lowatrom

lowatrom (nominative singular)
lowatrou (dual nominative)
lowatrā (nominative plural)
lowatrom (singular vocative)
lowatrou (dual vocative)
lowatrā (plural vocative)
lowatrom (accusative singular)
lowatrou (accusative dual)
lowatrā (accusative plural)
lowatrī (genitive singular)
lowatrous (dual genitive)
lowatrom (genitive plural)
lowatrūi (dative singular)
lowatrobom (dative dual)
lowatrobos (dative plural)
lowatrei (locative singular)
lowatrū (instrumental singular)
lowatrobim (dual instrumental)
lowatrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llowadr
Old Breton:
Middle Breton: lovazr
Breton: laouer

Old Irish: loathar, lóthar

Gaulish: lautron (from earlier *lawatron)

Gaulish: *Lautrā

French: Lure

⇒ Gaulish: *Lautraton

→ Latin: Laudradum

French: Lorrez-le-Bocage

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Galician: Ludro, Ludrio

desc

→ Latin: Lavatrae (“a Roman fort at Bowes”)

From Proto-Indo-European *lówh₃trom, from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *lauþrą and Ancient Greek λουτρόν (loutrón).


wissos

wissos (nominative singular)
wissou (dual nominative)
wissoi (nominative plural)
wisse (singular vocative)
wissou (dual vocative)
wissoi (plural vocative)
wissom (accusative singular)
wissou (accusative dual)
wissons (accusative plural)
wissī (genitive singular)
wissous (dual genitive)
wissom (genitive plural)
wissūi (dative singular)
wissobom (dative dual)
wissobos (dative plural)
wissū (instrumental singular)
wissobim (dual instrumental)
wissobis (instrumental plural)
wissā (nominative singular)
wissai (dual nominative)
wissās (nominative plural)
wissā (singular vocative)
wissai (dual vocative)
wissās (plural vocative)
wissam (accusative singular)
wissai (accusative dual)
wissans (accusative plural)
wissās (genitive singular)
wissai (dative singular)
wissābom (dative dual)
wissābos (dative plural)
wissābim (dual instrumental)
wissābis (instrumental plural)
wissom (nominative singular)
wissā (nominative plural)
wissom (singular vocative)
wissā (plural vocative)
wissā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨs
Middle Breton: gouz
Middle Welsh: gwys
Welsh: gwŷs

Old Irish: ·fess


wissus

wissus (nominative singular)
wissū (dual nominative)
wissowes (nominative plural)
wissu (singular vocative)
wissū (dual vocative)
wissūs (plural vocative)
wissum (accusative singular)
wissū (accusative dual)
wissuns (accusative plural)
wissous (genitive singular)
wissous (dual genitive)
wissowom (genitive plural)
wissou (dative singular)
wissubom (dative dual)
wissubos (dative plural)
wissū (instrumental singular)
wissubim (dual instrumental)
wissubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨs
Welsh: gwŷs

Old Irish: fius, fiuss
Middle Irish: fis, fiss
Irish: fios
Manx: fys
Scottish Gaelic: fios

From Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd-.


glouros

gelos (nominative singular)
gelou (dual nominative)
geloi (nominative plural)
gele (singular vocative)
gelou (dual vocative)
geloi (plural vocative)
gelom (accusative singular)
gelou (accusative dual)
gelons (accusative plural)
gelī (genitive singular)
gelous (dual genitive)
gelom (genitive plural)
gelūi (dative singular)
gelobom (dative dual)
gelobos (dative plural)
gelū (instrumental singular)
gelobim (dual instrumental)
gelobis (instrumental plural)
gelā (nominative singular)
gelai (dual nominative)
gelās (nominative plural)
gelā (singular vocative)
gelai (dual vocative)
gelās (plural vocative)
gelam (accusative singular)
gelai (accusative dual)
gelans (accusative plural)
gelās (genitive singular)
gelai (dative singular)
gelābom (dative dual)
gelābos (dative plural)
gelābim (dual instrumental)
gelābis (instrumental plural)
gelom (nominative singular)
gelā (nominative plural)
gelom (singular vocative)
gelā (plural vocative)
gelā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *glʉr

Old Breton: -glur

Welsh: -glur

Old Irish: glór (also glúair (i-stem))

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰlowHr-, cognate with Proto-Germanic *glawwaz.


exsstungeti

exsstungū (active first-person present singular)
exsstungemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
exsstungesi (active present second-person singular)
exsstungetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
exsstungeti (active present singular third-person)
exsstungeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
exsstungomosi (active first-person plural present)
exsstungemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
exsstungetesi (active plural present second-person)
exsstungestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
exsstungonti (active plural present third-person)
exsstungento (active imperfect plural third-person)
exsstunge (active imperative second-person singular)
exsstungetou (active imperative singular third-person)
exsstungomos (active first-person imperative plural)
exsstungete (active imperative plural second-person)
exsstungontou (active imperative plural third-person)
exsstungūr (first-person passive present singular)
exsstungetar (passive present second-person singular)
exsstungetor (passive present singular third-person)
exsstungommor (first-person passive plural present)
exsstungedwe (passive plural present second-person)
exsstungontor (passive plural present third-person)
exsstungonts (nominative singular)
exsstungonte (dual nominative)
exsstungontes (nominative plural)
exsstungonts (singular vocative)
exsstungonte (dual vocative)
exsstungontes (plural vocative)
exsstungontam (accusative singular)
exsstungonte (accusative dual)
exsstungontans (accusative plural)
exsstungantos (genitive singular)
exsstungantom (genitive plural)
exsstungantei (dative singular)
exsstungantbom (dative dual)
exsstungantbos (dative plural)
exsstungantī? (instrumental singular)
exsstungantbim (dual instrumental)
exsstungantbis (instrumental plural)
exsstungantī (nominative singular)
exsstungantī (dual nominative)
exsstungantiyās (nominative plural)
exsstungantī (singular vocative)
exsstungantī (dual vocative)
exsstungantiyās (plural vocative)
exsstungantīm (accusative singular)
exsstungantī (accusative dual)
exsstungantiyans (accusative plural)
exsstungantyās (genitive singular)
exsstungantyom (genitive plural)
exsstungantyāi (dative singular)
exsstungantyābom (dative dual)
exsstungantyābos (dative plural)
exsstungantyābim (dual instrumental)
exsstungantyābis (instrumental plural)
exsstungont (nominative singular)
exsstungonta (nominative plural)
exsstungont (singular vocative)
exsstungonta (plural vocative)
exsstungont (accusative singular)
exsstungonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨstüngɨd
Middle Breton: stoeaff
Middle Welsh: ystwng, estwng

Old Irish: as·toing
Middle Irish: etchid
Irish: eitigh

From *exs- + Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg-.


orbyom

orbyom (nominative singular)
orbyou (dual nominative)
orbyā (nominative plural)
orbyom (singular vocative)
orbyou (dual vocative)
orbyā (plural vocative)
orbyom (accusative singular)
orbyou (accusative dual)
orbyā (accusative plural)
orbyī (genitive singular)
orbyous (dual genitive)
orbyom (genitive plural)
orbyūi (dative singular)
orbyobom (dative dual)
orbyobos (dative plural)
orbyei (locative singular)
orbyū (instrumental singular)
orbyobim (dual instrumental)
orbyūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: orbbae, orbae, orpe
Middle Irish: forba
Irish: forba

⇒ Old Irish: comarbbae, comarbae, comarpe
Middle Irish: comarba, comarpa, comorba
Irish: comharba, cómharba (superseded)
→ English: coarb

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃orbʰyom, from *h₃erbʰ- (“inheritance”). Cognate with Proto-Norse ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ (arbija), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌹 (arbi).


bundos

bundos (nominative singular)
bundou (dual nominative)
bundoi (nominative plural)
bunde (singular vocative)
bundou (dual vocative)
bundoi (plural vocative)
bundom (accusative singular)
bundou (accusative dual)
bundons (accusative plural)
bundī (genitive singular)
bundous (dual genitive)
bundom (genitive plural)
bundūi (dative singular)
bundobom (dative dual)
bundobos (dative plural)
bundei (locative singular)
bundū (instrumental singular)
bundobim (dual instrumental)
bundūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: *bond

Middle Irish: bond, bonn

Irish: bonn

Scottish Gaelic: bonn

⇒ Gaulish: *bundā

→ French: bonde (“plug”)

→ Galician: bandón (“bung”)

→ Occitan: bonda (“marshland”)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn, with metathesis.


widwā

widwā (nominative singular)
widwai (dual nominative)
widwās (nominative plural)
widwā (singular vocative)
widwai (dual vocative)
widwās (plural vocative)
widwam (accusative singular)
widwai (accusative dual)
widwāns (accusative plural)
widwās (genitive singular)
widwous (dual genitive)
widwom (genitive plural)
widwāi (dative singular)
widwābom (dative dual)
widwābos (dative plural)
widwai (locative singular)
widwābim (dual instrumental)
widwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweðw
Old Cornish: guedeu
Cornish: gwedhow
Middle Welsh: gweðw, gwyðw
Welsh: gweddw

Old Irish: fedb
Irish: feadhbh (obsolete)


smerus

smerus (nominative singular)
smerū (dual nominative)
smerowes (nominative plural)
smeru (singular vocative)
smerū (dual vocative)
smerūs (plural vocative)
smerum (accusative singular)
smerū (accusative dual)
smeruns (accusative plural)
smerous (genitive singular)
smerous (dual genitive)
smerowom (genitive plural)
smerou (dative singular)
smerubom (dative dual)
smerubos (dative plural)
smerū (instrumental singular)
smerubim (dual instrumental)
smerubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *mer
Breton: mel (“marrow”)
Cornish: mer
Welsh: mêr

Old Irish: smiur

Middle Irish: smir

Irish: smior

Manx: smuirr

Scottish Gaelic: smior


srutu

srutu (nominative singular)
srutū (dual nominative)
srutwā (nominative plural)
srutu (singular vocative)
srutū (dual vocative)
srutwā (plural vocative)
srutu (accusative singular)
srutū (accusative dual)
srutwā (accusative plural)
srutous (genitive singular)
srutous (dual genitive)
srutowom (genitive plural)
srutou (dative singular)
srutubom (dative dual)
srutubos (dative plural)
srutū (instrumental singular)
srutubim (dual instrumental)
srutubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *frud
Old Breton: frut
Breton: froud
Old Cornish: frot
Cornish: fros
Middle Welsh: ffrwt
Welsh: ffrwd

Old Irish: sruth
Irish: sruth
Manx: stroo
Scottish Gaelic: sruth


skātu

skātu (nominative singular)
skātū (dual nominative)
skātwā (nominative plural)
skātu (singular vocative)
skātū (dual vocative)
skātwā (plural vocative)
skātu (accusative singular)
skātū (accusative dual)
skātwā (accusative plural)
skātous (genitive singular)
skātous (dual genitive)
skātowom (genitive plural)
skātou (dative singular)
skātubom (dative dual)
skātubos (dative plural)
skātū (instrumental singular)
skātubim (dual instrumental)
skātubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *skọd
Breton: skeud
Old Cornish: scod
Cornish: skeus
Middle Welsh: ysgawt
Welsh: ysgod

Old Irish: scáth
Irish: scáth
Manx: scaa
Scottish Gaelic: sgàth
⇒ Middle Irish: scáthán
Irish: scáthán

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *sḱeh₃-tu- (either masculine or neuter), from the root *(s)ḱeh₃-. Matasovic erroneously neglects that Old Irish scáth partly declines as a u-stem, a type of inflection which is also clearly seen in Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skadus). Further cognates include Old English sċeadu, Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos), and Sanskrit छत्त्र (chattra).


krowos

krowos (nominative singular)
krowou (dual nominative)
krowoi (nominative plural)
krowe (singular vocative)
krowou (dual vocative)
krowoi (plural vocative)
krowom (accusative singular)
krowou (accusative dual)
krowons (accusative plural)
krowī (genitive singular)
krowous (dual genitive)
krowom (genitive plural)
krowūi (dative singular)
krowobom (dative dual)
krowobos (dative plural)
krowei (locative singular)
krowū (instrumental singular)
krowobim (dual instrumental)
krowūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: crú (“blood”)
Irish: cró

A thematicization of *krūs, from Proto-Indo-European *kréwh₂s.


klutom

klutom (nominative singular)
klutou (dual nominative)
klutā (nominative plural)
klutom (singular vocative)
klutou (dual vocative)
klutā (plural vocative)
klutom (accusative singular)
klutou (accusative dual)
klutā (accusative plural)
klutī (genitive singular)
klutous (dual genitive)
klutom (genitive plural)
klutūi (dative singular)
klutobom (dative dual)
klutobos (dative plural)
klutei (locative singular)
klutū (instrumental singular)
klutobim (dual instrumental)
klutūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *klod

