nu

desc

Old Irish: nu (archaic adverb), no- (dummy preverb for simple verbs)

Gaulish: nu (attested in the Lezoux plate)


de

Old Irish: the class B and C pronouns (see {{sga-affixed pronouns}})

Refers back to something in a previous context, but not directly antecedent to the particle


en

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨn
Middle Breton: en
Breton: e
Cornish: yn, en
Old Welsh: in
Middle Welsh: yn
Welsh: yn

Old Irish: i, hí, hi
Middle Irish: i, a
Irish: i
Scottish Gaelic: an
Manx: ayns

Celtiberian: eni

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. Matasović reconstructs *eni for the whole preposition, but since the preposition triggers a nasal mutation/eclipsis instead of a lenition in its descendants, a closed syllable may be reconstructed instead. However, the attested closed syllable could be explained by the theory of the early apocope of final /i/ in unstressed words, usually used to explain the rise of the absolute and conjunct inflection in Old Irish (by treating conjunct forms in the unstressed category).


so

so (nominative singular)
soi (nominative plural)
som (accusative singular)
sons (accusative plural)
sosyo (genitive singular)
soisom (genitive plural)
sosmūi (dative singular)
soibos (dative plural)
soibis (instrumental plural)
sā (nominative singular)
sās (nominative plural)
sā (singular vocative)
sās (plural vocative)
sām (accusative singular)
sans (accusative plural)
sosyās (genitive singular)
sāsom (genitive plural)
sosmai (dative singular)
sābos (dative plural)
sābis (instrumental plural)
sod (nominative singular)
sā (nominative plural)
sod (singular vocative)
sā (plural vocative)
sod (accusative singular)
sā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: so, sa, se, sea, seo, siu
Irish: seo
Scottish Gaelic: seo
Manx: shoh

Gaulish: so


me

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: -m-

desc

ousting <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*mī</i> for the nominative

Old Irish: m-, -um (object pronouns), mé (ousting *mī for the nominative)

Irish: mé

Scottish Gaelic: mi

Manx: mee

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁me, accusative singular of *éǵh₂.


genus

genus (nominative singular)
genū (dual nominative)
genowes (nominative plural)
genu (singular vocative)
genū (dual vocative)
genūs (plural vocative)
genum (accusative singular)
genū (accusative dual)
genuns (accusative plural)
genous (genitive singular)
genous (dual genitive)
genowom (genitive plural)
genou (dative singular)
genubom (dative dual)
genubos (dative plural)
genū (instrumental singular)
genubim (dual instrumental)
genubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gen
Old Breton: gen
Middle Breton: guen
Breton: gen
Old Cornish: genau
Cornish: gen
Middle Welsh: gen
Welsh: gên

Old Irish: giun (“mouth”), gin
Middle Irish: gin
Irish: gion

Gaulish: gena (“cheek”)


ne

Celtiberian: ne

desc

Old Irish: na, ná (with vowel lengthened)

Irish: ná

*nīs(t) (“is not”) (from *ne esti; in Insular Celtic coming to mean simply ‘not’)

Proto-Brythonic: *niOld Breton: neMiddle Breton: neBreton: neCornish: nyOld Welsh: niMiddle Welsh: ny


au

Proto-Brythonic: *a

Old Breton: o

Old Welsh: o, ho

Middle Welsh: o

Welsh: o

desctree

Old Irish: ó, hó, úa, húa
Middle Irish: ó
Irish: ó
Scottish Gaelic: o, bho
Manx: veih, voish

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, down”). Cognate with Latin au-, Sanskrit अव (ava, “down”), Old Church Slavonic оу (u).


es

head

*es (feminine *sī, neuter *ed, plural *eyes)

desctree

Old Irish: é, hé, hǽ
Irish: sé, Irish: é
Scottish Gaelic: e
Manx: eh

Proto-Brythonic: *eβ̃

Breton: eñv

Cornish: ev

Old Welsh: em

Middle Welsh: ef, hi, wy

Welsh: ef (literary); e, fe (colloquial)

Old Irish: a- (masculine)

Old Irish: ed, hed
Middle Irish: ed
Irish: ea
Scottish Gaelic: eadh

Old Irish: a- (neuter)


tu

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: -th-

Old Irish: t-


tod

Proto-Brythonic: *to

Middle Welsh: do

Welsh: do

Old Irish: tó

From Proto-Indo-European *tód, a demonstrative repurposed as an affirmative particle.


tri-

Proto-Brythonic: *trɨ-

Middle Welsh: try-

Welsh: try-

desc

Old Irish: tri- (original form), tre- (more common)

Middle Irish: tre-

in e.g. <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">trigaranus</i>

Gaulish: tri- (in e.g. trigaranus)

From Proto-Indo-European *tri-; prefix counterpart of *trīs.


ambi-

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *amm-
Breton: am-
Cornish: am-
Welsh: am-

Old Irish: imm-, imb-, imme- (in relative verb forms)
Irish: im-

Gaulish: Ambiorix (personal name)


an-

Proto-Brythonic: *an-
Breton: an-
Cornish: an-
Middle Welsh: an-
Welsh: an-, af-

Old Irish: an-, am-, é-, in-
Irish: an-
Scottish Gaelic: an-


bonus

bonus (nominative singular)
bonū (dual nominative)
bonowes (nominative plural)
bonu (singular vocative)
bonū (dual vocative)
bonūs (plural vocative)
bonum (accusative singular)
bonū (accusative dual)
bonuns (accusative plural)
bonous (genitive singular)
bonous (dual genitive)
bonowom (genitive plural)
bonou (dative singular)
bonubom (dative dual)
bonubos (dative plural)
bonū (instrumental singular)
bonubim (dual instrumental)
bonubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bon

Middle Welsh: bon

Welsh: bôn

Cornish: ben

Gaulish: *bona

⇒ Gaulish: *Windobona

→ Latin: Vindobona

Old Irish: bun (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be, become”).


magus

magus (nominative singular)
magū (dual nominative)
magowes (nominative plural)
magu (singular vocative)
magū (dual vocative)
magūs (plural vocative)
magum (accusative singular)
magū (accusative dual)
maguns (accusative plural)
magous (genitive singular)
magous (dual genitive)
magowom (genitive plural)
magou (dative singular)
magubom (dative dual)
magubos (dative plural)
magū (instrumental singular)
magubim (dual instrumental)
magubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maw

Old Breton: mauu (“youth; servant”)

Middle Breton: mau

Breton: maw (“boy”)

Old Cornish:

Cornish: maw

desc

⇒ Middle Welsh: meu-dwy (“servant of God; hermit”)

Welsh: meudwy (“hermit”)

Gaulish: *magus

⇒ Gaulish: *Magurīx

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*mogonts</i>

⇒? Gaulish: Moguntia (alternatively from *mogonts)

→ Latin: Maguntia

→⇒ Latin: Mogontiacum (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Irish: mug (“male servant, serf, bondman”)
Irish: mogh

Cognate with the formally identical Proto-Germanic *maguz (“boy; servant”), if not outright borrowed from Germanic, apparently via Proto-Indo-European *mogʰus (“young person; boy-servant?”). Compare also Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬖𐬀𐬬𐬀 (maγava, “unmarried”).
Matasović, reconstructing *mogus instead of the *magus reconstructed by everyone else, finds himself unable to explain to the /a/-vocalism of Gaulish Magu-.


enter

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨntr
Old Breton: entr-
Middle Breton: entre, intre
Breton: etre
Middle Cornish: yntre, ynter
Cornish: yntra, ynter
Old Welsh: ithr
Welsh: ythr

Old Irish: etar-, eter
Irish: idir
Manx: eddyr
Scottish Gaelic: eadar

Gaulish: entar-

Celtiberian: entara

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁entér. Cognate with Latin inter, Proto-Germanic *under, Sanskrit अन्तर् (antar) and Albanian ndër.


mori

mori (nominative singular)
morī (dual nominative)
moryā (nominative plural)
mori (singular vocative)
morī (dual vocative)
moryā (plural vocative)
mori (accusative singular)
morī (accusative dual)
moryā (accusative plural)
morois (genitive singular)
morois (dual genitive)
moryom (genitive plural)
morei (dative singular)
moribom (dative dual)
moribos (dative plural)
morei (locative singular)
morī (instrumental singular)
moribim (dual instrumental)
moribis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mor
Old Breton: mor
Middle Breton: mor
Breton: mor
Old Cornish: mor
Middle Cornish: mor
Cornish: mor
Middle Welsh: mor
Welsh: môr

Old Irish: muir

Irish: muir

Manx: mooir

Scottish Gaelic: muir

Gaulish: *mori, more

⇒ Gaulish: *Aremorika (< *ɸare-mori-ikā)

→ Latin: Armorica

→ English: Armorica

Middle French: Armorique

→ Middle English: Armorik

French: Armorique

Portuguese: Armórica

→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *morūca


meli

meli (nominative singular)
melī (dual nominative)
melyā (nominative plural)
meli (singular vocative)
melī (dual vocative)
melyā (plural vocative)
meli (accusative singular)
melī (accusative dual)
melyā (accusative plural)
melois (genitive singular)
melois (dual genitive)
melyom (genitive plural)
melei (dative singular)
melibom (dative dual)
melibos (dative plural)
melei (locative singular)
melī (instrumental singular)
melibim (dual instrumental)
melibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mel

Breton: mel

Cornish: mel

Welsh: mêl

Old Irish: mil
Middle Irish: mil
Irish: mil
Scottish Gaelic: mil
Manx: mill

From Proto-Indo-European *mélid (“honey”).


wai

Middle Breton: goa

Breton: gwa

Old Irish: fae

Welsh: gwae

Cornish: go, gew

From Proto-Indo-European *wáy. Compare Latin vae, Lithuanian vai̇̃, vái, Proto-Germanic *wai, Russian увы́ (uvý, “alas”), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬫𐬋𐬌 (vayōi), Sanskrit उवे (uvé), Persian وای (vây).


yo

Celtiberian: ios

Gaulish: -ío

n-g

Old Irish: transphonologized as relative forms of verbs and leniting relative clauses

Traditionally regarded as the stem form of Proto-Indo-European *yós.


gustus

gustus (nominative singular)
gustū (dual nominative)
gustowes (nominative plural)
gustu (singular vocative)
gustū (dual vocative)
gustūs (plural vocative)
gustum (accusative singular)
gustū (accusative dual)
gustuns (accusative plural)
gustous (genitive singular)
gustous (dual genitive)
gustowom (genitive plural)
gustou (dative singular)
gustubom (dative dual)
gustubos (dative plural)
gustū (instrumental singular)
gustubim (dual instrumental)
gustubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: gus (“force”)

Middle Irish: gus (“force”)

Irish: gus

Gaulish: gussou (dat. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus (“taste”).


