Φīweriyū

Φīweriyū (nominative singular)
Φīweriyū (singular vocative)
Φīweriyonam (accusative singular)
Φīweriyonos (genitive singular)
Φīweriyonei (dative singular)
Φīweriyon (locative singular)
Φīweriyoni (locative singular)
Φīweriyonei (instrumental singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *Iwerið (from the nominative)

Welsh: Iwerydd (“Atlantic (sea)”)

Proto-Brythonic: *Iwerðon (from oblique stem)
Breton: Iwerzhon
Cornish: Iwerdhon
Welsh: Iwerddon

Primitive Irish: *Īweriū

>? Old Irish: Ériu, Hériu (with unexplained irregular é)
Middle Irish: Ériu, Hériu
Irish: Éire
Manx: Nerin
Scottish Gaelic: Èirinn
→⇒ Old English: Īrland
Middle English: Irlond, Irelond, Irland, Yrland, Yrloand
English: Ireland
→ Japanese: アイルランド (Airurando)
Scots: Irland
Yola: Erelhoan, Irelonde
→ Old French: Irlande, Yrlande
French: Irlande
Haitian Creole: Ilann
→ Greek: Ιρλανδία (Irlandía)
→ Persian: ایرلند (irland)
Norman: Irlande
Walloon: Irlande
→ Old Norse: írar
Icelandic: Íri
Faroese: íri
Norwegian Nynorsk: ire
Norwegian Bokmål: ire
→? Old English: Īras

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἰ̄έρνη (Īérnē), Ἰ̄ουερνία (Īouernía), Ἱ̄βερνία (Hībernía)

→ Latin: Ierna, Iverna, Hibernia


kattā

kattā (nominative singular)
kattai (dual nominative)
kattās (nominative plural)
kattā (singular vocative)
kattai (dual vocative)
kattās (plural vocative)
kattam (accusative singular)
kattai (accusative dual)
kattāns (accusative plural)
kattās (genitive singular)
kattous (dual genitive)
kattom (genitive plural)
kattāi (dative singular)
kattābom (dative dual)
kattābos (dative plural)
kattai (locative singular)
kattābim (dual instrumental)
kattābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kaθ
Breton: kazh, kaz
Cornish: kath, cath
Welsh: cath

Feminine equivalent of *kattos; either borrowed from or cognate with post-Classical Latin catta (“cat”).


sasyos

sasyos (nominative singular)
sasyou (dual nominative)
sasyoi (nominative plural)
sasye (singular vocative)
sasyou (dual vocative)
sasyoi (plural vocative)
sasyom (accusative singular)
sasyou (accusative dual)
sasyons (accusative plural)
sasyī (genitive singular)
sasyous (dual genitive)
sasyom (genitive plural)
sasyūi (dative singular)
sasyobom (dative dual)
sasyobos (dative plural)
sasyei (locative singular)
sasyū (instrumental singular)
sasyobim (dual instrumental)
sasyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: heidd

Welsh: haidd

Old Breton: heiz, heizen(n)

Breton: heiz

Cornish: heydh

Celtiberian: *sas(s)ia

→ Old Occitan: saisseto (“fine wheat”)

Catalan: xeixa

→ Spanish: jeja

Gaulish: *(s)asyom (perhaps)

→ Ancient Greek: ασιαμ (asiam)

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₁-s-yo-s, from *seh₁- (“to sow”). Cognate with Sanskrit सस्य (sasya), सस (sasa, “crop, grain”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬵𐬫𐬀 (hahya, “crop, grain”), 𐬵𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬱 (haŋhuš, “use, profit, fruit”), Hittite 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒀭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-an-na-aš), 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-na-aš, “fruit (tree), harvest, crop”).


lubī

lubī (nominative singular)
lubī (dual nominative)
lubiyās (nominative plural)
lubī (singular vocative)
lubī (dual vocative)
lubiyās (plural vocative)
lubīm (accusative singular)
lubī (accusative dual)
lubīns (accusative plural)
lubyās (genitive singular)
lubyous (dual genitive)
lubyom (genitive plural)
lubyai (dative singular)
lubyābom (dative dual)
lubyābos (dative plural)
lubyābim (dual instrumental)
lubyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluβ

⇒ Old Breton: tutlub, tutlob

Breton: tulev, tule, tulo

Old Irish: luib

Irish: luibh

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“leaf”). Compare with English leaf and Latin liber (“book”).


lussus

lussus (nominative singular)
lussū (dual nominative)
lussowes (nominative plural)
lussu (singular vocative)
lussū (dual vocative)
lussūs (plural vocative)
lussum (accusative singular)
lussū (accusative dual)
lussuns (accusative plural)
lussous (genitive singular)
lussous (dual genitive)
lussowom (genitive plural)
lussou (dative singular)
lussubom (dative dual)
lussubos (dative plural)
lussū (instrumental singular)
lussubim (dual instrumental)
lussubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: louzoù

Cornish: les, losow

Welsh: llys, llysiau

Old Irish: lus
Irish: lus
Manx: lus
Scottish Gaelic: lus

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ludʰ-tu-, from *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”), with possible influence from Proto-Celtic *lubā (“herb, plant”).


banatlom

banatlom (nominative singular)
banatlou (dual nominative)
banatlā (nominative plural)
banatlom (singular vocative)
banatlou (dual vocative)
banatlā (plural vocative)
banatlom (accusative singular)
banatlou (accusative dual)
banatlā (accusative plural)
banatlī (genitive singular)
banatlous (dual genitive)
banatlom (genitive plural)
banatlūi (dative singular)
banatlobom (dative dual)
banatlobos (dative plural)
banatlei (locative singular)
banatlū (instrumental singular)
banatlobim (dual instrumental)
banatlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *banadl

Middle Breton: balazn (by metathesis)

Breton: balan

Cornish: banadhel

Welsh: banadl (“broom”)

Gaulish: *balano-
→ Catalan: bàlec
→ Old French: balain
French: balai
→ Esperanto: balai
→ Galician: balea
→ Spanish: bálago

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰenH-tlom (“way, path”); or alternatively from *gʷʰen-tlom, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”), in the sense of “cleared path (in a wood)”; compare Proto-Germanic *banō (“path, cleared way”).


rūnā

rūnā (nominative singular)
rūnai (dual nominative)
rūnās (nominative plural)
rūnā (singular vocative)
rūnai (dual vocative)
rūnās (plural vocative)
rūnam (accusative singular)
rūnai (accusative dual)
rūnāns (accusative plural)
rūnās (genitive singular)
rūnous (dual genitive)
rūnom (genitive plural)
rūnāi (dative singular)
rūnābom (dative dual)
rūnābos (dative plural)
rūnai (locative singular)
rūnābim (dual instrumental)
rūnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrin

Middle Welsh: rin

Welsh: rhin

desctree

Old Irish: rún
Irish: rún
Scottish Gaelic: rùn
Manx: roon

Uncertain; Proto-Germanic *rūnō is either derived from the same source or is itself a loanword from Proto-Celtic. Matasovic is skeptical of connections to Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewH- (“to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper”) (whence Latin rūmor) and to Ancient Greek ἐρέω (eréō, “to ask, tell”), and appears to prefer a borrowing from a common substrate language.


menekkis

menekkis (nominative singular)
menekkī (dual nominative)
menekkīs (nominative plural)
menekki (singular vocative)
menekkī (dual vocative)
menekkīs (plural vocative)
menekkim (accusative singular)
menekkī (accusative dual)
menekkins (accusative plural)
menekkeis (genitive singular)
menekkyou (dual genitive)
menekkyom (genitive plural)
menekkei (dative singular)
menekkibom (dative dual)
menekkibos (dative plural)
menekkī (instrumental singular)
menekkibim (dual instrumental)
menekkibis (instrumental plural)
menekki (nominative singular)
menekkyā (nominative plural)
menekkyā (plural vocative)
menekki (accusative singular)
menekkyā (accusative plural)
menekkois (genitive singular)
menekkois (dual genitive)
menekkē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨnɨx

Middle Cornish: menogh, menough

Middle Welsh: mynych

Welsh: mynych

desctree

Old Irish: menic
Middle Irish: menic, meinic
Irish: minic
Scottish Gaelic: minig
Manx: mennick

Hispano-Celtic:

Celtiberian: mincosegaeicis

Cognate with Proto-Germanic *managaz and Proto-Slavic *mъnogъ, all of which could have been a late Indo-European borrowing from a northwest European substrate.


rentus

rentus (nominative singular)
rentū (dual nominative)
rentowes (nominative plural)
rentu (singular vocative)
rentū (dual vocative)
rentūs (plural vocative)
rentum (accusative singular)
rentū (accusative dual)
rentuns (accusative plural)
rentous (genitive singular)
rentous (dual genitive)
rentowom (genitive plural)
rentou (dative singular)
rentubom (dative dual)
rentubos (dative plural)
rentū (instrumental singular)
rentubim (dual instrumental)
rentubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: rét

Uncertain, but a speculative relationship to Sanskrit रत्न (rátna-, “possession; precious object, treasure, riches, goods”), itself of uncertain origin, has been proposed, assuming common derivation from Proto-Indo-European *(H)ren-t- with metathesis of *nt into Sanskrit /tn/.


angus

angus (nominative singular)
angū (dual nominative)
angowes (nominative plural)
angu (singular vocative)
angū (dual vocative)
angūs (plural vocative)
angum (accusative singular)
angū (accusative dual)
anguns (accusative plural)
angous (genitive singular)
angous (dual genitive)
angowom (genitive plural)
angou (dative singular)
angubom (dative dual)
angubos (dative plural)
angū (instrumental singular)
angubim (dual instrumental)
angubis (instrumental plural)
angu (nominative singular)
angwā (nominative plural)
angwā (plural vocative)
angu (accusative singular)
angwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: enc

Middle Breton: encq

Breton: enk

Middle Welsh: ing

Old Irish: ing (“plight, peril”)

Middle Irish: ing

komangus

with, together; see there for further descendants


uxsū

uxsens (nominative singular)
uxsene (dual nominative)
uxsenes (nominative plural)
uxsens (singular vocative)
uxsene (dual vocative)
uxsenes (plural vocative)
uxsenam (accusative singular)
uxsene (accusative dual)
uxsenans (accusative plural)
uxsenos (genitive singular)
uxsenou (dual genitive)
uxsenom (genitive plural)
uxsenei (dative singular)
uxsenobom (dative dual)
uxsenobos (dative plural)
uxseni (locative singular)
uxsene? (instrumental singular)
uxsenobim (dual instrumental)
uxsenobis (instrumental plural)
uxsū (nominative singular)
uxsene (dual nominative)
uxsenes (nominative plural)
uxsū (singular vocative)
uxsene (dual vocative)
uxsenes (plural vocative)
uxsenam (accusative singular)
uxsene (accusative dual)
uxsenans (accusative plural)
uxsenos (genitive singular)
uxsenou (dual genitive)
uxsenom (genitive plural)
uxsenei (dative singular)
uxsenobom (dative dual)
uxsenobos (dative plural)
uxseni (locative singular)
uxsene? (instrumental singular)
uxsenobim (dual instrumental)
uxsenobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *üx sg, *uxen pl (“oxen”)
Old Breton: ohen
Middle Breton: ouhen
Breton: oc'hen
Old Cornish: oghan, ohan
Cornish: ohen
Middle Welsh: ychen sg (“ox”), ych pl
Welsh: ych sg, ychain pl

From Proto-Indo-European *úks-ō, from *uksḗn (“ox”).