Middle Breton: clot

Breton: klod

Middle Cornish: clos

Middle Welsh: clod, clot, klod

Welsh: clod

Old Irish: cloth
Middle Irish: cloth
Irish: cloth
Scottish Gaelic: clòth

Gaulish: *kluton, *klouton

⇒ Gaulish: *Cloutios

→ Latin: Cloutius

>? Celtiberian: *kolouton

⇒ Celtiberian: Koloutios

A nominalization of Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós (“famous”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


knūs

knūs (nominative singular)
knuwe (dual nominative)
knuwes (nominative plural)
knūs (singular vocative)
knuwe (dual vocative)
knuwes (plural vocative)
knuwam (accusative singular)
knuwe (accusative dual)
knuwans (accusative plural)
knuwos (genitive singular)
knuwou (dual genitive)
knuwom (genitive plural)
knuwei (dative singular)
knuwobom (dative dual)
knuwobos (dative plural)
knuwi (locative singular)
knuwe? (instrumental singular)
knuwobim (dual instrumental)
knuwobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *know pl
Old Breton: cnou
Middle Breton: cnou
Breton: kraou, kraoñ
Cornish: know
Middle Welsh: kneu
Welsh: cnau

Old Irish: cnú
Irish: cnó
Manx: cro
Scottish Gaelic: cnò

From a hypothetical Pre-Celtic *knuHs, which in view of the vacillating consonantism in Germanic and Latin (from *knuds and *knuks respectively) is probably a post-PIE loanword from a European substrate language. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hnuts, Latin nux.


tangʷāts

tangʷāts (nominative singular)
tangʷāte (dual nominative)
tangʷātes (nominative plural)
tangʷāts (singular vocative)
tangʷāte (dual vocative)
tangʷātes (plural vocative)
tangʷātam (accusative singular)
tangʷāte (accusative dual)
tangʷātans (accusative plural)
tangʷātos (genitive singular)
tangʷātou (dual genitive)
tangʷātom (genitive plural)
tangʷātei (dative singular)
tangʷātobom (dative dual)
tangʷātobos (dative plural)
tangʷāti (locative singular)
tangʷāte? (instrumental singular)
tangʷātobim (dual instrumental)
tangʷātobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tavọd

Middle Breton: teaut, teut

Breton: teod

Old Cornish: tauot

Cornish: taves, tavas

Middle Welsh: tauaut

Welsh: tafod

Old Irish: tengae
Irish: teanga
Manx: çhengey
Scottish Gaelic: teanga

From earlier *dangʷāts, from an extended Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂-t-s, from *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. The change of d to t has not been satisfactorily explained.


gansis

gansis (nominative singular)
gansī (dual nominative)
gansīs (nominative plural)
gansi (singular vocative)
gansī (dual vocative)
gansīs (plural vocative)
gansim (accusative singular)
gansī (accusative dual)
gansins (accusative plural)
ganseis (genitive singular)
gansyow (dual genitive)
gansyom (genitive plural)
gansei (dative singular)
gansibom (dative dual)
gansibos (dative plural)
gansei (locative singular)
gansī (instrumental singular)
gansibim (dual instrumental)
gansibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: géiss

gathfannIrish: gafannScottish Gaelic: gafann


meblā

meblā (nominative singular)
meblai (dual nominative)
meblās (nominative plural)
meblā (singular vocative)
meblai (dual vocative)
meblās (plural vocative)
meblam (accusative singular)
meblai (accusative dual)
meblāns (accusative plural)
meblās (genitive singular)
meblous (dual genitive)
meblom (genitive plural)
meblāi (dative singular)
meblābom (dative dual)
meblābos (dative plural)
meblai (locative singular)
meblābim (dual instrumental)
meblābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *meβl
⇒ Old Breton: meplaom
Cornish: mewl
Middle Welsh: meuyl
Welsh: mefl

Old Irish: mebul
Irish: meabhal
Scottish Gaelic: meabhal

From Proto-Indo-European *mebʰ- (“to blame”); compare Ancient Greek μέμφομαι (mémphomai) and Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌼𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bimampjan).


bledyos

bledyos (nominative singular)
bledyou (dual nominative)
bledyoi (nominative plural)
bledye (singular vocative)
bledyou (dual vocative)
bledyoi (plural vocative)
bledyom (accusative singular)
bledyou (accusative dual)
bledyons (accusative plural)
bledyī (genitive singular)
bledyous (dual genitive)
bledyom (genitive plural)
bledyūi (dative singular)
bledyobom (dative dual)
bledyobos (dative plural)
bledyei (locative singular)
bledyū (instrumental singular)
bledyobim (dual instrumental)
bledyūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *blėð
Old Breton: bleid
Middle Breton: bleiz
Breton: bleiz
Old Cornish: bleit
Cornish: bleydh
Middle Welsh: bleidd
Welsh: blaidd

*bledā

Old Irish: bled

Unknown. Probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


tartus

tartus (nominative singular)
tartū (dual nominative)
tartowes (nominative plural)
tartu (singular vocative)
tartū (dual vocative)
tartūs (plural vocative)
tartum (accusative singular)
tartū (accusative dual)
tartuns (accusative plural)
tartous (genitive singular)
tartous (dual genitive)
tartowom (genitive plural)
tartou (dative singular)
tartubom (dative dual)
tartubos (dative plural)
tartū (instrumental singular)
tartubim (dual instrumental)
tartubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tarθ

Middle Welsh: tarth (“vapour”)

Welsh: tarth (“mist, fog”)

Old Irish: tart (“thirst”)

desc

Irish: tart (“thirst, dryness, drought”)

Scottish Gaelic: tart (“thirst, drought”)

Manx: taart (“thirst”)

From Proto-Indo-European *térstus, from Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þurstuz (“thirst”).


tlinati

tlināmi (active first-person present singular)
tlinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
titlāsū (active first-person future singular)
tetlū (active first-person preterite singular)
tlināsi (active present second-person singular)
tlinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
titlāsesi (active future second-person singular)
tetlūs (active preterite second-person singular)
tlināti (active present singular third-person)
tlinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
titlāseti (active future singular third-person)
tetlū (active preterite singular third-person)
tlinamosi (active first-person plural present)
tlinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
titlāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
tetlamo (active first-person plural preterite)
tlinatesi (active plural present second-person)
tlinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
titlāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
tetlate (active plural preterite second-person)
tlinanti (active plural present third-person)
tlinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
titlāsonti (active future plural third-person)
tetlars (active plural preterite third-person)
tlinā (active imperative second-person singular)
tlinātou (active imperative singular third-person)
tlinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
tlinate (active imperative plural second-person)
tlinantou (active imperative plural third-person)
tlinār (first-person passive present singular)
titlāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
tlinātar (passive present second-person singular)
titlāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
tlinātor (passive present singular third-person)
titlāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
tlinammor (first-person passive plural present)
titlāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
tlinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
titlāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
tlinantor (passive plural present third-person)
titlāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
tlinonts (nominative singular)
tlinonte (dual nominative)
tlinontes (nominative plural)
tlinonts (singular vocative)
tlinonte (dual vocative)
tlinontes (plural vocative)
tlinontam (accusative singular)
tlinonte (accusative dual)
tlinontans (accusative plural)
tlinantos (genitive singular)
tlinantom (genitive plural)
tlinantei (dative singular)
tlinantbom (dative dual)
tlinantbos (dative plural)
tlinantī? (instrumental singular)
tlinantbim (dual instrumental)
tlinantbis (instrumental plural)
tlinantī (nominative singular)
tlinantī (dual nominative)
tlinantiyās (nominative plural)
tlinantī (singular vocative)
tlinantī (dual vocative)
tlinantiyās (plural vocative)
tlinantīm (accusative singular)
tlinantī (accusative dual)
tlinantiyans (accusative plural)
tlinantyās (genitive singular)
tlinantyom (genitive plural)
tlinantyāi (dative singular)
tlinantyābom (dative dual)
tlinantyābos (dative plural)
tlinantyābim (dual instrumental)
tlinantyābis (instrumental plural)
tlinont (nominative singular)
tlinonta (nominative plural)
tlinont (singular vocative)
tlinonta (plural vocative)
tlinont (accusative singular)
tlinonta (accusative plural)

Old Irish: tlenaid


weidus

weidus (nominative singular)
weidū (dual nominative)
weidowes (nominative plural)
weidu (singular vocative)
weidū (dual vocative)
weidūs (plural vocative)
weidum (accusative singular)
weidū (accusative dual)
weiduns (accusative plural)
weidous (genitive singular)
weidous (dual genitive)
weidowom (genitive plural)
weidou (dative singular)
weidubom (dative dual)
weidubos (dative plural)
weidū (instrumental singular)
weidubim (dual instrumental)
weidubis (instrumental plural)
weidu (nominative singular)
weidwā (nominative plural)
weidwā (plural vocative)
weidu (accusative singular)
weidwā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: fíad

Irish: fia

Manx: feeaih

Scottish Gaelic: fiadh

Proto-Brythonic: *guɨð

Old Breton: guoid, guoed

Middle Breton: goez

Breton: gouez

Middle Welsh: gwyð

Welsh: gŵydd

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Guɨðel

Breton: Gouezel

Cornish: Goedhel, Godhal

Old Welsh: Guoidel

Middle Welsh: Gwyðyl, Guoiðel

Welsh: Gwyddel

desctree

→ Old Irish: Goídel
Middle Irish: Goídel, Gaídel
Irish: Gaoidheal, Gael
Manx: Gael
Scottish Gaelic: Gàidheal, earlier also Gaoidheal

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁- (“wood, wilderness”).


Maglokunos

Maglokunos (nominative singular)
Maglokune (singular vocative)
Maglokunom (accusative singular)
Maglokunī (genitive singular)
Maglokunūi (dative singular)
Maglokunei (locative singular)
Maglokunū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Maɨlgun
Old Welsh: Mailgun
Middle Welsh: Maelgwn
Welsh: Maelgwn
→ Late Latin: Maglocunus
→ English: Maglocune

Old Irish: Máelchú, Melcho

From *maglos (“noble”) + *kunos (“dog”).


ɸrikā

ɸrikā (nominative singular)
ɸrikai (dual nominative)
ɸrikās (nominative plural)
ɸrikā (singular vocative)
ɸrikai (dual vocative)
ɸrikās (plural vocative)
ɸrikam (accusative singular)
ɸrikai (accusative dual)
ɸrikāns (accusative plural)
ɸrikās (genitive singular)
ɸrikous (dual genitive)
ɸrikom (genitive plural)
ɸrikāi (dative singular)
ɸrikābom (dative dual)
ɸrikābos (dative plural)
ɸrikai (locative singular)
ɸrikābim (dual instrumental)
ɸrikābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨx
Old Breton: rec
Middle Breton: rec
Breton: re
Middle Welsh: rych, rhych
Welsh: rhych

Old Irish: etrech

Middle Irish: etarche, etrige

Irish: eitre

Gaulish: *rikā

→ Late Latin: riga

Catalan: rec, rega

Old French: roie

French: raie

Provençal: rega

Galician: rego

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥keh₂ (“furrow”), from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *furhs (“furrow”), Latin porca (“ridge, balk”), Lithuanian prapar̃šas (“ditch”), and Sanskrit पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”).


ɸrostos

ɸrostos (nominative singular)
ɸrostou (dual nominative)
ɸrostoi (nominative plural)
ɸroste (singular vocative)
ɸrostou (dual vocative)
ɸrostoi (plural vocative)
ɸrostom (accusative singular)
ɸrostou (accusative dual)
ɸrostons (accusative plural)
ɸrostī (genitive singular)
ɸrostous (dual genitive)
ɸrostom (genitive plural)
ɸrostūi (dative singular)
ɸrostobom (dative dual)
ɸrostobos (dative plural)
ɸrostei (locative singular)
ɸrostū (instrumental singular)
ɸrostobim (dual instrumental)
ɸrostūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rros
Middle Breton: ros
Cornish: ros
Middle Welsh: ros
Welsh: rhos
Cumbric: *ros

Old Irish: ros
Irish: ros (“wood”)
Scottish Gaelic: ros (“promontory”)

From Proto-Indo-European *pró-sth₂-os, a derivative of *steh₂- (“to stand”), the overall semantics being "something standing ahead". The same construction as Sanskrit प्रस्थ (prastha, “plateau”), but probably coined separately in the two languages.