essi

edmi (active first-person present singular)
ītsū (active first-person future singular)
āda (active first-person preterite singular)
etsi (active present second-person singular)
ītsesi (active future second-person singular)
ādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
essi (active present singular third-person)
ītseti (active future singular third-person)
āde (active preterite singular third-person)
edmosi (active first-person plural present)
ītsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
essesi (active plural present second-person)
ītsetesi (active future plural second-person)
āsse (active plural preterite second-person)
denti (active plural present third-person)
edenti (active plural present third-person)
ītsonti (active future plural third-person)
ādars (active plural preterite third-person)
etsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
etsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
etseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
etsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
etsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
etsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ītsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ādra (first-person passive preterite singular)
ītsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ādras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
ītsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ādre (passive preterite singular third-person)
ītsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ītsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ītsontor (future passive plural third-person)
etsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
etsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
etsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
etsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
etsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
etsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
donts (nominative singular)
donte (dual nominative)
dontes (nominative plural)
donts (singular vocative)
donte (dual vocative)
dontes (plural vocative)
dontam (accusative singular)
donte (accusative dual)
dontans (accusative plural)
dantos (genitive singular)
dantom (genitive plural)
dantei (dative singular)
dantbom (dative dual)
dantbos (dative plural)
dantī? (instrumental singular)
dantbim (dual instrumental)
dantbis (instrumental plural)
dantī (nominative singular)
dantī (dual nominative)
dantiyās (nominative plural)
dantī (singular vocative)
dantī (dual vocative)
dantiyās (plural vocative)
dantīm (accusative singular)
dantī (accusative dual)
dantiyans (accusative plural)
dantyās (genitive singular)
dantyom (genitive plural)
dantyāi (dative singular)
dantyābom (dative dual)
dantyābos (dative plural)
dantyābim (dual instrumental)
dantyābis (instrumental plural)
dont (nominative singular)
donta (nominative plural)
dont (singular vocative)
donta (plural vocative)
dont (accusative singular)
donta (accusative plural)
essos (nominative singular)
essou (dual nominative)
essoi (nominative plural)
esse (singular vocative)
essou (dual vocative)
essoi (plural vocative)
essom (accusative singular)
essou (accusative dual)
essons (accusative plural)
essī (genitive singular)
essous (dual genitive)
essom (genitive plural)
essūi (dative singular)
essobom (dative dual)
essobos (dative plural)
essū (instrumental singular)
essobim (dual instrumental)
essobis (instrumental plural)
essā (nominative singular)
essai (dual nominative)
essās (nominative plural)
essā (singular vocative)
essai (dual vocative)
essās (plural vocative)
essam (accusative singular)
essai (accusative dual)
essans (accusative plural)
essās (genitive singular)
essai (dative singular)
essābom (dative dual)
essābos (dative plural)
essābim (dual instrumental)
essābis (instrumental plural)
essom (nominative singular)
essā (nominative plural)
essom (singular vocative)
essā (plural vocative)
essā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: esat

Welsh: ysu

Old Irish: ithid

Irish: ith

Manx: ee

Scottish Gaelic: ith

Virtually everyone agrees that this verb came from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”). However, the present stem of this verb is one of the most controversial to reconstruct in Proto-Celtic, only matched in controversy with the preterite of *ɸarnati. There are two major theories on how the Goidelic present stem ith- came to be, all of them attributing it to an analogical reformation based on the root *ɸit- that is present in the verbal noun *ɸityā in addition to *ɸitu (“corn, grain”). The steps leading to the suppletion remain up for debate.
* McCone and the KPV reconstruct an original athematic Narten present, leading to Celtic *īd- in the singular and *ed- in the plural. They then have the ablaut reshaped to respectively *īd- and *id- and then harmonized to *id- for both singular and plural. Then, after the loss of initial ɸ in Insular Celtic, stem id- was replaced with it- and thematised.
* Lindeman and Sandell, finding no other secure Indo-European evidence of a Narten present formation for this verb, independently prefer a simple direct derivation from the e/zero-grade athematic Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti, which would lead to an extremely anomalous Proto-Celtic paradigm *edmi, *essi, *essi, etc. which was ripe for replacement by a simpler suppletive formation. After a further thematicisation to *esseti, Lindeman and Sandell posit different motivations for the later suppletion.
** Lindeman thought that the suppletion was caused by the newly thematic present being identical with its own subjunctive, with a new present stem that was very distinct from the subjunctive stem being desired.
** Sandell instead draws on the verbal noun *ɸityā itself as the trigger for analogy. He notes that many Old Irish verbal nouns in -e (from Proto-Celtic *-yā) correspond to B I (and some B II) verbs with transparent relationships between the present stem and the verbal noun. The lack of transparency between the original present stem and the verbal noun ithe in Old Irish led to remodeling with a present stem ith- to match.
* Matasović attempts to substitute KPV and McCone's Narten present with an i-reduplicated *ɸibeti-style present. Sandell dismisses Matasović's derivation for lacking a subsequent mechanism to reach a short i- stage from the resulting *īdeti.
** Matasović's derivation can be salvaged by assuming that *ɸibeti itself intervened to force a short i. Influence of *ɸibeti is not unparalleled, as KPV attributes ithid's a-future to analogy with ibid, which descends from *ɸibeti and also has an a-future (although ibid also acquired its a-future secondarily).


ad-

Old Irish: ad (“law, custom”)

This word's only known cognates exist in Italic, namely Umbrian arsier (gen. sg.) and arsmor (nom. pl.).


mal-

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Breton: maluen (“eyelid”)

Breton: malvenn

⇒ Breton: malgudenn (“eyelash”)

Old Irish: malae

Middle Irish: mala

Scottish Gaelic: mala

Manx: mollee


-os

-os (nominative singular)
-ou (dual nominative)
-oi (nominative plural)
-e (singular vocative)
-ou (dual vocative)
-oi (plural vocative)
-om (accusative singular)
-ou (accusative dual)
-ons (accusative plural)
-ī (genitive singular)
-ous (dual genitive)
-om (genitive plural)
-ūi (dative singular)
-obom (dative dual)
-obos (dative plural)
-ei (locative singular)
-ū (instrumental singular)
-obim (dual instrumental)
-ūis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *(ó)-os, which formed tómos-type event nouns from verbal roots.

rād-ī- + *-os → *rādos (“speech”)

uɸo- (“under-”) + *log-ī- (“to lay”) + *-os → *uɸologos (“hiding”)

Forms verbal nouns corresponding to o-grade causative/iterative verbs.


tantus

tantus (nominative singular)
tantū (dual nominative)
tantowes (nominative plural)
tantu (singular vocative)
tantū (dual vocative)
tantūs (plural vocative)
tantum (accusative singular)
tantū (accusative dual)
tantuns (accusative plural)
tantous (genitive singular)
tantous (dual genitive)
tantowom (genitive plural)
tantou (dative singular)
tantubom (dative dual)
tantubos (dative plural)
tantū (instrumental singular)
tantubim (dual instrumental)
tantubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tant

Old Breton: tanntou pl

Breton: tant (“cord”)

Old Welsh: tantou pl

Middle Welsh: tant

Welsh: tant

desctree

Old Irish: tét (“cord, string”)
Middle Irish: tét f
Irish: téad
Manx: tead
Scottish Gaelic: teud

From Proto-Indo-European *tén-tu-s ~ *tn̥-téw-s, from *ten- (“to stretch”). Contains *-tus.


esti

esmi (active first-person present singular)
esēmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
esi (active present second-person singular)
esētās (active imperfect second-person singular)
esti (active present singular third-person)
esēto (active imperfect singular third-person)
esmosi (active first-person plural present)
esēmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
estesi (active plural present second-person)
esēstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
senti (active plural present third-person)
esēnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
esū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
esesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
es (active imperative second-person singular)
eseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
estou (active imperative singular third-person)
esomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
smos (active first-person imperative plural)
esetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ste (active imperative plural second-person)
esonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sentou (active imperative plural third-person)
sonts (nominative singular)
sonte (dual nominative)
sontes (nominative plural)
sonts (singular vocative)
sonte (dual vocative)
sontes (plural vocative)
sontam (accusative singular)
sonte (accusative dual)
sontans (accusative plural)
santos (genitive singular)
santom (genitive plural)
santei (dative singular)
santbom (dative dual)
santbos (dative plural)
santī? (instrumental singular)
santbim (dual instrumental)
santbis (instrumental plural)
santī (nominative singular)
santī (dual nominative)
santiyās (nominative plural)
santī (singular vocative)
santī (dual vocative)
santiyās (plural vocative)
santīm (accusative singular)
santī (accusative dual)
santiyans (accusative plural)
santyās (genitive singular)
santyom (genitive plural)
santyāi (dative singular)
santyābom (dative dual)
santyābos (dative plural)
santyābim (dual instrumental)
santyābis (instrumental plural)
sont (nominative singular)
sonta (nominative plural)
sont (singular vocative)
sonta (plural vocative)
sont (accusative singular)
sonta (accusative plural)

Gaulish: immi

Old Irish: is (3sg), it (3pl.)

Irish: is

Scottish Gaelic: is

Old Breton: is (3sg), int (3pl.)

Old Welsh: is (3sg), (h)int (3pl.)

Welsh: ys (pres.impers), ŷnt (3pl.)


kanti

Proto-Brythonic: *gant

Old Breton: cant

Breton: gant

Old Cornish: cant

Cornish: gans

Middle Welsh: cant

Welsh: gan

Old Irish: cét- (rare)

Gaulish: canti, ⇒ soccanti

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥-ti-, from *ḱóm (“with”). See also *kom- (“with”). Closely related to *kantyos (“gathering”).


medu

medu (nominative singular)
medū (dual nominative)
medwā (nominative plural)
medu (singular vocative)
medū (dual vocative)
medwā (plural vocative)
medu (accusative singular)
medū (accusative dual)
medwā (accusative plural)
medous (genitive singular)
medous (dual genitive)
medowom (genitive plural)
medou (dative singular)
medubom (dative dual)
medubos (dative plural)
medū (instrumental singular)
medubim (dual instrumental)
medubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *með
Middle Breton: mez
Breton: mez
Cornish: medh
Middle Welsh: medd
Welsh: medd

Primitive Irish: *ᚋᚓᚇᚒ (*medu)
Old Irish: mid
Middle Irish: mid
Irish: meá
Scottish Gaelic: meadh

Gaulish: medu


eyes

head

*eyes pl (accusative *ens, genitive *eisom, dative *eibis)

ens (accusative)
eisom (genitive)
eibis (dative)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: i

Middle Cornish: y, i

Cornish: i

Middle Welsh: wy

Welsh: hwy, nhw

Old Irish: é (“they”)

Middle Irish: íat

Irish: iad

Scottish Gaelic: iad

Manx: ad

From Proto-Indo-European *éyes, plural of *ís.


ā

Old Irish: a

Welsh: a


ruts

ruts (nominative singular)
rude (dual nominative)
rudes (nominative plural)
ruts (singular vocative)
rude (dual vocative)
rudes (plural vocative)
rudam (accusative singular)
rude (accusative dual)
rudans (accusative plural)
rudos (genitive singular)
rudou (dual genitive)
rudom (genitive plural)
rudei (dative singular)
rudobom (dative dual)
rudobos (dative plural)
rudi (locative singular)
rude? (instrumental singular)
rudobim (dual instrumental)
rudobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Irish: rú (“madder, a plant from which red dye is produced”)

Middle Irish: rú

⇒ Irish: rú Mhuire (“lady's bedstraw”)

Root noun from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).


soso

soso (nominative singular)
sosoi (nominative plural)
sosom (accusative singular)
sosons (accusative plural)
sososyo (genitive singular)
sosoisom (genitive plural)
sososmūi (dative singular)
sosoibos (dative plural)
sosoibis (instrumental plural)
sosā (nominative singular)
sosās (nominative plural)
sosā (singular vocative)
sosās (plural vocative)
sosām (accusative singular)
sosans (accusative plural)
sososyās (genitive singular)
sosāsom (genitive plural)
sososmai (dative singular)
sosābos (dative plural)
sosābis (instrumental plural)
sosod (nominative singular)
sosā (nominative plural)
sosod (singular vocative)
sosā (plural vocative)
sosod (accusative singular)
sosā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *höw (acc. pl. m.), *hoh (acc. sg. m; acc. pl. f.) (surviving in 3pl. conjugated prepositions)

Old Breton: -ou (< *sosons), -o (< *sosāns)

Middle Breton: -eu

Breton: -e (< *sosons), -o (< *sosāns)

Middle Cornish: -o (< *sosom)

Old Irish: (conjugated preposition endings) -e (3sg. fem. acc.) (< *sosām), -u (3pl. acc.) (< *sosons)

From *so (“this”) compounded onto itself (or in other words, reduplicated).


