luweti

luwū (active first-person present singular)
luwemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
lilūsū (active first-person future singular)
luwesi (active present second-person singular)
luwetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
lilūsesi (active future second-person singular)
luweti (active present singular third-person)
luweto (active imperfect singular third-person)
lilūseti (active future singular third-person)
luwomosi (active first-person plural present)
luwemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lilūsomosi (active first-person future plural)
luwetesi (active plural present second-person)
luwestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
lilūsetesi (active future plural second-person)
luwonti (active plural present third-person)
luwento (active imperfect plural third-person)
lilūsonti (active future plural third-person)
luwasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
luwasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
luwe (active imperative second-person singular)
luwaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
luwetou (active imperative singular third-person)
luwasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
luwomos (active first-person imperative plural)
luwasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
luwete (active imperative plural second-person)
luwasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
luwontou (active imperative plural third-person)
luwūr (first-person passive present singular)
lilūsūr (first-person future passive singular)
luwetar (passive present second-person singular)
lilūsetar (future passive second-person singular)
luwetor (passive present singular third-person)
lilūsetor (future passive singular third-person)
luwommor (first-person passive plural present)
lilūsommor (first-person future passive plural)
luwedwe (passive plural present second-person)
lilūsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
luwontor (passive plural present third-person)
lilūsontor (future passive plural third-person)
luwasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
luwasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
luwasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
luwasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
luwasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
luwasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
luwonts (nominative singular)
luwonte (dual nominative)
luwontes (nominative plural)
luwonts (singular vocative)
luwonte (dual vocative)
luwontes (plural vocative)
luwontam (accusative singular)
luwonte (accusative dual)
luwontans (accusative plural)
luwantos (genitive singular)
luwantom (genitive plural)
luwantei (dative singular)
luwantbom (dative dual)
luwantbos (dative plural)
luwantī? (instrumental singular)
luwantbim (dual instrumental)
luwantbis (instrumental plural)
luwantī (nominative singular)
luwantī (dual nominative)
luwantiyās (nominative plural)
luwantī (singular vocative)
luwantī (dual vocative)
luwantiyās (plural vocative)
luwantīm (accusative singular)
luwantī (accusative dual)
luwantiyans (accusative plural)
luwantyās (genitive singular)
luwantyom (genitive plural)
luwantyāi (dative singular)
luwantyābom (dative dual)
luwantyābos (dative plural)
luwantyābim (dual instrumental)
luwantyābis (instrumental plural)
luwont (nominative singular)
luwonta (nominative plural)
luwont (singular vocative)
luwonta (plural vocative)
luwont (accusative singular)
luwonta (accusative plural)
lutos (nominative singular)
lutou (dual nominative)
lutoi (nominative plural)
lute (singular vocative)
lutou (dual vocative)
lutoi (plural vocative)
lutom (accusative singular)
lutou (accusative dual)
lutons (accusative plural)
lutī (genitive singular)
lutous (dual genitive)
lutom (genitive plural)
lutūi (dative singular)
lutobom (dative dual)
lutobos (dative plural)
lutū (instrumental singular)
lutobim (dual instrumental)
lutobis (instrumental plural)
lutā (nominative singular)
lutai (dual nominative)
lutās (nominative plural)
lutā (singular vocative)
lutai (dual vocative)
lutās (plural vocative)
lutam (accusative singular)
lutai (accusative dual)
lutans (accusative plural)
lutās (genitive singular)
lutai (dative singular)
lutābom (dative dual)
lutābos (dative plural)
lutābim (dual instrumental)
lutābis (instrumental plural)
lutom (nominative singular)
lutā (nominative plural)
lutom (singular vocative)
lutā (plural vocative)
lutā (accusative plural)

⇒ Old Irish: as·luí

⇒ Old Irish: as·comlai

⇒ Old Irish: con·úalai

⇒ Old Irish: do·cumlai

⇒ Middle Irish: con·luí

⇒ Middle Irish: do·élai

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to loosen, set free”). Cognate to Latin luō (“to set free”) and Ancient Greek λύω (lúō, “to loosen”).


dībatom

dībatom (nominative singular)
dībatou (dual nominative)
dībatā (nominative plural)
dībatom (singular vocative)
dībatou (dual vocative)
dībatā (plural vocative)
dībatom (accusative singular)
dībatou (accusative dual)
dībatā (accusative plural)
dībatī (genitive singular)
dībatous (dual genitive)
dībatom (genitive plural)
dībatūi (dative singular)
dībatobom (dative dual)
dībatobos (dative plural)
dībatei (locative singular)
dībatū (instrumental singular)
dībatobim (dual instrumental)
dībatūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: díbad

Middle Irish: díbad

Gaulish: (in abbreviated form) dib

From *dī- (“de-”) + *batom (“death, pestilence”).


bebudwūts

bebudwūts (nominative singular)
bebudwūte (dual nominative)
bebudwūtes (nominative plural)
bebudwūts (singular vocative)
bebudwūte (dual vocative)
bebudwūtes (plural vocative)
bebudwūtam (accusative singular)
bebudwūte (accusative dual)
bebudwūtans (accusative plural)
bebudwūtos (genitive singular)
bebudwūtou (dual genitive)
bebudwūtom (genitive plural)
bebudwūtei (dative singular)
bebudwūtobom (dative dual)
bebudwūtobos (dative plural)
bebudwūti (locative singular)
bebudwūte? (instrumental singular)
bebudwūtobim (dual instrumental)
bebudwūtobis (instrumental plural)
bebudwūt (nominative singular)
bebudwūte (dual nominative)
bebudwūta (nominative plural)
bebudwūt (singular vocative)
bebudwūte (dual vocative)
bebudwūta (plural vocative)
bebudwūt (accusative singular)
bebudwūte (accusative dual)
bebudwūta (accusative plural)
bebudwūtos (genitive singular)
bebudwūtou (dual genitive)
bebudwūtom (genitive plural)
bebudwūtei (dative singular)
bebudwūtobom (dative dual)
bebudwūtobos (dative plural)
bebudwūti (locative singular)
bebudwūte? (instrumental singular)
bebudwūtobim (dual instrumental)
bebudwūtobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨβüð

Middle Breton: bevez

Old Welsh: bibid

desctree

Old Irish: bibdu
Middle Irish: bidba
Irish: bíobha
Scottish Gaelic: biodhbha (obsolete)
⇒ Middle Irish: bibdanas, bidbanas

Brill Publishers
D. A. Binchy
Osborn Bergin

Generally recognized as containing *-wōs, the perfect active participle suffix, modified into a dental-stem formation.
For reasons explained in the Reconstruction Notes, the second vowel of this word must have been -u-. This makes Proto-Germanic *bautaną (“to beat”), as linked by the LIV and Matasović via a tentative Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-, an attractive comparison.


kalmiyos

kalmiyos (nominative singular)
kalmiyou (dual nominative)
kalmiyoi (nominative plural)
kalmiye (singular vocative)
kalmiyou (dual vocative)
kalmiyoi (plural vocative)
kalmiyom (accusative singular)
kalmiyou (accusative dual)
kalmiyons (accusative plural)
kalmiyī (genitive singular)
kalmiyous (dual genitive)
kalmiyom (genitive plural)
kalmiyūi (dative singular)
kalmiyobom (dative dual)
kalmiyobos (dative plural)
kalmiyū (instrumental singular)
kalmiyobim (dual instrumental)
kalmiyobis (instrumental plural)
kalmiyā (nominative singular)
kalmiyai (dual nominative)
kalmiyās (nominative plural)
kalmiyā (singular vocative)
kalmiyai (dual vocative)
kalmiyās (plural vocative)
kalmiyam (accusative singular)
kalmiyai (accusative dual)
kalmiyans (accusative plural)
kalmiyās (genitive singular)
kalmiyai (dative singular)
kalmiyābom (dative dual)
kalmiyābos (dative plural)
kalmiyābim (dual instrumental)
kalmiyābis (instrumental plural)
kalmiyom (nominative singular)
kalmiyā (nominative plural)
kalmiyom (singular vocative)
kalmiyā (plural vocative)
kalmiyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėlβ̃ɨð
Old Breton: celmed
Middle Breton: calvez (“carpenter”)
Breton: kalvez (“carpenter”)
Old Welsh: celmed
Middle Welsh: celuit, celwyd
Welsh: celfydd

Middle Irish: calma (“brave, strong”)

Irish: calma

Scottish Gaelic: calma


luwā

luwā (nominative singular)
luwai (dual nominative)
luwās (nominative plural)
luwā (singular vocative)
luwai (dual vocative)
luwās (plural vocative)
luwam (accusative singular)
luwai (accusative dual)
luwāns (accusative plural)
luwās (genitive singular)
luwous (dual genitive)
luwom (genitive plural)
luwāi (dative singular)
luwābom (dative dual)
luwābos (dative plural)
luwai (locative singular)
luwābim (dual instrumental)
luwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llow

Middle Breton: louenn sg

Breton: laou pl, laouenn sg

⇒ Old Cornish: lewenki

Cornish: low

Middle Welsh: lleu

Welsh: llau

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“louse”). A close cognate is Proto-Germanic *lūs (“louse”).


gragnis

gragis (nominative singular)
gragī (dual nominative)
gragīs (nominative plural)
gragi (singular vocative)
gragī (dual vocative)
gragīs (plural vocative)
gragim (accusative singular)
gragī (accusative dual)
gragins (accusative plural)
grageis (genitive singular)
gragyou (dual genitive)
gragyom (genitive plural)
gragei (dative singular)
gragibom (dative dual)
gragibos (dative plural)
gragī (instrumental singular)
gragibim (dual instrumental)
gragibis (instrumental plural)
gragi (nominative singular)
gragyā (nominative plural)
gragyā (plural vocative)
gragi (accusative singular)
gragyā (accusative plural)
gragois (genitive singular)
gragois (dual genitive)
gragē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *graɨn

Middle Welsh: graen

Welsh: graen

Old Irish: gráin
Irish: gráin
Manx: grayn
Scottish Gaelic: gràin

An apparent sound-symbolic word. Similar-sounding words of similar meaning include Proto-Slavic *groza, Ancient Greek γοργός (gorgós, “fierce”), and Proto-Celtic *gargos (“fierce”). All of these may also be sound-symbolic formations.


krixs

krixs (nominative singular)
kriɸe (dual nominative)
kriɸes (nominative plural)
krixs (singular vocative)
kriɸe (dual vocative)
kriɸes (plural vocative)
kriɸam (accusative singular)
kriɸe (accusative dual)
kriɸans (accusative plural)
kriɸos (genitive singular)
kriɸou (dual genitive)
kriɸom (genitive plural)
kriɸei (dative singular)
kriɸobom (dative dual)
kriɸobos (dative plural)
kriɸi (locative singular)
kriɸe? (instrumental singular)
kriɸobim (dual instrumental)
kriɸobis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: crí (poetic)

From Proto-Indo-European *krep- (“body”).