Noun used in the daughter languages to refer to various protruding natural landforms, including:


maginos

maginos (nominative singular)
maginou (dual nominative)
maginoi (nominative plural)
magine (singular vocative)
maginou (dual vocative)
maginoi (plural vocative)
maginom (accusative singular)
maginou (accusative dual)
maginons (accusative plural)
maginī (genitive singular)
maginous (dual genitive)
maginom (genitive plural)
maginūi (dative singular)
maginobom (dative dual)
maginobos (dative plural)
maginei (locative singular)
maginū (instrumental singular)
maginobim (dual instrumental)
maginūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maɣɨn
Cornish: men
Old Breton: main
Middle Breton: men
Breton: maen (see there for further descendants)
Old Welsh:
Middle Welsh: maen
Welsh: maen

Old Irish: magen

Possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *m̥ǵh₂- (“big, great”). Compare *magos (“field”) and Sanskrit मही (mahī, “earth”, literally “the great one”) for similar semantic developments from the same root.


kowwaris

kowwaris (nominative singular)
kowwarī (dual nominative)
kowwarīs (nominative plural)
kowwari (singular vocative)
kowwarī (dual vocative)
kowwarīs (plural vocative)
kowwarim (accusative singular)
kowwarī (accusative dual)
kowwarins (accusative plural)
kowwareis (genitive singular)
kowwaryou (dual genitive)
kowwaryom (genitive plural)
kowwarei (dative singular)
kowwaribom (dative dual)
kowwaribos (dative plural)
kowwarī (instrumental singular)
kowwaribim (dual instrumental)
kowwaribis (instrumental plural)
kowwari (nominative singular)
kowwaryā (nominative plural)
kowwaryā (plural vocative)
kowwari (accusative singular)
kowwaryā (accusative plural)
kowwarois (genitive singular)
kowwarois (dual genitive)
kowwarē (dative singular)
*komwīros (alternative)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *küwėr
Old Welsh: couer
Middle Welsh: kyweir, cyweir
Welsh: cywair

Old Irish: cóir, coair, coïr
Middle Irish: cóir
Irish: cóir
Scottish Gaelic: còir
Manx: cair

Matasović believes this to be from *kom- (“with”) + a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to heed”).


kliyos

kliyos (nominative singular)
kliyou (dual nominative)
kliyoi (nominative plural)
kliye (singular vocative)
kliyou (dual vocative)
kliyoi (plural vocative)
kliyom (accusative singular)
kliyou (accusative dual)
kliyons (accusative plural)
kliyī (genitive singular)
kliyous (dual genitive)
kliyom (genitive plural)
kliyūi (dative singular)
kliyobom (dative dual)
kliyobos (dative plural)
kliyū (instrumental singular)
kliyobim (dual instrumental)
kliyobis (instrumental plural)
kliyā (nominative singular)
kliyai (dual nominative)
kliyās (nominative plural)
kliyā (singular vocative)
kliyai (dual vocative)
kliyās (plural vocative)
kliyam (accusative singular)
kliyai (accusative dual)
kliyans (accusative plural)
kliyās (genitive singular)
kliyai (dative singular)
kliyābom (dative dual)
kliyābos (dative plural)
kliyābim (dual instrumental)
kliyābis (instrumental plural)
kliyom (nominative singular)
kliyā (nominative plural)
kliyom (singular vocative)
kliyā (plural vocative)
kliyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kleð

Breton: kleiz

Cornish: cleth

Welsh: cledd

Old Irish: clé
Middle Irish: clé
Irish: clé
Scottish Gaelic: clì
Manx: clee

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰 (hleiduma, “left”), and Latin clīvius (“inauspicious”). The left direction was considered a taboo and all Indo-European words meaning "left" come from words meaning "bent" or "crooked" as a result.


maglos

maglos (nominative singular)
maglou (dual nominative)
magloi (nominative plural)
magle (singular vocative)
maglou (dual vocative)
magloi (plural vocative)
maglom (accusative singular)
maglou (accusative dual)
maglons (accusative plural)
maglī (genitive singular)
maglous (dual genitive)
maglom (genitive plural)
maglūi (dative singular)
maglobom (dative dual)
maglobos (dative plural)
maglei (locative singular)
maglū (instrumental singular)
maglobim (dual instrumental)
maglūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maɣl
Middle Welsh: mael

Primitive Irish: *ᚋᚐᚌᚂᚔ (*magli)
Old Irish: mál

Gaulish: magalos, maglus

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *mikilaz, Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas).


ambisuweti

ambisuwū (active first-person present singular)
ambisuwemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ambisisūsū (active first-person future singular)
ambisesowa (active first-person preterite singular)
ambisuwesi (active present second-person singular)
ambisuwetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ambisisūsesi (active future second-person singular)
ambisesowas? (active preterite second-person singular)
ambisuweti (active present singular third-person)
ambisuweto (active imperfect singular third-person)
ambisisūseti (active future singular third-person)
ambisesowe (active preterite singular third-person)
ambisuwomosi (active first-person plural present)
ambisuwemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ambisisūsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ambisesowmo (active first-person plural preterite)
ambisuwetesi (active plural present second-person)
ambisuwestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ambisisūsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ambisesowe (active plural preterite second-person)
ambisuwonti (active plural present third-person)
ambisuwento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ambisisūsonti (active future plural third-person)
ambisesowars (active plural preterite third-person)
ambisowasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ambisowasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ambisuwe (active imperative second-person singular)
ambisowaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ambisuwetou (active imperative singular third-person)
ambisowasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ambisuwomos (active first-person imperative plural)
ambisowasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ambisuwete (active imperative plural second-person)
ambisowasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ambisuwontou (active imperative plural third-person)
ambisuwūr (first-person passive present singular)
ambisisūsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ambisesowra (first-person passive preterite singular)
ambisuwetar (passive present second-person singular)
ambisisūsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ambisesowras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
ambisuwetor (passive present singular third-person)
ambisisūsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ambisesowre (passive preterite singular third-person)
ambisuwommor (first-person passive plural present)
ambisisūsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ambisuwedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ambisisūsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ambisuwontor (passive plural present third-person)
ambisisūsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ambisowasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ambisowasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ambisowasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ambisowasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ambisowasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ambisowasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ambisuwonts (nominative singular)
ambisuwonte (dual nominative)
ambisuwontes (nominative plural)
ambisuwonts (singular vocative)
ambisuwonte (dual vocative)
ambisuwontes (plural vocative)
ambisuwontam (accusative singular)
ambisuwonte (accusative dual)
ambisuwontans (accusative plural)
ambisuwantos (genitive singular)
ambisuwantom (genitive plural)
ambisuwantei (dative singular)
ambisuwantbom (dative dual)
ambisuwantbos (dative plural)
ambisuwantī? (instrumental singular)
ambisuwantbim (dual instrumental)
ambisuwantbis (instrumental plural)
ambisuwantī (nominative singular)
ambisuwantī (dual nominative)
ambisuwantiyās (nominative plural)
ambisuwantī (singular vocative)
ambisuwantī (dual vocative)
ambisuwantiyās (plural vocative)
ambisuwantīm (accusative singular)
ambisuwantī (accusative dual)
ambisuwantiyans (accusative plural)
ambisuwantyās (genitive singular)
ambisuwantyom (genitive plural)
ambisuwantyāi (dative singular)
ambisuwantyābom (dative dual)
ambisuwantyābos (dative plural)
ambisuwantyābim (dual instrumental)
ambisuwantyābis (instrumental plural)
ambisuwont (nominative singular)
ambisuwonta (nominative plural)
ambisuwont (singular vocative)
ambisuwonta (plural vocative)
ambisuwont (accusative singular)
ambisuwonta (accusative plural)
ambisūtos (nominative singular)
ambisūtou (dual nominative)
ambisūtoi (nominative plural)
ambisūte (singular vocative)
ambisūtou (dual vocative)
ambisūtoi (plural vocative)
ambisūtom (accusative singular)
ambisūtou (accusative dual)
ambisūtons (accusative plural)
ambisūtī (genitive singular)
ambisūtous (dual genitive)
ambisūtom (genitive plural)
ambisūtūi (dative singular)
ambisūtobom (dative dual)
ambisūtobos (dative plural)
ambisūtū (instrumental singular)
ambisūtobim (dual instrumental)
ambisūtobis (instrumental plural)
ambisūtā (nominative singular)
ambisūtai (dual nominative)
ambisūtās (nominative plural)
ambisūtā (singular vocative)
ambisūtai (dual vocative)
ambisūtās (plural vocative)
ambisūtam (accusative singular)
ambisūtai (accusative dual)
ambisūtans (accusative plural)
ambisūtās (genitive singular)
ambisūtai (dative singular)
ambisūtābom (dative dual)
ambisūtābos (dative plural)
ambisūtābim (dual instrumental)
ambisūtābis (instrumental plural)
ambisūtom (nominative singular)
ambisūtā (nominative plural)
ambisūtom (singular vocative)
ambisūtā (plural vocative)
ambisūtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *amhow (prototonic)

Middle Welsh: amheu

Welsh: amau

Old Irish: imm·soí

Irish: iompaigh

From *ambi- + *suweti, from Proto-Indo-European *sewh₁- (“to move”) (compare Hittite [script needed] (šuwezzi) and Sanskrit सुवति (suváti)).


glūnos

glūnos (nominative singular)
glūnese? (dual nominative)
glūnesa (nominative plural)
glūnos (singular vocative)
glūnese? (dual vocative)
glūnesa (plural vocative)
glūnos (accusative singular)
glūnese? (accusative dual)
glūnesa (accusative plural)
glūnesos (genitive singular)
glūnesous? (dual genitive)
glūnesom (genitive plural)
glūnesei (dative singular)
glūnesbom (dative dual)
glūnesbos (dative plural)
glūnesi (locative singular)
glūnesei (instrumental singular)
glūnesbim (dual instrumental)
glūnesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *glin
Breton: glin
Cornish: glin
Welsh: glin

Old Irish: glún
Irish: glúin
Manx: glioon
Scottish Gaelic: glùin

Dissimilated from earlier *gnūn-, *gnūnos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Compare with Albanian gju for a similar development.


klounis

klounis (nominative singular)
klounī (dual nominative)
klounīs (nominative plural)
klouni (singular vocative)
klounī (dual vocative)
klounīs (plural vocative)
klounim (accusative singular)
klounī (accusative dual)
klounins (accusative plural)
klouneis (genitive singular)
klounyow (dual genitive)
klounyom (genitive plural)
klounei (dative singular)
klounibom (dative dual)
klounibos (dative plural)
klounei (locative singular)
klounī (instrumental singular)
klounibim (dual instrumental)
klounibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *klʉn

Old Welsh: clun

desc

Middle Welsh: clun (“meadow, moor; brake; brushwood”)

Old Irish: clúain

Irish: cluain
→ English: Cloyne

Scottish Gaelic: cluain

→ English: Cluny

Celtiberian: *klounia (placename)

→ Latin: Clunia

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlopni-, from *ḱlep- (“wet, swampy”), see also Czech slota and Slovak slota (“rainy weather”), Lithuanian šlapias (“wet”), Ancient Greek κλέπας (klépas).


weiros

weiros (nominative singular)
weirou (dual nominative)
weiroi (nominative plural)
weire (singular vocative)
weirou (dual vocative)
weiroi (plural vocative)
weirom (accusative singular)
weirou (accusative dual)
weirons (accusative plural)
weirī (genitive singular)
weirous (dual genitive)
weirom (genitive plural)
weirūi (dative singular)
weirobom (dative dual)
weirobos (dative plural)
weirū (instrumental singular)
weirobim (dual instrumental)
weirobis (instrumental plural)
weirā (nominative singular)
weirai (dual nominative)
weirās (nominative plural)
weirā (singular vocative)
weirai (dual vocative)
weirās (plural vocative)
weiram (accusative singular)
weirai (accusative dual)
weirans (accusative plural)
weirās (genitive singular)
weirai (dative singular)
weirābom (dative dual)
weirābos (dative plural)
weirābim (dual instrumental)
weirābis (instrumental plural)
weirom (nominative singular)
weirā (nominative plural)
weirom (singular vocative)
weirā (plural vocative)
weirā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwuɨr

Middle Welsh: gwyr

Welsh: gŵyr

Middle Breton: goar

Breton: gwar (“curved”)

Middle Irish: fiar

Irish: fiar

Scottish Gaelic: fiar

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁iros (“turned, twisted”), from *weh₁y- (“to twist, wrap”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *wīraz (“wire”).