sim

desctree

Old Irish: sin
Irish: sin
Scottish Gaelic: sin
Manx: shen

Schrijver splits his etymology of *sim into two pathways; one for the last elements of Old Irish sodain and Gaulish sosin, and the other pathway for other (anaphoric) uses.
* For the anaphoric uses and the initial element of *sindos:
** Schrijver compares Sanskrit सीम् (sīm), which he derives from some case form of *h₁e with analogically inserted *s-.
** Matasović takes a different tack, taking this *sin- to be from *sih₂m̥, which he understands to be the feminine accusative singular of *só.
* For the second element of Gaulish sosin and Old Irish sodain:
** Schrijver starts with *tíd, which he believes to be the neuter singular of *só. *tíd would become *sim via analogical reshapings.
** Schrijver believes in a fringe theory in which the nominative and accusative neuter *sod of *so (“this”) did not exist, and instead *sim would serve as the nominative and accusative neuter of *so. The existence of Celtiberian soz, which is usually believed to be a reflex of the very *sod that Schrijver does not think existed, poses trouble for his theory.


tū

head

*tū (accusative *te, genitive *towe, plural *swīs)

te (accusative)
towe (genitive)
swīs (plural)

Brythonic: *ti
Breton: te
Cornish: ty
Welsh: ti

Old Irish: tú

Irish: tú

Manx: oo

Scottish Gaelic: thu

Gaulish: tu


-om

-om (nominative singular)
-ou (dual nominative)
-ā (nominative plural)
-om (singular vocative)
-ou (dual vocative)
-ā (plural vocative)
-om (accusative singular)
-ou (accusative dual)
-ā (accusative plural)
-ī (genitive singular)
-ous (dual genitive)
-om (genitive plural)
-ūi (dative singular)
-obom (dative dual)
-obos (dative plural)
-ei (locative singular)
-ū (instrumental singular)
-obim (dual instrumental)
-ūis (instrumental plural)

dīwed- + *-om → *dīwedom (“end”) (cf. *dīwedeti (“to stop”))

uɸobey- + *-om → *uɸobeiyom (“blow, injury”) (cf. *binati (“to strike, beat”), a zero-grade formation)

Forms action nouns from e-grade (and sometimes zero-grade) roots corresponding to prefixed verbs.


natus

natus (nominative singular)
natū (dual nominative)
natowes (nominative plural)
natu (singular vocative)
natū (dual vocative)
natūs (plural vocative)
natum (accusative singular)
natū (accusative dual)
natuns (accusative plural)
natous (genitive singular)
natous (dual genitive)
natowom (genitive plural)
natou (dative singular)
natubom (dative dual)
natubos (dative plural)
natū (instrumental singular)
natubim (dual instrumental)
natubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: nath

Irish: nath

Proto-Brythonic: *nad

Middle Welsh: nat

Welsh: nâd

Possibly related to the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)neh₁- (“to spin (thread)”), suffixed with *-tus.


ritus

ritus (nominative singular)
ritū (dual nominative)
ritowes (nominative plural)
ritu (singular vocative)
ritū (dual vocative)
ritūs (plural vocative)
ritum (accusative singular)
ritū (accusative dual)
rituns (accusative plural)
ritous (genitive singular)
ritous (dual genitive)
ritowom (genitive plural)
ritou (dative singular)
ritubom (dative dual)
ritubos (dative plural)
ritū (instrumental singular)
ritubim (dual instrumental)
ritubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨd

Middle Breton: ret

Breton: red, rid

desc

vowel analogical to the verb, cf. Welsh <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">rhedeg</i>

Middle Welsh: ret (vowel analogical to the verb, cf. Welsh rhedeg)

Welsh: rhed

desctree

Old Irish: riuth, rith
Middle Irish: rith
Irish: rith
Manx: roie
Scottish Gaelic: ruith

desc

homophonous to <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*ɸritus</i> (“ford”)

Gaulish: *ritu- (homophonous to *ɸritus (“ford”))

→⇒ Latin: Ritogenus, Ritomārus, Ritumāra, Bōritus

⇒ Lepontic: 𐌓𐌉𐌕𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌔 (ritukalos)

U-stem zero-grade action noun from Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂-, corresponding to *reteti (“to run”).


beru

beru (nominative singular)
berū (dual nominative)
berwā (nominative plural)
beru (singular vocative)
berū (dual vocative)
berwā (plural vocative)
beru (accusative singular)
berū (accusative dual)
berwā (accusative plural)
berous (genitive singular)
berous (dual genitive)
berowom (genitive plural)
berou (dative singular)
berubom (dative dual)
berubos (dative plural)
berū (instrumental singular)
berubim (dual instrumental)
berubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *ber
Middle Breton: ber
Breton: ber
Old Cornish: ber
Cornish: ber
Middle Welsh: ber
Welsh: bêr

Old Irish: bir, biur (“spear, spit”)

Irish: bior

Scottish Gaelic: bior

Manx: byr, birr

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷéru (“spit, spear”).


to-

Brythonic:

Old Breton: to-

Middle Breton: do-, de-

Cornish: de-

Old Welsh: di-

Middle Welsh: dy-

Welsh: dy-

Old Irish: to-, do-, do-

Middle Irish: do-

Unknown. Dunkel gives two suggestions, either Proto-Indo-European *tó (“to, towards”), but there are no clear cognates, or PIE *tó (“then”), compare Hittite 𒋫 (ta-, “then”, connective particle). Matasović's tentative derivation from PIE *tó- (pronoun) is plausible neither semantically nor morphologically, because the stem *tó- was otherwise completely replaced by *só- in Celtic.

m+

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


minuti

minumi (active first-person present singular)
minumam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mimisū (active first-person future singular)
mima (active first-person preterite singular)
minusi (active present second-person singular)
minutās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mimisesi (active future second-person singular)
mimas? (active preterite second-person singular)
minuti (active present singular third-person)
minuto (active imperfect singular third-person)
mimiseti (active future singular third-person)
mime (active preterite singular third-person)
minumosi (active first-person plural present)
minumo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mimisomosi (active first-person future plural)
mimmo (active first-person plural preterite)
minutesi (active plural present second-person)
minustē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mimisetesi (active future plural second-person)
minte (active plural preterite second-person)
minunti (active plural present third-person)
minunto (active imperfect plural third-person)
mimisonti (active future plural third-person)
mimars (active plural preterite third-person)
meyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
meyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
minu (active imperative second-person singular)
meyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
minutou (active imperative singular third-person)
meyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
minumos (active first-person imperative plural)
meyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
minute (active imperative plural second-person)
meyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
minuntou (active imperative plural third-person)
minur (first-person passive present singular)
mimisūr (first-person future passive singular)
mimra (first-person passive preterite singular)
minutar (passive present second-person singular)
mimisetar (future passive second-person singular)
mimras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
minutor (passive present singular third-person)
mimisetor (future passive singular third-person)
mimre (passive preterite singular third-person)
minummor (first-person passive plural present)
mimisommor (first-person future passive plural)
minudwe (passive plural present second-person)
mimisedwe (future passive plural second-person)
minuntor (passive plural present third-person)
mimisontor (future passive plural third-person)
meyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
meyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
meyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
meyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
meyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
meyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
minwonts (nominative singular)
minwonte (dual nominative)
minwontes (nominative plural)
minwonts (singular vocative)
minwonte (dual vocative)
minwontes (plural vocative)
minwontam (accusative singular)
minwonte (accusative dual)
minwontans (accusative plural)
minwantos (genitive singular)
minwantom (genitive plural)
minwantei (dative singular)
minwantbom (dative dual)
minwantbos (dative plural)
minwantī? (instrumental singular)
minwantbim (dual instrumental)
minwantbis (instrumental plural)
minwantī (nominative singular)
minwantī (dual nominative)
minwantiyās (nominative plural)
minwantī (singular vocative)
minwantī (dual vocative)
minwantiyās (plural vocative)
minwantīm (accusative singular)
minwantī (accusative dual)
minwantiyans (accusative plural)
minwantyās (genitive singular)
minwantyom (genitive plural)
minwantyāi (dative singular)
minwantyābom (dative dual)
minwantyābos (dative plural)
minwantyābim (dual instrumental)
minwantyābis (instrumental plural)
minwont (nominative singular)
minwonta (nominative plural)
minwont (singular vocative)
minwonta (plural vocative)
minwont (accusative singular)
minwonta (accusative plural)
mītos (nominative singular)
mītou (dual nominative)
mītoi (nominative plural)
mīte (singular vocative)
mītou (dual vocative)
mītoi (plural vocative)
mītom (accusative singular)
mītou (accusative dual)
mītons (accusative plural)
mītī (genitive singular)
mītous (dual genitive)
mītom (genitive plural)
mītūi (dative singular)
mītobom (dative dual)
mītobos (dative plural)
mītū (instrumental singular)
mītobim (dual instrumental)
mītobis (instrumental plural)
mītā (nominative singular)
mītai (dual nominative)
mītās (nominative plural)
mītā (singular vocative)
mītai (dual vocative)
mītās (plural vocative)
mītam (accusative singular)
mītai (accusative dual)
mītans (accusative plural)
mītās (genitive singular)
mītai (dative singular)
mītābom (dative dual)
mītābos (dative plural)
mītābim (dual instrumental)
mītābis (instrumental plural)
mītom (nominative singular)
mītā (nominative plural)
mītom (singular vocative)
mītā (plural vocative)
mītā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to bind”). The *-néwti suffix is reconstructed on the basis of Sanskrit मिनोति (minoti, “to fix, establish”).


minuti

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change (places)”)

der

tramwy

Proto-Brythonic: *trėmɨn (prototonic); Middle Welsh


limos

lemos (nominative singular)
lemou (dual nominative)
lemoi (nominative plural)
leme (singular vocative)
lemou (dual vocative)
lemoi (plural vocative)
lemom (accusative singular)
lemou (accusative dual)
lemons (accusative plural)
lemī (genitive singular)
lemous (dual genitive)
lemom (genitive plural)
lemūi (dative singular)
lemobom (dative dual)
lemobos (dative plural)
lemei (locative singular)
lemū (instrumental singular)
lemobim (dual instrumental)
lemūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨβ̃ (from *leimā)

Middle Welsh: llwyfen

Welsh: llwyf

Old Irish: lem

desctree

Middle Irish: lem
Irish: leamh
Scottish Gaelic: leamh

Gaulish: *lemos, *limos

→⇒ Latin: Lemovices

French: Limoges

→⇒ Latin: Lemoialum

French: Limeil, Limeuil

→⇒ Latin: Lemausum

French: Limours

desc

→⇒ Latin: Lemo, Lemonia, Lemisunia, Lemiso, Limenius, Limmo, Limocinctus, Limonum

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Vulgar Latin: *lemaria

Asturian: llamera

Hispano-Celtic: *lemos, *limos

→⇒ Latin: Limia

Galician: Limia

Portuguese: Lima

→⇒ Latin: Lemavi

Galician: Lemos

→⇒ Latin: Limicaria

Galician: lamigueiro

Galician: lamargueiro


trei

Proto-Brythonic: *truɨ

Old Breton: tre, dre

Breton: dre

Cornish: dre, der

Old Welsh: troi

Middle Welsh: trwy

Welsh: trwy, drwy

desctree

Old Irish: tri, tre, tré, trí
Middle Irish: tre, tré, tri, trí
Irish: trí, tré, tré- (combining), fríd (Ulster), thrí (Galway), ⇒ fríd
Scottish Gaelic: tre
⇒ Manx: trooid

Suggested to be contracted from *trāē, from earlier *trāsē, dative singular of *trās, from earlier *trāns (“across”).
Alternatively, from pre-Celtic Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂éy, alternative form of *tr̥h₂és, both fossilized inflected forms of a root noun **térh₂s.
In either case, derived from the root *terh₂- (“to cross, go through”).


