active plural present third-person)
barnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
barna (active imperative second-person singular)
barnatou (active imperative singular third-person)
barnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
barnate (active imperative plural second-person)
barnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
barnar (first-person passive present singular)
bibrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
barnatar (passive present second-person singular)
bibrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
barnator (passive present singular third-person)
bibrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
barnammor (first-person passive plural present)
bibrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
barnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
barnantor (passive plural present third-person)
bibrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
barnants (nominative singular)
barnante (dual nominative)
barnantes (nominative plural)
barnants (singular vocative)
barnante (dual vocative)
barnantes (plural vocative)
barnantam (accusative singular)
barnante (accusative dual)
barnantans (accusative plural)
barnantos (genitive singular)
barnantom (genitive plural)
barnantei (dative singular)
barnantbom (dative dual)
barnantbos (dative plural)
barnantī? (instrumental singular)
barnantbim (dual instrumental)
barnantbis (instrumental plural)
barnantī (nominative singular)
barnantī (dual nominative)
barnantiyās (nominative plural)
barnantī (singular vocative)
barnantī (dual vocative)
barnantiyās (plural vocative)
barnantīm (accusative singular)
barnantī (accusative dual)
barnantiyans (accusative plural)
barnantyās (genitive singular)
barnantyom (genitive plural)
barnantyāi (dative singular)
barnantyābom (dative dual)
barnantyābos (dative plural)
barnantyābim (dual instrumental)
barnantyābis (instrumental plural)
barnant (nominative singular)
barnanta (nominative plural)
barnant (singular vocative)
barnanta (plural vocative)
barnant (accusative singular)
barnanta (accusative plural)
brātos (nominative singular)
brātou (dual nominative)
brātoi (nominative plural)
brāte (singular vocative)
brātou (dual vocative)
brātoi (plural vocative)
brātom (accusative singular)
brātou (accusative dual)
brātons (accusative plural)
brātī (genitive singular)
brātous (dual genitive)
brātom (genitive plural)
brātūi (dative singular)
brātobom (dative dual)
brātobos (dative plural)
brātū (instrumental singular)
brātobim (dual instrumental)
brātobis (instrumental plural)
brātā (nominative singular)
brātai (dual nominative)
brātās (nominative plural)
brātā (singular vocative)
brātai (dual vocative)
brātās (plural vocative)
brātam (accusative singular)
brātai (accusative dual)
brātans (accusative plural)
brātās (genitive singular)
brātai (dative singular)
brātābom (dative dual)
brātābos (dative plural)
brātābim (dual instrumental)
brātābis (instrumental plural)
brātom (nominative singular)
brātā (nominative plural)
brātom (singular vocative)
brātā (plural vocative)
brātā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *barnad
Middle Breton: barn
Middle Welsh: barnu, barnaf
Welsh: barnu

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-énti, from *gʷerH- (“to praise, elevate”) + *-né- + *-ti.


