nessamos

nessamos (nominative singular)
nessamou (dual nominative)
nessamoi (nominative plural)
nessame (singular vocative)
nessamou (dual vocative)
nessamoi (plural vocative)
nessamom (accusative singular)
nessamou (accusative dual)
nessamons (accusative plural)
nessamī (genitive singular)
nessamous (dual genitive)
nessamom (genitive plural)
nessamūi (dative singular)
nessamobom (dative dual)
nessamobos (dative plural)
nessamū (instrumental singular)
nessamobim (dual instrumental)
nessamobis (instrumental plural)
nessamā (nominative singular)
nessamai (dual nominative)
nessamās (nominative plural)
nessamā (singular vocative)
nessamai (dual vocative)
nessamās (plural vocative)
nessamam (accusative singular)
nessamai (accusative dual)
nessamans (accusative plural)
nessamās (genitive singular)
nessamai (dative singular)
nessamābom (dative dual)
nessamābos (dative plural)
nessamābim (dual instrumental)
nessamābis (instrumental plural)
nessamom (nominative singular)
nessamā (nominative plural)
nessamom (singular vocative)
nessamā (plural vocative)
nessamā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nesaβ̃

Old Breton: nesham

Breton: nesañ

Old Cornish: nesheuin

Middle Cornish: nessa

Cornish: nessa

Middle Welsh: nessaf

Welsh: nesaf

Old Irish: nessam

Gaulish: neđđamon (genitive plural)

See the related comparative *nessais for etymology.


ɸitulandā

ɸitulandā (nominative singular)
ɸitulandai (dual nominative)
ɸitulandās (nominative plural)
ɸitulandā (singular vocative)
ɸitulandai (dual vocative)
ɸitulandās (plural vocative)
ɸitulandam (accusative singular)
ɸitulandai (accusative dual)
ɸitulandāns (accusative plural)
ɸitulandās (genitive singular)
ɸitulandous (dual genitive)
ɸitulandom (genitive plural)
ɸitulandāi (dative singular)
ɸitulandābom (dative dual)
ɸitulandābos (dative plural)
ɸitulandai (locative singular)
ɸitulandābim (dual instrumental)
ɸitulandābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨdlann

Old Welsh: itlann

Middle Welsh: ydlan, ytlan

Welsh: ydlan

Old Irish: ithland

Middle Irish: ithlann, ithla, ithlu

Irish: iothlainn

Scottish Gaelic: iodhlann

Manx: uhllin

From *ɸitu (“grain”) + *landā (“area, space”).


kʷritus

kʷritus (nominative singular)
kʷritū (dual nominative)
kʷritowes (nominative plural)
kʷritu (singular vocative)
kʷritū (dual vocative)
kʷritūs (plural vocative)
kʷritum (accusative singular)
kʷritū (accusative dual)
kʷrituns (accusative plural)
kʷritous (genitive singular)
kʷritous (dual genitive)
kʷritowom (genitive plural)
kʷritou (dative singular)
kʷritubom (dative dual)
kʷritubos (dative plural)
kʷritū (instrumental singular)
kʷritubim (dual instrumental)
kʷritubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *prɨd

Old Cornish: prit

Middle Cornish: prys

Middle Breton: pret

Breton: pred

Middle Welsh: pryd, pryt

Welsh: pryd (“form, time”)

desctree

Old Irish: cruth (“form”), crud
Irish: cruth
Manx: croo
Scottish Gaelic: cruth

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- + *-tus.


gʷerets

gʷerets (nominative singular)
gʷerets (singular vocative)
gʷeretam (accusative singular)
gʷeretos (genitive singular)
gʷeretei (dative singular)
gʷereti (locative singular)
gʷerete? (instrumental singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwer

Middle Welsh: gwer

Welsh: gwêr

Middle Irish: geir

Irish: geir

Manx: geirr

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“to heat, warm”) (whence also *gʷereti) + *-ets, but Matasović struggles to understand the semantics of such a derivation.


sɸelgā

sɸelgā (nominative singular)
sɸelgai (dual nominative)
sɸelgās (nominative plural)
sɸelgā (singular vocative)
sɸelgai (dual vocative)
sɸelgās (plural vocative)
sɸelgam (accusative singular)
sɸelgai (accusative dual)
sɸelgāns (accusative plural)
sɸelgās (genitive singular)
sɸelgous (dual genitive)
sɸelgom (genitive plural)
sɸelgāi (dative singular)
sɸelgābom (dative dual)
sɸelgābos (dative plural)
sɸelgai (locative singular)
sɸelgābim (dual instrumental)
sɸelgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: felch

Breton: felc'h

Middle Irish: selg (“spleen”)

Classical Gaelic: sealg (“spleen”)

Generally related to Ancient Greek σπλήν (splḗn), Latin liēn, Sanskrit प्लीहन् (plīhán) Lithuanian blužnis, Proto-Slavic *selzenь, Old Armenian փայծաղն (pʻaycałn), and Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬥- (spər^əzan-), but a Proto-Indo-European root is hard to determine due irregular sound correspondences (presumed due to taboo).


yekkos

yakkos (nominative singular)
yakkou (dual nominative)
yakkoi (nominative plural)
yakke (singular vocative)
yakkou (dual vocative)
yakkoi (plural vocative)
yakkom (accusative singular)
yakkou (accusative dual)
yakkons (accusative plural)
yakkī (genitive singular)
yakkous (dual genitive)
yakkom (genitive plural)
yakkūi (dative singular)
yakkobom (dative dual)
yakkobos (dative plural)
yakkū (instrumental singular)
yakkobim (dual instrumental)
yakkobis (instrumental plural)
yakkā (nominative singular)
yakkai (dual nominative)
yakkās (nominative plural)
yakkā (singular vocative)
yakkai (dual vocative)
yakkās (plural vocative)
yakkam (accusative singular)
yakkai (accusative dual)
yakkans (accusative plural)
yakkās (genitive singular)
yakkai (dative singular)
yakkābom (dative dual)
yakkābos (dative plural)
yakkābim (dual instrumental)
yakkābis (instrumental plural)
yakkom (nominative singular)
yakkā (nominative plural)
yakkom (singular vocative)
yakkā (plural vocative)
yakkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jax

Old Breton: iac

Middle Breton: yach

Breton: yac'h

Middle Welsh: iach

Welsh: iach

Old Cornish: iach

Middle Cornish: yagh

Cornish: yagh

Gaulish: *iaccos

→ Latin: Iaccus

Etymology and reconstruction are difficult, not only due to the geminate -kk-, but also due to the inconsistent vowel between Old Irish ícc and the other Celtic words. All etymologies struggle with at least one of these two problems. A small catalogue of etymologies include:
* Attempting to relate to Ancient Greek ἄκος (ákos, “cure, medicine”) and Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀐𐀴𐀪𐀊𐀂 (a-ke-ti-ri-ja-i), 𐀊𐀐𐀳𐀩 (ja-ke-te-re, “healers”) is possible but phonologically difficult.
* Schrijver offers an alternative in setting up *yet-kos, from *yet- (“to position oneself”).
* Stifter offers the possibility of derivation from *yek- (“to say”), with the necessary assumption of cures and good health being perceived as being delivered by magical words of power.

cog

híccIrish: íocManx: eeckScottish Gaelic: ìoc


makkos

makkos (nominative singular)
makkou (dual nominative)
makkoi (nominative plural)
makke (singular vocative)
makkou (dual vocative)
makkoi (plural vocative)
makkom (accusative singular)
makkou (accusative dual)
makkons (accusative plural)
makkī (genitive singular)
makkous (dual genitive)
makkom (genitive plural)
makkūi (dative singular)
makkobom (dative dual)
makkobos (dative plural)
makkei (locative singular)
makkū (instrumental singular)
makkobim (dual instrumental)
makkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *max

Old Breton: meic pl

Middle Welsh: mach

Welsh: mach

Old Irish: macc (“surety”)

Uncertain. Stifter reconstructs *magʰ-kos, derived from the root *magʰ- (“to be able”).


ɸolnos

ɸolnos (nominative singular)
ɸolnou (dual nominative)
ɸolnoi (nominative plural)
ɸolne (singular vocative)
ɸolnou (dual vocative)
ɸolnoi (plural vocative)
ɸolnom (accusative singular)
ɸolnou (accusative dual)
ɸolnons (accusative plural)
ɸolnī (genitive singular)
ɸolnous (dual genitive)
ɸolnom (genitive plural)
ɸolnūi (dative singular)
ɸolnobom (dative dual)
ɸolnobos (dative plural)
ɸolnū (instrumental singular)
ɸolnobim (dual instrumental)
ɸolnobis (instrumental plural)
ɸolnā (nominative singular)
ɸolnai (dual nominative)
ɸolnās (nominative plural)
ɸolnā (singular vocative)
ɸolnai (dual vocative)
ɸolnās (plural vocative)
ɸolnam (accusative singular)
ɸolnai (accusative dual)
ɸolnans (accusative plural)
ɸolnās (genitive singular)
ɸolnai (dative singular)
ɸolnābom (dative dual)
ɸolnābos (dative plural)
ɸolnābim (dual instrumental)
ɸolnābis (instrumental plural)
ɸolnom (nominative singular)
ɸolnā (nominative plural)
ɸolnom (singular vocative)
ɸolnā (plural vocative)
ɸolnā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: oll
Irish: oll

desc

Gaulish: ollon (neut. nom. sg.) (attested in Chamalières)

Possibly a *-nós adjective from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-, but the appearance of the o-grade is odd (but paralleled in Ancient Greek πολύς (polús)) and the root *pleh₁- already had a *-nós adjective, namely *pl̥h₁nós, inherited into Celtic as *ɸlānos.


kʷekyos

kʷekyos (nominative singular)
kʷekyou (dual nominative)
kʷekyoi (nominative plural)
kʷekye (singular vocative)
kʷekyou (dual vocative)
kʷekyoi (plural vocative)
kʷekyom (accusative singular)
kʷekyou (accusative dual)
kʷekyons (accusative plural)
kʷekyī (genitive singular)
kʷekyous (dual genitive)
kʷekyom (genitive plural)
kʷekyūi (dative singular)
kʷekyobom (dative dual)
kʷekyobos (dative plural)
kʷekyū (instrumental singular)
kʷekyobim (dual instrumental)
kʷekyobis (instrumental plural)
kʷekyā (nominative singular)
kʷekyai (dual nominative)
kʷekyās (nominative plural)
kʷekyā (singular vocative)
kʷekyai (dual vocative)
kʷekyās (plural vocative)
kʷekyam (accusative singular)
kʷekyai (accusative dual)
kʷekyans (accusative plural)
kʷekyās (genitive singular)
kʷekyai (dative singular)
kʷekyābom (dative dual)
kʷekyābos (dative plural)
kʷekyābim (dual instrumental)
kʷekyābis (instrumental plural)
kʷekyom (nominative singular)
kʷekyā (nominative plural)
kʷekyom (singular vocative)
kʷekyā (plural vocative)
kʷekyā (accusative plural)

Classical Gaelic: cich (only in Early Modern era glosses)

Connected since Delamarre to Sanskrit शक् (śak, “to be able”), reconstructing a putative Proto-Indo-European *kʷekʷ-, albeit requiring that Sanskrit dissimilate the first labiovelar into a palatovelar. However, Germanicists sought to claim that Sanskrit root as related to Proto-Germanic *hagaz (“capable”), which cannot be reconciled with the Celtic forms.


Kʷekyā

Kʷekyā (nominative singular)
Kʷekyās (nominative plural)
Kʷekyā (singular vocative)
Kʷekyās (plural vocative)
Kʷekyās (genitive singular)
Kʷekyāi (dative singular)

Primitive Irish: ᚊᚓᚉᚔᚐ (qecia), ᚊᚓᚉᚓᚐ (qecea)

Gaulish: Peccia (with affectionate gemination)

Feminine of the putative adjective *kʷekyos (“courageous”).


wrigants

wrigants (nominative singular)
wrigante (dual nominative)
wrigantes (nominative plural)
wrigants (singular vocative)
wrigante (dual vocative)
wrigantes (plural vocative)
wrigantam (accusative singular)
wrigante (accusative dual)
wrigantans (accusative plural)
wrigantos (genitive singular)
wrigantou (dual genitive)
wrigantom (genitive plural)
wrigantei (dative singular)
wrigantobom (dative dual)
wrigantobos (dative plural)
wriganti (locative singular)
wrigante? (instrumental singular)
wrigantobim (dual instrumental)
wrigantobis (instrumental plural)
*wriggant- (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwreɣ

Middle Breton: gruech (with devoicing due to secondary strengthening)

Breton: gwrec'h

Middle Welsh: gwre

Welsh: gwreinyn, gwraint

Middle Irish: frige (“flesh-worm”), frigde

Irish: fríd

Scottish Gaelic: frìde (“a ringworm”)

→ Latin: (Gallo-Latin) brigantēs

Unknown. Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis (“worm”), but Matasović dismisses the similarity as “probably accidental” and instead suggests a non-Indo-European substrate. Less supported possibilities include Proto-Indo-European *werg- (“to suffer”) and *wreyḱ- (“to bend, twist”).


rinnos

rinnos (nominative singular)
rinnou (dual nominative)
rinnoi (nominative plural)
rinne (singular vocative)
rinnou (dual vocative)
rinnoi (plural vocative)
rinnom (accusative singular)
rinnou (accusative dual)
rinnons (accusative plural)
rinnī (genitive singular)
rinnous (dual genitive)
rinnom (genitive plural)
rinnūi (dative singular)
rinnobom (dative dual)
rinnobos (dative plural)
rinnū (instrumental singular)
rinnobim (dual instrumental)
rinnobis (instrumental plural)
rinnā (nominative singular)
rinnai (dual nominative)
rinnās (nominative plural)
rinnā (singular vocative)
rinnai (dual vocative)
rinnās (plural vocative)
rinnam (accusative singular)
rinnai (accusative dual)
rinnans (accusative plural)
rinnās (genitive singular)
rinnai (dative singular)
rinnābom (dative dual)
rinnābos (dative plural)
rinnābim (dual instrumental)
rinnābis (instrumental plural)
rinnom (nominative singular)
rinnā (nominative plural)
rinnom (singular vocative)
rinnā (plural vocative)
rinnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨnn

Middle Welsh: rynn, rhyn

Welsh: rhyn (“hard, rigid”)

Middle Irish: renn (“swift”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH-, but the source of the geminate -nn- is obscure. The easiest way to account for it is to presume that *-nós was suffixed to the present plural stem of a nasal present *h₃ri-né-H-ti.


kamulā

kamulā (nominative singular)
kamulai (dual nominative)
kamulās (nominative plural)
kamulā (singular vocative)
kamulai (dual vocative)
kamulās (plural vocative)
kamulam (accusative singular)
kamulai (accusative dual)
kamulāns (accusative plural)
kamulās (genitive singular)
kamulous (dual genitive)
kamulom (genitive plural)
kamulāi (dative singular)
kamulābom (dative dual)
kamulābos (dative plural)
kamulai (locative singular)
kamulābim (dual instrumental)
kamulābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: cumal
Irish: cumhal

desc

Gaulish: Καμουλα (Kamoula, female given name)

→ Latin: Camula


kamulos

kamulos (nominative singular)
kamulou (dual nominative)
kamuloi (nominative plural)
kamule (singular vocative)
kamulou (dual vocative)
kamuloi (plural vocative)
kamulom (accusative singular)
kamulou (accusative dual)
kamulons (accusative plural)
kamulī (genitive singular)
kamulous (dual genitive)
kamulom (genitive plural)
kamulūi (dative singular)
kamulobom (dative dual)
kamulobos (dative plural)
kamulei (locative singular)
kamulū (instrumental singular)
kamulobim (dual instrumental)
kamulūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: cumall (“champion”)

Gaulish: *camulos

⇒ Gaulish: Andecamulos

⇒ Gaulish: Camuledu

→ Latin: Camulus, Camalus

→⇒ Latin: Camulorix

→⇒ Latin: Camulaeus

→⇒ Latin: Camulatus

→⇒ Latin: Camulata

→⇒ Latin: Camulinus

→⇒ Latin: Camulixus

→⇒ Latin: Camuloriga

→⇒ Latin: Camulogenus

→⇒ Latin: Camulognata

→⇒ Latin: Camolia

French: Chamouille

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱemh₂- (“to exert oneself, get tired”), a root also appearing in Middle Irish cuma (“trouble”) and Ancient Greek κάμνω (kámnō, “to toil, get tired”).


kottos

kottos (nominative singular)
kottou (dual nominative)
kottoi (nominative plural)
kotte (singular vocative)
kottou (dual vocative)
kottoi (plural vocative)
kottom (accusative singular)
kottou (accusative dual)
kottons (accusative plural)
kottī (genitive singular)
kottous (dual genitive)
kottom (genitive plural)
kottūi (dative singular)
kottobom (dative dual)
kottobos (dative plural)
kottū (instrumental singular)
kottobim (dual instrumental)
kottobis (instrumental plural)
kottā (nominative singular)
kottai (dual nominative)
kottās (nominative plural)
kottā (singular vocative)
kottai (dual vocative)
kottās (plural vocative)
kottam (accusative singular)
kottai (accusative dual)
kottans (accusative plural)
kottās (genitive singular)
kottai (dative singular)
kottābom (dative dual)
kottābos (dative plural)
kottābim (dual instrumental)
kottābis (instrumental plural)
kottom (nominative singular)
kottā (nominative plural)
kottom (singular vocative)
kottā (plural vocative)
kottā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koθ

Old Breton: coth

Middle Breton: coz

Breton: kozh

Old Cornish: coth

Middle Cornish: coth

Cornish: koth

Gaulish: *cottos

desc

⇒ Gaulish: 𐌄𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌄𐌊𐌏𐌕𐌉 (esanekoti, gen. sg.)

→ Latin: Cottus, Cotta

→⇒ Latin: Cottius, Cotthius

→⇒ Latin: Cottilus, Cottula

→ Spanish: cueto

Unknown, leading to Henry, Delamarre, Matasović etc. to contemplate non-Indo-European substrate origin.


koilos

koilos (nominative singular)
koilou (dual nominative)
koiloi (nominative plural)
koile (singular vocative)
koilou (dual vocative)
koiloi (plural vocative)
koilom (accusative singular)
koilou (accusative dual)
koilons (accusative plural)
koilī (genitive singular)
koilous (dual genitive)
koilom (genitive plural)
koilūi (dative singular)
koilobom (dative dual)
koilobos (dative plural)
koilū (instrumental singular)
koilobim (dual instrumental)
koilobis (instrumental plural)
koilā (nominative singular)
koilai (dual nominative)
koilās (nominative plural)
koilā (singular vocative)
koilai (dual vocative)
koilās (plural vocative)
koilam (accusative singular)
koilai (accusative dual)
koilans (accusative plural)
koilās (genitive singular)
koilai (dative singular)
koilābom (dative dual)
koilābos (dative plural)
koilābim (dual instrumental)
koilābis (instrumental plural)
koilom (nominative singular)
koilā (nominative plural)
koilom (singular vocative)
koilā (plural vocative)
koilā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉl
Old Cornish: cul
Cornish: kul
Welsh: cul

Old Irish: coíl, cóel
Middle Irish: cáel
Irish: caol
Manx: keyl
Scottish Gaelic: caol
→ English: kyle
⇒ Middle Irish: cáelach
⇒ Middle Irish: *cáelas
Irish: caolas
Manx: keyllys
Scottish Gaelic: caolas

Gaulish: Coili (gen. sg.)

→⇒ Latin: Coilanus

Unknown. Pokorny offers a connection to Latvian kails (“bare”), but Delamarre and Matasović identify this comparison as semantically dubious.


gritus

gritus (nominative singular)
gritū (dual nominative)
gritowes (nominative plural)
gritu (singular vocative)
gritū (dual vocative)
gritūs (plural vocative)
gritum (accusative singular)
gritū (accusative dual)
grituns (accusative plural)
gritous (genitive singular)
gritous (dual genitive)
gritowom (genitive plural)
gritou (dative singular)
gritubom (dative dual)
gritubos (dative plural)
gritū (instrumental singular)
gritubim (dual instrumental)
gritubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *grɨd

Middle Welsh: gryd

Old Irish: grith

Middle Irish: grith

Contains the suffix *-tus.
Irslinger derives this from Proto-Indo-European *ǵar- (“to shout, call”), but if this root is reocnstructed with a laryngeal like as *ǵeh₂r-, this comparison becomes impossible (*gartus and not *gritus would have resulted).


lexstus

lexstus (nominative singular)
lexstū (dual nominative)
lexstowes (nominative plural)
lexstu (singular vocative)
lexstū (dual vocative)
lexstūs (plural vocative)
lexstum (accusative singular)
lexstū (accusative dual)
lexstuns (accusative plural)
lexstous (genitive singular)
lexstous (dual genitive)
lexstowom (genitive plural)
lexstou (dative singular)
lexstubom (dative dual)
lexstubos (dative plural)
lexstū (instrumental singular)
lexstubim (dual instrumental)
lexstubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lles

Old Cornish: les

Old Welsh: les

Middle Welsh: lles

Welsh: lles

desctree

Old Irish: less, les
Irish: leas
Manx: lhiass
Scottish Gaelic: leas

Derived by Irslinger from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lék-s-tus (“protection”), from the root *h₂lek- (“to protect”).
An old etymology suggested by Stokes and followed by Pedersen derives the Celtic words from what is now reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”), similar to Proto-Slavic *plodъ (“fruit”). However, the advent of laryngeal theory makes this etymology impossible, and Irslinger criticizes this derivation for having an unclear suffixation process.


uɸoskātu

uɸoskātu (nominative singular)
uɸoskātū (dual nominative)
uɸoskātwā (nominative plural)
uɸoskātu (singular vocative)
uɸoskātū (dual vocative)
uɸoskātwā (plural vocative)
uɸoskātu (accusative singular)
uɸoskātū (accusative dual)
uɸoskātwā (accusative plural)
uɸoskātous (genitive singular)
uɸoskātous (dual genitive)
uɸoskātowom (genitive plural)
uɸoskātou (dative singular)
uɸoskātubom (dative dual)
uɸoskātubos (dative plural)
uɸoskātū (instrumental singular)
uɸoskātubim (dual instrumental)
uɸoskātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoskọd

Old Breton: guascotou pl

Middle Breton: goasquet

Breton: gwasked

Cornish: goskes

Middle Welsh: gwasgawt

Welsh: gwasgod

Old Irish: foscad
Irish: foscadh, fascadh (Galway, Ulster)
Manx: fastee
Scottish Gaelic: fasgadh

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *skātu (“shade, shadow”).


krenxtus

krenxtus (nominative singular)
krenxtū (dual nominative)
krenxtowes (nominative plural)
krenxtu (singular vocative)
krenxtū (dual vocative)
krenxtūs (plural vocative)
krenxtum (accusative singular)
krenxtū (accusative dual)
krenxtuns (accusative plural)
krenxtous (genitive singular)
krenxtous (dual genitive)
krenxtowom (genitive plural)
krenxtou (dative singular)
krenxtubom (dative dual)
krenxtubos (dative plural)
krenxtū (instrumental singular)
krenxtubim (dual instrumental)
krenxtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kreɨθ

Old Breton: creithi pl

Middle Breton: creizenn

Breton: kleizhenn

Middle Welsh: creith, creyt

Welsh: craith

Old Irish: crécht

Middle Irish: crécht

Irish: créacht

Scottish Gaelic: creuchd

Unknown; Matasović gives no etymology.
Irslinger notes a few previous old suggestions:
* Pedersen relates this to Lithuanian krekti (“to clot”), present stem kreñk-, but the -n- is a nasal infix, being unhelpful in providing a source for the -n- needed to produce the long vowel in Irish créacht, a noun.
* Lane (1937) relates this to Proto-Germanic *skrinkwaną (“to shrink”).


durnos

durnos (nominative singular)
durnou (dual nominative)
durnoi (nominative plural)
durne (singular vocative)
durnou (dual vocative)
durnoi (plural vocative)
durnom (accusative singular)
durnou (accusative dual)
durnons (accusative plural)
durnī (genitive singular)
durnous (dual genitive)
durnom (genitive plural)
durnūi (dative singular)
durnobom (dative dual)
durnobos (dative plural)
durnei (locative singular)
durnū (instrumental singular)
durnobim (dual instrumental)
durnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *durn

Old Breton: durn

Breton: dorn

Cornish: dorn

Middle Welsh: dwrn

Welsh: dwrn

desctree

Old Irish: dorn
Middle Irish: dorn
Irish: dorn
Scottish Gaelic: dòrn
Manx: doarn

Gaulish: Dago-durnus (placename)

→ Latin: Durnovaria (?)

Probably loaned from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Pokorny, however, compares Latvian dūre (“fist”).


mligeti

mligū (active first-person present singular)
mligemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
malga (active first-person preterite singular)
mligesi (active present second-person singular)
mligetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
malgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
mligeti (active present singular third-person)
mligeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
malge (active preterite singular third-person)
mligomosi (active first-person plural present)
mligemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
malgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
mligetesi (active plural present second-person)
mligestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
malxte (active plural preterite second-person)
mligonti (active plural present third-person)
mligento (active imperfect plural third-person)
malgars (active plural preterite third-person)
melxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
melxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mlige (active imperative second-person singular)
melxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
mligetou (active imperative singular third-person)
melxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
mligomos (active first-person imperative plural)
melxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
mligete (active imperative plural second-person)
melxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
mligontou (active imperative plural third-person)
mligūr (first-person passive present singular)
malgra (first-person passive preterite singular)
mligetar (passive present second-person singular)
malgras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
mligetor (passive present singular third-person)
malgre (passive preterite singular third-person)
mligommor (first-person passive plural present)
mligedwe (passive plural present second-person)
mligontor (passive plural present third-person)
melxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
melxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
melxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
melxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
melxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
melxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
mligonts (nominative singular)
mligonte (dual nominative)
mligontes (nominative plural)
mligonts (singular vocative)
mligonte (dual vocative)
mligontes (plural vocative)
mligontam (accusative singular)
mligonte (accusative dual)
mligontans (accusative plural)
mligantos (genitive singular)
mligantom (genitive plural)
mligantei (dative singular)
mligantbom (dative dual)
mligantbos (dative plural)
mligantī? (instrumental singular)
mligantbim (dual instrumental)
mligantbis (instrumental plural)
mligantī (nominative singular)
mligantī (dual nominative)
mligantiyās (nominative plural)
mligantī (singular vocative)
mligantī (dual vocative)
mligantiyās (plural vocative)
mligantīm (accusative singular)
mligantī (accusative dual)
mligantiyans (accusative plural)
mligantyās (genitive singular)
mligantyom (genitive plural)
mligantyāi (dative singular)
mligantyābom (dative dual)
mligantyābos (dative plural)
mligantyābim (dual instrumental)
mligantyābis (instrumental plural)
mligont (nominative singular)
mligonta (nominative plural)
mligont (singular vocative)
mligonta (plural vocative)
mligont (accusative singular)
mligonta (accusative plural)
mlixtos (nominative singular)
mlixtou (dual nominative)
mlixtoi (nominative plural)
mlixte (singular vocative)
mlixtou (dual vocative)
mlixtoi (plural vocative)
mlixtom (accusative singular)
mlixtou (accusative dual)
mlixtons (accusative plural)
mlixtī (genitive singular)
mlixtous (dual genitive)
mlixtom (genitive plural)
mlixtūi (dative singular)
mlixtobom (dative dual)
mlixtobos (dative plural)
mlixtū (instrumental singular)
mlixtobim (dual instrumental)
mlixtobis (instrumental plural)
mlixtā (nominative singular)
mlixtai (dual nominative)
mlixtās (nominative plural)
mlixtā (singular vocative)
mlixtai (dual vocative)
mlixtās (plural vocative)
mlixtam (accusative singular)
mlixtai (accusative dual)
mlixtans (accusative plural)
mlixtās (genitive singular)
mlixtai (dative singular)
mlixtābom (dative dual)
mlixtābos (dative plural)
mlixtābim (dual instrumental)
mlixtābis (instrumental plural)
mlixtom (nominative singular)
mlixtā (nominative plural)
mlixtom (singular vocative)
mlixtā (plural vocative)
mlixtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: mligid

Middle Irish: bligid

Thematicization of Proto-Indo-European *h₂mélǵ-ti ~ *h₂ml̥ǵ-énti, an athematic root present from the root *h₂melǵ-.


mlixtis

mlixtis (nominative singular)
mlixtī (dual nominative)
mlixtīs (nominative plural)
mlixti (singular vocative)
mlixtī (dual vocative)
mlixtīs (plural vocative)
mlixtim (accusative singular)
mlixtī (accusative dual)
mlixtins (accusative plural)
mlixteis (genitive singular)
mlixtyou (dual genitive)
mlixtyom (genitive plural)
mlixtei (dative singular)
mlixtibom (dative dual)
mlixtibos (dative plural)
mlixtī (instrumental singular)
mlixtibim (dual instrumental)
mlixtibis (instrumental plural)
mlixti (nominative singular)
mlixtyā (nominative plural)
mlixtyā (plural vocative)
mlixti (accusative singular)
mlixtyā (accusative plural)
mlixtois (genitive singular)
mlixtois (dual genitive)
mlixtē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *bliθ

Middle Welsh: blith

Welsh: blith

Old Irish: mlicht

Middle Irish: blicht

Irish: bleacht


mlixtus

mlixtus (nominative singular)
mlixtū (dual nominative)
mlixtowes (nominative plural)
mlixtu (singular vocative)
mlixtū (dual vocative)
mlixtūs (plural vocative)
mlixtum (accusative singular)
mlixtū (accusative dual)
mlixtuns (accusative plural)
mlixtous (genitive singular)
mlixtous (dual genitive)
mlixtowom (genitive plural)
mlixtou (dative singular)
mlixtubom (dative dual)
mlixtubos (dative plural)
mlixtū (instrumental singular)
mlixtubim (dual instrumental)
mlixtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bliθ

Middle Welsh: blith

Welsh: blith

Middle Irish: blicht (“milk yield”)

Irish: bleacht

From *mligeti (“to milk”) + *-tus (action noun suffix).


nāwā

nāwā (nominative singular)
nāwai (dual nominative)
nāwās (nominative plural)
nāwā (singular vocative)
nāwai (dual vocative)
nāwās (plural vocative)
nāwam (accusative singular)
nāwai (accusative dual)
nāwāns (accusative plural)
nāwās (genitive singular)
nāwous (dual genitive)
nāwom (genitive plural)
nāwāi (dative singular)
nāwābom (dative dual)
nāwābos (dative plural)
nāwai (locative singular)
nāwābim (dual instrumental)
nāwābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: nau
Middle Irish: nó, nóe
Irish: nae

Celtiberian: *nāuā (“valley”)

→⇒ Latin: Cadarnavaegium

Spanish: Navahermosa (calqued)

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“boat”), albeit with a shift to the *ā-stems.


dwīnowVts

dwīnowūts (nominative singular)
dwīnowote (dual nominative)
dwīnowotes (nominative plural)
dwīnowūts (singular vocative)
dwīnowote (dual vocative)
dwīnowotes (plural vocative)
dwīnowotam (accusative singular)
dwīnowote (accusative dual)
dwīnowotans (accusative plural)
dwīnowotos (genitive singular)
dwīnowotou (dual genitive)
dwīnowotom (genitive plural)
dwīnowotei (dative singular)
dwīnowotobom (dative dual)
dwīnowotobos (dative plural)
dwīnowoti (locative singular)
dwīnowote? (instrumental singular)
dwīnowotobim (dual instrumental)
dwīnowotobis (instrumental plural)
dwīnowets (nominative singular)
dwīnowete (dual nominative)
dwīnowetes (nominative plural)
dwīnowets (singular vocative)
dwīnowete (dual vocative)
dwīnowetes (plural vocative)
dwīnowetam (accusative singular)
dwīnowete (accusative dual)
dwīnowetans (accusative plural)
dwīnowetos (genitive singular)
dwīnowetou (dual genitive)
dwīnowetom (genitive plural)
dwīnowetei (dative singular)
dwīnowetobom (dative dual)
dwīnowetobos (dative plural)
dwīnoweti (locative singular)
dwīnowete? (instrumental singular)
dwīnowetobim (dual instrumental)
dwīnowetobis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Old Cornish: deneuoit

desc

Middle Welsh: dynauet, dynaguet, dinavet, dinawet, dinewyt

Welsh: dyniawed, dynawed, dyniewed

Old Irish: dínu

Two possibilities exist:
* According to Schumacher, from a compound Proto-Indo-European *dw-iHno-wet-s from the root of *dwóh₁ (“two”) and the root *wet- (“year”) meaning "two-year-old".
* Alternatively, if *dīnunts is reconstructed instead, it can be related to Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle”), whence also *dinīti (“to suckle”).


mīnis

mīnis (nominative singular)
mīnī (dual nominative)
mīnīs (nominative plural)
mīni (singular vocative)
mīnī (dual vocative)
mīnīs (plural vocative)
mīnim (accusative singular)
mīnī (accusative dual)
mīnins (accusative plural)
mīneis (genitive singular)
mīnyou (dual genitive)
mīnyom (genitive plural)
mīnei (dative singular)
mīnibom (dative dual)
mīnibos (dative plural)
mīnī (instrumental singular)
mīnibim (dual instrumental)
mīnibis (instrumental plural)
mīni (nominative singular)
mīnyā (nominative plural)
mīnyā (plural vocative)
mīni (accusative singular)
mīnyā (accusative plural)
mīnois (genitive singular)
mīnois (dual genitive)
mīnē (dative singular)

Old Irish: mín

Middle Irish: mín

Irish: mín

Gaulish: *minios

→ Latin: Minius, Minnius

→⇒ Latin: Adminius

→⇒ Latin: Cominius

→⇒ Latin: Minicius, Minicia

→⇒ Latin: Minuso

→⇒ Latin: Minna

→⇒ Latin: Viminus

→⇒ Latin: Viminacium

→⇒ Latin: Viminavus

French: Vimeu

→⇒ Latin: Vimina

French: Visme

→ German: Wümme

From Proto-Indo-European *meyh₁- (“mild, soft”), whence also Latin mītis, Lithuanian meilė, and Sanskrit मयस् (mayas).


onkos

onkos (nominative singular)
onkou (dual nominative)
onkoi (nominative plural)
onke (singular vocative)
onkou (dual vocative)
onkoi (plural vocative)
onkom (accusative singular)
onkou (accusative dual)
onkons (accusative plural)
onkī (genitive singular)
onkous (dual genitive)
onkom (genitive plural)
onkūi (dative singular)
onkobom (dative dual)
onkobos (dative plural)
onkei (locative singular)
onkū (instrumental singular)
onkobim (dual instrumental)
onkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *unk

Middle Welsh: wng, wg, ug

desctree

Old Irish: oc, ac
Middle Irish: oc
Irish: ag
Manx: ec
Scottish Gaelic: aig

If Matasović is right in relating this to *annketi (“to reach”), this would be from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ-, albeit with the vowel in the wrong spot (analogical to the verb?).


orgenā

orgenā (nominative singular)
orgenai (dual nominative)
orgenās (nominative plural)
orgenā (singular vocative)
orgenai (dual vocative)
orgenās (plural vocative)
orgenam (accusative singular)
orgenai (accusative dual)
orgenāns (accusative plural)
orgenās (genitive singular)
orgenous (dual genitive)
orgenom (genitive plural)
orgenāi (dative singular)
orgenābom (dative dual)
orgenābos (dative plural)
orgenai (locative singular)
orgenābim (dual instrumental)
orgenābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: orcun
Middle Irish: orcan, organ, argan
Irish: argain

→⇒ Latin: Orgeno (Gaulish theonym)

desc

→⇒ Latin: Orgenomesquī (name of a Cantabrian tribe, literally “drunk on slaughter”)

From a feminine substantivization of a *-nós verbal adjective built to the present stem *orge/o- of *orgeti.


Ogmiyos

Ogmiyos (nominative singular)
Ogmiyou (dual nominative)
Ogmiyoi (nominative plural)
Ogmiyou (dual vocative)
Ogmiyoi (plural vocative)
Ogmiyom (accusative singular)
Ogmiyou (accusative dual)
Ogmiyons (accusative plural)
Ogmiyous (dual genitive)
Ogmiyom (genitive plural)
Ogmiyobos (dative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *Öɣβ̃ɨð

Old Welsh: Oumid

Middle Welsh: Efydd (legendary brother of Gwydion and Gilfaethwy)

Middle Irish: Ogma

Irish: Oghma

Gaulish: Ogmios

→ Ancient Greek: Ὄγμιος (Ógmios)

From *ogmos (“path, orbit, furrow”) + *-iyos (relational adjective suffix).


ogmos

ogmos (nominative singular)
ogmou (dual nominative)
ogmoi (nominative plural)
ogme (singular vocative)
ogmou (dual vocative)
ogmoi (plural vocative)
ogmom (accusative singular)
ogmou (accusative dual)
ogmons (accusative plural)
ogmī (genitive singular)
ogmous (dual genitive)
ogmom (genitive plural)
ogmūi (dative singular)
ogmobom (dative dual)
ogmobos (dative plural)
ogmei (locative singular)
ogmū (instrumental singular)
ogmobim (dual instrumental)
ogmūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: ogum

Middle Irish: ogam

Irish: ogham

→ English: Ogham

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂óǵmos, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄγμος (ógmos) and Sanskrit अज्म (ajma).


Weikorīxs

Primitive Irish: ᚃᚓᚊᚏᚓᚊ (veqreq)

desctree

Old Irish: Fíachrai
Middle Irish: Fíachra
Irish: Fiachra

Gaulish: *Uecorix

→ Latin: Vēcorīx

From a element *weik- (e-grade of *weyk-, whence also *wiketi (“to fight”)) compounded onto *rīxs (“king”); literally "king of fighting".


wrītos

wrītos (nominative singular)
wrītou (dual nominative)
wrītoi (nominative plural)
wrīte (singular vocative)
wrītou (dual vocative)
wrītoi (plural vocative)
wrītom (accusative singular)
wrītou (accusative dual)
wrītons (accusative plural)
wrītī (genitive singular)
wrītous (dual genitive)
wrītom (genitive plural)
wrītūi (dative singular)
wrītobom (dative dual)
wrītobos (dative plural)
wrītū (instrumental singular)
wrītobim (dual instrumental)
wrītobis (instrumental plural)
wrītā (nominative singular)
wrītai (dual nominative)
wrītās (nominative plural)
wrītā (singular vocative)
wrītai (dual vocative)
wrītās (plural vocative)
wrītam (accusative singular)
wrītai (accusative dual)
wrītans (accusative plural)
wrītās (genitive singular)
wrītai (dative singular)
wrītābom (dative dual)
wrītābos (dative plural)
wrītābim (dual instrumental)
wrītābis (instrumental plural)
wrītom (nominative singular)
wrītā (nominative plural)
wrītom (singular vocative)
wrītā (plural vocative)
wrītā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: fríth

Gaulish: *uritos

⇒ Gaulish: Ουριττακος (Ourittakos)

→ Latin: Ruittacus

→⇒ Latin: Ateuritus, Ateurita

→⇒ Latin: Vritto

Past participle of *wourū (“(s)he found”).


beruros

beruros (nominative singular)
berurou (dual nominative)
beruroi (nominative plural)
berure (singular vocative)
berurou (dual vocative)
beruroi (plural vocative)
berurom (accusative singular)
berurou (accusative dual)
berurons (accusative plural)
berurī (genitive singular)
berurous (dual genitive)
berurom (genitive plural)
berurūi (dative singular)
berurobom (dative dual)
berurobos (dative plural)
berurei (locative singular)
berurū (instrumental singular)
berurobim (dual instrumental)
berurūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *berur

Old Breton: beror

Middle Breton: beler

Breton: beler

Old Cornish: beler

Middle Cornish: beler

desc

Cornish: beler (collective), beleren (singulative)

Middle Welsh: berwr, berỽr, berw

Welsh: berwr, berw

Old Irish: birar

Middle Irish: birar, biror, bilar, bilur

Irish: biolar

Manx: burley

Scottish Gaelic: biolair

Gaulish: berulā

→ Latin: berula

Franco-Provençal: berlo

French: berle

→ Spanish: (from a Celtiberian or Gaulish source) berro, berraza

Traditionally taken as a derivative of *berus (“spring, source of water”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, brew”).
Stifter, believing that Classical Gaelic bior was a fanciful neologism back-formed from other words like inber (“river mouth”), instead prefers a direct derivation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₁wr̥ (“spring, source”), more specifically as a vṛddhi derivative which can be rendered as pseudo-PIE *bʰerh₁urós.


komberos

komberos (nominative singular)
komberou (dual nominative)
komberoi (nominative plural)
kombere (singular vocative)
komberou (dual vocative)
komberoi (plural vocative)
komberom (accusative singular)
komberou (accusative dual)
komberons (accusative plural)
komberī (genitive singular)
komberous (dual genitive)
komberom (genitive plural)
komberūi (dative singular)
komberobom (dative dual)
komberobos (dative plural)
komberei (locative singular)
komberū (instrumental singular)
komberobim (dual instrumental)
komberūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: kember

→ French: Quimper

Cornish: kemper

Old Welsh: cimer

Middle Welsh: cimer, kimer

Welsh: cymer

Middle Irish: commar, commor

Irish: cumar

Scottish Gaelic: comar

Gaulish: *comberos

→ Latin: combrus

Old French: combre

desctree

⇒ Old French: encombrer
French: encombrer
→ Middle English: encombren
English: encumber
→ Middle English: combren
English: cumber

Prefixed with *kom-.
Usually related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to brew”), but the absence of -w- cannot be satisfactorily explained if that root is the origin. Stifter dismisses such a connection.

der

soparIrish: tobarManx: tubbyrScottish Gaelic: tobar

A place where river water brews up, such as:


uɸoberā

uɸoberā (nominative singular)
uɸoberai (dual nominative)
uɸoberās (nominative plural)
uɸoberā (singular vocative)
uɸoberai (dual vocative)
uɸoberās (plural vocative)
uɸoberam (accusative singular)
uɸoberai (accusative dual)
uɸoberāns (accusative plural)
uɸoberās (genitive singular)
uɸoberous (dual genitive)
uɸoberom (genitive plural)
uɸoberāi (dative singular)
uɸoberābom (dative dual)
uɸoberābos (dative plural)
uɸoberai (locative singular)
uɸoberābim (dual instrumental)
uɸoberābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoβ̃er

Middle Breton: gouher, gouver

Breton: gouer, gouver

Old Cornish: guuer

Middle Welsh: gouer

Welsh: gofer

Middle Irish: fobar (“well, spring”)

Irish: fobhar

Gaulish: *uabera

desc

→ French: Vaivre, Vavre, Voivre, Vaure, Woëvre, Vabre, Vèvre, Vesvres, Lavaur

→ German: Waber

Prefixed with *uɸo-, see *komberos for further etymology and related terms.


satyos

satyos (nominative singular)
satyou (dual nominative)
satyoi (nominative plural)
satye (singular vocative)
satyou (dual vocative)
satyoi (plural vocative)
satyom (accusative singular)
satyou (accusative dual)
satyons (accusative plural)
satyī (genitive singular)
satyous (dual genitive)
satyom (genitive plural)
satyūi (dative singular)
satyobom (dative dual)
satyobos (dative plural)
satyei (locative singular)
satyū (instrumental singular)
satyobim (dual instrumental)
satyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hėd

Middle Breton: het

Breton: hed

Middle Welsh: heyd, heyt, heid, heit

Welsh: haid

Old Irish: saithe

Middle Irish: saithe

Irish: saithe

Scottish Gaelic: saithe

Matasović notes two possible roots this could be derived from: either Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow”) or Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate”). Derivation from *seh₂- was popularized by Calvert Watkins.


loskos

loskos (nominative singular)
loskou (dual nominative)
loskoi (nominative plural)
loske (singular vocative)
loskou (dual vocative)
loskoi (plural vocative)
loskom (accusative singular)
loskou (accusative dual)
loskons (accusative plural)
loskī (genitive singular)
loskous (dual genitive)
loskom (genitive plural)
loskūi (dative singular)
loskobom (dative dual)
loskobos (dative plural)
loskū (instrumental singular)
loskobim (dual instrumental)
loskobis (instrumental plural)
loskā (nominative singular)
loskai (dual nominative)
loskās (nominative plural)
loskā (singular vocative)
loskai (dual vocative)
loskās (plural vocative)
loskam (accusative singular)
loskai (accusative dual)
loskans (accusative plural)
loskās (genitive singular)
loskai (dative singular)
loskābom (dative dual)
loskābos (dative plural)
loskābim (dual instrumental)
loskābis (instrumental plural)
loskom (nominative singular)
loskā (nominative plural)
loskom (singular vocative)
loskā (plural vocative)
loskā (accusative plural)
*loxsos (alternative)

Old Irish: losc

Middle Irish: losc

Gaulish: *loxsos, *loscos

→ Latin: Loscus, Lossa

French: Losse

Occitan: Lòssa

Usually related to Ancient Greek λοξός (loxós, “slanting”).


lexsowiyos

lexsowiyos (nominative singular)
lexsowiyou (dual nominative)
lexsowiyoi (nominative plural)
lexsowiye (singular vocative)
lexsowiyou (dual vocative)
lexsowiyoi (plural vocative)
lexsowiyom (accusative singular)
lexsowiyou (accusative dual)
lexsowiyons (accusative plural)
lexsowiyī (genitive singular)
lexsowiyous (dual genitive)
lexsowiyom (genitive plural)
lexsowiyūi (dative singular)
lexsowiyobom (dative dual)
lexsowiyobos (dative plural)
lexsowiyū (instrumental singular)
lexsowiyobim (dual instrumental)
lexsowiyobis (instrumental plural)
lexsowiyā (nominative singular)
lexsowiyai (dual nominative)
lexsowiyās (nominative plural)
lexsowiyā (singular vocative)
lexsowiyai (dual vocative)
lexsowiyās (plural vocative)
lexsowiyam (accusative singular)
lexsowiyai (accusative dual)
lexsowiyans (accusative plural)
lexsowiyās (genitive singular)
lexsowiyai (dative singular)
lexsowiyābom (dative dual)
lexsowiyābos (dative plural)
lexsowiyābim (dual instrumental)
lexsowiyābis (instrumental plural)
lexsowiyom (nominative singular)
lexsowiyā (nominative plural)
lexsowiyom (singular vocative)
lexsowiyā (plural vocative)
lexsowiyā (accusative plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *llexweð

Middle Welsh: llechued

Welsh: llechwedd

desc

→ Latin: (from a Gaulish source) Lexoviī

French: Lisieux

From a basal adjective *lexsus further suffixed with *-iyos. See *loskos for further etymology.


lustā

lustā (nominative singular)
lustai (dual nominative)
lustās (nominative plural)
lustā (singular vocative)
lustai (dual vocative)
lustās (plural vocative)
lustam (accusative singular)
lustai (accusative dual)
lustāns (accusative plural)
lustās (genitive singular)
lustous (dual genitive)
lustom (genitive plural)
lustāi (dative singular)
lustābom (dative dual)
lustābos (dative plural)
lustai (locative singular)
lustābim (dual instrumental)
lustābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llost

Breton: lost

Middle Cornish: lost

Cornish: lost

Middle Welsh: llost

Welsh: llost

Middle Irish: los

Scottish Gaelic: los (“purpose”)

The usual etymology derives this from Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to cut off”) whence also Proto-Germanic *leusaną (“to lose”) and Old Norse ljósta (“to strike”), but Matasović refuses to accept this derivation.


ɸreimos

ɸreimos (nominative singular)
ɸreimou (dual nominative)
ɸreimoi (nominative plural)
ɸreime (singular vocative)
ɸreimou (dual vocative)
ɸreimoi (plural vocative)
ɸreimom (accusative singular)
ɸreimou (accusative dual)
ɸreimons (accusative plural)
ɸreimī (genitive singular)
ɸreimous (dual genitive)
ɸreimom (genitive plural)
ɸreimūi (dative singular)
ɸreimobom (dative dual)
ɸreimobos (dative plural)
ɸreimei (locative singular)
ɸreimū (instrumental singular)
ɸreimobim (dual instrumental)
ɸreimūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rruɨβ̃

Middle Breton: roe

Breton: roue

Old Cornish: ruif, ruy

Middle Welsh: rhwyf, ruif

Welsh: rhwyf

Gaulish: *rēmos

→ Latin: Rēmī (name of a Gaulish tribe)

French: Reims

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *préy (“before, at”).


ɸerkos

ɸerkos (nominative singular)
ɸerkou (dual nominative)
ɸerkoi (nominative plural)
ɸerke (singular vocative)
ɸerkou (dual vocative)
ɸerkoi (plural vocative)
ɸerkom (accusative singular)
ɸerkou (accusative dual)
ɸerkons (accusative plural)
ɸerkī (genitive singular)
ɸerkous (dual genitive)
ɸerkom (genitive plural)
ɸerkūi (dative singular)
ɸerkobom (dative dual)
ɸerkobos (dative plural)
ɸerkū (instrumental singular)
ɸerkobim (dual instrumental)
ɸerkobis (instrumental plural)
ɸerkā (nominative singular)
ɸerkai (dual nominative)
ɸerkās (nominative plural)
ɸerkā (singular vocative)
ɸerkai (dual vocative)
ɸerkās (plural vocative)
ɸerkam (accusative singular)
ɸerkai (accusative dual)
ɸerkans (accusative plural)
ɸerkās (genitive singular)
ɸerkai (dative singular)
ɸerkābom (dative dual)
ɸerkābos (dative plural)
ɸerkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸerkābis (instrumental plural)
ɸerkom (nominative singular)
ɸerkā (nominative plural)
ɸerkom (singular vocative)
ɸerkā (plural vocative)
ɸerkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *erx

Middle Welsh: erch

Welsh: (obsolete) erch

Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (erca)

desc

Middle Irish: erc (“speckled; speckled animal”)

Irish: earc (“lizard”)

Scottish Gaelic: earc (“speckled animal”)

From Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“speckled, coloured”).


ɸanssā

ɸanssā (nominative singular)
ɸanssai (dual nominative)
ɸanssās (nominative plural)
ɸanssā (singular vocative)
ɸanssai (dual vocative)
ɸanssās (plural vocative)
ɸanssam (accusative singular)
ɸanssai (accusative dual)
ɸanssāns (accusative plural)
ɸanssās (genitive singular)
ɸanssous (dual genitive)
ɸanssom (genitive plural)
ɸanssāi (dative singular)
ɸanssābom (dative dual)
ɸanssābos (dative plural)
ɸanssai (locative singular)
ɸanssābim (dual instrumental)
ɸanssābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: és (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Latin: Ad Ansam (place name in ancient Britain; from a Brittonic source)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out”) by Matasović. Others have suggested a derivation from *pent- (“to pass, path”).


Kunorīxs

Kunorīxs (nominative singular)
Kunorīges (nominative plural)
Kunorīxs (singular vocative)
Kunorīges (plural vocative)
Kunorīgos (genitive singular)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *Künör (from the nominative), *Künri (from the oblique stem)

Middle Welsh: Kynyr, Kynri

Primitive Irish: Cunorix (in a Latin-script inscription)

Middle Irish: Conri


(o)uxs-

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*uts-</i>

Old Irish: uss- (merged with *uts-)

as seen in <i class="Latn mention" lang="xce">usaketuz</i> etc.

Celtiberian: us- (as seen in usaketuz etc.)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewp- (“up”).


ouxteros

ouxteros (nominative singular)
ouxterou (dual nominative)
ouxteroi (nominative plural)
ouxtere (singular vocative)
ouxterou (dual vocative)
ouxteroi (plural vocative)
ouxterom (accusative singular)
ouxterou (accusative dual)
ouxterons (accusative plural)
ouxterī (genitive singular)
ouxterous (dual genitive)
ouxterom (genitive plural)
ouxterūi (dative singular)
ouxterobom (dative dual)
ouxterobos (dative plural)
ouxterū (instrumental singular)
ouxterobim (dual instrumental)
ouxterobis (instrumental plural)
ouxterā (nominative singular)
ouxterai (dual nominative)
ouxterās (nominative plural)
ouxterā (singular vocative)
ouxterai (dual vocative)
ouxterās (plural vocative)
ouxteram (accusative singular)
ouxterai (accusative dual)
ouxterans (accusative plural)
ouxterās (genitive singular)
ouxterai (dative singular)
ouxterābom (dative dual)
ouxterābos (dative plural)
ouxterābim (dual instrumental)
ouxterābis (instrumental plural)
ouxterom (nominative singular)
ouxterā (nominative plural)
ouxterom (singular vocative)
ouxterā (plural vocative)
ouxterā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉθr

Middle Welsh: uthyr, uthir, uthr (“terrifying, terrific”)

Welsh: uthr

desctree

Old Irish: óchtar, úachtar
Irish: uachtar
Manx: eaghtyr
Scottish Gaelic: uachdar
⇒ Middle Irish: úachtarán
Irish: uachtarán
Manx: eaghtyrane
Scottish Gaelic: uachdaran

From *(o)uxs- (“up”) + *-teros, albeit with the prefix-final -s- absent.


kennos

kennos (nominative singular)
kennou (dual nominative)
kennoi (nominative plural)
kenne (singular vocative)
kennou (dual vocative)
kennoi (plural vocative)
kennom (accusative singular)
kennou (accusative dual)
kennons (accusative plural)
kennī (genitive singular)
kennous (dual genitive)
kennom (genitive plural)
kennūi (dative singular)
kennobom (dative dual)
kennobos (dative plural)
kennei (locative singular)
kennū (instrumental singular)
kennobim (dual instrumental)
kennūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kenn

Old Breton: cennen

Breton: kenn

desc

<i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Murex</i> snail dye

Old Welsh: ceenn (“Murex snail dye”)

Middle Welsh: cen, ken (“skin, animal scale”)

Welsh: cen

Old Irish: cenn f (“covering”), cenne m

⇒ Irish: scannán (“film”)

May be related to Proto-Germanic *skinþą (“skin, peel”).


branesā

branesā (nominative singular)
branesai (dual nominative)
branesās (nominative plural)
branesā (singular vocative)
branesai (dual vocative)
branesās (plural vocative)
branesam (accusative singular)
branesai (accusative dual)
branesāns (accusative plural)
branesās (genitive singular)
branesous (dual genitive)
branesom (genitive plural)
branesāi (dative singular)
branesābom (dative dual)
branesābos (dative plural)
branesai (locative singular)
branesābim (dual instrumental)
branesābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brėni

⇒ Old Cornish: brenniat (“man on the prow”) (with agent suffix)

Old Welsh: breni

Middle Welsh: breni

Old Irish: braine

Middle Irish: braine

Irish: braine

Uncertain; if the Old Cornish -nn- does not represent a geminate, this word could be a figurative derivative of *branos (“raven”). Vendryes rejects cognacy with Old Norse brandr and Latin frōns.
For the semantics of a bird name being used for a ship part, compare English crow's nest and Latin corvus.


longestā

longestā (nominative singular)
longestai (dual nominative)
longestās (nominative plural)
longestā (singular vocative)
longestai (dual vocative)
longestās (plural vocative)
longestam (accusative singular)
longestai (accusative dual)
longestāns (accusative plural)
longestās (genitive singular)
longestous (dual genitive)
longestom (genitive plural)
longestāi (dative singular)
longestābom (dative dual)
longestābos (dative plural)
longestai (locative singular)
longestābim (dual instrumental)
longestābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llunges

Middle Welsh: llyghes, llynghes

Welsh: llynges

Old Irish: longas (“fleet, exile”)

Middle Irish: loinges

Irish: loingeas

Manx: lhuingys

Scottish Gaelic: loingeas

Derivative of *longā (“boat, vessel”). The apparent antiquity of this word (given its shared presence in both Welsh and Irish) is taken by Stifter as a sign that the base word was unlikely to be borrowed from Latin.


ɸrobert-

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: rebirthi

Middle Breton: reverziou (pl.)

Breton: reverzhi

Middle Welsh: rhyferthi, rhyferthwy

Welsh: rhyferthwy

desctree

Old Irish: robartae
Middle Irish: robarta
Irish: rabharta
Scottish Gaelic: rabhart
Manx: roayrt

Stifter resorts to a derivation from effectively *ɸro- (“before”) + *bereti (“to carry”).


dāmos

dāmos (nominative singular)
dāmou (dual nominative)
dāmoi (nominative plural)
dāme (singular vocative)
dāmou (dual vocative)
dāmoi (plural vocative)
dāmom (accusative singular)
dāmou (accusative dual)
dāmons (accusative plural)
dāmī (genitive singular)
dāmous (dual genitive)
dāmom (genitive plural)
dāmūi (dative singular)
dāmobom (dative dual)
dāmobos (dative plural)
dāmei (locative singular)
dāmū (instrumental singular)
dāmobim (dual instrumental)
dāmūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dọβ̃ (“client, son-in-law”)
Middle Breton: deuff
Breton: deuñv
Old Cornish: dof
Middle Cornish: def, duf
Cornish: deuv
Old Welsh: dauu, daum
Middle Welsh: daw

From Proto-Indo-European *dōm-o-s (“belonging to the house”), a vṛddhi derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dom-o-s, thematized form of *dṓm (“house, home”).


doliskos

doliskos (nominative singular)
doliskou (dual nominative)
doliskoi (nominative plural)
doliske (singular vocative)
doliskou (dual vocative)
doliskoi (plural vocative)
doliskom (accusative singular)
doliskou (accusative dual)
doliskons (accusative plural)
doliskī (genitive singular)
doliskous (dual genitive)
doliskom (genitive plural)
doliskūi (dative singular)
doliskobom (dative dual)
doliskobos (dative plural)
doliskei (locative singular)
doliskū (instrumental singular)
doliskobim (dual instrumental)
doliskūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dölɨsk

desc

Breton: tellesk (with irregular devoicing of the initial consonant)

Middle Welsh: delysc, dilysc

Welsh: delysg

Old Irish: duilesc (normalized), duilix (attested in Laws with metathesis)

Middle Irish: duilesc

Irish: duileasc

→ English: dulse, dilisk

From *dol- (“leaf”) + Proto-Indo-European *-(i)skos.

suf

edible seaweed of the species Palmaria palmata: dulse, dilisk


dolinyā

dolinyā (nominative singular)
dolinyai (dual nominative)
dolinyās (nominative plural)
dolinyā (singular vocative)
dolinyai (dual vocative)
dolinyās (plural vocative)
dolinyam (accusative singular)
dolinyai (accusative dual)
dolinyāns (accusative plural)
dolinyās (genitive singular)
dolinyous (dual genitive)
dolinyom (genitive plural)
dolinyāi (dative singular)
dolinyābom (dative dual)
dolinyābos (dative plural)
dolinyai (locative singular)
dolinyābim (dual instrumental)
dolinyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dölenn

Breton: delenn, delen

Cornish: delen

Middle Welsh: deilen

Welsh: deilen

Old Irish: duilne

desctree

Middle Irish: duille
Irish: duille
Manx: duilley
Scottish Gaelic: duille

From *dol- (“leaves”) + *-inyā (feminine singulative suffix).


didīti

didīmi (active first-person present singular)
didamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
didasū (active first-person future singular)
dedū (active first-person preterite singular)
didīsi (active present second-person singular)
didatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didasesi (active future second-person singular)
dedūs (active preterite second-person singular)
didīti (active present singular third-person)
didato (active imperfect singular third-person)
didaseti (active future singular third-person)
dedū (active preterite singular third-person)
didamosi (active first-person plural present)
didamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didasomosi (active first-person future plural)
dedamo (active first-person plural preterite)
didatesi (active plural present second-person)
didastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
didasetesi (active future plural second-person)
dedate (active plural preterite second-person)
didenti (active plural present third-person)
didanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
didasonti (active future plural third-person)
dedars (active plural preterite third-person)
didū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
didesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
didī (active imperative second-person singular)
dideti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
didītou (active imperative singular third-person)
didomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
didamos (active first-person imperative plural)
didetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
didate (active imperative plural second-person)
didonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
didentou (active imperative plural third-person)
didīr (first-person passive present singular)
didasūr (first-person future passive singular)
didītar (passive present second-person singular)
didasetar (future passive second-person singular)
didītor (passive present singular third-person)
didasetor (future passive singular third-person)
didammor (first-person passive plural present)
didasommor (first-person future passive plural)
didadwe (passive plural present second-person)
didasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
didentor (passive plural present third-person)
didasontor (future passive plural third-person)
didūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
didetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
didetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
didommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
didedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
didontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
didonts (nominative singular)
didonte (dual nominative)
didontes (nominative plural)
didonts (singular vocative)
didonte (dual vocative)
didontes (plural vocative)
didontam (accusative singular)
didonte (accusative dual)
didontans (accusative plural)
didantos (genitive singular)
didantom (genitive plural)
didantei (dative singular)
didantbom (dative dual)
didantbos (dative plural)
didantī? (instrumental singular)
didantbim (dual instrumental)
didantbis (instrumental plural)
didantī (nominative singular)
didantī (dual nominative)
didantiyās (nominative plural)
didantī (singular vocative)
didantī (dual vocative)
didantiyās (plural vocative)
didantīm (accusative singular)
didantī (accusative dual)
didantiyans (accusative plural)
didantyās (genitive singular)
didantyom (genitive plural)
didantyāi (dative singular)
didantyābom (dative dual)
didantyābos (dative plural)
didantyābim (dual instrumental)
didantyābis (instrumental plural)
didont (nominative singular)
didonta (nominative plural)
didont (singular vocative)
didonta (plural vocative)
didont (accusative singular)
didonta (accusative plural)
datos (nominative singular)
datou (dual nominative)
datoi (nominative plural)
date (singular vocative)
datou (dual vocative)
datoi (plural vocative)
datom (accusative singular)
datou (accusative dual)
datons (accusative plural)
datī (genitive singular)
datous (dual genitive)
datom (genitive plural)
datūi (dative singular)
datobom (dative dual)
datobos (dative plural)
datū (instrumental singular)
datobim (dual instrumental)
datobis (instrumental plural)
datā (nominative singular)
datai (dual nominative)
datās (nominative plural)
datā (singular vocative)
datai (dual vocative)
datās (plural vocative)
datam (accusative singular)
datai (accusative dual)
datans (accusative plural)
datās (genitive singular)
datai (dative singular)
datābom (dative dual)
datābos (dative plural)
datābim (dual instrumental)
datābis (instrumental plural)
datom (nominative singular)
datā (nominative plural)
datom (singular vocative)
datā (plural vocative)
datā (accusative plural)

Celtiberian: tizatuz (imperative 3sg.)

The verb is from the reduplicated present Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti, from the root *dʰeh₁-.

rhoddi

Middle Welsh: roðaf (1sg. pres.), ryð, ryt (3sg. pres.); Welsh


boustom

boustom (nominative singular)
boustou (dual nominative)
boustā (nominative plural)
boustom (singular vocative)
boustou (dual vocative)
boustā (plural vocative)
boustom (accusative singular)
boustou (accusative dual)
boustā (accusative plural)
boustī (genitive singular)
boustous (dual genitive)
boustom (genitive plural)
boustūi (dative singular)
boustobom (dative dual)
boustobos (dative plural)
boustei (locative singular)
boustū (instrumental singular)
boustobim (dual instrumental)
boustūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: búas (“wealth”)

Celtiberian: boustom

→ Galician: busto

→? Portuguese: bosta

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷow-sth₂-ó-, from *gʷṓws (“cow”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”). An exact cognate exists in Sanskrit गोष्ठ (goṣṭha, “(animal) stable”).


itos

itos (nominative singular)
itou (dual nominative)
itoi (nominative plural)
ite (singular vocative)
itou (dual vocative)
itoi (plural vocative)
itom (accusative singular)
itou (accusative dual)
itons (accusative plural)
itī (genitive singular)
itous (dual genitive)
itom (genitive plural)
itūi (dative singular)
itobom (dative dual)
itobos (dative plural)
itū (instrumental singular)
itobim (dual instrumental)
itobis (instrumental plural)
itā (nominative singular)
itai (dual nominative)
itās (nominative plural)
itā (singular vocative)
itai (dual vocative)
itās (plural vocative)
itam (accusative singular)
itai (accusative dual)
itans (accusative plural)
itās (genitive singular)
itai (dative singular)
itābom (dative dual)
itābos (dative plural)
itābim (dual instrumental)
itābis (instrumental plural)
itom (nominative singular)
itā (nominative plural)
itom (singular vocative)
itā (plural vocative)
itā (accusative plural)

desc

impersonal preterite of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">téit</i> (“to go”)

Old Irish: ethae (impersonal preterite of téit (“to go”))

⇒ Old Irish: ad·etha

⇒ Old Irish: do·etha

⇒ Old Irish: tremi·etha

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁itós, from the root *h₁ey- (“to go”).


ɸloutos

ɸloutos (nominative singular)
ɸloutou (dual nominative)
ɸloutoi (nominative plural)
ɸloute (singular vocative)
ɸloutou (dual vocative)
ɸloutoi (plural vocative)
ɸloutom (accusative singular)
ɸloutou (accusative dual)
ɸloutons (accusative plural)
ɸloutī (genitive singular)
ɸloutous (dual genitive)
ɸloutom (genitive plural)
ɸloutūi (dative singular)
ɸloutobom (dative dual)
ɸloutobos (dative plural)
ɸloutū (instrumental singular)
ɸloutobim (dual instrumental)
ɸloutobis (instrumental plural)
ɸloutā (nominative singular)
ɸloutai (dual nominative)
ɸloutās (nominative plural)
ɸloutā (singular vocative)
ɸloutai (dual vocative)
ɸloutās (plural vocative)
ɸloutam (accusative singular)
ɸloutai (accusative dual)
ɸloutans (accusative plural)
ɸloutās (genitive singular)
ɸloutai (dative singular)
ɸloutābom (dative dual)
ɸloutābos (dative plural)
ɸloutābim (dual instrumental)
ɸloutābis (instrumental plural)
ɸloutom (nominative singular)
ɸloutā (nominative plural)
ɸloutom (singular vocative)
ɸloutā (plural vocative)
ɸloutā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: lúath (“quick, swift”)
Irish: luath
Scottish Gaelic: luath

From Proto-Indo-European *plów-tos, from *plew- (“to flow”). An exact cognate appears in Ancient Greek πλοῦτος (ploûtos, “wealth”).

cog

Celtiberian: Konbouto (with l omitted due to defective syllabic orthography)

→ Latin: Complūtum→ English: Complute→ Spanish: Compluto


ɸontā

ɸontā (nominative singular)
ɸontai (dual nominative)
ɸontās (nominative plural)
ɸontā (singular vocative)
ɸontai (dual vocative)
ɸontās (plural vocative)
ɸontam (accusative singular)
ɸontai (accusative dual)
ɸontāns (accusative plural)
ɸontās (genitive singular)
ɸontous (dual genitive)
ɸontom (genitive plural)
ɸontāi (dative singular)
ɸontābom (dative dual)
ɸontābos (dative plural)
ɸontai (locative singular)
ɸontābim (dual instrumental)
ɸontābis (instrumental plural)

desc

compounded with the reflex of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*ɸelus</i> (“many”)

⇒ Gaulish: Eluontiu (dat. sg.) (compounded with the reflex of *ɸelus (“many”))

following Prosper's reading; the word has also been read as the unintelligible <i class="Latn mention" lang="xce">oboi</i>

Celtiberian: otai (dat./loc. sg.) (following Prosper's reading; the word has also been read as the unintelligible oboi)

From Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s (which Prósper reconstructs as *pónteh₂s).


-inyos

-inyā (feminine)
-inyos (nominative singular)
-inyou (dual nominative)
-inyoi (nominative plural)
-inye (singular vocative)
-inyou (dual vocative)
-inyoi (plural vocative)
-inyom (accusative singular)
-inyou (accusative dual)
-inyons (accusative plural)
-inyī (genitive singular)
-inyous (dual genitive)
-inyom (genitive plural)
-inyūi (dative singular)
-inyobom (dative dual)
-inyobos (dative plural)
-inyei (locative singular)
-inyū (instrumental singular)
-inyobim (dual instrumental)
-inyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *-ɨnn
Middle Welsh: -yn
Welsh: -yn

Old Irish: -ne m


-inyā

-inyos (masculine)
-inyā (nominative singular)
-inyai (dual nominative)
-inyās (nominative plural)
-inyā (singular vocative)
-inyai (dual vocative)
-inyās (plural vocative)
-inyam (accusative singular)
-inyai (accusative dual)
-inyāns (accusative plural)
-inyās (genitive singular)
-inyous (dual genitive)
-inyom (genitive plural)
-inyāi (dative singular)
-inyābom (dative dual)
-inyābos (dative plural)
-inyai (locative singular)
-inyābim (dual instrumental)
-inyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-enn
Old Breton: -enn
Middle Breton: -enn
Breton: -enn
Old Cornish: -en
Middle Cornish: -en
Cornish: -en
Old Welsh: -en
Middle Welsh: -en
Welsh: -en

Old Irish: -ne f, -ine


lasketi

laskū (active first-person present singular)
laskemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
laskesi (active present second-person singular)
lasketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
lasketi (active present singular third-person)
lasketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
laskomosi (active first-person plural present)
laskemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lasketesi (active plural present second-person)
laskestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
laskonti (active plural present third-person)
laskento (active imperfect plural third-person)
laske (active imperative second-person singular)
lasketou (active imperative singular third-person)
laskomos (active first-person imperative plural)
laskete (active imperative plural second-person)
laskontou (active imperative plural third-person)
laskūr (first-person passive present singular)
lasketar (passive present second-person singular)
lasketor (passive present singular third-person)
laskommor (first-person passive plural present)
laskedwe (passive plural present second-person)
laskontor (passive plural present third-person)
laskonts (nominative singular)
laskonte (dual nominative)
laskontes (nominative plural)
laskonts (singular vocative)
laskonte (dual vocative)
laskontes (plural vocative)
laskontam (accusative singular)
laskonte (accusative dual)
laskontans (accusative plural)
laskantos (genitive singular)
laskantom (genitive plural)
laskantei (dative singular)
laskantbom (dative dual)
laskantbos (dative plural)
laskantī? (instrumental singular)
laskantbim (dual instrumental)
laskantbis (instrumental plural)
laskantī (nominative singular)
laskantī (dual nominative)
laskantiyās (nominative plural)
laskantī (singular vocative)
laskantī (dual vocative)
laskantiyās (plural vocative)
laskantīm (accusative singular)
laskantī (accusative dual)
laskantiyans (accusative plural)
laskantyās (genitive singular)
laskantyom (genitive plural)
laskantyāi (dative singular)
laskantyābom (dative dual)
laskantyābos (dative plural)
laskantyābim (dual instrumental)
laskantyābis (instrumental plural)
laskont (nominative singular)
laskonta (nominative plural)
laskont (singular vocative)
laskonta (plural vocative)
laskont (accusative singular)
laskonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: lesquiff

Breton: leskiñ, loskiñ

Cornish: leski

Middle Welsh: llosgi

Welsh: llosgi

Old Irish: loscaid

Irish: loisc

Manx: losht

Scottish Gaelic: loisg

From Proto-Indo-European *lh₂p-sḱéti, (bearing the present-forming suffix *-sḱéti), from the telic root *leh₂p- (“to light, shine”). Related to Ancient Greek λάμπω (lámpō, “I shine”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


groudos

groudos (nominative singular)
groudese? (dual nominative)
groudesa (nominative plural)
groudos (singular vocative)
groudese? (dual vocative)
groudesa (plural vocative)
groudos (accusative singular)
groudese? (accusative dual)
groudesa (accusative plural)
groudesos (genitive singular)
groudesous? (dual genitive)
groudesom (genitive plural)
groudesei (dative singular)
groudesbom (dative dual)
groudesbos (dative plural)
groudesi (locative singular)
groudesei (instrumental singular)
groudesbim (dual instrumental)
groudesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *grʉð

Old Cornish: grud

Old Welsh: grudou pl

Middle Welsh: grud, grut

Welsh: grudd

Old Irish: grúad

Middle Irish: grúad

Irish: grua

Manx: gruaie

Scottish Gaelic: gruaidh

Matasović has attempted to compare this word to Old English grēada (“breast, lap”) and Proto-Slavic *grǫdь (“breast”), but he admits that the semantic difference to those is quite awkward.


Awikantos

Awikantos (nominative singular)
Awikantou (dual nominative)
Awikantoi (nominative plural)
Awikantou (dual vocative)
Awikantoi (plural vocative)
Awikantom (accusative singular)
Awikantou (accusative dual)
Awikantons (accusative plural)
Awikantous (dual genitive)
Awikantom (genitive plural)
Awikantūi (dative singular)
Awikantobos (dative plural)
Awikantei (locative singular)
Awikantūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *Awgant

Old Breton: Eucant

Middle Welsh: Eugan

Gaulish: *Auicantos

→ Latin: Avicantus

From *awis (“desire”) + *kantom (“hundred”).


āwyom

āwyom (nominative singular)
āwyou (dual nominative)
āwyā (nominative plural)
āwyom (singular vocative)
āwyou (dual vocative)
āwyā (plural vocative)
āwyom (accusative singular)
āwyou (accusative dual)
āwyā (accusative plural)
āwyī (genitive singular)
āwyous (dual genitive)
āwyom (genitive plural)
āwyūi (dative singular)
āwyobom (dative dual)
āwyobos (dative plural)
āwyei (locative singular)
āwyū (instrumental singular)
āwyobim (dual instrumental)
āwyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ọi

Middle Breton: uy, vuy, vy

Breton: vi

Old Cornish: uy

Middle Cornish: oy

Cornish: oy

Old Welsh: ui

Middle Welsh: wy

Welsh: wy


reyatrom

riyatrom (nominative singular)
riyatrou (dual nominative)
riyatrā (nominative plural)
riyatrom (singular vocative)
riyatrou (dual vocative)
riyatrā (plural vocative)
riyatrom (accusative singular)
riyatrou (accusative dual)
riyatrā (accusative plural)
riyatrī (genitive singular)
riyatrous (dual genitive)
riyatrom (genitive plural)
riyatrūi (dative singular)
riyatrobom (dative dual)
riyatrobos (dative plural)
riyatrei (locative singular)
riyatrū (instrumental singular)
riyatrobim (dual instrumental)
riyatrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: reatir

Middle Welsh: raeadyr, rayadyr

Welsh: rhaeadr

Old Irish: riathor m, riathar

Middle Irish: riathar

From some form of Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to flow”) + *-trom.


derkom

derkom (nominative singular)
derkou (dual nominative)
derkā (nominative plural)
derkom (singular vocative)
derkou (dual vocative)
derkā (plural vocative)
derkom (accusative singular)
derkou (accusative dual)
derkā (accusative plural)
derkī (genitive singular)
derkous (dual genitive)
derkom (genitive plural)
derkūi (dative singular)
derkobom (dative dual)
derkobos (dative plural)
derkei (locative singular)
derkū (instrumental singular)
derkobim (dual instrumental)
derkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *derx

desc

Middle Breton: derch (“form, aspect, appearance”)

Breton: derc'h (“beautiful”)

Old Irish: derc

Middle Irish: derc

⇒ Middle Irish: dercaid

Irish: dearc

Scottish Gaelic: dearc

Gaulish: derco (in one reading of a Marcellus of Bordeaux charm), dercom (in another reading)

From Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).


derketi

derkū (active first-person present singular)
derkemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
didrixsū (active first-person future singular)
darka (active first-person preterite singular)
derkesi (active present second-person singular)
derketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didrixsesi (active future second-person singular)
darkas? (active preterite second-person singular)
derketi (active present singular third-person)
derketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
didrixseti (active future singular third-person)
darke (active preterite singular third-person)
derkomosi (active first-person plural present)
derkemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didrixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
darkmo (active first-person plural preterite)
derketesi (active plural present second-person)
derkestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
didrixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
darxte (active plural preterite second-person)
derkonti (active plural present third-person)
derkento (active imperfect plural third-person)
didrixsonti (active future plural third-person)
darkars (active plural preterite third-person)
derxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
derxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
derke (active imperative second-person singular)
derxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
derketou (active imperative singular third-person)
derxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
derkomos (active first-person imperative plural)
derxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
derkete (active imperative plural second-person)
derxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
derkontou (active imperative plural third-person)
derkūr (first-person passive present singular)
didrixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
darkra (first-person passive preterite singular)
derketar (passive present second-person singular)
didrixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
darkras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
derketor (passive present singular third-person)
didrixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
darkre (passive preterite singular third-person)
derkommor (first-person passive plural present)
didrixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
derkedwe (passive plural present second-person)
didrixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
derkontor (passive plural present third-person)
didrixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
derxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
derxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
derxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
derxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
derxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
derxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
derkonts (nominative singular)
derkonte (dual nominative)
derkontes (nominative plural)
derkonts (singular vocative)
derkonte (dual vocative)
derkontes (plural vocative)
derkontam (accusative singular)
derkonte (accusative dual)
derkontans (accusative plural)
derkantos (genitive singular)
derkantom (genitive plural)
derkantei (dative singular)
derkantbom (dative dual)
derkantbos (dative plural)
derkantī? (instrumental singular)
derkantbim (dual instrumental)
derkantbis (instrumental plural)
derkantī (nominative singular)
derkantī (dual nominative)
derkantiyās (nominative plural)
derkantī (singular vocative)
derkantī (dual vocative)
derkantiyās (plural vocative)
derkantīm (accusative singular)
derkantī (accusative dual)
derkantiyans (accusative plural)
derkantyās (genitive singular)
derkantyom (genitive plural)
derkantyāi (dative singular)
derkantyābom (dative dual)
derkantyābos (dative plural)
derkantyābim (dual instrumental)
derkantyābis (instrumental plural)
derkont (nominative singular)
derkonta (nominative plural)
derkont (singular vocative)
derkonta (plural vocative)
derkont (accusative singular)
derkonta (accusative plural)
drixtos (nominative singular)
drixtou (dual nominative)
drixtoi (nominative plural)
drixte (singular vocative)
drixtou (dual vocative)
drixtoi (plural vocative)
drixtom (accusative singular)
drixtou (accusative dual)
drixtons (accusative plural)
drixtī (genitive singular)
drixtous (dual genitive)
drixtom (genitive plural)
drixtūi (dative singular)
drixtobom (dative dual)
drixtobos (dative plural)
drixtū (instrumental singular)
drixtobim (dual instrumental)
drixtobis (instrumental plural)
drixtā (nominative singular)
drixtai (dual nominative)
drixtās (nominative plural)
drixtā (singular vocative)
drixtai (dual vocative)
drixtās (plural vocative)
drixtam (accusative singular)
drixtai (accusative dual)
drixtans (accusative plural)
drixtās (genitive singular)
drixtai (dative singular)
drixtābom (dative dual)
drixtābos (dative plural)
drixtābim (dual instrumental)
drixtābis (instrumental plural)
drixtom (nominative singular)
drixtā (nominative plural)
drixtom (singular vocative)
drixtā (plural vocative)
drixtā (accusative plural)

chunnaic

Old Irish: ad·condairc (3sg. perf. of ad·cí); Scottish Gaelic


yeigeti

yeigū (active first-person present singular)
yeigemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
yeigesi (active present second-person singular)
yeigetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
yeigeti (active present singular third-person)
yeigeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
yeigomosi (active first-person plural present)
yeigemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
yeigetesi (active plural present second-person)
yeigestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
yeigonti (active plural present third-person)
yeigento (active imperfect plural third-person)
yeixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
yeixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
yeige (active imperative second-person singular)
yeixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
yeigetou (active imperative singular third-person)
yeixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
yeigomos (active first-person imperative plural)
yeixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
yeigete (active imperative plural second-person)
yeixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
yeigontou (active imperative plural third-person)
yeigūr (first-person passive present singular)
yeigetar (passive present second-person singular)
yeigetor (passive present singular third-person)
yeigommor (first-person passive plural present)
yeigedwe (passive plural present second-person)
yeigontor (passive plural present third-person)
yeixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
yeixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
yeixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
yeixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
yeixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
yeixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
yeigonts (nominative singular)
yeigonte (dual nominative)
yeigontes (nominative plural)
yeigonts (singular vocative)
yeigonte (dual vocative)
yeigontes (plural vocative)
yeigontam (accusative singular)
yeigonte (accusative dual)
yeigontans (accusative plural)
yeigantos (genitive singular)
yeigantom (genitive plural)
yeigantei (dative singular)
yeigantbom (dative dual)
yeigantbos (dative plural)
yeigantī? (instrumental singular)
yeigantbim (dual instrumental)
yeigantbis (instrumental plural)
yeigantī (nominative singular)
yeigantī (dual nominative)
yeigantiyās (nominative plural)
yeigantī (singular vocative)
yeigantī (dual vocative)
yeigantiyās (plural vocative)
yeigantīm (accusative singular)
yeigantī (accusative dual)
yeigantiyans (accusative plural)
yeigantyās (genitive singular)
yeigantyom (genitive plural)
yeigantyāi (dative singular)
yeigantyābom (dative dual)
yeigantyābos (dative plural)
yeigantyābim (dual instrumental)
yeigantyābis (instrumental plural)
yeigont (nominative singular)
yeigonta (nominative plural)
yeigont (singular vocative)
yeigonta (plural vocative)
yeigont (accusative singular)
yeigonta (accusative plural)
yeixtos (nominative singular)
yeixtou (dual nominative)
yeixtoi (nominative plural)
yeixte (singular vocative)
yeixtou (dual vocative)
yeixtoi (plural vocative)
yeixtom (accusative singular)
yeixtou (accusative dual)
yeixtons (accusative plural)
yeixtī (genitive singular)
yeixtous (dual genitive)
yeixtom (genitive plural)
yeixtūi (dative singular)
yeixtobom (dative dual)
yeixtobos (dative plural)
yeixtū (instrumental singular)
yeixtobim (dual instrumental)
yeixtobis (instrumental plural)
yeixtā (nominative singular)
yeixtai (dual nominative)
yeixtās (nominative plural)
yeixtā (singular vocative)
yeixtai (dual vocative)
yeixtās (plural vocative)
yeixtam (accusative singular)
yeixtai (accusative dual)
yeixtans (accusative plural)
yeixtās (genitive singular)
yeixtai (dative singular)
yeixtābom (dative dual)
yeixtābos (dative plural)
yeixtābim (dual instrumental)
yeixtābis (instrumental plural)
yeixtom (nominative singular)
yeixtā (nominative plural)
yeixtom (singular vocative)
yeixtā (plural vocative)
yeixtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: éigid
Middle Irish: éigid
Irish: éigh
Manx: eie
Scottish Gaelic: èigh

desc

Gaulish: íegumi (1sg. pres.), íexsetesi (2pl. subj.), íexs (2sg. imperative)

From a reduplicated present *h₁í-h₁eyǵʰ-ti from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyǵʰ-. Distantly related to Ancient Greek ἰχανάω (ikhanáō, “to desire”) and Sanskrit ईहति (īhati, “to desire”).


eiglā

ēglā (nominative singular)
ēglai (dual nominative)
ēglās (nominative plural)
ēglā (singular vocative)
ēglai (dual vocative)
ēglās (plural vocative)
ēglam (accusative singular)
ēglai (accusative dual)
ēglāns (accusative plural)
ēglās (genitive singular)
ēglous (dual genitive)
ēglom (genitive plural)
ēglāi (dative singular)
ēglābom (dative dual)
ēglābos (dative plural)
ēglai (locative singular)
ēglābim (dual instrumental)
ēglābis (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: (denominative verbs)

Middle Breton: goelaff, gouelaff

Breton: gouelañ

Middle Cornish: wole, ole

Cornish: ole, (revived) ola

Middle Welsh: wylo

Welsh: wylo

desc

⇒ Middle Irish: éle (“prayer, incantation”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyǵʰ- (“to desire”), formed with the same *-lā suffix that belies *kaglā (yielding Welsh cael (“to get”)), *sāglā (yielding Welsh hawl (“plea, demand, claim”)), and *gabaglā (“taking”).


uɸorigeti

uɸorigū (active first-person present singular)
uɸorigemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
uɸoririxsū (active first-person future singular)
uɸoriroiga (active first-person preterite singular)
uɸorigesi (active present second-person singular)
uɸorigetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
uɸoririxsesi (active future second-person singular)
uɸoriroigas? (active preterite second-person singular)
uɸorigeti (active present singular third-person)
uɸorigeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
uɸoririxseti (active future singular third-person)
uɸoriroige (active preterite singular third-person)
uɸorigomosi (active first-person plural present)
uɸorigemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
uɸoririxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
uɸoriroigmo (active first-person plural preterite)
uɸorigetesi (active plural present second-person)
uɸorigestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
uɸoririxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
uɸoriroixte (active plural preterite second-person)
uɸorigonti (active plural present third-person)
uɸorigento (active imperfect plural third-person)
uɸoririxsonti (active future plural third-person)
uɸoriroigars (active plural preterite third-person)
uɸorēxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
uɸorēxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸorige (active imperative second-person singular)
uɸorēxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸorigetou (active imperative singular third-person)
uɸorēxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
uɸorigomos (active first-person imperative plural)
uɸorēxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸorigete (active imperative plural second-person)
uɸorēxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸorigontou (active imperative plural third-person)
uɸorigūr (first-person passive present singular)
uɸoririxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
uɸoriroigra (first-person passive preterite singular)
uɸorigetar (passive present second-person singular)
uɸoririxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
uɸoriroigras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
uɸorigetor (passive present singular third-person)
uɸoririxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
uɸoriroigre (passive preterite singular third-person)
uɸorigommor (first-person passive plural present)
uɸoririxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
uɸorigedwe (passive plural present second-person)
uɸoririxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
uɸorigontor (passive plural present third-person)
uɸoririxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
uɸorēxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
uɸorēxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸorēxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸorēxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
uɸorēxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸorēxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸorigonts (nominative singular)
uɸorigonte (dual nominative)
uɸorigontes (nominative plural)
uɸorigonts (singular vocative)
uɸorigonte (dual vocative)
uɸorigontes (plural vocative)
uɸorigontam (accusative singular)
uɸorigonte (accusative dual)
uɸorigontans (accusative plural)
uɸorigantos (genitive singular)
uɸorigantom (genitive plural)
uɸorigantei (dative singular)
uɸorigantbom (dative dual)
uɸorigantbos (dative plural)
uɸorigantī? (instrumental singular)
uɸorigantbim (dual instrumental)
uɸorigantbis (instrumental plural)
uɸorigantī (nominative singular)
uɸorigantī (dual nominative)
uɸorigantiyās (nominative plural)
uɸorigantī (singular vocative)
uɸorigantī (dual vocative)
uɸorigantiyās (plural vocative)
uɸorigantīm (accusative singular)
uɸorigantī (accusative dual)
uɸorigantiyans (accusative plural)
uɸorigantyās (genitive singular)
uɸorigantyom (genitive plural)
uɸorigantyāi (dative singular)
uɸorigantyābom (dative dual)
uɸorigantyābos (dative plural)
uɸorigantyābim (dual instrumental)
uɸorigantyābis (instrumental plural)
uɸorigont (nominative singular)
uɸorigonta (nominative plural)
uɸorigont (singular vocative)
uɸorigonta (plural vocative)
uɸorigont (accusative singular)
uɸorigonta (accusative plural)
uɸorixtos (nominative singular)
uɸorixtou (dual nominative)
uɸorixtoi (nominative plural)
uɸorixte (singular vocative)
uɸorixtou (dual vocative)
uɸorixtoi (plural vocative)
uɸorixtom (accusative singular)
uɸorixtou (accusative dual)
uɸorixtons (accusative plural)
uɸorixtī (genitive singular)
uɸorixtous (dual genitive)
uɸorixtom (genitive plural)
uɸorixtūi (dative singular)
uɸorixtobom (dative dual)
uɸorixtobos (dative plural)
uɸorixtū (instrumental singular)
uɸorixtobim (dual instrumental)
uɸorixtobis (instrumental plural)
uɸorixtā (nominative singular)
uɸorixtai (dual nominative)
uɸorixtās (nominative plural)
uɸorixtā (singular vocative)
uɸorixtai (dual vocative)
uɸorixtās (plural vocative)
uɸorixtam (accusative singular)
uɸorixtai (accusative dual)
uɸorixtans (accusative plural)
uɸorixtās (genitive singular)
uɸorixtai (dative singular)
uɸorixtābom (dative dual)
uɸorixtābos (dative plural)
uɸorixtābim (dual instrumental)
uɸorixtābis (instrumental plural)
uɸorixtom (nominative singular)
uɸorixtā (nominative plural)
uɸorixtom (singular vocative)
uɸorixtā (plural vocative)
uɸorixtā (accusative plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *gwarrɨɣ (deuterotonic), *gwėrɨɣ (“to play”, prototonic)

Middle Breton: hoari

Breton: c'hoari

Middle Cornish: hwary

Middle Welsh: gwarwy, gwery

Welsh: gwarwy, gwary

Old Irish: fo·rig

Irish: fuirigh

Manx: fuirree

Scottish Gaelic: fuirich

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *rigeti (“to bind”).


adrigeti

adrigū (active first-person present singular)
adrigemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
adririxsū (active first-person future singular)
adriroiga (active first-person preterite singular)
adrigesi (active present second-person singular)
adrigetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
adririxsesi (active future second-person singular)
adriroigas? (active preterite second-person singular)
adrigeti (active present singular third-person)
adrigeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
adririxseti (active future singular third-person)
adriroige (active preterite singular third-person)
adrigomosi (active first-person plural present)
adrigemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
adririxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
adriroigmo (active first-person plural preterite)
adrigetesi (active plural present second-person)
adrigestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
adririxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
adriroixte (active plural preterite second-person)
adrigonti (active plural present third-person)
adrigento (active imperfect plural third-person)
adririxsonti (active future plural third-person)
adriroigars (active plural preterite third-person)
adrēxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
adrēxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
adrige (active imperative second-person singular)
adrēxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
adrigetou (active imperative singular third-person)
adrēxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
adrigomos (active first-person imperative plural)
adrēxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
adrigete (active imperative plural second-person)
adrēxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
adrigontou (active imperative plural third-person)
adrigūr (first-person passive present singular)
adririxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
adriroigra (first-person passive preterite singular)
adrigetar (passive present second-person singular)
adririxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
adriroigras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
adrigetor (passive present singular third-person)
adririxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
adriroigre (passive preterite singular third-person)
adrigommor (first-person passive plural present)
adririxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
adrigedwe (passive plural present second-person)
adririxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
adrigontor (passive plural present third-person)
adririxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
adrēxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
adrēxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
adrēxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
adrēxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
adrēxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
adrēxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
adrigonts (nominative singular)
adrigonte (dual nominative)
adrigontes (nominative plural)
adrigonts (singular vocative)
adrigonte (dual vocative)
adrigontes (plural vocative)
adrigontam (accusative singular)
adrigonte (accusative dual)
adrigontans (accusative plural)
adrigantos (genitive singular)
adrigantom (genitive plural)
adrigantei (dative singular)
adrigantbom (dative dual)
adrigantbos (dative plural)
adrigantī? (instrumental singular)
adrigantbim (dual instrumental)
adrigantbis (instrumental plural)
adrigantī (nominative singular)
adrigantī (dual nominative)
adrigantiyās (nominative plural)
adrigantī (singular vocative)
adrigantī (dual vocative)
adrigantiyās (plural vocative)
adrigantīm (accusative singular)
adrigantī (accusative dual)
adrigantiyans (accusative plural)
adrigantyās (genitive singular)
adrigantyom (genitive plural)
adrigantyāi (dative singular)
adrigantyābom (dative dual)
adrigantyābos (dative plural)
adrigantyābim (dual instrumental)
adrigantyābis (instrumental plural)
adrigont (nominative singular)
adrigonta (nominative plural)
adrigont (singular vocative)
adrigonta (plural vocative)
adrigont (accusative singular)
adrigonta (accusative plural)
adrixtos (nominative singular)
adrixtou (dual nominative)
adrixtoi (nominative plural)
adrixte (singular vocative)
adrixtou (dual vocative)
adrixtoi (plural vocative)
adrixtom (accusative singular)
adrixtou (accusative dual)
adrixtons (accusative plural)
adrixtī (genitive singular)
adrixtous (dual genitive)
adrixtom (genitive plural)
adrixtūi (dative singular)
adrixtobom (dative dual)
adrixtobos (dative plural)
adrixtū (instrumental singular)
adrixtobim (dual instrumental)
adrixtobis (instrumental plural)
adrixtā (nominative singular)
adrixtai (dual nominative)
adrixtās (nominative plural)
adrixtā (singular vocative)
adrixtai (dual vocative)
adrixtās (plural vocative)
adrixtam (accusative singular)
adrixtai (accusative dual)
adrixtans (accusative plural)
adrixtās (genitive singular)
adrixtai (dative singular)
adrixtābom (dative dual)
adrixtābos (dative plural)
adrixtābim (dual instrumental)
adrixtābis (instrumental plural)
adrixtom (nominative singular)
adrixtā (nominative plural)
adrixtom (singular vocative)
adrixtā (plural vocative)
adrixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨrɨɣ (prototonic)

Middle Breton: aeren (verbal noun), aereet, ereet (past participle)

Old Irish: ad·rig


uɸoreigom

uɸoreigom (nominative singular)
uɸoreigou (dual nominative)
uɸoreigā (nominative plural)
uɸoreigom (singular vocative)
uɸoreigou (dual vocative)
uɸoreigā (plural vocative)
uɸoreigom (accusative singular)
uɸoreigou (accusative dual)
uɸoreigā (accusative plural)
uɸoreigī (genitive singular)
uɸoreigous (dual genitive)
uɸoreigom (genitive plural)
uɸoreigūi (dative singular)
uɸoreigobom (dative dual)
uɸoreigobos (dative plural)
uɸoreigei (locative singular)
uɸoreigū (instrumental singular)
uɸoreigobim (dual instrumental)
uɸoreigūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwaruɨɣ

Middle Cornish: gware, gwary

Middle Welsh: chwarae, chware

Welsh: chwarae

Old Irish: fuirech (reshaped by analogy to prototonic forms of verb)

Middle Irish: fuirech

Irish: fuireach

Scottish Gaelic: fuireach

Manx: fuirriagh

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *-reigom (forms nouns denoting binding).


komreigom

komreigom (nominative singular)
komreigou (dual nominative)
komreigā (nominative plural)
komreigom (singular vocative)
komreigou (dual vocative)
komreigā (plural vocative)
komreigom (accusative singular)
komreigou (accusative dual)
komreigā (accusative plural)
komreigī (genitive singular)
komreigous (dual genitive)
komreigom (genitive plural)
komreigūi (dative singular)
komreigobom (dative dual)
komreigobos (dative plural)
komreigei (locative singular)
komreigū (instrumental singular)
komreigobim (dual instrumental)
komreigūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kuβ̃ruɨɣ
Old Breton: comreg
Breton: kevre
Cornish: kevren
Middle Welsh: kyfreieu
Welsh: cyfrwy

reformed by analogy to the prototonic stem of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">con·rig</i>

Old Irish: cuimrech (reformed by analogy to the prototonic stem of con·rig)
Middle Irish: cuibrech
Irish: cuibhreach

From *kom- (“together”) + *-reigom (forming nouns for binding).


-reigom

-rēgom (nominative singular)
-rēgou (dual nominative)
-rēgā (nominative plural)
-rēgom (singular vocative)
-rēgou (dual vocative)
-rēgā (plural vocative)
-rēgom (accusative singular)
-rēgou (accusative dual)
-rēgā (accusative plural)
-rēgī (genitive singular)
-rēgous (dual genitive)
-rēgom (genitive plural)
-rēgūi (dative singular)
-rēgobom (dative dual)
-rēgobos (dative plural)
-rēgei (locative singular)
-rēgū (instrumental singular)
-rēgobim (dual instrumental)
-rēgūis (instrumental plural)

From the e-grade of the root of *rigeti (“to bind”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix for prefixed nouns).

Forms nouns that denote the act of binding living things, or the devices used to do so.


adreigom

adreigom (nominative singular)
adreigou (dual nominative)
adreigā (nominative plural)
adreigom (singular vocative)
adreigou (dual vocative)
adreigā (plural vocative)
adreigom (accusative singular)
adreigou (accusative dual)
adreigā (accusative plural)
adreigī (genitive singular)
adreigous (dual genitive)
adreigom (genitive plural)
adreigūi (dative singular)
adreigobom (dative dual)
adreigobos (dative plural)
adreigei (locative singular)
adreigū (instrumental singular)
adreigobim (dual instrumental)
adreigūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨruɨɣ

Middle Welsh: aerwy

Welsh: aerwy

Breton: ere, aere (“link”)

Old Irish: árach (“bond”)

Irish: árach

desc

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: àrachas (“insurance”)


kʷennoreigom

kʷennoreigom (nominative singular)
kʷennoreigou (dual nominative)
kʷennoreigā (nominative plural)
kʷennoreigom (singular vocative)
kʷennoreigou (dual vocative)
kʷennoreigā (plural vocative)
kʷennoreigom (accusative singular)
kʷennoreigou (accusative dual)
kʷennoreigā (accusative plural)
kʷennoreigī (genitive singular)
kʷennoreigous (dual genitive)
kʷennoreigom (genitive plural)
kʷennoreigūi (dative singular)
kʷennoreigobom (dative dual)
kʷennoreigobos (dative plural)
kʷennoreigei (locative singular)
kʷennoreigū (instrumental singular)
kʷennoreigobim (dual instrumental)
kʷennoreigūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *pennruɨɣ

Middle Welsh: penrwy

Welsh: penrhe, penre

Middle Irish: cendrach

Classical Gaelic: ceannrach

From *kʷennom (“head”) + *-reigom (“binding”).

af

something that binds either a head or a fixture that can be likened to a head


boureigom

boureigom (nominative singular)
boureigou (dual nominative)
boureigā (nominative plural)
boureigom (singular vocative)
boureigou (dual vocative)
boureigā (plural vocative)
boureigom (accusative singular)
boureigou (accusative dual)
boureigā (accusative plural)
boureigī (genitive singular)
boureigous (dual genitive)
boureigom (genitive plural)
boureigūi (dative singular)
boureigobom (dative dual)
boureigobos (dative plural)
boureigei (locative singular)
boureigū (instrumental singular)
boureigobim (dual instrumental)
boureigūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉruɨɣ

Middle Welsh: burwy, buruy

Welsh: burwy

desc

Old Irish: búarach (“cow spancel, early morning”)

Middle Irish: búarach

Irish: buarach

From *bāus (“cow”) + *-reigom (“binding”).


reigā

reigā (nominative singular)
reigai (dual nominative)
reigās (nominative plural)
reigā (singular vocative)
reigai (dual vocative)
reigās (plural vocative)
reigam (accusative singular)
reigai (accusative dual)
reigāns (accusative plural)
reigās (genitive singular)
reigous (dual genitive)
reigom (genitive plural)
reigāi (dative singular)
reigābom (dative dual)
reigābos (dative plural)
reigai (locative singular)
reigābim (dual instrumental)
reigābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rruɨɣ

Welsh: rhwy, rhoi (“chain”)

Old Irish: ríag (“torture”)

A close relative of *rigeti (“to bind, stretch”).


dī-

Proto-Brythonic: *di-

Cornish: di-

Middle Welsh: di-

Welsh: di-

Old Irish: dí-


kʷuts

Proto-Brythonic: *puh

only used in conjunction with <i class="Latn mention" lang="wlm">o</i> (“from”)

Middle Welsh: py, pwy (only used in conjunction with o (“from”))

⇒ Middle Welsh: pwygilydd, py gilydd

Welsh: pwygilydd

Old Irish: co

desctree

Middle Irish: co, go
Irish: chuig, chun, go
Scottish Gaelic: gu

Cognates are few and far between. The most obvious cognate is Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to”). Another possible cognate is the first element of Latin usque (“up to”).