talu

talu (nominative singular)
talū (dual nominative)
talwā (nominative plural)
talu (singular vocative)
talū (dual vocative)
talwā (plural vocative)
talu (accusative singular)
talū (accusative dual)
talwā (accusative plural)
talous (genitive singular)
talous (dual genitive)
talowom (genitive plural)
talou (dative singular)
talubom (dative dual)
talubos (dative plural)
talū (instrumental singular)
talubim (dual instrumental)
talubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tal

Middle Breton: talar

Middle Breton: tal

Breton: tal

Old Cornish: tal

Cornish: tal, taal

Old Welsh: tal

Middle Welsh: tal

Welsh: tâl

desc

Old Irish: taul (“shield boss”), tul, tel

Gaulish: *talu

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiotalus (personal name)

Celtiberian: talukokum (gen.pl.) (familiy name)

Unknown. Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *téHl-u ~ *tHl-éw-s, cognate with Sanskrit तालु (tā́lu, “palate”). Or related to *talamū (“earth”).


ast

ast (nominative singular)
aste (dual nominative)
asta (nominative plural)
ast (singular vocative)
aste (dual vocative)
asta (plural vocative)
ast (accusative singular)
aste (accusative dual)
asta (accusative plural)
astos (genitive singular)
astou (dual genitive)
astom (genitive plural)
astei (dative singular)
astobom (dative dual)
astobos (dative plural)
asti (locative singular)
aste? (instrumental singular)
astobim (dual instrumental)
astobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *as

Middle Cornish: asow pl

Middle Welsh: eis pl

Welsh: ais

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), but with unexpected initial *a instead of o.


sī

Proto-Brythonic: *hi

Breton: hi

Cornish: hi

Welsh: hi

Old Irish: sí

Irish: sí


aramos

aramos (nominative singular)
aramou (dual nominative)
aramoi (nominative plural)
arame (singular vocative)
aramou (dual vocative)
aramoi (plural vocative)
aramom (accusative singular)
aramou (accusative dual)
aramons (accusative plural)
aramī (genitive singular)
aramous (dual genitive)
aramom (genitive plural)
aramūi (dative singular)
aramobom (dative dual)
aramobos (dative plural)
aramū (instrumental singular)
aramobim (dual instrumental)
aramobis (instrumental plural)
aramā (nominative singular)
aramai (dual nominative)
aramās (nominative plural)
aramā (singular vocative)
aramai (dual vocative)
aramās (plural vocative)
aramam (accusative singular)
aramai (accusative dual)
aramans (accusative plural)
aramās (genitive singular)
aramai (dative singular)
aramābom (dative dual)
aramābos (dative plural)
aramābim (dual instrumental)
aramābis (instrumental plural)
aramom (nominative singular)
aramā (nominative plural)
aramom (singular vocative)
aramā (plural vocative)
aramā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *araβ̃

Middle Welsh: araf

Welsh: araf

Gaulish: aram- (truncated in the Lezoux lead tablet), ⇒ *aramis (“calmness”), *Aramū (theonym)

→ Latin: Aramis (river name), Aramō (theonym)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥h₁-mó-s, from *h₁reh₁-


menus

menus (nominative singular)
menū (dual nominative)
menowes (nominative plural)
menu (singular vocative)
menū (dual vocative)
menūs (plural vocative)
menum (accusative singular)
menū (accusative dual)
menuns (accusative plural)
manous (genitive singular)
manous (dual genitive)
manowom (genitive plural)
manou (dative singular)
manubom (dative dual)
manubos (dative plural)
manū (instrumental singular)
manubim (dual instrumental)
manubis (instrumental plural)
menu (nominative singular)
menwā (nominative plural)
menwā (plural vocative)
menu (accusative singular)
menwā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: min
Irish: mion
Scottish Gaelic: mion

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Old Welsh: dimanuo (3sg. pres. subj.)

Middle Welsh: divanw

Welsh: difenwi

desc

from thematized <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*menwos</i>

⇒ Old Irish: menb (from thematized *menwos)

Middle Irish: menb

Scottish Gaelic: meanbh

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“small”)


samos

samos (nominative singular)
samou (dual nominative)
samoi (nominative plural)
same (singular vocative)
samou (dual vocative)
samoi (plural vocative)
samom (accusative singular)
samou (accusative dual)
samons (accusative plural)
samī (genitive singular)
samous (dual genitive)
samom (genitive plural)
samūi (dative singular)
samobom (dative dual)
samobos (dative plural)
samei (locative singular)
samū (instrumental singular)
samobim (dual instrumental)
samūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *haβ̃
Old Breton: ham
Middle Breton: haff
Breton: hañv
Old Cornish: haf
Cornish: hav
Old Welsh: ham
Middle Welsh: haf
Welsh: haf

Old Irish: sam

Gaulish: samo-

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥h₂-ó-s, from *semh₂- (“warm season, summer”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *sumaraz, Armenian ամառ (amaṙ, “summer”), Khotanese [script needed] (hamana-, “summer”), Sanskrit समा (sámā, “season, year”), Tocharian A ṣme.


dī

Proto-Brythonic: *di (“from”)

desc

Middle Cornish: de, dy, dhe (attested in partitive use)

⇒ Cornish: dyworth

Old Welsh: di (a hapax, do not confuse with the homonym meaning "to, for")

⇒ Welsh: oddi (used to make more complex prepositions)

desctree

Old Irish: di, de
Irish: de
Manx: jeh
Scottish Gaelic: de

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, whence also Latin dē.


dū

Proto-Brythonic: *di
Breton: da
Cornish: dhe
Old Welsh: di
Middle Welsh: y (“to, for”)
Welsh: i (“to, for”)

Old Irish: do

Irish: do

Scottish Gaelic: do

Manx: da

Celtiberian: du


kū

kū (nominative singular)
kone (dual nominative)
kones (nominative plural)
kū (singular vocative)
kone (dual vocative)
kones (plural vocative)
konam (accusative singular)
kone (accusative dual)
konans (accusative plural)
kunos (genitive singular)
kunou (dual genitive)
kunom (genitive plural)
kunei (dative singular)
kunobom (dative dual)
kunobos (dative plural)
kuni (locative singular)
kune? (instrumental singular)
kunobim (dual instrumental)
kunobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ki
Middle Breton: ci, qui
Breton: ki
Old Cornish: ci
Cornish: ki, kei
Middle Welsh: ci, ki
Welsh: ci

Primitive Irish: ᚉᚒᚅᚐ (cuna, gen.sg.)
Old Irish: cú
Middle Irish: cú
Irish: cú
Manx: coo
Scottish Gaelic: cù


mā

Brythonic:

Old Breton: ma

Middle Breton: ma, mar

Breton: mar

Cornish: mar

Old Irish: má
Irish: má
Manx: my
Scottish Gaelic: ma

Possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *mós and related to Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒀭 (ma-a-an /mān/, “like; how; if; when”), Tocharian A mänt (“how?”) and Tocharian B mant (“so”). Alternatively, Matasović compares Ancient Greek μήν (mḗn, “surely, truly”).


mī

head

*mī (accusative *me, genitive *mene, plural *snīs)

me (accusative)
mene (genitive)
snīs (plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mi
Breton: me
Cornish: my
Welsh: mi, fi, i

Old Irish: mé
Irish: mé
Manx: mee
Scottish Gaelic: mi

Gaulish: mi

From Proto-Indo-European *me (“me”), the accusative case of the personal pronoun *éǵh₂.


sondos

sondā (feminine)
sondos (nominative singular)
sondou (dual nominative)
sondoi (nominative plural)
sonde (singular vocative)
sondou (dual vocative)
sondoi (plural vocative)
sondom (accusative singular)
sondou (accusative dual)
sondons (accusative plural)
sondī (genitive singular)
sondous (dual genitive)
sondom (genitive plural)
sondūi (dative singular)
sondobom (dative dual)
sondobos (dative plural)
sondei (locative singular)
sondū (instrumental singular)
sondobim (dual instrumental)
sondūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hunn sg, *hünn pl

⇒ Middle Breton: heman, hema

Breton: hemañ

Middle Cornish: hemma

Middle Welsh: hwnn, hun, hwn

Welsh: hwn

desc

Old Irish: sund (from the dative singular)

From *som (accusative singular of *so) + *de (connective particle), fitted with inflectional endings.

compound

accusative singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*so</i>


-man

-man (nominative singular)
-mane? (dual nominative)
-mana (nominative plural)
-man (singular vocative)
-mane? (dual vocative)
-mana (plural vocative)
-man (accusative singular)
-mane? (accusative dual)
-mana (accusative plural)
-mens (genitive singular)
-menous? (dual genitive)
-menom (genitive plural)
-menei (dative singular)
-membom (dative dual)
-membos (dative plural)
-men (locative singular)
-meni (locative singular)
-menei (instrumental singular)
-membim (dual instrumental)
-membis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥. Cognate with Latin -men, Ancient Greek -μα (-ma), Sanskrit -मन् (-man).

Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs


altos

altos (nominative singular)
altou (dual nominative)
altoi (nominative plural)
alte (singular vocative)
altou (dual vocative)
altoi (plural vocative)
altom (accusative singular)
altou (accusative dual)
altons (accusative plural)
altī (genitive singular)
altous (dual genitive)
altom (genitive plural)
altūi (dative singular)
altobom (dative dual)
altobos (dative plural)
altei (locative singular)
altū (instrumental singular)
altobim (dual instrumental)
altūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alt

Welsh: allt

Breton: aod

Cornish: als

Middle Irish: alt

Irish: ailt

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eltós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-. Cognate with Latin altus, Old High German alt.


altos

altos (nominative singular)
altou (dual nominative)
altoi (nominative plural)
alte (singular vocative)
altou (dual vocative)
altoi (plural vocative)
altom (accusative singular)
altou (accusative dual)
altons (accusative plural)
altī (genitive singular)
altous (dual genitive)
altom (genitive plural)
altūi (dative singular)
altobom (dative dual)
altobos (dative plural)
altū (instrumental singular)
altobim (dual instrumental)
altobis (instrumental plural)
altā (nominative singular)
altai (dual nominative)
altās (nominative plural)
altā (singular vocative)
altai (dual vocative)
altās (plural vocative)
altam (accusative singular)
altai (accusative dual)
altans (accusative plural)
altās (genitive singular)
altai (dative singular)
altābom (dative dual)
altābos (dative plural)
altābim (dual instrumental)
altābis (instrumental plural)
altom (nominative singular)
altā (nominative plural)
altom (singular vocative)
altā (plural vocative)
altā (accusative plural)

past participle of *aleti (“to nourish”): nourished, fostered


segos

segos (nominative singular)
segou (dual nominative)
segoi (nominative plural)
sege (singular vocative)
segou (dual vocative)
segoi (plural vocative)
segom (accusative singular)
segou (accusative dual)
segons (accusative plural)
segī (genitive singular)
segous (dual genitive)
segom (genitive plural)
segūi (dative singular)
segobom (dative dual)
segobos (dative plural)
segū (instrumental singular)
segobim (dual instrumental)
segobis (instrumental plural)
segā (nominative singular)
segai (dual nominative)
segās (nominative plural)
segā (singular vocative)
segai (dual vocative)
segās (plural vocative)
segam (accusative singular)
segai (accusative dual)
segans (accusative plural)
segās (genitive singular)
segai (dative singular)
segābom (dative dual)
segābos (dative plural)
segābim (dual instrumental)
segābis (instrumental plural)
segom (nominative singular)
segā (nominative plural)
segom (singular vocative)
segā (plural vocative)
segā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨɣ

Middle Welsh: hy

Welsh: hy, hyf

desc

Celtiberian: Segouia (“Segovia”), Sekobirikez (“Segobriga”) (ablative singular)

Gaulish: *segos (in personal names)

⇒ Lepontic: 𐌔𐌄𐌗𐌄𐌈𐌖 (sexeθu, “?”)

From Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰós, an adjective formed from *seǵʰ-. A fellow adjectival cognate is Sanskrit सह (sahá, “powerful”).


segos

segos (nominative singular)
segese? (dual nominative)
segesa (nominative plural)
segos (singular vocative)
segese? (dual vocative)
segesa (plural vocative)
segos (accusative singular)
segese? (accusative dual)
segesa (accusative plural)
segesos (genitive singular)
segesous? (dual genitive)
segesom (genitive plural)
segesei (dative singular)
segesbom (dative dual)
segesbos (dative plural)
segesi (locative singular)
segesei (instrumental singular)
segesbim (dual instrumental)
segesbis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: seg

⇒ Gaulish: *Segesticā (“Sisak, Segestica, Segesta”) (possibly)

→ Ancient Greek: Σεγεστική (Segestikḗ)

→ Latin: Segestica

From Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ-, possibly via Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰos (“power, strength”) (an s-stem). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *segaz (“victory”), another s-stem formation from *seǵʰ-.


malati

melū (active first-person present singular)
malamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mimlāsū (active first-person future singular)
milam (active first-person preterite singular)
malasi (active present second-person singular)
malatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mimlāsesi (active future second-person singular)
mils (active preterite second-person singular)
malati (active present singular third-person)
malato (active imperfect singular third-person)
mimlāseti (active future singular third-person)
milt (active preterite singular third-person)
melomosi (active first-person plural present)
malamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mimlāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
milme (active first-person plural preterite)
malatesi (active plural present second-person)
malastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mimlāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
milte (active plural preterite second-person)
melonti (active plural present third-person)
malanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
mimlāsonti (active future plural third-person)
milant (active plural preterite third-person)
melasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
melasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mala (active imperative second-person singular)
melaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
malatou (active imperative singular third-person)
melasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
melomos (active first-person imperative plural)
melasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
malate (active imperative plural second-person)
melasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
melontou (active imperative plural third-person)
melūr (first-person passive present singular)
mimlāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
malatar (passive present second-person singular)
mimlāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
malator (passive present singular third-person)
mimlāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
melommor (first-person passive plural present)
mimlāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
maladwe (passive plural present second-person)
mimlāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
melontor (passive plural present third-person)
mimlāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
milanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
melasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
melasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
melasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
melasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
melasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
melasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
melonts (nominative singular)
melonte (dual nominative)
melontes (nominative plural)
melonts (singular vocative)
melonte (dual vocative)
melontes (plural vocative)
melontam (accusative singular)
melonte (accusative dual)
melontans (accusative plural)
melantos (genitive singular)
melantom (genitive plural)
melantei (dative singular)
melantbom (dative dual)
melantbos (dative plural)
melantī? (instrumental singular)
melantbim (dual instrumental)
melantbis (instrumental plural)
melantī (nominative singular)
melantī (dual nominative)
melantiyās (nominative plural)
melantī (singular vocative)
melantī (dual vocative)
melantiyās (plural vocative)
melantīm (accusative singular)
melantī (accusative dual)
melantiyans (accusative plural)
melantyās (genitive singular)
melantyom (genitive plural)
melantyāi (dative singular)
melantyābom (dative dual)
melantyābos (dative plural)
melantyābim (dual instrumental)
melantyābis (instrumental plural)
melont (nominative singular)
melonta (nominative plural)
melont (singular vocative)
melonta (plural vocative)
melont (accusative singular)
melonta (accusative plural)
mlātos (nominative singular)
mlātou (dual nominative)
mlātoi (nominative plural)
mlāte (singular vocative)
mlātou (dual vocative)
mlātoi (plural vocative)
mlātom (accusative singular)
mlātou (accusative dual)
mlātons (accusative plural)
mlātī (genitive singular)
mlātous (dual genitive)
mlātom (genitive plural)
mlātūi (dative singular)
mlātobom (dative dual)
mlātobos (dative plural)
mlātū (instrumental singular)
mlātobim (dual instrumental)
mlātobis (instrumental plural)
mlātā (nominative singular)
mlātai (dual nominative)
mlātās (nominative plural)
mlātā (singular vocative)
mlātai (dual vocative)
mlātās (plural vocative)
mlātam (accusative singular)
mlātai (accusative dual)
mlātans (accusative plural)
mlātās (genitive singular)
mlātai (dative singular)
mlātābom (dative dual)
mlātābos (dative plural)
mlātābim (dual instrumental)
mlātābis (instrumental plural)
mlātom (nominative singular)
mlātā (nominative plural)
mlātom (singular vocative)
mlātā (plural vocative)
mlātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *malɨd

Breton: mala

Cornish: melias

Welsh: malu

desctree

Old Irish: meilid
Irish: meil
Scottish Gaelic: meil
Manx: beihll

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind”). Various explanations exist for how Brythonic ended up with an a root vowel and Goidelic with an e.
* Watkins claimed that the Brythonic was from an athematic present (where a zero grade could be found), and the Goidelic would be from a thematic present. However, Schumacher points out that a laryngeal-final athematic present would be expected to produce a weak verb, for which no trace in Celtic exists.
* Schumacher thinks that the Brythonic root variant was derived from the zero grade and was the sole present allomorph in Proto-Celtic. He further explains the Irish stem mel- as generated by some secondary analogical means, via some expectation that the present should be in the e-grade. Schumacher cites two possible sources of analogy. One of them was *gʷeleti (“to graze”), which had similar phonological shape and shared a semantic field. The other influence would be the subjunctive, which in strong verbs is expected to have the e-grade which also often occurs in the present stem as well.
* Matasović is agnostic on which root vowel came first, merely remarking that the Brythonic reflects the zero grade and Goidelic the e-grade.
* Darling integrates both the *mal- and *mel- stems in a single present paradigm, starting with a simple e-grade thematic present *melh₂-e-ti. Whenever the thematic vowel was *e (in the 2nd person, and in the 3rd-person singular), it would be coloured by the laryngeal into *a, which would then feed Joseph's Law (*eRa > *aRa, where *R is a resonant), and turn the root vowel into *a; the Brythonic present stem can be derived by leveling the a across the present stem. Meanwhile, the forms with thematic vowel *-o- would not be a-coloured and thus the root vowel remains as *e; the Goidelic forms would be derived from leveling the e across the present stem.


sani

desc

preverb, also prefix used in the conjugation of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-bry-pro">*a</i> (“from”)

Proto-Brythonic: *han- (preverb, also prefix used in the conjugation of *a (“from”))

⇒ Middle Welsh: hanvot, hanðenu

Welsh: hanfod, hamddenu

Old Irish: an- (adverb-forming prefix), ⇒ anall, anúas, anís (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sn̥Hi, cognate to Latin sine (“without”).


mene

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨn, *mow

Breton: ma

Cornish: ma

Old Welsh: mi

Middle Welsh: vy, meu

Welsh: fy

Old Irish: mo, muí

Irish: mo

Scottish Gaelic: mo

Manx: my (“my”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁mene, genitive of *éǵh₂. Direct cognates include Proto-Slavic *mene.


katus

katus (nominative singular)
katū (dual nominative)
katowes (nominative plural)
katu (singular vocative)
katū (dual vocative)
katūs (plural vocative)
katum (accusative singular)
katū (accusative dual)
katuns (accusative plural)
katous (genitive singular)
katous (dual genitive)
katowom (genitive plural)
katou (dative singular)
katubom (dative dual)
katubos (dative plural)
katū (instrumental singular)
katubim (dual instrumental)
katubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *kad
Breton: kad
Cornish: kas
Welsh: cad

Primitive Irish ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒ (cattu)

Old Irish: cath

Irish: cath

Manx: cah

Scottish Gaelic: cath

Gaulish: cattos

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (“battle”).


alamos

alamos (nominative singular)
alamou (dual nominative)
alamoi (nominative plural)
alame (singular vocative)
alamou (dual vocative)
alamoi (plural vocative)
alamom (accusative singular)
alamou (accusative dual)
alamons (accusative plural)
alamī (genitive singular)
alamous (dual genitive)
alamom (genitive plural)
alamūi (dative singular)
alamobom (dative dual)
alamobos (dative plural)
alamei (locative singular)
alamū (instrumental singular)
alamobim (dual instrumental)
alamūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alaβ̃

Middle Welsh: alaf

Welsh: alaf

Middle Irish: alam

There is apparently the Indo-European action noun suffix *-mos attached to this word, but the underlying root is unclear.
* Schrijver derives this from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive”).
* Matasović tries to connect this with Hittite [script needed] (ḫāli-, “corral”), for which a root *h₂el- (“to enclose”) would need to be reconstructed. However, this etymology fails to account for the -a- between the root and the suffix.
* Delamarre alternatively derives this from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₂- (“to wander”).


tullos

tullos (nominative singular)
tullou (dual nominative)
tulloi (nominative plural)
tulle (singular vocative)
tullou (dual vocative)
tulloi (plural vocative)
tullom (accusative singular)
tullou (accusative dual)
tullons (accusative plural)
tullī (genitive singular)
tullous (dual genitive)
tullom (genitive plural)
tullūi (dative singular)
tullobom (dative dual)
tullobos (dative plural)
tullū (instrumental singular)
tullobim (dual instrumental)
tullobis (instrumental plural)
tullā (nominative singular)
tullai (dual nominative)
tullās (nominative plural)
tullā (singular vocative)
tullai (dual vocative)
tullās (plural vocative)
tullam (accusative singular)
tullai (accusative dual)
tullans (accusative plural)
tullās (genitive singular)
tullai (dative singular)
tullābom (dative dual)
tullābos (dative plural)
tullābim (dual instrumental)
tullābis (instrumental plural)
tullom (nominative singular)
tullā (nominative plural)
tullom (singular vocative)
tullā (plural vocative)
tullā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tull

Old Breton: tull (“foramen”)

Middle Breton: toull

Breton: toull (“hole”)

Cornish: toll, tol

Middle Welsh: twll

Welsh: twll (“hole”)

desctree

Old Irish: toll
Irish: toll
Manx: towl
Scottish Gaelic: toll

Celtiberian:

→ Asturian: tollu, atollar, atolladal

→ Catalan: toll

→ Galician: tol, atolar

→ Spanish: tollo, atolladero, atollar

Perhaps from earlier *tux-slo-, from Proto-Indo-European *tuk-slo-, from the root *tewk- (“to push, press (into), beat; to pierce, perforate”), an extended form of *(s)tew-. However, the attested Celtic reflexes show no trace of the presumed *x.


somos

somos (nominative singular)
somou (dual nominative)
somoi (nominative plural)
some (singular vocative)
somou (dual vocative)
somoi (plural vocative)
somom (accusative singular)
somou (accusative dual)
somons (accusative plural)
somī (genitive singular)
somous (dual genitive)
somom (genitive plural)
somūi (dative singular)
somobom (dative dual)
somobos (dative plural)
somū (instrumental singular)
somobim (dual instrumental)
somobis (instrumental plural)
somā (nominative singular)
somai (dual nominative)
somās (nominative plural)
somā (singular vocative)
somai (dual vocative)
somās (plural vocative)
somam (accusative singular)
somai (accusative dual)
somans (accusative plural)
somās (genitive singular)
somai (dative singular)
somābom (dative dual)
somābos (dative plural)
somābim (dual instrumental)
somābis (instrumental plural)
somom (nominative singular)
somā (nominative plural)
somom (singular vocative)
somā (plural vocative)
somā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: -som (emphatic suffix), -sum, -sam, -sem, -sium (after slender consonants and front vowels)
Irish: -san
Manx: -syn
Scottish Gaelic: -san

From Proto-Indo-European *somHós, whence also Proto-Germanic *samaz, Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós), and Sanskrit सम (sama).