bināti

bināmi (active first-person present singular)
binamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibīsū (active first-person future singular)
biba (active first-person preterite singular)
bināsi (active present second-person singular)
binatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibīsesi (active future second-person singular)
bibas? (active preterite second-person singular)
bināti (active present singular third-person)
binato (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibīseti (active future singular third-person)
bibe (active preterite singular third-person)
binamosi (active first-person plural present)
binamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bibmo (active first-person plural preterite)
binatesi (active plural present second-person)
binastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bixte (active plural preterite second-person)
binanti (active plural present third-person)
binanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibīsonti (active future plural third-person)
bibars (active plural preterite third-person)
beyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
beyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
binā (active imperative second-person singular)
beyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
binātou (active imperative singular third-person)
beyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
binamos (active first-person imperative plural)
beyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
binate (active imperative plural second-person)
beyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
binantou (active imperative plural third-person)
binār (first-person passive present singular)
bibīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
bibra (first-person passive preterite singular)
binātar (passive present second-person singular)
bibīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
bibras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
binātor (passive present singular third-person)
bibīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
bibre (passive preterite singular third-person)
binammor (first-person passive plural present)
bibīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
binadwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
binantor (passive plural present third-person)
bibīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
beyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
beyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
beyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
beyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
beyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
beyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
binonts (nominative singular)
binonte (dual nominative)
binontes (nominative plural)
binonts (singular vocative)
binonte (dual vocative)
binontes (plural vocative)
binontam (accusative singular)
binonte (accusative dual)
binontans (accusative plural)
binantos (genitive singular)
binantom (genitive plural)
binantei (dative singular)
binantbom (dative dual)
binantbos (dative plural)
binantī? (instrumental singular)
binantbim (dual instrumental)
binantbis (instrumental plural)
binantī (nominative singular)
binantī (dual nominative)
binantiyās (nominative plural)
binantī (singular vocative)
binantī (dual vocative)
binantiyās (plural vocative)
binantīm (accusative singular)
binantī (accusative dual)
binantiyans (accusative plural)
binantyās (genitive singular)
binantyom (genitive plural)
binantyāi (dative singular)
binantyābom (dative dual)
binantyābos (dative plural)
binantyābim (dual instrumental)
binantyābis (instrumental plural)
binont (nominative singular)
binonta (nominative plural)
binont (singular vocative)
binonta (plural vocative)
binont (accusative singular)
binonta (accusative plural)
bītos (nominative singular)
bītou (dual nominative)
bītoi (nominative plural)
bīte (singular vocative)
bītou (dual vocative)
bītoi (plural vocative)
bītom (accusative singular)
bītou (accusative dual)
bītons (accusative plural)
bītī (genitive singular)
bītous (dual genitive)
bītom (genitive plural)
bītūi (dative singular)
bītobom (dative dual)
bītobos (dative plural)
bītū (instrumental singular)
bītobim (dual instrumental)
bītobis (instrumental plural)
bītā (nominative singular)
bītai (dual nominative)
bītās (nominative plural)
bītā (singular vocative)
bītai (dual vocative)
bītās (plural vocative)
bītam (accusative singular)
bītai (accusative dual)
bītans (accusative plural)
bītās (genitive singular)
bītai (dative singular)
bītābom (dative dual)
bītābos (dative plural)
bītābim (dual instrumental)
bītābis (instrumental plural)
bītom (nominative singular)
bītā (nominative plural)
bītom (singular vocative)
bītā (plural vocative)
bītā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨnad
Middle Breton: benaff
Breton: benañ

Old Irish: benaid
Irish: bain

Gaulish: biietutu (impv.)

Celtiberian: ne-bintor (3p.impv.med.)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰi-né-h₂-ti, nasal-infix present of *bʰeyh₂- (“to strike, hew”).

Proto-Brythonic: *kummɨnadMiddle Breton: quemenasBreton: kemenañMiddle Welsh: kymynuWelsh: cymynu


