maketi

makū (active first-person present singular)
makemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mimaxsū (active first-person future singular)
magam (active first-person preterite singular)
makesi (active present second-person singular)
maketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mimaxsesi (active future second-person singular)
maxs (active preterite second-person singular)
maketi (active present singular third-person)
maketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
mimaxseti (active future singular third-person)
maxt (active preterite singular third-person)
makomosi (active first-person plural present)
makemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mimaxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
magme (active first-person plural preterite)
maketesi (active plural present second-person)
makestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mimaxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
maxte (active plural preterite second-person)
makonti (active plural present third-person)
makento (active imperfect plural third-person)
mimaxsonti (active future plural third-person)
magant (active plural preterite third-person)
maxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
maxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
make (active imperative second-person singular)
maxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
maketou (active imperative singular third-person)
maxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
makomos (active first-person imperative plural)
maxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
makete (active imperative plural second-person)
maxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
makontou (active imperative plural third-person)
makūr (first-person passive present singular)
mimaxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
maketar (passive present second-person singular)
mimaxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
maketor (passive present singular third-person)
mimaxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
makommor (first-person passive plural present)
mimaxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
makedwe (passive plural present second-person)
mimaxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
makontor (passive plural present third-person)
mimaxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
maganto (passive plural preterite third-person)
maxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
maxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
maxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
maxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
maxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
maxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
makonts (nominative singular)
makonte (dual nominative)
makontes (nominative plural)
makonts (singular vocative)
makonte (dual vocative)
makontes (plural vocative)
makontam (accusative singular)
makonte (accusative dual)
makontans (accusative plural)
makantos (genitive singular)
makantom (genitive plural)
makantei (dative singular)
makantbom (dative dual)
makantbos (dative plural)
makantī? (instrumental singular)
makantbim (dual instrumental)
makantbis (instrumental plural)
makantī (nominative singular)
makantī (dual nominative)
makantiyās (nominative plural)
makantī (singular vocative)
makantī (dual vocative)
makantiyās (plural vocative)
makantīm (accusative singular)
makantī (accusative dual)
makantiyans (accusative plural)
makantyās (genitive singular)
makantyom (genitive plural)
makantyāi (dative singular)
makantyābom (dative dual)
makantyābos (dative plural)
makantyābim (dual instrumental)
makantyābis (instrumental plural)
makont (nominative singular)
makonta (nominative plural)
makont (singular vocative)
makonta (plural vocative)
makont (accusative singular)
makonta (accusative plural)
maxtos (nominative singular)
maxtou (dual nominative)
maxtoi (nominative plural)
maxte (singular vocative)
maxtou (dual vocative)
maxtoi (plural vocative)
maxtom (accusative singular)
maxtou (accusative dual)
maxtons (accusative plural)
maxtī (genitive singular)
maxtous (dual genitive)
maxtom (genitive plural)
maxtūi (dative singular)
maxtobom (dative dual)
maxtobos (dative plural)
maxtū (instrumental singular)
maxtobim (dual instrumental)
maxtobis (instrumental plural)
maxtā (nominative singular)
maxtai (dual nominative)
maxtās (nominative plural)
maxtā (singular vocative)
maxtai (dual vocative)
maxtās (plural vocative)
maxtam (accusative singular)
maxtai (accusative dual)
maxtans (accusative plural)
maxtās (genitive singular)
maxtai (dative singular)
maxtābom (dative dual)
maxtābos (dative plural)
maxtābim (dual instrumental)
maxtābis (instrumental plural)
maxtom (nominative singular)
maxtā (nominative plural)
maxtom (singular vocative)
maxtā (plural vocative)
maxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėgɨd

Middle Breton: maguaff

Breton: magañ

Middle Cornish: maga

Cornish: maga

Middle Welsh: magu

Welsh: magu

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ḱ- (“to elongate”).

der

Old Irish: do·formaig→ Old Welsh: diguormechis (3sg preterite)→ Old Breton: degurmeh (3sg present)


luketi

lukū (active first-person present singular)
lukemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
liluxsū (active first-person future singular)
lulouka (active first-person preterite singular)
lukesi (active present second-person singular)
luketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
liluxsesi (active future second-person singular)
luloukas? (active preterite second-person singular)
luketi (active present singular third-person)
luketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
liluxseti (active future singular third-person)
lulouke (active preterite singular third-person)
lukomosi (active first-person plural present)
lukemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
liluxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
luloukmo (active first-person plural preterite)
luketesi (active plural present second-person)
lukestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
liluxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
lulouxte (active plural preterite second-person)
lukonti (active plural present third-person)
lukento (active imperfect plural third-person)
liluxsonti (active future plural third-person)
luloukars (active plural preterite third-person)
louxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
louxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
luke (active imperative second-person singular)
louxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
luketou (active imperative singular third-person)
louxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
lukomos (active first-person imperative plural)
louxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
lukete (active imperative plural second-person)
louxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
lukontou (active imperative plural third-person)
lukūr (first-person passive present singular)
liluxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
luloukra (first-person passive preterite singular)
luketar (passive present second-person singular)
liluxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
luloukras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
luketor (passive present singular third-person)
liluxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
luloukre (passive preterite singular third-person)
lukommor (first-person passive plural present)
liluxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
lukedwe (passive plural present second-person)
liluxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
lukontor (passive plural present third-person)
liluxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
louxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
louxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
louxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
louxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
louxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
louxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
lukonts (nominative singular)
lukonte (dual nominative)
lukontes (nominative plural)
lukonts (singular vocative)
lukonte (dual vocative)
lukontes (plural vocative)
lukontam (accusative singular)
lukonte (accusative dual)
lukontans (accusative plural)
lukantos (genitive singular)
lukantom (genitive plural)
lukantei (dative singular)
lukantbom (dative dual)
lukantbos (dative plural)
lukantī? (instrumental singular)
lukantbim (dual instrumental)
lukantbis (instrumental plural)
lukantī (nominative singular)
lukantī (dual nominative)
lukantiyās (nominative plural)
lukantī (singular vocative)
lukantī (dual vocative)
lukantiyās (plural vocative)
lukantīm (accusative singular)
lukantī (accusative dual)
lukantiyans (accusative plural)
lukantyās (genitive singular)
lukantyom (genitive plural)
lukantyāi (dative singular)
lukantyābom (dative dual)
lukantyābos (dative plural)
lukantyābim (dual instrumental)
lukantyābis (instrumental plural)
lukont (nominative singular)
lukonta (nominative plural)
lukont (singular vocative)
lukonta (plural vocative)
lukont (accusative singular)
lukonta (accusative plural)
luxtos (nominative singular)
luxtou (dual nominative)
luxtoi (nominative plural)
luxte (singular vocative)
luxtou (dual vocative)
luxtoi (plural vocative)
luxtom (accusative singular)
luxtou (accusative dual)
luxtons (accusative plural)
luxtī (genitive singular)
luxtous (dual genitive)
luxtom (genitive plural)
luxtūi (dative singular)
luxtobom (dative dual)
luxtobos (dative plural)
luxtū (instrumental singular)
luxtobim (dual instrumental)
luxtobis (instrumental plural)
luxtā (nominative singular)
luxtai (dual nominative)
luxtās (nominative plural)
luxtā (singular vocative)
luxtai (dual vocative)
luxtās (plural vocative)
luxtam (accusative singular)
luxtai (accusative dual)
luxtans (accusative plural)
luxtās (genitive singular)
luxtai (dative singular)
luxtābom (dative dual)
luxtābos (dative plural)
luxtābim (dual instrumental)
luxtābis (instrumental plural)
luxtom (nominative singular)
luxtā (nominative plural)
luxtom (singular vocative)
luxtā (plural vocative)
luxtā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright, to shine”).

Proto-Brythonic: *llugadOld Breton: lagatMiddle Breton: lagatBreton: lagadOld Cornish: lagatCornish: lagasOld Welsh: licatMiddle Welsh: lygat


tonketos

tonketos (nominative singular)
tonketou (dual nominative)
tonketoi (nominative plural)
tonkete (singular vocative)
tonketou (dual vocative)
tonketoi (plural vocative)
tonketom (accusative singular)
tonketou (accusative dual)
tonketons (accusative plural)
tonketī (genitive singular)
tonketous (dual genitive)
tonketom (genitive plural)
tonketūi (dative singular)
tonketobom (dative dual)
tonketobos (dative plural)
tonketei (locative singular)
tonketū (instrumental singular)
tonketobim (dual instrumental)
tonketūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tonked

desc

Middle Welsh: tynget, tynghet, tyghet, tyghed

Welsh: tynged

Old Irish: tocad, toceth

A former participle of a verb *tonkīti, whence also related verbs in Old Irish ro·toicther (“to be destined”) and Middle Welsh tynghaf tyghet (“I destine destiny”). Schumacher derives this from Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to solidify”), though Matasovic prefers to derive this from the homophonous Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to be suitable, prosper”), whence Proto-Germanic *þinhaną (“to thrive”).


luxsman

luxsman (nominative singular)
luxsmane? (dual nominative)
luxsmana (nominative plural)
luxsman (singular vocative)
luxsmane? (dual vocative)
luxsmana (plural vocative)
luxsman (accusative singular)
luxsmane? (accusative dual)
luxsmana (accusative plural)
luxsmens (genitive singular)
luxsmenous? (dual genitive)
luxsmenom (genitive plural)
luxsmenei (dative singular)
luxsmembom (dative dual)
luxsmembos (dative plural)
luxsmen (locative singular)
luxsmeni (locative singular)
luxsmenei (instrumental singular)
luxsmembim (dual instrumental)
luxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llum

Old Breton: lom

Breton: lomm (“drop”)

⇒ Middle Welsh: llymeit

Welsh: llymaid

Old Irish: loimm

Stüber relates this to Proto-Indo-European *slewk-, *slewg- (“to swallow”), whence also Middle High German slucken (“to gobble, swallow”) and Ancient Greek λυγκαίνω (lunkaínō, “to sob”).
Contains the suffix *-sman.