batom

batom (nominative singular)
batou (dual nominative)
batā (nominative plural)
batom (singular vocative)
batou (dual vocative)
batā (plural vocative)
batom (accusative singular)
batou (accusative dual)
batā (accusative plural)
batī (genitive singular)
batous (dual genitive)
batom (genitive plural)
batūi (dative singular)
batobom (dative dual)
batobos (dative plural)
batei (locative singular)
batū (instrumental singular)
batobim (dual instrumental)
batūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bad

Old Breton: bat

Middle Breton: badou pl

Breton: bad

⇒ Middle Breton: badet (“dazzled”)

Breton: badet (“stupefied”)

⇒ Old Cornish: badus (“lunatic”)

Middle Welsh: bad

desc

⇒ Middle Welsh: bad felen (“yellow plague, basilisk”)

Middle Irish: bath (“death”)

Substantivization of the past participle *batos of *bayeti (“to die”).


gentis

gentis (nominative singular)
gentī (dual nominative)
gentīs (nominative plural)
genti (singular vocative)
gentī (dual vocative)
gentīs (plural vocative)
gentim (accusative singular)
gentī (accusative dual)
gentins (accusative plural)
genteis (genitive singular)
gentyow (dual genitive)
gentyom (genitive plural)
gentei (dative singular)
gentibom (dative dual)
gentibos (dative plural)
gentei (locative singular)
gentī (instrumental singular)
gentibim (dual instrumental)
gentibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ɣɨnt (personal name element)

⇒ Old Welsh: Bledgint

Celtiberian: kentis

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis (“birth”).


burros

burros (nominative singular)
burrou (dual nominative)
burroi (nominative plural)
burre (singular vocative)
burrou (dual vocative)
burroi (plural vocative)
burrom (accusative singular)
burrou (accusative dual)
burrons (accusative plural)
burrī (genitive singular)
burrous (dual genitive)
burrom (genitive plural)
burrūi (dative singular)
burrobom (dative dual)
burrobos (dative plural)
burrū (instrumental singular)
burrobim (dual instrumental)
burrobis (instrumental plural)
burrā (nominative singular)
burrai (dual nominative)
burrās (nominative plural)
burrā (singular vocative)
burrai (dual vocative)
burrās (plural vocative)
burram (accusative singular)
burrai (accusative dual)
burrans (accusative plural)
burrās (genitive singular)
burrai (dative singular)
burrābom (dative dual)
burrābos (dative plural)
burrābim (dual instrumental)
burrābis (instrumental plural)
burrom (nominative singular)
burrā (nominative plural)
burrom (singular vocative)
burrā (plural vocative)
burrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *burr

Old Cornish: bor

Middle Welsh: bwrr

Middle Irish: borr

Gaulish: *burros

→ Latin: Burrus, Burra, ⇒ Burrius, Reburrus, Reburrinius

Matasović entertains a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil”) suffixed with *-rós (Caland adjective suffix). Such a derivation would proceed as *bʰruh₁-rós > *bʰru-rós (Dybo's law shortening) > *bruros > *burros (metathesis).


ambi

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: am, em

Old Welsh: im

Middle Welsh: am

Welsh: am

desctree

Old Irish: imb
Irish: um
Scottish Gaelic: mu
Manx: mysh


daru

daru (nominative singular)
darū (dual nominative)
darwā (nominative plural)
daru (singular vocative)
darū (dual vocative)
darwā (plural vocative)
daru (accusative singular)
darū (accusative dual)
darwā (accusative plural)
darous (genitive singular)
darous (dual genitive)
darowom (genitive plural)
darou (dative singular)
darubom (dative dual)
darubos (dative plural)
darū (instrumental singular)
darubim (dual instrumental)
darubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dar
Old Breton: dar
Breton: dar
Old Cornish: dar
Cornish: dar
Middle Welsh: dar
Welsh: dâr

Old Irish: dair, daur (early)
Irish: dair
Manx: darragh
Scottish Gaelic: darach

Gaulish:

→? Ancient Greek: λάριξ (lárix)

→ Latin: larix (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”).


ankus

ankus (nominative singular)
ankū (dual nominative)
ankowes (nominative plural)
anku (singular vocative)
ankū (dual vocative)
ankūs (plural vocative)
ankum (accusative singular)
ankū (accusative dual)
ankuns (accusative plural)
ankous (genitive singular)
ankous (dual genitive)
ankowom (genitive plural)
ankou (dative singular)
ankubom (dative dual)
ankubos (dative plural)
ankū (instrumental singular)
ankubim (dual instrumental)
ankubis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *ankow (from the plural stem)

Old Breton: ancou

Middle Breton: ancou, ancaou

Breton: ankoù

⇒ Breton: Ankoù

→ French: Ankou

→ English: Ankou

Old Cornish: ancou

Cornish: ankow

Middle Welsh: angheu

Welsh: angau

Welsh: Angau

desctree

Old Irish: éc
Irish: éag
Scottish Gaelic: eug

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱ-ú-s ~ *n̥k-éw-s (“dead; mortal”).


subi

subi (nominative singular)
subī (dual nominative)
subyā (nominative plural)
subi (singular vocative)
subī (dual vocative)
subyā (plural vocative)
subi (accusative singular)
subī (accusative dual)
subyā (accusative plural)
subois (genitive singular)
subois (dual genitive)
subyom (genitive plural)
subei (dative singular)
subibom (dative dual)
subibos (dative plural)
subei (locative singular)
subī (instrumental singular)
subibim (dual instrumental)
subibis (instrumental plural)

Presumably from a non-Indo-European substrate loan, though the pattern of declension found in Old Irish suib looks archaic.
An older hypothesis posited Proto-Indo-European *su-b⁽ʰ⁾- (“to squeeze, pour; juice”) as the source.

der

Old Irish: suibMiddle Irish: sub fIrish: sú


damos

damos (nominative singular)
damou (dual nominative)
damoi (nominative plural)
dame (singular vocative)
damou (dual vocative)
damoi (plural vocative)
damom (accusative singular)
damou (accusative dual)
damons (accusative plural)
damī (genitive singular)
damous (dual genitive)
damom (genitive plural)
damūi (dative singular)
damobom (dative dual)
damobos (dative plural)
damei (locative singular)
damū (instrumental singular)
damobim (dual instrumental)
damūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: dam
Middle Irish: dam
Irish: damh
Manx: dow
Scottish Gaelic: damh

From Proto-Indo-European *demh₂- (“to domesticate, tame”). Compare Albanian dem (“bull”) from the same root.


nowe

Proto-Brythonic: *now

Old Breton: nou

Old Welsh: neu, nou

Middle Welsh: neu

Welsh: neu, nou

desctree

Old Irish: nó, no, nú, ꝉ
Irish: nó
Manx: ny
Scottish Gaelic: no, neo

From Proto-Indo-European *ne-we, from *né (“not”) + *-we (“or”), literally “or not”. Compare Latin nēve, which was formed identically.


sidos

sidos (nominative singular)
sidou (dual nominative)
sidoi (nominative plural)
side (singular vocative)
sidou (dual vocative)
sidoi (plural vocative)
sidom (accusative singular)
sidou (accusative dual)
sidons (accusative plural)
sidī (genitive singular)
sidous (dual genitive)
sidom (genitive plural)
sidūi (dative singular)
sidobom (dative dual)
sidobos (dative plural)
sidei (locative singular)
sidū (instrumental singular)
sidobim (dual instrumental)
sidūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨð

⇒ Middle Breton: heizes (“hind, doe”)

Breton: heizez

Middle Welsh: hyð

Welsh: hydd

Middle Irish: sed


nowan

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *naw
Old Breton: nau
Middle Breton: nau
Breton: nav
Cornish: naw
Middle Welsh: naw
Welsh: naw

Old Irish: noí
Irish: naoi
Manx: nuy
Scottish Gaelic: naoi, naodh

>? Gaulish: nau


karos

karos (nominative singular)
karou (dual nominative)
karoi (nominative plural)
kare (singular vocative)
karou (dual vocative)
karoi (plural vocative)
karom (accusative singular)
karou (accusative dual)
karons (accusative plural)
karī (genitive singular)
karous (dual genitive)
karom (genitive plural)
karūi (dative singular)
karobom (dative dual)
karobos (dative plural)
karū (instrumental singular)
karobim (dual instrumental)
karobis (instrumental plural)
karā (nominative singular)
karai (dual nominative)
karās (nominative plural)
karā (singular vocative)
karai (dual vocative)
karās (plural vocative)
karam (accusative singular)
karai (accusative dual)
karans (accusative plural)
karās (genitive singular)
karai (dative singular)
karābom (dative dual)
karābos (dative plural)
karābim (dual instrumental)
karābis (instrumental plural)
karom (nominative singular)
karā (nominative plural)
karom (singular vocative)
karā (plural vocative)
karā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-gar

Middle Welsh: -gar

Welsh: -gar

Old Irish: -char

Middle Irish: -char

Gaulish: *caros

⇒ Gaulish: *Caros (personal name)

→ Latin: Carus

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂-ró-s, from *keh₂- (“to desire”) + *-rós. Cognate with Proto-Italic *kāros (“dear”), Latvian kārs (“lustful, desirous”), Proto-Germanic *hōraz (“adulterer”).


marnati

marnāmi (active first-person present singular)
marnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mimrāsū (active first-person future singular)
miram (active first-person preterite singular)
marnāsi (active present second-person singular)
marnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mimrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
mirs (active preterite second-person singular)
marnāti (active present singular third-person)
marnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
mimrāseti (active future singular third-person)
mirt (active preterite singular third-person)
marnamosi (active first-person plural present)
marnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mimrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
mirme (active first-person plural preterite)
marnatesi (active plural present second-person)
marnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mimrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
mirte (active plural preterite second-person)
marnanti (active plural present third-person)
marnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
mimrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
mirant (active plural preterite third-person)
merasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
merasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
marnā (active imperative second-person singular)
meraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
marnātou (active imperative singular third-person)
merasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
marnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
merasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
marnate (active imperative plural second-person)
merasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
marnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
marnār (first-person passive present singular)
mimrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
marnātar (passive present second-person singular)
mimrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
marnātor (passive present singular third-person)
mimrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
marnammor (first-person passive plural present)
mimrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
marnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
mimrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
marnantor (passive plural present third-person)
mimrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
miranto (passive plural preterite third-person)
merasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
merasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
merasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
merasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
merasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
merasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
marnonts (nominative singular)
marnonte (dual nominative)
marnontes (nominative plural)
marnonts (singular vocative)
marnonte (dual vocative)
marnontes (plural vocative)
marnontam (accusative singular)
marnonte (accusative dual)
marnontans (accusative plural)
marnantos (genitive singular)
marnantom (genitive plural)
marnantei (dative singular)
marnantbom (dative dual)
marnantbos (dative plural)
marnantī? (instrumental singular)
marnantbim (dual instrumental)
marnantbis (instrumental plural)
marnantī (nominative singular)
marnantī (dual nominative)
marnantiyās (nominative plural)
marnantī (singular vocative)
marnantī (dual vocative)
marnantiyās (plural vocative)
marnantīm (accusative singular)
marnantī (accusative dual)
marnantiyans (accusative plural)
marnantyās (genitive singular)
marnantyom (genitive plural)
marnantyāi (dative singular)
marnantyābom (dative dual)
marnantyābos (dative plural)
marnantyābim (dual instrumental)
marnantyābis (instrumental plural)
marnont (nominative singular)
marnonta (nominative plural)
marnont (singular vocative)
marnonta (plural vocative)
marnont (accusative singular)
marnonta (accusative plural)
mratos (nominative singular)
mratou (dual nominative)
mratoi (nominative plural)
mrate (singular vocative)
mratou (dual vocative)
mratoi (plural vocative)
mratom (accusative singular)
mratou (accusative dual)
mratons (accusative plural)
mratī (genitive singular)
mratous (dual genitive)
mratom (genitive plural)
mratūi (dative singular)
mratobom (dative dual)
mratobos (dative plural)
mratū (instrumental singular)
mratobim (dual instrumental)
mratobis (instrumental plural)
mratā (nominative singular)
mratai (dual nominative)
mratās (nominative plural)
mratā (singular vocative)
mratai (dual vocative)
mratās (plural vocative)
mratam (accusative singular)
mratai (accusative dual)
mratans (accusative plural)
mratās (genitive singular)
mratai (dative singular)
mratābom (dative dual)
mratābos (dative plural)
mratābim (dual instrumental)
mratābis (instrumental plural)
mratom (nominative singular)
mratā (nominative plural)
mratom (singular vocative)
mratā (plural vocative)
mratā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: marnaid
Middle Irish: mairnid
⇒ Irish: braith (denominative from the verbal noun)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥-né-h₂-ti, nasal infix present of *merh₂- (“to crumble, destroy”); if so, cognate with Ancient Greek μάρναμαι (márnamai, “to fight”) and possibly Sanskrit मृणाति (mṛṇāti, “to crumble”) and Old Norse merja (“to hit”), though the latter two may have other etymologies.