Proto-Brythonic: *krɨβ̃Middle Breton: creffBreton: kreñvOld Cornish: crifMiddle Cornish: creff


monis

monis (nominative singular)
monī (dual nominative)
monīs (nominative plural)
moni (singular vocative)
monī (dual vocative)
monīs (plural vocative)
monim (accusative singular)
monī (accusative dual)
monins (accusative plural)
moneis (genitive singular)
monyow (dual genitive)
monyom (genitive plural)
monei (dative singular)
monibom (dative dual)
monibos (dative plural)
monei (locative singular)
monī (instrumental singular)
monibim (dual instrumental)
monibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mun

Old Breton: mun

Middle Welsh: mwn

Welsh: mŵn

Old Irish: muin (“upper back”)

Middle Irish: muin

Scottish Gaelic: muin

From Proto-Indo-European *mónis (“neck”).


moniklos

moniklos (nominative singular)
moniklou (dual nominative)
monikloi (nominative plural)
monikle (singular vocative)
moniklou (dual vocative)
monikloi (plural vocative)
moniklom (accusative singular)
moniklou (accusative dual)
moniklons (accusative plural)
moniklī (genitive singular)
moniklous (dual genitive)
moniklom (genitive plural)
moniklūi (dative singular)
moniklobom (dative dual)
moniklobos (dative plural)
moniklei (locative singular)
moniklū (instrumental singular)
moniklobim (dual instrumental)
moniklūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *munugl (with assimilation of second vowel to the first)

Middle Welsh: mynwgyl, munugyl, mwnugyl

Welsh: mwnwgl

desctree

Old Irish: muinél
Irish: muineál
Manx: mwannal
Scottish Gaelic: muineal


ninatis

ninatis (nominative singular)
ninatī (dual nominative)
ninatīs (nominative plural)
ninati (singular vocative)
ninatī (dual vocative)
ninatīs (plural vocative)
ninatim (accusative singular)
ninatī (accusative dual)
ninatins (accusative plural)
ninateis (genitive singular)
ninatyow (dual genitive)
ninatyom (genitive plural)
ninatei (dative singular)
ninatibom (dative dual)
ninatibos (dative plural)
ninatei (locative singular)
ninatī (instrumental singular)
ninatibim (dual instrumental)
ninatibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nɨnad

Middle Breton: linhadenn sg

Breton: linad pl, linadenn sg

Old Cornish: linhaden sg

Cornish: linas

Middle Welsh: dynat, danat

Welsh: danadl

Old Irish: nenaid

Middle Irish: nenaid

⇒ Irish: neantóg

desc

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: neanntag, eanntag, feanntag, deanntag

⇒ Manx: undaag, undaagagh


morwis

morwis (nominative singular)
morwī (dual nominative)
morwīs (nominative plural)
morwi (singular vocative)
morwī (dual vocative)
morwīs (plural vocative)
morwim (accusative singular)
morwī (accusative dual)
morwins (accusative plural)
morweis (genitive singular)
morwyow (dual genitive)
morwyom (genitive plural)
morwei (dative singular)
morwibom (dative dual)
morwibos (dative plural)
morwei (locative singular)
morwī (instrumental singular)
morwibim (dual instrumental)
morwibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: moriuon

Middle Breton: meryen

Breton: merien

Cornish: moryon

⇒ Middle Welsh: morgrug

Welsh: morgrug

Welsh: mŷr

Old Irish: moirb

Derivative of Proto-Indo-European *morwi- (“ant”)


sweidus

sweidus (nominative singular)
sweidū (dual nominative)
sweidowes (nominative plural)
sweidu (singular vocative)
sweidū (dual vocative)
sweidūs (plural vocative)
sweidum (accusative singular)
sweidū (accusative dual)
sweiduns (accusative plural)
sweidous (genitive singular)
sweidous (dual genitive)
sweidowom (genitive plural)
sweidou (dative singular)
sweidubom (dative dual)
sweidubos (dative plural)
sweidū (instrumental singular)
sweidubim (dual instrumental)
sweidubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hwuɨð
Breton: c'hwez (“air used to inflate something, swelling, vanity”)
⇒ Breton: c'hwezañ
Middle Welsh: chwyd
Welsh: chwydd

Goidelic:

Classical Gaelic: siat, siad

Irish: siad (“swelling”)

U-stem derivative of Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”).


sweideti

sweidū (active first-person present singular)
sweidemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
siswitsū (active first-person future singular)
siswoida (active first-person preterite singular)
sweidesi (active present second-person singular)
sweidetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
siswitsesi (active future second-person singular)
siswoidas? (active preterite second-person singular)
sweideti (active present singular third-person)
sweideto (active imperfect singular third-person)
siswitseti (active future singular third-person)
siswoide (active preterite singular third-person)
sweidomosi (active first-person plural present)
sweidemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
siswitsomosi (active first-person future plural)
siswoidmo (active first-person plural preterite)
sweidetesi (active plural present second-person)
sweidestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
siswitsetesi (active future plural second-person)
siswoisse (active plural preterite second-person)
sweidonti (active plural present third-person)
sweidento (active imperfect plural third-person)
siswitsonti (active future plural third-person)
siswoidars (active plural preterite third-person)
sweitsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sweitsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sweide (active imperative second-person singular)
sweitseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sweidetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sweitsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sweidomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sweitsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sweidete (active imperative plural second-person)
sweitsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sweidontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sweidūr (first-person passive present singular)
siswitsūr (first-person future passive singular)
siswoidra (first-person passive preterite singular)
sweidetar (passive present second-person singular)
siswitsetar (future passive second-person singular)
siswoidras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
sweidetor (passive present singular third-person)
siswitsetor (future passive singular third-person)
siswoidre (passive preterite singular third-person)
sweidommor (first-person passive plural present)
siswitsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sweidedwe (passive plural present second-person)
siswitsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sweidontor (passive plural present third-person)
siswitsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sweitsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sweitsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sweitsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sweitsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sweitsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sweitsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
sweidonts (nominative singular)
sweidonte (dual nominative)
sweidontes (nominative plural)
sweidonts (singular vocative)
sweidonte (dual vocative)
sweidontes (plural vocative)
sweidontam (accusative singular)
sweidonte (accusative dual)
sweidontans (accusative plural)
sweidantos (genitive singular)
sweidantom (genitive plural)
sweidantei (dative singular)
sweidantbom (dative dual)
sweidantbos (dative plural)
sweidantī? (instrumental singular)
sweidantbim (dual instrumental)
sweidantbis (instrumental plural)
sweidantī (nominative singular)
sweidantī (dual nominative)
sweidantiyās (nominative plural)
sweidantī (singular vocative)
sweidantī (dual vocative)
sweidantiyās (plural vocative)
sweidantīm (accusative singular)
sweidantī (accusative dual)
sweidantiyans (accusative plural)
sweidantyās (genitive singular)
sweidantyom (genitive plural)
sweidantyāi (dative singular)
sweidantyābom (dative dual)
sweidantyābos (dative plural)
sweidantyābim (dual instrumental)
sweidantyābis (instrumental plural)
sweidont (nominative singular)
sweidonta (nominative plural)
sweidont (singular vocative)
sweidonta (plural vocative)
sweidont (accusative singular)
sweidonta (accusative plural)
swissos (nominative singular)
swissou (dual nominative)
swissoi (nominative plural)
swisse (singular vocative)
swissou (dual vocative)
swissoi (plural vocative)
swissom (accusative singular)
swissou (accusative dual)
swissons (accusative plural)
swissī (genitive singular)
swissous (dual genitive)
swissom (genitive plural)
swissūi (dative singular)
swissobom (dative dual)
swissobos (dative plural)
swissū (instrumental singular)
swissobim (dual instrumental)
swissobis (instrumental plural)
swissā (nominative singular)
swissai (dual nominative)
swissās (nominative plural)
swissā (singular vocative)
swissai (dual vocative)
swissās (plural vocative)
swissam (accusative singular)
swissai (accusative dual)
swissans (accusative plural)
swissās (genitive singular)
swissai (dative singular)
swissābom (dative dual)
swissābos (dative plural)
swissābim (dual instrumental)
swissābis (instrumental plural)
swissom (nominative singular)
swissā (nominative plural)
swissom (singular vocative)
swissā (plural vocative)
swissā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwuɨðɨd

Middle Welsh: chwydo, hwydo

Welsh: chwyddo

From Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”).


trettillos

trettislos (nominative singular)
trettislou (dual nominative)
trettisloi (nominative plural)
trettisle (singular vocative)
trettislou (dual vocative)
trettisloi (plural vocative)
trettislom (accusative singular)
trettislou (accusative dual)
trettislons (accusative plural)
trettislī (genitive singular)
trettislous (dual genitive)
trettislom (genitive plural)
trettislūi (dative singular)
trettislobom (dative dual)
trettislobos (dative plural)
trettislei (locative singular)
trettislū (instrumental singular)
trettislobim (dual instrumental)
trettislūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trɨθɨll

Middle Welsh: drythyll (“lively”)

Welsh: trythyll, drythyll

desc

Old Irish: dretel (“darling, favourite, pet”)

Middle Irish: dreittel, treitell, treittell

Possibly from a base adjective *trettis, if the Old Irish treit (“quick”) appearing in the Würzburg glosses is older than the usual form trait, but there are phonetic uncertainties.


oɸibelā

oɸibelā (nominative singular)
oɸibelai (dual nominative)
oɸibelās (nominative plural)
oɸibelā (singular vocative)
oɸibelai (dual vocative)
oɸibelās (plural vocative)
oɸibelam (accusative singular)
oɸibelai (accusative dual)
oɸibelāns (accusative plural)
oɸibelās (genitive singular)
oɸibelous (dual genitive)
oɸibelom (genitive plural)
oɸibelāi (dative singular)
oɸibelābom (dative dual)
oɸibelābos (dative plural)
oɸibelai (locative singular)
oɸibelābim (dual instrumental)
oɸibelābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉβel

Middle Breton: fulenn (with metathesis of fricative and vowel)

Breton: fulenn

Middle Welsh: ufel, uvel

Welsh: ufel

Old Irish: oíbell

Middle Irish: aíbell

Irish: aoibheall

Scottish Gaelic: èibheall

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi + *bʰel- (“to shine”).


bunnos

bunnos (nominative singular)
bunnou (dual nominative)
bunnoi (nominative plural)
bunne (singular vocative)
bunnou (dual vocative)
bunnoi (plural vocative)
bunnom (accusative singular)
bunnou (accusative dual)
bunnons (accusative plural)
bunnī (genitive singular)
bunnous (dual genitive)
bunnom (genitive plural)
bunnūi (dative singular)
bunnobom (dative dual)
bunnobos (dative plural)
bunnei (locative singular)
bunnū (instrumental singular)
bunnobim (dual instrumental)
bunnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bunn

Old Breton: bonn (“crane”)

Middle Welsh: bwn, bun

Welsh: bwn

⇒ Old Irish: bonnán

Irish: bonnán

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a lost substrate language.


adgarwos

adgarwos (nominative singular)
adgarwou (dual nominative)
adgarwoi (nominative plural)
adgarwe (singular vocative)
adgarwou (dual vocative)
adgarwoi (plural vocative)
adgarwom (accusative singular)
adgarwou (accusative dual)
adgarwons (accusative plural)
adgarwī (genitive singular)
adgarwous (dual genitive)
adgarwom (genitive plural)
adgarwūi (dative singular)
adgarwobom (dative dual)
adgarwobos (dative plural)
adgarwū (instrumental singular)
adgarwobim (dual instrumental)
adgarwobis (instrumental plural)
adgarwā (nominative singular)
adgarwai (dual nominative)
adgarwās (nominative plural)
adgarwā (singular vocative)
adgarwai (dual vocative)
adgarwās (plural vocative)
adgarwam (accusative singular)
adgarwai (accusative dual)
adgarwans (accusative plural)
adgarwās (genitive singular)
adgarwai (dative singular)
adgarwābom (dative dual)
adgarwābos (dative plural)
adgarwābim (dual instrumental)
adgarwābis (instrumental plural)
adgarwom (nominative singular)
adgarwā (nominative plural)
adgarwom (singular vocative)
adgarwā (plural vocative)
adgarwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *agarw

Middle Welsh: agarw

Welsh: agarw

Middle Irish: acarb

From *ad- (used here as an intensifier prefix) + *garwos (“rough”)


(ɸ)lissos

lissos (canonical masculine)
ɸlissos (nominative singular)
ɸlissou (dual nominative)
ɸlissoi (nominative plural)
ɸlisse (singular vocative)
ɸlissou (dual vocative)
ɸlissoi (plural vocative)
ɸlissom (accusative singular)
ɸlissou (accusative dual)
ɸlissons (accusative plural)
ɸlissī (genitive singular)
ɸlissous (dual genitive)
ɸlissom (genitive plural)
ɸlissūi (dative singular)
ɸlissobom (dative dual)
ɸlissobos (dative plural)
ɸlissei (locative singular)
ɸlissū (instrumental singular)
ɸlissobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlissūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨs

Old Breton: lis

Middle Breton: les

Breton: lez

⇒ Middle Cornish: Lisnewyth

Cornish: Lysnowyth

→ English: Lesnewth

Middle Welsh: llys, llis

Welsh: llys (“court”)

Old Irish: les (“yard”)

Middle Irish: les, less

Irish: lios

Scottish Gaelic: lios

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”), with the laryngeal somehow lost. Matasović is unconvinced. Stifter provides an alternative derivation from *leys- (“to trace; track”).