-sman

-sman (nominative singular)
-smane? (dual nominative)
-smana (nominative plural)
-sman (singular vocative)
-smane? (dual vocative)
-smana (plural vocative)
-sman (accusative singular)
-smane? (accusative dual)
-smana (accusative plural)
-smens (genitive singular)
-smenous? (dual genitive)
-smenom (genitive plural)
-smenei (dative singular)
-smembom (dative dual)
-smembos (dative plural)
-smen (locative singular)
-smeni (locative singular)
-smenei (instrumental singular)
-smembim (dual instrumental)
-smembis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥, extended with -s-. Plain *-man also existed but was less common in Celtic. The s-variant also turns up in Italic and in several ancient Hellenic dialects, in addition to occasional appearances in Balto-Slavic.

keng- (“to step”) + *-sman → *kanxsman (“step”)

leng- (“to leap”) + *-sman → *lanxsman (“leap”)

brag- (“to fart”) + *-sman → *braxsman (“fart”)


sexsman

sexsman (nominative singular)
sexsmane? (dual nominative)
sexsmana (nominative plural)
sexsman (singular vocative)
sexsmane? (dual vocative)
sexsmana (plural vocative)
sexsman (accusative singular)
sexsmane? (accusative dual)
sexsmana (accusative plural)
sexsmens (genitive singular)
sexsmenous? (dual genitive)
sexsmenom (genitive plural)
sexsmenei (dative singular)
sexsmembom (dative dual)
sexsmembos (dative plural)
sexsmen (locative singular)
sexsmeni (locative singular)
sexsmenei (instrumental singular)
sexsmembim (dual instrumental)
sexsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hem

Middle Welsh: hemm

Welsh: hem

Middle Irish: seim

Irish: seam

Scottish Gaelic: sèam

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: seaman (“nail”)


skokīti

skokeyū (active first-person present singular)
skokīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
skokīsi (active present second-person singular)
skokītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
skokīti (active present singular third-person)
skokīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
skokeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
skokīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
skokītesi (active plural present second-person)
skokīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
skokeyonti (active plural present third-person)
skokīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
skokī (active imperative second-person singular)
skokītou (active imperative singular third-person)
skokeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
skokīte (active imperative plural second-person)
skokeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
skokeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
skokītar (passive present second-person singular)
skokītor (passive present singular third-person)
skokeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
skokīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
skokeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
skokeyonts (nominative singular)
skokeyonte (dual nominative)
skokeyontes (nominative plural)
skokeyonts (singular vocative)
skokeyonte (dual vocative)
skokeyontes (plural vocative)
skokeyontam (accusative singular)
skokeyonte (accusative dual)
skokeyontans (accusative plural)
skokeyantos (genitive singular)
skokeyantom (genitive plural)
skokeyantei (dative singular)
skokeyantbom (dative dual)
skokeyantbos (dative plural)
skokeyantī? (instrumental singular)
skokeyantbim (dual instrumental)
skokeyantbis (instrumental plural)
skokeyantī (nominative singular)
skokeyantī (dual nominative)
skokeyantiyās (nominative plural)
skokeyantī (singular vocative)
skokeyantī (dual vocative)
skokeyantiyās (plural vocative)
skokeyantīm (accusative singular)
skokeyantī (accusative dual)
skokeyantiyans (accusative plural)
skokeyantyās (genitive singular)
skokeyantyom (genitive plural)
skokeyantyāi (dative singular)
skokeyantyābom (dative dual)
skokeyantyābos (dative plural)
skokeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
skokeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
skokeyont (nominative singular)
skokeyonta (nominative plural)
skokeyont (singular vocative)
skokeyonta (plural vocative)
skokeyont (accusative singular)
skokeyonta (accusative plural)
skekū (active first-person present singular)
skekemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
skāka (active first-person preterite singular)
skekesi (active present second-person singular)
skeketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
skākas? (active preterite second-person singular)
skeketi (active present singular third-person)
skeketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
skāke (active preterite singular third-person)
skekomosi (active first-person plural present)
skekemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
skākmo (active first-person plural preterite)
skeketesi (active plural present second-person)
skekestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
skāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
skekonti (active plural present third-person)
skekento (active imperfect plural third-person)
skākars (active plural preterite third-person)
skexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
skexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
skeke (active imperative second-person singular)
skexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
skeketou (active imperative singular third-person)
skexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
skekomos (active first-person imperative plural)
skexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
skekete (active imperative plural second-person)
skexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
skekontou (active imperative plural third-person)
skekūr (first-person passive present singular)
skākra (first-person passive preterite singular)
skeketar (passive present second-person singular)
skākras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
skeketor (passive present singular third-person)
skākre (passive preterite singular third-person)
skekommor (first-person passive plural present)
skekedwe (passive plural present second-person)
skekontor (passive plural present third-person)
skexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
skexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
skexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
skexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
skexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
skexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
skekonts (nominative singular)
skekonte (dual nominative)
skekontes (nominative plural)
skekonts (singular vocative)
skekonte (dual vocative)
skekontes (plural vocative)
skekontam (accusative singular)
skekonte (accusative dual)
skekontans (accusative plural)
skekantos (genitive singular)
skekantom (genitive plural)
skekantei (dative singular)
skekantbom (dative dual)
skekantbos (dative plural)
skekantī? (instrumental singular)
skekantbim (dual instrumental)
skekantbis (instrumental plural)
skekantī (nominative singular)
skekantī (dual nominative)
skekantiyās (nominative plural)
skekantī (singular vocative)
skekantī (dual vocative)
skekantiyās (plural vocative)
skekantīm (accusative singular)
skekantī (accusative dual)
skekantiyans (accusative plural)
skekantyās (genitive singular)
skekantyom (genitive plural)
skekantyāi (dative singular)
skekantyābom (dative dual)
skekantyābos (dative plural)
skekantyābim (dual instrumental)
skekantyābis (instrumental plural)
skekont (nominative singular)
skekonta (nominative plural)
skekont (singular vocative)
skekonta (plural vocative)
skekont (accusative singular)
skekonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *skogid

Middle Welsh: ysgogi

Welsh: ysgogi

Middle Irish: scuichid

From Proto-Indo-European *skek-, whence also Proto-Germanic *skehaną and Proto-Slavic *skočiti.


mentiyū

mentiyū (nominative singular)
mentiyone? (dual nominative)
mentiyones (nominative plural)
mentiyū (singular vocative)
mentiyone? (dual vocative)
mentiyones (plural vocative)
mentiyonam (accusative singular)
mentiyone? (accusative dual)
mentiyonans (accusative plural)
mentiyonos (genitive singular)
mentiyonows? (dual genitive)
mentiyonom (genitive plural)
mentiyonei (dative singular)
mentiyombom (dative dual)
mentiyombos (dative plural)
mentiyon (locative singular)
mentiyoni (locative singular)
mentiyonei (instrumental singular)
mentiyombim (dual instrumental)
mentiyombis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”) + *-tiyū. Cognate to Latin mentiō.


-tiyū

-tiyū (nominative singular)
-tiyone? (dual nominative)
-tiyones (nominative plural)
-tiyū (singular vocative)
-tiyone? (dual vocative)
-tiyones (plural vocative)
-tiyonam (accusative singular)
-tiyone? (accusative dual)
-tiyonans (accusative plural)
-tiyonos (genitive singular)
-tiyonows? (dual genitive)
-tiyonom (genitive plural)
-tiyonei (dative singular)
-tiyombom (dative dual)
-tiyombos (dative plural)
-tiyon (locative singular)
-tiyoni (locative singular)
-tiyonei (instrumental singular)
-tiyombim (dual instrumental)
-tiyombis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: -tiu, -thiu

From Proto-Indo-European *-ti-Hon-, an extension of *-tis with *-Hō. Cognate to Latin -tiō.

wid- (“to tell”) + *-tiyū → *wissiyū (“telling, saying”)

sem- (“to pour”) + *-tiyū → *santiyū (“outpour”)

men- (“to think”) + *-tiyū → *mentiyū (“thought”)


-yūs

-yūs (comparative nominative singular)
-yoses (comparative nominative plural)
-yūs (comparative singular vocative)
-yoses (comparative plural vocative)
-yosam (accusative comparative singular)
-yosans (accusative comparative plural)
-isos (comparative genitive singular)
-isom (comparative genitive plural)
-isei (comparative dative singular)
-isbos (comparative dative plural)
-isī (comparative instrumental singular)
-isbis (comparative instrumental plural)
-is (comparative nominative singular)
-is (comparative singular vocative)
-is (accusative comparative singular)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *-ox (from the accusative/plural stem)
Breton: -oc'h
Middle Welsh: -ach
Welsh: -ach

Old Irish: -iu, -u

Irish: -e

sen- (“old”) + *-yūs → *senyūs (“older”) (whence Old Irish siniu and Welsh hŷn)


kaitos

kaitos (nominative singular)
kaitou (dual nominative)
kaitoi (nominative plural)
kaite (singular vocative)
kaitou (dual vocative)
kaitoi (plural vocative)
kaitom (accusative singular)
kaitou (accusative dual)
kaitons (accusative plural)
kaitī (genitive singular)
kaitous (dual genitive)
kaitom (genitive plural)
kaitūi (dative singular)
kaitobom (dative dual)
kaitobos (dative plural)
kaitei (locative singular)
kaitū (instrumental singular)
kaitobim (dual instrumental)
kaitūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koɨd
Middle Breton: coat
Breton: koad
Old Cornish: cuit
Middle Cornish: coys
Cornish: koos
Old Welsh: coit
Middle Welsh: coet
Welsh: coed
Cumbric: cɛ̄d

Gaulish: *caito-, *ceto-

→⇒ Latin: Borcetum

→ German: Burtscheid

→⇒ Latin: Cettius, Cetium, Diocetus

desc

⇒ Celtiberian: (name of a Lusitanian town)

→ Ancient Greek: Καιτόβριξ (Kaitóbrix)

→ Latin: Caitobrix

→ Arabic: شِطُوبَر (šiṭūbar)

→ Portuguese: Setúbal

The closest cognate is Proto-Germanic *haiþī; given the *a, Matasović supposes substrate origin.


letrom

letrom (nominative singular)
letrou (dual nominative)
letrā (nominative plural)
letrom (singular vocative)
letrou (dual vocative)
letrā (plural vocative)
letrom (accusative singular)
letrou (accusative dual)
letrā (accusative plural)
letrī (genitive singular)
letrous (dual genitive)
letrom (genitive plural)
letrūi (dative singular)
letrobom (dative dual)
letrobos (dative plural)
letrei (locative singular)
letrū (instrumental singular)
letrobim (dual instrumental)
letrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lledr
Old Breton: ledr
Middle Breton: lezr
Breton: lêr
Cornish: ledher
Middle Welsh: lledyr
Welsh: lledr

Old Irish: lethar

Middle Irish: lethar
Irish: leathar
Manx: liare
Scottish Gaelic: leathar

→? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly reconstructible as *ɸletrom, liquid metathesized from earlier *ɸeltrom, from Proto-Indo-European *pél-tro-m, from *pel- (“to envelope, wrap around”) + *-trom, compare Latin pellis (“pelt, hide”), Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, hide”).