strutis

strutis (nominative singular)
strutī (dual nominative)
strutīs (nominative plural)
struti (singular vocative)
strutī (dual vocative)
strutīs (plural vocative)
strutim (accusative singular)
strutī (accusative dual)
strutins (accusative plural)
struteis (genitive singular)
strutyou (dual genitive)
strutyom (genitive plural)
strutei (dative singular)
strutibom (dative dual)
strutibos (dative plural)
strutī (instrumental singular)
strutibim (dual instrumental)
strutibis (instrumental plural)
struti (nominative singular)
strutyā (nominative plural)
strutyā (plural vocative)
struti (accusative singular)
strutyā (accusative plural)
strutois (genitive singular)
strutois (dual genitive)
strutē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *strud

Old Breton: strot

Old Welsh: strutiu pl

Old Irish: sruith (“old, venerable”)

Irish: sruith

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *stru-tis, from *stru- (“gray-haired, old”). Only Balto-Slavic cognates are known, such as Polish stryj (“uncle”).


damniyom

damnyom (nominative singular)
damnyou (dual nominative)
damnyā (nominative plural)
damnyom (singular vocative)
damnyou (dual vocative)
damnyā (plural vocative)
damnyom (accusative singular)
damnyou (accusative dual)
damnyā (accusative plural)
damnyī (genitive singular)
damnyous (dual genitive)
damnyom (genitive plural)
damnyūi (dative singular)
damnyobom (dative dual)
damnyobos (dative plural)
damnyei (locative singular)
damnyū (instrumental singular)
damnyobim (dual instrumental)
damnyūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *dėβ̃nɨð sg, *daβ̃neð pl

Middle Breton: daffnez, danfuez (from the plural)

Breton: danvez

Cornish: defnydh, devnydh

Middle Welsh: defnyd

Welsh: defnydd

Old Irish: damnae

Middle Irish: damna

Irish: damhna

Scottish Gaelic: damhna

From Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build (up)”). Schrijver specifies a by-form *dm-nóm (“building material”), with another suffix added; this suffix could be cognate to Latin -eus, which forms material adjectives.


-ālos

-ālos (nominative singular)
-ālou (dual nominative)
-āloi (nominative plural)
-āle (singular vocative)
-ālou (dual vocative)
-āloi (plural vocative)
-ālom (accusative singular)
-ālou (accusative dual)
-ālons (accusative plural)
-ālī (genitive singular)
-ālous (dual genitive)
-ālom (genitive plural)
-ālūi (dative singular)
-ālobom (dative dual)
-ālobos (dative plural)
-ālū (instrumental singular)
-ālobim (dual instrumental)
-ālobis (instrumental plural)
-ālā (nominative singular)
-ālai (dual nominative)
-ālās (nominative plural)
-ālā (singular vocative)
-ālai (dual vocative)
-ālās (plural vocative)
-ālam (accusative singular)
-ālai (accusative dual)
-ālans (accusative plural)
-ālās (genitive singular)
-ālai (dative singular)
-ālābom (dative dual)
-ālābos (dative plural)
-ālābim (dual instrumental)
-ālābis (instrumental plural)
-ālom (nominative singular)
-ālā (nominative plural)
-ālom (singular vocative)
-ālā (plural vocative)
-ālā (accusative plural)
*-ālā (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ọl

Old Breton: -ol

Middle Breton: -el

Breton: -el

Cornish: -el

Old Welsh: -ol

Middle Welsh: -awl

Welsh: -ol

Old Irish: -all

From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂los, from *-eh₂ (a-stem suffix) + *-lós (adjectival suffix). Cognate with Latin -ālis.


bodaros

bodaros (nominative singular)
bodarou (dual nominative)
bodaroi (nominative plural)
bodare (singular vocative)
bodarou (dual vocative)
bodaroi (plural vocative)
bodarom (accusative singular)
bodarou (accusative dual)
bodarons (accusative plural)
bodarī (genitive singular)
bodarous (dual genitive)
bodarom (genitive plural)
bodarūi (dative singular)
bodarobom (dative dual)
bodarobos (dative plural)
bodarū (instrumental singular)
bodarobim (dual instrumental)
bodarobis (instrumental plural)
bodarā (nominative singular)
bodarai (dual nominative)
bodarās (nominative plural)
bodarā (singular vocative)
bodarai (dual vocative)
bodarās (plural vocative)
bodaram (accusative singular)
bodarai (accusative dual)
bodarans (accusative plural)
bodarās (genitive singular)
bodarai (dative singular)
bodarābom (dative dual)
bodarābos (dative plural)
bodarābim (dual instrumental)
bodarābis (instrumental plural)
bodarom (nominative singular)
bodarā (nominative plural)
bodarom (singular vocative)
bodarā (plural vocative)
bodarā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *boðar
Breton: bouzar
Cornish: bodhar
Welsh: byddar

Old Irish: bodar
Irish: bodhar
Manx: bouyr
Scottish Gaelic: bodhar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰHrós (“deaf”). Cognate to Sanskrit बधिर (badhirá).


eburos

eburos (nominative singular)
eburou (dual nominative)
eburoi (nominative plural)
ebure (singular vocative)
eburou (dual vocative)
eburoi (plural vocative)
eburom (accusative singular)
eburou (accusative dual)
eburons (accusative plural)
eburī (genitive singular)
eburous (dual genitive)
eburom (genitive plural)
eburūi (dative singular)
eburobom (dative dual)
eburobos (dative plural)
eburei (locative singular)
eburū (instrumental singular)
eburobim (dual instrumental)
eburūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *eβur
Middle Breton: heuor, euor
Breton: evor (“alder buckthorn”)
Cornish: evor (“hogweed”)
Middle Welsh: efwr, ewr
Welsh: efwr (“hogweed, cow parsnip”)

Old Irish: ibar
Irish: iúr, iobhar (obsolete), úr
Manx: euar
Scottish Gaelic: iubhar

Gaulish: eburo-

→⇒ Latin: Eburobriga

→⇒ Latin: Eburodūnum

→⇒? Latin: Eburōnes

→⇒ Latin: Eboracum

→⇒ Latin: Eburiacum

French Évry, Ivry, Ivrey

Hispano-Celtic:

→⇒ Latin: Eburobrittium

→⇒ Latin: Ebronanto

→ Latin: Ebora
Old Galician-Portuguese: Evora
Portuguese: Évora

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ebʰros (“yew”). Cognate with German Eberesche, Albanian bërshen.


ambostā

ambostā (nominative singular)
ambostai (dual nominative)
ambostās (nominative plural)
ambostā (singular vocative)
ambostai (dual vocative)
ambostās (plural vocative)
ambostam (accusative singular)
ambostai (accusative dual)
ambostāns (accusative plural)
ambostās (genitive singular)
ambostous (dual genitive)
ambostom (genitive plural)
ambostāi (dative singular)
ambostābom (dative dual)
ambostābos (dative plural)
ambostai (locative singular)
ambostābim (dual instrumental)
ambostābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: *ambostā

→ Vulgar Latin: *ambosta (see there for further descendants)


yātus

yātus (nominative singular)
yātū (dual nominative)
yātowes (nominative plural)
yātu (singular vocative)
yātū (dual vocative)
yātūs (plural vocative)
yātum (accusative singular)
yātū (accusative dual)
yātuns (accusative plural)
yātous (genitive singular)
yātous (dual genitive)
yātowom (genitive plural)
yātou (dative singular)
yātubom (dative dual)
yātubos (dative plural)
yātū (instrumental singular)
yātubim (dual instrumental)
yātubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: áth

Irish: áth

Manx: aah

Scottish Gaelic: àth

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to go”).


bodyos

bodyos (nominative singular)
bodyou (dual nominative)
bodyoi (nominative plural)
bodye (singular vocative)
bodyou (dual vocative)
bodyoi (plural vocative)
bodyom (accusative singular)
bodyou (accusative dual)
bodyons (accusative plural)
bodyī (genitive singular)
bodyous (dual genitive)
bodyom (genitive plural)
bodyūi (dative singular)
bodyobom (dative dual)
bodyobos (dative plural)
bodyū (instrumental singular)
bodyobim (dual instrumental)
bodyobis (instrumental plural)
bodyā (nominative singular)
bodyai (dual nominative)
bodyās (nominative plural)
bodyā (singular vocative)
bodyai (dual vocative)
bodyās (plural vocative)
bodyam (accusative singular)
bodyai (accusative dual)
bodyans (accusative plural)
bodyās (genitive singular)
bodyai (dative singular)
bodyābom (dative dual)
bodyābos (dative plural)
bodyābim (dual instrumental)
bodyābis (instrumental plural)
bodyom (nominative singular)
bodyā (nominative plural)
bodyom (singular vocative)
bodyā (plural vocative)
bodyā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: buide, boide
Irish: buí
Manx: buigh, bwee
Scottish Gaelic: buidhe

Gaulish: *bodios, *badios

→ Latin: Baius

⇒ Gaulish: *Bodiocasses

→ Latin: Baiocasses, Bodiocasses

French: Bayeux

desc

earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">*bodius</i>?

→? Latin: badius (earlier *bodius?) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Cognate with Latin badius, perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *b⁽ʰ⁾od⁽ʰ⁾yos (“yellowish ~ brownish”) whose root is unknown elsewhere. More likely, the word is a regional West European wanderwort, perhaps a borrowing from Celtic into Italic, where the semantics narrowed to a color term for horses.


sindos

sindos (nominative singular)
sindou (dual nominative)
sindoi (nominative plural)
sinde (singular vocative)
sindou (dual vocative)
sindūs (plural vocative)
sindom (accusative singular)
sindou (accusative dual)
sindons (accusative plural)
sindī (genitive singular)
sindous (dual genitive)
sindoisom (genitive plural)
sindūi (dative singular)
sindobom (dative dual)
sindobos (dative plural)
sindū (instrumental singular)
sindobim (dual instrumental)
sindobis (instrumental plural)
sindā (nominative singular)
sindai (dual nominative)
sindās (nominative plural)
sindā (singular vocative)
sindai (dual vocative)
sindās (plural vocative)
sindam (accusative singular)
sindai (accusative dual)
sindans (accusative plural)
sindās (genitive singular)
sindai (dative singular)
sindābom (dative dual)
sindābos (dative plural)
sindābim (dual instrumental)
sindābis (instrumental plural)
sosim (nominative singular)
sinde (nominative singular)
sindā (nominative plural)
sosim (singular vocative)
sindā (plural vocative)
sosim (accusative singular)
sinde (accusative singular)
sindā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: sin, in

Irish: sin, an

Scottish Gaelic: sin, an

Manx: shen, yn

Brythonic:

Breton: an, ar, al

Cornish: an

Old Welsh: hinn; ir

Welsh: hyn; y, yr, 'r

From Proto-Indo-European *só (“that”) + -m̥ (compare *sih₂m̥, accusative of *sih₂) + *de ~ *do (demonstrative particle).


aryos

aryos (nominative singular)
aryou (dual nominative)
aryoi (nominative plural)
arye (singular vocative)
aryou (dual vocative)
aryoi (plural vocative)
aryom (accusative singular)
aryou (accusative dual)
aryons (accusative plural)
aryī (genitive singular)
aryous (dual genitive)
aryom (genitive plural)
aryūi (dative singular)
aryobom (dative dual)
aryobos (dative plural)
aryei (locative singular)
aryū (instrumental singular)
aryobim (dual instrumental)
aryūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: aire

Irish: aire

Gaulish: arios

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éry-o-s (“host”), perhaps from an original *yo-stem. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *arjaz (“distinguished, esteemed”), Sanskrit आर्य (ārya, “kind, hospitable”).