os

Old Irish: oss (“elk, deer, stag”); Scottish Gaelic


mogos

mogos (nominative singular)
mogou (dual nominative)
mogoi (nominative plural)
moge (singular vocative)
mogou (dual vocative)
mogoi (plural vocative)
mogom (accusative singular)
mogou (accusative dual)
mogons (accusative plural)
mogī (genitive singular)
mogous (dual genitive)
mogom (genitive plural)
mogūi (dative singular)
mogobom (dative dual)
mogobos (dative plural)
mogū (instrumental singular)
mogobim (dual instrumental)
mogobis (instrumental plural)
mogā (nominative singular)
mogai (dual nominative)
mogās (nominative plural)
mogā (singular vocative)
mogai (dual vocative)
mogās (plural vocative)
mogam (accusative singular)
mogai (accusative dual)
mogans (accusative plural)
mogās (genitive singular)
mogai (dative singular)
mogābom (dative dual)
mogābos (dative plural)
mogābim (dual instrumental)
mogābis (instrumental plural)
mogom (nominative singular)
mogā (nominative plural)
mogom (singular vocative)
mogā (plural vocative)
mogā (accusative plural)

An o-grade formation from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (“big”).


metom

metom (nominative singular)
metou (dual nominative)
metā (nominative plural)
metom (singular vocative)
metou (dual vocative)
metā (plural vocative)
metom (accusative singular)
metou (accusative dual)
metā (accusative plural)
metī (genitive singular)
metous (dual genitive)
metom (genitive plural)
metūi (dative singular)
metobom (dative dual)
metobos (dative plural)
metei (locative singular)
metū (instrumental singular)
metobim (dual instrumental)
metūis (instrumental plural)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: meth

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: meth

Welsh: meth

Middle Breton: mez

Breton: mezh

Middle Cornish:

Cornish: meth

Unknown, probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate. However, compare Irish maoth (“tender, soft, weak”), from Proto-Celtic *moytos (“tender”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyh₁- (“mild, soft”). From the same root is Latin mitis (“mellow, soft, weak”).


tanā

tanā (nominative singular)
tanai (dual nominative)
tanās (nominative plural)
tanā (singular vocative)
tanai (dual vocative)
tanās (plural vocative)
tanam (accusative singular)
tanai (accusative dual)
tanāns (accusative plural)
tanās (genitive singular)
tanous (dual genitive)
tanom (genitive plural)
tanāi (dative singular)
tanābom (dative dual)
tanābos (dative plural)
tanai (locative singular)
tanābim (dual instrumental)
tanābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tan
Old Breton: tan, dan
Middle Cornish: tan
Cornish: tann, yn-dann
Middle Welsh: tan
Welsh: tan

Old Irish: tan

From Proto-Indo-European *tn̥néh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch”).


ātis

ātis (nominative singular)
ātī (dual nominative)
ātīs (nominative plural)
āti (singular vocative)
ātī (dual vocative)
ātīs (plural vocative)
ātim (accusative singular)
ātī (accusative dual)
ātins (accusative plural)
āteis (genitive singular)
ātyow (dual genitive)
ātyom (genitive plural)
ātei (dative singular)
ātibom (dative dual)
ātibos (dative plural)
ātei (locative singular)
ātī (instrumental singular)
ātibim (dual instrumental)
ātibis (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *ọdɨn (“kiln”) (< *ātino-)

Old Cornish: Odencolc (“lime-kiln”) (toponym, + colc (“lime”))

Cornish: Odengalgh

Middle Welsh: odyn

Welsh: odyn

desctree

Old Irish: áith
Middle Irish: áith
Irish: áith
Scottish Gaelic: àth
Manx: aiee

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁-ti-s, from *h₂eh₁- (“to be warm”) + *-tis.


uɸoreteti

uɸoretū (active first-person present singular)
uɸoretemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
uɸorāta (active first-person preterite singular)
uɸoretesi (active present second-person singular)
uɸoretetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
uɸorātas? (active preterite second-person singular)
uɸoreteti (active present singular third-person)
uɸoreteto (active imperfect singular third-person)
uɸorāte (active preterite singular third-person)
uɸoretomosi (active first-person plural present)
uɸoretemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
uɸorātmo (active first-person plural preterite)
uɸoretetesi (active plural present second-person)
uɸoretestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
uɸorāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
uɸoretonti (active plural present third-person)
uɸoretento (active imperfect plural third-person)
uɸorātars (active plural preterite third-person)
uɸoretsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
uɸoretsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸorete (active imperative second-person singular)
uɸoretseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸoretetou (active imperative singular third-person)
uɸoretsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
uɸoretomos (active first-person imperative plural)
uɸoretsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸoretete (active imperative plural second-person)
uɸoretsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸoretontou (active imperative plural third-person)
uɸoretūr (first-person passive present singular)
uɸorātra (first-person passive preterite singular)
uɸoretetar (passive present second-person singular)
uɸorātras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
uɸoretetor (passive present singular third-person)
uɸorātre (passive preterite singular third-person)
uɸoretommor (first-person passive plural present)
uɸoretedwe (passive plural present second-person)
uɸoretontor (passive plural present third-person)
uɸoretsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
uɸoretsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸoretsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸoretsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
uɸoretsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸoretsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸoretonts (nominative singular)
uɸoretonte (dual nominative)
uɸoretontes (nominative plural)
uɸoretonts (singular vocative)
uɸoretonte (dual vocative)
uɸoretontes (plural vocative)
uɸoretontam (accusative singular)
uɸoretonte (accusative dual)
uɸoretontans (accusative plural)
uɸoretantos (genitive singular)
uɸoretantom (genitive plural)
uɸoretantei (dative singular)
uɸoretantbom (dative dual)
uɸoretantbos (dative plural)
uɸoretantī? (instrumental singular)
uɸoretantbim (dual instrumental)
uɸoretantbis (instrumental plural)
uɸoretantī (nominative singular)
uɸoretantī (dual nominative)
uɸoretantiyās (nominative plural)
uɸoretantī (singular vocative)
uɸoretantī (dual vocative)
uɸoretantiyās (plural vocative)
uɸoretantīm (accusative singular)
uɸoretantī (accusative dual)
uɸoretantiyans (accusative plural)
uɸoretantyās (genitive singular)
uɸoretantyom (genitive plural)
uɸoretantyāi (dative singular)
uɸoretantyābom (dative dual)
uɸoretantyābos (dative plural)
uɸoretantyābim (dual instrumental)
uɸoretantyābis (instrumental plural)
uɸoretont (nominative singular)
uɸoretonta (nominative plural)
uɸoretont (singular vocative)
uɸoretonta (plural vocative)
uɸoretont (accusative singular)
uɸoretonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwarėdɨd

desc

Old Welsh: guorit (3sg present), guoraut (3sg preterite)

Middle Welsh: gwaret (“deliverance, salvation”)

Welsh: gwared, gwaredu

Middle Cornish: gueres

Cornish: gweres

Old Breton: guoret

Middle Breton: goret

Old Irish: fo·reith

*uɸo- + *reteti; the meaning "to help" appears to be a semantic loan from Latin succurrō.

cobair

*uɸo-r(V)ts (compound root noun); Old Irish


dīlegeti

dīlegū (active first-person present singular)
dīlegemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
dīlilxsū (active first-person future singular)
dīlāga (active first-person preterite singular)
dīlegesi (active present second-person singular)
dīlegetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
dīlilxsesi (active future second-person singular)
dīlāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
dīlegeti (active present singular third-person)
dīlegeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
dīlilxseti (active future singular third-person)
dīlāge (active preterite singular third-person)
dīlegomosi (active first-person plural present)
dīlegemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
dīlilxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
dīlāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
dīlegetesi (active plural present second-person)
dīlegestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
dīlilxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
dīlāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
dīlegonti (active plural present third-person)
dīlegento (active imperfect plural third-person)
dīlilxsonti (active future plural third-person)
dīlāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
dīlexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dīlexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dīlege (active imperative second-person singular)
dīlexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dīlegetou (active imperative singular third-person)
dīlexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dīlegomos (active first-person imperative plural)
dīlexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dīlegete (active imperative plural second-person)
dīlexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dīlegontou (active imperative plural third-person)
dīlegūr (first-person passive present singular)
dīlilxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
dīlāgra (first-person passive preterite singular)
dīlegetar (passive present second-person singular)
dīlilxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
dīlāgras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
dīlegetor (passive present singular third-person)
dīlilxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
dīlāgre (passive preterite singular third-person)
dīlegommor (first-person passive plural present)
dīlilxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
dīlegedwe (passive plural present second-person)
dīlilxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
dīlegontor (passive plural present third-person)
dīlilxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
dīlexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dīlexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dīlexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dīlexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dīlexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dīlexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dīlegonts (nominative singular)
dīlegonte (dual nominative)
dīlegontes (nominative plural)
dīlegonts (singular vocative)
dīlegonte (dual vocative)
dīlegontes (plural vocative)
dīlegontam (accusative singular)
dīlegonte (accusative dual)
dīlegontans (accusative plural)
dīlegantos (genitive singular)
dīlegantom (genitive plural)
dīlegantei (dative singular)
dīlegantbom (dative dual)
dīlegantbos (dative plural)
dīlegantī? (instrumental singular)
dīlegantbim (dual instrumental)
dīlegantbis (instrumental plural)
dīlegantī (nominative singular)
dīlegantī (dual nominative)
dīlegantiyās (nominative plural)
dīlegantī (singular vocative)
dīlegantī (dual vocative)
dīlegantiyās (plural vocative)
dīlegantīm (accusative singular)
dīlegantī (accusative dual)
dīlegantiyans (accusative plural)
dīlegantyās (genitive singular)
dīlegantyom (genitive plural)
dīlegantyāi (dative singular)
dīlegantyābom (dative dual)
dīlegantyābos (dative plural)
dīlegantyābim (dual instrumental)
dīlegantyābis (instrumental plural)
dīlegont (nominative singular)
dīlegonta (nominative plural)
dīlegont (singular vocative)
dīlegonta (plural vocative)
dīlegont (accusative singular)
dīlegonta (accusative plural)
dīlextos (nominative singular)
dīlextou (dual nominative)
dīlextoi (nominative plural)
dīlexte (singular vocative)
dīlextou (dual vocative)
dīlextoi (plural vocative)
dīlextom (accusative singular)
dīlextou (accusative dual)
dīlextons (accusative plural)
dīlextī (genitive singular)
dīlextous (dual genitive)
dīlextom (genitive plural)
dīlextūi (dative singular)
dīlextobom (dative dual)
dīlextobos (dative plural)
dīlextū (instrumental singular)
dīlextobim (dual instrumental)
dīlextobis (instrumental plural)
dīlextā (nominative singular)
dīlextai (dual nominative)
dīlextās (nominative plural)
dīlextā (singular vocative)
dīlextai (dual vocative)
dīlextās (plural vocative)
dīlextam (accusative singular)
dīlextai (accusative dual)
dīlextans (accusative plural)
dīlextās (genitive singular)
dīlextai (dative singular)
dīlextābom (dative dual)
dīlextābos (dative plural)
dīlextābim (dual instrumental)
dīlextābis (instrumental plural)
dīlextom (nominative singular)
dīlextā (nominative plural)
dīlextom (singular vocative)
dīlextā (plural vocative)
dīlextā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dileɣɨd

Middle Welsh: dileu

Welsh: dileu

desctree

Old Irish: do·lega
Middle Irish: dílegaid
Irish: díleáigh

From *dī- + *legeti (“to melt”), from Proto-Indo-European *leg-; cognate with Proto-Germanic *lekaną (“to leak”).