oinos

oinos (nominative singular)
oinou (dual nominative)
oinoi (nominative plural)
oine (singular vocative)
oinou (dual vocative)
oinoi (plural vocative)
oinom (accusative singular)
oinou (accusative dual)
oinons (accusative plural)
oinī (genitive singular)
oinous (dual genitive)
oinom (genitive plural)
oinūi (dative singular)
oinobom (dative dual)
oinobos (dative plural)
oinū (instrumental singular)
oinobim (dual instrumental)
oinobis (instrumental plural)
oinā (nominative singular)
oinai (dual nominative)
oinās (nominative plural)
oinā (singular vocative)
oinai (dual vocative)
oinās (plural vocative)
oinam (accusative singular)
oinai (accusative dual)
oinans (accusative plural)
oinās (genitive singular)
oinai (dative singular)
oinābom (dative dual)
oinābos (dative plural)
oinābim (dual instrumental)
oinābis (instrumental plural)
oinom (nominative singular)
oinā (nominative plural)
oinom (singular vocative)
oinā (plural vocative)
oinā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉn
Old Breton: un
Middle Breton: un
Breton: un
Cornish: unn
Old Welsh: un
Middle Welsh: un
Welsh: un

Old Irish: óen, oín
Middle Irish: óen
Irish: aon
Manx: un
Scottish Gaelic: aon

Gaulish: oino

>? Pictish: ᚑᚅᚅᚑ (onno)


brinati

brinami (active first-person present singular)
brinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibrīsū (active first-person future singular)
bebra (active first-person preterite singular)
brinasi (active present second-person singular)
brinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibrīsesi (active future second-person singular)
bebras? (active preterite second-person singular)
brinati (active present singular third-person)
brinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibrīseti (active future singular third-person)
bebre (active preterite singular third-person)
brinamosi (active first-person plural present)
brinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibrīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bebrmo (active first-person plural preterite)
brinatesi (active plural present second-person)
brinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibrīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bebre (active plural preterite second-person)
brinanti (active plural present third-person)
brinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibrīsonti (active future plural third-person)
bebrars (active plural preterite third-person)
breyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
breyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
brina (active imperative second-person singular)
breyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
brinatou (active imperative singular third-person)
breyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
brinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
breyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
brinate (active imperative plural second-person)
breyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
brinantou (active imperative plural third-person)
brinar (first-person passive present singular)
bibrīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
bebrra (first-person passive preterite singular)
brinatar (passive present second-person singular)
bibrīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
bebrras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
brinator (passive present singular third-person)
bibrīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
bebrre (passive preterite singular third-person)
brinammor (first-person passive plural present)
bibrīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
brinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibrīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
brinantor (passive plural present third-person)
bibrīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
breyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
breyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
breyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
breyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
breyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
breyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
brinants (nominative singular)
brinante (dual nominative)
brinantes (nominative plural)
brinants (singular vocative)
brinante (dual vocative)
brinantes (plural vocative)
brinantam (accusative singular)
brinante (accusative dual)
brinantans (accusative plural)
brinantos (genitive singular)
brinantom (genitive plural)
brinantei (dative singular)
brinantbom (dative dual)
brinantbos (dative plural)
brinantī? (instrumental singular)
brinantbim (dual instrumental)
brinantbis (instrumental plural)
brinantī (nominative singular)
brinantī (dual nominative)
brinantiyās (nominative plural)
brinantī (singular vocative)
brinantī (dual vocative)
brinantiyās (plural vocative)
brinantīm (accusative singular)
brinantī (accusative dual)
brinantiyans (accusative plural)
brinantyās (genitive singular)
brinantyom (genitive plural)
brinantyāi (dative singular)
brinantyābom (dative dual)
brinantyābos (dative plural)
brinantyābim (dual instrumental)
brinantyābis (instrumental plural)
brinant (nominative singular)
brinanta (nominative plural)
brinant (singular vocative)
brinanta (plural vocative)
brinant (accusative singular)
brinanta (accusative plural)
brītos (nominative singular)
brītou (dual nominative)
brītoi (nominative plural)
brīte (singular vocative)
brītou (dual vocative)
brītoi (plural vocative)
brītom (accusative singular)
brītou (accusative dual)
brītons (accusative plural)
brītī (genitive singular)
brītous (dual genitive)
brītom (genitive plural)
brītūi (dative singular)
brītobom (dative dual)
brītobos (dative plural)
brītū (instrumental singular)
brītobim (dual instrumental)
brītobis (instrumental plural)
brītā (nominative singular)
brītai (dual nominative)
brītās (nominative plural)
brītā (singular vocative)
brītai (dual vocative)
brītās (plural vocative)
brītam (accusative singular)
brītai (accusative dual)
brītans (accusative plural)
brītās (genitive singular)
brītai (dative singular)
brītābom (dative dual)
brītābos (dative plural)
brītābim (dual instrumental)
brītābis (instrumental plural)
brītom (nominative singular)
brītā (nominative plural)
brītom (singular vocative)
brītā (plural vocative)
brītā (accusative plural)

desc

Old Irish: ro·bria (3sg. subj.), ro·bríathar (pass. sg. subj.)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreyH- (“to cut up”).


aros

aros (nominative singular)
arou (dual nominative)
aroi (nominative plural)
are (singular vocative)
arou (dual vocative)
aroi (plural vocative)
arom (accusative singular)
arou (accusative dual)
arons (accusative plural)
arī (genitive singular)
arous (dual genitive)
arom (genitive plural)
arūi (dative singular)
arobom (dative dual)
arobos (dative plural)
arei (locative singular)
arū (instrumental singular)
arobim (dual instrumental)
arūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ar

Middle Welsh: ar

Old Irish: ar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-o- (“ploughing”), from *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *ara, *owom (compare Latin arvum (“ploughed land”)), Ancient Greek ἄρουρα (ároura, “sowing-land”), Sanskrit उर्वरा (urvarā, “field yielding crop”). Related to Proto-Celtic *aryeti (“to plough”), *arawar (“cereal, grain”).


taras

Proto-Brythonic: *tra

Old Breton: tra

Breton: tra, dre

Middle Welsh: tra

Welsh: tra

desctree

Old Irish: tar
Irish: thar
Manx: har, harrish
Scottish Gaelic: thar

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂és (“through, across”). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *tr̥Hás (“through”).


barens

barens (nominative singular)
barane (dual nominative)
baranes (nominative plural)
barens (singular vocative)
barane (dual vocative)
baranes (plural vocative)
baranam (accusative singular)
barane (accusative dual)
baranans (accusative plural)
baranos (genitive singular)
baranou (dual genitive)
baranom (genitive plural)
baranei (dative singular)
baranobom (dative dual)
baranobos (dative plural)
barani (locative singular)
barane? (instrumental singular)
baranobim (dual instrumental)
baranobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bar

Middle Welsh: bar (“anger, rage”)

Welsh: bâr

Old Irish: barae

Middle Irish: bara

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce, strike”). Cognate to Lithuanian bárti (“to scold”).


latis

latis (nominative singular)
latī (dual nominative)
latīs (nominative plural)
lati (singular vocative)
latī (dual vocative)
latīs (plural vocative)
latim (accusative singular)
latī (accusative dual)
latins (accusative plural)
lateis (genitive singular)
latyow (dual genitive)
latyom (genitive plural)
latei (dative singular)
latibom (dative dual)
latibos (dative plural)
latei (locative singular)
latī (instrumental singular)
latibim (dual instrumental)
latibis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *llad (“alcoholic beverage”)

Old Breton: lat

Old Cornish: lad

Middle Welsh: llad, llat

Welsh: llad

desctree

Old Irish: laith (“alcoholic beverage”)
Irish: laith
Scottish Gaelic: laith

Gaulish: *latis (“swamp, marsh”)

desc

→ Latin: Latis (ancient name of an Italian river)

→⇒ Latin: Arelate (via a prepositional phrase *are latē "by the marsh")

French: Arles, Arlet

Occitan: Arle, Arlet

Matasović, Pokorny, and the GPC assume the senses "beverage" and "swamp" share an etymology. Irslinger breaks with this tradition by positing that they have separate etymologies.
* Cognates identified by Pokorny (which he unites under a root *lat-) include Old High German letto (“silt”), Icelandic leðja (“mud”), Ancient Greek λᾰ́τᾰξ (lắtăx, “drop of wine”), and Latin latex. Matasović rejects any relation to the Greek and Latin words.
* Matasović, due to struggling to etymologize the *a in this word, assigns substrate origin.
* Irslinger posits two possible Indo-European root origins for the "beverage" sense, Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”) and *leyH- (“to pour”), preferring the latter root. For the sense "swamp", she maintains the comparisons to Old High German letto (“silt”) and Icelandic leðja (“mud”) but assigns no further etymology to them.

cog

lathach

Old Irish: lathach, laithech; Scottish Gaelic


meros

meros (nominative singular)
merou (dual nominative)
meroi (nominative plural)
mere (singular vocative)
merou (dual vocative)
meroi (plural vocative)
merom (accusative singular)
merou (accusative dual)
merons (accusative plural)
merī (genitive singular)
merous (dual genitive)
merom (genitive plural)
merūi (dative singular)
merobom (dative dual)
merobos (dative plural)
merū (instrumental singular)
merobim (dual instrumental)
merobis (instrumental plural)
merā (nominative singular)
merai (dual nominative)
merās (nominative plural)
merā (singular vocative)
merai (dual vocative)
merās (plural vocative)
meram (accusative singular)
merai (accusative dual)
merans (accusative plural)
merās (genitive singular)
merai (dative singular)
merābom (dative dual)
merābos (dative plural)
merābim (dual instrumental)
merābis (instrumental plural)
merom (nominative singular)
merā (nominative plural)
merom (singular vocative)
merā (plural vocative)
merā (accusative plural)

Brittonic:

desc

suffixed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">-edig</i>

⇒ Middle Welsh: meredig (suffixed with -edig)

Middle Irish: mer

Irish: mear

Gaulish: *meros

→⇒ Latin: Atimeria

→⇒ Latin: Calemerus

→⇒ Latin: Dumerius

→⇒ Latin: Esmerius

→⇒ Latin: Mereus

→⇒ Latin: Merobaudes

→⇒ Latin: Merocles

→⇒ Latin: Mereus

→⇒ Latin: Merogaisus

→⇒ Latin: Mereus

Possibly related to Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “slow; foolish, stupid”),, from a root Proto-Indo-European *merh₂- (“to delay”); a derivation from this root can be justified given the known semantic pathway of deriving words for mental disabilities from words meaning "slow" or "delayed". However, for unknown reasons, Zair is uncomfortable with relating this root to the Ancient Greek word.