karāti

karāmi (active first-person present singular)
karāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikarasū (active first-person future singular)
karasam (active first-person preterite singular)
karāsi (active present second-person singular)
karātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikarasesi (active future second-person singular)
karass (active preterite second-person singular)
karāti (active present singular third-person)
karāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikaraseti (active future singular third-person)
karast (active preterite singular third-person)
karāmosi (active first-person plural present)
karāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikarasomosi (active first-person future plural)
karasme (active first-person plural preterite)
karātesi (active plural present second-person)
karāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikarasetesi (active future plural second-person)
karaste (active plural preterite second-person)
karānti (active plural present third-person)
karānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikarasonti (active future plural third-person)
karasant (active plural preterite third-person)
karasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
karasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
karā (active imperative second-person singular)
karaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
karātou (active imperative singular third-person)
karasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
karāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
karasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
karāte (active imperative plural second-person)
karasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
karāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
karār (first-person passive present singular)
kikarasūr (first-person future passive singular)
karātar (passive present second-person singular)
kikarasetar (future passive second-person singular)
karātor (passive present singular third-person)
kikarasetor (future passive singular third-person)
karāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
kikarasommor (first-person future passive plural)
karādwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikarasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
karāntor (passive plural present third-person)
kikarasontor (future passive plural third-person)
karasanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
karasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
karasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
karasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
karasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
karasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
karasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
karants (nominative singular)
karante (dual nominative)
karantes (nominative plural)
karants (singular vocative)
karante (dual vocative)
karantes (plural vocative)
karantam (accusative singular)
karante (accusative dual)
karantans (accusative plural)
karantos (genitive singular)
karantom (genitive plural)
karantei (dative singular)
karantbom (dative dual)
karantbos (dative plural)
karantī? (instrumental singular)
karantbim (dual instrumental)
karantbis (instrumental plural)
karantī (nominative singular)
karantī (dual nominative)
karantiyās (nominative plural)
karantī (singular vocative)
karantī (dual vocative)
karantiyās (plural vocative)
karantīm (accusative singular)
karantī (accusative dual)
karantiyans (accusative plural)
karantyās (genitive singular)
karantyom (genitive plural)
karantyāi (dative singular)
karantyābom (dative dual)
karantyābos (dative plural)
karantyābim (dual instrumental)
karantyābis (instrumental plural)
karant (nominative singular)
karanta (nominative plural)
karant (singular vocative)
karanta (plural vocative)
karant (accusative singular)
karanta (accusative plural)
karātos (nominative singular)
karātou (dual nominative)
karātoi (nominative plural)
karāte (singular vocative)
karātou (dual vocative)
karātoi (plural vocative)
karātom (accusative singular)
karātou (accusative dual)
karātons (accusative plural)
karātī (genitive singular)
karātous (dual genitive)
karātom (genitive plural)
karātūi (dative singular)
karātobom (dative dual)
karātobos (dative plural)
karātū (instrumental singular)
karātobim (dual instrumental)
karātobis (instrumental plural)
karātā (nominative singular)
karātai (dual nominative)
karātās (nominative plural)
karātā (singular vocative)
karātai (dual vocative)
karātās (plural vocative)
karātam (accusative singular)
karātai (accusative dual)
karātans (accusative plural)
karātās (genitive singular)
karātai (dative singular)
karātābom (dative dual)
karātābos (dative plural)
karātābim (dual instrumental)
karātābis (instrumental plural)
karātom (nominative singular)
karātā (nominative plural)
karātom (singular vocative)
karātā (plural vocative)
karātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *karɨd

Cornish: kara

Middle Breton: caret

Breton: karout

Welsh: caru

Old Irish: caraid, ·cara

Irish: car

Celtiberian: Kara-

Gaulish: Caro-, -carus

From *karos (“dear, beloved”) + *-āti (factitive deadjectival verb suffix).


iwos

iwos (nominative singular)
iwou (dual nominative)
iwoi (nominative plural)
iwe (singular vocative)
iwou (dual vocative)
iwoi (plural vocative)
iwom (accusative singular)
iwou (accusative dual)
iwons (accusative plural)
iwī (genitive singular)
iwous (dual genitive)
iwom (genitive plural)
iwūi (dative singular)
iwobom (dative dual)
iwobos (dative plural)
iwei (locative singular)
iwū (instrumental singular)
iwobim (dual instrumental)
iwūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨwī pl, *ɨwɨnā (collective)

Breton: ivin (collective)

Old Cornish: hiuin

Cornish: ewin (collective)

Welsh: yw pl

Gaulish: *iwos

→? French: if (possibly)

Old Irish: eó

Irish: eo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw- (“yew”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *īhwaz (“yew”), Latin ūva (“grape”), Ancient Greek ὄα (óa, “service tree”), Lithuanian ievà (“bird cherry”), Russian и́ва (íva, “willow”).


tigus

tigus (nominative singular)
tigū (dual nominative)
tigowes (nominative plural)
tigu (singular vocative)
tigū (dual vocative)
tigūs (plural vocative)
tigum (accusative singular)
tigū (accusative dual)
tiguns (accusative plural)
tigous (genitive singular)
tigous (dual genitive)
tigowom (genitive plural)
tigou (dative singular)
tigubom (dative dual)
tigubos (dative plural)
tigū (instrumental singular)
tigubim (dual instrumental)
tigubis (instrumental plural)
tigu (nominative singular)
tigwā (nominative plural)
tigwā (plural vocative)
tigu (accusative singular)
tigwā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: tiug- (“last”)

Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru derives this from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to sting”).


ud-

desc

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*(o)uxs-</i>

Old Irish: uss- (merged with *(o)uxs-)


esoxs

esoxs (nominative singular)
esoke (dual nominative)
esokes (nominative plural)
esoxs (singular vocative)
esoke (dual vocative)
esokes (plural vocative)
esokam (accusative singular)
esoke (accusative dual)
esokans (accusative plural)
esokos (genitive singular)
esokou (dual genitive)
esokom (genitive plural)
esokei (dative singular)
esokobom (dative dual)
esokobos (dative plural)
esoki (locative singular)
esoke? (instrumental singular)
esokobim (dual instrumental)
esokobis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: eóIrish: eoScottish Gaelic: eò


eiskyom

eiskyom (nominative singular)
eiskyou (dual nominative)
eiskyā (nominative plural)
eiskyom (singular vocative)
eiskyou (dual vocative)
eiskyā (plural vocative)
eiskyom (accusative singular)
eiskyou (accusative dual)
eiskyā (accusative plural)
eiskyī (genitive singular)
eiskyous (dual genitive)
eiskyom (genitive plural)
eiskyūi (dative singular)
eiskyobom (dative dual)
eiskyobos (dative plural)
eiskyei (locative singular)
eiskyū (instrumental singular)
eiskyobim (dual instrumental)
eiskyūis (instrumental plural)

Matasović derives this from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eysk- (“to shine, glitter”). However, Zair is confused at this etymology, pointing out that the *ē should not have remained as é before the unpalatalized consonant cluster in Old Irish; instead it should have broken into ía.


ɸarederkos

ɸarederkos (nominative singular)
ɸarederkou (dual nominative)
ɸarederkoi (nominative plural)
ɸarederke (singular vocative)
ɸarederkou (dual vocative)
ɸarederkoi (plural vocative)
ɸarederkom (accusative singular)
ɸarederkou (accusative dual)
ɸarederkons (accusative plural)
ɸarederkī (genitive singular)
ɸarederkous (dual genitive)
ɸarederkom (genitive plural)
ɸarederkūi (dative singular)
ɸarederkobom (dative dual)
ɸarederkobos (dative plural)
ɸarederkū (instrumental singular)
ɸarederkobim (dual instrumental)
ɸarederkobis (instrumental plural)
ɸarederkā (nominative singular)
ɸarederkai (dual nominative)
ɸarederkās (nominative plural)
ɸarederkā (singular vocative)
ɸarederkai (dual vocative)
ɸarederkās (plural vocative)
ɸarederkam (accusative singular)
ɸarederkai (accusative dual)
ɸarederkans (accusative plural)
ɸarederkās (genitive singular)
ɸarederkai (dative singular)
ɸarederkābom (dative dual)
ɸarederkābos (dative plural)
ɸarederkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸarederkābis (instrumental plural)
ɸarederkom (nominative singular)
ɸarederkā (nominative plural)
ɸarederkom (singular vocative)
ɸarederkā (plural vocative)
ɸarederkā (accusative plural)

From *ɸare (“in front of”) + *derkos (“to see”), which is from *derḱ- (“to see”).

compound

ardderchog

magnificent, excellent, eminent, famous, noble


kīkos

kīkos (nominative singular)
kīkese? (dual nominative)
kīkesa (nominative plural)
kīkos (singular vocative)
kīkese? (dual vocative)
kīkesa (plural vocative)
kīkos (accusative singular)
kīkese? (accusative dual)
kīkesa (accusative plural)
kīkesos (genitive singular)
kīkesous? (dual genitive)
kīkesom (genitive plural)
kīkesei (dative singular)
kīkesbom (dative dual)
kīkesbos (dative plural)
kīkesi (locative singular)
kīkesei (instrumental singular)
kīkesbim (dual instrumental)
kīkesbis (instrumental plural)
*kīkā (alternative)

Assumed to be of expressive/imitative origin, common for female body parts (cf. unrelated English tit, German Zitze (“teat”)).
The masculine gender of the Brythonic forms and potential evidence of the Old Irish daughter form being a neuter s-stem leads Matasović (2009) to propose possibly reconstructing the Proto-Celtic form as an s-stem neuter.

onomatopoeic

imitative

Old Irish: cíchMiddle Irish: cích fIrish: cíochManx: keeaghScottish Gaelic: cìoch


sterkā

sterkā (nominative singular)
sterkai (dual nominative)
sterkās (nominative plural)
sterkā (singular vocative)
sterkai (dual vocative)
sterkās (plural vocative)
sterkam (accusative singular)
sterkai (accusative dual)
sterkāns (accusative plural)
sterkās (genitive singular)
sterkous (dual genitive)
sterkom (genitive plural)
sterkāi (dative singular)
sterkābom (dative dual)
sterkābos (dative plural)
sterkai (locative singular)
sterkābim (dual instrumental)
sterkābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *serx

desc

Breton: serc'h f (“concubine, mistress”)

Welsh: serch m

desctree

Old Irish: serc f
Irish: searc
Scottish Gaelic: seirc

From Proto-Indo-European *sterg- (“to love”). Cognate to Ancient Greek στέργω (stérgō, “to love”). Matasović notes that the disparity of voicing of the final root consonants can be resolved by assuming a back-formation from a consonant stem because the nominative *-xs can be used by both stems in *-k and *-g.