legeti

legū (active first-person present singular)
legemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
lilxsū (active first-person future singular)
lāga (active first-person preterite singular)
legesi (active present second-person singular)
legetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
lilxsesi (active future second-person singular)
lāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
legeti (active present singular third-person)
legeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
lilxseti (active future singular third-person)
lāge (active preterite singular third-person)
legomosi (active first-person plural present)
legemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lilxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
lāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
legetesi (active plural present second-person)
legestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
lilxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
lāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
legonti (active plural present third-person)
legento (active imperfect plural third-person)
lilxsonti (active future plural third-person)
lāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
lexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
lexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
lege (active imperative second-person singular)
lexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
legetou (active imperative singular third-person)
lexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
legomos (active first-person imperative plural)
lexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
legete (active imperative plural second-person)
lexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
legontou (active imperative plural third-person)
legūr (first-person passive present singular)
lilxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
lāgra (first-person passive preterite singular)
legetar (passive present second-person singular)
lilxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
lāgras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
legetor (passive present singular third-person)
lilxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
lāgre (passive preterite singular third-person)
legommor (first-person passive plural present)
lilxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
legedwe (passive plural present second-person)
lilxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
legontor (passive plural present third-person)
lilxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
lexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
lexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
lexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
lexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
lexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
lexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
legonts (nominative singular)
legonte (dual nominative)
legontes (nominative plural)
legonts (singular vocative)
legonte (dual vocative)
legontes (plural vocative)
legontam (accusative singular)
legonte (accusative dual)
legontans (accusative plural)
legantos (genitive singular)
legantom (genitive plural)
legantei (dative singular)
legantbom (dative dual)
legantbos (dative plural)
legantī? (instrumental singular)
legantbim (dual instrumental)
legantbis (instrumental plural)
legantī (nominative singular)
legantī (dual nominative)
legantiyās (nominative plural)
legantī (singular vocative)
legantī (dual vocative)
legantiyās (plural vocative)
legantīm (accusative singular)
legantī (accusative dual)
legantiyans (accusative plural)
legantyās (genitive singular)
legantyom (genitive plural)
legantyāi (dative singular)
legantyābom (dative dual)
legantyābos (dative plural)
legantyābim (dual instrumental)
legantyābis (instrumental plural)
legont (nominative singular)
legonta (nominative plural)
legont (singular vocative)
legonta (plural vocative)
legont (accusative singular)
legonta (accusative plural)

Old Irish: laigid
Irish: luigh
Manx: lhie
Scottish Gaelic: laigh

From Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie in a resting position”).


legeti

legū (active first-person present singular)
legemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
lilxsū (active first-person future singular)
lāga (active first-person preterite singular)
legesi (active present second-person singular)
legetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
lilxsesi (active future second-person singular)
lāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
legeti (active present singular third-person)
legeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
lilxseti (active future singular third-person)
lāge (active preterite singular third-person)
legomosi (active first-person plural present)
legemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lilxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
lāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
legetesi (active plural present second-person)
legestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
lilxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
lāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
legonti (active plural present third-person)
legento (active imperfect plural third-person)
lilxsonti (active future plural third-person)
lāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
lexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
lexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
lege (active imperative second-person singular)
lexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
legetou (active imperative singular third-person)
lexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
legomos (active first-person imperative plural)
lexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
legete (active imperative plural second-person)
lexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
legontou (active imperative plural third-person)
legūr (first-person passive present singular)
lilxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
lāgra (first-person passive preterite singular)
legetar (passive present second-person singular)
lilxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
lāgras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
legetor (passive present singular third-person)
lilxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
lāgre (passive preterite singular third-person)
legommor (first-person passive plural present)
lilxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
legedwe (passive plural present second-person)
lilxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
legontor (passive plural present third-person)
lilxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
lexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
lexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
lexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
lexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
lexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
lexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
legonts (nominative singular)
legonte (dual nominative)
legontes (nominative plural)
legonts (singular vocative)
legonte (dual vocative)
legontes (plural vocative)
legontam (accusative singular)
legonte (accusative dual)
legontans (accusative plural)
legantos (genitive singular)
legantom (genitive plural)
legantei (dative singular)
legantbom (dative dual)
legantbos (dative plural)
legantī? (instrumental singular)
legantbim (dual instrumental)
legantbis (instrumental plural)
legantī (nominative singular)
legantī (dual nominative)
legantiyās (nominative plural)
legantī (singular vocative)
legantī (dual vocative)
legantiyās (plural vocative)
legantīm (accusative singular)
legantī (accusative dual)
legantiyans (accusative plural)
legantyās (genitive singular)
legantyom (genitive plural)
legantyāi (dative singular)
legantyābom (dative dual)
legantyābos (dative plural)
legantyābim (dual instrumental)
legantyābis (instrumental plural)
legont (nominative singular)
legonta (nominative plural)
legont (singular vocative)
legonta (plural vocative)
legont (accusative singular)
legonta (accusative plural)
lextos (nominative singular)
lextou (dual nominative)
lextoi (nominative plural)
lexte (singular vocative)
lextou (dual vocative)
lextoi (plural vocative)
lextom (accusative singular)
lextou (accusative dual)
lextons (accusative plural)
lextī (genitive singular)
lextous (dual genitive)
lextom (genitive plural)
lextūi (dative singular)
lextobom (dative dual)
lextobos (dative plural)
lextū (instrumental singular)
lextobim (dual instrumental)
lextobis (instrumental plural)
lextā (nominative singular)
lextai (dual nominative)
lextās (nominative plural)
lextā (singular vocative)
lextai (dual vocative)
lextās (plural vocative)
lextam (accusative singular)
lextai (accusative dual)
lextans (accusative plural)
lextās (genitive singular)
lextai (dative singular)
lextābom (dative dual)
lextābos (dative plural)
lextābim (dual instrumental)
lextābis (instrumental plural)
lextom (nominative singular)
lextā (nominative plural)
lextom (singular vocative)
lextā (plural vocative)
lextā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: legaid
Irish: leáigh
Manx: lheie
Scottish Gaelic: leagh

From Proto-Indo-European *leg- (“to leak”). This verb was reshaped into a weak ā-verb in Goidelic, but not in Brythonic.


ās

ās (nominative singular)
āse (dual nominative)
āsa (nominative plural)
ās (singular vocative)
āse (dual vocative)
āsa (plural vocative)
ās (accusative singular)
āse (accusative dual)
āsa (accusative plural)
āsos (genitive singular)
āsou (dual genitive)
āsom (genitive plural)
āsei (dative singular)
āsobom (dative dual)
āsobos (dative plural)
āsi (locative singular)
āse? (instrumental singular)
āsobim (dual instrumental)
āsobis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: á (“mouth”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁óh₃s (“mouth”), which Matasović reconstructs as *h₁óh₁s.


-sagyetor

-sagyūr (first-person passive present singular)
-sagyetar (passive present second-person singular)
-sagyetor (passive present singular third-person)
-sagyommor (first-person passive plural present)
-sagyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
-sagyontor (passive plural present third-person)
-sagyonts (nominative singular)
-sagyonte (dual nominative)
-sagyontes (nominative plural)
-sagyonts (singular vocative)
-sagyonte (dual vocative)
-sagyontes (plural vocative)
-sagyontam (accusative singular)
-sagyonte (accusative dual)
-sagyontans (accusative plural)
-sagyantos (genitive singular)
-sagyantom (genitive plural)
-sagyantei (dative singular)
-sagyantbom (dative dual)
-sagyantbos (dative plural)
-sagyantī? (instrumental singular)
-sagyantbim (dual instrumental)
-sagyantbis (instrumental plural)
-sagyantī (nominative singular)
-sagyantī (dual nominative)
-sagyantiyās (nominative plural)
-sagyantī (singular vocative)
-sagyantī (dual vocative)
-sagyantiyās (plural vocative)
-sagyantīm (accusative singular)
-sagyantī (accusative dual)
-sagyantiyans (accusative plural)
-sagyantyās (genitive singular)
-sagyantyom (genitive plural)
-sagyantyāi (dative singular)
-sagyantyābom (dative dual)
-sagyantyābos (dative plural)
-sagyantyābim (dual instrumental)
-sagyantyābis (instrumental plural)
-sagyont (nominative singular)
-sagyonta (nominative plural)
-sagyont (singular vocative)
-sagyonta (plural vocative)
-sagyont (accusative singular)
-sagyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-haɣjed

Cornish: -he

Breton: -aat

Welsh: -hau

Old Irish: -igidir, -igid (non-deponent)
Irish: -igh
Manx: -ee
Scottish Gaelic: -ich

From the primary verb *sagyeti (“to seek”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g-.


regeti

regū (active first-person present singular)
regemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rixsū (active first-person future singular)
regesi (active present second-person singular)
regetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rixsesi (active future second-person singular)
regeti (active present singular third-person)
regeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
rixseti (active future singular third-person)
regomosi (active first-person plural present)
regemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
regetesi (active plural present second-person)
regestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
regonti (active plural present third-person)
regento (active imperfect plural third-person)
rixsonti (active future plural third-person)
rexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
rexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
rege (active imperative second-person singular)
rexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
regetou (active imperative singular third-person)
rexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
regomos (active first-person imperative plural)
rexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
regete (active imperative plural second-person)
rexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
regontou (active imperative plural third-person)
regūr (first-person passive present singular)
rixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
regetar (passive present second-person singular)
rixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
regetor (passive present singular third-person)
rixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
regommor (first-person passive plural present)
rixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
regedwe (passive plural present second-person)
rixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
regontor (passive plural present third-person)
rixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
rexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
rexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
rexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
rexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
rexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
rexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
regonts (nominative singular)
regonte (dual nominative)
regontes (nominative plural)
regonts (singular vocative)
regonte (dual vocative)
regontes (plural vocative)
regontam (accusative singular)
regonte (accusative dual)
regontans (accusative plural)
regantos (genitive singular)
regantom (genitive plural)
regantei (dative singular)
regantbom (dative dual)
regantbos (dative plural)
regantī? (instrumental singular)
regantbim (dual instrumental)
regantbis (instrumental plural)
regantī (nominative singular)
regantī (dual nominative)
regantiyās (nominative plural)
regantī (singular vocative)
regantī (dual vocative)
regantiyās (plural vocative)
regantīm (accusative singular)
regantī (accusative dual)
regantiyans (accusative plural)
regantyās (genitive singular)
regantyom (genitive plural)
regantyāi (dative singular)
regantyābom (dative dual)
regantyābos (dative plural)
regantyābim (dual instrumental)
regantyābis (instrumental plural)
regont (nominative singular)
regonta (nominative plural)
regont (singular vocative)
regonta (plural vocative)
regont (accusative singular)
regonta (accusative plural)
rextos (nominative singular)
rextou (dual nominative)
rextoi (nominative plural)
rexte (singular vocative)
rextou (dual vocative)
rextoi (plural vocative)
rextom (accusative singular)
rextou (accusative dual)
rextons (accusative plural)
rextī (genitive singular)
rextous (dual genitive)
rextom (genitive plural)
rextūi (dative singular)
rextobom (dative dual)
rextobos (dative plural)
rextū (instrumental singular)
rextobim (dual instrumental)
rextobis (instrumental plural)
rextā (nominative singular)
rextai (dual nominative)
rextās (nominative plural)
rextā (singular vocative)
rextai (dual vocative)
rextās (plural vocative)
rextam (accusative singular)
rextai (accusative dual)
rextans (accusative plural)
rextās (genitive singular)
rextai (dative singular)
rextābom (dative dual)
rextābos (dative plural)
rextābim (dual instrumental)
rextābis (instrumental plural)
rextom (nominative singular)
rextā (nominative plural)
rextom (singular vocative)
rextā (plural vocative)
rextā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrėɣɨd

Middle Breton: re

Breton: ren

Middle Welsh: re

Welsh: rhe

⇒ Middle Welsh: dyganrein

⇒ Middle Welsh: olrein

Welsh: olrhain

⇒ Middle Welsh: ymrein (“to have sex”)

Welsh: ymrain

desc

Gaulish: reguc (1sg. pres), rexetesi (2pl. subj.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (to be straightening), the thematic root verb of the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (to straighten). Cognates with Latin rego (“I rule”) and Sanskrit राजति (rā́jati, “to direct; to steer; to rule”).

cog

ad·reigMiddle Irish: éirgidIrish: éirighManx: irreeScottish Gaelic: èirich

⇒ Middle Welsh: arwyrein

Middle Welsh: wyrein (verbal noun), wyre (3sg. pres.)