tannuti

tannumi (active first-person present singular)
tannumam (active first-person imperfect singular)
titansū (active first-person future singular)
tetona (active first-person preterite singular)
tannusi (active present second-person singular)
tannutās (active imperfect second-person singular)
titansesi (active future second-person singular)
tetonas? (active preterite second-person singular)
tannuti (active present singular third-person)
tannuto (active imperfect singular third-person)
titanseti (active future singular third-person)
tetone (active preterite singular third-person)
tannumosi (active first-person plural present)
tannumo (active first-person imperfect plural)
titansomosi (active first-person future plural)
tetonmo (active first-person plural preterite)
tannutesi (active plural present second-person)
tannustē (active imperfect plural second-person)
titansetesi (active future plural second-person)
tetone (active plural preterite second-person)
tannunti (active plural present third-person)
tannunto (active imperfect plural third-person)
titansonti (active future plural third-person)
tetonars (active plural preterite third-person)
tannu (active imperative second-person singular)
tannutou (active imperative singular third-person)
tannumos (active first-person imperative plural)
tannute (active imperative plural second-person)
tannuntou (active imperative plural third-person)
tannur (first-person passive present singular)
titansūr (first-person future passive singular)
tetonra (first-person passive preterite singular)
tannutar (passive present second-person singular)
titansetar (future passive second-person singular)
tetonras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
tannutor (passive present singular third-person)
titansetor (future passive singular third-person)
tetonre (passive preterite singular third-person)
tannummor (first-person passive plural present)
titansommor (first-person future passive plural)
tannudwe (passive plural present second-person)
titansedwe (future passive plural second-person)
tannuntor (passive plural present third-person)
titansontor (future passive plural third-person)
tannwonts (nominative singular)
tannwonte (dual nominative)
tannwontes (nominative plural)
tannwonts (singular vocative)
tannwonte (dual vocative)
tannwontes (plural vocative)
tannwontam (accusative singular)
tannwonte (accusative dual)
tannwontans (accusative plural)
tannwantos (genitive singular)
tannwantom (genitive plural)
tannwantei (dative singular)
tannwantbom (dative dual)
tannwantbos (dative plural)
tannwantī? (instrumental singular)
tannwantbim (dual instrumental)
tannwantbis (instrumental plural)
tannwantī (nominative singular)
tannwantī (dual nominative)
tannwantiyās (nominative plural)
tannwantī (singular vocative)
tannwantī (dual vocative)
tannwantiyās (plural vocative)
tannwantīm (accusative singular)
tannwantī (accusative dual)
tannwantiyans (accusative plural)
tannwantyās (genitive singular)
tannwantyom (genitive plural)
tannwantyāi (dative singular)
tannwantyābom (dative dual)
tannwantyābos (dative plural)
tannwantyābim (dual instrumental)
tannwantyābis (instrumental plural)
tannwont (nominative singular)
tannwonta (nominative plural)
tannwont (singular vocative)
tannwonta (plural vocative)
tannwont (accusative singular)
tannwonta (accusative plural)
tantos (nominative singular)
tantou (dual nominative)
tantoi (nominative plural)
tante (singular vocative)
tantou (dual vocative)
tantoi (plural vocative)
tantom (accusative singular)
tantou (accusative dual)
tantons (accusative plural)
tantī (genitive singular)
tantous (dual genitive)
tantom (genitive plural)
tantūi (dative singular)
tantobom (dative dual)
tantobos (dative plural)
tantū (instrumental singular)
tantobim (dual instrumental)
tantobis (instrumental plural)
tantā (nominative singular)
tantai (dual nominative)
tantās (nominative plural)
tantā (singular vocative)
tantai (dual vocative)
tantās (plural vocative)
tantam (accusative singular)
tantai (accusative dual)
tantans (accusative plural)
tantās (genitive singular)
tantai (dative singular)
tantābom (dative dual)
tantābos (dative plural)
tantābim (dual instrumental)
tantābis (instrumental plural)
tantom (nominative singular)
tantā (nominative plural)
tantom (singular vocative)
tantā (plural vocative)
tantā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Cornish: tan (“take”, imperative)

Middle Welsh: tannu, tanu

Welsh: tanu, tannu

From Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch, extend”).


krouk-

krouk- gender unattested (canonical)
kroukā (nominative singular)
kroukai (dual nominative)
kroukās (nominative plural)
kroukā (singular vocative)
kroukai (dual vocative)
kroukās (plural vocative)
kroukam (accusative singular)
kroukai (accusative dual)
kroukāns (accusative plural)
kroukās (genitive singular)
kroukous (dual genitive)
kroukom (genitive plural)
kroukāi (dative singular)
kroukābom (dative dual)
kroukābos (dative plural)
kroukai (locative singular)
kroukābim (dual instrumental)
kroukābis (instrumental plural)
kroukos (nominative singular)
kroukou (dual nominative)
kroukoi (nominative plural)
krouke (singular vocative)
kroukou (dual vocative)
kroukoi (plural vocative)
kroukom (accusative singular)
kroukou (accusative dual)
kroukons (accusative plural)
kroukī (genitive singular)
kroukous (dual genitive)
kroukom (genitive plural)
kroukūi (dative singular)
kroukobom (dative dual)
kroukobos (dative plural)
kroukei (locative singular)
kroukū (instrumental singular)
kroukobim (dual instrumental)
kroukūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krʉg m

Old Breton: cruc

Breton: krug (“heap, pile”)

Old Cornish: cruc

Cornish: cruk

Middle Welsh: cruc

Welsh: crug

Old Irish: crúach f

Middle Irish: crúach

Irish: cruach

Scottish Gaelic: cruach

Manx: creagh

Gaulish: *croc-

desc

→ French: Crucq (name of a village in Lot-et-Garonne, and a derived surname)

→ French: (Béarnais) cruque (“heap, pile”), (Landais) croque (“skull, head”)

→ Franco-Provençal: (Lyonnais) cuchon

→ Occitan: cruc, cruca (“top of the head, occiput”)

Unknown. Many conflicting etymologies are available; see Lucht (2007) for them.
Delamarre prefers a comparison to Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“pile, heap”).


krumbos

krumbos (nominative singular)
krumbou (dual nominative)
krumboi (nominative plural)
krumbe (singular vocative)
krumbou (dual vocative)
krumboi (plural vocative)
krumbom (accusative singular)
krumbou (accusative dual)
krumbons (accusative plural)
krumbī (genitive singular)
krumbous (dual genitive)
krumbom (genitive plural)
krumbūi (dative singular)
krumbobom (dative dual)
krumbobos (dative plural)
krumbū (instrumental singular)
krumbobim (dual instrumental)
krumbobis (instrumental plural)
krumbā (nominative singular)
krumbai (dual nominative)
krumbās (nominative plural)
krumbā (singular vocative)
krumbai (dual vocative)
krumbās (plural vocative)
krumbam (accusative singular)
krumbai (accusative dual)
krumbans (accusative plural)
krumbās (genitive singular)
krumbai (dative singular)
krumbābom (dative dual)
krumbābos (dative plural)
krumbābim (dual instrumental)
krumbābis (instrumental plural)
krumbom (nominative singular)
krumbā (nominative plural)
krumbom (singular vocative)
krumbā (plural vocative)
krumbā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krum

Old Breton: crum

Middle Breton: croum, crom

Breton: kromm

Cornish: crom

Middle Welsh: crwm

Welsh: crwm

Middle Irish: cromm, crom, cromb

Irish: crom

Manx: croym

Scottish Gaelic: crom

Shares a close resemblance to Proto-Germanic *krumbaz with which it is virtually assured there is a loanword relationship. The details of the loaning are unclear, however.


kawyos

kawyos (nominative singular)
kawyou (dual nominative)
kawyoi (nominative plural)
kawye (singular vocative)
kawyou (dual vocative)
kawyoi (plural vocative)
kawyom (accusative singular)
kawyou (accusative dual)
kawyons (accusative plural)
kawyī (genitive singular)
kawyous (dual genitive)
kawyom (genitive plural)
kawyūi (dative singular)
kawyobom (dative dual)
kawyobos (dative plural)
kawyū (instrumental singular)
kawyobim (dual instrumental)
kawyobis (instrumental plural)
kawyā (nominative singular)
kawyai (dual nominative)
kawyās (nominative plural)
kawyā (singular vocative)
kawyai (dual vocative)
kawyās (plural vocative)
kawyam (accusative singular)
kawyai (accusative dual)
kawyans (accusative plural)
kawyās (genitive singular)
kawyai (dative singular)
kawyābom (dative dual)
kawyābos (dative plural)
kawyābim (dual instrumental)
kawyābis (instrumental plural)
kawyom (nominative singular)
kawyā (nominative plural)
kawyom (singular vocative)
kawyā (plural vocative)
kawyā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kėw, *kow, *küw
Middle Breton: queu
Breton: kev
Middle Cornish: *kew (see notes)
Middle Welsh: keu
Welsh: cau

Old Irish: caue, cuae

Middle Irish: cúa

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₃w-, reconstructed as such by Zair.
Cognacy with Latin cavus is widely agreed upon. Other than that, Zair and Matasović disagree on virtually everything to do with this word.


krokkenom

krokkenom (nominative singular)
krokkenou (dual nominative)
krokkenā (nominative plural)
krokkenom (singular vocative)
krokkenou (dual vocative)
krokkenā (plural vocative)
krokkenom (accusative singular)
krokkenou (accusative dual)
krokkenā (accusative plural)
krokkenī (genitive singular)
krokkenous (dual genitive)
krokkenom (genitive plural)
krokkenūi (dative singular)
krokkenobom (dative dual)
krokkenobos (dative plural)
krokkenei (locative singular)
krokkenū (instrumental singular)
krokkenobim (dual instrumental)
krokkenūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kroxen, *kroɨn

Middle Breton: crohenn, crohen, crochen

Breton: kroc'hen

Old Cornish: croin

Middle Cornish: crohen, croen

Cornish: kroghen

Middle Welsh: croen

Welsh: croen

Old Irish: crocenn
Middle Irish: croicenn
Irish: craiceann
Manx: crackan
Scottish Gaelic: craiceann

Gaulish: *crocīnā

desc

→ Latin: crocīna (“mastruca-like skin-made garment”)

Unknown, possibly a substrate word due to the irregular phonetic shape. Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *hrugjaz (“back, ridge”), but this root is itself of uncertain origin.


skaddos

skaddos (nominative singular)
skaddou (dual nominative)
skaddoi (nominative plural)
skadde (singular vocative)
skaddou (dual vocative)
skaddoi (plural vocative)
skaddom (accusative singular)
skaddou (accusative dual)
skaddons (accusative plural)
skaddī (genitive singular)
skaddous (dual genitive)
skaddom (genitive plural)
skaddūi (dative singular)
skaddobom (dative dual)
skaddobos (dative plural)
skaddei (locative singular)
skaddū (instrumental singular)
skaddobim (dual instrumental)
skaddūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Welsh: ysgadan

Welsh: ysgadan

⇒ Middle Irish: scatán

Irish: scadán

Manx: skeddan

Scottish Gaelic: sgadan

Borrowed from an unknown substrate language. Fellow borrowings from the same source include Old English sceadd (modern English shad).


krokeno-

krokeno- gender unattested (canonical)
krokenos (nominative singular)
krokenou (dual nominative)
krokenoi (nominative plural)
krokene (singular vocative)
krokenou (dual vocative)
krokenoi (plural vocative)
krokenom (accusative singular)
krokenou (accusative dual)
krokenons (accusative plural)
krokenī (genitive singular)
krokenous (dual genitive)
krokenom (genitive plural)
krokenūi (dative singular)
krokenobom (dative dual)
krokenobos (dative plural)
krokenei (locative singular)
krokenū (instrumental singular)
krokenobim (dual instrumental)
krokenūis (instrumental plural)
krokenom (nominative singular)
krokenou (dual nominative)
krokenā (nominative plural)
krokenom (singular vocative)
krokenou (dual vocative)
krokenā (plural vocative)
krokenom (accusative singular)
krokenou (accusative dual)
krokenā (accusative plural)
krokenī (genitive singular)
krokenous (dual genitive)
krokenom (genitive plural)
krokenūi (dative singular)
krokenobom (dative dual)
krokenobos (dative plural)
krokenei (locative singular)
krokenū (instrumental singular)
krokenobim (dual instrumental)
krokenūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krogen

Middle Breton: croguenn

Breton: krogenn (“shell”)

Old Cornish: crogen

Middle Welsh: cragen

Welsh: crogen, cragen

Goidelic:

Scottish Gaelic: creachann (“scallop”)

Unknown; any etymology for this is highly speculative. Possible (mutually exclusive) comparanda include:
* Proto-Germanic *hreganą (“to jut out”)
* Proto-Germanic *hrugnaz (“roe”) (ruled "less likely" by Stifter)
* Proto-Celtic *karrikā (“stone”), whence Welsh carreg (ruled "less likely" by Stifter)


metelā

metelā (nominative singular)
metelai (dual nominative)
metelās (nominative plural)
metelā (singular vocative)
metelai (dual vocative)
metelās (plural vocative)
metelam (accusative singular)
metelai (accusative dual)
metelāns (accusative plural)
metelās (genitive singular)
metelous (dual genitive)
metelom (genitive plural)
metelāi (dative singular)
metelābom (dative dual)
metelābos (dative plural)
metelai (locative singular)
metelābim (dual instrumental)
metelābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *medel