ɸīweriyū

ɸīweriyū (nominative singular)
ɸīweriyone? (dual nominative)
ɸīweriyones (nominative plural)
ɸīweriyū (singular vocative)
ɸīweriyone? (dual vocative)
ɸīweriyones (plural vocative)
ɸīweriyonam (accusative singular)
ɸīweriyone? (accusative dual)
ɸīweriyonans (accusative plural)
ɸīweriyonos (genitive singular)
ɸīweriyonows? (dual genitive)
ɸīweriyonom (genitive plural)
ɸīweriyonei (dative singular)
ɸīweriyombom (dative dual)
ɸīweriyombos (dative plural)
ɸīweriyon (locative singular)
ɸīweriyoni (locative singular)
ɸīweriyonei (instrumental singular)
ɸīweriyombim (dual instrumental)
ɸīweriyombis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: íriu (“land, earth”)

Uncertain; suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂werih₂-ō ~ *piHwerih₂-né-s (“something fat, fertile”), from *péyh₂wer-ih₂ ~ pih₂ur-yéh₂-s (“fat, fertile”) + *-ō, from *péyh₂wr̥ (“fat, swelling”) + *-ih₂.


rogīti

rogeyū (active first-person present singular)
rogīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rogīsam (active first-person preterite singular)
rogīsi (active present second-person singular)
rogītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rogīss (active preterite second-person singular)
rogīti (active present singular third-person)
rogīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
rogīst (active preterite singular third-person)
rogeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
rogīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rogīsme (active first-person plural preterite)
rogītesi (active plural present second-person)
rogīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rogīste (active plural preterite second-person)
rogeyonti (active plural present third-person)
rogīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
rogīsant (active plural preterite third-person)
rogasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
rogasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
rogī (active imperative second-person singular)
rogaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
rogītou (active imperative singular third-person)
rogasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rogeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
rogasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rogīte (active imperative plural second-person)
rogasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rogeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
rogeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
rogītar (passive present second-person singular)
rogītor (passive present singular third-person)
rogeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
rogīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
rogeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
rogīsanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
rogasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
rogasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
rogasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
rogasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
rogasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
rogasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
rogeyonts (nominative singular)
rogeyonte (dual nominative)
rogeyontes (nominative plural)
rogeyonts (singular vocative)
rogeyonte (dual vocative)
rogeyontes (plural vocative)
rogeyontam (accusative singular)
rogeyonte (accusative dual)
rogeyontans (accusative plural)
rogeyantos (genitive singular)
rogeyantom (genitive plural)
rogeyantei (dative singular)
rogeyantbom (dative dual)
rogeyantbos (dative plural)
rogeyantī? (instrumental singular)
rogeyantbim (dual instrumental)
rogeyantbis (instrumental plural)
rogeyantī (nominative singular)
rogeyantī (dual nominative)
rogeyantiyās (nominative plural)
rogeyantī (singular vocative)
rogeyantī (dual vocative)
rogeyantiyās (plural vocative)
rogeyantīm (accusative singular)
rogeyantī (accusative dual)
rogeyantiyans (accusative plural)
rogeyantyās (genitive singular)
rogeyantyom (genitive plural)
rogeyantyāi (dative singular)
rogeyantyābom (dative dual)
rogeyantyābos (dative plural)
rogeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
rogeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
rogeyont (nominative singular)
rogeyonta (nominative plural)
rogeyont (singular vocative)
rogeyonta (plural vocative)
rogeyont (accusative singular)
rogeyonta (accusative plural)
rogītos (nominative singular)
rogītou (dual nominative)
rogītoi (nominative plural)
rogīte (singular vocative)
rogītou (dual vocative)
rogītoi (plural vocative)
rogītom (accusative singular)
rogītou (accusative dual)
rogītons (accusative plural)
rogītī (genitive singular)
rogītous (dual genitive)
rogītom (genitive plural)
rogītūi (dative singular)
rogītobom (dative dual)
rogītobos (dative plural)
rogītū (instrumental singular)
rogītobim (dual instrumental)
rogītobis (instrumental plural)
rogītā (nominative singular)
rogītai (dual nominative)
rogītās (nominative plural)
rogītā (singular vocative)
rogītai (dual vocative)
rogītās (plural vocative)
rogītam (accusative singular)
rogītai (accusative dual)
rogītans (accusative plural)
rogītās (genitive singular)
rogītai (dative singular)
rogītābom (dative dual)
rogītābos (dative plural)
rogītābim (dual instrumental)
rogītābis (instrumental plural)
rogītom (nominative singular)
rogītā (nominative plural)
rogītom (singular vocative)
rogītā (plural vocative)
rogītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rroɣid (“to give”)

Middle Breton: reiff

Breton: reiñ

Middle Cornish: ry

Cornish: ri

Middle Welsh: roi

Welsh: rhoi

Old Irish: rogaid

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵéyeti, causative formation to *h₃reǵ- (“to straigthen”).


gnīmus

gnīmus (nominative singular)
gnīmū (dual nominative)
gnīmowes (nominative plural)
gnīmu (singular vocative)
gnīmū (dual vocative)
gnīmūs (plural vocative)
gnīmum (accusative singular)
gnīmū (accusative dual)
gnīmuns (accusative plural)
gnīmous (genitive singular)
gnīmous (dual genitive)
gnīmowom (genitive plural)
gnīmou (dative singular)
gnīmubom (dative dual)
gnīmubos (dative plural)
gnīmū (instrumental singular)
gnīmubim (dual instrumental)
gnīmubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gniβ̃

Old Breton: gnim (“act, deed”)

Breton: niñv (“affliction”)

Old Welsh: gnim (“act, deed”)

Welsh: gnif (“toil; hardship”)

desctree

Old Irish: gním
Middle Irish: gním
Irish: gníomh
→ English: gneeve
Scottish Gaelic: gnìomh

Related to *gniyeti (“to do, make”). Contains a suffix *-mus.


uɸognīmus

uɸognīmus (nominative singular)
uɸognīmū (dual nominative)
uɸognīmowes (nominative plural)
uɸognīmu (singular vocative)
uɸognīmū (dual vocative)
uɸognīmūs (plural vocative)
uɸognīmum (accusative singular)
uɸognīmū (accusative dual)
uɸognīmuns (accusative plural)
uɸognīmous (genitive singular)
uɸognīmous (dual genitive)
uɸognīmowom (genitive plural)
uɸognīmou (dative singular)
uɸognīmubom (dative dual)
uɸognīmubos (dative plural)
uɸognīmū (instrumental singular)
uɸognīmubim (dual instrumental)
uɸognīmubis (instrumental plural)
*uɸognīmā (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwöɣniβ̃

Middle Welsh: gweini

Welsh: gweini

Old Irish: fognam

Irish: fónamh

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *gnīmus (“doing”), literally “doing under”.


uɸogniyeti

uɸogniyū (active first-person present singular)
uɸogniyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
uɸogignāsū (active first-person future singular)
uɸogegnū (active first-person preterite singular)
uɸogniyesi (active present second-person singular)
uɸogniyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
uɸogignāsesi (active future second-person singular)
uɸogegnūs (active preterite second-person singular)
uɸogniyeti (active present singular third-person)
uɸogniyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
uɸogignāseti (active future singular third-person)
uɸogegnū (active preterite singular third-person)
uɸogniyomosi (active first-person plural present)
uɸogniyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
uɸogignāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
uɸogegnamo (active first-person plural preterite)
uɸogniyetesi (active plural present second-person)
uɸogniyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
uɸogignāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
uɸogegnate (active plural preterite second-person)
uɸogniyonti (active plural present third-person)
uɸogniyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
uɸogignāsonti (active future plural third-person)
uɸogegnars (active plural preterite third-person)
uɸognīsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
uɸognīsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸogniye (active imperative second-person singular)
uɸognīseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸogniyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
uɸognīsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
uɸogniyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
uɸognīsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸogniyete (active imperative plural second-person)
uɸognīsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸogniyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
uɸogniyūr (first-person passive present singular)
uɸogignāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
uɸogniyetar (passive present second-person singular)
uɸogignāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
uɸogniyetor (passive present singular third-person)
uɸogignāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
uɸogniyommor (first-person passive plural present)
uɸogignāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
uɸogniyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
uɸogignāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
uɸogniyontor (passive plural present third-person)
uɸogignāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
uɸognīsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
uɸognīsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸognīsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸognīsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
uɸognīsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸognīsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸogniyonts (nominative singular)
uɸogniyonte (dual nominative)
uɸogniyontes (nominative plural)
uɸogniyonts (singular vocative)
uɸogniyonte (dual vocative)
uɸogniyontes (plural vocative)
uɸogniyontam (accusative singular)
uɸogniyonte (accusative dual)
uɸogniyontans (accusative plural)
uɸogniyantos (genitive singular)
uɸogniyantom (genitive plural)
uɸogniyantei (dative singular)
uɸogniyantbom (dative dual)
uɸogniyantbos (dative plural)
uɸogniyantī? (instrumental singular)
uɸogniyantbim (dual instrumental)
uɸogniyantbis (instrumental plural)
uɸogniyantī (nominative singular)
uɸogniyantī (dual nominative)
uɸogniyantiyās (nominative plural)
uɸogniyantī (singular vocative)
uɸogniyantī (dual vocative)
uɸogniyantiyās (plural vocative)
uɸogniyantīm (accusative singular)
uɸogniyantī (accusative dual)
uɸogniyantiyans (accusative plural)
uɸogniyantyās (genitive singular)
uɸogniyantyom (genitive plural)
uɸogniyantyāi (dative singular)
uɸogniyantyābom (dative dual)
uɸogniyantyābos (dative plural)
uɸogniyantyābim (dual instrumental)
uɸogniyantyābis (instrumental plural)
uɸogniyont (nominative singular)
uɸogniyonta (nominative plural)
uɸogniyont (singular vocative)
uɸogniyonta (plural vocative)
uɸogniyont (accusative singular)
uɸogniyonta (accusative plural)
uɸognatos (nominative singular)
uɸognatou (dual nominative)
uɸognatoi (nominative plural)
uɸognate (singular vocative)
uɸognatou (dual vocative)
uɸognatoi (plural vocative)
uɸognatom (accusative singular)
uɸognatou (accusative dual)
uɸognatons (accusative plural)
uɸognatī (genitive singular)
uɸognatous (dual genitive)
uɸognatom (genitive plural)
uɸognatūi (dative singular)
uɸognatobom (dative dual)
uɸognatobos (dative plural)
uɸognatū (instrumental singular)
uɸognatobim (dual instrumental)
uɸognatobis (instrumental plural)
uɸognatā (nominative singular)
uɸognatai (dual nominative)
uɸognatās (nominative plural)
uɸognatā (singular vocative)
uɸognatai (dual vocative)
uɸognatās (plural vocative)
uɸognatam (accusative singular)
uɸognatai (accusative dual)
uɸognatans (accusative plural)
uɸognatās (genitive singular)
uɸognatai (dative singular)
uɸognatābom (dative dual)
uɸognatābos (dative plural)
uɸognatābim (dual instrumental)
uɸognatābis (instrumental plural)
uɸognatom (nominative singular)
uɸognatā (nominative plural)
uɸognatom (singular vocative)
uɸognatā (plural vocative)
uɸognatā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwöɣnɨðɨd

desc

Middle Breton: gounez (3sg pres), gounezet (2pl pres)

Middle Cornish: gonetheff (1sg pres)

Middle Welsh: gweini (finite forms)

Welsh: gweini (finite forms)