toɸareuɸokaneti

toɸareuɸokanū (active first-person present singular)
toɸareuɸokanemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
toɸareuɸokikanāsū (active first-person future singular)
toɸareuɸokekāna (active first-person preterite singular)
toɸareuɸokanesi (active present second-person singular)
toɸareuɸokanetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
toɸareuɸokikanāsesi (active future second-person singular)
toɸareuɸokekānas? (active preterite second-person singular)
toɸareuɸokaneti (active present singular third-person)
toɸareuɸokaneto (active imperfect singular third-person)
toɸareuɸokikanāseti (active future singular third-person)
toɸareuɸokekāne (active preterite singular third-person)
toɸareuɸokanomosi (active first-person plural present)
toɸareuɸokanemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
toɸareuɸokikanāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
toɸareuɸokekānmo (active first-person plural preterite)
toɸareuɸokanetesi (active plural present second-person)
toɸareuɸokanestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
toɸareuɸokikanāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
toɸareuɸokekāne (active plural preterite second-person)
toɸareuɸokanonti (active plural present third-person)
toɸareuɸokanento (active imperfect plural third-person)
toɸareuɸokikanāsonti (active future plural third-person)
toɸareuɸokekānars (active plural preterite third-person)
toɸareuɸokanasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
toɸareuɸokanasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
toɸareuɸokane (active imperative second-person singular)
toɸareuɸokanaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
toɸareuɸokanetou (active imperative singular third-person)
toɸareuɸokanasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
toɸareuɸokanomos (active first-person imperative plural)
toɸareuɸokanasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
toɸareuɸokanete (active imperative plural second-person)
toɸareuɸokanasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
toɸareuɸokanontou (active imperative plural third-person)
toɸareuɸokanūr (first-person passive present singular)
toɸareuɸokikanāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
toɸareuɸokekānra (first-person passive preterite singular)
toɸareuɸokanetar (passive present second-person singular)
toɸareuɸokikanāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
toɸareuɸokekānras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
toɸareuɸokanetor (passive present singular third-person)
toɸareuɸokikanāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
toɸareuɸokekānre (passive preterite singular third-person)
toɸareuɸokanommor (first-person passive plural present)
toɸareuɸokikanāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
toɸareuɸokanedwe (passive plural present second-person)
toɸareuɸokikanāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
toɸareuɸokanontor (passive plural present third-person)
toɸareuɸokikanāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
toɸareuɸokanasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
toɸareuɸokanasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
toɸareuɸokanasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
toɸareuɸokanasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
toɸareuɸokanasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
toɸareuɸokanasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
toɸareuɸokanonts (nominative singular)
toɸareuɸokanonte (dual nominative)
toɸareuɸokanontes (nominative plural)
toɸareuɸokanonts (singular vocative)
toɸareuɸokanonte (dual vocative)
toɸareuɸokanontes (plural vocative)
toɸareuɸokanontam (accusative singular)
toɸareuɸokanonte (accusative dual)
toɸareuɸokanontans (accusative plural)
toɸareuɸokanantos (genitive singular)
toɸareuɸokanantom (genitive plural)
toɸareuɸokanantei (dative singular)
toɸareuɸokanantbom (dative dual)
toɸareuɸokanantbos (dative plural)
toɸareuɸokanantī? (instrumental singular)
toɸareuɸokanantbim (dual instrumental)
toɸareuɸokanantbis (instrumental plural)
toɸareuɸokanantī (nominative singular)
toɸareuɸokanantī (dual nominative)
toɸareuɸokanantiyās (nominative plural)
toɸareuɸokanantī (singular vocative)
toɸareuɸokanantī (dual vocative)
toɸareuɸokanantiyās (plural vocative)
toɸareuɸokanantīm (accusative singular)
toɸareuɸokanantī (accusative dual)
toɸareuɸokanantiyans (accusative plural)
toɸareuɸokanantyās (genitive singular)
toɸareuɸokanantyom (genitive plural)
toɸareuɸokanantyāi (dative singular)
toɸareuɸokanantyābom (dative dual)
toɸareuɸokanantyābos (dative plural)
toɸareuɸokanantyābim (dual instrumental)
toɸareuɸokanantyābis (instrumental plural)
toɸareuɸokanont (nominative singular)
toɸareuɸokanonta (nominative plural)
toɸareuɸokanont (singular vocative)
toɸareuɸokanonta (plural vocative)
toɸareuɸokanont (accusative singular)
toɸareuɸokanonta (accusative plural)
toɸareuɸokantos (nominative singular)
toɸareuɸokantou (dual nominative)
toɸareuɸokantoi (nominative plural)
toɸareuɸokante (singular vocative)
toɸareuɸokantou (dual vocative)
toɸareuɸokantoi (plural vocative)
toɸareuɸokantom (accusative singular)
toɸareuɸokantou (accusative dual)
toɸareuɸokantons (accusative plural)
toɸareuɸokantī (genitive singular)
toɸareuɸokantous (dual genitive)
toɸareuɸokantom (genitive plural)
toɸareuɸokantūi (dative singular)
toɸareuɸokantobom (dative dual)
toɸareuɸokantobos (dative plural)
toɸareuɸokantū (instrumental singular)
toɸareuɸokantobim (dual instrumental)
toɸareuɸokantobis (instrumental plural)
toɸareuɸokantā (nominative singular)
toɸareuɸokantai (dual nominative)
toɸareuɸokantās (nominative plural)
toɸareuɸokantā (singular vocative)
toɸareuɸokantai (dual vocative)
toɸareuɸokantās (plural vocative)
toɸareuɸokantam (accusative singular)
toɸareuɸokantai (accusative dual)
toɸareuɸokantans (accusative plural)
toɸareuɸokantās (genitive singular)
toɸareuɸokantai (dative singular)
toɸareuɸokantābom (dative dual)
toɸareuɸokantābos (dative plural)
toɸareuɸokantābim (dual instrumental)
toɸareuɸokantābis (instrumental plural)
toɸareuɸokantom (nominative singular)
toɸareuɸokantā (nominative plural)
toɸareuɸokantom (singular vocative)
toɸareuɸokantā (plural vocative)
toɸareuɸokantā (accusative plural)

A triply-prefixed form *to- + *ɸare- + *uɸo- + *kaneti.

darcenneti

Proto-Brythonic: *dėrwɵ̇gėnɨd; Old Breton


toibos

toybos (nominative singular)
toybou (dual nominative)
toyboi (nominative plural)
toybe (singular vocative)
toybou (dual vocative)
toyboi (plural vocative)
toybom (accusative singular)
toybou (accusative dual)
toybons (accusative plural)
toybī (genitive singular)
toybous (dual genitive)
toybom (genitive plural)
toybūi (dative singular)
toybobom (dative dual)
toybobos (dative plural)
toybei (locative singular)
toybū (instrumental singular)
toybobim (dual instrumental)
toybūis (instrumental plural)

Possibly from an o-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-European *(s)teygʷ- (“flank, side”). Compare Old Armenian թեկն (tʻekn, “shoulder, scapula, back”) and Proto-Slavic *stegno (“thigh, flank”).

cog

toíbIrish: taobhManx: çheuScottish Gaelic: taobh


sounos

sounos (nominative singular)
sounou (dual nominative)
sounoi (nominative plural)
soune (singular vocative)
sounou (dual vocative)
sounoi (plural vocative)
sounom (accusative singular)
sounou (accusative dual)
sounons (accusative plural)
sounī (genitive singular)
sounous (dual genitive)
sounom (genitive plural)
sounūi (dative singular)
sounobom (dative dual)
sounobos (dative plural)
sounei (locative singular)
sounū (instrumental singular)
sounobim (dual instrumental)
sounūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hʉn
Middle Breton: hun
Old Cornish: hun
Middle Cornish: hun
Middle Welsh: hun
Welsh: hun

Old Irish: súan
Irish: suan
Scottish Gaelic: suain
Manx: saveen

Gaulish: *sounos

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *Kissōnyos (“Gaulish deity associated with Mercury”)

→ Latin: Cissonius


gnināti

gnināmi (active first-person present singular)
gninamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gignāsū (active first-person future singular)
gegnū (active first-person preterite singular)
gnināsi (active present second-person singular)
gninatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gignāsesi (active future second-person singular)
gegnūs (active preterite second-person singular)
gnināti (active present singular third-person)
gninato (active imperfect singular third-person)
gignāseti (active future singular third-person)
gegnū (active preterite singular third-person)
gninamosi (active first-person plural present)
gninamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gignāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
gegnamo (active first-person plural preterite)
gninatesi (active plural present second-person)
gninastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gignāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
gegnate (active plural preterite second-person)
gninonti (active plural present third-person)
gninanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
gignāsonti (active future plural third-person)
gegnars (active plural preterite third-person)
gnāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gnāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gninā (active imperative second-person singular)
gnāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gninātou (active imperative singular third-person)
gnāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gninamos (active first-person imperative plural)
gnāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gninate (active imperative plural second-person)
gnāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gninontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gninār (first-person passive present singular)
gignāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
gninātar (passive present second-person singular)
gignāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
gninātor (passive present singular third-person)
gignāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
gninammor (first-person passive plural present)
gignāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
gninadwe (passive plural present second-person)
gignāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
gninontor (passive plural present third-person)
gignāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
gnāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gnāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gnāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gnāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gnāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gnāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gninonts (nominative singular)
gninonte (dual nominative)
gninontes (nominative plural)
gninonts (singular vocative)
gninonte (dual vocative)
gninontes (plural vocative)
gninontam (accusative singular)
gninonte (accusative dual)
gninontans (accusative plural)
gninantos (genitive singular)
gninantom (genitive plural)
gninantei (dative singular)
gninantbom (dative dual)
gninantbos (dative plural)
gninantī? (instrumental singular)
gninantbim (dual instrumental)
gninantbis (instrumental plural)
gninantī (nominative singular)
gninantī (dual nominative)
gninantiyās (nominative plural)
gninantī (singular vocative)
gninantī (dual vocative)
gninantiyās (plural vocative)
gninantīm (accusative singular)
gninantī (accusative dual)
gninantiyans (accusative plural)
gninantyās (genitive singular)
gninantyom (genitive plural)
gninantyāi (dative singular)
gninantyābom (dative dual)
gninantyābos (dative plural)
gninantyābim (dual instrumental)
gninantyābis (instrumental plural)
gninont (nominative singular)
gninonta (nominative plural)
gninont (singular vocative)
gninonta (plural vocative)
gninont (accusative singular)
gninonta (accusative plural)
gnātos (nominative singular)
gnātou (dual nominative)
gnātoi (nominative plural)
gnāte (singular vocative)
gnātou (dual vocative)
gnātoi (plural vocative)
gnātom (accusative singular)
gnātou (accusative dual)
gnātons (accusative plural)
gnātī (genitive singular)
gnātous (dual genitive)
gnātom (genitive plural)
gnātūi (dative singular)
gnātobom (dative dual)
gnātobos (dative plural)
gnātū (instrumental singular)
gnātobim (dual instrumental)
gnātobis (instrumental plural)
gnātā (nominative singular)
gnātai (dual nominative)
gnātās (nominative plural)
gnātā (singular vocative)
gnātai (dual vocative)
gnātās (plural vocative)
gnātam (accusative singular)
gnātai (accusative dual)
gnātans (accusative plural)
gnātās (genitive singular)
gnātai (dative singular)
gnātābom (dative dual)
gnātābos (dative plural)
gnātābim (dual instrumental)
gnātābis (instrumental plural)
gnātom (nominative singular)
gnātā (nominative plural)
gnātom (singular vocative)
gnātā (plural vocative)
gnātā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: gniiou (1st pers. sg. pres.)

Old Irish: ·gnin

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti (“to know, recognize”).


brāgants

brāgants (nominative singular)
brāgante (dual nominative)
brāgantes (nominative plural)
brāgants (singular vocative)
brāgante (dual vocative)
brāgantes (plural vocative)
brāgantam (accusative singular)
brāgante (accusative dual)
brāgantans (accusative plural)
brāgantos (genitive singular)
brāgantou (dual genitive)
brāgantom (genitive plural)
brāgantei (dative singular)
brāgantobom (dative dual)
brāgantobos (dative plural)
brāganti (locative singular)
brāgante? (instrumental singular)
brāgantobim (dual instrumental)
brāgantobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: brehant

Old Cornish: briansen, bryansenn

Welsh: breuant

desctree

Old Irish: bráge
Middle Irish: brága
Irish: brá (“captive, hostage”), bráid (“neck, throat”)
Scottish Gaelic: bràigh (“captive, hostage”)

From an element *brāg- + *-ants (body part suffix), the root apparently from *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”) but with an unidentified suffix *-gʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *kragô (“throat, neck”) (see English craw). Compare also Latin gurges (“gulf, bay; whirlpool, eddy”), similarly thought to derive from *gʷerh₃-g(ʰ)-, though its relationship to the words for “throat” is less clear.


dowsants

dowsants (nominative singular)
dowsante (dual nominative)
dowsantes (nominative plural)
dowsants (singular vocative)
dowsante (dual vocative)
dowsantes (plural vocative)
dowsantam (accusative singular)
dowsante (accusative dual)
dowsantans (accusative plural)
dowsantos (genitive singular)
dowsantou (dual genitive)
dowsantom (genitive plural)
dowsantei (dative singular)
dowsantobom (dative dual)
dowsantobos (dative plural)
dowsanti (locative singular)
dowsante? (instrumental singular)
dowsantobim (dual instrumental)
dowsantobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: doe, doé
Middle Irish: dóit
Irish: dóid

From *dows + *-ants (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *dóws (“arm”). Cognate with Sanskrit दोस् (dos, “arm”), Proto-Slavic *pazduxa (“bosom, armpit”).


sleixsantī

slēxsantī (nominative singular)
slēxsantī (dual nominative)
slēxsantiyās (nominative plural)
slēxsantī (singular vocative)
slēxsantī (dual vocative)
slēxsantiyās (plural vocative)
slēxsantīm (accusative singular)
slēxsantī (accusative dual)
slēxsantīns (accusative plural)
slēxsantyās (genitive singular)
slēxsantyous (dual genitive)
slēxsantyom (genitive plural)
slēxsantyai (dative singular)
slēxsantyābom (dative dual)
slēxsantyābos (dative plural)
slēxsantyābim (dual instrumental)
slēxsantyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: sliassait (“shank”)

Scottish Gaelic: sliasaid, sliasad

Manx: slheeasid, slheeast

From *sleixs- + *-antī (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pléygʰ-s-, from *(s)pleygʰ- (“to go, move”) (compare Sanskrit: प्लेहते (plehate)). Cognate with Ancient Greek πλιχάς (plikhás, “space between thighs”), πλίσσομαι (plíssomai, “to cross the legs”).


abrants

abrants (nominative singular)
abrante (dual nominative)
abrantes (nominative plural)
abrants (singular vocative)
abrante (dual vocative)
abrantes (plural vocative)
abrantam (accusative singular)
abrante (accusative dual)
abrantans (accusative plural)
abrantos (genitive singular)
abrantou (dual genitive)
abrantom (genitive plural)
abrantei (dative singular)
abrantobom (dative dual)
abrantobos (dative plural)
abranti (locative singular)
abrante? (instrumental singular)
abrantobim (dual instrumental)
abrantobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *abrant
Breton: abrant
Cornish: abrans
Middle Welsh: amrant
Welsh: amrant

Old Irish: abrae m

Scottish Gaelic: abhra

Manx: ferroogh

Irish: fabhra

From *abr- + *-ants (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs. Cognate with Latin frōns (“forhead”).


bussus

bussus (nominative singular)
bussū (dual nominative)
bussowes (nominative plural)
bussu (singular vocative)
bussū (dual vocative)
bussūs (plural vocative)
bussum (accusative singular)
bussū (accusative dual)
bussuns (accusative plural)
bussous (genitive singular)
bussous (dual genitive)
bussowom (genitive plural)
bussou (dative singular)
bussubom (dative dual)
bussubos (dative plural)
bussū (instrumental singular)
bussubim (dual instrumental)
bussubis (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gweβus

Middle Breton: gweus, geux, gueux

Breton: gweuz

Old Cornish: gueus

Middle Welsh: gweus

Welsh: gwefus

Middle Irish: bus (poetic)

Gaulish: *bussus

desc

⇒ Gaulish: bussumāros (epithet of Jupiter)

Uncertain, possibly a sound-symbolic word.