gʷaneti

gʷanū (active first-person present singular)
gʷanemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gʷigʷnāsū (active first-person future singular)
gʷegʷona (active first-person preterite singular)
gʷanesi (active present second-person singular)
gʷanetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gʷigʷnāsesi (active future second-person singular)
gʷegʷonas? (active preterite second-person singular)
gʷaneti (active present singular third-person)
gʷaneto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gʷigʷnāseti (active future singular third-person)
gʷegʷone (active preterite singular third-person)
gʷanomosi (active first-person plural present)
gʷanemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gʷigʷnāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
gʷegʷonmo (active first-person plural preterite)
gʷanetesi (active plural present second-person)
gʷanestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gʷigʷnāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
gʷegʷone (active plural preterite second-person)
gʷanonti (active plural present third-person)
gʷanento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gʷigʷnāsonti (active future plural third-person)
gʷegʷonars (active plural preterite third-person)
gʷanasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gʷanasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷane (active imperative second-person singular)
gʷanaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷanetou (active imperative singular third-person)
gʷanasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gʷanomos (active first-person imperative plural)
gʷanasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gʷanete (active imperative plural second-person)
gʷanasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gʷanontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gʷanūr (first-person passive present singular)
gʷigʷnāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
gʷegʷonra (first-person passive preterite singular)
gʷanetar (passive present second-person singular)
gʷigʷnāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
gʷegʷonras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
gʷanetor (passive present singular third-person)
gʷigʷnāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
gʷegʷonre (passive preterite singular third-person)
gʷanommor (first-person passive plural present)
gʷigʷnāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
gʷanedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gʷigʷnāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
gʷanontor (passive plural present third-person)
gʷigʷnāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
gʷanasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gʷanasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷanasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷanasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gʷanasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gʷanasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gʷanonts (nominative singular)
gʷanonte (dual nominative)
gʷanontes (nominative plural)
gʷanonts (singular vocative)
gʷanonte (dual vocative)
gʷanontes (plural vocative)
gʷanontam (accusative singular)
gʷanonte (accusative dual)
gʷanontans (accusative plural)
gʷanantos (genitive singular)
gʷanantom (genitive plural)
gʷanantei (dative singular)
gʷanantbom (dative dual)
gʷanantbos (dative plural)
gʷanantī? (instrumental singular)
gʷanantbim (dual instrumental)
gʷanantbis (instrumental plural)
gʷanantī (nominative singular)
gʷanantī (dual nominative)
gʷanantiyās (nominative plural)
gʷanantī (singular vocative)
gʷanantī (dual vocative)
gʷanantiyās (plural vocative)
gʷanantīm (accusative singular)
gʷanantī (accusative dual)
gʷanantiyans (accusative plural)
gʷanantyās (genitive singular)
gʷanantyom (genitive plural)
gʷanantyāi (dative singular)
gʷanantyābom (dative dual)
gʷanantyābos (dative plural)
gʷanantyābim (dual instrumental)
gʷanantyābis (instrumental plural)
gʷanont (nominative singular)
gʷanonta (nominative plural)
gʷanont (singular vocative)
gʷanonta (plural vocative)
gʷanont (accusative singular)
gʷanonta (accusative plural)
gʷantos (nominative singular)
gʷantou (dual nominative)
gʷantoi (nominative plural)
gʷante (singular vocative)
gʷantou (dual vocative)
gʷantoi (plural vocative)
gʷantom (accusative singular)
gʷantou (accusative dual)
gʷantons (accusative plural)
gʷantī (genitive singular)
gʷantous (dual genitive)
gʷantom (genitive plural)
gʷantūi (dative singular)
gʷantobom (dative dual)
gʷantobos (dative plural)
gʷantū (instrumental singular)
gʷantobim (dual instrumental)
gʷantobis (instrumental plural)
gʷantā (nominative singular)
gʷantai (dual nominative)
gʷantās (nominative plural)
gʷantā (singular vocative)
gʷantai (dual vocative)
gʷantās (plural vocative)
gʷantam (accusative singular)
gʷantai (accusative dual)
gʷantans (accusative plural)
gʷantās (genitive singular)
gʷantai (dative singular)
gʷantābom (dative dual)
gʷantābos (dative plural)
gʷantābim (dual instrumental)
gʷantābis (instrumental plural)
gʷantom (nominative singular)
gʷantā (nominative plural)
gʷantom (singular vocative)
gʷantā (plural vocative)
gʷantā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwėnɨd
Middle Breton: goanaff
Breton: gwanañ
Cornish: gwana
Welsh: gwanu

Old Irish: gonaid
Middle Irish: gonaid
Irish: goin
Scottish Gaelic: goin

desc

Celtiberian: Guandos (personal name, literally “the struck”) (< past participle *gʷantos)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰénti ~ *gʷʰnénti.

erwan (3sg. pres.)

Proto-Brythonic: *erwan (conjunct); Middle Welsh

ateuane (2sg. imp.)

*ati-gʷaneti (“strike back, strike again”)