Old Irish: fo·gní


gʷeleti

gʷelū (active first-person present singular)
gʷelemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gʷilam (active first-person preterite singular)
gʷelesi (active present second-person singular)
gʷeletās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gʷils (active preterite second-person singular)
gʷeleti (active present singular third-person)
gʷeleto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gʷilt (active preterite singular third-person)
gʷelomosi (active first-person plural present)
gʷelemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gʷilme (active first-person plural preterite)
gʷeletesi (active plural present second-person)
gʷelestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gʷilte (active plural preterite second-person)
gʷelonti (active plural present third-person)
gʷelento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gʷilant (active plural preterite third-person)
gʷele (active imperative second-person singular)
gʷeletou (active imperative singular third-person)
gʷelomos (active first-person imperative plural)
gʷelete (active imperative plural second-person)
gʷelontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gʷelūr (first-person passive present singular)
gʷeletar (passive present second-person singular)
gʷeletor (passive present singular third-person)
gʷelommor (first-person passive plural present)
gʷeledwe (passive plural present second-person)
gʷelontor (passive plural present third-person)
gʷilanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
gʷelonts (nominative singular)
gʷelonte (dual nominative)
gʷelontes (nominative plural)
gʷelonts (singular vocative)
gʷelonte (dual vocative)
gʷelontes (plural vocative)
gʷelontam (accusative singular)
gʷelonte (accusative dual)
gʷelontans (accusative plural)
gʷelantos (genitive singular)
gʷelantom (genitive plural)
gʷelantei (dative singular)
gʷelantbom (dative dual)
gʷelantbos (dative plural)
gʷelantī? (instrumental singular)
gʷelantbim (dual instrumental)
gʷelantbis (instrumental plural)
gʷelantī (nominative singular)
gʷelantī (dual nominative)
gʷelantiyās (nominative plural)
gʷelantī (singular vocative)
gʷelantī (dual vocative)
gʷelantiyās (plural vocative)
gʷelantīm (accusative singular)
gʷelantī (accusative dual)
gʷelantiyans (accusative plural)
gʷelantyās (genitive singular)
gʷelantyom (genitive plural)
gʷelantyāi (dative singular)
gʷelantyābom (dative dual)
gʷelantyābos (dative plural)
gʷelantyābim (dual instrumental)
gʷelantyābis (instrumental plural)
gʷelont (nominative singular)
gʷelonta (nominative plural)
gʷelont (singular vocative)
gʷelonta (plural vocative)
gʷelont (accusative singular)
gʷelonta (accusative plural)
gʷlitos (nominative singular)
gʷlitou (dual nominative)
gʷlitoi (nominative plural)
gʷlite (singular vocative)
gʷlitou (dual vocative)
gʷlitoi (plural vocative)
gʷlitom (accusative singular)
gʷlitou (accusative dual)
gʷlitons (accusative plural)
gʷlitī (genitive singular)
gʷlitous (dual genitive)
gʷlitom (genitive plural)
gʷlitūi (dative singular)
gʷlitobom (dative dual)
gʷlitobos (dative plural)
gʷlitū (instrumental singular)
gʷlitobim (dual instrumental)
gʷlitobis (instrumental plural)
gʷlitā (nominative singular)
gʷlitai (dual nominative)
gʷlitās (nominative plural)
gʷlitā (singular vocative)
gʷlitai (dual vocative)
gʷlitās (plural vocative)
gʷlitam (accusative singular)
gʷlitai (accusative dual)
gʷlitans (accusative plural)
gʷlitās (genitive singular)
gʷlitai (dative singular)
gʷlitābom (dative dual)
gʷlitābos (dative plural)
gʷlitābim (dual instrumental)
gʷlitābis (instrumental plural)
gʷlitom (nominative singular)
gʷlitā (nominative plural)
gʷlitom (singular vocative)
gʷlitā (plural vocative)
gʷlitā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: gelid

Unknown. The related term *gʷeltā (“grass, pasture”) having gw- reflexes in Brythonic necessitate reconstructing a labiovelar, which means that their root must have originally contained *gʷʰ-. However, no such root *gʷʰel- with a relevant meaning is known for Proto-Indo-European. Pokorny compares Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“wool”), see also *woltos (“hair (of the head)”), Proto-Slavic *volsъ (“hair”).


indeti

indū (active first-person present singular)
indemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
iyoida (active first-person preterite singular)
indesi (active present second-person singular)
indetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
iyoidas? (active preterite second-person singular)
indeti (active present singular third-person)
indeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
iyoide (active preterite singular third-person)
indomosi (active first-person plural present)
indemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
iyoidmo (active first-person plural preterite)
indetesi (active plural present second-person)
indestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
iyoisse (active plural preterite second-person)
indonti (active plural present third-person)
indento (active imperfect plural third-person)
iyoidars (active plural preterite third-person)
aitsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
aitsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
inde (active imperative second-person singular)
aitseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
indetou (active imperative singular third-person)
aitsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
indomos (active first-person imperative plural)
aitsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
indete (active imperative plural second-person)
aitsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
indontou (active imperative plural third-person)
indūr (first-person passive present singular)
iyoidra (first-person passive preterite singular)
indetar (passive present second-person singular)
iyoidras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
indetor (passive present singular third-person)
iyoidre (passive preterite singular third-person)
indommor (first-person passive plural present)
indedwe (passive plural present second-person)
indontor (passive plural present third-person)
aitsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
aitsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
aitsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
aitsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
aitsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
aitsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
indonts (nominative singular)
indonte (dual nominative)
indontes (nominative plural)
indonts (singular vocative)
indonte (dual vocative)
indontes (plural vocative)
indontam (accusative singular)
indonte (accusative dual)
indontans (accusative plural)
indantos (genitive singular)
indantom (genitive plural)
indantei (dative singular)
indantbom (dative dual)
indantbos (dative plural)
indantī? (instrumental singular)
indantbim (dual instrumental)
indantbis (instrumental plural)
indantī (nominative singular)
indantī (dual nominative)
indantiyās (nominative plural)
indantī (singular vocative)
indantī (dual vocative)
indantiyās (plural vocative)
indantīm (accusative singular)
indantī (accusative dual)
indantiyans (accusative plural)
indantyās (genitive singular)
indantyom (genitive plural)
indantyāi (dative singular)
indantyābom (dative dual)
indantyābos (dative plural)
indantyābim (dual instrumental)
indantyābis (instrumental plural)
indont (nominative singular)
indonta (nominative plural)
indont (singular vocative)
indonta (plural vocative)
indont (accusative singular)
indonta (accusative plural)
issos (nominative singular)
issou (dual nominative)
issoi (nominative plural)
isse (singular vocative)
issou (dual vocative)
issoi (plural vocative)
issom (accusative singular)
issou (accusative dual)
issons (accusative plural)
issī (genitive singular)
issous (dual genitive)
issom (genitive plural)
issūi (dative singular)
issobom (dative dual)
issobos (dative plural)
issū (instrumental singular)
issobim (dual instrumental)
issobis (instrumental plural)
issā (nominative singular)
issai (dual nominative)
issās (nominative plural)
issā (singular vocative)
issai (dual vocative)
issās (plural vocative)
issam (accusative singular)
issai (accusative dual)
issans (accusative plural)
issās (genitive singular)
issai (dative singular)
issābom (dative dual)
issābos (dative plural)
issābim (dual instrumental)
issābis (instrumental plural)
issom (nominative singular)
issā (nominative plural)
issom (singular vocative)
issā (plural vocative)
issā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂i-né-dʰ-ti, a nasal-infix present from *h₂eydʰ- (“fire”).


kreteti

kretū (active first-person present singular)
kretemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikritsū (active first-person future singular)
krāta (active first-person preterite singular)
kretesi (active present second-person singular)
kretetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikritsesi (active future second-person singular)
krātas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kreteti (active present singular third-person)
kreteto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikritseti (active future singular third-person)
krāte (active preterite singular third-person)
kretomosi (active first-person plural present)
kretemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikritsomosi (active first-person future plural)
krātmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kretetesi (active plural present second-person)
kretestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikritsetesi (active future plural second-person)
krāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
kretonti (active plural present third-person)
kretento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikritsonti (active future plural third-person)
krātars (active plural preterite third-person)
kretsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kretsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
krete (active imperative second-person singular)
kretseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kretetou (active imperative singular third-person)
kretsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kretomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kretsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kretete (active imperative plural second-person)
kretsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kretontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kretūr (first-person passive present singular)
kikritsūr (first-person future passive singular)
krātra (first-person passive preterite singular)
kretetar (passive present second-person singular)
kikritsetar (future passive second-person singular)
krātras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
kretetor (passive present singular third-person)
kikritsetor (future passive singular third-person)
krātre (passive preterite singular third-person)
kretommor (first-person passive plural present)
kikritsommor (first-person future passive plural)
kretedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikritsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kretontor (passive plural present third-person)
kikritsontor (future passive plural third-person)
kretsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kretsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kretsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kretsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kretsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kretsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kretonts (nominative singular)
kretonte (dual nominative)
kretontes (nominative plural)
kretonts (singular vocative)
kretonte (dual vocative)
kretontes (plural vocative)
kretontam (accusative singular)
kretonte (accusative dual)
kretontans (accusative plural)
kretantos (genitive singular)
kretantom (genitive plural)
kretantei (dative singular)
kretantbom (dative dual)
kretantbos (dative plural)
kretantī? (instrumental singular)
kretantbim (dual instrumental)
kretantbis (instrumental plural)
kretantī (nominative singular)
kretantī (dual nominative)
kretantiyās (nominative plural)
kretantī (singular vocative)
kretantī (dual vocative)
kretantiyās (plural vocative)
kretantīm (accusative singular)
kretantī (accusative dual)
kretantiyans (accusative plural)
kretantyās (genitive singular)
kretantyom (genitive plural)
kretantyāi (dative singular)
kretantyābom (dative dual)
kretantyābos (dative plural)
kretantyābim (dual instrumental)
kretantyābis (instrumental plural)
kretont (nominative singular)
kretonta (nominative plural)
kretont (singular vocative)
kretonta (plural vocative)
kretont (accusative singular)
kretonta (accusative plural)
krissos (nominative singular)
krissou (dual nominative)
krissoi (nominative plural)
krisse (singular vocative)
krissou (dual vocative)
krissoi (plural vocative)
krissom (accusative singular)
krissou (accusative dual)
krissons (accusative plural)
krissī (genitive singular)
krissous (dual genitive)
krissom (genitive plural)
krissūi (dative singular)
krissobom (dative dual)
krissobos (dative plural)
krissū (instrumental singular)
krissobim (dual instrumental)
krissobis (instrumental plural)
krissā (nominative singular)
krissai (dual nominative)
krissās (nominative plural)
krissā (singular vocative)
krissai (dual vocative)
krissās (plural vocative)
krissam (accusative singular)
krissai (accusative dual)
krissans (accusative plural)
krissās (genitive singular)
krissai (dative singular)
krissābom (dative dual)
krissābos (dative plural)
krissābim (dual instrumental)
krissābis (instrumental plural)
krissom (nominative singular)
krissā (nominative plural)
krissom (singular vocative)
krissā (plural vocative)
krissā (accusative plural)

Old Breton: credam (pres 1sg)

From Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake”). Matasović attempts to rationalize the semantics as "shake" > "hit" > "approach". German stoßen may be compared for semantics.