ɸowtus

ɸowtus (nominative singular)
ɸowtū (dual nominative)
ɸowtowes (nominative plural)
ɸowtu (singular vocative)
ɸowtū (dual vocative)
ɸowtūs (plural vocative)
ɸowtum (accusative singular)
ɸowtū (accusative dual)
ɸowtuns (accusative plural)
ɸowtous (genitive singular)
ɸowtous (dual genitive)
ɸowtowom (genitive plural)
ɸowtou (dative singular)
ɸowtubom (dative dual)
ɸowtubos (dative plural)
ɸowtū (instrumental singular)
ɸowtubim (dual instrumental)
ɸowtubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉθ, *ọθ
Middle Breton: euz
Breton: euzh
Cornish: uth, euth
Welsh: uthr

Old Irish: úath
Middle Irish: úath (“horrible thing, horror”)
Irish: uath
Scottish Gaelic: uath
⇒ Middle Irish: úathbás, úathfás
Irish: uafás
Scottish Gaelic: uabhas
Middle Irish: fúath (“hatred”)
Irish: fuath
Scottish Gaelic: fuath
Manx: feoh

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pew-, perhaps related *oβnus (“fear”).


ɸratis

ɸratis (nominative singular)
ɸratī (dual nominative)
ɸratīs (nominative plural)
ɸrati (singular vocative)
ɸratī (dual vocative)
ɸratīs (plural vocative)
ɸratim (accusative singular)
ɸratī (accusative dual)
ɸratins (accusative plural)
ɸrateis (genitive singular)
ɸratyow (dual genitive)
ɸratyom (genitive plural)
ɸratei (dative singular)
ɸratibom (dative dual)
ɸratibos (dative plural)
ɸratei (locative singular)
ɸratī (instrumental singular)
ɸratibim (dual instrumental)
ɸratibis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Breton: raden

Cornish: reden

Welsh: rhedyn

Old Irish: raith

Gaulish: ratis

Matasovic assigns this word to Proto-Indo-European *p(t)erH- (“fern”), but the morphology of that word is controversial. See Proto-Indo-European *p(t)erH- for more.


natrixs

natrixs (nominative singular)
natrike (dual nominative)
natrikes (nominative plural)
natrixs (singular vocative)
natrike (dual vocative)
natrikes (plural vocative)
natrikam (accusative singular)
natrike (accusative dual)
natrikans (accusative plural)
natrikos (genitive singular)
natrikou (dual genitive)
natrikom (genitive plural)
natrikei (dative singular)
natrikobom (dative dual)
natrikobos (dative plural)
natriki (locative singular)
natrike? (instrumental singular)
natrikobim (dual instrumental)
natrikobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: azr

Breton: naer

Old Cornish: nader

Welsh: neidr

Old Irish: nathir
Irish: nathair
Scottish Gaelic: nathair


kaneti

kanū (active first-person present singular)
kanemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikanasū (active first-person future singular)
kekāna (active first-person preterite singular)
kanesi (active present second-person singular)
kanetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikanasesi (active future second-person singular)
kekānas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kaneti (active present singular third-person)
kaneto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikanaseti (active future singular third-person)
kekāne (active preterite singular third-person)
kanomosi (active first-person plural present)
kanemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikanasomosi (active first-person future plural)
kekānmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kanetesi (active plural present second-person)
kanestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikanasetesi (active future plural second-person)
kekāne (active plural preterite second-person)
kanonti (active plural present third-person)
kanento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikanasonti (active future plural third-person)
kekānars (active plural preterite third-person)
kanasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kanasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kane (active imperative second-person singular)
kanaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kanetou (active imperative singular third-person)
kanasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kanomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kanasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kanete (active imperative plural second-person)
kanasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kanontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kanūr (first-person passive present singular)
kikanasūr (first-person future passive singular)
kekānra (first-person passive preterite singular)
kanetar (passive present second-person singular)
kikanasetar (future passive second-person singular)
kekānras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
kanetor (passive present singular third-person)
kikanasetor (future passive singular third-person)
kekānre (passive preterite singular third-person)
kanommor (first-person passive plural present)
kikanasommor (first-person future passive plural)
kanedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikanasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kanontor (passive plural present third-person)
kikanasontor (future passive plural third-person)
kanasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kanasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kanasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kanasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kanasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kanasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kanonts (nominative singular)
kanonte (dual nominative)
kanontes (nominative plural)
kanonts (singular vocative)
kanonte (dual vocative)
kanontes (plural vocative)
kanontam (accusative singular)
kanonte (accusative dual)
kanontans (accusative plural)
kanantos (genitive singular)
kanantom (genitive plural)
kanantei (dative singular)
kanantbom (dative dual)
kanantbos (dative plural)
kanantī? (instrumental singular)
kanantbim (dual instrumental)
kanantbis (instrumental plural)
kanantī (nominative singular)
kanantī (dual nominative)
kanantiyās (nominative plural)
kanantī (singular vocative)
kanantī (dual vocative)
kanantiyās (plural vocative)
kanantīm (accusative singular)
kanantī (accusative dual)
kanantiyans (accusative plural)
kanantyās (genitive singular)
kanantyom (genitive plural)
kanantyāi (dative singular)
kanantyābom (dative dual)
kanantyābos (dative plural)
kanantyābim (dual instrumental)
kanantyābis (instrumental plural)
kanont (nominative singular)
kanonta (nominative plural)
kanont (singular vocative)
kanonta (plural vocative)
kanont (accusative singular)
kanonta (accusative plural)
kantos (nominative singular)
kantou (dual nominative)
kantoi (nominative plural)
kante (singular vocative)
kantou (dual vocative)
kantoi (plural vocative)
kantom (accusative singular)
kantou (accusative dual)
kantons (accusative plural)
kantī (genitive singular)
kantous (dual genitive)
kantom (genitive plural)
kantūi (dative singular)
kantobom (dative dual)
kantobos (dative plural)
kantū (instrumental singular)
kantobim (dual instrumental)
kantobis (instrumental plural)
kantā (nominative singular)
kantai (dual nominative)
kantās (nominative plural)
kantā (singular vocative)
kantai (dual vocative)
kantās (plural vocative)
kantam (accusative singular)
kantai (accusative dual)
kantans (accusative plural)
kantās (genitive singular)
kantai (dative singular)
kantābom (dative dual)
kantābos (dative plural)
kantābim (dual instrumental)
kantābis (instrumental plural)
kantom (nominative singular)
kantā (nominative plural)
kantom (singular vocative)
kantā (plural vocative)
kantā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėnɨd
Middle Breton: canaff
Breton: kanañ
Cornish: kana
Old Welsh: canam
Middle Welsh: canu
Welsh: canu

Old Irish: canaid
Irish: can
Scottish Gaelic: can

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂néti (“to sing”), from the root *keh₂n-. Cognate with Latin canere (“to sing, chant, sound, play (an instrument)”) and possibly Sanskrit कणति (kaṇati, “to make noise, cry out, call”).


yantus

yantus (nominative singular)
yantū (dual nominative)
yantowes (nominative plural)
yantu (singular vocative)
yantū (dual vocative)
yantūs (plural vocative)
yantum (accusative singular)
yantū (accusative dual)
yantuns (accusative plural)
yantous (genitive singular)
yantous (dual genitive)
yantowom (genitive plural)
yantou (dative singular)
yantubom (dative dual)
yantubos (dative plural)
yantū (instrumental singular)
yantubim (dual instrumental)
yantubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: ét, ǽt
Irish: éad
Manx: ead
Scottish Gaelic: eud

⇒ Gaulish: Iantumaros/Yantumāros/*Yantumāros

→ Latin: Iantumarus

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kneygʷʰ-, *yet- (“to establish oneself, place firmly”), related to Proto-Germanic *hnīwaną (“to bow”), Latin nitor (“I press forward”), though the semantics of this have been disputed. Or, from Proto-Indo-European *yegʰo- (“to wish, beg, strive, desire”), see also Russian я́рый (járyj, “furious”), Albanian gjah (“hunt”), Ancient Greek ζητέω (zētéō, “to search, seek”), Sanskrit यत्न (yātna, “zeal”)).


dyīus

dyīus (nominative singular)
dyowes (nominative plural)
dyīus (singular vocative)
dyowes (plural vocative)
dyīm (accusative singular)
diyīm (accusative singular)
dyowans (accusative plural)
diwos (genitive singular)
diwom (genitive plural)
diwei (dative singular)
dyubos (dative plural)
dyou (locative singular)
diyou (locative singular)
dyubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *dɨð
Breton: deiz
Cornish: dydh
Old Welsh: did
Middle Welsh: dyð
Welsh: dydd

Old Irish: día
Irish: dia
Manx: jee
Scottish Gaelic: dia
→ Old Norse: díar


olyos

olyos (nominative singular)
olyou (dual nominative)
olyoi (nominative plural)
olye (singular vocative)
olyou (dual vocative)
olyoi (plural vocative)
olyom (accusative singular)
olyou (accusative dual)
olyons (accusative plural)
olyī (genitive singular)
olyous (dual genitive)
olyom (genitive plural)
olyūi (dative singular)
olyobom (dative dual)
olyobos (dative plural)
olyū (instrumental singular)
olyobim (dual instrumental)
olyobis (instrumental plural)
olyā (nominative singular)
olyai (dual nominative)
olyās (nominative plural)
olyā (singular vocative)
olyai (dual vocative)
olyās (plural vocative)
olyam (accusative singular)
olyai (accusative dual)
olyans (accusative plural)
olyās (genitive singular)
olyai (dative singular)
olyābom (dative dual)
olyābos (dative plural)
olyābim (dual instrumental)
olyābis (instrumental plural)
olyom (nominative singular)
olyā (nominative plural)
olyom (singular vocative)
olyā (plural vocative)
olyā (accusative plural)

Brythonic:

Breton: holl

Cornish: oll

Welsh: holl

Old Irish: uile, huile, hule, ule
Middle Irish: uile
Irish: uile
Scottish Gaelic: uile
Manx: ooilley

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂olyos, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with Old Armenian ողջ (ołǰ, “alive, whole”).


ougros

ougros (nominative singular)
ougrou (dual nominative)
ougroi (nominative plural)
ougre (singular vocative)
ougrou (dual vocative)
ougroi (plural vocative)
ougrom (accusative singular)
ougrou (accusative dual)
ougrons (accusative plural)
ougrī (genitive singular)
ougrous (dual genitive)
ougrom (genitive plural)
ougrūi (dative singular)
ougrobom (dative dual)
ougrobos (dative plural)
ougrū (instrumental singular)
ougrobim (dual instrumental)
ougrobis (instrumental plural)
ougrā (nominative singular)
ougrai (dual nominative)
ougrās (nominative plural)
ougrā (singular vocative)
ougrai (dual vocative)
ougrās (plural vocative)
ougram (accusative singular)
ougrai (accusative dual)
ougrans (accusative plural)
ougrās (genitive singular)
ougrai (dative singular)
ougrābom (dative dual)
ougrābos (dative plural)
ougrābim (dual instrumental)
ougrābis (instrumental plural)
ougrom (nominative singular)
ougrā (nominative plural)
ougrom (singular vocative)
ougrā (plural vocative)
ougrā (accusative plural)

Brythonic:

Welsh: oer

Cornish: oor

Old Irish: úar, ór (early)
Irish: fuar
Manx: feayr
Scottish Gaelic: fuar

⇒ Gaulish: Ogronnios

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewǵ- (“cold”). Cognate with Lithuanian aušti (“to cool”) and Old Armenian ոյծ (oyc, “cold”).