Middle Welsh: medel

Welsh: medel

Old Irish: methel

Middle Irish: methel

Irish: meitheal

A collective formed to *metelos (“reaper”).


metelos

metelos (nominative singular)
metelou (dual nominative)
meteloi (nominative plural)
metele (singular vocative)
metelou (dual vocative)
meteloi (plural vocative)
metelom (accusative singular)
metelou (accusative dual)
metelons (accusative plural)
metelī (genitive singular)
metelous (dual genitive)
metelom (genitive plural)
metelūi (dative singular)
metelobom (dative dual)
metelobos (dative plural)
metelei (locative singular)
metelū (instrumental singular)
metelobim (dual instrumental)
metelūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *medel

Old Cornish: midil

Gaulish: *metlos

Gaulish: *Metlosedon

→ Latin: Metlosedum

French: Melun (after being analogically restructured to *Metlodūnon)

Gaulish: *Metlodūnon

→ Latin: Meclodunum

French: Meudon

→ French: Mions (via a Gallo-Romance Metdono)

Lepontic: 𐌌𐌄𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌖𐌉 (metelui, dat. sg. of personal name)


writ-

Proto-Brythonic: *gwurθ

Old Breton: gurth

Middle Breton: ouz, oz

Breton: ouzh

Middle Cornish: worth, orth

Old Welsh: gurt

Middle Welsh: wrth

Welsh: wrth

desctree

Old Irish: fri
Middle Irish: fri
Classical Gaelic: re
Irish: re (“to, towards, against”)
⇒ Irish: le (conflated with la)
⇒ Irish: fa ré, fara, frae (“along with, beside”)
Manx: rish
Scottish Gaelic: ri

From a root noun derived from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”).


luxsmos

luxsmos (nominative singular)
luxsmou (dual nominative)
luxsmoi (nominative plural)
luxsme (singular vocative)
luxsmou (dual vocative)
luxsmoi (plural vocative)
luxsmom (accusative singular)
luxsmou (accusative dual)
luxsmons (accusative plural)
luxsmī (genitive singular)
luxsmous (dual genitive)
luxsmom (genitive plural)
luxsmūi (dative singular)
luxsmobom (dative dual)
luxsmobos (dative plural)
luxsmū (instrumental singular)
luxsmobim (dual instrumental)
luxsmobis (instrumental plural)
luxsmā (nominative singular)
luxsmai (dual nominative)
luxsmās (nominative plural)
luxsmā (singular vocative)
luxsmai (dual vocative)
luxsmās (plural vocative)
luxsmam (accusative singular)
luxsmai (accusative dual)
luxsmans (accusative plural)
luxsmās (genitive singular)
luxsmai (dative singular)
luxsmābom (dative dual)
luxsmābos (dative plural)
luxsmābim (dual instrumental)
luxsmābis (instrumental plural)
luxsmom (nominative singular)
luxsmā (nominative plural)
luxsmom (singular vocative)
luxsmā (plural vocative)
luxsmā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llum

Middle Welsh: llwm, llum

Welsh: llwm

Old Irish: lomm
Irish: lom
Manx: lhome
Scottish Gaelic: lom

From Proto-Indo-European *lewp- (“to strip, peel”), whence also *lubros (“weak”).


trātos

trātos (nominative singular)
trātou (dual nominative)
trātoi (nominative plural)
trāte (singular vocative)
trātou (dual vocative)
trātoi (plural vocative)
trātom (accusative singular)
trātou (accusative dual)
trātons (accusative plural)
trātī (genitive singular)
trātous (dual genitive)
trātom (genitive plural)
trātūi (dative singular)
trātobom (dative dual)
trātobos (dative plural)
trātū (instrumental singular)
trātobim (dual instrumental)
trātobis (instrumental plural)
trātā (nominative singular)
trātai (dual nominative)
trātās (nominative plural)
trātā (singular vocative)
trātai (dual vocative)
trātās (plural vocative)
trātam (accusative singular)
trātai (accusative dual)
trātans (accusative plural)
trātās (genitive singular)
trātai (dative singular)
trātābom (dative dual)
trātābos (dative plural)
trātābim (dual instrumental)
trātābis (instrumental plural)
trātom (nominative singular)
trātā (nominative plural)
trātom (singular vocative)
trātā (plural vocative)
trātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trọd

Middle Breton: treut (“thin”)

Breton: treut

Middle Welsh: trawd (“weak”) (hapax)

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₁-tó-s, a formation in *-tós from the root *terh₁- (“to drill, pierce”). An exact cognate exists in Ancient Greek τρητός (trētós, “bored through”).


tnāwos

tnāwos (nominative singular)
tnāwou (dual nominative)
tnāwoi (nominative plural)
tnāwe (singular vocative)
tnāwou (dual vocative)
tnāwoi (plural vocative)
tnāwom (accusative singular)
tnāwou (accusative dual)
tnāwons (accusative plural)
tnāwī (genitive singular)
tnāwous (dual genitive)
tnāwom (genitive plural)
tnāwūi (dative singular)
tnāwobom (dative dual)
tnāwobos (dative plural)
tnāwei (locative singular)
tnāwū (instrumental singular)
tnāwobim (dual instrumental)
tnāwūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tnọw

Middle Breton: tenou, tnou

Breton: traou, traoñ

Old Welsh: tnou

Middle Welsh: tyno, tino

Welsh: tyno

From Proto-Indo-European *tenh₂- (“to stretch”); more specifically, a thematization of *ténh₂us, whence also Proto-Celtic *tanawyos (“thin”).


wiwos

wiwos (nominative singular)
wiwou (dual nominative)
wiwoi (nominative plural)
wiwe (singular vocative)
wiwou (dual vocative)
wiwoi (plural vocative)
wiwom (accusative singular)
wiwou (accusative dual)
wiwons (accusative plural)
wiwī (genitive singular)
wiwous (dual genitive)
wiwom (genitive plural)
wiwūi (dative singular)
wiwobom (dative dual)
wiwobos (dative plural)
wiwū (instrumental singular)
wiwobim (dual instrumental)
wiwobis (instrumental plural)
wiwā (nominative singular)
wiwai (dual nominative)
wiwās (nominative plural)
wiwā (singular vocative)
wiwai (dual vocative)
wiwās (plural vocative)
wiwam (accusative singular)
wiwai (accusative dual)
wiwans (accusative plural)
wiwās (genitive singular)
wiwai (dative singular)
wiwābom (dative dual)
wiwābos (dative plural)
wiwābim (dual instrumental)
wiwābis (instrumental plural)
wiwom (nominative singular)
wiwā (nominative plural)
wiwom (singular vocative)
wiwā (plural vocative)
wiwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨw

Middle Welsh: gwyw, gwiw

Welsh: gwyw

Middle Irish: feo

⇒ Irish: feoigh

From Proto-Indo-European *wih₁-wós, from the root *weyh₁- (“to wither”) + *-wós (deverbal adjective suffix).


breitrā

breitrā (nominative singular)
breitrai (dual nominative)
breitrās (nominative plural)
breitrā (singular vocative)
breitrai (dual vocative)
breitrās (plural vocative)
breitram (accusative singular)
breitrai (accusative dual)
breitrāns (accusative plural)
breitrās (genitive singular)
breitrous (dual genitive)
breitrom (genitive plural)
breitrāi (dative singular)
breitrābom (dative dual)
breitrābos (dative plural)
breitrai (locative singular)
breitrābim (dual instrumental)
breitrābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bruɨdr

Middle Welsh: brwydyr

Welsh: brwydr (“battle”)

desctree

Old Irish: bríathar (“word”)
Irish: briathar
Manx: breear
Scottish Gaelic: briathar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreyH- (“to cut”).


bounos

bounos (nominative singular)
bounou (dual nominative)
bounoi (nominative plural)
boune (singular vocative)
bounou (dual vocative)
bounoi (plural vocative)
bounom (accusative singular)
bounou (accusative dual)
bounons (accusative plural)
bounī (genitive singular)
bounous (dual genitive)
bounom (genitive plural)
bounūi (dative singular)
bounobom (dative dual)
bounobos (dative plural)
bounū (instrumental singular)
bounobim (dual instrumental)
bounobis (instrumental plural)
bounā (nominative singular)
bounai (dual nominative)
bounās (nominative plural)
bounā (singular vocative)
bounai (dual vocative)
bounās (plural vocative)
bounam (accusative singular)
bounai (accusative dual)
bounans (accusative plural)
bounās (genitive singular)
bounai (dative singular)
bounābom (dative dual)
bounābos (dative plural)
bounābim (dual instrumental)
bounābis (instrumental plural)
bounom (nominative singular)
bounā (nominative plural)
bounom (singular vocative)
bounā (plural vocative)
bounā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉn

desc

Middle Welsh: bun (“maiden, sweetheart”)

Welsh: bun, mun

Old Irish: búan

Middle Irish: búan

Irish: buan

Manx: beayn

Scottish Gaelic: buan

Gaulish: *bounos

→⇒ Latin: Bounis, Bounia, Bonisia, Bonisiacum, Bonoritum, Bonicus

⇒ Gaulish: *bounonios

→? Latin: Bōnonia (place name) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: Bōnonius (personal name)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be, grow”) with an innovatory non-zero grade.


kroudis

kroudis (nominative singular)
kroudī (dual nominative)
kroudīs (nominative plural)
kroudi (singular vocative)
kroudī (dual vocative)
kroudīs (plural vocative)
kroudim (accusative singular)
kroudī (accusative dual)
kroudins (accusative plural)
kroudeis (genitive singular)
kroudyou (dual genitive)
kroudyom (genitive plural)
kroudei (dative singular)
kroudibom (dative dual)
kroudibos (dative plural)
kroudī (instrumental singular)
kroudibim (dual instrumental)
kroudibis (instrumental plural)
kroudi (nominative singular)
kroudyā (nominative plural)
kroudyā (plural vocative)
kroudi (accusative singular)
kroudyā (accusative plural)
kroudois (genitive singular)
kroudois (dual genitive)
kroudē (dative singular)

desctree

Old Irish: crúaid
Irish: crua
Manx: creoi
Scottish Gaelic: cruaidh
⇒ Middle Irish: crúaide
Irish: crua

Gaulish: *crōdios

→ Latin: Crodius (personal name)

→ Catalan: croi

→ Italian: croio (obsolete)

→ Occitan: cròi (“frail, slim, bad”)

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“blood”).


routrom

routrom (nominative singular)
routrou (dual nominative)
routrā (nominative plural)
routrom (singular vocative)
routrou (dual vocative)
routrā (plural vocative)
routrom (accusative singular)
routrou (accusative dual)
routrā (accusative plural)
routrī (genitive singular)
routrous (dual genitive)
routrom (genitive plural)
routrūi (dative singular)
routrobom (dative dual)
routrobos (dative plural)
routrei (locative singular)
routrū (instrumental singular)
routrobim (dual instrumental)
routrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rʉdr

desc

Middle Welsh: ruthyr (with irregular -th-; contaminated by Old/Middle Irish?)