kladeti

kladū (active first-person present singular)
klademam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikladsū (active first-person future singular)
keklāda (active first-person preterite singular)
kladesi (active present second-person singular)
kladetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikladsesi (active future second-person singular)
keklādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kladeti (active present singular third-person)
kladeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikladseti (active future singular third-person)
keklāde (active preterite singular third-person)
kladomosi (active first-person plural present)
klademo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikladsomosi (active first-person future plural)
keklādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kladetesi (active plural present second-person)
kladestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikladsetesi (active future plural second-person)
keklāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
kladonti (active plural present third-person)
kladento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikladsonti (active future plural third-person)
keklādars (active plural preterite third-person)
klādsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
klādsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
klade (active imperative second-person singular)
klādseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kladetou (active imperative singular third-person)
klādsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kladomos (active first-person imperative plural)
klādsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kladete (active imperative plural second-person)
klādsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kladontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kladūr (first-person passive present singular)
kikladsūr (first-person future passive singular)
keklādra (first-person passive preterite singular)
kladetar (passive present second-person singular)
kikladsetar (future passive second-person singular)
keklādras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
kladetor (passive present singular third-person)
kikladsetor (future passive singular third-person)
keklādre (passive preterite singular third-person)
kladommor (first-person passive plural present)
kikladsommor (first-person future passive plural)
kladedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikladsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kladontor (passive plural present third-person)
kikladsontor (future passive plural third-person)
klādsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
klādsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
klādsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
klādsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
klādsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
klādsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kladonts (nominative singular)
kladonte (dual nominative)
kladontes (nominative plural)
kladonts (singular vocative)
kladonte (dual vocative)
kladontes (plural vocative)
kladontam (accusative singular)
kladonte (accusative dual)
kladontans (accusative plural)
kladantos (genitive singular)
kladantom (genitive plural)
kladantei (dative singular)
kladantbom (dative dual)
kladantbos (dative plural)
kladantī? (instrumental singular)
kladantbim (dual instrumental)
kladantbis (instrumental plural)
kladantī (nominative singular)
kladantī (dual nominative)
kladantiyās (nominative plural)
kladantī (singular vocative)
kladantī (dual vocative)
kladantiyās (plural vocative)
kladantīm (accusative singular)
kladantī (accusative dual)
kladantiyans (accusative plural)
kladantyās (genitive singular)
kladantyom (genitive plural)
kladantyāi (dative singular)
kladantyābom (dative dual)
kladantyābos (dative plural)
kladantyābim (dual instrumental)
kladantyābis (instrumental plural)
kladont (nominative singular)
kladonta (nominative plural)
kladont (singular vocative)
kladonta (plural vocative)
kladont (accusative singular)
kladonta (accusative plural)
klassos (nominative singular)
klassou (dual nominative)
klassoi (nominative plural)
klasse (singular vocative)
klassou (dual vocative)
klassoi (plural vocative)
klassom (accusative singular)
klassou (accusative dual)
klassons (accusative plural)
klassī (genitive singular)
klassous (dual genitive)
klassom (genitive plural)
klassūi (dative singular)
klassobom (dative dual)
klassobos (dative plural)
klassū (instrumental singular)
klassobim (dual instrumental)
klassobis (instrumental plural)
klassā (nominative singular)
klassai (dual nominative)
klassās (nominative plural)
klassā (singular vocative)
klassai (dual vocative)
klassās (plural vocative)
klassam (accusative singular)
klassai (accusative dual)
klassans (accusative plural)
klassās (genitive singular)
klassai (dative singular)
klassābom (dative dual)
klassābos (dative plural)
klassābim (dual instrumental)
klassābis (instrumental plural)
klassom (nominative singular)
klassā (nominative plural)
klassom (singular vocative)
klassā (plural vocative)
klassā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *klėðɨd
Middle Breton: claza (“to dig, thrust”)
Breton: klazañ
Middle Welsh: claddu (“to bury”)
Welsh: claddu

Old Irish: claidid, ·claid (“to dig”)

Irish: claidh

Scottish Gaelic: cladhaich

From Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₂dʰ-é-ti (tudati-present of *kelh₂d⁽ʰ⁾-), from an extension of *kelh₂- (“to strike”). This extended form could be the result of the reanalysis of a *d⁽ʰ⁾e-present or perhaps of a compound of *kelh₂- + *dʰeh₁-, that is, “to put a strike (into someone or something)”.

inh

tudati-present of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*kelh₂d⁽ʰ⁾-</i>