óchtIrish: fuachtScottish Gaelic: fuachdManx: feayght


skeitos

skeitos (nominative singular)
skeitou (dual nominative)
skeitoi (nominative plural)
skeite (singular vocative)
skeitou (dual vocative)
skeitoi (plural vocative)
skeitom (accusative singular)
skeitou (accusative dual)
skeitons (accusative plural)
skeitī (genitive singular)
skeitous (dual genitive)
skeitom (genitive plural)
skeitūi (dative singular)
skeitobom (dative dual)
skeitobos (dative plural)
skeitei (locative singular)
skeitū (instrumental singular)
skeitobim (dual instrumental)
skeitūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *skuɨd

Breton: skoed

Cornish: skoes

Welsh: ysgwyd

Old Irish: scíath

Irish: sciath

Scottish Gaelic: sgiath

From Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, separate”). Cognate with Latin scūtum, Russian щит (ščit), and Old Church Slavonic щитъ (štitŭ).


bragnos

bragnos (nominative singular)
bragnou (dual nominative)
bragnoi (nominative plural)
bragne (singular vocative)
bragnou (dual vocative)
bragnoi (plural vocative)
bragnom (accusative singular)
bragnou (accusative dual)
bragnons (accusative plural)
bragnī (genitive singular)
bragnous (dual genitive)
bragnom (genitive plural)
bragnūi (dative singular)
bragnobom (dative dual)
bragnobos (dative plural)
bragnū (instrumental singular)
bragnobim (dual instrumental)
bragnobis (instrumental plural)
bragnā (nominative singular)
bragnai (dual nominative)
bragnās (nominative plural)
bragnā (singular vocative)
bragnai (dual vocative)
bragnās (plural vocative)
bragnam (accusative singular)
bragnai (accusative dual)
bragnans (accusative plural)
bragnās (genitive singular)
bragnai (dative singular)
bragnābom (dative dual)
bragnābos (dative plural)
bragnābim (dual instrumental)
bragnābis (instrumental plural)
bragnom (nominative singular)
bragnā (nominative plural)
bragnom (singular vocative)
bragnā (plural vocative)
bragnā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *braɨn
Middle Breton: brein
Breton: brein
Middle Welsh: braen
Welsh: braen

Old Irish: brén
Irish: bréan
Manx: breinn
Scottish Gaelic: breun

Gaulish: brennos

→ Vulgar Latin: *brennos

Padanian:

Ligurian: brénno, bréno

→? Neapolitan: vrenna

Piedmontese: brenn, brënn, brent

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: bren

Old French: bren, bran, brent, brin
⇒ French: berner
→ Middle English: bran, branne, bren
English: bran
Yola: bran
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: bren

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: breno (Ribagorçan)

Old Catalan: breny

Occitan: bren


tanawyos

tanauyos (nominative singular)
tanauyou (dual nominative)
tanauyoi (nominative plural)
tanauye (singular vocative)
tanauyou (dual vocative)
tanauyoi (plural vocative)
tanauyom (accusative singular)
tanauyou (accusative dual)
tanauyons (accusative plural)
tanauyī (genitive singular)
tanauyous (dual genitive)
tanauyom (genitive plural)
tanauyūi (dative singular)
tanauyobom (dative dual)
tanauyobos (dative plural)
tanauyū (instrumental singular)
tanauyobim (dual instrumental)
tanauyobis (instrumental plural)
tanauyā (nominative singular)
tanauyai (dual nominative)
tanauyās (nominative plural)
tanauyā (singular vocative)
tanauyai (dual vocative)
tanauyās (plural vocative)
tanauyam (accusative singular)
tanauyai (accusative dual)
tanauyans (accusative plural)
tanauyās (genitive singular)
tanauyai (dative singular)
tanauyābom (dative dual)
tanauyābos (dative plural)
tanauyābim (dual instrumental)
tanauyābis (instrumental plural)
tanauyom (nominative singular)
tanauyā (nominative plural)
tanauyom (singular vocative)
tanauyā (plural vocative)
tanauyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tėnėw
Middle Breton: tanau, tanow
Breton: tanav
Old Cornish: tenewen
Cornish: tanow
Old Welsh: teneu
Middle Welsh: teneu
Welsh: tenau

Old Irish: tanae
⇒ Irish: tanaí
Manx: thanney
Scottish Gaelic: tana


kʷei

Proto-Brythonic: *puɨ

Breton: piv

Cornish: piw

Welsh: pwy

Old Irish: cía, ce, ci, cia
Irish: cé
Scottish Gaelic: cò
Manx: quoi


ardwos

ardwos (nominative singular)
ardwou (dual nominative)
ardwoi (nominative plural)
ardwe (singular vocative)
ardwou (dual vocative)
ardwoi (plural vocative)
ardwom (accusative singular)
ardwou (accusative dual)
ardwons (accusative plural)
ardwī (genitive singular)
ardwous (dual genitive)
ardwom (genitive plural)
ardwūi (dative singular)
ardwobom (dative dual)
ardwobos (dative plural)
ardwū (instrumental singular)
ardwobim (dual instrumental)
ardwobis (instrumental plural)
ardwā (nominative singular)
ardwai (dual nominative)
ardwās (nominative plural)
ardwā (singular vocative)
ardwai (dual vocative)
ardwās (plural vocative)
ardwam (accusative singular)
ardwai (accusative dual)
ardwans (accusative plural)
ardwās (genitive singular)
ardwai (dative singular)
ardwābom (dative dual)
ardwābos (dative plural)
ardwābim (dual instrumental)
ardwābis (instrumental plural)
ardwom (nominative singular)
ardwā (nominative plural)
ardwom (singular vocative)
ardwā (plural vocative)
ardwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *arð

Middle Welsh: arð

Welsh: ardd

Cornish: ardh, arth

Old Breton: ard, art

Breton: arz

Old Irish: ard
Irish: ard
Manx: ard
Scottish Gaelic: àrd

Gaulish: Arduenna (place name)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós. Cognate with Latin arduus.


kʷid

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: pa

Old Irish: cid
Irish: cad
Scottish Gaelic: ciod
Manx: quoid


knāmis

knāmis (nominative singular)
knāmī (dual nominative)
knāmīs (nominative plural)
knāmi (singular vocative)
knāmī (dual vocative)
knāmīs (plural vocative)
knāmim (accusative singular)
knāmī (accusative dual)
knāmins (accusative plural)
knāmeis (genitive singular)
knāmyow (dual genitive)
knāmyom (genitive plural)
knāmei (dative singular)
knāmibom (dative dual)
knāmibos (dative plural)
knāmei (locative singular)
knāmī (instrumental singular)
knāmibim (dual instrumental)
knāmibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: cnáim
Irish: cnámh
Manx: craue
Scottish Gaelic: cnàimh
→? Middle Welsh: knaw
⇒ Welsh: pencnaw (“end of a bone”)

From Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂m (“leg”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hammō (whence English ham (“shinbone”)) and Ancient Greek κνήμη (knḗmē, “tibia”).


Iwogenos

Iwogenos (nominative singular)
Iwogenom (accusative singular)

desc

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚃᚑᚌᚓᚅᚔ (ivogeni, gen.sg.)

Middle Irish: Eógan

Irish: Eoghan

Scottish Gaelic: Eòghan

From *iwos (“yew”) + *genos (“born”; “family”).

compound

(Goidelic) a male given name, equivalent to English Ewan


Awiganyos

Awiganyos (nominative singular)
Awiganyom (accusative singular)
Awiganyūi (dative singular)
Awiganyei (locative singular)

desctree

Early Brythonic: *Awɨɣėn
Old Breton: Even, Ewen
Middle Breton: Ivan
Breton: Yven, Ivin
→ French: Ivain
Old Welsh: Ougein, Eugein
Middle Welsh: Owein, Ewein, Ywein
Welsh: Owain
→ Middle English: Owain, Owayne, Ywain
English: Owen
→ Medieval Latin: Eugenius

Old Irish: Úgaine, Augaine (possibly borrowed from Brythonic)

From *awi- (“desire”) + *ganyos (“birth”).


wolkos

wolkos (nominative singular)
wolkou (dual nominative)
wolkoi (nominative plural)
wolke (singular vocative)
wolkou (dual vocative)
wolkoi (plural vocative)
wolkom (accusative singular)
wolkou (accusative dual)
wolkons (accusative plural)
wolkī (genitive singular)
wolkous (dual genitive)
wolkom (genitive plural)
wolkūi (dative singular)
wolkobom (dative dual)
wolkobos (dative plural)
wolkei (locative singular)
wolkū (instrumental singular)
wolkobim (dual instrumental)
wolkūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwalx

Breton: gwalc’h

Welsh: gwalch

Gaulish: *Wolcās

Latin: Volcae

→? Old Norse: valr (“falcon”)

Uncertain. Possibly related to *ulkos (“bad, evil”), hinted by early Celtic farmers' hostility towards birds of prey. If so, cognate with Old Irish olc. However, this is uncertain. Alternatively perhaps related to Latin falcō (“falcon”).


wolkos

Proto-Brythonic: *gwolx

Breton: gwalc'h, golc'h

Welsh: golch (“washing, lotion”)

Middle Irish: folc

Irish: folc

From Proto-Indo-European *wólkos, an o-grade *-os noun formed from a root *welk-.
Matasović derives *welk- from Proto-Indo-European *welg- (“wet”). A root noun ending in *-g-s (Matasović supposes *wṓlg-s ~ *wolg-os) would have the velar devoice to *-k-, which would then spawn a neo-root as the nominative -k- would be generalized throughout the root noun's paradigm.


trātu

trātu (nominative singular)
trātū (dual nominative)
trātwā (nominative plural)
trātu (singular vocative)
trātū (dual vocative)
trātwā (plural vocative)
trātu (accusative singular)
trātū (accusative dual)
trātwā (accusative plural)
trātous (genitive singular)
trātous (dual genitive)
trātowom (genitive plural)
trātou (dative singular)
trātubom (dative dual)
trātubos (dative plural)
trātū (instrumental singular)
trātubim (dual instrumental)
trātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trọd

Middle Welsh: trawt, trawd (“course, voyage”)

Welsh: trawd, trawdd

Old Irish: tráth
Irish: tráth
Manx: traa
Scottish Gaelic: tràth

From Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to cross, pass”).


dergos

dergos (nominative singular)
dergou (dual nominative)
dergoi (nominative plural)
derge (singular vocative)
dergou (dual vocative)
dergoi (plural vocative)
dergom (accusative singular)
dergou (accusative dual)
dergons (accusative plural)
dergī (genitive singular)
dergous (dual genitive)
dergom (genitive plural)
dergūi (dative singular)
dergobom (dative dual)
dergobos (dative plural)
dergū (instrumental singular)
dergobim (dual instrumental)
dergobis (instrumental plural)
dergā (nominative singular)
dergai (dual nominative)
dergās (nominative plural)
dergā (singular vocative)
dergai (dual vocative)
dergās (plural vocative)
dergam (accusative singular)
dergai (accusative dual)
dergans (accusative plural)
dergās (genitive singular)
dergai (dative singular)
dergābom (dative dual)
dergābos (dative plural)
dergābim (dual instrumental)
dergābis (instrumental plural)
dergom (nominative singular)
dergā (nominative plural)
dergom (singular vocative)
dergā (plural vocative)
dergā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: derg

Irish: dearg

Manx: jiarg

Scottish Gaelic: dearg

Celtiberian: *dergos

desc

→⇒ Latin: Andergus (name of a Lusitanian man) (< *ande-dergos)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg-os, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (“to dim, darken”); compare Old English deorc (“dark”) and Tocharian A tärkär, Tocharian B tarkär (“cloud”).
Akin to Lithuanian drėgti (“to get damp, wet”) and possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic *dárˀgāˀ (“bad weather”).


ɸlenstus

ɸlenstus (nominative singular)
ɸlenstū (dual nominative)
ɸlenstowes (nominative plural)
ɸlenstu (singular vocative)
ɸlenstū (dual vocative)
ɸlenstūs (plural vocative)
ɸlenstum (accusative singular)
ɸlenstū (accusative dual)
ɸlenstuns (accusative plural)
ɸlenstous (genitive singular)
ɸlenstous (dual genitive)
ɸlenstowom (genitive plural)
ɸlenstou (dative singular)
ɸlenstubom (dative dual)
ɸlenstubos (dative plural)
ɸlenstū (instrumental singular)
ɸlenstubim (dual instrumental)
ɸlenstubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: lés (“light”)
Middle Irish: lés, lóess
Irish: léas, leos

Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)plend- + *-tus. Compare Latin splendeō (“shine, glitter”), Tocharian A plāntā- (“rejoice”).