Welsh: rhuthr, rhuthyr

Middle Irish: rúathar

Irish: ruathar

Scottish Gaelic: ruathar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rew- (“to run, hurry”) suffixed with *-trom (instrument suffix).


trougos

trougos (nominative singular)
trougou (dual nominative)
trougoi (nominative plural)
trouge (singular vocative)
trougou (dual vocative)
trougoi (plural vocative)
trougom (accusative singular)
trougou (accusative dual)
trougons (accusative plural)
trougī (genitive singular)
trougous (dual genitive)
trougom (genitive plural)
trougūi (dative singular)
trougobom (dative dual)
trougobos (dative plural)
trougū (instrumental singular)
trougobim (dual instrumental)
trougobis (instrumental plural)
trougā (nominative singular)
trougai (dual nominative)
trougās (nominative plural)
trougā (singular vocative)
trougai (dual vocative)
trougās (plural vocative)
trougam (accusative singular)
trougai (accusative dual)
trougans (accusative plural)
trougās (genitive singular)
trougai (dative singular)
trougābom (dative dual)
trougābos (dative plural)
trougābim (dual instrumental)
trougābis (instrumental plural)
trougom (nominative singular)
trougā (nominative plural)
trougom (singular vocative)
trougā (plural vocative)
trougā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trʉɣ

Middle Breton: tru

Old Welsh: tru

Middle Welsh: tru

Welsh: tru

Old Irish: trúag, tróg

Middle Irish: trúag, tróg

Irish: trua (adjective)

Manx: treih

Scottish Gaelic: truagh

Uncertain, but relations to Ancient Greek στρεύγομαι (streúgomai, “to be exhausted”) have been postulated.


trougiyā

trougiyā (nominative singular)
trougiyai (dual nominative)
trougiyās (nominative plural)
trougiyā (singular vocative)
trougiyai (dual vocative)
trougiyās (plural vocative)
trougiyam (accusative singular)
trougiyai (accusative dual)
trougiyāns (accusative plural)
trougiyās (genitive singular)
trougiyous (dual genitive)
trougiyom (genitive plural)
trougiyāi (dative singular)
trougiyābom (dative dual)
trougiyābos (dative plural)
trougiyai (locative singular)
trougiyābim (dual instrumental)
trougiyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trʉɣeð

Old Breton: trued

Middle Breton: truez

Breton: truez

desctree

Old Irish: trógae
Middle Irish: trúaige
Irish: trua
Scottish Gaelic: truaighe

From *trougos (“miserable”) + *-iyā (deadjectival abstract suffix).


trougokariyā

trougokariyā (nominative singular)
trougokariyai (dual nominative)
trougokariyās (nominative plural)
trougokariyā (singular vocative)
trougokariyai (dual vocative)
trougokariyās (plural vocative)
trougokariyam (accusative singular)
trougokariyai (accusative dual)
trougokariyāns (accusative plural)
trougokariyās (genitive singular)
trougokariyous (dual genitive)
trougokariyom (genitive plural)
trougokariyāi (dative singular)
trougokariyābom (dative dual)
trougokariyābos (dative plural)
trougokariyai (locative singular)
trougokariyābim (dual instrumental)
trougokariyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trʉɣgareð

Middle Breton: trugarez

Breton: trugarez

Middle Cornish: tregereth

Middle Welsh: trugared

Welsh: trugaredd

desctree

Old Irish: trócaire
Irish: trócaire
Manx: trocair
Scottish Gaelic: tròcair

From *trougokaros (“merciful”) + *-iyā (deadjectival abstract suffix).


roinos

roinos (nominative singular)
roinou (dual nominative)
roinoi (nominative plural)
roine (singular vocative)
roinou (dual vocative)
roinoi (plural vocative)
roinom (accusative singular)
roinou (accusative dual)
roinons (accusative plural)
roinī (genitive singular)
roinous (dual genitive)
roinom (genitive plural)
roinūi (dative singular)
roinobom (dative dual)
roinobos (dative plural)
roinei (locative singular)
roinū (instrumental singular)
roinobim (dual instrumental)
roinūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrʉn

Old Breton: runt (“hill”)

Breton: run (“hill”)

Old Irish: róen

Middle Irish: róen, ráen

Irish: raon

Matasović compares Old Norse rein (“strip of land”) (whence Icelandic rein) and Old High German rein (“demarcation line”) (whence German Rain). Latin rīma (“cleft”) is a frequent target of comparison.


krīnos

krīnos (nominative singular)
krīnou (dual nominative)
krīnoi (nominative plural)
krīne (singular vocative)
krīnou (dual vocative)
krīnoi (plural vocative)
krīnom (accusative singular)
krīnou (accusative dual)
krīnons (accusative plural)
krīnī (genitive singular)
krīnous (dual genitive)
krīnom (genitive plural)
krīnūi (dative singular)
krīnobom (dative dual)
krīnobos (dative plural)
krīnū (instrumental singular)
krīnobim (dual instrumental)
krīnobis (instrumental plural)
krīnā (nominative singular)
krīnai (dual nominative)
krīnās (nominative plural)
krīnā (singular vocative)
krīnai (dual vocative)
krīnās (plural vocative)
krīnam (accusative singular)
krīnai (accusative dual)
krīnans (accusative plural)
krīnās (genitive singular)
krīnai (dative singular)
krīnābom (dative dual)
krīnābos (dative plural)
krīnābim (dual instrumental)
krīnābis (instrumental plural)
krīnom (nominative singular)
krīnā (nominative plural)
krīnom (singular vocative)
krīnā (plural vocative)
krīnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krin

Breton: krin (“arid”)

Cornish: krin

Old Welsh: crin

Middle Welsh: crin

Welsh: crin

Old Irish: crín

Middle Irish: crín

Irish: críon

Manx: creen

Scottish Gaelic: crìon

Often connected to a root *kreh₁(y)- (“to sift”), but the alternative reconstruction of that root as *krey- is incompatible with this word due to there being no way to get long *ī from that.


gnūstis

gnūstis (nominative singular)
gnūstī (dual nominative)
gnūstīs (nominative plural)
gnūsti (singular vocative)
gnūstī (dual vocative)
gnūstīs (plural vocative)
gnūstim (accusative singular)
gnūstī (accusative dual)
gnūstins (accusative plural)
gnūsteis (genitive singular)
gnūstyow (dual genitive)
gnūstyom (genitive plural)
gnūstei (dative singular)
gnūstibom (dative dual)
gnūstibos (dative plural)
gnūstei (locative singular)
gnūstī (instrumental singular)
gnūstibim (dual instrumental)
gnūstibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gnis

Middle Welsh: gnis (hapax)

desctree

Old Irish: gnúis
Irish: gnúis
Scottish Gaelic: gnùis
Manx: grooish

Usually explained as a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus (“jaw, chin”), but the exact derivation process is obscure, especially for the long *ū in this word. Zair speculates that it may have arisen from the old neuter plural ending *-u-h₂.


sādīti

sādeyū (active first-person present singular)
sādīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sādīsi (active present second-person singular)
sādītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sādīti (active present singular third-person)
sādīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sādeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sādīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sādītesi (active plural present second-person)
sādīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sādeyonti (active plural present third-person)
sādīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
sādī (active imperative second-person singular)
sādītou (active imperative singular third-person)
sādeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sādīte (active imperative plural second-person)
sādeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sādeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sādītar (passive present second-person singular)
sādītor (passive present singular third-person)
sādeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
sādīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
sādeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
sādeyonts (nominative singular)
sādeyonte (dual nominative)
sādeyontes (nominative plural)
sādeyonts (singular vocative)
sādeyonte (dual vocative)
sādeyontes (plural vocative)
sādeyontam (accusative singular)
sādeyonte (accusative dual)
sādeyontans (accusative plural)
sādeyantos (genitive singular)
sādeyantom (genitive plural)
sādeyantei (dative singular)
sādeyantbom (dative dual)
sādeyantbos (dative plural)
sādeyantī? (instrumental singular)
sādeyantbim (dual instrumental)
sādeyantbis (instrumental plural)
sādeyantī (nominative singular)
sādeyantī (dual nominative)
sādeyantiyās (nominative plural)
sādeyantī (singular vocative)
sādeyantī (dual vocative)
sādeyantiyās (plural vocative)
sādeyantīm (accusative singular)
sādeyantī (accusative dual)
sādeyantiyans (accusative plural)
sādeyantyās (genitive singular)
sādeyantyom (genitive plural)
sādeyantyāi (dative singular)
sādeyantyābom (dative dual)
sādeyantyābos (dative plural)
sādeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
sādeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
sādeyont (nominative singular)
sādeyonta (nominative plural)
sādeyont (singular vocative)
sādeyonta (plural vocative)
sādeyont (accusative singular)
sādeyonta (accusative plural)

⇒? Proto-Brythonic: *gwohọð

desc

Middle Welsh: gwahawd, gwahawt, guahaut (“to invite”)

Welsh: gwahodd

desctree

Old Irish: sáidid (“to thrust”)
Middle Irish: sáidid, sáithid
Irish: sáigh
Scottish Gaelic: sàth
Manx: saih

Usually explained as a causative verb from the root Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”), whence also *sedeti (“to sit”), with unusual lengthened grade. This derivation requires that this long-vowel causative coexist with a regular o-grade causative *sodīti in Celtic.
Schrijver alternatively reconstructs *stādīti, a simple o-grade causative to an extension of Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”). For the dental extension, Schrijver compares Gothic 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rōdjan) and Old Irish ráidid (“to speak”); if Kroonen is correct, the dental extension is *-dʰh₁eti. This etymology excludes Welsh gwahodd but instead allows a connection to Welsh ansawdd (“quality”) instead.


-mantiyū

-mantiyū (nominative singular)
-mantiyone? (dual nominative)
-mantiyones (nominative plural)
-mantiyū (singular vocative)
-mantiyone? (dual vocative)
-mantiyones (plural vocative)
-mantiyonam (accusative singular)
-mantiyone? (accusative dual)
-mantiyonans (accusative plural)
-mantiyonos (genitive singular)
-mantiyonows? (dual genitive)
-mantiyonom (genitive plural)
-mantiyonei (dative singular)
-mantiyombom (dative dual)
-mantiyombos (dative plural)
-mantiyon (locative singular)
-mantiyoni (locative singular)
-mantiyonei (instrumental singular)
-mantiyombim (dual instrumental)
-mantiyombis (instrumental plural)

From *manyetor (“to think, remember”) + *-tiyū (verbal noun suffix).

af

Forms verbal nouns relating to thought or memory.


sodīti

sodeyū (active first-person present singular)
sodīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sodīsi (active present second-person singular)
sodītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sodīti (active present singular third-person)
sodīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sodeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sodīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sodītesi (active plural present second-person)
sodīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sodeyonti (active plural present third-person)
sodīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
sodī (active imperative second-person singular)
sodītou (active imperative singular third-person)
sodeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sodīte (active imperative plural second-person)
sodeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sodeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sodītar (passive present second-person singular)
sodītor (passive present singular third-person)
sodeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
sodīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
sodeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
sodeyonts (nominative singular)
sodeyonte (dual nominative)
sodeyontes (nominative plural)
sodeyonts (singular vocative)
sodeyonte (dual vocative)
sodeyontes (plural vocative)
sodeyontam (accusative singular)
sodeyonte (accusative dual)
sodeyontans (accusative plural)
sodeyantos (genitive singular)
sodeyantom (genitive plural)
sodeyantei (dative singular)
sodeyantbom (dative dual)
sodeyantbos (dative plural)
sodeyantī? (instrumental singular)
sodeyantbim (dual instrumental)
sodeyantbis (instrumental plural)
sodeyantī (nominative singular)
sodeyantī (dual nominative)
sodeyantiyās (nominative plural)
sodeyantī (singular vocative)
sodeyantī (dual vocative)
sodeyantiyās (plural vocative)
sodeyantīm (accusative singular)
sodeyantī (accusative dual)
sodeyantiyans (accusative plural)
sodeyantyās (genitive singular)
sodeyantyom (genitive plural)
sodeyantyāi (dative singular)
sodeyantyābom (dative dual)
sodeyantyābos (dative plural)
sodeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
sodeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
sodeyont (nominative singular)
sodeyonta (nominative plural)
sodeyont (singular vocative)
sodeyonta (plural vocative)
sodeyont (accusative singular)
sodeyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

compounded with Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">parātus</i>

⇒ Middle Welsh: paratoi (compounded with Latin parātus)

Welsh: paratoi

desctree

⇒ Old Irish: ad·suidi
Middle Irish: fostaid, fostaigid
Irish: fostaigh

From Proto-Indo-European *sodéyeti, regular o-grade causative from *sed- (“to sit”), whence also *sedeti (“to sit”). A lengthened-grade causative from the same root also coexisted in Celtic, as *sādīti.