kreddīti

kreddīmi (active first-person present singular)
kreddamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kreddīsi (active present second-person singular)
kreddatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kreddīti (active present singular third-person)
kreddato (active imperfect singular third-person)
kreddamosi (active first-person plural present)
kreddamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kreddatesi (active plural present second-person)
kreddastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kreddenti (active plural present third-person)
kreddanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
kreddū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kreddesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kreddī (active imperative second-person singular)
kreddeti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kreddītou (active imperative singular third-person)
kreddomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kreddamos (active first-person imperative plural)
kreddetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kreddate (active imperative plural second-person)
kreddonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kreddentou (active imperative plural third-person)
kreddīr (first-person passive present singular)
kreddītar (passive present second-person singular)
kreddītor (passive present singular third-person)
kreddammor (first-person passive plural present)
kreddadwe (passive plural present second-person)
kreddentor (passive plural present third-person)
kreddūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kreddetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kreddetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kreddommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kreddedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kreddontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kreddonts (nominative singular)
kreddonte (dual nominative)
kreddontes (nominative plural)
kreddonts (singular vocative)
kreddonte (dual vocative)
kreddontes (plural vocative)
kreddontam (accusative singular)
kreddonte (accusative dual)
kreddontans (accusative plural)
kreddantos (genitive singular)
kreddantom (genitive plural)
kreddantei (dative singular)
kreddantbom (dative dual)
kreddantbos (dative plural)
kreddantī? (instrumental singular)
kreddantbim (dual instrumental)
kreddantbis (instrumental plural)
kreddantī (nominative singular)
kreddantī (dual nominative)
kreddantiyās (nominative plural)
kreddantī (singular vocative)
kreddantī (dual vocative)
kreddantiyās (plural vocative)
kreddantīm (accusative singular)
kreddantī (accusative dual)
kreddantiyans (accusative plural)
kreddantyās (genitive singular)
kreddantyom (genitive plural)
kreddantyāi (dative singular)
kreddantyābom (dative dual)
kreddantyābos (dative plural)
kreddantyābim (dual instrumental)
kreddantyābis (instrumental plural)
kreddont (nominative singular)
kreddonta (nominative plural)
kreddont (singular vocative)
kreddonta (plural vocative)
kreddont (accusative singular)
kreddonta (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *krėdid
Middle Breton: crediff, critim
Cornish: krysi, kreji
Middle Welsh: credu
Welsh: credu

Old Irish: creitid, cretid
Irish: creid
Manx: creid, cred
Scottish Gaelic: creid

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱred dʰeh₁- (“to place one’s heart, i.e. to trust, believe”), compound phrase of oblique case form of *ḱḗr (“heart”) and *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”)).
Cognates include Sanskrit श्रद्दधाति (śrad-√dhā, “to trust, believe”) and Latin crēdō (“to believe”).


marwāti

marwāmi (active first-person present singular)
marwāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
marwasam (active first-person preterite singular)
marwāsi (active present second-person singular)
marwātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
marwass (active preterite second-person singular)
marwāti (active present singular third-person)
marwāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
marwast (active preterite singular third-person)
marwāmosi (active first-person plural present)
marwāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
marwasme (active first-person plural preterite)
marwātesi (active plural present second-person)
marwāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
marwaste (active plural preterite second-person)
marwānti (active plural present third-person)
marwānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
marwasant (active plural preterite third-person)
marwā (active imperative second-person singular)
marwātou (active imperative singular third-person)
marwāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
marwāte (active imperative plural second-person)
marwāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
marwār (first-person passive present singular)
marwātar (passive present second-person singular)
marwātor (passive present singular third-person)
marwāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
marwādwe (passive plural present second-person)
marwāntor (passive plural present third-person)
marwasanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
marwants (nominative singular)
marwante (dual nominative)
marwantes (nominative plural)
marwants (singular vocative)
marwante (dual vocative)
marwantes (plural vocative)
marwantam (accusative singular)
marwante (accusative dual)
marwantans (accusative plural)
marwantos (genitive singular)
marwantom (genitive plural)
marwantei (dative singular)
marwantbom (dative dual)
marwantbos (dative plural)
marwantī? (instrumental singular)
marwantbim (dual instrumental)
marwantbis (instrumental plural)
marwantī (nominative singular)
marwantī (dual nominative)
marwantiyās (nominative plural)
marwantī (singular vocative)
marwantī (dual vocative)
marwantiyās (plural vocative)
marwantīm (accusative singular)
marwantī (accusative dual)
marwantiyans (accusative plural)
marwantyās (genitive singular)
marwantyom (genitive plural)
marwantyāi (dative singular)
marwantyābom (dative dual)
marwantyābos (dative plural)
marwantyābim (dual instrumental)
marwantyābis (instrumental plural)
marwant (nominative singular)
marwanta (nominative plural)
marwant (singular vocative)
marwanta (plural vocative)
marwant (accusative singular)
marwanta (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *marwọd
Middle Breton: meruel
Breton: mervel
Middle Cornish: merwel
Cornish: merwel
Middle Welsh: merwi