xswibīti

xswibeyū (active first-person present singular)
xswibīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
xswibīsi (active present second-person singular)
xswibītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
xswibīti (active present singular third-person)
xswibīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
xswibeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
xswibīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
xswibītesi (active plural present second-person)
xswibīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
xswibeyonti (active plural present third-person)
xswibīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
xswibī (active imperative second-person singular)
xswibītou (active imperative singular third-person)
xswibeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
xswibīte (active imperative plural second-person)
xswibeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
xswibeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
xswibītar (passive present second-person singular)
xswibītor (passive present singular third-person)
xswibeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
xswibīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
xswibeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
xswibeyonts (nominative singular)
xswibeyonte (dual nominative)
xswibeyontes (nominative plural)
xswibeyonts (singular vocative)
xswibeyonte (dual vocative)
xswibeyontes (plural vocative)
xswibeyontam (accusative singular)
xswibeyonte (accusative dual)
xswibeyontans (accusative plural)
xswibeyantos (genitive singular)
xswibeyantom (genitive plural)
xswibeyantei (dative singular)
xswibeyantbom (dative dual)
xswibeyantbos (dative plural)
xswibeyantī? (instrumental singular)
xswibeyantbim (dual instrumental)
xswibeyantbis (instrumental plural)
xswibeyantī (nominative singular)
xswibeyantī (dual nominative)
xswibeyantiyās (nominative plural)
xswibeyantī (singular vocative)
xswibeyantī (dual vocative)
xswibeyantiyās (plural vocative)
xswibeyantīm (accusative singular)
xswibeyantī (accusative dual)
xswibeyantiyans (accusative plural)
xswibeyantyās (genitive singular)
xswibeyantyom (genitive plural)
xswibeyantyāi (dative singular)
xswibeyantyābom (dative dual)
xswibeyantyābos (dative plural)
xswibeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
xswibeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
xswibeyont (nominative singular)
xswibeyonta (nominative plural)
xswibeyont (singular vocative)
xswibeyonta (plural vocative)
xswibeyont (accusative singular)
xswibeyonta (accusative plural)
xswixtos (nominative singular)
xswixtou (dual nominative)
xswixtoi (nominative plural)
xswixte (singular vocative)
xswixtou (dual vocative)
xswixtoi (plural vocative)
xswixtom (accusative singular)
xswixtou (accusative dual)
xswixtons (accusative plural)
xswixtī (genitive singular)
xswixtous (dual genitive)
xswixtom (genitive plural)
xswixtūi (dative singular)
xswixtobom (dative dual)
xswixtobos (dative plural)
xswixtū (instrumental singular)
xswixtobim (dual instrumental)
xswixtobis (instrumental plural)
xswixtā (nominative singular)
xswixtai (dual nominative)
xswixtās (nominative plural)
xswixtā (singular vocative)
xswixtai (dual vocative)
xswixtās (plural vocative)
xswixtam (accusative singular)
xswixtai (accusative dual)
xswixtans (accusative plural)
xswixtās (genitive singular)
xswixtai (dative singular)
xswixtābom (dative dual)
xswixtābos (dative plural)
xswixtābim (dual instrumental)
xswixtābis (instrumental plural)
xswixtom (nominative singular)
xswixtā (nominative plural)
xswixtom (singular vocative)
xswixtā (plural vocative)
xswixtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨβid
Middle Breton: fifual
Breton: fiñval
Middle Welsh: chwyfu
Welsh: chwifio

Middle Irish: scibid

desc

Irish: sciob (with irregular loss of lenition)

Stative verb derived from Proto-Indo-European *ksweybʰ- (“to move”).


kuxsketi

kuxskū (active first-person present singular)
kuxskemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kuxskesi (active present second-person singular)
kuxsketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kuxsketi (active present singular third-person)
kuxsketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
kuxskomosi (active first-person plural present)
kuxskemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kuxsketesi (active plural present second-person)
kuxskestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kuxskonti (active plural present third-person)
kuxskento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kuxske (active imperative second-person singular)
kuxsketou (active imperative singular third-person)
kuxskomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kuxskete (active imperative plural second-person)
kuxskontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kuxskūr (first-person passive present singular)
kuxsketar (passive present second-person singular)
kuxsketor (passive present singular third-person)
kuxskommor (first-person passive plural present)
kuxskedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kuxskontor (passive plural present third-person)
kuxskonts (nominative singular)
kuxskonte (dual nominative)
kuxskontes (nominative plural)
kuxskonts (singular vocative)
kuxskonte (dual vocative)
kuxskontes (plural vocative)
kuxskontam (accusative singular)
kuxskonte (accusative dual)
kuxskontans (accusative plural)
kuxskantos (genitive singular)
kuxskantom (genitive plural)
kuxskantei (dative singular)
kuxskantbom (dative dual)
kuxskantbos (dative plural)
kuxskantī? (instrumental singular)
kuxskantbim (dual instrumental)
kuxskantbis (instrumental plural)
kuxskantī (nominative singular)
kuxskantī (dual nominative)
kuxskantiyās (nominative plural)
kuxskantī (singular vocative)
kuxskantī (dual vocative)
kuxskantiyās (plural vocative)
kuxskantīm (accusative singular)
kuxskantī (accusative dual)
kuxskantiyans (accusative plural)
kuxskantyās (genitive singular)
kuxskantyom (genitive plural)
kuxskantyāi (dative singular)
kuxskantyābom (dative dual)
kuxskantyābos (dative plural)
kuxskantyābim (dual instrumental)
kuxskantyābis (instrumental plural)
kuxskont (nominative singular)
kuxskonta (nominative plural)
kuxskont (singular vocative)
kuxskonta (plural vocative)
kuxskont (accusative singular)
kuxskonta (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kuskɨd
Middle Breton: cousquet
Breton: kousket
Middle Cornish: cusca
Cornish: koska
Middle Welsh: kyscaf
Welsh: cysgu

Generally held as cognate to Proto-Italic *kubāō (“to lie down”); whether the Proto-Indo-European form was *kewbʰ-, *kewb-, or *(s)kewbʰ- is uncertain. Matasović, in a desperate attempt to find non-Italo-Celtic cognates, takes *(s)kewbʰ- as the proto-form, and relates the Celtic and Italic terms to Proto-Germanic *skeubaną (“to shove”), noting that Latin iacio (“to throw”) and iaceo (“to lie”) are examples of words that demonstrate an association between "throwing forward" actions and "lying down" actions. Germanicists do not follow this comparison. Contains the suffix *-sketi.


uɸostatos

uɸostatos (nominative singular)
uɸostatou (dual nominative)
uɸostatoi (nominative plural)
uɸostate (singular vocative)
uɸostatou (dual vocative)
uɸostatoi (plural vocative)
uɸostatom (accusative singular)
uɸostatou (accusative dual)
uɸostatons (accusative plural)
uɸostatī (genitive singular)
uɸostatous (dual genitive)
uɸostatom (genitive plural)
uɸostatūi (dative singular)
uɸostatobom (dative dual)
uɸostatobos (dative plural)
uɸostatū (instrumental singular)
uɸostatobim (dual instrumental)
uɸostatobis (instrumental plural)
uɸostatā (nominative singular)
uɸostatai (dual nominative)
uɸostatās (nominative plural)
uɸostatā (singular vocative)
uɸostatai (dual vocative)
uɸostatās (plural vocative)
uɸostatam (accusative singular)
uɸostatai (accusative dual)
uɸostatans (accusative plural)
uɸostatās (genitive singular)
uɸostatai (dative singular)
uɸostatābom (dative dual)
uɸostatābos (dative plural)
uɸostatābim (dual instrumental)
uɸostatābis (instrumental plural)
uɸostatom (nominative singular)
uɸostatā (nominative plural)
uɸostatom (singular vocative)
uɸostatā (plural vocative)
uɸostatā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwostad

Old Breton: gwastat

Middle Breton: goustad

Breton: goustad (“softly, slowly”)

Middle Welsh: gwastat, guastat

Welsh: gwastad

Old Irish: fossad

From Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-tós, from *upó + *steh₂- + *-tós. On the surface, contains the prefix *uɸo-.


slimnos

slimnos (nominative singular)
slimnou (dual nominative)
slimnoi (nominative plural)
slimne (singular vocative)
slimnou (dual vocative)
slimnoi (plural vocative)
slimnom (accusative singular)
slimnou (accusative dual)
slimnons (accusative plural)
slimnī (genitive singular)
slimnous (dual genitive)
slimnom (genitive plural)
slimnūi (dative singular)
slimnobom (dative dual)
slimnobos (dative plural)
slimnū (instrumental singular)
slimnobim (dual instrumental)
slimnobis (instrumental plural)
slimnā (nominative singular)
slimnai (dual nominative)
slimnās (nominative plural)
slimnā (singular vocative)
slimnai (dual vocative)
slimnās (plural vocative)
slimnam (accusative singular)
slimnai (accusative dual)
slimnans (accusative plural)
slimnās (genitive singular)
slimnai (dative singular)
slimnābom (dative dual)
slimnābos (dative plural)
slimnābim (dual instrumental)
slimnābis (instrumental plural)
slimnom (nominative singular)
slimnā (nominative plural)
slimnom (singular vocative)
slimnā (plural vocative)
slimnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨβ̃n

Old Breton: limn

Breton: levn

desc

⇒ Middle Breton: dileffn (“hard”, literally “dis-smooth”)

⇒ Old Welsh: limnint (3pl present)

Middle Welsh: llyfyn

Welsh: llyfn

Old Irish: slemon

Irish: sleamhain

Scottish Gaelic: sleamhainn

Manx: shliawin

Matasović compares with Latin līmō (“to polish”) and Old High German slīmen (“to polish”). Others have compared to Proto-Germanic *slīmą (“slime”), Latvian slienas (“saliva”), and Proto-Slavic *slina (“saliva”). For these a Proto-Indo-European root *sleyH- or *sleh₁y- can be reconstructed. The coexistence of forms *slimnos and *slimonos in Celtic, if correct, would point to the original ablauting paradigm *sléy(H)-mō ~ *sli(H)-mn-ós. Matasović prefers a suffix *-ono- on the traditional root *sley-.


brestā

brestā (nominative singular)
brestai (dual nominative)
brestās (nominative plural)
brestā (singular vocative)
brestai (dual vocative)
brestās (plural vocative)
brestam (accusative singular)
brestai (accusative dual)
brestāns (accusative plural)
brestās (genitive singular)
brestous (dual genitive)
brestom (genitive plural)
brestāi (dative singular)
brestābom (dative dual)
brestābos (dative plural)
brestai (locative singular)
brestābim (dual instrumental)
brestābis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: bres (“fight, effort”)

Identified by Vendryes and later Matasović as cognate to Proto-Germanic *brestaną (“to burst, break”).