wādsketi

wādskū (active first-person present singular)
wādskemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
wādskesi (active present second-person singular)
wādsketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
wādsketi (active present singular third-person)
wādsketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
wādskomosi (active first-person plural present)
wādskemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
wādsketesi (active plural present second-person)
wādskestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
wādskonti (active plural present third-person)
wādskento (active imperfect plural third-person)
wādske (active imperative second-person singular)
wādsketou (active imperative singular third-person)
wādskomos (active first-person imperative plural)
wādskete (active imperative plural second-person)
wādskontou (active imperative plural third-person)
wādskūr (first-person passive present singular)
wādsketar (passive present second-person singular)
wādsketor (passive present singular third-person)
wādskommor (first-person passive plural present)
wādskedwe (passive plural present second-person)
wādskontor (passive plural present third-person)
wādskonts (nominative singular)
wādskonte (dual nominative)
wādskontes (nominative plural)
wādskonts (singular vocative)
wādskonte (dual vocative)
wādskontes (plural vocative)
wādskontam (accusative singular)
wādskonte (accusative dual)
wādskontans (accusative plural)
wādskantos (genitive singular)
wādskantom (genitive plural)
wādskantei (dative singular)
wādskantbom (dative dual)
wādskantbos (dative plural)
wādskantī? (instrumental singular)
wādskantbim (dual instrumental)
wādskantbis (instrumental plural)
wādskantī (nominative singular)
wādskantī (dual nominative)
wādskantiyās (nominative plural)
wādskantī (singular vocative)
wādskantī (dual vocative)
wādskantiyās (plural vocative)
wādskantīm (accusative singular)
wādskantī (accusative dual)
wādskantiyans (accusative plural)
wādskantyās (genitive singular)
wādskantyom (genitive plural)
wādskantyāi (dative singular)
wādskantyābom (dative dual)
wādskantyābos (dative plural)
wādskantyābim (dual instrumental)
wādskantyābis (instrumental plural)
wādskont (nominative singular)
wādskonta (nominative plural)
wādskont (singular vocative)
wādskonta (plural vocative)
wādskont (accusative singular)
wādskonta (accusative plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *gwöskɨd (absolute), *gwosk (conjunct)

⇒ Old Breton: demguescim

Middle Breton: goascaff

Breton: gwaskañ

Cornish: gwaska

Middle Welsh: gwasgu, gwascu

Welsh: gwasgu

Middle Irish: fáiscid

Irish: fáisc

Scottish Gaelic: fàisg

Manx: faast, faastey

Usually derived from a *-sḱéti formation to Proto-Indo-European *wedʰh₁- (“to push”), but the presence of a non-zero-grade root with this suffix in Celtic is irregular, which has led to Matasović and Le Mair to express serious doubts. Likely a post-PIE innovative verb with *-sketi.


borgīti

borgeyū (active first-person present singular)
borgīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
borgīsi (active present second-person singular)
borgītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
borgīti (active present singular third-person)
borgīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
borgeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
borgīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
borgītesi (active plural present second-person)
borgīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
borgeyonti (active plural present third-person)
borgīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
borgī (active imperative second-person singular)
borgītou (active imperative singular third-person)
borgeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
borgīte (active imperative plural second-person)
borgeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
borgeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
borgītar (passive present second-person singular)
borgītor (passive present singular third-person)
borgeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
borgīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
borgeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
borgeyonts (nominative singular)
borgeyonte (dual nominative)
borgeyontes (nominative plural)
borgeyonts (singular vocative)
borgeyonte (dual vocative)
borgeyontes (plural vocative)
borgeyontam (accusative singular)
borgeyonte (accusative dual)
borgeyontans (accusative plural)
borgeyantos (genitive singular)
borgeyantom (genitive plural)
borgeyantei (dative singular)
borgeyantbom (dative dual)
borgeyantbos (dative plural)
borgeyantī? (instrumental singular)
borgeyantbim (dual instrumental)
borgeyantbis (instrumental plural)
borgeyantī (nominative singular)
borgeyantī (dual nominative)
borgeyantiyās (nominative plural)
borgeyantī (singular vocative)
borgeyantī (dual vocative)
borgeyantiyās (plural vocative)
borgeyantīm (accusative singular)
borgeyantī (accusative dual)
borgeyantiyans (accusative plural)
borgeyantyās (genitive singular)
borgeyantyom (genitive plural)
borgeyantyāi (dative singular)
borgeyantyābom (dative dual)
borgeyantyābos (dative plural)
borgeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
borgeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
borgeyont (nominative singular)
borgeyonta (nominative plural)
borgeyont (singular vocative)
borgeyonta (plural vocative)
borgeyont (accusative singular)
borgeyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bürɣid

Middle Welsh: bwrw

Welsh: bwrw

desc

prototonic forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">do·bidci</i>

⇒ Old Irish: díbairg (prototonic forms of do·bidci), díbirciud (verbal noun)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti, an o-grade causative to *bʰerǵʰ- (“to be high, ascend”).


seg(y)eti

segeti (canonical)
segū (active first-person present singular)
segyū (active first-person present singular)
segemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
segyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sāga (active first-person preterite singular)
segesi (active present second-person singular)
segyesi (active present second-person singular)
segetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
segyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
segeti (active present singular third-person)
segyeti (active present singular third-person)
segeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
segyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sāge (active preterite singular third-person)
segomosi (active first-person plural present)
segyomosi (active first-person plural present)
segemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
segyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
segetesi (active plural present second-person)
segyetesi (active plural present second-person)
segestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
segyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
segonti (active plural present third-person)
segyonti (active plural present third-person)
segento (active imperfect plural third-person)
segyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
sexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sege (active imperative second-person singular)
segye (active imperative second-person singular)
sexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
segetou (active imperative singular third-person)
segyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
segomos (active first-person imperative plural)
segyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
segete (active imperative plural second-person)
segyete (active imperative plural second-person)
sexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
segontou (active imperative plural third-person)
segyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
segūr (first-person passive present singular)
segyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sāgra (first-person passive preterite singular)
segetar (passive present second-person singular)
segyetar (passive present second-person singular)
sāgras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
segetor (passive present singular third-person)
segyetor (passive present singular third-person)
sāgre (passive preterite singular third-person)
segommor (first-person passive plural present)
segyommor (first-person passive plural present)
segedwe (passive plural present second-person)
segyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
segontor (passive plural present third-person)
segyontor (passive plural present third-person)
sexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
segonts (nominative singular)
segyonts (nominative singular)
segonte (dual nominative)
segyonte (dual nominative)
segontes (nominative plural)
segyontes (nominative plural)
segonts (singular vocative)
segyonts (singular vocative)
segonte (dual vocative)
segyonte (dual vocative)
segontes (plural vocative)
segyontes (plural vocative)
segontam (accusative singular)
segyontam (accusative singular)
segonte (accusative dual)
segyonte (accusative dual)
segontans (accusative plural)
segyontans (accusative plural)
segantos (genitive singular)
segyantos (genitive singular)
segantom (genitive plural)
segyantom (genitive plural)
segantei (dative singular)
segyantei (dative singular)
segantbom (dative dual)
segyantbom (dative dual)
segantbos (dative plural)
segyantbos (dative plural)
segantī? (instrumental singular)
segyantī? (instrumental singular)
segantbim (dual instrumental)
segyantbim (dual instrumental)
segantbis (instrumental plural)
segyantbis (instrumental plural)
segantī (nominative singular)
segyantī (nominative singular)
segantī (dual nominative)
segyantī (dual nominative)
segantiyās (nominative plural)
segyantiyās (nominative plural)
segantī (singular vocative)
segyantī (singular vocative)
segantī (dual vocative)
segyantī (dual vocative)
segantiyās (plural vocative)
segyantiyās (plural vocative)
segantīm (accusative singular)
segyantīm (accusative singular)
segantī (accusative dual)
segyantī (accusative dual)
segantiyans (accusative plural)
segyantiyans (accusative plural)
segantyās (genitive singular)
segyantyās (genitive singular)
segantyom (genitive plural)
segyantyom (genitive plural)
segantyāi (dative singular)
segyantyāi (dative singular)
segantyābom (dative dual)
segyantyābom (dative dual)
segantyābos (dative plural)
segyantyābos (dative plural)
segantyābim (dual instrumental)
segyantyābim (dual instrumental)
segantyābis (instrumental plural)
segyantyābis (instrumental plural)
segont (nominative singular)
segyont (nominative singular)
segonta (nominative plural)
segyonta (nominative plural)
segont (singular vocative)
segyont (singular vocative)
segonta (plural vocative)
segyonta (plural vocative)
segont (accusative singular)
segyont (accusative singular)
segonta (accusative plural)
segyonta (accusative plural)
sextos (nominative singular)
sextou (dual nominative)
sextoi (nominative plural)
sexte (singular vocative)
sextou (dual vocative)
sextoi (plural vocative)
sextom (accusative singular)
sextou (accusative dual)
sextons (accusative plural)
sextī (genitive singular)
sextous (dual genitive)
sextom (genitive plural)
sextūi (dative singular)
sextobom (dative dual)
sextobos (dative plural)
sextū (instrumental singular)
sextobim (dual instrumental)
sextobis (instrumental plural)
sextā (nominative singular)
sextai (dual nominative)
sextās (nominative plural)
sextā (singular vocative)
sextai (dual vocative)
sextās (plural vocative)
sextam (accusative singular)
sextai (accusative dual)
sextans (accusative plural)
sextās (genitive singular)
sextai (dative singular)
sextābom (dative dual)
sextābos (dative plural)
sextābim (dual instrumental)
sextābis (instrumental plural)
sextom (nominative singular)
sextā (nominative plural)
sextom (singular vocative)
sextā (plural vocative)
sextā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hėɣɨd

Middle Welsh: hëu

Welsh: hau, heu

From Proto-Indo-European *seg- (“to attach, sow”), the most obvious cognate being Latin seges.


knissos

knissos (nominative singular)
knissou (dual nominative)
knissoi (nominative plural)
knisse (singular vocative)
knissou (dual vocative)
knissoi (plural vocative)
knissom (accusative singular)
knissou (accusative dual)
knissons (accusative plural)
knissī (genitive singular)
knissous (dual genitive)
knissom (genitive plural)
knissūi (dative singular)
knissobom (dative dual)
knissobos (dative plural)
knissei (locative singular)
knissū (instrumental singular)
knissobim (dual instrumental)
knissūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *knɨs

Cornish: cnes

Middle Welsh: cnes

Old Irish: cnes

Middle Irish: cnes

Irish: cneas

Scottish Gaelic: cneas

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *kneyd- (“to scratch”) + *-tós. The same root also yielded Old Norse hníta (“to strike”) and Ancient Greek κνίζω (knízō, “to scratch”). The semantic evolution may have gone from "scratched (thing)" > "skin".


komrūnos

komrūnos (nominative singular)
komrūnou (dual nominative)
komrūnoi (nominative plural)
komrūne (singular vocative)
komrūnou (dual vocative)
komrūnoi (plural vocative)
komrūnom (accusative singular)
komrūnou (accusative dual)
komrūnons (accusative plural)
komrūnī (genitive singular)
komrūnous (dual genitive)
komrūnom (genitive plural)
komrūnūi (dative singular)
komrūnobom (dative dual)
komrūnobos (dative plural)
komrūnū (instrumental singular)
komrūnobim (dual instrumental)
komrūnobis (instrumental plural)
komrūnā (nominative singular)
komrūnai (dual nominative)
komrūnās (nominative plural)
komrūnā (singular vocative)
komrūnai (dual vocative)
komrūnās (plural vocative)
komrūnam (accusative singular)
komrūnai (accusative dual)
komrūnans (accusative plural)
komrūnās (genitive singular)
komrūnai (dative singular)
komrūnābom (dative dual)
komrūnābos (dative plural)
komrūnābim (dual instrumental)
komrūnābis (instrumental plural)
komrūnom (nominative singular)
komrūnā (nominative plural)
komrūnom (singular vocative)
komrūnā (plural vocative)
komrūnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃rin

Middle Breton: queffrin

Breton: kevrin

Cornish: kevrin

Middle Welsh: cyfrin

Welsh: cyfrin

Gaulish: *cobrūnos

→ Latin: Cobrūnus, Cobrūna, Courūnus

→⇒ Latin: Cobronia

Adjective formed from *kom- (“together”) + *rūnā (“secret”).


menwīkos

menwīkos (nominative singular)
menwīkou (dual nominative)
menwīkoi (nominative plural)
menwīke (singular vocative)
menwīkou (dual vocative)
menwīkoi (plural vocative)
menwīkom (accusative singular)
menwīkou (accusative dual)
menwīkons (accusative plural)
menwīkī (genitive singular)
menwīkous (dual genitive)
menwīkom (genitive plural)
menwīkūi (dative singular)
menwīkobom (dative dual)
menwīkobos (dative plural)
menwīkū (instrumental singular)
menwīkobim (dual instrumental)
menwīkobis (instrumental plural)
menwīkā (nominative singular)
menwīkai (dual nominative)
menwīkās (nominative plural)
menwīkā (singular vocative)
menwīkai (dual vocative)
menwīkās (plural vocative)
menwīkam (accusative singular)
menwīkai (accusative dual)
menwīkans (accusative plural)
menwīkās (genitive singular)
menwīkai (dative singular)
menwīkābom (dative dual)
menwīkābos (dative plural)
menwīkābim (dual instrumental)
menwīkābis (instrumental plural)
menwīkom (nominative singular)
menwīkā (nominative plural)
menwīkom (singular vocative)
menwīkā (plural vocative)
menwīkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨnwig

desc

Middle Breton: mynhuiguenn, minuigen sg (“crumb”)