Old Irish: marbaid, ·marba


-āti

-āmi (active first-person present singular)
-āmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
-āsi (active present second-person singular)
-ātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
-āti (active present singular third-person)
-āto (active imperfect singular third-person)
-āmosi (active first-person plural present)
-āmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
-ātesi (active plural present second-person)
-āstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
-ānti (active plural present third-person)
-ānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
-ā (active imperative second-person singular)
-ātou (active imperative singular third-person)
-āmos (active first-person imperative plural)
-āte (active imperative plural second-person)
-āntou (active imperative plural third-person)
-ār (first-person passive present singular)
-ātar (passive present second-person singular)
-ātor (passive present singular third-person)
-āmmor (first-person passive plural present)
-ādwe (passive plural present second-person)
-āntor (passive plural present third-person)
-ants (nominative singular)
-ante (dual nominative)
-antes (nominative plural)
-ants (singular vocative)
-ante (dual vocative)
-antes (plural vocative)
-antam (accusative singular)
-ante (accusative dual)
-antans (accusative plural)
-antos (genitive singular)
-antom (genitive plural)
-antei (dative singular)
-antbom (dative dual)
-antbos (dative plural)
-antī? (instrumental singular)
-antbim (dual instrumental)
-antbis (instrumental plural)
-antī (nominative singular)
-antī (dual nominative)
-antiyās (nominative plural)
-antī (singular vocative)
-antī (dual vocative)
-antiyās (plural vocative)
-antīm (accusative singular)
-antī (accusative dual)
-antiyans (accusative plural)
-antyās (genitive singular)
-antyom (genitive plural)
-antyāi (dative singular)
-antyābom (dative dual)
-antyābos (dative plural)
-antyābim (dual instrumental)
-antyābis (instrumental plural)
-ant (nominative singular)
-anta (nominative plural)
-ant (singular vocative)
-anta (plural vocative)
-ant (accusative singular)
-anta (accusative plural)
-ātos (nominative singular)
-ātou (dual nominative)
-ātoi (nominative plural)
-āte (singular vocative)
-ātou (dual vocative)
-ātoi (plural vocative)
-ātom (accusative singular)
-ātou (accusative dual)
-ātons (accusative plural)
-ātī (genitive singular)
-ātous (dual genitive)
-ātom (genitive plural)
-ātūi (dative singular)
-ātobom (dative dual)
-ātobos (dative plural)
-ātū (instrumental singular)
-ātobim (dual instrumental)
-ātobis (instrumental plural)
-ātā (nominative singular)
-ātai (dual nominative)
-ātās (nominative plural)
-ātā (singular vocative)
-ātai (dual vocative)
-ātās (plural vocative)
-ātam (accusative singular)
-ātai (accusative dual)
-ātans (accusative plural)
-ātās (genitive singular)
-ātai (dative singular)
-ātābom (dative dual)
-ātābos (dative plural)
-ātābim (dual instrumental)
-ātābis (instrumental plural)
-ātom (nominative singular)
-ātā (nominative plural)
-ātom (singular vocative)
-ātā (plural vocative)
-ātā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *-ọd

Old Irish: -aid

A merger of two formations:
* The deadjectival formation is from Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ti.
* The denominal suffix is from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti.


marwos

marwos (nominative singular)
marwou (dual nominative)
marwoi (nominative plural)
marwe (singular vocative)
marwou (dual vocative)
marwoi (plural vocative)
marwom (accusative singular)
marwou (accusative dual)
marwons (accusative plural)
marwī (genitive singular)
marwous (dual genitive)
marwom (genitive plural)
marwūi (dative singular)
marwobom (dative dual)
marwobos (dative plural)
marwū (instrumental singular)
marwobim (dual instrumental)
marwobis (instrumental plural)
marwā (nominative singular)
marwai (dual nominative)
marwās (nominative plural)
marwā (singular vocative)
marwai (dual vocative)
marwās (plural vocative)
marwam (accusative singular)
marwai (accusative dual)
marwans (accusative plural)
marwās (genitive singular)
marwai (dative singular)
marwābom (dative dual)
marwābos (dative plural)
marwābim (dual instrumental)
marwābis (instrumental plural)
marwom (nominative singular)
marwā (nominative plural)
marwom (singular vocative)
marwā (plural vocative)
marwā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *marw
Middle Breton: marf, maru
Breton: marv
Cornish: marow
Middle Welsh: marw
Welsh: marw

Old Irish: marb

Irish: marbh

Manx: marroo

Scottish Gaelic: marbh

From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥wós (“dead”), from *mer- (“to die”).