⇒ Middle Welsh: kyfdwyreei (3sg. imperf.)

dwyrain

⇒ Middle Welsh: dwyrein, duyrein (“east”); Welsh


kʷaryos

kʷaryos (nominative singular)
kʷaryou (dual nominative)
kʷaryoi (nominative plural)
kʷarye (singular vocative)
kʷaryou (dual vocative)
kʷaryoi (plural vocative)
kʷaryom (accusative singular)
kʷaryou (accusative dual)
kʷaryons (accusative plural)
kʷaryī (genitive singular)
kʷaryous (dual genitive)
kʷaryom (genitive plural)
kʷaryūi (dative singular)
kʷaryobom (dative dual)
kʷaryobos (dative plural)
kʷaryei (locative singular)
kʷaryū (instrumental singular)
kʷaryobim (dual instrumental)
kʷaryūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *pėr

Old Breton:

Breton: per

Old Cornish: per

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: peir

Welsh: pair

Old Irish: coire, caire

desctree

Middle Irish: coire
Irish: coire
Manx: coirrey
Scottish Gaelic: coire

Transalpine Gaulish: parios

q

⇒ Transalpine Gaulish: [Term?] (name of two Celtic tribes in Yorkshire and in the Île-de-France)

→ Latin: Parisii

→ Vulgar Latin: *parium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥-yos, from *kʷer- (“bowl, vessel”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hweraz (“kettle”), Sanskrit चरु (carú, “kettle, pot”), Proto-Slavic *čara (“bowl, mug”).


moinis

moynis (nominative singular)
moynī (dual nominative)
moynīs (nominative plural)
moyni (singular vocative)
moynī (dual vocative)
moynīs (plural vocative)
moynim (accusative singular)
moynī (accusative dual)
moynins (accusative plural)
moyneis (genitive singular)
moynyow (dual genitive)
moynyom (genitive plural)
moynei (dative singular)
moynibom (dative dual)
moynibos (dative plural)
moynei (locative singular)
moynī (instrumental singular)
moynibim (dual instrumental)
moynibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: moín (“gift, benefit”)

Irish: maoin

Scottish Gaelic: maoin

From Proto-Indo-European *moynis (compare Latin mūnis (“obliging”), Old English mǣne (“common”)), from *mey- (“to change”).


Sabrinā

Sabrinā (nominative singular)
Sabrinā (singular vocative)
Sabrinās (genitive singular)
Sabrināi (dative singular)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *Haβren
Old Welsh: Habren
Welsh: Hafren

→ Old English: Sæfern (r-metathesis)

Middle English: Severne

English: Severn

→ Latin: Sabrina

Late Latin: Sabrina, Saberna, Sæbrina (influenced by Old English form)

Irish: Sabhrainn

Perhaps from *samaros (“summer fallow, fallow land”) + *-īnā.

af

Severn, a river of England and Wales that flows into the Bristol Channel.


kallī

kallī (nominative singular)
kallī (dual nominative)
kalliyās (nominative plural)
kallī (singular vocative)
kallī (dual vocative)
kalliyās (plural vocative)
kallīm (accusative singular)
kallī (accusative dual)
kallīns (accusative plural)
kallyās (genitive singular)
kallyous (dual genitive)
kallyom (genitive plural)
kallyai (dative singular)
kallyābom (dative dual)
kallyābos (dative plural)
kallyābim (dual instrumental)
kallyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: caill

Irish: coill

Manx: keyll

Scottish Gaelic: coille

Old Breton: celli, cilli

Breton: killi

Old Cornish: kelli

Cornish: kelli

Middle Welsh: celli

Welsh: celli

Uncertain. Maybe a derivative of the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *kl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *kl̥-n-h₂-énti (“to beat”) of Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂-, though further details are obscure. Compare Proto-Germanic *hultą (“wood”). Other suggestions include from *(s)kelH- (“to cut”), whence Proto-Germanic *skiljaną (“to cut”), or from *kel- (“to drive”), whence Latin callis (“path”).


kasninā

kasninā (nominative singular)
kasninai (dual nominative)
kasninās (nominative plural)
kasninā (singular vocative)
kasninai (dual vocative)
kasninās (plural vocative)
kasninam (accusative singular)
kasninai (accusative dual)
kasnināns (accusative plural)
kasninās (genitive singular)
kasninous (dual genitive)
kasninom (genitive plural)
kasnināi (dative singular)
kasninābom (dative dual)
kasninābos (dative plural)
kasninai (locative singular)
kasninābim (dual instrumental)
kasninābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: caeninn (“garlic”)

Middle Breton: quinghenn

Breton: kignen

Old Cornish: kenin

Old Welsh: cennin

Welsh: cennin

Old Irish: cainnenn, cainenn

Middle Irish: cainnenn

Irish: cainneann

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kesn- and cognate with Proto-Slavic *česnъ (“garlic”), though the similarity could be incidental. The a-vocalism may indicate a non-IE substrate loanword.


klamos

klamos (nominative singular)
klamou (dual nominative)
klamoi (nominative plural)
klame (singular vocative)
klamou (dual vocative)
klamoi (plural vocative)
klamom (accusative singular)
klamou (accusative dual)
klamons (accusative plural)
klamī (genitive singular)
klamous (dual genitive)
klamom (genitive plural)
klamūi (dative singular)
klamobom (dative dual)
klamobos (dative plural)
klamū (instrumental singular)
klamobim (dual instrumental)
klamobis (instrumental plural)
klamā (nominative singular)
klamai (dual nominative)
klamās (nominative plural)
klamā (singular vocative)
klamai (dual vocative)
klamās (plural vocative)
klamam (accusative singular)
klamai (accusative dual)
klamans (accusative plural)
klamās (genitive singular)
klamai (dative singular)
klamābom (dative dual)
klamābos (dative plural)
klamābim (dual instrumental)
klamābis (instrumental plural)
klamom (nominative singular)
klamā (nominative plural)
klamom (singular vocative)
klamā (plural vocative)
klamā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *klaβ̃
Middle Breton: claff
Breton: klañv
Old Cornish: claf
Cornish: klav, kloav
Middle Welsh: claf
Welsh: claf

Old Irish: clam
Middle Irish: clam

Unknown. Probably of non-Indo-European origin due to the a-vocalism. However, MacBain compares Sanskrit क्लान्त (klānta, “exhausted, wearied, fatigued”).


(s)kīttos

kīttos (nominative singular)
skīttos (nominative singular)
kīttou (dual nominative)
skīttou (dual nominative)
kīttoi (nominative plural)
skīttoi (nominative plural)
kītte (singular vocative)
skītte (singular vocative)
kīttou (dual vocative)
skīttou (dual vocative)
kīttoi (plural vocative)
skīttoi (plural vocative)
kīttom (accusative singular)
skīttom (accusative singular)
kīttou (accusative dual)
skīttou (accusative dual)
kīttons (accusative plural)
skīttons (accusative plural)
kīttī (genitive singular)
skīttī (genitive singular)
kīttous (dual genitive)
skīttous (dual genitive)
kīttom (genitive plural)
skīttom (genitive plural)
kīttūi (dative singular)
skīttūi (dative singular)
kīttobom (dative dual)
skīttobom (dative dual)
kīttobos (dative plural)
skīttobos (dative plural)
kīttū (instrumental singular)
skīttū (instrumental singular)
kīttobim (dual instrumental)
skīttobim (dual instrumental)
kīttobis (instrumental plural)
skīttobis (instrumental plural)
kīttā (nominative singular)
skīttā (nominative singular)
kīttai (dual nominative)
skīttai (dual nominative)
kīttās (nominative plural)
skīttās (nominative plural)
kīttā (singular vocative)
skīttā (singular vocative)
kīttai (dual vocative)
skīttai (dual vocative)
kīttās (plural vocative)
skīttās (plural vocative)
kīttam (accusative singular)
skīttam (accusative singular)
kīttai (accusative dual)
skīttai (accusative dual)
kīttans (accusative plural)
skīttans (accusative plural)
kīttās (genitive singular)
skīttās (genitive singular)
kīttai (dative singular)
skīttai (dative singular)
kīttābom (dative dual)
skīttābom (dative dual)
kīttābos (dative plural)
skīttābos (dative plural)
kīttābim (dual instrumental)
skīttābim (dual instrumental)
kīttābis (instrumental plural)
skīttābis (instrumental plural)
kīttom (nominative singular)
skīttom (nominative singular)
kīttā (nominative plural)
skīttā (nominative plural)
kīttom (singular vocative)
skīttom (singular vocative)
kīttā (plural vocative)
skīttā (plural vocative)
kīttā (accusative plural)
skīttā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: cittach

Irish: ciotach

Scottish Gaelic: ciotach

Manx: kyttagh

Middle Welsh: chwith

Welsh: chwith

From Proto-Indo-European *skh₂ey- (“left”). Cognate with Latin scaevus (“left, clumsy”), Ancient Greek σκαιός (skaiós, “left, unlucky, awkward”).


drūtos

drūtos (nominative singular)
drūtou (dual nominative)
drūtoi (nominative plural)
drūte (singular vocative)
drūtou (dual vocative)
drūtoi (plural vocative)
drūtom (accusative singular)
drūtou (accusative dual)
drūtons (accusative plural)
drūtī (genitive singular)
drūtous (dual genitive)
drūtom (genitive plural)
drūtūi (dative singular)
drūtobom (dative dual)
drūtobos (dative plural)
drūtū (instrumental singular)
drūtobim (dual instrumental)
drūtobis (instrumental plural)
drūtā (nominative singular)
drūtai (dual nominative)
drūtās (nominative plural)
drūtā (singular vocative)
drūtai (dual vocative)
drūtās (plural vocative)
drūtam (accusative singular)
drūtai (accusative dual)
drūtans (accusative plural)
drūtās (genitive singular)
drūtai (dative singular)
drūtābom (dative dual)
drūtābos (dative plural)
drūtābim (dual instrumental)
drūtābis (instrumental plural)
drūtom (nominative singular)
drūtā (nominative plural)
drūtom (singular vocative)
drūtā (plural vocative)
drūtā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: Trutiknos

→ Gallo-Latin: *drudos

Middle Irish: drúth

Middle Welsh: drut

Welsh: drud

Unknown; the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree; firm”) is doubtful. The u of the Welsh word is unexpected, as Proto-Celtic *ū becomes *i in Proto-Brythonic and i in Welsh (compare Proto-Celtic *dūnom > Welsh din). It is possible the Welsh word was influenced by Gaulish or Goidelic, or is a loanword from one of them; foreign /uː/ is usually rendered as u when loaned into Welsh.


wāris

wāris (nominative singular)
wārī (dual nominative)
wārīs (nominative plural)
wāri (singular vocative)
wārī (dual vocative)
wārīs (plural vocative)
wārim (accusative singular)
wārī (accusative dual)
wārins (accusative plural)
wāreis (genitive singular)
wāryow (dual genitive)
wāryom (genitive plural)
wārei (dative singular)
wāribom (dative dual)
wāribos (dative plural)
wārei (locative singular)
wārī (instrumental singular)
wāribim (dual instrumental)
wāribis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: fáir

Welsh: gwawr

From Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).


wesākos

wesākos (nominative singular)
wesākou (dual nominative)
wesākoi (nominative plural)
wesāke (singular vocative)
wesākou (dual vocative)
wesākoi (plural vocative)
wesākom (accusative singular)
wesākou (accusative dual)
wesākons (accusative plural)
wesākī (genitive singular)
wesākous (dual genitive)
wesākom (genitive plural)
wesākūi (dative singular)
wesākobom (dative dual)
wesākobos (dative plural)
wesākei (locative singular)
wesākū (instrumental singular)
wesākobim (dual instrumental)
wesākūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: fiach, fíach (“raven”)

Irish: fiach

Manx: feeagh

Scottish Gaelic: fitheach

desc

Middle Welsh: gwyach (“grebe, Podiceps”)

Welsh: gwyach

Unknown. Possibly borrowed or derived from a non-Indo-European substrate. Welsh gwyach (f) points to a geminate form, *wesakkos. Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to consume, feast, eat”).


sanestos

sanestos (nominative singular)
sanestou (dual nominative)
sanestoi (nominative plural)
saneste (singular vocative)
sanestou (dual vocative)
sanestoi (plural vocative)
sanestom (accusative singular)
sanestou (accusative dual)
sanestons (accusative plural)
sanestī (genitive singular)
sanestous (dual genitive)
sanestom (genitive plural)
sanestūi (dative singular)
sanestobom (dative dual)
sanestobos (dative plural)
sanestei (locative singular)
sanestū (instrumental singular)
sanestobim (dual instrumental)
sanestūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hanes

Cornish: hanas, hanys (“sigh”)

Middle Welsh: hanes

Welsh: hanes

Middle Irish: sanas, sanais

Irish: sanas

Manx: sannish

Scottish Gaelic: sanas

Of unclear origin. The usual comparison to Proto-Celtic *swannati (from Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”)) is formally very unlikely, as proto-Celtic *sw- regularly corresponds to chw- in Welsh, yet the Welsh descendant of this root features an h- instead. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sn-Hes-to- (“wisdom of the elders, ancient lore”) (which would semantically shift to "advice" > "whisper"), from *sénos (“old”); however, this is semantically bold and makes an assumption that "advice" was the original meaning.


yalom

iālom (nominative singular)
iālou (dual nominative)
iālā (nominative plural)
iālom (singular vocative)
iālou (dual vocative)
iālā (plural vocative)
iālom (accusative singular)
iālou (accusative dual)
iālā (accusative plural)
iālī (genitive singular)
iālous (dual genitive)
iālom (genitive plural)
iālūi (dative singular)
iālobom (dative dual)
iālobos (dative plural)
iālei (locative singular)
iālū (instrumental singular)
iālobim (dual instrumental)
iālūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Welsh: ial

Welsh: iâl

Pictish:

→ English: Yell

Gaulish: *ialum

→ *Eburoialum, *Vernoialum, *Nantoialum (toponyms)

From Pre-Celtic *ih̥₁-l-eh₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁-. Related to Russian я́ловый (jálovyj, “barren”), Latvian jēls (“raw, uncooked”), English idle.


serrā

serrā (nominative singular)
serrai (dual nominative)
serrās (nominative plural)
serrā (singular vocative)
serrai (dual vocative)
serrās (plural vocative)
serram (accusative singular)
serrai (accusative dual)
serrāns (accusative plural)
serrās (genitive singular)
serrous (dual genitive)
serrom (genitive plural)
serrāi (dative singular)
serrābom (dative dual)
serrābos (dative plural)
serrai (locative singular)
serrābim (dual instrumental)
serrābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: serr

Middle Irish: serr

Scottish Gaelic: seàrr

Old Welsh: serr

Welsh: ser

Gaulish: serra

Old French:

French: Syrah, serine

→? Latin: serra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *serp- (“sickle, cut”).


omos

omos (nominative singular)
omou (dual nominative)
omoi (nominative plural)
ome (singular vocative)
omou (dual vocative)
omoi (plural vocative)
omom (accusative singular)
omou (accusative dual)
omons (accusative plural)
omī (genitive singular)
omous (dual genitive)
omom (genitive plural)
omūi (dative singular)
omobom (dative dual)
omobos (dative plural)
omū (instrumental singular)
omobim (dual instrumental)
omobis (instrumental plural)
omā (nominative singular)
omai (dual nominative)
omās (nominative plural)
omā (singular vocative)
omai (dual vocative)
omās (plural vocative)
omam (accusative singular)
omai (accusative dual)
omans (accusative plural)
omās (genitive singular)
omai (dative singular)
omābom (dative dual)
omābos (dative plural)
omābim (dual instrumental)
omābis (instrumental plural)
omom (nominative singular)
omā (nominative plural)
omom (singular vocative)
omā (plural vocative)
omā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oβ̃

Welsh: of

desctree

Old Irish: om
Middle Irish: om
Irish: amh
Scottish Gaelic: amh
Manx: aw


omiyom

omiyom (nominative singular)
omiyou (dual nominative)
omiyā (nominative plural)
omiyom (singular vocative)
omiyou (dual vocative)
omiyā (plural vocative)
omiyom (accusative singular)
omiyou (accusative dual)
omiyā (accusative plural)
omiyī (genitive singular)
omiyous (dual genitive)
omiyom (genitive plural)
omiyūi (dative singular)
omiyobom (dative dual)
omiyobos (dative plural)
omiyei (locative singular)
omiyū (instrumental singular)
omiyobim (dual instrumental)
omiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *öβ̃ɨð

Old Welsh: emid

Middle Welsh: euyð

Welsh: efydd

Old Irish: umae, humae
Middle Irish: uma
Irish: umha
Scottish Gaelic: umha
Manx: ooha

Perhaps from Proto-Celtic *omos (“raw”) however, the semantic connection is hard to establish.


saleinos

salanos (nominative singular)
salanou (dual nominative)
salanoi (nominative plural)
salane (singular vocative)
salanou (dual vocative)
salanoi (plural vocative)
salanom (accusative singular)
salanou (accusative dual)
salanons (accusative plural)
salanī (genitive singular)
salanous (dual genitive)
salanom (genitive plural)
salanūi (dative singular)
salanobom (dative dual)
salanobos (dative plural)
salanei (locative singular)
salanū (instrumental singular)
salanobim (dual instrumental)
salanūis (instrumental plural)

Transalpine Gaulish: saleno

Proto-Brythonic: *haluɨn
Middle Breton: halon
Breton: halen
Old Cornish: haloin
Middle Cornish: halan, halen
Middle Welsh: halwyn, halaen, halen
Welsh: halen

Old Irish: salann

Irish: salann

Manx: sollan

Scottish Gaelic: salann

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (“salt”).


sālos

sālos (nominative singular)
sālou (dual nominative)
sāloi (nominative plural)
sāle (singular vocative)
sālou (dual vocative)
sāloi (plural vocative)
sālom (accusative singular)
sālou (accusative dual)
sālons (accusative plural)
sālī (genitive singular)
sālous (dual genitive)
sālom (genitive plural)
sālūi (dative singular)
sālobom (dative dual)
sālobos (dative plural)
sālei (locative singular)
sālū (instrumental singular)
sālobim (dual instrumental)
sālūis (instrumental plural)
*salos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *hal

Breton: hal

Welsh: hâl

Old Irish: sál, sáile
Irish: sáile
Scottish Gaelic: sàl

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂l- (“salt”).


anextlom

anextlom (nominative singular)
anextlou (dual nominative)
anextlā (nominative plural)
anextlom (singular vocative)
anextlou (dual vocative)
anextlā (plural vocative)
anextlom (accusative singular)
anextlou (accusative dual)
anextlā (accusative plural)
anextlī (genitive singular)
anextlous (dual genitive)
anextlom (genitive plural)
anextlūi (dative singular)
anextlobom (dative dual)
anextlobos (dative plural)
anextlei (locative singular)
anextlū (instrumental singular)
anextlobim (dual instrumental)
anextlūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: anacol, anacul
Middle Irish: anacal
Irish: anacal

Gaulish: *anextlon

→⇒ Latin: Anextlus

⇒ Gaulish: *Anextlomaros

→ Latin: Anextlomarus


antom

antom (nominative singular)
antou (dual nominative)
antā (nominative plural)
antom (singular vocative)
antou (dual vocative)
antā (plural vocative)
antom (accusative singular)
antou (accusative dual)
antā (accusative plural)
antī (genitive singular)
antous (dual genitive)
antom (genitive plural)
antūi (dative singular)
antobom (dative dual)
antobos (dative plural)
antei (locative singular)
antū (instrumental singular)
antobim (dual instrumental)
antūis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: anton, Antobroges


rowesyā

rowesyā (nominative singular)
rowesyai (dual nominative)
rowesyās (nominative plural)
rowesyā (singular vocative)
rowesyai (dual vocative)
rowesyās (plural vocative)
rowesyam (accusative singular)
rowesyai (accusative dual)
rowesyāns (accusative plural)
rowesyās (genitive singular)
rowesyous (dual genitive)
rowesyom (genitive plural)
rowesyāi (dative singular)
rowesyābom (dative dual)
rowesyābos (dative plural)
rowesyai (locative singular)
rowesyābim (dual instrumental)
rowesyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: róe

From Proto-Indo-European *rewh₁os (“open space”). Cognate with Latin rus (“countryside; country”) and Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵- (rauuah-, “open space”).


ɸratom

ɸratom (nominative singular)
ɸratou (dual nominative)
ɸratā (nominative plural)
ɸratom (singular vocative)
ɸratou (dual vocative)
ɸratā (plural vocative)
ɸratom (accusative singular)
ɸratou (accusative dual)
ɸratā (accusative plural)
ɸratī (genitive singular)
ɸratous (dual genitive)
ɸratom (genitive plural)
ɸratūi (dative singular)
ɸratobom (dative dual)
ɸratobos (dative plural)
ɸratei (locative singular)
ɸratū (instrumental singular)
ɸratobim (dual instrumental)
ɸratūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrad

Old Welsh: rat

Middle Welsh: rat

Welsh: rhad

Cornish: ras

desctree

Old Irish: rath, rad, rat
Middle Irish: rath
Irish: rath


dusnos

dusnos (nominative singular)
dusnou (dual nominative)
dusnoi (nominative plural)
dusne (singular vocative)
dusnou (dual vocative)
dusnoi (plural vocative)
dusnom (accusative singular)
dusnou (accusative dual)
dusnons (accusative plural)
dusnī (genitive singular)
dusnous (dual genitive)
dusnom (genitive plural)
dusnūi (dative singular)
dusnobom (dative dual)
dusnobos (dative plural)
dusnū (instrumental singular)
dusnobim (dual instrumental)
dusnobis (instrumental plural)
dusnā (nominative singular)
dusnai (dual nominative)
dusnās (nominative plural)
dusnā (singular vocative)
dusnai (dual vocative)
dusnās (plural vocative)
dusnam (accusative singular)
dusnai (accusative dual)
dusnans (accusative plural)
dusnās (genitive singular)
dusnai (dative singular)
dusnābom (dative dual)
dusnābos (dative plural)
dusnābim (dual instrumental)
dusnābis (instrumental plural)
dusnom (nominative singular)
dusnā (nominative plural)
dusnom (singular vocative)
dusnā (plural vocative)
dusnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dunn

Middle Welsh: dwnn

Old Irish: donn

Irish: donn

Manx: dhone

Scottish Gaelic: donn

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-, further to *dʰewh₂-. Cognate Latin fuscus and Old English dox.


briwā

briwā (nominative singular)
briwai (dual nominative)
briwās (nominative plural)
briwā (singular vocative)
briwai (dual vocative)
briwās (plural vocative)
briwam (accusative singular)
briwai (accusative dual)
briwāns (accusative plural)
briwās (genitive singular)
briwous (dual genitive)
briwom (genitive plural)
briwāi (dative singular)
briwābom (dative dual)
briwābos (dative plural)
briwai (locative singular)
briwābim (dual instrumental)
briwābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: briua

desc

Lepontic: 𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌉𐌀𐌌 (pruiam, “funerary construction”)

From to Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁w-o, perhaps from *bʰrewh₁-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *brugjǭ (English bridge, German Brücke).


ɸlitawī

ɸlitawī (nominative singular)
ɸlitawī (dual nominative)
ɸlitawiyās (nominative plural)
ɸlitawī (singular vocative)
ɸlitawī (dual vocative)
ɸlitawiyās (plural vocative)
ɸlitawīm (accusative singular)
ɸlitawī (accusative dual)
ɸlitawīns (accusative plural)
ɸlitawyās (genitive singular)
ɸlitawyous (dual genitive)
ɸlitawyom (genitive plural)
ɸlitawyai (dative singular)
ɸlitawyābom (dative dual)
ɸlitawyābos (dative plural)
ɸlitawyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlitawyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *Llɨdaw (“mainland Europe; Brittany”)
Old Breton: Letau
Breton: Ledav
→ French: Létavie
Cornish: Lesow
Old Welsh: Litau
Welsh: Llydaw
→ Old English: *Lidwīc
Old English: Lidwīccas, Lidwīcingas (“Bretons”)

desc

Old Irish: Letha (“Brittany, Armoric Gaul”)

Gaulish: *litawi

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂éwih₂ (“country”) from *pléth₂us (“flat, broad”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī) and Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī).

cog

Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī)


wertyā

wertyā (nominative singular)
wertyai (dual nominative)
wertyās (nominative plural)
wertyā (singular vocative)
wertyai (dual vocative)
wertyās (plural vocative)
wertyam (accusative singular)
wertyai (accusative dual)
wertyāns (accusative plural)
wertyās (genitive singular)
wertyous (dual genitive)
wertyom (genitive plural)
wertyāi (dative singular)
wertyābom (dative dual)
wertyābos (dative plural)
wertyai (locative singular)
wertyābim (dual instrumental)
wertyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: fertae

From Proto-Indo-European *Hwer- (“to cover, close”).


boudi

boudi (nominative singular)
boudī (dual nominative)
boudyā (nominative plural)
boudi (singular vocative)
boudī (dual vocative)
boudyā (plural vocative)
boudi (accusative singular)
boudī (accusative dual)
boudyā (accusative plural)
boudois (genitive singular)
boudois (dual genitive)
boudyom (genitive plural)
boudei (dative singular)
boudibom (dative dual)
boudibos (dative plural)
boudei (locative singular)
boudī (instrumental singular)
boudibim (dual instrumental)
boudibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉð m

Old Breton: bud

Breton: buz

Cornish: budh

Middle Welsh: buð

Welsh: budd

Old Irish: búaid n, boid (archaic)

Irish: bua

Scottish Gaelic: buaidh

Manx: booie

Gaulish: *boudi

⇒ Gaulish: *Boudilātis

→ Latin: Boudilatis

→? Old Dutch: *būti (or ← Germanic *biūtjaną) (see there for further descendants)

→? Vulgar Latin: *boudinus (or *būtinus ← Frankish)

desctree

Old French: butin (“spoils, plunder”), botin
Middle French: butin
French: butin
→ Breton: butin
→ Catalan: botí
→ Italian: bottino
→ Middle English: bottyne, botye, buty
English: booty, bootyn (archaic)

Italian: bottino (“spoils, plunder”)

q

a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*hildi</i> (“battle”)

→⇒ Latin: Baudihillia, Boudihillia (theonym) (a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-West Germanic *hildi (“battle”))

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷóh₁udʰ-i ~ *gʷuh₁dʰ-éy-s, from dʰe-present *gʷéh₁u-dʰe-ti, from *gʷeh₁w- (“to increase, gain”), cognate with Proto-Iranian *fragaHwah (“profit, gain”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *gáuˀtei (“to obtain, gain”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-, a root potentially shared with the Germanic cognates if they are not borrowed, perhaps the same root as *bʰewd- (“to strike”) (cf. Proto-Germanic *bautaną, Proto-Celtic *bibud- (“guilty; culprit”)).


ɸolkā

ɸolkā (nominative singular)
ɸolkai (dual nominative)
ɸolkās (nominative plural)
ɸolkā (singular vocative)
ɸolkai (dual vocative)
ɸolkās (plural vocative)
ɸolkam (accusative singular)
ɸolkai (accusative dual)
ɸolkāns (accusative plural)
ɸolkās (genitive singular)
ɸolkous (dual genitive)
ɸolkom (genitive plural)
ɸolkāi (dative singular)
ɸolkābom (dative dual)
ɸolkābos (dative plural)
ɸolkai (locative singular)
ɸolkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸolkābis (instrumental plural)

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Galician: olga

→ Portuguese: olga

Gaulish: *olca

→ Latin: olca

From Proto-Indo-European *polḱeh₂ (“plowed field”). Cognate with Old High German felga and Russian полоса (polosa).


ɸenos

ɸenos (nominative singular)
ɸenou (dual nominative)
ɸenoi (nominative plural)
ɸene (singular vocative)
ɸenou (dual vocative)
ɸenoi (plural vocative)
ɸenom (accusative singular)
ɸenou (accusative dual)
ɸenons (accusative plural)
ɸenī (genitive singular)
ɸenous (dual genitive)
ɸenom (genitive plural)
ɸenūi (dative singular)
ɸenobom (dative dual)
ɸenobos (dative plural)
ɸenei (locative singular)
ɸenū (instrumental singular)
ɸenobim (dual instrumental)
ɸenūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: enwyn (“buttermilk”)

Middle Irish: en (“water”)

Gaulish: anam (“swamp, marsh”) (accusative singular), *Enos (“River Inn”)

→ Latin: Aenus

→ German: Inn

From Proto-Indo-European *pen- (“moist; wet; mud; swamp; water”). Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹 (fani).


moniyos

moniyos (nominative singular)
moniyou (dual nominative)
moniyoi (nominative plural)
moniye (singular vocative)
moniyou (dual vocative)
moniyoi (plural vocative)
moniyom (accusative singular)
moniyou (accusative dual)
moniyons (accusative plural)
moniyī (genitive singular)
moniyous (dual genitive)
moniyom (genitive plural)
moniyūi (dative singular)
moniyobom (dative dual)
moniyobos (dative plural)
moniyei (locative singular)
moniyū (instrumental singular)
moniyobim (dual instrumental)
moniyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mönɨð (“mountain”)
Old Breton: monid
Breton: menez
Old Cornish: menit
Cornish: menydh
Middle Welsh: mynyð
Welsh: mynydd
→ Middle Irish: moned, monad (found only in Scottish toponyms)
Scottish Gaelic: monadh

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to stand out, to tower”). Cognate with Latin mons and Old Norse mœnir.


kattos

kattos (nominative singular)
kattou (dual nominative)
kattoi (nominative plural)
katte (singular vocative)
kattou (dual vocative)
kattoi (plural vocative)
kattom (accusative singular)
kattou (accusative dual)
kattons (accusative plural)
kattī (genitive singular)
kattous (dual genitive)
kattom (genitive plural)
kattūi (dative singular)
kattobom (dative dual)
kattobos (dative plural)
kattei (locative singular)
kattū (instrumental singular)
kattobim (dual instrumental)
kattūis (instrumental plural)

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: catt
Irish: cat
Manx: kayt
Scottish Gaelic: cat
⇒ Middle Irish: caittín

Gaulish: *cattos

desc

→ Latin: Cattos, Cattus, Catta, Cattosa, Catto, Cattius

Assumed to be a loanword from Latin cattus or Proto-Germanic *kattuz (see the entry cat for further etymology).


kanxsman

kanxsman (nominative singular)
kanxsmane? (dual nominative)
kanxsmana (nominative plural)
kanxsman (singular vocative)
kanxsmane? (dual vocative)
kanxsmana (plural vocative)
kanxsman (accusative singular)
kanxsmane? (accusative dual)
kanxsmana (accusative plural)
kanxsmens (genitive singular)
kanxsmenous? (dual genitive)
kanxsmenom (genitive plural)
kanxsmenei (dative singular)
kanxsmembom (dative dual)
kanxsmembos (dative plural)
kanxsmen (locative singular)
kanxsmeni (locative singular)
kanxsmenei (instrumental singular)
kanxsmembim (dual instrumental)
kanxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kam

Middle Breton: cam

Cornish: kamm

Old Welsh: cemmein

Welsh: cam

Celtiberian: kamanom (< thematized *kanxsmanom)

Gaulish: *kamman

Early Medieval Latin: cammīnus (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: céimm

Irish: céim

Manx: keim

Scottish Gaelic: ceum

Related to *kengeti (“to step”) + *-sman.


nemetom

nemētom (nominative singular)
nemētou (dual nominative)
nemētā (nominative plural)
nemētom (singular vocative)
nemētou (dual vocative)
nemētā (plural vocative)
nemētom (accusative singular)
nemētou (accusative dual)
nemētā (accusative plural)
nemētī (genitive singular)
nemētous (dual genitive)
nemētom (genitive plural)
nemētūi (dative singular)
nemētobom (dative dual)
nemētobos (dative plural)
nemētei (locative singular)
nemētū (instrumental singular)
nemētobim (dual instrumental)
nemētūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *neβ̃ed

Old Breton: -nimet

Middle Breton: neved (“sanctuary”)

Breton: neñved

Old Welsh: -nivet

Middle Welsh: nyuet

Welsh: nyfed (“sacred grove”)

Gaulish: νεμητον (nemēton)

→ Latin: Nemetum

⇒ Latin: Augustonemetum (“Clermont-Ferrand”) (place-name)

⇒ Latin: Nemetodurum (place-name)

French: Nanterre

→ Latin: Vernemetis

desctree

Old Irish: nemed, neimed
Irish: neimheadh

Hispano-Celtic:

→⇒ Latin: Nemetobriga (place-name)

→ Galician: Nendos (place-name)

From Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to distribute”).


neros

neros (nominative singular)
nerou (dual nominative)
neroi (nominative plural)
nere (singular vocative)
nerou (dual vocative)
neroi (plural vocative)
nerom (accusative singular)
nerou (accusative dual)
nerons (accusative plural)
nerī (genitive singular)
nerous (dual genitive)
nerom (genitive plural)
nerūi (dative singular)
nerobom (dative dual)
nerobos (dative plural)
nerei (locative singular)
nerū (instrumental singular)
nerobim (dual instrumental)
nerūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ner

Middle Welsh: ner (“chief, hero”)

Welsh: nêr

Celtiberian: *Neroi (“Neri”) (ethnonym)

→ Latin: Neri

>? Old Irish: ner (“boar”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr (“man”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀνήρ (anḗr) and Latin Nerō.


olīnā

olīnā (nominative singular)
olīnai (dual nominative)
olīnās (nominative plural)
olīnā (singular vocative)
olīnai (dual vocative)
olīnās (plural vocative)
olīnam (accusative singular)
olīnai (accusative dual)
olīnāns (accusative plural)
olīnās (genitive singular)
olīnous (dual genitive)
olīnom (genitive plural)
olīnāi (dative singular)
olīnābom (dative dual)
olīnābos (dative plural)
olīnai (locative singular)
olīnābim (dual instrumental)
olīnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ölin

Middle Breton: elin

Breton: elin

Cornish: elyn, elin

Old Welsh: elin

Welsh: elin

Goidelic:

Old Irish: uilen

Irish: uillinn

Manx: uillin

Scottish Gaelic: uileann

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l- (“to bow, to bend; elbow”). Cognate with Latin ulna and Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (aleina).


imbetom

imbetom (nominative singular)
imbetou (dual nominative)
imbetā (nominative plural)
imbetom (singular vocative)
imbetou (dual vocative)
imbetā (plural vocative)
imbetom (accusative singular)
imbetou (accusative dual)
imbetā (accusative plural)
imbetī (genitive singular)
imbetous (dual genitive)
imbetom (genitive plural)
imbetūi (dative singular)
imbetobom (dative dual)
imbetobos (dative plural)
imbetei (locative singular)
imbetū (instrumental singular)
imbetobim (dual instrumental)
imbetūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Welsh: immet

Gaulish: *Imbetyos, *Imbetos (Personal names)

→ Latin: Imbetius, Imbetus

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: imbed, imbad
Irish: iomad
Scottish Gaelic: iomadh
Manx: ymmod


atiliyeti

atiliyū (active first-person present singular)
atiliyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
atiliyesi (active present second-person singular)
atiliyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
atiliyeti (active present singular third-person)
atiliyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
atiliyomosi (active first-person plural present)
atiliyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
atiliyetesi (active plural present second-person)
atiliyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
atiliyonti (active plural present third-person)
atiliyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
atiliye (active imperative second-person singular)
atiliyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
atiliyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
atiliyete (active imperative plural second-person)
atiliyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
atiliyūr (first-person passive present singular)
atiliyetar (passive present second-person singular)
atiliyetor (passive present singular third-person)
atiliyommor (first-person passive plural present)
atiliyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
atiliyontor (passive plural present third-person)
atiliyonts (nominative singular)
atiliyonte (dual nominative)
atiliyontes (nominative plural)
atiliyonts (singular vocative)
atiliyonte (dual vocative)
atiliyontes (plural vocative)
atiliyontam (accusative singular)
atiliyonte (accusative dual)
atiliyontans (accusative plural)
atiliyantos (genitive singular)
atiliyantom (genitive plural)
atiliyantei (dative singular)
atiliyantbom (dative dual)
atiliyantbos (dative plural)
atiliyantī? (instrumental singular)
atiliyantbim (dual instrumental)
atiliyantbis (instrumental plural)
atiliyantī (nominative singular)
atiliyantī (dual nominative)
atiliyantiyās (nominative plural)
atiliyantī (singular vocative)
atiliyantī (dual vocative)
atiliyantiyās (plural vocative)
atiliyantīm (accusative singular)
atiliyantī (accusative dual)
atiliyantiyans (accusative plural)
atiliyantyās (genitive singular)
atiliyantyom (genitive plural)
atiliyantyāi (dative singular)
atiliyantyābom (dative dual)
atiliyantyābos (dative plural)
atiliyantyābim (dual instrumental)
atiliyantyābis (instrumental plural)
atiliyont (nominative singular)
atiliyonta (nominative plural)
atiliyont (singular vocative)
atiliyonta (plural vocative)
atiliyont (accusative singular)
atiliyonta (accusative plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: edlynu (“to smear, daub”)

Goidelic:

desc

Old Irish: adlen (“adheres to, follows”)


koimos

koimos (nominative singular)
koimou (dual nominative)
koimoi (nominative plural)
koime (singular vocative)
koimou (dual vocative)
koimoi (plural vocative)
koimom (accusative singular)
koimou (accusative dual)
koimons (accusative plural)
koimī (genitive singular)
koimous (dual genitive)
koimom (genitive plural)
koimūi (dative singular)
koimobom (dative dual)
koimobos (dative plural)
koimū (instrumental singular)
koimobim (dual instrumental)
koimobis (instrumental plural)
koimā (nominative singular)
koimai (dual nominative)
koimās (nominative plural)
koimā (singular vocative)
koimai (dual vocative)
koimās (plural vocative)
koimam (accusative singular)
koimai (accusative dual)
koimans (accusative plural)
koimās (genitive singular)
koimai (dative singular)
koimābom (dative dual)
koimābos (dative plural)
koimābim (dual instrumental)
koimābis (instrumental plural)
koimom (nominative singular)
koimā (nominative plural)
koimom (singular vocative)
koimā (plural vocative)
koimā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉβ̃

Old Breton: cum

Middle Breton: cunff, cuff

Breton: kuñv

Cornish: kuv, cueff

Middle Welsh: ku

Welsh: cu

Old Irish: cóem

Irish: caomh

Scottish Gaelic: caomh

Gaulish: Coemo

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóymos (“of the home, belonging to the family”) (compare English home and Lithuanian káimas (“village, countryside”)), from *ḱey-.


līnom

līnom (nominative singular)
līnou (dual nominative)
līnā (nominative plural)
līnom (singular vocative)
līnou (dual vocative)
līnā (plural vocative)
līnom (accusative singular)
līnou (accusative dual)
līnā (accusative plural)
līnī (genitive singular)
līnous (dual genitive)
līnom (genitive plural)
līnūi (dative singular)
līnobom (dative dual)
līnobos (dative plural)
līnei (locative singular)
līnū (instrumental singular)
līnobim (dual instrumental)
līnūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llin
Middle Breton: lin
Cornish: lin
Welsh: llin

Old Irish: lín (“flax”)
Irish: líon (“flax”)
Scottish Gaelic: lìon (“net”)

From Proto-Indo-European *līnom (“flax”). Matasović derives the word from Latin līnum (“flax”). See *linnā (“veil, cloak”).


līnom

Proto-Brythonic: *llin
Middle Breton: lin
Cornish: lin
Middle Welsh: llin

Old Irish: lín (“full number”)
Irish: líon (“full number”)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to flow”). Compare Old Irish díle and Welsh dillydd, and see *liyeti (“to flow”) for more cognates.


linnā

linnā (nominative singular)
linnai (dual nominative)
linnās (nominative plural)
linnā (singular vocative)
linnai (dual vocative)
linnās (plural vocative)
linnam (accusative singular)
linnai (accusative dual)
linnāns (accusative plural)
linnās (genitive singular)
linnous (dual genitive)
linnom (genitive plural)
linnāi (dative singular)
linnābom (dative dual)
linnābos (dative plural)
linnai (locative singular)
linnābim (dual instrumental)
linnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llenn
Old Breton: lenn
Breton: lenn
Old Cornish: len
Cornish: len
Old Welsh: lenn
Middle Welsh: llen
Welsh: llen

Old Irish: lenn

Gaulish: *linnā (“mantle”)

→ Latin: linnā

From Proto-Indo-European *linom (“flax”) plus an unknown suffix, maybe Proto-Indo-European *-sneh₂ (“Used to form nouns denoting an object”) as one of the suffixes suggested by Matasović. The original Proto-Indo-European word doesn’t seem to be confined to a single form; Proto-Celtic, for example, has two versions, one with the long /i/ and another with its short counterpart. See Latin līnum, Proto-Germanic *līną for more information.


weitis

weitis (nominative singular)
weitī (dual nominative)
weitīs (nominative plural)
weiti (singular vocative)
weitī (dual vocative)
weitīs (plural vocative)
weitim (accusative singular)
weitī (accusative dual)
weitins (accusative plural)
weiteis (genitive singular)
weityow (dual genitive)
weityom (genitive plural)
weitei (dative singular)
weitibom (dative dual)
weitibos (dative plural)
weitei (locative singular)
weitī (instrumental singular)
weitibim (dual instrumental)
weitibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: gueden

Breton: gwedenn

Old Cornish: guiden

Middle Cornish: gusen

Middle Welsh: gwyden, gwden

Welsh: gwden, gwyden

Middle Irish: féith

Irish: féith

Manx: feh


Φerkunyos

Φerkunyos (nominative singular)
Φerkunye (singular vocative)
Φerkunyom (accusative singular)
Φerkunyī (genitive singular)
Φerkunyūi (dative singular)
Φerkunyei (locative singular)
Φerkunyū (instrumental singular)

Gaulish: *Erkunyos

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρκύνια (Arkúnia), Ὀρκύνιος (Orkúnios)

→ Latin: Hercynia

From Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ-unyo-, ultimately from *perkʷ- (“oak”). Compare Proto-Germanic *fergunją (“mountain, mountain forest”).

cog

Hercynia silva, Hercynius saltus, the Hercynian Forest, a range of central European forested mountains, extending approximately from the Ardennes or the Black Forest to the Carpathians


sleibos

sleibos (nominative singular)
sleibese? (dual nominative)
sleibesa (nominative plural)
sleibos (singular vocative)
sleibese? (dual vocative)
sleibesa (plural vocative)
sleibos (accusative singular)
sleibese? (accusative dual)
sleibesa (accusative plural)
sleibesos (genitive singular)
sleibesous? (dual genitive)
sleibesom (genitive plural)
sleibesei (dative singular)
sleibesbom (dative dual)
sleibesbos (dative plural)
sleibesi (locative singular)
sleibesei (instrumental singular)
sleibesbim (dual instrumental)
sleibesbis (instrumental plural)

Matasović proposes that the term comes from Proto-Indo-European *sley-bʰo-, with the root as Proto-Indo-European *sley- (“to smear”), so the meaning would have been 'slippery surface, slope'. He concludes, however, that the semantic connection is weak. Thurneysen connects it to the Germanic slip family of words (Proto-Germanic *sleupaną/*slaupijaną, Proto-Indo-European *slewbʰ- (“slip, slide”)).

Brill Publishers
D. A. Binchy
Osborn Bergin

slébIrish: sliabhManx: slieauScottish Gaelic: sliabh


skrībbāti

skrībbāmi (active first-person present singular)
skrībbāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
skrībbāsi (active present second-person singular)
skrībbātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
skrībbāti (active present singular third-person)
skrībbāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
skrībbāmosi (active first-person plural present)
skrībbāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
skrībbātesi (active plural present second-person)
skrībbāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
skrībbānti (active plural present third-person)
skrībbānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
skrībbā (active imperative second-person singular)
skrībbātou (active imperative singular third-person)
skrībbāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
skrībbāte (active imperative plural second-person)
skrībbāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
skrībbār (first-person passive present singular)
skrībbātar (passive present second-person singular)
skrībbātor (passive present singular third-person)
skrībbāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
skrībbādwe (passive plural present second-person)
skrībbāntor (passive plural present third-person)
skrībbants (nominative singular)
skrībbante (dual nominative)
skrībbantes (nominative plural)
skrībbants (singular vocative)
skrībbante (dual vocative)
skrībbantes (plural vocative)
skrībbantam (accusative singular)
skrībbante (accusative dual)
skrībbantans (accusative plural)
skrībbantos (genitive singular)
skrībbantom (genitive plural)
skrībbantei (dative singular)
skrībbantbom (dative dual)
skrībbantbos (dative plural)
skrībbantī? (instrumental singular)
skrībbantbim (dual instrumental)
skrībbantbis (instrumental plural)
skrībbantī (nominative singular)
skrībbantī (dual nominative)
skrībbantiyās (nominative plural)
skrībbantī (singular vocative)
skrībbantī (dual vocative)
skrībbantiyās (plural vocative)
skrībbantīm (accusative singular)
skrībbantī (accusative dual)
skrībbantiyans (accusative plural)
skrībbantyās (genitive singular)
skrībbantyom (genitive plural)
skrībbantyāi (dative singular)
skrībbantyābom (dative dual)
skrībbantyābos (dative plural)
skrībbantyābim (dual instrumental)
skrībbantyābis (instrumental plural)
skrībbant (nominative singular)
skrībbanta (nominative plural)
skrībbant (singular vocative)
skrībbanta (plural vocative)
skrībbant (accusative singular)
skrībbanta (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: scrípaid

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *skreybʰ-.


messamos

messais (comparative)
messamos (nominative singular)
messamou (dual nominative)
messamoi (nominative plural)
messame (singular vocative)
messamou (dual vocative)
messamoi (plural vocative)
messamom (accusative singular)
messamou (accusative dual)
messamons (accusative plural)
messamī (genitive singular)
messamous (dual genitive)
messamom (genitive plural)
messamūi (dative singular)
messamobom (dative dual)
messamobos (dative plural)
messamū (instrumental singular)
messamobim (dual instrumental)
messamobis (instrumental plural)
messamā (nominative singular)
messamai (dual nominative)
messamās (nominative plural)
messamā (singular vocative)
messamai (dual vocative)
messamās (plural vocative)
messamam (accusative singular)
messamai (accusative dual)
messamans (accusative plural)
messamās (genitive singular)
messamai (dative singular)
messamābom (dative dual)
messamābos (dative plural)
messamābim (dual instrumental)
messamābis (instrumental plural)
messamom (nominative singular)
messamā (nominative plural)
messamom (singular vocative)
messamā (plural vocative)
messamā (accusative plural)

desc

Gaulish: messamobi (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: mesam

Superlative *-isamos formation corresponding to comparative *messais. The root of this adjective is unclear; LEIA entertains a connection to *medyetor (“to judge”) (via the past participle *messos?), but Matasović is not convinced of the semantics. However, one can envision a pathway "judged" > "stigmatized" > "bad".


messais

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: messa
Irish: measa
Scottish Gaelic: miosa
Manx: messey

See superlative *messamos for etymology.


wergā

wergā (nominative singular)
wergai (dual nominative)
wergās (nominative plural)
wergā (singular vocative)
wergai (dual vocative)
wergās (plural vocative)
wergam (accusative singular)
wergai (accusative dual)
wergāns (accusative plural)
wergās (genitive singular)
wergous (dual genitive)
wergom (genitive plural)
wergāi (dative singular)
wergābom (dative dual)
wergābos (dative plural)
wergai (locative singular)
wergābim (dual instrumental)
wergābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: ferg, ferc, fergg
Middle Irish: ferg
Irish: fearg
Manx: ferg
Scottish Gaelic: fearg

Likely related to Ancient Greek ὀργή (orgḗ, “passion, anger, wrath”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵéh₂, from the root *werǵ- (“to make”).

cog

fairggaeIrish: farraigeManx: faarkeyScottish Gaelic: fairge


wergos

wergos (nominative singular)
wergou (dual nominative)
wergoi (nominative plural)
werge (singular vocative)
wergou (dual vocative)
wergoi (plural vocative)
wergom (accusative singular)
wergou (accusative dual)
wergons (accusative plural)
wergī (genitive singular)
wergous (dual genitive)
wergom (genitive plural)
wergūi (dative singular)
wergobom (dative dual)
wergobos (dative plural)
wergū (instrumental singular)
wergobim (dual instrumental)
wergobis (instrumental plural)
wergā (nominative singular)
wergai (dual nominative)
wergās (nominative plural)
wergā (singular vocative)
wergai (dual vocative)
wergās (plural vocative)
wergam (accusative singular)
wergai (accusative dual)
wergans (accusative plural)
wergās (genitive singular)
wergai (dative singular)
wergābom (dative dual)
wergābos (dative plural)
wergābim (dual instrumental)
wergābis (instrumental plural)
wergom (nominative singular)
wergā (nominative plural)
wergom (singular vocative)
wergā (plural vocative)
wergā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwerɣ

Old Breton: guerg

Middle Welsh: gwery

⇒ Gaulish: *wergobretos (“magistrate”)

→ Latin: vergobretus

From Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to make”).


wregeti

wregū (active first-person present singular)
wregemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
wiwrixsū (active first-person future singular)
wrīgam (active first-person preterite singular)
wregesi (active present second-person singular)
wregetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
wiwrixsesi (active future second-person singular)
wrīxs (active preterite second-person singular)
wregeti (active present singular third-person)
wregeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
wiwrixseti (active future singular third-person)
wrīxt (active preterite singular third-person)
wregomosi (active first-person plural present)
wregemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
wiwrixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
wrīgme (active first-person plural preterite)
wregetesi (active plural present second-person)
wregestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
wiwrixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
wrīxte (active plural preterite second-person)
wregonti (active plural present third-person)
wregento (active imperfect plural third-person)
wiwrixsonti (active future plural third-person)
wrīgant (active plural preterite third-person)
wrexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
wrexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
wrege (active imperative second-person singular)
wrexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
wregetou (active imperative singular third-person)
wrexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
wregomos (active first-person imperative plural)
wrexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
wregete (active imperative plural second-person)
wrexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
wregontou (active imperative plural third-person)
wregūr (first-person passive present singular)
wiwrixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
wregetar (passive present second-person singular)
wiwrixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
wregetor (passive present singular third-person)
wiwrixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
wregommor (first-person passive plural present)
wiwrixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
wregedwe (passive plural present second-person)
wiwrixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
wregontor (passive plural present third-person)
wiwrixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
wrīganto (passive plural preterite third-person)
wrexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
wrexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
wrexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
wrexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
wrexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
wrexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
wregonts (nominative singular)
wregonte (dual nominative)
wregontes (nominative plural)
wregonts (singular vocative)
wregonte (dual vocative)
wregontes (plural vocative)
wregontam (accusative singular)
wregonte (accusative dual)
wregontans (accusative plural)
wregantos (genitive singular)
wregantom (genitive plural)
wregantei (dative singular)
wregantbom (dative dual)
wregantbos (dative plural)
wregantī? (instrumental singular)
wregantbim (dual instrumental)
wregantbis (instrumental plural)
wregantī (nominative singular)
wregantī (dual nominative)
wregantiyās (nominative plural)
wregantī (singular vocative)
wregantī (dual vocative)
wregantiyās (plural vocative)
wregantīm (accusative singular)
wregantī (accusative dual)
wregantiyans (accusative plural)
wregantyās (genitive singular)
wregantyom (genitive plural)
wregantyāi (dative singular)
wregantyābom (dative dual)
wregantyābos (dative plural)
wregantyābim (dual instrumental)
wregantyābis (instrumental plural)
wregont (nominative singular)
wregonta (nominative plural)
wregont (singular vocative)
wregonta (plural vocative)
wregont (accusative singular)
wregonta (accusative plural)
wrixtos (nominative singular)
wrixtou (dual nominative)
wrixtoi (nominative plural)
wrixte (singular vocative)
wrixtou (dual vocative)
wrixtoi (plural vocative)
wrixtom (accusative singular)
wrixtou (accusative dual)
wrixtons (accusative plural)
wrixtī (genitive singular)
wrixtous (dual genitive)
wrixtom (genitive plural)
wrixtūi (dative singular)
wrixtobom (dative dual)
wrixtobos (dative plural)
wrixtū (instrumental singular)
wrixtobim (dual instrumental)
wrixtobis (instrumental plural)
wrixtā (nominative singular)
wrixtai (dual nominative)
wrixtās (nominative plural)
wrixtā (singular vocative)
wrixtai (dual vocative)
wrixtās (plural vocative)
wrixtam (accusative singular)
wrixtai (accusative dual)
wrixtans (accusative plural)
wrixtās (genitive singular)
wrixtai (dative singular)
wrixtābom (dative dual)
wrixtābos (dative plural)
wrixtābim (dual instrumental)
wrixtābis (instrumental plural)
wrixtom (nominative singular)
wrixtā (nominative plural)
wrixtom (singular vocative)
wrixtā (plural vocative)
wrixtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwrėɣɨd
Breton: gran, grez, gra
Cornish: gwrav, gwredh, gwra
Pictish: ᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈ (urract, third-person singular preterite)
Middle Welsh: gwneuthur
Welsh: gwneud

From Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to work”).


klinutor

klinur (first-person passive present singular)
kikluwasūr (first-person future passive singular)
klinutar (passive present second-person singular)
kikluwasetar (future passive second-person singular)
klinutor (passive present singular third-person)
kikluwasetor (future passive singular third-person)
klinummor (first-person passive plural present)
kikluwasommor (first-person future passive plural)
klinudwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikluwasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
klinuntor (passive plural present third-person)
kikluwasontor (future passive plural third-person)
klowūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
klowetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
klowetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
klowommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
klowedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
klowontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
klinwonts (nominative singular)
klinwonte (dual nominative)
klinwontes (nominative plural)
klinwonts (singular vocative)
klinwonte (dual vocative)
klinwontes (plural vocative)
klinwontam (accusative singular)
klinwonte (accusative dual)
klinwontans (accusative plural)
klinwantos (genitive singular)
klinwantom (genitive plural)
klinwantei (dative singular)
klinwantbom (dative dual)
klinwantbos (dative plural)
klinwantī? (instrumental singular)
klinwantbim (dual instrumental)
klinwantbis (instrumental plural)
klinwantī (nominative singular)
klinwantī (dual nominative)
klinwantiyās (nominative plural)
klinwantī (singular vocative)
klinwantī (dual vocative)
klinwantiyās (plural vocative)
klinwantīm (accusative singular)
klinwantī (accusative dual)
klinwantiyans (accusative plural)
klinwantyās (genitive singular)
klinwantyom (genitive plural)
klinwantyāi (dative singular)
klinwantyābom (dative dual)
klinwantyābos (dative plural)
klinwantyābim (dual instrumental)
klinwantyābis (instrumental plural)
klinwont (nominative singular)
klinwonta (nominative plural)
klinwont (singular vocative)
klinwonta (plural vocative)
klinwont (accusative singular)
klinwonta (accusative plural)
kuklowa (active first-person preterite singular)
kuklowas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kuklowe (active preterite singular third-person)
kuklowmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kuklowe (active plural preterite second-person)
kuklowars (active plural preterite third-person)
kuklowra (first-person passive preterite singular)
kuklowras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
kuklowre (passive preterite singular third-person)
klutos (nominative singular)
klutou (dual nominative)
klutoi (nominative plural)
klute (singular vocative)
klutou (dual vocative)
klutoi (plural vocative)
klutom (accusative singular)
klutou (accusative dual)
klutons (accusative plural)
klutī (genitive singular)
klutous (dual genitive)
klutom (genitive plural)
klutūi (dative singular)
klutobom (dative dual)
klutobos (dative plural)
klutū (instrumental singular)
klutobim (dual instrumental)
klutobis (instrumental plural)
klutā (nominative singular)
klutai (dual nominative)
klutās (nominative plural)
klutā (singular vocative)
klutai (dual vocative)
klutās (plural vocative)
klutam (accusative singular)
klutai (accusative dual)
klutans (accusative plural)
klutās (genitive singular)
klutai (dative singular)
klutābom (dative dual)
klutābos (dative plural)
klutābim (dual instrumental)
klutābis (instrumental plural)
klutom (nominative singular)
klutā (nominative plural)
klutom (singular vocative)
klutā (plural vocative)
klutā (accusative plural)

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*ɸro-klunitor</i> with metathesis of i and u

⇒ Old Irish: ro·cluinethar (from *ɸro-klunitor with metathesis of i and u)
Irish: cluin
Manx: cluin
Scottish Gaelic: cluinn


klusīti

kluseyū (active first-person present singular)
klusīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
klusīsi (active present second-person singular)
klusītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
klusīti (active present singular third-person)
klusīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kluseyomosi (active first-person plural present)
klusīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
klusītesi (active plural present second-person)
klusīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kluseyonti (active plural present third-person)
klusīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
klusī (active imperative second-person singular)
klusītou (active imperative singular third-person)
kluseyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
klusīte (active imperative plural second-person)
kluseyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kluseyūr (first-person passive present singular)
klusītar (passive present second-person singular)
klusītor (passive present singular third-person)
kluseyommor (first-person passive plural present)
klusīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
kluseyontor (passive plural present third-person)
kluseyonts (nominative singular)
kluseyonte (dual nominative)
kluseyontes (nominative plural)
kluseyonts (singular vocative)
kluseyonte (dual vocative)
kluseyontes (plural vocative)
kluseyontam (accusative singular)
kluseyonte (accusative dual)
kluseyontans (accusative plural)
kluseyantos (genitive singular)
kluseyantom (genitive plural)
kluseyantei (dative singular)
kluseyantbom (dative dual)
kluseyantbos (dative plural)
kluseyantī? (instrumental singular)
kluseyantbim (dual instrumental)
kluseyantbis (instrumental plural)
kluseyantī (nominative singular)
kluseyantī (dual nominative)
kluseyantiyās (nominative plural)
kluseyantī (singular vocative)
kluseyantī (dual vocative)
kluseyantiyās (plural vocative)
kluseyantīm (accusative singular)
kluseyantī (accusative dual)
kluseyantiyans (accusative plural)
kluseyantyās (genitive singular)
kluseyantyom (genitive plural)
kluseyantyāi (dative singular)
kluseyantyābom (dative dual)
kluseyantyābos (dative plural)
kluseyantyābim (dual instrumental)
kluseyantyābis (instrumental plural)
kluseyont (nominative singular)
kluseyonta (nominative plural)
kluseyont (singular vocative)
kluseyonta (plural vocative)
kluseyont (accusative singular)
kluseyonta (accusative plural)
klustos (nominative singular)
klustou (dual nominative)
klustoi (nominative plural)
kluste (singular vocative)
klustou (dual vocative)
klustoi (plural vocative)
klustom (accusative singular)
klustou (accusative dual)
klustons (accusative plural)
klustī (genitive singular)
klustous (dual genitive)
klustom (genitive plural)
klustūi (dative singular)
klustobom (dative dual)
klustobos (dative plural)
klustū (instrumental singular)
klustobim (dual instrumental)
klustobis (instrumental plural)
klustā (nominative singular)
klustai (dual nominative)
klustās (nominative plural)
klustā (singular vocative)
klustai (dual vocative)
klustās (plural vocative)
klustam (accusative singular)
klustai (accusative dual)
klustans (accusative plural)
klustās (genitive singular)
klustai (dative singular)
klustābom (dative dual)
klustābos (dative plural)
klustābim (dual instrumental)
klustābis (instrumental plural)
klustom (nominative singular)
klustā (nominative plural)
klustom (singular vocative)
klustā (plural vocative)
klustā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: clevet

Breton: klevet

Cornish: klewes

Middle Welsh: clywet, clybot

Welsh: clywed, clybod

Gaulish: cluiou (1st pers. sg. pres.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlush₁yéti (“to be hearing”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlews- (“to hear”).