Breton: minvig (“crumbs”)

Middle Irish: menbach


sagros

sagros (nominative singular)
sagrou (dual nominative)
sagroi (nominative plural)
sagre (singular vocative)
sagrou (dual vocative)
sagroi (plural vocative)
sagrom (accusative singular)
sagrou (accusative dual)
sagrons (accusative plural)
sagrī (genitive singular)
sagrous (dual genitive)
sagrom (genitive plural)
sagrūi (dative singular)
sagrobom (dative dual)
sagrobos (dative plural)
sagrū (instrumental singular)
sagrobim (dual instrumental)
sagrobis (instrumental plural)
sagrā (nominative singular)
sagrai (dual nominative)
sagrās (nominative plural)
sagrā (singular vocative)
sagrai (dual vocative)
sagrās (plural vocative)
sagram (accusative singular)
sagrai (accusative dual)
sagrans (accusative plural)
sagrās (genitive singular)
sagrai (dative singular)
sagrābom (dative dual)
sagrābos (dative plural)
sagrābim (dual instrumental)
sagrābis (instrumental plural)
sagrom (nominative singular)
sagrā (nominative plural)
sagrom (singular vocative)
sagrā (plural vocative)
sagrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *haɨr

⇒ Old Breton: Haeruuiu, Haermael

Middle Welsh: haer, hair (“steadfast”)

Welsh: haer

Goidelic:

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚅᚓᚈᚈᚐᚄᚐᚌᚏᚔ (nettasagri), ᚄᚐᚌᚏᚐᚌᚅᚔ (sagragni), ᚄᚐᚌᚐᚏᚓᚈᚈᚑᚄ (sagarettos)

Old Irish: sár (“outrage, insult”), sár- (“strong, excellent”)

Middle Irish: sár, sár-

Classical Gaelic: sár

Irish: sár-

Gaulish: *sagros

→⇒ Latin: Ambisagrus

From Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold”) + *-rós (adjectival suffix).
* Seemingly in an attempt to avoid the prospect of the insertion of an epenthetic *a into the zero grade of the root, Matasović attempts to derive the Goidelic terms from *soǵʰ-s-rós > *sōxs-ros > *sāxsros.
* Gordon points out that Matasović's derivation is uncompelling: there is no explanation for the o-grade of the root, and there are many Primitive Irish inscriptions (and the Gaulish name Ambisagrus) explicitly attesting *sagro- in personal names.


sagrosagyetor

sagrosagyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sagrosagyetar (passive present second-person singular)
sagrosagyetor (passive present singular third-person)
sagrosagyommor (first-person passive plural present)
sagrosagyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sagrosagyontor (passive plural present third-person)
sagrosagyonts (nominative singular)
sagrosagyonte (dual nominative)
sagrosagyontes (nominative plural)
sagrosagyonts (singular vocative)
sagrosagyonte (dual vocative)
sagrosagyontes (plural vocative)
sagrosagyontam (accusative singular)
sagrosagyonte (accusative dual)
sagrosagyontans (accusative plural)
sagrosagyantos (genitive singular)
sagrosagyantom (genitive plural)
sagrosagyantei (dative singular)
sagrosagyantbom (dative dual)
sagrosagyantbos (dative plural)
sagrosagyantī? (instrumental singular)
sagrosagyantbim (dual instrumental)
sagrosagyantbis (instrumental plural)
sagrosagyantī (nominative singular)
sagrosagyantī (dual nominative)
sagrosagyantiyās (nominative plural)
sagrosagyantī (singular vocative)
sagrosagyantī (dual vocative)
sagrosagyantiyās (plural vocative)
sagrosagyantīm (accusative singular)
sagrosagyantī (accusative dual)
sagrosagyantiyans (accusative plural)
sagrosagyantyās (genitive singular)
sagrosagyantyom (genitive plural)
sagrosagyantyāi (dative singular)
sagrosagyantyābom (dative dual)
sagrosagyantyābos (dative plural)
sagrosagyantyābim (dual instrumental)
sagrosagyantyābis (instrumental plural)
sagrosagyont (nominative singular)
sagrosagyonta (nominative plural)
sagrosagyont (singular vocative)
sagrosagyonta (plural vocative)
sagrosagyont (accusative singular)
sagrosagyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *saɨrhėɣɨd

Middle Welsh: sarhau (also attested with initial sayr-, ser-)

Welsh: sarhau

Old Irish: sáraigid, sáraigidir

Middle Irish: sáraigid

Irish: sáraigh

From *sagros (“insulting”) + *-sagyetor (denominative suffix). One of the oldest verbs of this type, given the presence of a Brittonic reflex and a "seeking" meaning ("seeking outrage").


sagrosagetus

sagrosagetus (nominative singular)
sagrosagetū (dual nominative)
sagrosagetowes (nominative plural)
sagrosagetu (singular vocative)
sagrosagetū (dual vocative)
sagrosagetūs (plural vocative)
sagrosagetum (accusative singular)
sagrosagetū (accusative dual)
sagrosagetuns (accusative plural)
sagrosagetous (genitive singular)
sagrosagetous (dual genitive)
sagrosagetowom (genitive plural)
sagrosagetou (dative singular)
sagrosagetubom (dative dual)
sagrosagetubos (dative plural)
sagrosagetū (instrumental singular)
sagrosagetubim (dual instrumental)
sagrosagetubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: saɨrhaɣed

desc

Middle Welsh: sarhaed, sarhaet, sarhayt, sayrhaet

Welsh: sarhad

Old Irish: sárugud

Middle Irish: sárugud

Irish: sárú

Verbal noun counterpart in *-tus for *sagrosagyetor (“to insult, offend”).


katusagyetor

katusagyūr (first-person passive present singular)
katusagyetar (passive present second-person singular)
katusagyetor (passive present singular third-person)
katusagyommor (first-person passive plural present)
katusagyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
katusagyontor (passive plural present third-person)
katusagyonts (nominative singular)
katusagyonte (dual nominative)
katusagyontes (nominative plural)
katusagyonts (singular vocative)
katusagyonte (dual vocative)
katusagyontes (plural vocative)
katusagyontam (accusative singular)
katusagyonte (accusative dual)
katusagyontans (accusative plural)
katusagyantos (genitive singular)
katusagyantom (genitive plural)
katusagyantei (dative singular)
katusagyantbom (dative dual)
katusagyantbos (dative plural)
katusagyantī? (instrumental singular)
katusagyantbim (dual instrumental)
katusagyantbis (instrumental plural)
katusagyantī (nominative singular)
katusagyantī (dual nominative)
katusagyantiyās (nominative plural)
katusagyantī (singular vocative)
katusagyantī (dual vocative)
katusagyantiyās (plural vocative)
katusagyantīm (accusative singular)
katusagyantī (accusative dual)
katusagyantiyans (accusative plural)
katusagyantyās (genitive singular)
katusagyantyom (genitive plural)
katusagyantyāi (dative singular)
katusagyantyābom (dative dual)
katusagyantyābos (dative plural)
katusagyantyābim (dual instrumental)
katusagyantyābis (instrumental plural)
katusagyont (nominative singular)
katusagyonta (nominative plural)
katusagyont (singular vocative)
katusagyonta (plural vocative)
katusagyont (accusative singular)
katusagyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėdhėɣɨd (absolute), *kadhaɣ (conjunct)

Middle Welsh: cattau

Old Irish: cathaigidir (with -th- restored from the noun)

Middle Irish: cathaigid

From *katus (“battle”) + *-sagyetor (denominative verb suffix). One of the older verbs with this suffix, given the possibility of a "seek" meaning ("seek battle" > "fight") and the presence of a Brittonic reflex.


krāb-

Unknown. Matasović is unconvinced by Pokorny's comparison to Sanskrit विश्रम्भते (viśrambhate, “to trust, confide, rely on”) from a putative root *ḱrebʰ-, since the Celtic words would require a peculiar long *ō grade of such a root.

noncog

Old Irish: crábudIrish: crábhadhManx: craueeScottish Gaelic: cràbhadh


kredro-

Proto-Brythonic: *kreɨr

Breton: kreirioù m pl

Old Welsh: creiriou pl

Middle Welsh: creir, kreir

Welsh: crair

Old Irish: cretar

Middle Irish: cretair

Usually related to *kreddīti (“to believe”), but the derivational pathway is unclear.


skublos

skublos (nominative singular)
skublou (dual nominative)
skubloi (nominative plural)
skuble (singular vocative)
skublou (dual vocative)
skubloi (plural vocative)
skublom (accusative singular)
skublou (accusative dual)
skublons (accusative plural)
skublī (genitive singular)
skublous (dual genitive)
skublom (genitive plural)
skublūi (dative singular)
skublobom (dative dual)
skublobos (dative plural)
skublei (locative singular)
skublū (instrumental singular)
skublobim (dual instrumental)
skublūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *skuβl

Old Breton: scubl

Middle Breton: scoul

Breton: skoul

Old Cornish: scoul

Middle Welsh: ysglyf (with metathesis)

Welsh: ysglyf

Gaulish: *scublos

→ Latin: Scublī, Scubulī (ethnonym)

→⇒ Latin: Scublius (personal name)

bird of prey, or more specifically a kite


sentikī

sentikī (nominative singular)
sentikī (dual nominative)
sentikiyās (nominative plural)
sentikī (singular vocative)
sentikī (dual vocative)
sentikiyās (plural vocative)
sentikīm (accusative singular)
sentikī (accusative dual)
sentikīns (accusative plural)
sentikyās (genitive singular)
sentikyous (dual genitive)
sentikyom (genitive plural)
sentikyai (dative singular)
sentikyābom (dative dual)
sentikyābos (dative plural)
sentikyābim (dual instrumental)
sentikyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: séitig

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Σεντική (Sentikḗ) (name of a Spanish place; via Celtiberian?)

→ Latin: Sentice

Femininization of *sentus (“way”) + *-ikos (adjective suffix).


worīnā

worīnā (nominative singular)
worīnai (dual nominative)
worīnās (nominative plural)
worīnā (singular vocative)
worīnai (dual vocative)
worīnās (plural vocative)
worīnam (accusative singular)
worīnai (accusative dual)
worīnāns (accusative plural)
worīnās (genitive singular)
worīnous (dual genitive)
worīnom (genitive plural)
worīnāi (dative singular)
worīnābom (dative dual)
worīnābos (dative plural)
worīnai (locative singular)
worīnābim (dual instrumental)
worīnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwörin

Old Breton: guerin

Middle Breton: gueryn

Breton: gwerin

Old Welsh: guerin

Middle Welsh: gwerin

Welsh: gwerin

Old Irish: foirenn, fairenn

Middle Irish: fairend

Irish: foireann

Scottish Gaelic: foireann

Gaulish: *uarīnā

→ Latin: Varīnī, Varīnnae

→⇒ Latin: Varīnnius

A close-looking cognate may exist in Old English wearn (“a multitude”).
* Zimmer speculates a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to swear”), under the notion that those in a troop are sworn to each other. But Matasović finds this difficult to accept, since this root does not have an s-mobile anywhere else in Indo-European.
* Pokorny instead postulates a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to watch”).


tosagros

tosagros (nominative singular)
tosagrou (dual nominative)
tosagroi (nominative plural)
tosagre (singular vocative)
tosagrou (dual vocative)
tosagroi (plural vocative)
tosagrom (accusative singular)
tosagrou (accusative dual)
tosagrons (accusative plural)
tosagrī (genitive singular)
tosagrous (dual genitive)
tosagrom (genitive plural)
tosagrūi (dative singular)
tosagrobom (dative dual)
tosagrobos (dative plural)
tosagrū (instrumental singular)
tosagrobim (dual instrumental)
tosagrobis (instrumental plural)
tosagrā (nominative singular)
tosagrai (dual nominative)
tosagrās (nominative plural)
tosagrā (singular vocative)
tosagrai (dual vocative)
tosagrās (plural vocative)
tosagram (accusative singular)
tosagrai (accusative dual)
tosagrans (accusative plural)
tosagrās (genitive singular)
tosagrai (dative singular)
tosagrābom (dative dual)
tosagrābos (dative plural)
tosagrābim (dual instrumental)
tosagrābis (instrumental plural)
tosagrom (nominative singular)
tosagrā (nominative plural)
tosagrom (singular vocative)
tosagrā (plural vocative)
tosagrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *taɨr

desc

Breton: (standard spelling) taer, (nonstandard spellings) tear, ter

Middle Welsh: taer

Welsh: taer

Middle Irish: tár (“insult, contempt”)

From *to- + *sagros. The prefixation of *to- to a non-verbal form is peculiar.


-towyos

-towyos (nominative singular)
-towyou (dual nominative)
-towyoi (nominative plural)
-towye (singular vocative)
-towyou (dual vocative)
-towyoi (plural vocative)
-towyom (accusative singular)
-towyou (accusative dual)
-towyons (accusative plural)
-towyī (genitive singular)
-towyous (dual genitive)
-towyom (genitive plural)
-towyūi (dative singular)
-towyobom (dative dual)
-towyobos (dative plural)
-towyei (locative singular)
-towyū (instrumental singular)
-towyobim (dual instrumental)
-towyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-(a)duɨ

in <i class="Latn mention" lang="obt">inaatoe</i>

Old Breton: -toe (in inaatoe)

Middle Breton: -dou

Middle Cornish: -dow

Middle Welsh: -dwy

Old Irish: -thi

A closely related suffix in Indo-Aryan exists in Sanskrit -तव्य (-tavya). They are probably extensions of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (action noun suffix).

der

Forms verbals of necessity or gerundives.


bo(u)giyos

bogiyos (canonical masculine)
bogyos (nominative singular)
bougyos (nominative singular)
bogyou (dual nominative)
bougyou (dual nominative)
bogyoi (nominative plural)
bougyoi (nominative plural)
bogye (singular vocative)
bougye (singular vocative)
bogyou (dual vocative)
bougyou (dual vocative)
bogyoi (plural vocative)
bougyoi (plural vocative)
bogyom (accusative singular)
bougyom (accusative singular)
bogyou (accusative dual)
bougyou (accusative dual)
bogyons (accusative plural)
bougyons (accusative plural)
bogyī (genitive singular)
bougyī (genitive singular)
bogyous (dual genitive)
bougyous (dual genitive)
bogyom (genitive plural)
bougyom (genitive plural)
bogyūi (dative singular)
bougyūi (dative singular)
bogyobom (dative dual)
bougyobom (dative dual)
bogyobos (dative plural)
bougyobos (dative plural)
bogyei (locative singular)
bougyei (locative singular)
bogyū (instrumental singular)
bougyū (instrumental singular)
bogyobim (dual instrumental)
bougyobim (dual instrumental)
bogyūis (instrumental plural)
bougyūis (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒ Middle Irish: ráthbuige (“builder/destroyer of ramparts”) (epithet of Dagda)

Gaulish: *bogios

⇒ Gaulish: I𐌀𐌕𐌏𐌐𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌔 (Iatopokios), 𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌔 (setupokios), Toutobocio, 𐌑𐌀𐌕𐌏𐌐𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌔 (śatopokios), 𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌏𐌗𐌉𐌏𐌔 (eripoxios), *Namantobogios

→ Latin: Namantobogius, Setubogius

An *-iyos agent noun; the root is unclear. The root could be either:
* Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”), whence *bungeti (“to break”) (preferred by Bretnach, Schrijver, and Koch)
* Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to break”), whence *begeti (“to break”) (preferred by McCone, Delamarre, Matasović, and Salomon)


kombo(u)giyos

kombogiyos (canonical masculine)
kombogiyos (nominative singular)
kombougiyos (nominative singular)
kombogiyou (dual nominative)
kombougiyou (dual nominative)
kombogiyoi (nominative plural)
kombougiyoi (nominative plural)
kombogiye (singular vocative)
kombougiye (singular vocative)
kombogiyou (dual vocative)
kombougiyou (dual vocative)
kombogiyoi (plural vocative)
kombougiyoi (plural vocative)
kombogiyom (accusative singular)
kombougiyom (accusative singular)
kombogiyou (accusative dual)
kombougiyou (accusative dual)
kombogiyons (accusative plural)
kombougiyons (accusative plural)
kombogiyī (genitive singular)
kombougiyī (genitive singular)
kombogiyous (dual genitive)
kombougiyous (dual genitive)
kombogiyom (genitive plural)
kombougiyom (genitive plural)
kombogiyūi (dative singular)
kombougiyūi (dative singular)
kombogiyobom (dative dual)
kombougiyobom (dative dual)
kombogiyobos (dative plural)
kombougiyobos (dative plural)
kombogiyei (locative singular)
kombougiyei (locative singular)
kombogiyū (instrumental singular)
kombougiyū (instrumental singular)
kombogiyobim (dual instrumental)
kombougiyobim (dual instrumental)
kombogiyūis (instrumental plural)
kombougiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kumbuɨ

⇒ Middle Breton: discomboe

Middle Welsh: kymwy

Welsh: cymwy

Gaulish: *combogios

→ Latin: Conbogius

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *Andecombogios, 𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌊𐌏𐌐𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌔 (anokopokios), *Combogimāros

→ Latin: Andecombogius, Combogiomārus


adbo(u)giyos

adbogiyos (canonical masculine)
adbogiyos (nominative singular)
adbougiyos (nominative singular)
adbogiyou (dual nominative)
adbougiyou (dual nominative)
adbogiyoi (nominative plural)
adbougiyoi (nominative plural)
adbogiye (singular vocative)
adbougiye (singular vocative)
adbogiyou (dual vocative)
adbougiyou (dual vocative)
adbogiyoi (plural vocative)
adbougiyoi (plural vocative)
adbogiyom (accusative singular)
adbougiyom (accusative singular)
adbogiyou (accusative dual)
adbougiyou (accusative dual)
adbogiyons (accusative plural)
adbougiyons (accusative plural)
adbogiyī (genitive singular)
adbougiyī (genitive singular)
adbogiyous (dual genitive)
adbougiyous (dual genitive)
adbogiyom (genitive plural)
adbougiyom (genitive plural)
adbogiyūi (dative singular)
adbougiyūi (dative singular)
adbogiyobom (dative dual)
adbougiyobom (dative dual)
adbogiyobos (dative plural)
adbougiyobos (dative plural)
adbogiyei (locative singular)
adbougiyei (locative singular)
adbogiyū (instrumental singular)
adbougiyū (instrumental singular)
adbogiyobim (dual instrumental)
adbougiyobim (dual instrumental)
adbogiyūis (instrumental plural)
adbougiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *abuɨ

⇒ Middle Welsh: Rhonabwy, Gwernabwy

Gaulish: *Adbogios

→ Latin: Adbogius

From *ad- (used here as an intensifying prefix) + *bo(u)giyos (“breaker”).


yestīnos

yestīnos (nominative singular)
yestīnou (dual nominative)
yestīnoi (nominative plural)
yestīne (singular vocative)
yestīnou (dual vocative)
yestīnoi (plural vocative)
yestīnom (accusative singular)
yestīnou (accusative dual)
yestīnons (accusative plural)
yestīnī (genitive singular)
yestīnous (dual genitive)
yestīnom (genitive plural)
yestīnūi (dative singular)
yestīnobom (dative dual)
yestīnobos (dative plural)
yestīnū (instrumental singular)
yestīnobim (dual instrumental)
yestīnobis (instrumental plural)
yestīnā (nominative singular)
yestīnai (dual nominative)
yestīnās (nominative plural)
yestīnā (singular vocative)
yestīnai (dual vocative)
yestīnās (plural vocative)
yestīnam (accusative singular)
yestīnai (accusative dual)
yestīnans (accusative plural)
yestīnās (genitive singular)
yestīnai (dative singular)
yestīnābom (dative dual)
yestīnābos (dative plural)
yestīnābim (dual instrumental)
yestīnābis (instrumental plural)
yestīnom (nominative singular)
yestīnā (nominative plural)
yestīnom (singular vocative)
yestīnā (plural vocative)
yestīnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jėsin

desc

⇒ Old Welsh: Taliessin, Taliesin, Talgesin

Middle Welsh: iesin, yessin, iessin

Welsh: iesin

Gaulish: *iestīnos

→ Latin: Iestīnus

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *yes- (“to boil”), but Schrijver is hesistant to accept this due to divergent semantics.


yuwantūts

yuwantūts (nominative singular)
yuwantūte (dual nominative)
yuwantūtes (nominative plural)
yuwantūts (singular vocative)
yuwantūte (dual vocative)
yuwantūtes (plural vocative)
yuwantūtam (accusative singular)
yuwantūte (accusative dual)
yuwantūtans (accusative plural)
yuwantūtos (genitive singular)
yuwantūtou (dual genitive)
yuwantūtom (genitive plural)
yuwantūtei (dative singular)
yuwantūtobom (dative dual)
yuwantūtobos (dative plural)
yuwantūti (locative singular)
yuwantūte? (instrumental singular)
yuwantūtobim (dual instrumental)
yuwantūtobis (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Brythonic: *jüwėnt (if the nom. sg. survived), *jüwėnktid (oblique stem, with *-k- inserted from the related adjective?)

Middle Welsh: ieuenctid (and many variant spellings)

Welsh: ieuenctid

if not simply, as the GPC indicates, a secondary formation with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">-aint</i>

Welsh: iewaint, ewaint (if not simply, as the GPC indicates, a secondary formation with -aint)

Old Irish: oítiu

Gaulish: *iuantus, *iouantus (reinterpreted as a u-stem)

→ Latin: Iuantus, Iouantus

⇒ Gaulish: *Iouantucaros

→ Latin: Iouantucarus

An identical *-tūts formation can be found in Latin iuventūs (“youth”). Both are derivatives of Proto-Indo-European *h₂yéwHō (“young”); another derivative from the same base is found in Celtic *yuwankos (“young”).


butā

butā (nominative singular)
butai (dual nominative)
butās (nominative plural)
butā (singular vocative)
butai (dual vocative)
butās (plural vocative)
butam (accusative singular)
butai (accusative dual)
butāns (accusative plural)
butās (genitive singular)
butous (dual genitive)
butom (genitive plural)
butāi (dative singular)
butābom (dative dual)
butābos (dative plural)
butai (locative singular)
butābim (dual instrumental)
butābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bod

Old Breton: bot (attested in compounds)

Breton: bod (only in fixed phrases)

Cornish: bod, bos (only as a place name element)

Middle Welsh: bod (“dwelling”)

Old Irish: both

Middle Irish: both

Irish: both

Scottish Gaelic: both (“cottage”)

Gaulish: *butā

→ French: (various dialectal terms) boye, bouatson, boen

Obvious cognates include Lithuanian bùtas (“home, house”) and Icelandic búð. It is tempting to connect these to *bʰuH- (“to be”) (whence Etymology 2), but the Lithuanian short vowel has led to Matasović and Zair dismissing a derivation from that root. Matasović consequently concludes that these words constitute a Wanderwort.


butā

Proto-Brythonic: *bod

Old Breton: bot

Middle Breton: bout

surviving only in dialects or fixed expressions; otherwise replaced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="br">bezañ</i>

Breton: bout (surviving only in dialects or fixed expressions; otherwise replaced by bezañ)

Cornish: bos

Middle Welsh: bod (“to be”)

Welsh: bod

desctree

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*butis</i>

Old Irish: buith, both (original nominative), buid (mostly Würzburg spelling) (merged with *butis)
Middle Irish: beith, bith
Irish: bheith
Scottish Gaelic: bhith

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be”) + *-tā (verbal noun suffix).


lūtus

lūtus (nominative singular)
lūtū (dual nominative)
lūtowes (nominative plural)
lūtu (singular vocative)
lūtū (dual vocative)
lūtūs (plural vocative)
lūtum (accusative singular)
lūtū (accusative dual)
lūtuns (accusative plural)
lūtous (genitive singular)
lūtous (dual genitive)
lūtowom (genitive plural)
lūtou (dative singular)
lūtubom (dative dual)
lūtubos (dative plural)
lūtū (instrumental singular)
lūtubim (dual instrumental)
lūtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llid

Middle Welsh: llid (“anger, fury”)

Welsh: llid

Old Irish: lúth

Middle Irish: lúth

Irish: lúth

Scottish Gaelic: lùth

Gaulish: *lūtus

desc

⇒ Gaulish: lutura (attested on a Lezoux lead inscription)

→⇒ Latin: Lutullus, Luttius, Luturius, Coblutō

Apparently suffixed in *-tus.
The root is difficult to acertain; a putative *lewH- (“anger”) is only supported by Slavic cognate Proto-Slavic *ľutъ.