ɸarextus

ɸarextus (nominative singular)
ɸarextū (dual nominative)
ɸarextowes (nominative plural)
ɸarextu (singular vocative)
ɸarextū (dual vocative)
ɸarextūs (plural vocative)
ɸarextum (accusative singular)
ɸarextū (accusative dual)
ɸarextuns (accusative plural)
ɸarextous (genitive singular)
ɸarextous (dual genitive)
ɸarextowom (genitive plural)
ɸarextou (dative singular)
ɸarextubom (dative dual)
ɸarextubos (dative plural)
ɸarextū (instrumental singular)
ɸarextubim (dual instrumental)
ɸarextubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Breton: areizh (“diatribe”) (Peurunvan spelling), areih (attestations with Vannetais debuccalization written)

Cornish: areth (“lecture, speech”)

Middle Welsh: areith (“speech, address, utterance”)

Welsh: araith

Old Irish: airecht (“assembly”)

Irish: oireacht

Unknown. Matasović, and Pyysalo after him, believe that the term contains the prefix *ɸare-. Zair on the other hand still believes the identity of the prefix to be unclear. Lindeman on the other hand outright denies the existence of any prefixation on this term. However, everyone agrees that the word contains the suffix *-tus.
The palatalization in Goidelic is unexpected; a form **aracht would be expected (see also canaid < *kaneti). Reconstructing *ɸarixtus would yield the Goidelic forms directly but lead to Welsh **eirith and the like due to i-affection, necessitating a reconstruction *ɸarixtā so that the i-affection is blocked by a previous a-affection. In fact, Stifter (personal communication) thinks that *ɸarixtā may have yielded the Goidelic forms too, given how its case-forms are mainly attested in late manuscripts whose scribes were unable to distinguish e.g. -ae (genitive singular of ā-stems) and -a (genitive singular of u-stems) since they had merged in later scribes' speech.
There are multiple theories on the underlying root's identity.
* Zair mentions a theory by Vendryes where the term is related to Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”).
* Lindeman derives this term from a k-extension of Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁- (“to reckon”). He also identifies this extension in Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”) and Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rahnjan, “to reckon, count”).
* Matasović makes a connection with Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵ- (“to say”).
* Pyysalo admits that Matasović's derivation is valid, but offers an alternative connection to Avestan 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬑𐬀 (viiāxa, “gathering, meeting”), for which he reconstructs *HekH- (note that Pyysalo does not believe in three laryngeals, he only believes in one laryngeal pronounced like *h₂; in turn he also believes in the existence of *a and an array of a-diphthongs).


mergī

mergī (nominative singular)
mergī (singular vocative)
mergīm (accusative singular)
mergyās (genitive singular)
mergyai (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *merɣ

desc

Middle Breton: (with irregular -gl suffix) mercl, mergl

Breton: mergl

Old Irish: meirc

Irish: meirg

Scottish Gaelic: meirg

Manx: mergey, mergid

From Proto-Indo-European *merǵ- (“to be wet, withered”). Cognate with Middle High German murc (“withered”), Russian моро́з (moróz, “frost”) and Albanian mardhë (“frost”).


ouxsanatā

ouxsanatā (nominative singular)
ouxsanatai (dual nominative)
ouxsanatās (nominative plural)
ouxsanatā (singular vocative)
ouxsanatai (dual vocative)
ouxsanatās (plural vocative)
ouxsanatam (accusative singular)
ouxsanatai (accusative dual)
ouxsanatāns (accusative plural)
ouxsanatās (genitive singular)
ouxsanatous (dual genitive)
ouxsanatom (genitive plural)
ouxsanatāi (dative singular)
ouxsanatābom (dative dual)
ouxsanatābos (dative plural)
ouxsanatai (locative singular)
ouxsanatābim (dual instrumental)
ouxsanatābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉxanad

Middle Breton: huanat

Breton: huanad

Middle Welsh: ucheneid, ychenaid

Welsh: uchenaid, ochenaid

Old Irish: osnad

Middle Irish: osnad

Irish: osna

Scottish Gaelic: osna

Manx: osney

From *(o)uxs- + *ana- (originally "to breathe") + *-tā (verbal noun suffix), literally “up-breath”.


dedmis

dedmis (nominative singular)
dedmī (dual nominative)
dedmīs (nominative plural)
dedmi (singular vocative)
dedmī (dual vocative)
dedmīs (plural vocative)
dedmim (accusative singular)
dedmī (accusative dual)
dedmins (accusative plural)
dedmeis (genitive singular)
dedmyow (dual genitive)
dedmyom (genitive plural)
dedmei (dative singular)
dedmibom (dative dual)
dedmibos (dative plural)
dedmei (locative singular)
dedmī (instrumental singular)
dedmibim (dual instrumental)
dedmibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *deðβ̃

Middle Welsh: dedyf

Welsh: deddf

Middle Irish: deidmea (gen. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰe-dʰh₁-m-is, a reduplicated formation from *dʰeh₁- (“to do”).

defod

Middle Welsh: devaud, deuawt, deuaut, deuawd, defawt; Welsh


nadsketi

nadskū (active first-person present singular)
nadskemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ninādsū (active first-person future singular)
nenāda (active first-person preterite singular)
nadskesi (active present second-person singular)
nadsketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ninādsesi (active future second-person singular)
nenādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
nadsketi (active present singular third-person)
nadsketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
ninādseti (active future singular third-person)
nenāde (active preterite singular third-person)
nadskomosi (active first-person plural present)
nadskemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ninādsomosi (active first-person future plural)
nenādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
nadsketesi (active plural present second-person)
nadskestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ninādsetesi (active future plural second-person)
nenāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
nadskonti (active plural present third-person)
nadskento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ninādsonti (active future plural third-person)
nenādars (active plural preterite third-person)
nādsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
nādsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
nadske (active imperative second-person singular)
nādseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
nadsketou (active imperative singular third-person)
nādsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
nadskomos (active first-person imperative plural)
nādsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
nadskete (active imperative plural second-person)
nādsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
nadskontou (active imperative plural third-person)
nadskūr (first-person passive present singular)
ninādsūr (first-person future passive singular)
nenādra (first-person passive preterite singular)
nadsketar (passive present second-person singular)
ninādsetar (future passive second-person singular)
nenādras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
nadsketor (passive present singular third-person)
ninādsetor (future passive singular third-person)
nenādre (passive preterite singular third-person)
nadskommor (first-person passive plural present)
ninādsommor (first-person future passive plural)
nadskedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ninādsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
nadskontor (passive plural present third-person)
ninādsontor (future passive plural third-person)
nādsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
nādsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
nādsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
nādsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
nādsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
nādsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
nadskonts (nominative singular)
nadskonte (dual nominative)
nadskontes (nominative plural)
nadskonts (singular vocative)
nadskonte (dual vocative)
nadskontes (plural vocative)
nadskontam (accusative singular)
nadskonte (accusative dual)
nadskontans (accusative plural)
nadskantos (genitive singular)
nadskantom (genitive plural)
nadskantei (dative singular)
nadskantbom (dative dual)
nadskantbos (dative plural)
nadskantī? (instrumental singular)
nadskantbim (dual instrumental)
nadskantbis (instrumental plural)
nadskantī (nominative singular)
nadskantī (dual nominative)
nadskantiyās (nominative plural)
nadskantī (singular vocative)
nadskantī (dual vocative)
nadskantiyās (plural vocative)
nadskantīm (accusative singular)
nadskantī (accusative dual)
nadskantiyans (accusative plural)
nadskantyās (genitive singular)
nadskantyom (genitive plural)
nadskantyāi (dative singular)
nadskantyābom (dative dual)
nadskantyābos (dative plural)
nadskantyābim (dual instrumental)
nadskantyābis (instrumental plural)
nadskont (nominative singular)
nadskonta (nominative plural)
nadskont (singular vocative)
nadskonta (plural vocative)
nadskont (accusative singular)
nadskonta (accusative plural)
nassos (nominative singular)
nassou (dual nominative)
nassoi (nominative plural)
nasse (singular vocative)
nassou (dual vocative)
nassoi (plural vocative)
nassom (accusative singular)
nassou (accusative dual)
nassons (accusative plural)
nassī (genitive singular)
nassous (dual genitive)
nassom (genitive plural)
nassūi (dative singular)
nassobom (dative dual)
nassobos (dative plural)
nassū (instrumental singular)
nassobim (dual instrumental)
nassobis (instrumental plural)
nassā (nominative singular)
nassai (dual nominative)
nassās (nominative plural)
nassā (singular vocative)
nassai (dual vocative)
nassās (plural vocative)
nassam (accusative singular)
nassai (accusative dual)
nassans (accusative plural)
nassās (genitive singular)
nassai (dative singular)
nassābom (dative dual)
nassābos (dative plural)
nassābim (dual instrumental)
nassābis (instrumental plural)
nassom (nominative singular)
nassā (nominative plural)
nassom (singular vocative)
nassā (plural vocative)
nassā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: nasca

Breton: naskañ

desctree

Old Irish: nascaid
Irish: nasc
Manx: naisht
Scottish Gaelic: naisg

From Proto-Indo-European *neHd- + *-sḱéti. Related to Proto-Germanic *natją (“net”) in addition to Latin nōdus (“knot”) and nassa (“fish-catching basket”).


noweti

nowū (active first-person present singular)
nowemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
nowesi (active present second-person singular)
nowetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
noweti (active present singular third-person)
noweto (active imperfect singular third-person)
nowomosi (active first-person plural present)
nowemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
nowetesi (active plural present second-person)
nowestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
nowonti (active plural present third-person)
nowento (active imperfect plural third-person)
nowasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
nowasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
nowe (active imperative second-person singular)
nowaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
nowetou (active imperative singular third-person)
nowasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
nowomos (active first-person imperative plural)
nowasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
nowete (active imperative plural second-person)
nowasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
nowontou (active imperative plural third-person)
nowūr (first-person passive present singular)
nowetar (passive present second-person singular)
nowetor (passive present singular third-person)
nowommor (first-person passive plural present)
nowedwe (passive plural present second-person)
nowontor (passive plural present third-person)
nowasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
nowasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
nowasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
nowasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
nowasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
nowasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
nowonts (nominative singular)
nowonte (dual nominative)
nowontes (nominative plural)
nowonts (singular vocative)
nowonte (dual vocative)
nowontes (plural vocative)
nowontam (accusative singular)
nowonte (accusative dual)
nowontans (accusative plural)
nowantos (genitive singular)
nowantom (genitive plural)
nowantei (dative singular)
nowantbom (dative dual)
nowantbos (dative plural)
nowantī? (instrumental singular)
nowantbim (dual instrumental)
nowantbis (instrumental plural)
nowantī (nominative singular)
nowantī (dual nominative)
nowantiyās (nominative plural)
nowantī (singular vocative)
nowantī (dual vocative)
nowantiyās (plural vocative)
nowantīm (accusative singular)
nowantī (accusative dual)
nowantiyans (accusative plural)
nowantyās (genitive singular)
nowantyom (genitive plural)
nowantyāi (dative singular)
nowantyābom (dative dual)
nowantyābos (dative plural)
nowantyābim (dual instrumental)
nowantyābis (instrumental plural)
nowont (nominative singular)
nowonta (nominative plural)
nowont (singular vocative)
nowonta (plural vocative)
nowont (accusative singular)
nowonta (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to nod, assent”).