alyos

alyos (nominative singular)
alyou (dual nominative)
alyoi (nominative plural)
alye (singular vocative)
alyou (dual vocative)
alyoi (plural vocative)
alyom (accusative singular)
alyou (accusative dual)
alyons (accusative plural)
alyī (genitive singular)
alyous (dual genitive)
alyom (genitive plural)
alyūi (dative singular)
alyobom (dative dual)
alyobos (dative plural)
alyū (instrumental singular)
alyobim (dual instrumental)
alyobis (instrumental plural)
alyā (nominative singular)
alyai (dual nominative)
alyās (nominative plural)
alyā (singular vocative)
alyai (dual vocative)
alyās (plural vocative)
alyam (accusative singular)
alyai (accusative dual)
alyans (accusative plural)
alyās (genitive singular)
alyai (dative singular)
alyābom (dative dual)
alyābos (dative plural)
alyābim (dual instrumental)
alyābis (instrumental plural)
alyom (nominative singular)
alyā (nominative plural)
alyom (singular vocative)
alyā (plural vocative)
alyā (accusative plural)
*alnos (alternative)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ėl
Middle Breton: eil
Cornish: eyl
Middle Welsh: eil
Welsh: ail

Old Irish: aile
Middle Irish: aile, oile, eile
Irish: eile
Manx: elley
Scottish Gaelic: eile

Gaulish: allos, alos

Lepontic: 𐌀𐌋𐌉𐌏𐌔 (alios)


dagos

dagos (nominative singular)
dagou (dual nominative)
dagoi (nominative plural)
dage (singular vocative)
dagou (dual vocative)
dagoi (plural vocative)
dagom (accusative singular)
dagou (accusative dual)
dagons (accusative plural)
dagī (genitive singular)
dagous (dual genitive)
dagom (genitive plural)
dagūi (dative singular)
dagobom (dative dual)
dagobos (dative plural)
dagū (instrumental singular)
dagobim (dual instrumental)
dagobis (instrumental plural)
dagā (nominative singular)
dagai (dual nominative)
dagās (nominative plural)
dagā (singular vocative)
dagai (dual vocative)
dagās (plural vocative)
dagam (accusative singular)
dagai (accusative dual)
dagans (accusative plural)
dagās (genitive singular)
dagai (dative singular)
dagābom (dative dual)
dagābos (dative plural)
dagābim (dual instrumental)
dagābis (instrumental plural)
dagom (nominative singular)
dagā (nominative plural)
dagom (singular vocative)
dagā (plural vocative)
dagā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *daɣ (attested in the Bath curse tablets as an-dagin (“worthless”, accusative singular feminine)).

Breton: da

Cornish: dâ

Middle Welsh: da

Welsh: da

Old Irish: dag-, deg-
Irish: dea-, deagh- (superseded), deá- (Cois Fharraige)
Scottish Gaelic: deagh

Gaulish: dagos

Unknown. None of the proposed etymologies is plausible (compare Ancient Greek ταχύς (takhús, “fast”), Icelandic tækur (“acceptable”).
Matasovic writes that it could possibly be assimilated from *dako-, which could be from Proto-Indo-European *dko-, also the source of *dekos- (“honor”). This root also gives Old Irish dech, the suppletive superlative to maith (“good”).


rotos

rotos (nominative singular)
rotou (dual nominative)
rotoi (nominative plural)
rote (singular vocative)
rotou (dual vocative)
rotoi (plural vocative)
rotom (accusative singular)
rotou (accusative dual)
rotons (accusative plural)
rotī (genitive singular)
rotous (dual genitive)
rotom (genitive plural)
rotūi (dative singular)
rotobom (dative dual)
rotobos (dative plural)
rotei (locative singular)
rotū (instrumental singular)
rotobim (dual instrumental)
rotūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrod f
Breton: rod
Cornish: ros
Welsh: rhod

Old Irish: roth
Irish: roth
Scottish Gaelic: roth

⇒ Gaulish: *Rotomagos

→ Latin: Rotomagus

From Proto-Indo-European *Hret- (“to run”), or more specifically from the agentive adnominal Proto-Indo-European *Hroth₂ós.


senos

head

*senos (comparative *senyūs, superlative *senisamos)

senyūs (comparative)
senisamos (superlative)
senos (nominative singular)
senou (dual nominative)
senoi (nominative plural)
sene (singular vocative)
senou (dual vocative)
senoi (plural vocative)
senom (accusative singular)
senou (accusative dual)
senons (accusative plural)
senī (genitive singular)
senous (dual genitive)
senom (genitive plural)
senūi (dative singular)
senobom (dative dual)
senobos (dative plural)
senū (instrumental singular)
senobim (dual instrumental)
senobis (instrumental plural)
senā (nominative singular)
senai (dual nominative)
senās (nominative plural)
senā (singular vocative)
senai (dual vocative)
senās (plural vocative)
senam (accusative singular)
senai (accusative dual)
senans (accusative plural)
senās (genitive singular)
senai (dative singular)
senābom (dative dual)
senābos (dative plural)
senābim (dual instrumental)
senābis (instrumental plural)
senom (nominative singular)
senā (nominative plural)
senom (singular vocative)
senā (plural vocative)
senā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hen
Breton: hen
Cornish: hen
Welsh: hen

Old Irish: sen

Irish: sean

Manx: shenn

Scottish Gaelic: sean

Gaulish: *senos

Gaulish: *Senones

→ Latin: Senones

Galatian: sen-, sin-


reinos

reinos (nominative singular)
reinou (dual nominative)
reinoi (nominative plural)
reine (singular vocative)
reinou (dual vocative)
reinoi (plural vocative)
reinom (accusative singular)
reinou (accusative dual)
reinons (accusative plural)
reinī (genitive singular)
reinous (dual genitive)
reinom (genitive plural)
reinūi (dative singular)
reinobom (dative dual)
reinobos (dative plural)
reinei (locative singular)
reinū (instrumental singular)
reinobim (dual instrumental)
reinūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: rían
Irish: rian
Scottish Gaelic: rian

Gaulish: Rēnos

→ Latin: Rhēnus (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥῆνος (Rhênos) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *Rīnaz (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH-nós, from *h₃reyH- (“to flow, stream”).


swe

Old Irish: féinMiddle Irish: féinIrish: féinManx: heneScottish Gaelic: fhèin


ati-

Proto-Brythonic: *ad-

Cornish: as-

Welsh: ad-

Old Irish: aith-, ath- (broad form)
Irish: ath-
Manx: aa-
Scottish Gaelic: ath-

From Proto-Indo-European *éti. Cognate with English ed-, Latin et (“and”), Sanskrit अति- (áti-, “very”).


koros

koros (nominative singular)
korou (dual nominative)
koroi (nominative plural)
kore (singular vocative)
korou (dual vocative)
koroi (plural vocative)
korom (accusative singular)
korou (accusative dual)
korons (accusative plural)
korī (genitive singular)
korous (dual genitive)
korom (genitive plural)
korūi (dative singular)
korobom (dative dual)
korobos (dative plural)
korei (locative singular)
korū (instrumental singular)
korobim (dual instrumental)
korūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: cor
Middle Irish: cor
Irish: cor, cur
Scottish Gaelic: cur
Manx: cur

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn”), suffixed with *-os (verbal noun suffix).

der

gwerchyr

Proto-Brythonic: *gwörxör (“cover”); Welsh


magos

magos (nominative singular)
magese? (dual nominative)
magesa (nominative plural)
magos (singular vocative)
magese? (dual vocative)
magesa (plural vocative)
magos (accusative singular)
magese? (accusative dual)
magesa (accusative plural)
magesos (genitive singular)
magesous? (dual genitive)
magesom (genitive plural)
magesei (dative singular)
magesbom (dative dual)
magesbos (dative plural)
magesi (locative singular)
magesei (instrumental singular)
magesbim (dual instrumental)
magesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maɣ

Old Breton: -ma

Breton: -va

Cornish: -va

Middle Welsh: -ma

Welsh: -fa

Gaulish: *magos

Old Irish: mag

Irish: má

Scottish Gaelic: magh

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meǵh₂- (“great”) with a semantic shift from "great one" > "soil; plain". See Sanskrit मही (mahī́, “earth”) for a similar semantic development.


awis

awis gender unattested (canonical)
awis (nominative singular)
awī (dual nominative)
awīs (nominative plural)
awi (singular vocative)
awī (dual vocative)
awīs (plural vocative)
awim (accusative singular)
awī (accusative dual)
awins (accusative plural)
aweis (genitive singular)
awyow (dual genitive)
awyom (genitive plural)
awei (dative singular)
awibom (dative dual)
awibos (dative plural)
awei (locative singular)
awī (instrumental singular)
awibim (dual instrumental)
awibis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew- (“to desire, wish”), cognate to Latin aveō (“to desire”).

Outham

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Owdaβ̃ (name of a legendary Brittonic king); Old Breton

Eudaf

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Owdaβ̃ (name of a legendary Brittonic king); Middle Welsh


tegus

tegus (nominative singular)
tegū (dual nominative)
tegowes (nominative plural)
tegu (singular vocative)
tegū (dual vocative)
tegūs (plural vocative)
tegum (accusative singular)
tegū (accusative dual)
teguns (accusative plural)
tegous (genitive singular)
tegous (dual genitive)
tegowom (genitive plural)
tegou (dative singular)
tegubom (dative dual)
tegubos (dative plural)
tegū (instrumental singular)
tegubim (dual instrumental)
tegubis (instrumental plural)
tegu (nominative singular)
tegwā (nominative plural)
tegwā (plural vocative)
tegu (accusative singular)
tegwā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *teɣ
Middle Breton: teo, teu
Cornish: tew
Old Welsh: teu
Middle Welsh: tew
Welsh: tew

Old Irish: tiug
Irish: tiubh
Manx: çhiu
Scottish Gaelic: tiugh


taskos

taskos (nominative singular)
taskou (dual nominative)
taskoi (nominative plural)
taske (singular vocative)
taskou (dual vocative)
taskoi (plural vocative)
taskom (accusative singular)
taskou (accusative dual)
taskons (accusative plural)
taskī (genitive singular)
taskous (dual genitive)
taskom (genitive plural)
taskūi (dative singular)
taskobom (dative dual)
taskobos (dative plural)
taskei (locative singular)
taskū (instrumental singular)
taskobim (dual instrumental)
taskūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: tadg

Middle Irish: Tadg (personal name)

Irish: Tadhg
→ English: taig, Teague
→ Yola: Thieg

Gaulish: *tasgos

→ Latin: taxo

Galatian: τασκός (taskós)

From Proto-Indo-European *toskos (“badger”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þahsuz (“badger”).


legus

head

*legus (comparative *lagyūs, superlative *lagisamos)

lagyūs (comparative)
lagisamos (superlative)
legus (nominative singular)
legū (dual nominative)
legowes (nominative plural)
legu (singular vocative)
legū (dual vocative)
legūs (plural vocative)
legum (accusative singular)
legū (accusative dual)
leguns (accusative plural)
lagous (genitive singular)
lagous (dual genitive)
lagowom (genitive plural)
lagou (dative singular)
lagubom (dative dual)
lagubos (dative plural)
lagū (instrumental singular)
lagubim (dual instrumental)
lagubis (instrumental plural)
legu (nominative singular)
legwā (nominative plural)
legwā (plural vocative)
legu (accusative singular)
legwā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llaɣw
Old Breton: lau
Middle Breton: lau
Breton: law
Middle Welsh: llaw

Old Irish: lagu, laugu, laigiu

desc

>? Gaulish: lau (a word in a Marcellus of Bordeaux charm)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁léngʰus ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws.