skanndeti

skanndū (active first-person present singular)
skanndemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
siskantsū (active first-person future singular)
seskonda (active first-person preterite singular)
skanndesi (active present second-person singular)
skanndetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
siskantsesi (active future second-person singular)
seskondas? (active preterite second-person singular)
skanndeti (active present singular third-person)
skanndeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
siskantseti (active future singular third-person)
seskonde (active preterite singular third-person)
skanndomosi (active first-person plural present)
skanndemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
siskantsomosi (active first-person future plural)
seskondmo (active first-person plural preterite)
skanndetesi (active plural present second-person)
skanndestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
siskantsetesi (active future plural second-person)
seskonsse (active plural preterite second-person)
skanndonti (active plural present third-person)
skanndento (active imperfect plural third-person)
siskantsonti (active future plural third-person)
seskondars (active plural preterite third-person)
skentsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
skentsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
skannde (active imperative second-person singular)
skentseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
skanndetou (active imperative singular third-person)
skentsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
skanndomos (active first-person imperative plural)
skentsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
skanndete (active imperative plural second-person)
skentsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
skanndontou (active imperative plural third-person)
skanndūr (first-person passive present singular)
siskantsūr (first-person future passive singular)
seskondra (first-person passive preterite singular)
skanndetar (passive present second-person singular)
siskantsetar (future passive second-person singular)
seskondras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
skanndetor (passive present singular third-person)
siskantsetor (future passive singular third-person)
seskondre (passive preterite singular third-person)
skanndommor (first-person passive plural present)
siskantsommor (first-person future passive plural)
skanndedwe (passive plural present second-person)
siskantsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
skanndontor (passive plural present third-person)
siskantsontor (future passive plural third-person)
skentsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
skentsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
skentsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
skentsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
skentsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
skentsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
skanndonts (nominative singular)
skanndonte (dual nominative)
skanndontes (nominative plural)
skanndonts (singular vocative)
skanndonte (dual vocative)
skanndontes (plural vocative)
skanndontam (accusative singular)
skanndonte (accusative dual)
skanndontans (accusative plural)
skanndantos (genitive singular)
skanndantom (genitive plural)
skanndantei (dative singular)
skanndantbom (dative dual)
skanndantbos (dative plural)
skanndantī? (instrumental singular)
skanndantbim (dual instrumental)
skanndantbis (instrumental plural)
skanndantī (nominative singular)
skanndantī (dual nominative)
skanndantiyās (nominative plural)
skanndantī (singular vocative)
skanndantī (dual vocative)
skanndantiyās (plural vocative)
skanndantīm (accusative singular)
skanndantī (accusative dual)
skanndantiyans (accusative plural)
skanndantyās (genitive singular)
skanndantyom (genitive plural)
skanndantyāi (dative singular)
skanndantyābom (dative dual)
skanndantyābos (dative plural)
skanndantyābim (dual instrumental)
skanndantyābis (instrumental plural)
skanndont (nominative singular)
skanndonta (nominative plural)
skanndont (singular vocative)
skanndonta (plural vocative)
skanndont (accusative singular)
skanndonta (accusative plural)
skansos (nominative singular)
skansou (dual nominative)
skansoi (nominative plural)
skanse (singular vocative)
skansou (dual vocative)
skansoi (plural vocative)
skansom (accusative singular)
skansou (accusative dual)
skansons (accusative plural)
skansī (genitive singular)
skansous (dual genitive)
skansom (genitive plural)
skansūi (dative singular)
skansobom (dative dual)
skansobos (dative plural)
skansū (instrumental singular)
skansobim (dual instrumental)
skansobis (instrumental plural)
skansā (nominative singular)
skansai (dual nominative)
skansās (nominative plural)
skansā (singular vocative)
skansai (dual vocative)
skansās (plural vocative)
skansam (accusative singular)
skansai (accusative dual)
skansans (accusative plural)
skansās (genitive singular)
skansai (dative singular)
skansābom (dative dual)
skansābos (dative plural)
skansābim (dual instrumental)
skansābis (instrumental plural)
skansom (nominative singular)
skansā (nominative plural)
skansom (singular vocative)
skansā (plural vocative)
skansā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: ysgein

Old Irish: sceindid

Middle Irish: sceinnid

Irish: scinn

Scottish Gaelic: sginn

From Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump”). Cognate to Sanskrit स्कन्द् (skand, “to leap, jump”) and Latin scandō (“to climb, mount”).


skarati

skarami (active first-person present singular)
skaramam (active first-person imperfect singular)
skarasam (active first-person preterite singular)
skarasi (active present second-person singular)
skaratās (active imperfect second-person singular)
skarass (active preterite second-person singular)
skarati (active present singular third-person)
skarato (active imperfect singular third-person)
skarast (active preterite singular third-person)
skaramosi (active first-person plural present)
skaramo (active first-person imperfect plural)
skarasme (active first-person plural preterite)
skaratesi (active plural present second-person)
skarastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
skaraste (active plural preterite second-person)
skaranti (active plural present third-person)
skaranto (active imperfect plural third-person)
skarasant (active plural preterite third-person)
skarasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
skarasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
skara (active imperative second-person singular)
skaraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
skaratou (active imperative singular third-person)
skarasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
skaramos (active first-person imperative plural)
skarasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
skarate (active imperative plural second-person)
skarasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
skarantou (active imperative plural third-person)
skarar (first-person passive present singular)
skaratar (passive present second-person singular)
skarator (passive present singular third-person)
skarammor (first-person passive plural present)
skaradwe (passive plural present second-person)
skarantor (passive plural present third-person)
skarasanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
skarasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
skarasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
skarasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
skarasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
skarasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
skarasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
skarants (nominative singular)
skarante (dual nominative)
skarantes (nominative plural)
skarants (singular vocative)
skarante (dual vocative)
skarantes (plural vocative)
skarantam (accusative singular)
skarante (accusative dual)
skarantans (accusative plural)
skarantos (genitive singular)
skarantom (genitive plural)
skarantei (dative singular)
skarantbom (dative dual)
skarantbos (dative plural)
skarantī? (instrumental singular)
skarantbim (dual instrumental)
skarantbis (instrumental plural)
skarantī (nominative singular)
skarantī (dual nominative)
skarantiyās (nominative plural)
skarantī (singular vocative)
skarantī (dual vocative)
skarantiyās (plural vocative)
skarantīm (accusative singular)
skarantī (accusative dual)
skarantiyans (accusative plural)
skarantyās (genitive singular)
skarantyom (genitive plural)
skarantyāi (dative singular)
skarantyābom (dative dual)
skarantyābos (dative plural)
skarantyābim (dual instrumental)
skarantyābis (instrumental plural)
skarant (nominative singular)
skaranta (nominative plural)
skarant (singular vocative)
skaranta (plural vocative)
skarant (accusative singular)
skaranta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: scarat

Breton: skarat

Middle Welsh: ysgar

Welsh: ysgaru

desctree

Old Irish: scaraid
Irish: scar
Scottish Gaelic: sgar
Manx: scarr

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerH- (“to divide”).


sligeti

sligū (active first-person present singular)
sligemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sislixsū (active first-person future singular)
sisloiga (active first-person preterite singular)
sligesi (active present second-person singular)
sligetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sislixsesi (active future second-person singular)
sisloigas? (active preterite second-person singular)
sligeti (active present singular third-person)
sligeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sislixseti (active future singular third-person)
sisloige (active preterite singular third-person)
sligomosi (active first-person plural present)
sligemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sislixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sisloigmo (active first-person plural preterite)
sligetesi (active plural present second-person)
sligestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sislixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sisloixte (active plural preterite second-person)
sligonti (active plural present third-person)
sligento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sislixsonti (active future plural third-person)
sisloigars (active plural preterite third-person)
sleixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sleixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
slige (active imperative second-person singular)
sleixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sligetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sleixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sligomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sleixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sligete (active imperative plural second-person)
sleixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sligontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sligūr (first-person passive present singular)
sislixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sisloigra (first-person passive preterite singular)
sligetar (passive present second-person singular)
sislixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sisloigras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
sligetor (passive present singular third-person)
sislixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sisloigre (passive preterite singular third-person)
sligommor (first-person passive plural present)
sislixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sligedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sislixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sligontor (passive plural present third-person)
sislixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sleixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sleixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sleixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sleixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sleixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sleixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
sligonts (nominative singular)
sligonte (dual nominative)
sligontes (nominative plural)
sligonts (singular vocative)
sligonte (dual vocative)
sligontes (plural vocative)
sligontam (accusative singular)
sligonte (accusative dual)
sligontans (accusative plural)
sligantos (genitive singular)
sligantom (genitive plural)
sligantei (dative singular)
sligantbom (dative dual)
sligantbos (dative plural)
sligantī? (instrumental singular)
sligantbim (dual instrumental)
sligantbis (instrumental plural)
sligantī (nominative singular)
sligantī (dual nominative)
sligantiyās (nominative plural)
sligantī (singular vocative)
sligantī (dual vocative)
sligantiyās (plural vocative)
sligantīm (accusative singular)
sligantī (accusative dual)
sligantiyans (accusative plural)
sligantyās (genitive singular)
sligantyom (genitive plural)
sligantyāi (dative singular)
sligantyābom (dative dual)
sligantyābos (dative plural)
sligantyābim (dual instrumental)
sligantyābis (instrumental plural)
sligont (nominative singular)
sligonta (nominative plural)
sligont (singular vocative)
sligonta (plural vocative)
sligont (accusative singular)
sligonta (accusative plural)
slixtos (nominative singular)
slixtou (dual nominative)
slixtoi (nominative plural)
slixte (singular vocative)
slixtou (dual vocative)
slixtoi (plural vocative)
slixtom (accusative singular)
slixtou (accusative dual)
slixtons (accusative plural)
slixtī (genitive singular)
slixtous (dual genitive)
slixtom (genitive plural)
slixtūi (dative singular)
slixtobom (dative dual)
slixtobos (dative plural)
slixtū (instrumental singular)
slixtobim (dual instrumental)
slixtobis (instrumental plural)
slixtā (nominative singular)
slixtai (dual nominative)
slixtās (nominative plural)
slixtā (singular vocative)
slixtai (dual vocative)
slixtās (plural vocative)
slixtam (accusative singular)
slixtai (accusative dual)
slixtans (accusative plural)
slixtās (genitive singular)
slixtai (dative singular)
slixtābom (dative dual)
slixtābos (dative plural)
slixtābim (dual instrumental)
slixtābis (instrumental plural)
slixtom (nominative singular)
slixtā (nominative plural)
slixtom (singular vocative)
slixtā (plural vocative)
slixtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: sligid
Middle Irish: sligid
Irish: sligh

From Proto-Indo-European *sleyǵ- (“to smear”). A possible cognate is Proto-Germanic *slīkaną.

der

sleagh

Old Irish: sleg (“spear”); Scottish Gaelic

Old Irish: sliceIrish: sligeManx: shligScottish Gaelic: slige⇒ Middle Irish: *slicénIrish: sliogánScottish Gaelic: sligeanManx: shliggan


sniyeti

sniyū (active first-person present singular)
sniyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sisnāsū (active first-person future singular)
sesnū (active first-person preterite singular)
sniyesi (active present second-person singular)
sniyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sisnāsesi (active future second-person singular)
sesnūs (active preterite second-person singular)
sniyeti (active present singular third-person)
sniyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sisnāseti (active future singular third-person)
sesnū (active preterite singular third-person)
sniyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sniyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sisnāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sesnamo (active first-person plural preterite)
sniyetesi (active plural present second-person)
sniyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sisnāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sesnate (active plural preterite second-person)
sniyonti (active plural present third-person)
sniyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sisnāsonti (active future plural third-person)
sesnars (active plural preterite third-person)
sniye (active imperative second-person singular)
sniyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sniyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sniyete (active imperative plural second-person)
sniyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sniyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sisnāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sniyetar (passive present second-person singular)
sisnāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sniyetor (passive present singular third-person)
sisnāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sniyommor (first-person passive plural present)
sisnāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sniyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sisnāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sniyontor (passive plural present third-person)
sisnāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sniyonts (nominative singular)
sniyonte (dual nominative)
sniyontes (nominative plural)
sniyonts (singular vocative)
sniyonte (dual vocative)
sniyontes (plural vocative)
sniyontam (accusative singular)
sniyonte (accusative dual)
sniyontans (accusative plural)
sniyantos (genitive singular)
sniyantom (genitive plural)
sniyantei (dative singular)
sniyantbom (dative dual)
sniyantbos (dative plural)
sniyantī? (instrumental singular)
sniyantbim (dual instrumental)
sniyantbis (instrumental plural)
sniyantī (nominative singular)
sniyantī (dual nominative)
sniyantiyās (nominative plural)
sniyantī (singular vocative)
sniyantī (dual vocative)
sniyantiyās (plural vocative)
sniyantīm (accusative singular)
sniyantī (accusative dual)
sniyantiyans (accusative plural)
sniyantyās (genitive singular)
sniyantyom (genitive plural)
sniyantyāi (dative singular)
sniyantyābom (dative dual)
sniyantyābos (dative plural)
sniyantyābim (dual instrumental)
sniyantyābis (instrumental plural)
sniyont (nominative singular)
sniyonta (nominative plural)
sniyont (singular vocative)
sniyonta (plural vocative)
sniyont (accusative singular)
sniyonta (accusative plural)
snītos (nominative singular)
snītou (dual nominative)
snītoi (nominative plural)
snīte (singular vocative)
snītou (dual vocative)
snītoi (plural vocative)
snītom (accusative singular)
snītou (accusative dual)
snītons (accusative plural)
snītī (genitive singular)
snītous (dual genitive)
snītom (genitive plural)
snītūi (dative singular)
snītobom (dative dual)
snītobos (dative plural)
snītū (instrumental singular)
snītobim (dual instrumental)
snītobis (instrumental plural)
snītā (nominative singular)
snītai (dual nominative)
snītās (nominative plural)
snītā (singular vocative)
snītai (dual vocative)
snītās (plural vocative)
snītam (accusative singular)
snītai (accusative dual)
snītans (accusative plural)
snītās (genitive singular)
snītai (dative singular)
snītābom (dative dual)
snītābos (dative plural)
snītābim (dual instrumental)
snītābis (instrumental plural)
snītom (nominative singular)
snītā (nominative plural)
snītom (singular vocative)
snītā (plural vocative)
snītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: nezet (past participle)

Cornish: nedha

Middle Welsh: nydu

Welsh: nyddu

Old Irish: sníid

Middle Irish: sníid

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (“to spin”).


biwotūts

biwotūts (nominative singular)
biwotūte (dual nominative)
biwotūtes (nominative plural)
biwotūts (singular vocative)
biwotūte (dual vocative)
biwotūtes (plural vocative)
biwotūtam (accusative singular)
biwotūte (accusative dual)
biwotūtans (accusative plural)
biwotūtos (genitive singular)
biwotūtou (dual genitive)
biwotūtom (genitive plural)
biwotūtei (dative singular)
biwotūtobom (dative dual)
biwotūtobos (dative plural)
biwotūti (locative singular)
biwotūte? (instrumental singular)
biwotūtobim (dual instrumental)
biwotūtobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨwöd

Middle Welsh: bywyt

Welsh: bywyd

desctree

Old Irish: bethu, beothu, bethad
Middle Irish: betha
Irish: beatha
Manx: bea
Scottish Gaelic: beatha

From *biwos (“alive”) + *-tūts (suffix deriving abstracts from adjectives).


-tūts

-tūts (nominative singular)
-tūte (dual nominative)
-tūtes (nominative plural)
-tūts (singular vocative)
-tūte (dual vocative)
-tūtes (plural vocative)
-tūtam (accusative singular)
-tūte (accusative dual)
-tūtans (accusative plural)
-tūtos (genitive singular)
-tūtou (dual genitive)
-tūtom (genitive plural)
-tūtei (dative singular)
-tūtobom (dative dual)
-tūtobos (dative plural)
-tūti (locative singular)
-tūte? (instrumental singular)
-tūtobim (dual instrumental)
-tūtobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *-did (from the oblique stem)

Welsh: -tid, -did

Old Irish: -tu

biwos (“living”) + *-tūts → *biwotūts (“life”)


autītos

autītos (nominative singular)
autītou (dual nominative)
autītoi (nominative plural)
autīte (singular vocative)
autītou (dual vocative)
autītoi (plural vocative)
autītom (accusative singular)
autītou (accusative dual)
autītons (accusative plural)
autītī (genitive singular)
autītous (dual genitive)
autītom (genitive plural)
autītūi (dative singular)
autītobom (dative dual)
autītobos (dative plural)
autītū (instrumental singular)
autītobim (dual instrumental)
autītobis (instrumental plural)
autītā (nominative singular)
autītai (dual nominative)
autītās (nominative plural)
autītā (singular vocative)
autītai (dual vocative)
autītās (plural vocative)
autītam (accusative singular)
autītai (accusative dual)
autītans (accusative plural)
autītās (genitive singular)
autītai (dative singular)
autītābom (dative dual)
autītābos (dative plural)
autītābim (dual instrumental)
autītābis (instrumental plural)
autītom (nominative singular)
autītā (nominative plural)
autītom (singular vocative)
autītā (plural vocative)
autītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ọdid

Middle Welsh: odit

Welsh: odid

desctree

Old Irish: úathad, óthad, úaithed
Irish: uathadh

From *au- + *tītos (past participle of *tinīti (“to melt, disappear”)).

af

past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*tinīti</i> (“to melt, disappear”)


kulɸom

kulɸom (nominative singular)
kulɸou (dual nominative)
kulɸā (nominative plural)
kulɸom (singular vocative)
kulɸou (dual vocative)
kulɸā (plural vocative)
kulɸom (accusative singular)
kulɸou (accusative dual)
kulɸā (accusative plural)
kulɸī (genitive singular)
kulɸous (dual genitive)
kulɸom (genitive plural)
kulɸūi (dative singular)
kulɸobom (dative dual)
kulɸobos (dative plural)
kulɸei (locative singular)
kulɸū (instrumental singular)
kulɸobim (dual instrumental)
kulɸūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kul

Old Breton: col

Middle Welsh: cwl, kwl, cul

Welsh: cŵl

desctree

Old Irish: col
Irish: col
Scottish Gaelic: col (“incest”)

Unclear; it has been compared with Latin culpa (“blame, guilt, crime”), and *ɸ may be reconstructed if the comparison is valid. It has also alternatively been compared to Latin scelus (“crime, criminal”), but the -u- is harder to explain that way.


stillom

stillom (nominative singular)
stillou (dual nominative)
stillā (nominative plural)
stillom (singular vocative)
stillou (dual vocative)
stillā (plural vocative)
stillom (accusative singular)
stillou (accusative dual)
stillā (accusative plural)
stillī (genitive singular)
stillous (dual genitive)
stillom (genitive plural)
stillūi (dative singular)
stillobom (dative dual)
stillobos (dative plural)
stillei (locative singular)
stillū (instrumental singular)
stillobim (dual instrumental)
stillūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *sɨll

Breton: sell

Welsh: syll

Old Irish: sell (“iris, eye, glance”)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr-lo-, from *h₂stḗr (“star”). Compare Latin stēlla (“star”) for the formation. For the semantic evolution, compare Old Irish súil (“eye”) from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”).
Pedersen previously compared this word to Ancient Greek στίλβω (stílbō, “to shine”), but Schrijver rejects this comparison since -lb- does not regularly give -ll- in Celtic.


skāxslom

skāxslom (nominative singular)
skāxslou (dual nominative)
skāxslā (nominative plural)
skāxslom (singular vocative)
skāxslou (dual vocative)
skāxslā (plural vocative)
skāxslom (accusative singular)
skāxslou (accusative dual)
skāxslā (accusative plural)
skāxslī (genitive singular)
skāxslous (dual genitive)
skāxslom (genitive plural)
skāxslūi (dative singular)
skāxslobom (dative dual)
skāxslobos (dative plural)
skāxslei (locative singular)
skāxslū (instrumental singular)
skāxslobim (dual instrumental)
skāxslūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *skọl

Middle Welsh: ysgawl

Old Irish: scál

Middle Irish: scál

From Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move, stir”), whence also *skokīti (“to move, stir”). Since O'Brien, Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌷𐍃𐌻 (skōhsl, “demon”) has been held as cognate.


taxslos

taxslos (nominative singular)
taxslou (dual nominative)
taxsloi (nominative plural)
taxsle (singular vocative)
taxslou (dual vocative)
taxsloi (plural vocative)
taxslom (accusative singular)
taxslou (accusative dual)
taxslons (accusative plural)
taxslī (genitive singular)
taxslous (dual genitive)
taxslom (genitive plural)
taxslūi (dative singular)
taxslobom (dative dual)
taxslobos (dative plural)
taxslei (locative singular)
taxslū (instrumental singular)
taxslobim (dual instrumental)
taxslūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: tál

Irish: tál

From Proto-Indo-European *tḱslos, from *teḱ- (“to create, hew”). The formation is comparable to Proto-Germanic *þehsulǭ (“axe”) and Proto-Slavic *tesla (“adze”). The -a- was originally regularly inserted in Italo-Celtic to break up initial clusters of four consonants.


stledman

stledman (nominative singular)
stledman (singular vocative)
stledman (accusative singular)
stledmens (genitive singular)
stledmenei (dative singular)
stledmen (locative singular)
stledmeni (locative singular)
stledmenei (instrumental singular)

Old Breton: stledm (“venom, pus”)

Old Irish: sleidm (“spit”)

Unknown, but contains the verbal noun suffix *-man. Attempting to relate to Breton staot (“urine”) struggles to explain the medial -d-.


beisman

beisman (nominative singular)
beismane? (dual nominative)
beismana (nominative plural)
beisman (singular vocative)
beismane? (dual vocative)
beismana (plural vocative)
beisman (accusative singular)
beismane? (accusative dual)
beismana (accusative plural)
beismens (genitive singular)
beismenous? (dual genitive)
beismenom (genitive plural)
beismenei (dative singular)
beismembom (dative dual)
beismembos (dative plural)
beismen (locative singular)
beismeni (locative singular)
beismenei (instrumental singular)
beismembim (dual instrumental)
beismembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *buɨmm

Middle Breton: boemm

desc

Breton: boem (“strip of land, something astonishing or shocking”)

Cornish: bomm

desctree

Old Irish: béim, béimm
Irish: béim
Scottish Gaelic: beum

From *bē- (“strike”) + *-sman (action noun suffix).


srouman

srouman (nominative singular)
sroumane? (dual nominative)
sroumana (nominative plural)
srouman (singular vocative)
sroumane? (dual vocative)
sroumana (plural vocative)
srouman (accusative singular)
sroumane? (accusative dual)
sroumana (accusative plural)
sroumens (genitive singular)
sroumenous? (dual genitive)
sroumenom (genitive plural)
sroumenei (dative singular)
sroumembom (dative dual)
sroumembos (dative plural)
sroumen (locative singular)
sroumeni (locative singular)
sroumenei (instrumental singular)
sroumembim (dual instrumental)
sroumembis (instrumental plural)

desc

if not instead read as Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">serum</i>

Old Breton: strum (if not instead read as Latin serum)

Old Irish: srúaim

From Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow, stream”) + *-man.


togyā

togyā (nominative singular)
togyai (dual nominative)
togyās (nominative plural)
togyā (singular vocative)
togyai (dual vocative)
togyās (plural vocative)
togyam (accusative singular)
togyai (accusative dual)
togyāns (accusative plural)
togyās (genitive singular)
togyous (dual genitive)
togyom (genitive plural)
togyāi (dative singular)
togyābom (dative dual)
togyābos (dative plural)
togyai (locative singular)
togyābim (dual instrumental)
togyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: tugae, tuige
Middle Irish: tuga
Irish: tuí (“thatch”)
Scottish Gaelic: tugha (“thatch”)
Manx: thoo, too

Celtiberian: togia

From *tog- (“covering”) + *-yā (action noun suffix), ultimately from the root Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”).


komaltyos

komaltyos (nominative singular)
komaltyou (dual nominative)
komaltyoi (nominative plural)
komaltye (singular vocative)
komaltyou (dual vocative)
komaltyoi (plural vocative)
komaltyom (accusative singular)
komaltyou (accusative dual)
komaltyons (accusative plural)
komaltyī (genitive singular)
komaltyous (dual genitive)
komaltyom (genitive plural)
komaltyūi (dative singular)
komaltyobom (dative dual)
komaltyobos (dative plural)
komaltyei (locative singular)
komaltyū (instrumental singular)
komaltyobim (dual instrumental)
komaltyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃ėlt

Old Cornish: chevals (“joint”)

Cornish: kevals (“joint”)

desc

Middle Welsh: kyueillt, kyfeillt, cyfaillt

Welsh: cyfaill (“friend”)

Old Irish: comaltae

Middle Irish: comalta

Irish: comhalta

From *kom- (“together”) + *al- (“to foster”) + *-tyos (past passive participle suffix).


adgostus

head

*adgostus (comparative *nessais, superlative *nessamos)

nessais (comparative)
nessamos (superlative)
adgostus (nominative singular)
adgostū (dual nominative)
adgostowes (nominative plural)
adgostu (singular vocative)
adgostū (dual vocative)
adgostūs (plural vocative)
adgostum (accusative singular)
adgostū (accusative dual)
adgostuns (accusative plural)
adgostous (genitive singular)
adgostous (dual genitive)
adgostowom (genitive plural)
adgostou (dative singular)
adgostubom (dative dual)
adgostubos (dative plural)
adgostū (instrumental singular)
adgostubim (dual instrumental)
adgostubis (instrumental plural)
adgostu (nominative singular)
adgostwā (nominative plural)
adgostwā (plural vocative)
adgostu (accusative singular)
adgostwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *agos

Old Breton: ocos

Breton: hogos

Old Cornish: ogos

Cornish: ogas

Middle Welsh: agos

Welsh: agos

Old Irish: ocus (adjective)

Middle Irish: focus

Irish: fogas

Scottish Gaelic: fagas, faisg

Manx: faggys

From *ad- + Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes- (“hand”), literally “at hand”.


ɸatar

ɸatar (nominative singular)
ɸatane (dual nominative)
ɸatana (nominative plural)
ɸatar (singular vocative)
ɸatane (dual vocative)
ɸatana (plural vocative)
ɸatar (accusative singular)
ɸatane (accusative dual)
ɸatana (accusative plural)
ɸatanos (genitive singular)
ɸatanou (dual genitive)
ɸatanom (genitive plural)
ɸatanei (dative singular)
ɸatanobom (dative dual)
ɸatanobos (dative plural)
ɸatani (locative singular)
ɸatane? (instrumental singular)
ɸatanobim (dual instrumental)
ɸatanobis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

⇒ Old Breton: attanoc

Old Welsh: atar

Middle Welsh: adar

Welsh: adar

From Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ (“wing”), retaining the old r/n stem alternation between the nominative and the oblique cases.


ɸoros

ɸoros (nominative singular)
ɸorou (dual nominative)
ɸoroi (nominative plural)
ɸore (singular vocative)
ɸorou (dual vocative)
ɸoroi (plural vocative)
ɸorom (accusative singular)
ɸorou (accusative dual)
ɸorons (accusative plural)
ɸorī (genitive singular)
ɸorous (dual genitive)
ɸorom (genitive plural)
ɸorūi (dative singular)
ɸorobom (dative dual)
ɸorobos (dative plural)
ɸorei (locative singular)
ɸorū (instrumental singular)
ɸorobim (dual instrumental)
ɸorūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *or

Old Breton: orion pl

Breton: or

Cornish: or

Old Welsh: or

Middle Welsh: or

Welsh: ôr

Old Irish: or

Middle Irish: or

Manx: oirr

From Proto-Indo-European *póros, from *per- (“to pass through”) + *-os (thematic result noun suffix).


ɸroboudom

ɸroboudom (nominative singular)
ɸroboudou (dual nominative)
ɸroboudā (nominative plural)
ɸroboudom (singular vocative)
ɸroboudou (dual vocative)
ɸroboudā (plural vocative)
ɸroboudom (accusative singular)
ɸroboudou (accusative dual)
ɸroboudā (accusative plural)
ɸroboudī (genitive singular)
ɸroboudous (dual genitive)
ɸroboudom (genitive plural)
ɸroboudūi (dative singular)
ɸroboudobom (dative dual)
ɸroboudobos (dative plural)
ɸroboudei (locative singular)
ɸroboudū (instrumental singular)
ɸroboudobim (dual instrumental)
ɸroboudūis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: rybud, rybut

Welsh: rhybudd

Old Irish: robud

Irish: rabhadh

Manx: raaue

Scottish Gaelic: rabhadh

From *ɸro- + *boud-. Likely also suffixed with verbal noun suffix *-om.


odbos

odbos (nominative singular)
odbou (dual nominative)
odboi (nominative plural)
odbe (singular vocative)
odbou (dual vocative)
odboi (plural vocative)
odbom (accusative singular)
odbou (accusative dual)
odbons (accusative plural)
odbī (genitive singular)
odbous (dual genitive)
odbom (genitive plural)
odbūi (dative singular)
odbobom (dative dual)
odbobos (dative plural)
odbei (locative singular)
odbū (instrumental singular)
odbobim (dual instrumental)
odbūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oðβ

Welsh: oddf m

Old Irish: odb m

Irish: fadhb f

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *h₃éd(s)gʷ-o-s (“knot”), and cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hádᶻgas (“knot (in a tree); branch”). The PIE root is further suggested to be connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₃ósdos (“branch”) through metathesis, perhaps ultimately deriving from *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).


longā

longā (nominative singular)
longai (dual nominative)
longās (nominative plural)
longā (singular vocative)
longai (dual vocative)
longās (plural vocative)
longam (accusative singular)
longai (accusative dual)
longāns (accusative plural)
longās (genitive singular)
longous (dual genitive)
longom (genitive plural)
longāi (dative singular)
longābom (dative dual)
longābos (dative plural)
longai (locative singular)
longābim (dual instrumental)
longābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llong

Welsh: llong

Old Breton: locou

Old Irish: long

Gaulish: Longaticum (“Nauportus”)

Traditionally considered a borrowing from Latin (navis) longa (“long ship”); note the Gaulish name for the Roman town Nauportus, Longaticum.
However, Matasovic and McCone are skeptical of the word being a Latin borrowing, and take it as an inherited Celtic word, with Matasovic putting the origin as unknown and leaving it open.


ārū

ārū (nominative singular)
arene (dual nominative)
arenes (nominative plural)
ārū (singular vocative)
arene (dual vocative)
arenes (plural vocative)
arenam (accusative singular)
arene (accusative dual)
arenans (accusative plural)
arenos (genitive singular)
arenou (dual genitive)
arenom (genitive plural)
arenei (dative singular)
arenobom (dative dual)
arenobos (dative plural)
areni (locative singular)
arene? (instrumental singular)
arenobim (dual instrumental)
arenobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aren
Middle Welsh: arenn
Welsh: aren

Old Irish: áru

A word of unclear reconstruction, with Brittonic and Goidelic cognates disagreeing on virtually every aspect from initial vowel length to suffixation. There are two main schools of thought:
* Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₂r-ō ~ *h₂h₂r̥-nés, from *h₂eh₂r- (“kidney”). This would relate the word with Latin rēn (“kidney”). Matasović is forced to posit a root-ablauting declension paradigm to account for the differing vowel lengths in Brittonic and Goidelic.
* Stüber instead reconstructs *agrinā, which neatly accounts for the differing vowel lengths (the Goidelic long vowel would simply arise from compensatory lengthening as *-g- was lost). Stüber assumes that the n-stem inflection in Old Irish was secondarily acquired. She relates the Celtic words with *agrinyos (“sloe”) and Proto-Germanic *akraną (“tree fruit”).
Matasović dismisses Stüber's etymology as semantically nonsensical, but compare English kidney bean for how kidneys may be semantically compared to plant matter. On the other hand, Zair criticizes the ablaut Matasović employs to relate the Goidelic, Brittonic and Latin words as morphologically special pleading, and endorses Stüber.


dānus

dānus (nominative singular)
dānū (dual nominative)
dānowes (nominative plural)
dānu (singular vocative)
dānū (dual vocative)
dānūs (plural vocative)
dānum (accusative singular)
dānū (accusative dual)
dānuns (accusative plural)
dānous (genitive singular)
dānous (dual genitive)
dānowom (genitive plural)
dānou (dative singular)
dānubom (dative dual)
dānubos (dative plural)
dānū (instrumental singular)
dānubim (dual instrumental)
dānubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dọn

Middle Welsh: dawn

Welsh: dawn

Old Irish: dán

Middle Irish: dán

Irish: dán

Manx: daan

Scottish Gaelic: dàn

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₃n-u-s ~ *dh₃n-éw-s, from *dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥-s (“gift”) + *-us.


swelos

swelos (nominative singular)
swelou (dual nominative)
sweloi (nominative plural)
swele (singular vocative)
swelou (dual vocative)
sweloi (plural vocative)
swelom (accusative singular)
swelou (accusative dual)
swelons (accusative plural)
swelī (genitive singular)
swelous (dual genitive)
swelom (genitive plural)
swelūi (dative singular)
swelobom (dative dual)
swelobos (dative plural)
swelei (locative singular)
swelū (instrumental singular)
swelobim (dual instrumental)
swelūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwel

Breton: hoalat (“to attract, charm”)

Middle Welsh: chwyl

Welsh: chwŷl

desctree

Old Irish: sel
Middle Irish: sel
Irish: seal
Manx: shayll
Scottish Gaelic: seal (“while”)
⇒ Middle Irish: dessel
Irish: deiseal
→ English: deiseal, deisal, deasil, deisul, deshil
Scottish Gaelic: deiseil
⇒ Middle Irish: túaithbel
Irish: tuathal
Scottish Gaelic: tuathal

Unknown. Matasović dismisses a connection to Proto-Germanic *swellaną (“to swell”), declaring their semantics incompatible. He also notes the similar-sounding root Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn”), which is an almost perfect match with the Celtic root except for the initial *s-. If these roots are connected, an s-mobile must be posited, but no other evidence of this is known in other Indo-European languages.


sworos

sworos (nominative singular)
sworou (dual nominative)
sworoi (nominative plural)
swore (singular vocative)
sworou (dual vocative)
sworoi (plural vocative)
sworom (accusative singular)
sworou (accusative dual)
sworons (accusative plural)
sworī (genitive singular)
sworous (dual genitive)
sworom (genitive plural)
sworūi (dative singular)
sworobom (dative dual)
sworobos (dative plural)
sworei (locative singular)
sworū (instrumental singular)
sworobim (dual instrumental)
sworūis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: hor

Welsh: hôr

Goidelic:

Classical Gaelic: sor, sar

Irish: sor

From Proto-Indo-European *sworós, an o-grade agent noun from *swer- (“to wound”).


kʷennowindos

kʷennowindos (nominative singular)
kʷennowindou (dual nominative)
kʷennowindoi (nominative plural)
kʷennowinde (singular vocative)
kʷennowindou (dual vocative)
kʷennowindoi (plural vocative)
kʷennowindom (accusative singular)
kʷennowindou (accusative dual)
kʷennowindons (accusative plural)
kʷennowindī (genitive singular)
kʷennowindous (dual genitive)
kʷennowindom (genitive plural)
kʷennowindūi (dative singular)
kʷennowindobom (dative dual)
kʷennowindobos (dative plural)
kʷennowindū (instrumental singular)
kʷennowindobim (dual instrumental)
kʷennowindobis (instrumental plural)
kʷennowindā (nominative singular)
kʷennowindai (dual nominative)
kʷennowindās (nominative plural)
kʷennowindā (singular vocative)
kʷennowindai (dual vocative)
kʷennowindās (plural vocative)
kʷennowindam (accusative singular)
kʷennowindai (accusative dual)
kʷennowindans (accusative plural)
kʷennowindās (genitive singular)
kʷennowindai (dative singular)
kʷennowindābom (dative dual)
kʷennowindābos (dative plural)
kʷennowindābim (dual instrumental)
kʷennowindābis (instrumental plural)
kʷennowindom (nominative singular)
kʷennowindā (nominative plural)
kʷennowindom (singular vocative)
kʷennowindā (plural vocative)
kʷennowindā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: cenand

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: penwyn

From *kʷennom (“head”) + *windos (“white”).


dīros

dīros (nominative singular)
dīrou (dual nominative)
dīroi (nominative plural)
dīre (singular vocative)
dīrou (dual vocative)
dīroi (plural vocative)
dīrom (accusative singular)
dīrou (accusative dual)
dīrons (accusative plural)
dīrī (genitive singular)
dīrous (dual genitive)
dīrom (genitive plural)
dīrūi (dative singular)
dīrobom (dative dual)
dīrobos (dative plural)
dīrū (instrumental singular)
dīrobim (dual instrumental)
dīrobis (instrumental plural)
dīrā (nominative singular)
dīrai (dual nominative)
dīrās (nominative plural)
dīrā (singular vocative)
dīrai (dual vocative)
dīrās (plural vocative)
dīram (accusative singular)
dīrai (accusative dual)
dīrans (accusative plural)
dīrās (genitive singular)
dīrai (dative singular)
dīrābom (dative dual)
dīrābos (dative plural)
dīrābim (dual instrumental)
dīrābis (instrumental plural)
dīrom (nominative singular)
dīrā (nominative plural)
dīrom (singular vocative)
dīrā (plural vocative)
dīrā (accusative plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: dir

Welsh: dir

Old Irish: dír

LEIA (apud Zair) connects this with Latin dīrus (“dire”), but the commonly accepted etymology of that Latin word (from Proto-Indo-European *dwey- (“to fear”)) precludes such a connection.
Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-ro-s, deriving it from *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, establish”).


braxsman

braxsman (nominative singular)
braxsmane? (dual nominative)
braxsmana (nominative plural)
braxsman (singular vocative)
braxsmane? (dual vocative)
braxsmana (plural vocative)
braxsman (accusative singular)
braxsmane? (accusative dual)
braxsmana (accusative plural)
braxsmens (genitive singular)
braxsmenous? (dual genitive)
braxsmenom (genitive plural)
braxsmenei (dative singular)
braxsmembom (dative dual)
braxsmembos (dative plural)
braxsmen (locative singular)
braxsmeni (locative singular)
braxsmenei (instrumental singular)
braxsmembim (dual instrumental)
braxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bramm

Middle Breton: bramm

Breton: bramm

Middle Cornish: bram

Cornish: bramm, brabm

Middle Welsh: bram

Middle Irish: broimm

Irish: broim

Manx: breim

Scottish Gaelic: bram

From *brag-, a root also seen in *bragyeti (“to fart”), suffixed with *-sman (verbal noun suffix).


sūdyā

sūdyā (nominative singular)
sūdyai (dual nominative)
sūdyās (nominative plural)
sūdyā (singular vocative)
sūdyai (dual vocative)
sūdyās (plural vocative)
sūdyam (accusative singular)
sūdyai (accusative dual)
sūdyāns (accusative plural)
sūdyās (genitive singular)
sūdyous (dual genitive)
sūdyom (genitive plural)
sūdyāi (dative singular)
sūdyābom (dative dual)
sūdyābos (dative plural)
sūdyai (locative singular)
sūdyābim (dual instrumental)
sūdyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: súide

Irish: súiche

Manx: sooie

Scottish Gaelic: sùith

Gaulish: *sūdiā

→ Catalan: sutge

→ French: suie

→⇒ Latin: *sūdiclum (British Latin)

Breton: huzil

Middle Welsh: huddygl

Welsh: huddygl

Oft-considered cognates include Lithuanian súodžiai, Proto-Slavic *saďa, and most controversially Proto-Germanic *sōtą, all meaning "soot". For these three, Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *seh₃wd- as their common root, independent of *sed- (“to sit”) from which the Germanic word was traditionally derived. The Celtic would require a metathesis of *-h₃w- to *-uh₃- in this root.
The Germanic word in particular requires what Kroonen calls "Mahlow's law", where long vowels in open syllables caused a following -w- to be lost in Germanic, for Matasović's etymology to work. Kroonen does not deal with Proto-Germanic *sōtą in his dictionary.


ɸroweros

ɸroweros (nominative singular)
ɸrowerou (dual nominative)
ɸroweroi (nominative plural)
ɸrowere (singular vocative)
ɸrowerou (dual vocative)
ɸroweroi (plural vocative)
ɸrowerom (accusative singular)
ɸrowerou (accusative dual)
ɸrowerons (accusative plural)
ɸrowerī (genitive singular)
ɸrowerous (dual genitive)
ɸrowerom (genitive plural)
ɸrowerūi (dative singular)
ɸrowerobom (dative dual)
ɸrowerobos (dative plural)
ɸrowerū (instrumental singular)
ɸrowerobim (dual instrumental)
ɸrowerobis (instrumental plural)
ɸrowerā (nominative singular)
ɸrowerai (dual nominative)
ɸrowerās (nominative plural)
ɸrowerā (singular vocative)
ɸrowerai (dual vocative)
ɸrowerās (plural vocative)
ɸroweram (accusative singular)
ɸrowerai (accusative dual)
ɸrowerans (accusative plural)
ɸrowerās (genitive singular)
ɸrowerai (dative singular)
ɸrowerābom (dative dual)
ɸrowerābos (dative plural)
ɸrowerābim (dual instrumental)
ɸrowerābis (instrumental plural)
ɸrowerom (nominative singular)
ɸrowerā (nominative plural)
ɸrowerom (singular vocative)
ɸrowerā (plural vocative)
ɸrowerā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llower

Middle Cornish: lower, lowr

Cornish: lowr

Middle Welsh: llawer

Welsh: llawer

Old Irish: lour, roar, loor, lór
Middle Irish: lór
Irish: leor
Manx: liooar
Scottish Gaelic: leòr

Of disputed reconstruction. The two possibilities are outlined by Schrijver as follows:
* *ɸroweros has no further extra-Celtic etymology, but can be connected to the root of Old Irish fo·fera (“to prepare”).
* *laweros has been connected to from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“benefit, prize”), to be compared to Ancient Greek λᾱρός (lārós, “tasty”).


adrīmā

adrīmā (nominative singular)
adrīmai (dual nominative)
adrīmās (nominative plural)
adrīmā (singular vocative)
adrīmai (dual vocative)
adrīmās (plural vocative)
adrīmam (accusative singular)
adrīmai (accusative dual)
adrīmāns (accusative plural)
adrīmās (genitive singular)
adrīmous (dual genitive)
adrīmom (genitive plural)
adrīmāi (dative singular)
adrīmābom (dative dual)
adrīmābos (dative plural)
adrīmai (locative singular)
adrīmābim (dual instrumental)
adrīmābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėðriβ̃

desc

⇒ Old Breton: eirimotor (verb, passive 3sg.)

Middle Welsh: eirif, eiryf, eyryw

Welsh: eirif

desctree

Old Irish: áram, áirem, árem
Middle Irish: áirem
Irish: áireamh
Manx: earroo
Scottish Gaelic: àireamh
⇒ Middle Irish: comáirem
Irish: comhaireamh


ɸaremertom

ɸaremertom (nominative singular)
ɸaremertou (dual nominative)
ɸaremertā (nominative plural)
ɸaremertom (singular vocative)
ɸaremertou (dual vocative)
ɸaremertā (plural vocative)
ɸaremertom (accusative singular)
ɸaremertou (accusative dual)
ɸaremertā (accusative plural)
ɸaremertī (genitive singular)
ɸaremertous (dual genitive)
ɸaremertom (genitive plural)
ɸaremertūi (dative singular)
ɸaremertobom (dative dual)
ɸaremertobos (dative plural)
ɸaremertei (locative singular)
ɸaremertū (instrumental singular)
ɸaremertobim (dual instrumental)
ɸaremertūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *armerθ

Middle Breton: armerhein

Breton: armerzh

Middle Welsh: armerth

Welsh: armerth (obsolete)

Old Irish: airmert

From *ɸare- + Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to allot”) + *-tom (verbal noun suffix), according to Vendryes.
Schumacher prefers *ɸare- + *eni- + *ber- + *-tom.


tekos

tekos (nominative singular)
tekou (dual nominative)
tekoi (nominative plural)
teke (singular vocative)
tekou (dual vocative)
tekoi (plural vocative)
tekom (accusative singular)
tekou (accusative dual)
tekons (accusative plural)
tekī (genitive singular)
tekous (dual genitive)
tekom (genitive plural)
tekūi (dative singular)
tekobom (dative dual)
tekobos (dative plural)
tekū (instrumental singular)
tekobim (dual instrumental)
tekobis (instrumental plural)
tekā (nominative singular)
tekai (dual nominative)
tekās (nominative plural)
tekā (singular vocative)
tekai (dual vocative)
tekās (plural vocative)
tekam (accusative singular)
tekai (accusative dual)
tekans (accusative plural)
tekās (genitive singular)
tekai (dative singular)
tekābom (dative dual)
tekābos (dative plural)
tekābim (dual instrumental)
tekābis (instrumental plural)
tekom (nominative singular)
tekā (nominative plural)
tekom (singular vocative)
tekā (plural vocative)
tekā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *teg

Old Cornish: teg

Middle Cornish: tek

Cornish: teg

Middle Welsh: teg, tec

Welsh: teg

étig

*an-tekos (literally “un-fair”); Old Irish


trougokaros

trougokaros (nominative singular)
trougokarou (dual nominative)
trougokaroi (nominative plural)
trougokare (singular vocative)
trougokarou (dual vocative)
trougokaroi (plural vocative)
trougokarom (accusative singular)
trougokarou (accusative dual)
trougokarons (accusative plural)
trougokarī (genitive singular)
trougokarous (dual genitive)
trougokarom (genitive plural)
trougokarūi (dative singular)
trougokarobom (dative dual)
trougokarobos (dative plural)
trougokarū (instrumental singular)
trougokarobim (dual instrumental)
trougokarobis (instrumental plural)
trougokarā (nominative singular)
trougokarai (dual nominative)
trougokarās (nominative plural)
trougokarā (singular vocative)
trougokarai (dual vocative)
trougokarās (plural vocative)
trougokaram (accusative singular)
trougokarai (accusative dual)
trougokarans (accusative plural)
trougokarās (genitive singular)
trougokarai (dative singular)
trougokarābom (dative dual)
trougokarābos (dative plural)
trougokarābim (dual instrumental)
trougokarābis (instrumental plural)
trougokarom (nominative singular)
trougokarā (nominative plural)
trougokarom (singular vocative)
trougokarā (plural vocative)
trougokarā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trʉɣgar

Middle Welsh: trugar

Old Irish: trócar

From *trougos (“miserable, pitiful”) + *karos (“loving”), literally “loving the pitiful”.

Old Irish: trócaireIrish: trócaireManx: trocairScottish Gaelic: tròcair


ognos

ognos (nominative singular)
ognou (dual nominative)
ognoi (nominative plural)
ogne (singular vocative)
ognou (dual vocative)
ognoi (plural vocative)
ognom (accusative singular)
ognou (accusative dual)
ognons (accusative plural)
ognī (genitive singular)
ognous (dual genitive)
ognom (genitive plural)
ognūi (dative singular)
ognobom (dative dual)
ognobos (dative plural)
ognei (locative singular)
ognū (instrumental singular)
ognobim (dual instrumental)
ognūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oɣn

Middle Breton: oen

Breton: oan

Cornish: on

Middle Welsh: oen

Welsh: oen

desctree

Old Irish: úan
Irish: uan
Manx: eayn
Scottish Gaelic: uan

Often connected with Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷnós (“lamb”) but there are multiple phonetic difficulties.
* The initial *o instead of *a is unexpected. Often, influence from *owis (“sheep”) is cited.
* The labiovelar must have been delabialized on the way to Celtic, or else **abnos would have resulted. The delabialization is often assumed to be regular by many scholars without citing another example, while Matasović assumes dissimilation from a byform *owi-gʷnos > *owi-gnos.


gdesi

Proto-Brythonic: *deh

Middle Breton: dech

Breton: dec'h

Old Cornish: doy

Cornish: de

Middle Welsh: doe

Welsh: ddoe

Old Irish: indé, indhé

Middle Irish: indé, inné

Irish: inné

Manx: jea

Scottish Gaelic: an-dè

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyés-i, locative singular of *dʰǵʰyés (“yesterday”).


dubwiyom

dubwiyom (nominative singular)
dubwiyou (dual nominative)
dubwiyā (nominative plural)
dubwiyom (singular vocative)
dubwiyou (dual vocative)
dubwiyā (plural vocative)
dubwiyom (accusative singular)
dubwiyou (accusative dual)
dubwiyā (accusative plural)
dubwiyī (genitive singular)
dubwiyous (dual genitive)
dubwiyom (genitive plural)
dubwiyūi (dative singular)
dubwiyobom (dative dual)
dubwiyobos (dative plural)
dubwiyei (locative singular)
dubwiyū (instrumental singular)
dubwiyobim (dual instrumental)
dubwiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *düβɨð

Middle Welsh: dyuit, diuyd

Old Irish: dubae
Irish: dubha

From *dus- (“bad”) + *bwiyeti (“to exist”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix).

⇒ Old Irish: Corcu Duibne

Primitive Irish: ᚇᚑᚃᚔᚅᚔᚐ (dovinia), ᚇᚑᚃᚃᚔᚅᚔᚐᚄ (dovvinias) (goddess name)


gʷoros

gʷoros (nominative singular)
gʷorou (dual nominative)
gʷoroi (nominative plural)
gʷore (singular vocative)
gʷorou (dual vocative)
gʷoroi (plural vocative)
gʷorom (accusative singular)
gʷorou (accusative dual)
gʷorons (accusative plural)
gʷorī (genitive singular)
gʷorous (dual genitive)
gʷorom (genitive plural)
gʷorūi (dative singular)
gʷorobom (dative dual)
gʷorobos (dative plural)
gʷorei (locative singular)
gʷorū (instrumental singular)
gʷorobim (dual instrumental)
gʷorūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwor

Middle Breton: gor

Welsh: gôr

Middle Irish: gor

Irish: gor

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰóros (“warming, inflammation”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


sliyeti

sliyū (active first-person present singular)
sliyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sislāsū (active first-person future singular)
sliyesi (active present second-person singular)
sliyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sislāsesi (active future second-person singular)
sliyeti (active present singular third-person)
sliyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sislāseti (active future singular third-person)
sliyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sliyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sislāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sliyetesi (active plural present second-person)
sliyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sislāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sliyonti (active plural present third-person)
sliyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sislāsonti (active future plural third-person)
sliye (active imperative second-person singular)
sliyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sliyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sliyete (active imperative plural second-person)
sliyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sliyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sislāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sliyetar (passive present second-person singular)
sislāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sliyetor (passive present singular third-person)
sislāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sliyommor (first-person passive plural present)
sislāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sliyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sislāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sliyontor (passive plural present third-person)
sislāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sliyonts (nominative singular)
sliyonte (dual nominative)
sliyontes (nominative plural)
sliyonts (singular vocative)
sliyonte (dual vocative)
sliyontes (plural vocative)
sliyontam (accusative singular)
sliyonte (accusative dual)
sliyontans (accusative plural)
sliyantos (genitive singular)
sliyantom (genitive plural)
sliyantei (dative singular)
sliyantbom (dative dual)
sliyantbos (dative plural)
sliyantī? (instrumental singular)
sliyantbim (dual instrumental)
sliyantbis (instrumental plural)
sliyantī (nominative singular)
sliyantī (dual nominative)
sliyantiyās (nominative plural)
sliyantī (singular vocative)
sliyantī (dual vocative)
sliyantiyās (plural vocative)
sliyantīm (accusative singular)
sliyantī (accusative dual)
sliyantiyans (accusative plural)
sliyantyās (genitive singular)
sliyantyom (genitive plural)
sliyantyāi (dative singular)
sliyantyābom (dative dual)
sliyantyābos (dative plural)
sliyantyābim (dual instrumental)
sliyantyābis (instrumental plural)
sliyont (nominative singular)
sliyonta (nominative plural)
sliyont (singular vocative)
sliyonta (plural vocative)
sliyont (accusative singular)
sliyonta (accusative plural)
?os (nominative singular)
?ou (dual nominative)
?oi (nominative plural)
?e (singular vocative)
?ou (dual vocative)
?oi (plural vocative)
?om (accusative singular)
?ou (accusative dual)
?ons (accusative plural)
?ī (genitive singular)
?ous (dual genitive)
?om (genitive plural)
?ūi (dative singular)
?obom (dative dual)
?obos (dative plural)
?ū (instrumental singular)
?obim (dual instrumental)
?obis (instrumental plural)
?ā (nominative singular)
?ai (dual nominative)
?ās (nominative plural)
?ā (singular vocative)
?ai (dual vocative)
?ās (plural vocative)
?am (accusative singular)
?ai (accusative dual)
?ans (accusative plural)
?ās (genitive singular)
?ai (dative singular)
?ābom (dative dual)
?ābos (dative plural)
?ābim (dual instrumental)
?ābis (instrumental plural)
?om (nominative singular)
?ā (nominative plural)
?om (singular vocative)
?ā (plural vocative)
?ā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *sl̥h₁-yé-ti, with laryngeal loss, from *selh₁- (“to take”) + *-yéti. Cognate with English sell and Latin cōnsulō (“to seek counsel from, deliberate”).

cog

dellezañv

Middle Breton: dellezaff (“to earn”); Breton


kleitā

kleitā (nominative singular)
kleitai (dual nominative)
kleitās (nominative plural)
kleitā (singular vocative)
kleitai (dual vocative)
kleitās (plural vocative)
kleitam (accusative singular)
kleitai (accusative dual)
kleitāns (accusative plural)
kleitās (genitive singular)
kleitous (dual genitive)
kleitom (genitive plural)
kleitāi (dative singular)
kleitābom (dative dual)
kleitābos (dative plural)
kleitai (locative singular)
kleitābim (dual instrumental)
kleitābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: *clēta (“trellis, hurdle”)

→ Early Medieval Latin: clēta (see there for further descendants)

→ Basque: gereta

Middle Irish: clíath

Irish: cliath

Scottish Gaelic: cliath

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kluɨd
Middle Breton: klouet
Old Cornish: cluit
Middle Welsh: clwyt
Welsh: clwyd

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱleytéh₂ (“something leaning”).


enīkʷom

enīkʷom (nominative singular)
enīkʷou (dual nominative)
enīkʷā (nominative plural)
enīkʷom (singular vocative)
enīkʷou (dual vocative)
enīkʷā (plural vocative)
enīkʷom (accusative singular)
enīkʷou (accusative dual)
enīkʷā (accusative plural)
enīkʷī (genitive singular)
enīkʷous (dual genitive)
enīkʷom (genitive plural)
enīkūi (dative singular)
enīkʷobom (dative dual)
enīkʷobos (dative plural)
enīkʷei (locative singular)
enīkū (instrumental singular)
enīkʷobim (dual instrumental)
enīkʷūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *eneb
Old Breton: enep
Middle Breton: enep
Breton: eneb, enep
Old Cornish: eneb
Cornish: enep
Old Welsh: enep
Welsh: wyneb, gwyneb

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa) (in the personal name ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas))

Old Irish: enech, enach, einech
Middle Irish: enech, einech, ainech
Irish: oineach, eineach

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”) + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye, seeing”). The exact shape of the compound is difficult to reconstruct due to various phonetic irregularities in Celtic.
One possible reconstruction for the compound formation is *h₁éni-h₃kʷ-, which leads to *enīkʷ-. However:
* Both Old Irish enech and the Brittonic forms fail to show raising or fronting of the initial vowel except in the Old Irish dative plural form inchaib and the Primitive Irish combining form ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa).
* Brittonic -e- for the second vowel indicates the *-ī- must have been shortened somehow on the way to Brittonic. The lowering to -e- can then be accounted for by assuming derivation from the plural/collective *enīkʷā (note that Old Irish enech is a plurale tantum).
To get around these phonetic problems, *enekʷom can be reconstructed instead, with a derivation *h₁én-h₃ekʷ-, which brings its own host of morphological and phonetic problems:
* Primitive Irish ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa) and Old Irish inchaib would thus have no phonetic source for intiial in-, since there is no high vowel ahead to raise original en- in Matasović's reconstruction.
* Compound formations usually have their second member in the zero grade, not the e-grade, in Indo-European.
* The proposed vowel-harmonization of *enokʷom to *enekʷom is unprecedented in Celtic.


rādos

rādos (nominative singular)
rādou (dual nominative)
rādoi (nominative plural)
rāde (singular vocative)
rādou (dual vocative)
rādoi (plural vocative)
rādom (accusative singular)
rādou (accusative dual)
rādons (accusative plural)
rādī (genitive singular)
rādous (dual genitive)
rādom (genitive plural)
rādūi (dative singular)
rādobom (dative dual)
rādobos (dative plural)
rādei (locative singular)
rādū (instrumental singular)
rādobim (dual instrumental)
rādūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: rád
Irish: rá
Scottish Gaelic: ràdh

From *rādīti + *-os (verbal noun suffix for o-grade causative verbs).


gʷoni

gʷoni (nominative singular)
gʷonī (dual nominative)
gʷonyā (nominative plural)
gʷoni (singular vocative)
gʷonī (dual vocative)
gʷonyā (plural vocative)
gʷoni (accusative singular)
gʷonī (accusative dual)
gʷonyā (accusative plural)
gʷonois (genitive singular)
gʷonois (dual genitive)
gʷonyom (genitive plural)
gʷonei (dative singular)
gʷonibom (dative dual)
gʷonibos (dative plural)
gʷonei (locative singular)
gʷonī (instrumental singular)
gʷonibim (dual instrumental)
gʷonibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwan (“blow, strike”)

Welsh: gwân

desctree

Old Irish: guin
Middle Irish: guin f
Irish: goin
Scottish Gaelic: goin
Manx: guinn

Verbal noun of *gʷaneti. This o-grade i-stem (with the Indo-European o-grade deverbal nominal suffix *-i) would be the only one of its kind in Celtic, which is why Gordon reconstructs zero-grade *gʷani analogous to the present stem *gʷane-.


-gusom

-gusom (nominative singular)
-gusou (dual nominative)
-gusā (nominative plural)
-gusom (singular vocative)
-gusou (dual vocative)
-gusā (plural vocative)
-gusom (accusative singular)
-gusou (accusative dual)
-gusā (accusative plural)
-gusī (genitive singular)
-gusous (dual genitive)
-gusom (genitive plural)
-gusūi (dative singular)
-gusobom (dative dual)
-gusobos (dative plural)
-gusei (locative singular)
-gusū (instrumental singular)
-gusobim (dual instrumental)
-gusūis (instrumental plural)


uɸorgusom

uɸorgusom (nominative singular)
uɸorgusou (dual nominative)
uɸorgusā (nominative plural)
uɸorgusom (singular vocative)
uɸorgusou (dual vocative)
uɸorgusā (plural vocative)
uɸorgusom (accusative singular)
uɸorgusou (accusative dual)
uɸorgusā (accusative plural)
uɸorgusī (genitive singular)
uɸorgusous (dual genitive)
uɸorgusom (genitive plural)
uɸorgusūi (dative singular)
uɸorgusobom (dative dual)
uɸorgusobos (dative plural)
uɸorgusei (locative singular)
uɸorgusū (instrumental singular)
uɸorgusobim (dual instrumental)
uɸorgusūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gworɣuw

Middle Welsh: goreu

Welsh: gorau

Old Irish: forgu, forggu, forgo

From *uɸer- (“over-”) + *-gusom (“choice”).


-yā

-yā (nominative singular)
-yai (dual nominative)
-yās (nominative plural)
-yā (singular vocative)
-yai (dual vocative)
-yās (plural vocative)
-yam (accusative singular)
-yai (accusative dual)
-yāns (accusative plural)
-yās (genitive singular)
-yous (dual genitive)
-yom (genitive plural)
-yāi (dative singular)
-yābom (dative dual)
-yābos (dative plural)
-yai (locative singular)
-yābim (dual instrumental)
-yābis (instrumental plural)

From a reanalysis of Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ being attached to the present stem of *-yeti verbs like *gʷedyeti (“to pray”) (whence Old Irish guide (“prayer”)) and *wegyeti (“to weave”) (whence *wegyā (“something woven”)).

weg- (“to weave”) + *-yā → *wegyā (“weaving”)

slad- (“to strike”) + *-yā → *sladyā (“strike”)


-iyā

-iyā (nominative singular)
-iyai (dual nominative)
-iyās (nominative plural)
-iyā (singular vocative)
-iyai (dual vocative)
-iyās (plural vocative)
-iyam (accusative singular)
-iyai (accusative dual)
-iyāns (accusative plural)
-iyās (genitive singular)
-iyous (dual genitive)
-iyom (genitive plural)
-iyāi (dative singular)
-iyābom (dative dual)
-iyābos (dative plural)
-iyai (locative singular)
-iyābim (dual instrumental)
-iyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-eð

Cornish: -edh

Middle Welsh: -eð

Welsh: -edd

Old Irish: -e
Irish: -e

From Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂, cognate to Latin -ia and Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā).

trougokaros (“merciful”) + *-iyā → *trougokariyā (“mercy”)


-mā

-mā (nominative singular)
-mai (dual nominative)
-mās (nominative plural)
-mā (singular vocative)
-mai (dual vocative)
-mās (plural vocative)
-mam (accusative singular)
-mai (accusative dual)
-māns (accusative plural)
-mās (genitive singular)
-mous (dual genitive)
-mom (genitive plural)
-māi (dative singular)
-mābom (dative dual)
-mābos (dative plural)
-mai (locative singular)
-mābim (dual instrumental)
-mābis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *-iβ̃, *-aβ̃, *-oβ̃, *-ọβ̃ (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Irish: -em, -am (after a broad consonant)
Irish: -amh
Scottish Gaelic: -amh

From Proto-Indo-European *-meh₂. Other apparent appearances of this suffix elsewhere in Indo-European include:
* Ancient Greek φήμη (phḗmē) and Latin fāma, both of these from *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”).
* Ancient Greek τιμή (timḗ), from *kʷey- (“to pay”).
The first verbal noun with this suffix was likely *kreddīmā (“belief”).

Forms verbal nouns to miscellaneous weak verbs with suffixed *-ī-.


uɸormentom

uɸormentom (nominative singular)
uɸormentou (dual nominative)
uɸormentā (nominative plural)
uɸormentom (singular vocative)
uɸormentou (dual vocative)
uɸormentā (plural vocative)
uɸormentom (accusative singular)
uɸormentou (accusative dual)
uɸormentā (accusative plural)
uɸormentī (genitive singular)
uɸormentous (dual genitive)
uɸormentom (genitive plural)
uɸormentūi (dative singular)
uɸormentobom (dative dual)
uɸormentobos (dative plural)
uɸormentei (locative singular)
uɸormentū (instrumental singular)
uɸormentobim (dual instrumental)
uɸormentūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gworβ̃ɨnt

Breton: gourvenn

Middle Welsh: gorvynt

Welsh: gorfynt

Old Irish: format
Irish: formad
Scottish Gaelic: farmad


-mentom

-mentom (nominative singular)
-mentou (dual nominative)
-mentā (nominative plural)
-mentom (singular vocative)
-mentou (dual vocative)
-mentā (plural vocative)
-mentom (accusative singular)
-mentou (accusative dual)
-mentā (accusative plural)
-mentī (genitive singular)
-mentous (dual genitive)
-mentom (genitive plural)
-mentūi (dative singular)
-mentobom (dative dual)
-mentobos (dative plural)
-mentei (locative singular)
-mentū (instrumental singular)
-mentobim (dual instrumental)
-mentūis (instrumental plural)

From *manyetor (“to think, remember”) + *-tom (verbal noun suffix).

af

Forms verbal nouns relating to thought or memory.

dermetIrish: dearmadManx: jarroodScottish Gaelic: dearmad


tixtā

tixtā (nominative singular)
tixtai (dual nominative)
tixtās (nominative plural)
tixtā (singular vocative)
tixtai (dual vocative)
tixtās (plural vocative)
tixtam (accusative singular)
tixtai (accusative dual)
tixtāns (accusative plural)
tixtās (genitive singular)
tixtous (dual genitive)
tixtom (genitive plural)
tixtāi (dative singular)
tixtābom (dative dual)
tixtābos (dative plural)
tixtai (locative singular)
tixtābim (dual instrumental)
tixtābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: teith

Middle Welsh: teith

Welsh: taith

desctree

Old Irish: techt (see there for further derived terms)
Middle Irish: techt
Irish: teacht
Scottish Gaelic: teachd


wostos

wostos (nominative singular)
wostou (dual nominative)
wostoi (nominative plural)
woste (singular vocative)
wostou (dual vocative)
wostoi (plural vocative)
wostom (accusative singular)
wostou (accusative dual)
wostons (accusative plural)
wostī (genitive singular)
wostous (dual genitive)
wostom (genitive plural)
wostūi (dative singular)
wostobom (dative dual)
wostobos (dative plural)
wostei (locative singular)
wostū (instrumental singular)
wostobim (dual instrumental)
wostūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwas (“abode”)

desc

Old Irish: foss (“being stationary, at rest”)

Classical Gaelic: fos

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wos-tos, from *h₂wes- (“to dwell”). Related to *woseti (“to spend the night”) and *westā (“staying the night”).
Matasović, opting for a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wóstu (more specifically, the alternative reconstruction *wéh₂stu), reconstructs *wastu. His derivation suffers greatly from the fact that no evidence of u-stem inflection exists in Celtic.


lugyom

lugyom (nominative singular)
lugyou (dual nominative)
lugyā (nominative plural)
lugyom (singular vocative)
lugyou (dual vocative)
lugyā (plural vocative)
lugyom (accusative singular)
lugyou (accusative dual)
lugyā (accusative plural)
lugyī (genitive singular)
lugyous (dual genitive)
lugyom (genitive plural)
lugyūi (dative singular)
lugyobom (dative dual)
lugyobos (dative plural)
lugyei (locative singular)
lugyū (instrumental singular)
lugyobim (dual instrumental)
lugyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɣ (with unexplained umlaut or lack thereof between Welsh and Southwestern Brittonic)

⇒ Old Breton: dilu

Middle Welsh: llw

Welsh: llw

Old Irish: lugae

From the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *h₂lewgʰ- suffixed with *-yom (verbal noun suffix).


-tā

-tā (nominative singular)
-tai (dual nominative)
-tās (nominative plural)
-tā (singular vocative)
-tai (dual vocative)
-tās (plural vocative)
-tam (accusative singular)
-tai (accusative dual)
-tāns (accusative plural)
-tās (genitive singular)
-tous (dual genitive)
-tom (genitive plural)
-tāi (dative singular)
-tābom (dative dual)
-tābos (dative plural)
-tai (locative singular)
-tābim (dual instrumental)
-tābis (instrumental plural)

teig- (“to go”) + *-tā → *tixtā (“going”)

Creates verbal nouns or abstracts from verbal roots.


lorgā

lorgā (nominative singular)
lorgai (dual nominative)
lorgās (nominative plural)
lorgā (singular vocative)
lorgai (dual vocative)
lorgās (plural vocative)
lorgam (accusative singular)
lorgai (accusative dual)
lorgāns (accusative plural)
lorgās (genitive singular)
lorgous (dual genitive)
lorgom (genitive plural)
lorgāi (dative singular)
lorgābom (dative dual)
lorgābos (dative plural)
lorgai (locative singular)
lorgābim (dual instrumental)
lorgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llorɣ

Breton: lorc'henn (“shaft”), lorc'h (“vanity”)

Old Cornish: lorch (“baculus”)

Cornish: lorgh

Middle Welsh: llwry, llory, llyry

Welsh: llorf

Old Irish: lorg

Irish: lorg

Scottish Gaelic: lorg

Manx: lorg

Old Norse lurkr (“club”) (source of Swedish lurk (“lout, boor”)) is related, but it could be a borrowing from Celtic. If so, the Celtic is without Indo-European cognates, and could be ultimately borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.
Pokorny, however, derives both from Proto-Indo-European *lorgā- (“club, stick”), also comparing regional German Lorg, Lork (“mythical giant”)


logīti

logeyū (active first-person present singular)
logīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
logīsi (active present second-person singular)
logītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
logīti (active present singular third-person)
logīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
logeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
logīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
logītesi (active plural present second-person)
logīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
logeyonti (active plural present third-person)
logīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
logī (active imperative second-person singular)
logītou (active imperative singular third-person)
logeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
logīte (active imperative plural second-person)
logeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
logeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
logītar (passive present second-person singular)
logītor (passive present singular third-person)
logeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
logīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
logeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
logeyonts (nominative singular)
logeyonte (dual nominative)
logeyontes (nominative plural)
logeyonts (singular vocative)
logeyonte (dual vocative)
logeyontes (plural vocative)
logeyontam (accusative singular)
logeyonte (accusative dual)
logeyontans (accusative plural)
logeyantos (genitive singular)
logeyantom (genitive plural)
logeyantei (dative singular)
logeyantbom (dative dual)
logeyantbos (dative plural)
logeyantī? (instrumental singular)
logeyantbim (dual instrumental)
logeyantbis (instrumental plural)
logeyantī (nominative singular)
logeyantī (dual nominative)
logeyantiyās (nominative plural)
logeyantī (singular vocative)
logeyantī (dual vocative)
logeyantiyās (plural vocative)
logeyantīm (accusative singular)
logeyantī (accusative dual)
logeyantiyans (accusative plural)
logeyantyās (genitive singular)
logeyantyom (genitive plural)
logeyantyāi (dative singular)
logeyantyābom (dative dual)
logeyantyābos (dative plural)
logeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
logeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
logeyont (nominative singular)
logeyonta (nominative plural)
logeyont (singular vocative)
logeyonta (plural vocative)
logeyont (accusative singular)
logeyonta (accusative plural)
logetos (nominative singular)
logetou (dual nominative)
logetoi (nominative plural)
logete (singular vocative)
logetou (dual vocative)
logetoi (plural vocative)
logetom (accusative singular)
logetou (accusative dual)
logetons (accusative plural)
logetī (genitive singular)
logetous (dual genitive)
logetom (genitive plural)
logetūi (dative singular)
logetobom (dative dual)
logetobos (dative plural)
logetū (instrumental singular)
logetobim (dual instrumental)
logetobis (instrumental plural)
logetā (nominative singular)
logetai (dual nominative)
logetās (nominative plural)
logetā (singular vocative)
logetai (dual vocative)
logetās (plural vocative)
logetam (accusative singular)
logetai (accusative dual)
logetans (accusative plural)
logetās (genitive singular)
logetai (dative singular)
logetābom (dative dual)
logetābos (dative plural)
logetābim (dual instrumental)
logetābis (instrumental plural)
logetom (nominative singular)
logetā (nominative plural)
logetom (singular vocative)
logetā (plural vocative)
logetā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *logʰéyeti, causative verb formed to the root *legʰ- (“to lie (physically)”).


uɸologīti

uɸologeyū (active first-person present singular)
uɸologīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
uɸologīsi (active present second-person singular)
uɸologītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
uɸologīti (active present singular third-person)
uɸologīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
uɸologeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
uɸologīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
uɸologītesi (active plural present second-person)
uɸologīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
uɸologeyonti (active plural present third-person)
uɸologīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
uɸologī (active imperative second-person singular)
uɸologītou (active imperative singular third-person)
uɸologeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
uɸologīte (active imperative plural second-person)
uɸologeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
uɸologeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
uɸologītar (passive present second-person singular)
uɸologītor (passive present singular third-person)
uɸologeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
uɸologīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
uɸologeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
uɸologeyonts (nominative singular)
uɸologeyonte (dual nominative)
uɸologeyontes (nominative plural)
uɸologeyonts (singular vocative)
uɸologeyonte (dual vocative)
uɸologeyontes (plural vocative)
uɸologeyontam (accusative singular)
uɸologeyonte (accusative dual)
uɸologeyontans (accusative plural)
uɸologeyantos (genitive singular)
uɸologeyantom (genitive plural)
uɸologeyantei (dative singular)
uɸologeyantbom (dative dual)
uɸologeyantbos (dative plural)
uɸologeyantī? (instrumental singular)
uɸologeyantbim (dual instrumental)
uɸologeyantbis (instrumental plural)
uɸologeyantī (nominative singular)
uɸologeyantī (dual nominative)
uɸologeyantiyās (nominative plural)
uɸologeyantī (singular vocative)
uɸologeyantī (dual vocative)
uɸologeyantiyās (plural vocative)
uɸologeyantīm (accusative singular)
uɸologeyantī (accusative dual)
uɸologeyantiyans (accusative plural)
uɸologeyantyās (genitive singular)
uɸologeyantyom (genitive plural)
uɸologeyantyāi (dative singular)
uɸologeyantyābom (dative dual)
uɸologeyantyābos (dative plural)
uɸologeyantyābim (dual instrumental)
uɸologeyantyābis (instrumental plural)
uɸologeyont (nominative singular)
uɸologeyonta (nominative plural)
uɸologeyont (singular vocative)
uɸologeyonta (plural vocative)
uɸologeyont (accusative singular)
uɸologeyonta (accusative plural)
uɸologetos (nominative singular)
uɸologetou (dual nominative)
uɸologetoi (nominative plural)
uɸologete (singular vocative)
uɸologetou (dual vocative)
uɸologetoi (plural vocative)
uɸologetom (accusative singular)
uɸologetou (accusative dual)
uɸologetons (accusative plural)
uɸologetī (genitive singular)
uɸologetous (dual genitive)
uɸologetom (genitive plural)
uɸologetūi (dative singular)
uɸologetobom (dative dual)
uɸologetobos (dative plural)
uɸologetū (instrumental singular)
uɸologetobim (dual instrumental)
uɸologetobis (instrumental plural)
uɸologetā (nominative singular)
uɸologetai (dual nominative)
uɸologetās (nominative plural)
uɸologetā (singular vocative)
uɸologetai (dual vocative)
uɸologetās (plural vocative)
uɸologetam (accusative singular)
uɸologetai (accusative dual)
uɸologetans (accusative plural)
uɸologetās (genitive singular)
uɸologetai (dative singular)
uɸologetābom (dative dual)
uɸologetābos (dative plural)
uɸologetābim (dual instrumental)
uɸologetābis (instrumental plural)
uɸologetom (nominative singular)
uɸologetā (nominative plural)
uɸologetom (singular vocative)
uɸologetā (plural vocative)
uɸologetā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: goloiñ

Middle Welsh: golo (verb)

Old Irish: fo·luigi

Middle Irish: foilgid

Scottish Gaelic: falaich

Manx: follagh

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *logīti (“to lay”).


uɸologos

uɸologos (nominative singular)
uɸologou (dual nominative)
uɸologoi (nominative plural)
uɸologe (singular vocative)
uɸologou (dual vocative)
uɸologoi (plural vocative)
uɸologom (accusative singular)
uɸologou (accusative dual)
uɸologons (accusative plural)
uɸologī (genitive singular)
uɸologous (dual genitive)
uɸologom (genitive plural)
uɸologūi (dative singular)
uɸologobom (dative dual)
uɸologobos (dative plural)
uɸologei (locative singular)
uɸologū (instrumental singular)
uɸologobim (dual instrumental)
uɸologūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoloɣ

Breton: golo (“cover”)

Middle Welsh: golo (noun)

Old Irish: folach

Middle Irish: folach

Irish: folach

Scottish Gaelic: falach

Manx: follagh

From *uɸologīti + *-os (verbal noun suffix for causative verbs).


Anawogenos

Anawogenos (nominative singular)
Anawogenou (dual nominative)
Anawogenoi (nominative plural)
Anawogene (singular vocative)
Anawogenou (dual vocative)
Anawogenoi (plural vocative)
Anawogenom (accusative singular)
Anawogenou (accusative dual)
Anawogenons (accusative plural)
Anawogenī (genitive singular)
Anawogenous (dual genitive)
Anawogenom (genitive plural)
Anawogenūi (dative singular)
Anawogenobos (dative plural)
Anawogenei (locative singular)
Anawogenū (instrumental singular)
Anawogenūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *Anʉɣen

Old Breton: Anaugen, Anugen

Gaulish: *Anaogenos

→ Latin: Anaogenus

From *anawos (“wealth”) + *genos (“-born”, personal name element).


ɸarausyos

ɸarausyos (nominative singular)
ɸarausyou (dual nominative)
ɸarausyoi (nominative plural)
ɸarausye (singular vocative)
ɸarausyou (dual vocative)
ɸarausyoi (plural vocative)
ɸarausyom (accusative singular)
ɸarausyou (accusative dual)
ɸarausyons (accusative plural)
ɸarausyī (genitive singular)
ɸarausyous (dual genitive)
ɸarausyom (genitive plural)
ɸarausyūi (dative singular)
ɸarausyobom (dative dual)
ɸarausyobos (dative plural)
ɸarausyei (locative singular)
ɸarausyū (instrumental singular)
ɸarausyobim (dual instrumental)
ɸarausyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: arae
Middle Irish: ara
Irish: ara (“temple”)

Gaulish: *Arausios

⇒ Gaulish: *Arausiodūnom

→ Latin: Rausidonem (acc.sg.)

desc

French: Rhodon (“town name in Loir-et-Cher”)

⇒ Gaulish: *Arausiū

→ Latin: Arausiō

→⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *Arausing-

→ French: Orange

From *ɸare- (“before”) + *ausos (“ear”) + *-yos, literally “before the ears”.


argyos

argyos (nominative singular)
argyou (dual nominative)
argyoi (nominative plural)
argye (singular vocative)
argyou (dual vocative)
argyoi (plural vocative)
argyom (accusative singular)
argyou (accusative dual)
argyons (accusative plural)
argyī (genitive singular)
argyous (dual genitive)
argyom (genitive plural)
argyūi (dative singular)
argyobom (dative dual)
argyobos (dative plural)
argyū (instrumental singular)
argyobim (dual instrumental)
argyobis (instrumental plural)
argyā (nominative singular)
argyai (dual nominative)
argyās (nominative plural)
argyā (singular vocative)
argyai (dual vocative)
argyās (plural vocative)
argyam (accusative singular)
argyai (accusative dual)
argyans (accusative plural)
argyās (genitive singular)
argyai (dative singular)
argyābom (dative dual)
argyābos (dative plural)
argyābim (dual instrumental)
argyābis (instrumental plural)
argyom (nominative singular)
argyā (nominative plural)
argyom (singular vocative)
argyā (plural vocative)
argyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėrɣ (“snow”)

Breton: erc'h

Cornish: ergh

Welsh: eira

Gaulish: *argios

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiā (river name)

→ Latin: Aregia

French: Ariège

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiotalus

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“white”).


atiskʷom

atiskʷom (nominative singular)
atiskʷou (dual nominative)
atiskʷā (nominative plural)
atiskʷom (singular vocative)
atiskʷou (dual vocative)
atiskʷā (plural vocative)
atiskʷom (accusative singular)
atiskʷou (accusative dual)
atiskʷā (accusative plural)
atiskʷī (genitive singular)
atiskʷous (dual genitive)
atiskʷom (genitive plural)
atiskūi (dative singular)
atiskʷobom (dative dual)
atiskʷobos (dative plural)
atiskʷei (locative singular)
atiskū (instrumental singular)
atiskʷobim (dual instrumental)
atiskʷūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *adheb (reformed to e-grade by analogy to the verb)

Middle Welsh: atteb

Welsh: ateb

desctree

Old Irish: aithesc
Irish: aitheasc
Scottish Gaelic: aitheasg

From *ati- (“re-”) + *sekʷeti (“to say”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix for prefixed verbs).


kladyā

kladyā (nominative singular)
kladyai (dual nominative)
kladyās (nominative plural)
kladyā (singular vocative)
kladyai (dual vocative)
kladyās (plural vocative)
kladyam (accusative singular)
kladyai (accusative dual)
kladyāns (accusative plural)
kladyās (genitive singular)
kladyous (dual genitive)
kladyom (genitive plural)
kladyāi (dative singular)
kladyābom (dative dual)
kladyābos (dative plural)
kladyai (locative singular)
kladyābim (dual instrumental)
kladyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: claide

Middle Irish: claide

From *kladeti (“to dig”) + *-yā (verbal noun suffix).


kubros

kubros (nominative singular)
kubrou (dual nominative)
kubroi (nominative plural)
kubre (singular vocative)
kubrou (dual vocative)
kubroi (plural vocative)
kubrom (accusative singular)
kubrou (accusative dual)
kubrons (accusative plural)
kubrī (genitive singular)
kubrous (dual genitive)
kubrom (genitive plural)
kubrūi (dative singular)
kubrobom (dative dual)
kubrobos (dative plural)
kubrū (instrumental singular)
kubrobim (dual instrumental)
kubrobis (instrumental plural)
kubrā (nominative singular)
kubrai (dual nominative)
kubrās (nominative plural)
kubrā (singular vocative)
kubrai (dual vocative)
kubrās (plural vocative)
kubram (accusative singular)
kubrai (accusative dual)
kubrans (accusative plural)
kubrās (genitive singular)
kubrai (dative singular)
kubrābom (dative dual)
kubrābos (dative plural)
kubrābim (dual instrumental)
kubrābis (instrumental plural)
kubrom (nominative singular)
kubrā (nominative plural)
kubrom (singular vocative)
kubrā (plural vocative)
kubrā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: cobar (compounding element)

Gaulish: *cobros

→ Latin: Coura

→⇒ Latin: Cobrium

Occitan: Cuèbri

→ French: Cuébris

→⇒ Latin: Couria

→⇒ Latin: Cobromara

→⇒ Latin: Cobrovomarus

→⇒ Latin: Cobrovius

→⇒ Latin: Cobrovillus

→⇒ Latin: Cobronia

→⇒ Latin: Cobrici (gen. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *kup-rós, from *kwep-, whence also Latin cupiō (“to wish”), Proto-Slavic *kypěti (“to boil”) and Sanskrit कुप्यति (kupyati).


dīākus

dīākus (nominative singular)
dīākū (dual nominative)
dīākowes (nominative plural)
dīāku (singular vocative)
dīākū (dual vocative)
dīākūs (plural vocative)
dīākum (accusative singular)
dīākū (accusative dual)
dīākuns (accusative plural)
dīākous (genitive singular)
dīākous (dual genitive)
dīākowom (genitive plural)
dīākou (dative singular)
dīākubom (dative dual)
dīākubos (dative plural)
dīākū (instrumental singular)
dīākubim (dual instrumental)
dīākubis (instrumental plural)
dīāku (nominative singular)
dīākwā (nominative plural)
dīākwā (plural vocative)
dīāku (accusative singular)
dīākwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *diọg

Old Breton: diochi

Middle Breton: dieuc

Breton: dieg

Old Cornish: dioc

Middle Cornish: dyek

Cornish: diek

Old Welsh: diauc

Middle Welsh: diawc

Welsh: diog

Gaulish: *diācus

→ Latin: Diacus

From *dī- (privative prefix) + *ākus (“swift, speedy”) (whence also Welsh awg and Latin Ācus, a rendering of a Gaulish name), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *HéHḱus (“swift, quick”).
Further Indo-European cognates of the root include Latin ōcior, Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús), and Sanskrit आशु (āśu).


ɸelus

ɸleis (comparative)
ɸelus (nominative singular)
ɸelū (dual nominative)
ɸelowes (nominative plural)
ɸelu (singular vocative)
ɸelū (dual vocative)
ɸelūs (plural vocative)
ɸelum (accusative singular)
ɸelū (accusative dual)
ɸeluns (accusative plural)
ɸelous (genitive singular)
ɸelous (dual genitive)
ɸelowom (genitive plural)
ɸelou (dative singular)
ɸelubom (dative dual)
ɸelubos (dative plural)
ɸelū (instrumental singular)
ɸelubim (dual instrumental)
ɸelubis (instrumental plural)
ɸelu (nominative singular)
ɸelwā (nominative plural)
ɸelwā (plural vocative)
ɸelu (accusative singular)
ɸelwā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: il, hil
Irish: il
Manx: yl

>? Gaulish: *elu-

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *elu-ētu-ios (“[having] much territory”, bahuvrihi compound)

→ Latin: Helvētii, Helvētius

From Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us. Cognate to Ancient Greek πολύς (polús), Proto-Germanic *felu and Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Húš.


ɸeitu

ɸeitu (nominative singular)
ɸeitū (dual nominative)
ɸeitwā (nominative plural)
ɸeitu (singular vocative)
ɸeitū (dual vocative)
ɸeitwā (plural vocative)
ɸeitu (accusative singular)
ɸeitū (accusative dual)
ɸeitwā (accusative plural)
ɸeitous (genitive singular)
ɸeitous (dual genitive)
ɸeitowom (genitive plural)
ɸeitou (dative singular)
ɸeitubom (dative dual)
ɸeitubos (dative plural)
ɸeitū (instrumental singular)
ɸeitubim (dual instrumental)
ɸeitubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: íath

Gaulish: *ētu

⇒ Gaulish: *eluētios (“[having] much territory”, bahuvrihi compound)

→ Latin: Helvētii, Helvētius


uɸogaisos

uɸogaisos (nominative singular)
uɸogaisou (dual nominative)
uɸogaisoi (nominative plural)
uɸogaise (singular vocative)
uɸogaisou (dual vocative)
uɸogaisoi (plural vocative)
uɸogaisom (accusative singular)
uɸogaisou (accusative dual)
uɸogaisons (accusative plural)
uɸogaisī (genitive singular)
uɸogaisous (dual genitive)
uɸogaisom (genitive plural)
uɸogaisūi (dative singular)
uɸogaisobom (dative dual)
uɸogaisobos (dative plural)
uɸogaisei (locative singular)
uɸogaisū (instrumental singular)
uɸogaisobim (dual instrumental)
uɸogaisūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoɣoɨw

Old Breton: guugoiou

Middle Breton: goa

Breton: goaf

Old Cornish: hoch-wuyu

Middle Cornish: gu

Cornish: guw

Middle Welsh: gwaew

Welsh: gwayw

Old Irish: fogae

Middle Irish: foga

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *gaisos (“spear”), literally “under-spear”.


Oinogustus

Oinogustus (nominative singular)
Oinogustu (singular vocative)
Oinogustum (accusative singular)
Oinogustous (genitive singular)
Oinogustou (dative singular)
Oinogustū (instrumental singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *Ʉnɣust

Old Welsh: Ungust

Middle Welsh: Unwst

desctree

Old Irish: Oíngus
Middle Irish: Oéngus, Aengus
Irish: Aonghas
Manx: Anghus
Scottish Gaelic: Aonghas, Aonghus
→ English: Angus

From *oinos (“one”) + *gustus (“excellence, force”).


kʷast-

Proto-Brythonic: *pas

Middle Breton: pas

Breton: paz

Cornish: pas

Middle Welsh: pas

Welsh: pas

Goidelic:

⇒ Classical Gaelic: cosachtach

⇒ Irish: casachtach, casacht

⇒ Manx: cassaght

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: casachd, casad

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”) suffixed with either *-tós or *-tus.


mlastos

Proto-Brythonic: *blas m

Middle Breton: blas, blaz

desc

Breton: blas (“taste, tastiness; (bad) smell”)

Middle Cornish: blas

Cornish: blas

Middle Welsh: blas

Welsh: blas (“taste, flavor”)

desctree

Old Irish: mlas ? (“taste”)
Middle Irish: blas
Irish: blas
Manx: blass
Scottish Gaelic: blas

Uncertain; possibly cognate Czech mlsati (“to lick”), Russian молса́ть (molsátʹ, “to suck”), Polish pomłoski (“tidbit”), presuming a Proto-Indo-European *mels- root, however, the expected outcome of *ml̥s-tó-s would be *malstos, requiring liquid metathesis, or, perhaps, a special rule, to arrive at *mlastos.


klokkos

klokkos (nominative singular)
klokkou (dual nominative)
klokkoi (nominative plural)
klokke (singular vocative)
klokkou (dual vocative)
klokkoi (plural vocative)
klokkom (accusative singular)
klokkou (accusative dual)
klokkons (accusative plural)
klokkī (genitive singular)
klokkous (dual genitive)
klokkom (genitive plural)
klokkūi (dative singular)
klokkobom (dative dual)
klokkobos (dative plural)
klokkei (locative singular)
klokkū (instrumental singular)
klokkobim (dual instrumental)
klokkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *klox

Middle Breton: cloch

Breton: kloc'h

Old Cornish: kloch

Middle Welsh: cloch

Welsh: cloch

Old Irish: cloc (see there for further descendants)

onomatopoeic

imitative


saltrom

saltrom (nominative singular)
saltrou (dual nominative)
saltrā (nominative plural)
saltrom (singular vocative)
saltrou (dual vocative)
saltrā (plural vocative)
saltrom (accusative singular)
saltrou (accusative dual)
saltrā (accusative plural)
saltrī (genitive singular)
saltrous (dual genitive)
saltrom (genitive plural)
saltrūi (dative singular)
saltrobom (dative dual)
saltrobos (dative plural)
saltrei (locative singular)
saltrū (instrumental singular)
saltrobim (dual instrumental)
saltrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *salθr

Middle Breton: sautr, saotr (“dirty”)

Breton: saotr (“dirty”)

Middle Welsh: sathr, sathyr

From *sel- (“to jump”) + *-trom, but the -a- is unexplained.


saltrāti

saltrāmi (active first-person present singular)
saltrāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
saltrāsi (active present second-person singular)
saltrātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
saltrāti (active present singular third-person)
saltrāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
saltrāmosi (active first-person plural present)
saltrāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
saltrātesi (active plural present second-person)
saltrāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
saltrānti (active plural present third-person)
saltrānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
saltrā (active imperative second-person singular)
saltrātou (active imperative singular third-person)
saltrāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
saltrāte (active imperative plural second-person)
saltrāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
saltrār (first-person passive present singular)
saltrātar (passive present second-person singular)
saltrātor (passive present singular third-person)
saltrāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
saltrādwe (passive plural present second-person)
saltrāntor (passive plural present third-person)
saltrants (nominative singular)
saltrante (dual nominative)
saltrantes (nominative plural)
saltrants (singular vocative)
saltrante (dual vocative)
saltrantes (plural vocative)
saltrantam (accusative singular)
saltrante (accusative dual)
saltrantans (accusative plural)
saltrantos (genitive singular)
saltrantom (genitive plural)
saltrantei (dative singular)
saltrantbom (dative dual)
saltrantbos (dative plural)
saltrantī? (instrumental singular)
saltrantbim (dual instrumental)
saltrantbis (instrumental plural)
saltrantī (nominative singular)
saltrantī (dual nominative)
saltrantiyās (nominative plural)
saltrantī (singular vocative)
saltrantī (dual vocative)
saltrantiyās (plural vocative)
saltrantīm (accusative singular)
saltrantī (accusative dual)
saltrantiyans (accusative plural)
saltrantyās (genitive singular)
saltrantyom (genitive plural)
saltrantyāi (dative singular)
saltrantyābom (dative dual)
saltrantyābos (dative plural)
saltrantyābim (dual instrumental)
saltrantyābis (instrumental plural)
saltrant (nominative singular)
saltranta (nominative plural)
saltrant (singular vocative)
saltranta (plural vocative)
saltrant (accusative singular)
saltranta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *salθrọd

Middle Breton: sautraff

Breton: saotrañ

Middle Welsh: sathru

Welsh: sathru

Old Irish: saltraid

Middle Irish: saltraid

From *saltrom (“trampling”) + *-āti (denominative suffix).


gʷonos

gʷonos (nominative singular)
gʷonou (dual nominative)
gʷonoi (nominative plural)
gʷone (singular vocative)
gʷonou (dual vocative)
gʷonoi (plural vocative)
gʷonom (accusative singular)
gʷonou (accusative dual)
gʷonons (accusative plural)
gʷonī (genitive singular)
gʷonous (dual genitive)
gʷonom (genitive plural)
gʷonūi (dative singular)
gʷonobom (dative dual)
gʷonobos (dative plural)
gʷonei (locative singular)
gʷonū (instrumental singular)
gʷonobim (dual instrumental)
gʷonūis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰonós, derived from the root *gʷʰen- (“to strike down”).


Tazgogʷonos

Tazgogʷonos (nominative singular)
Tazgogʷonou (dual nominative)
Tazgogʷonoi (nominative plural)
Tazgogʷone (singular vocative)
Tazgogʷonou (dual vocative)
Tazgogʷonoi (plural vocative)
Tazgogʷonom (accusative singular)
Tazgogʷonou (accusative dual)
Tazgogʷonons (accusative plural)
Tazgogʷonī (genitive singular)
Tazgogʷonous (dual genitive)
Tazgogʷonom (genitive plural)
Tazgogʷonūi (dative singular)
Tazgogʷonobom (dative dual)
Tazgogʷonobos (dative plural)
Tazgogʷonei (locative singular)
Tazgogʷonū (instrumental singular)
Tazgogʷonobim (dual instrumental)
Tazgogʷonūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: Tasciouanos (attested in coinage), *Tėxwan (late form)

Old Welsh: Teuhant, Teuhuant, Tecmant

Gaulish: *Tascouanos

→ Latin: Tascouanus

From *taskos (“badger”) + *gʷonos (“slaughter”).


magotaxtā

magotaxtā (nominative singular)
magotaxtai (dual nominative)
magotaxtās (nominative plural)
magotaxtā (singular vocative)
magotaxtai (dual vocative)
magotaxtās (plural vocative)
magotaxtam (accusative singular)
magotaxtai (accusative dual)
magotaxtāns (accusative plural)
magotaxtās (genitive singular)
magotaxtous (dual genitive)
magotaxtom (genitive plural)
magotaxtāi (dative singular)
magotaxtābom (dative dual)
magotaxtābos (dative plural)
magotaxtai (locative singular)
magotaxtābim (dual instrumental)
magotaxtābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maxdaɨθ

Breton: matez (“female servant”)

Old Cornish: mahtheid

Middle Cornish: maghteth, maghtyth

Cornish: maithes

Middle Welsh: machteith, machdaith

Old Irish: macdacht

Middle Irish: macdacht, maccdacht

Best related to Proto-Germanic *magaþs (“girl”).


tlustus

tlustus (nominative singular)
tlustū (dual nominative)
tlustowes (nominative plural)
tlustu (singular vocative)
tlustū (dual vocative)
tlustūs (plural vocative)
tlustum (accusative singular)
tlustū (accusative dual)
tlustuns (accusative plural)
tlustous (genitive singular)
tlustous (dual genitive)
tlustowom (genitive plural)
tlustou (dative singular)
tlustubom (dative dual)
tlustubos (dative plural)
tlustū (instrumental singular)
tlustubim (dual instrumental)
tlustubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tlus

Middle Welsh: tlws, tlus

Welsh: tlws

Middle Irish: tlus

Of uncertain etymology.
* Vendryes relates this to *tlinati (“to take away”), by which this word would be broken down into *tl-u-stus.
* Matasović attempts to relate this to Latin locus (“place”) by reconstructing *tloxstus, which is complicated by the vowel of Welsh tlws, forcing him to assume that the Welsh word was borrowed from Irish.


kʷrītos

kʷrītos (nominative singular)
kʷrītou (dual nominative)
kʷrītoi (nominative plural)
kʷrīte (singular vocative)
kʷrītou (dual vocative)
kʷrītoi (plural vocative)
kʷrītom (accusative singular)
kʷrītou (accusative dual)
kʷrītons (accusative plural)
kʷrītī (genitive singular)
kʷrītous (dual genitive)
kʷrītom (genitive plural)
kʷrītūi (dative singular)
kʷrītobom (dative dual)
kʷrītobos (dative plural)
kʷrītū (instrumental singular)
kʷrītobim (dual instrumental)
kʷrītobis (instrumental plural)
kʷrītā (nominative singular)
kʷrītai (dual nominative)
kʷrītās (nominative plural)
kʷrītā (singular vocative)
kʷrītai (dual vocative)
kʷrītās (plural vocative)
kʷrītam (accusative singular)
kʷrītai (accusative dual)
kʷrītans (accusative plural)
kʷrītās (genitive singular)
kʷrītai (dative singular)
kʷrītābom (dative dual)
kʷrītābos (dative plural)
kʷrītābim (dual instrumental)
kʷrītābis (instrumental plural)
kʷrītom (nominative singular)
kʷrītā (nominative plural)
kʷrītom (singular vocative)
kʷrītā (plural vocative)
kʷrītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *prid

desc

Middle Welsh: prid (“dear, costly; mortgage, pledge”)

Welsh: prid

Old Irish: críth (archaic)

⇒ Gaulish: tiopritom

Past participle of *kʷrināti (“to buy”).


melissos

melissos (nominative singular)
melissou (dual nominative)
melissoi (nominative plural)
melisse (singular vocative)
melissou (dual vocative)
melissoi (plural vocative)
melissom (accusative singular)
melissou (accusative dual)
melissons (accusative plural)
melissī (genitive singular)
melissous (dual genitive)
melissom (genitive plural)
melissūi (dative singular)
melissobom (dative dual)
melissobos (dative plural)
melissū (instrumental singular)
melissobim (dual instrumental)
melissobis (instrumental plural)
melissā (nominative singular)
melissai (dual nominative)
melissās (nominative plural)
melissā (singular vocative)
melissai (dual vocative)
melissās (plural vocative)
melissam (accusative singular)
melissai (accusative dual)
melissans (accusative plural)
melissās (genitive singular)
melissai (dative singular)
melissābom (dative dual)
melissābos (dative plural)
melissābim (dual instrumental)
melissābis (instrumental plural)
melissom (nominative singular)
melissā (nominative plural)
melissom (singular vocative)
melissā (plural vocative)
melissā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨlɨs m, *meles f

Breton: milis

Middle Welsh: melys, melis (with irregular vocalism)

Welsh: melys, melus

desctree

Old Irish: milis (with change to i-stems)
Irish: milis
Manx: millish
Scottish Gaelic: milis

Gaulish: *meliđđos

desc

→⇒ Latin: Meliđđus, Meliđđius, Melissus, Melissa, Meliđđatius, Comeliđđus

From Proto-Indo-European *mélit (“honey”) + *-tós (adjectival suffix).