der

Old Irish: ad·noíMiddle Irish: aithnidIrish: aithinScottish Gaelic: àithn ()

dinou

Old Breton: dinouam (1sg. present); Middle Breton


atinowom

atinowom (nominative singular)
atinowou (dual nominative)
atinowā (nominative plural)
atinowom (singular vocative)
atinowou (dual vocative)
atinowā (plural vocative)
atinowom (accusative singular)
atinowou (accusative dual)
atinowā (accusative plural)
atinowī (genitive singular)
atinowous (dual genitive)
atinowom (genitive plural)
atinowūi (dative singular)
atinowobom (dative dual)
atinowobos (dative plural)
atinowei (locative singular)
atinowū (instrumental singular)
atinowobim (dual instrumental)
atinowūis (instrumental plural)

From *ati- (“re-”) + *now- (“to nod”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix). Verbal noun of *ati-noweti "to entrust", whence Old Irish ad·noí.


nigyeti

nigyū (active first-person present singular)
nigyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ninixsū (active first-person future singular)
ninoiga (active first-person preterite singular)
nigyesi (active present second-person singular)
nigyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ninixsesi (active future second-person singular)
ninoigas? (active preterite second-person singular)
nigyeti (active present singular third-person)
nigyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
ninixseti (active future singular third-person)
ninoige (active preterite singular third-person)
nigyomosi (active first-person plural present)
nigyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ninixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ninoigmo (active first-person plural preterite)
nigyetesi (active plural present second-person)
nigyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ninixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ninoixte (active plural preterite second-person)
nigyonti (active plural present third-person)
nigyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ninixsonti (active future plural third-person)
ninoigars (active plural preterite third-person)
neixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
neixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
nigye (active imperative second-person singular)
neixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
nigyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
neixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
nigyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
neixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
nigyete (active imperative plural second-person)
neixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
nigyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
nigyūr (first-person passive present singular)
ninixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ninoigra (first-person passive preterite singular)
nigyetar (passive present second-person singular)
ninixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ninoigras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
nigyetor (passive present singular third-person)
ninixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ninoigre (passive preterite singular third-person)
nigyommor (first-person passive plural present)
ninixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
nigyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ninixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
nigyontor (passive plural present third-person)
ninixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
neixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
neixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
neixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
neixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
neixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
neixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
nigyonts (nominative singular)
nigyonte (dual nominative)
nigyontes (nominative plural)
nigyonts (singular vocative)
nigyonte (dual vocative)
nigyontes (plural vocative)
nigyontam (accusative singular)
nigyonte (accusative dual)
nigyontans (accusative plural)
nigyantos (genitive singular)
nigyantom (genitive plural)
nigyantei (dative singular)
nigyantbom (dative dual)
nigyantbos (dative plural)
nigyantī? (instrumental singular)
nigyantbim (dual instrumental)
nigyantbis (instrumental plural)
nigyantī (nominative singular)
nigyantī (dual nominative)
nigyantiyās (nominative plural)
nigyantī (singular vocative)
nigyantī (dual vocative)
nigyantiyās (plural vocative)
nigyantīm (accusative singular)
nigyantī (accusative dual)
nigyantiyans (accusative plural)
nigyantyās (genitive singular)
nigyantyom (genitive plural)
nigyantyāi (dative singular)
nigyantyābom (dative dual)
nigyantyābos (dative plural)
nigyantyābim (dual instrumental)
nigyantyābis (instrumental plural)
nigyont (nominative singular)
nigyonta (nominative plural)
nigyont (singular vocative)
nigyonta (plural vocative)
nigyont (accusative singular)
nigyonta (accusative plural)
nixtos (nominative singular)
nixtou (dual nominative)
nixtoi (nominative plural)
nixte (singular vocative)
nixtou (dual vocative)
nixtoi (plural vocative)
nixtom (accusative singular)
nixtou (accusative dual)
nixtons (accusative plural)
nixtī (genitive singular)
nixtous (dual genitive)
nixtom (genitive plural)
nixtūi (dative singular)
nixtobom (dative dual)
nixtobos (dative plural)
nixtū (instrumental singular)
nixtobim (dual instrumental)
nixtobis (instrumental plural)
nixtā (nominative singular)
nixtai (dual nominative)
nixtās (nominative plural)
nixtā (singular vocative)
nixtai (dual vocative)
nixtās (plural vocative)
nixtam (accusative singular)
nixtai (accusative dual)
nixtans (accusative plural)
nixtās (genitive singular)
nixtai (dative singular)
nixtābom (dative dual)
nixtābos (dative plural)
nixtābim (dual instrumental)
nixtābis (instrumental plural)
nixtom (nominative singular)
nixtā (nominative plural)
nixtom (singular vocative)
nixtā (plural vocative)
nixtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: nigid
Middle Irish: nigid
Irish: nigh
Manx: niee
Scottish Gaelic: nigh

From Proto-Indo-European *nigyéti (whence also Ancient Greek νίζω (nízō)), from *neygʷ- (“to wash”). The loss of labialization when *-yéti was attached is regular.


ɸiɸoike

ɸiɸoika (active first-person preterite singular)
ɸiɸoikas? (active preterite second-person singular)
ɸiɸoike (active preterite singular third-person)
ɸiɸoikmo (active first-person plural preterite)
ɸiɸoixte (active plural preterite second-person)
ɸiɸoikars (active plural preterite third-person)
ɸiɸoikra (first-person passive preterite singular)
ɸiɸoikras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
ɸiɸoikre (passive preterite singular third-person)
ɸixtos (nominative singular)
ɸixtou (dual nominative)
ɸixtoi (nominative plural)
ɸixte (singular vocative)
ɸixtou (dual vocative)
ɸixtoi (plural vocative)
ɸixtom (accusative singular)
ɸixtou (accusative dual)
ɸixtons (accusative plural)
ɸixtī (genitive singular)
ɸixtous (dual genitive)
ɸixtom (genitive plural)
ɸixtūi (dative singular)
ɸixtobom (dative dual)
ɸixtobos (dative plural)
ɸixtū (instrumental singular)
ɸixtobim (dual instrumental)
ɸixtobis (instrumental plural)
ɸixtā (nominative singular)
ɸixtai (dual nominative)
ɸixtās (nominative plural)
ɸixtā (singular vocative)
ɸixtai (dual vocative)
ɸixtās (plural vocative)
ɸixtam (accusative singular)
ɸixtai (accusative dual)
ɸixtans (accusative plural)
ɸixtās (genitive singular)
ɸixtai (dative singular)
ɸixtābom (dative dual)
ɸixtābos (dative plural)
ɸixtābim (dual instrumental)
ɸixtābis (instrumental plural)
ɸixtom (nominative singular)
ɸixtā (nominative plural)
ɸixtom (singular vocative)
ɸixtā (plural vocative)
ɸixtā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to hew, cut out”).

der

gorwyth

alternative preterite derived from the past participle


ɸlinīti

ɸlinīmi (active first-person present singular)
ɸlinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸlinīsi (active present second-person singular)
ɸlinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸlinīti (active present singular third-person)
ɸlinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸlinamosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸlinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸlinatesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸlinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸlinenti (active plural present third-person)
ɸlinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸlinī (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸlinītou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸlinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸlinate (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸlinentou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸlinīr (first-person passive present singular)
ɸlinītar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸlinītor (passive present singular third-person)
ɸlinammor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸlinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸlinentor (passive plural present third-person)
ɸlinonts (nominative singular)
ɸlinonte (dual nominative)
ɸlinontes (nominative plural)
ɸlinonts (singular vocative)
ɸlinonte (dual vocative)
ɸlinontes (plural vocative)
ɸlinontam (accusative singular)
ɸlinonte (accusative dual)
ɸlinontans (accusative plural)
ɸlinantos (genitive singular)
ɸlinantom (genitive plural)
ɸlinantei (dative singular)
ɸlinantbom (dative dual)
ɸlinantbos (dative plural)
ɸlinantī? (instrumental singular)
ɸlinantbim (dual instrumental)
ɸlinantbis (instrumental plural)
ɸlinantī (nominative singular)
ɸlinantī (dual nominative)
ɸlinantiyās (nominative plural)
ɸlinantī (singular vocative)
ɸlinantī (dual vocative)
ɸlinantiyās (plural vocative)
ɸlinantīm (accusative singular)
ɸlinantī (accusative dual)
ɸlinantiyans (accusative plural)
ɸlinantyās (genitive singular)
ɸlinantyom (genitive plural)
ɸlinantyāi (dative singular)
ɸlinantyābom (dative dual)
ɸlinantyābos (dative plural)
ɸlinantyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlinantyābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlinont (nominative singular)
ɸlinonta (nominative plural)
ɸlinont (singular vocative)
ɸlinonta (plural vocative)
ɸlinont (accusative singular)
ɸlinonta (accusative plural)

Since McCone, often derived from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥néh₁ti, a nasal-infix present to Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”).


madawyos

madauyos (nominative singular)
madauyou (dual nominative)
madauyoi (nominative plural)
madauye (singular vocative)
madauyou (dual vocative)
madauyoi (plural vocative)
madauyom (accusative singular)
madauyou (accusative dual)
madauyons (accusative plural)
madauyī (genitive singular)
madauyous (dual genitive)
madauyom (genitive plural)
madauyūi (dative singular)
madauyobom (dative dual)
madauyobos (dative plural)
madauyū (instrumental singular)
madauyobim (dual instrumental)
madauyobis (instrumental plural)
madauyā (nominative singular)
madauyai (dual nominative)
madauyās (nominative plural)
madauyā (singular vocative)
madauyai (dual vocative)
madauyās (plural vocative)
madauyam (accusative singular)
madauyai (accusative dual)
madauyans (accusative plural)
madauyās (genitive singular)
madauyai (dative singular)
madauyābom (dative dual)
madauyābos (dative plural)
madauyābim (dual instrumental)
madauyābis (instrumental plural)
madauyom (nominative singular)
madauyā (nominative plural)
madauyom (singular vocative)
madauyā (plural vocative)
madauyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *madaw f

Old Breton: madau

Middle Welsh: maðeu

Welsh: maddau

desctree

Old Irish: madae
Middle Irish: mada, muda

From unattested adjective *madawos + *-yos, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂dh₂-wó-s, possibly related to *madyeti (“to break”), perhaps from *meh₂d- (“to be wet”).


dīreiyom

dīreiyom (nominative singular)
dīreiyou (dual nominative)
dīreiyā (nominative plural)
dīreiyom (singular vocative)
dīreiyou (dual vocative)
dīreiyā (plural vocative)
dīreiyom (accusative singular)
dīreiyou (accusative dual)
dīreiyā (accusative plural)
dīreiyī (genitive singular)
dīreiyous (dual genitive)
dīreiyom (genitive plural)
dīreiyūi (dative singular)
dīreiyobom (dative dual)
dīreiyobos (dative plural)
dīreiyei (locative singular)
dīreiyū (instrumental singular)
dīreiyobim (dual instrumental)
dīreiyūis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: diruy, dyruy, dyrwy

Welsh: dirwy

Old Irish: díre

Middle Irish: díre

From *dī- + *rei- (“to sell”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix).


korkyos

korkyos (nominative singular)
korkyou (dual nominative)
korkyoi (nominative plural)
korkye (singular vocative)
korkyou (dual vocative)
korkyoi (plural vocative)
korkyom (accusative singular)
korkyou (accusative dual)
korkyons (accusative plural)
korkyī (genitive singular)
korkyous (dual genitive)
korkyom (genitive plural)
korkyūi (dative singular)
korkyobom (dative dual)
korkyobos (dative plural)
korkyei (locative singular)
korkyū (instrumental singular)
korkyobim (dual instrumental)
korkyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *körx

Middle Breton: kerch

Breton: kerc'h

Old Cornish: keirch

Cornish: kergh

Middle Welsh: ceirch, keirch, keyrc

Welsh: ceirch

Middle Irish: corca

Irish: coirce

Scottish Gaelic: coirce

Manx: corkey

Unknown. Matasović assumes it may have been borrowed from an unidentifiable substrate language. De Bernardo Stempel alternatively derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer(h₁)-.


yutos

yutos (nominative singular)
yutou (dual nominative)
yutoi (nominative plural)
yute (singular vocative)
yutou (dual vocative)
yutoi (plural vocative)
yutom (accusative singular)
yutou (accusative dual)
yutons (accusative plural)
yutī (genitive singular)
yutous (dual genitive)
yutom (genitive plural)
yutūi (dative singular)
yutobom (dative dual)
yutobos (dative plural)
yutei (locative singular)
yutū (instrumental singular)
yutobim (dual instrumental)
yutūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jud

Middle Breton: yot

Breton: yod

Old Cornish: iot

Cornish: yos

Old Welsh: iot

Middle Welsh: iwt, yut

Welsh: uwd, iwd

desc

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">íth</i> (“fat, grease”)

Old Irish: íth (influenced by íth (“fat, grease”))

Gaulish: *iottā

Latin: iotta (Gallo-Latin)

Connected by Pokorny to Latin iūs (“soup, broth”), from Proto-Indo-European *yéwHs (“soup”).


samalis

samalis (nominative singular)
samalī (dual nominative)
samalīs (nominative plural)
samali (singular vocative)
samalī (dual vocative)
samalīs (plural vocative)
samalim (accusative singular)
samalī (accusative dual)
samalins (accusative plural)
samaleis (genitive singular)
samalyow (dual genitive)
samalyom (genitive plural)
samalei (dative singular)
samalibom (dative dual)
samalibos (dative plural)
samalei (locative singular)
samalī (instrumental singular)
samalibim (dual instrumental)
samalibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *haβ̃al
Middle Breton: hanual
Breton: hañval
Cornish: haval
Middle Welsh: haual, haval
Welsh: hafal

Old Irish: samail
Irish: samhail
Scottish Gaelic: samhla

From Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₂-lo-, from *sem- (“together, one”). A similar formation also underlies Latin similis.


sladyeti

sladyū (active first-person present singular)
sladyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
seslātsū (active first-person future singular)
sladyesi (active present second-person singular)
sladyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
seslātsesi (active future second-person singular)
sladyeti (active present singular third-person)
sladyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
seslātseti (active future singular third-person)
sladyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sladyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
seslātsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sladyetesi (active plural present second-person)
sladyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
seslātsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sladyonti (active plural present third-person)
sladyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
seslātsonti (active future plural third-person)
slātsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
slātsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sladye (active imperative second-person singular)
slātseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sladyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
slātsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sladyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
slātsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sladyete (active imperative plural second-person)
slātsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sladyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sladyūr (first-person passive present singular)
seslātsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sladyetar (passive present second-person singular)
seslātsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sladyetor (passive present singular third-person)
seslātsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sladyommor (first-person passive plural present)
seslātsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sladyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
seslātsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sladyontor (passive plural present third-person)
seslātsontor (future passive plural third-person)
slātsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
slātsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
slātsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
slātsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
slātsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
slātsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
sladyonts (nominative singular)
sladyonte (dual nominative)
sladyontes (nominative plural)
sladyonts (singular vocative)
sladyonte (dual vocative)
sladyontes (plural vocative)
sladyontam (accusative singular)
sladyonte (accusative dual)
sladyontans (accusative plural)
sladyantos (genitive singular)
sladyantom (genitive plural)
sladyantei (dative singular)
sladyantbom (dative dual)
sladyantbos (dative plural)
sladyantī? (instrumental singular)
sladyantbim (dual instrumental)
sladyantbis (instrumental plural)
sladyantī (nominative singular)
sladyantī (dual nominative)
sladyantiyās (nominative plural)
sladyantī (singular vocative)
sladyantī (dual vocative)
sladyantiyās (plural vocative)
sladyantīm (accusative singular)
sladyantī (accusative dual)
sladyantiyans (accusative plural)
sladyantyās (genitive singular)
sladyantyom (genitive plural)
sladyantyāi (dative singular)
sladyantyābom (dative dual)
sladyantyābos (dative plural)
sladyantyābim (dual instrumental)
sladyantyābis (instrumental plural)
sladyont (nominative singular)
sladyonta (nominative plural)
sladyont (singular vocative)
sladyonta (plural vocative)
sladyont (accusative singular)
sladyonta (accusative plural)
slassos (nominative singular)
slassou (dual nominative)
slassoi (nominative plural)
slasse (singular vocative)
slassou (dual vocative)
slassoi (plural vocative)
slassom (accusative singular)
slassou (accusative dual)
slassons (accusative plural)
slassī (genitive singular)
slassous (dual genitive)
slassom (genitive plural)
slassūi (dative singular)
slassobom (dative dual)
slassobos (dative plural)
slassū (instrumental singular)
slassobim (dual instrumental)
slassobis (instrumental plural)
slassā (nominative singular)
slassai (dual nominative)
slassās (nominative plural)
slassā (singular vocative)
slassai (dual vocative)
slassās (plural vocative)
slassam (accusative singular)
slassai (accusative dual)
slassans (accusative plural)
slassās (genitive singular)
slassai (dative singular)
slassābom (dative dual)
slassābos (dative plural)
slassābim (dual instrumental)
slassābis (instrumental plural)
slassom (nominative singular)
slassā (nominative plural)
slassom (singular vocative)
slassā (plural vocative)
slassā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llėiðɨd

Old Breton: ladam (1sg. pres.)

Middle Breton: lazaff

Breton: lazhañ

Middle Cornish: lathaf

Cornish: ladha

Old Welsh: ledit (3sg. pres.)

Middle Welsh: lladd (finite forms)

Welsh: lladd

Old Irish: slaidid

Middle Irish: slaidid

Unknown. The only similar-looking word of comparable semantics would be Proto-Germanic *slahaną (“to strike, slay”).


sladyā

sladyā (nominative singular)
sladyai (dual nominative)
sladyās (nominative plural)
sladyā (singular vocative)
sladyai (dual vocative)
sladyās (plural vocative)
sladyam (accusative singular)
sladyai (accusative dual)
sladyāns (accusative plural)
sladyās (genitive singular)
sladyous (dual genitive)
sladyom (genitive plural)
sladyāi (dative singular)
sladyābom (dative dual)
sladyābos (dative plural)
sladyai (locative singular)
sladyābim (dual instrumental)
sladyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llað

Breton: lazh

Middle Welsh: lladd

Welsh: lladd

Old Irish: slaide

From *slad- (“to strike, slay”) + *-yā (verbal noun suffix).


gʷeltis

gʷeltis (nominative singular)
gʷeltī (dual nominative)
gʷeltīs (nominative plural)
gʷelti (singular vocative)
gʷeltī (dual vocative)
gʷeltīs (plural vocative)
gʷeltim (accusative singular)
gʷeltī (accusative dual)
gʷeltins (accusative plural)
gʷelteis (genitive singular)
gʷeltyou (dual genitive)
gʷeltyom (genitive plural)
gʷeltei (dative singular)
gʷeltibom (dative dual)
gʷeltibos (dative plural)
gʷeltī (instrumental singular)
gʷeltibim (dual instrumental)
gʷeltibis (instrumental plural)
gʷelti (nominative singular)
gʷeltyā (nominative plural)
gʷeltyā (plural vocative)
gʷelti (accusative singular)
gʷeltyā (accusative plural)
gʷeltois (genitive singular)
gʷeltois (dual genitive)
gʷeltē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨlt

Old Breton: gueld-

Breton: gouez

Old Cornish: guill

Cornish: gwyls

Middle Welsh: gwyllt, guyll

Welsh: gwyllt

Middle Irish: geilt

Irish: gealt

A Celtic-Germanic isogloss; see Proto-Germanic *wilþijaz (“wild”).


sistati

sistū (active first-person present singular)
sistamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sestū (active first-person preterite singular)
sistasi (active present second-person singular)
sistatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sestūs (active preterite second-person singular)
sistati (active present singular third-person)
sistato (active imperfect singular third-person)
sestū (active preterite singular third-person)
sistomosi (active first-person plural present)
sistamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sestamo (active first-person plural preterite)
sistatesi (active plural present second-person)
sistastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sestate (active plural preterite second-person)
sistonti (active plural present third-person)
sistanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
sestars (active plural preterite third-person)
sista (active imperative second-person singular)
sistatou (active imperative singular third-person)
sistomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sistate (active imperative plural second-person)
sistontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sistūr (first-person passive present singular)
sistatar (passive present second-person singular)
sistator (passive present singular third-person)
sistommor (first-person passive plural present)
sistadwe (passive plural present second-person)
sistontor (passive plural present third-person)
sistonts (nominative singular)
sistonte (dual nominative)
sistontes (nominative plural)
sistonts (singular vocative)
sistonte (dual vocative)
sistontes (plural vocative)
sistontam (accusative singular)
sistonte (accusative dual)
sistontans (accusative plural)
sistantos (genitive singular)
sistantom (genitive plural)
sistantei (dative singular)
sistantbom (dative dual)
sistantbos (dative plural)
sistantī? (instrumental singular)
sistantbim (dual instrumental)
sistantbis (instrumental plural)
sistantī (nominative singular)
sistantī (dual nominative)
sistantiyās (nominative plural)
sistantī (singular vocative)
sistantī (dual vocative)
sistantiyās (plural vocative)
sistantīm (accusative singular)
sistantī (accusative dual)
sistantiyans (accusative plural)
sistantyās (genitive singular)
sistantyom (genitive plural)
sistantyāi (dative singular)
sistantyābom (dative dual)
sistantyābos (dative plural)
sistantyābim (dual instrumental)
sistantyābis (instrumental plural)
sistont (nominative singular)
sistonta (nominative plural)
sistont (singular vocative)
sistonta (plural vocative)
sistont (accusative singular)
sistonta (accusative plural)

desc

preterite of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">saidid</i>

Old Irish: ·roísur (1sg. present), siasair (preterite of saidid)

Celtiberian: sistat