essi

edmi (active first-person present singular)
ītsū (active first-person future singular)
āda (active first-person preterite singular)
etsi (active present second-person singular)
ītsesi (active future second-person singular)
ādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
essi (active present singular third-person)
ītseti (active future singular third-person)
āde (active preterite singular third-person)
edmosi (active first-person plural present)
ītsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
essesi (active plural present second-person)
ītsetesi (active future plural second-person)
āsse (active plural preterite second-person)
denti (active plural present third-person)
edenti (active plural present third-person)
ītsonti (active future plural third-person)
ādars (active plural preterite third-person)
etsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
etsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
etseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
etsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
etsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
etsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ītsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ādra (first-person passive preterite singular)
ītsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ādras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
ītsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ādre (passive preterite singular third-person)
ītsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ītsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ītsontor (future passive plural third-person)
etsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
etsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
etsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
etsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
etsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
etsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
donts (nominative singular)
donte (dual nominative)
dontes (nominative plural)
donts (singular vocative)
donte (dual vocative)
dontes (plural vocative)
dontam (accusative singular)
donte (accusative dual)
dontans (accusative plural)
dantos (genitive singular)
dantom (genitive plural)
dantei (dative singular)
dantbom (dative dual)
dantbos (dative plural)
dantī? (instrumental singular)
dantbim (dual instrumental)
dantbis (instrumental plural)
dantī (nominative singular)
dantī (dual nominative)
dantiyās (nominative plural)
dantī (singular vocative)
dantī (dual vocative)
dantiyās (plural vocative)
dantīm (accusative singular)
dantī (accusative dual)
dantiyans (accusative plural)
dantyās (genitive singular)
dantyom (genitive plural)
dantyāi (dative singular)
dantyābom (dative dual)
dantyābos (dative plural)
dantyābim (dual instrumental)
dantyābis (instrumental plural)
dont (nominative singular)
donta (nominative plural)
dont (singular vocative)
donta (plural vocative)
dont (accusative singular)
donta (accusative plural)
essos (nominative singular)
essou (dual nominative)
essoi (nominative plural)
esse (singular vocative)
essou (dual vocative)
essoi (plural vocative)
essom (accusative singular)
essou (accusative dual)
essons (accusative plural)
essī (genitive singular)
essous (dual genitive)
essom (genitive plural)
essūi (dative singular)
essobom (dative dual)
essobos (dative plural)
essū (instrumental singular)
essobim (dual instrumental)
essobis (instrumental plural)
essā (nominative singular)
essai (dual nominative)
essās (nominative plural)
essā (singular vocative)
essai (dual vocative)
essās (plural vocative)
essam (accusative singular)
essai (accusative dual)
essans (accusative plural)
essās (genitive singular)
essai (dative singular)
essābom (dative dual)
essābos (dative plural)
essābim (dual instrumental)
essābis (instrumental plural)
essom (nominative singular)
essā (nominative plural)
essom (singular vocative)
essā (plural vocative)
essā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: esat

Welsh: ysu

Old Irish: ithid

Irish: ith

Manx: ee

Scottish Gaelic: ith

Virtually everyone agrees that this verb came from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”). However, the present stem of this verb is one of the most controversial to reconstruct in Proto-Celtic, only matched in controversy with the preterite of *ɸarnati. There are two major theories on how the Goidelic present stem ith- came to be, all of them attributing it to an analogical reformation based on the root *ɸit- that is present in the verbal noun *ɸityā in addition to *ɸitu (“corn, grain”). The steps leading to the suppletion remain up for debate.
* McCone and the KPV reconstruct an original athematic Narten present, leading to Celtic *īd- in the singular and *ed- in the plural. They then have the ablaut reshaped to respectively *īd- and *id- and then harmonized to *id- for both singular and plural. Then, after the loss of initial ɸ in Insular Celtic, stem id- was replaced with it- and thematised.
* Lindeman and Sandell, finding no other secure Indo-European evidence of a Narten present formation for this verb, independently prefer a simple direct derivation from the e/zero-grade athematic Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti, which would lead to an extremely anomalous Proto-Celtic paradigm *edmi, *essi, *essi, etc. which was ripe for replacement by a simpler suppletive formation. After a further thematicisation to *esseti, Lindeman and Sandell posit different motivations for the later suppletion.
** Lindeman thought that the suppletion was caused by the newly thematic present being identical with its own subjunctive, with a new present stem that was very distinct from the subjunctive stem being desired.
** Sandell instead draws on the verbal noun *ɸityā itself as the trigger for analogy. He notes that many Old Irish verbal nouns in -e (from Proto-Celtic *-yā) correspond to B I (and some B II) verbs with transparent relationships between the present stem and the verbal noun. The lack of transparency between the original present stem and the verbal noun ithe in Old Irish led to remodeling with a present stem ith- to match.
* Matasović attempts to substitute KPV and McCone's Narten present with an i-reduplicated *ɸibeti-style present. Sandell dismisses Matasović's derivation for lacking a subsequent mechanism to reach a short i- stage from the resulting *īdeti.
** Matasović's derivation can be salvaged by assuming that *ɸibeti itself intervened to force a short i. Influence of *ɸibeti is not unparalleled, as KPV attributes ithid's a-future to analogy with ibid, which descends from *ɸibeti and also has an a-future (although ibid also acquired its a-future secondarily).


esti

esmi (active first-person present singular)
esēmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
esi (active present second-person singular)
esētās (active imperfect second-person singular)
esti (active present singular third-person)
esēto (active imperfect singular third-person)
esmosi (active first-person plural present)
esēmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
estesi (active plural present second-person)
esēstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
senti (active plural present third-person)
esēnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
esū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
esesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
es (active imperative second-person singular)
eseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
estou (active imperative singular third-person)
esomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
smos (active first-person imperative plural)
esetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ste (active imperative plural second-person)
esonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sentou (active imperative plural third-person)
sonts (nominative singular)
sonte (dual nominative)
sontes (nominative plural)
sonts (singular vocative)
sonte (dual vocative)
sontes (plural vocative)
sontam (accusative singular)
sonte (accusative dual)
sontans (accusative plural)
santos (genitive singular)
santom (genitive plural)
santei (dative singular)
santbom (dative dual)
santbos (dative plural)
santī? (instrumental singular)
santbim (dual instrumental)
santbis (instrumental plural)
santī (nominative singular)
santī (dual nominative)
santiyās (nominative plural)
santī (singular vocative)
santī (dual vocative)
santiyās (plural vocative)
santīm (accusative singular)
santī (accusative dual)
santiyans (accusative plural)
santyās (genitive singular)
santyom (genitive plural)
santyāi (dative singular)
santyābom (dative dual)
santyābos (dative plural)
santyābim (dual instrumental)
santyābis (instrumental plural)
sont (nominative singular)
sonta (nominative plural)
sont (singular vocative)
sonta (plural vocative)
sont (accusative singular)
sonta (accusative plural)

Gaulish: immi

Old Irish: is (3sg), it (3pl.)

Irish: is

Scottish Gaelic: is

Old Breton: is (3sg), int (3pl.)

Old Welsh: is (3sg), (h)int (3pl.)

Welsh: ys (pres.impers), ŷnt (3pl.)


minuti

minumi (active first-person present singular)
minumam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mimisū (active first-person future singular)
mima (active first-person preterite singular)
minusi (active present second-person singular)
minutās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mimisesi (active future second-person singular)
mimas? (active preterite second-person singular)
minuti (active present singular third-person)
minuto (active imperfect singular third-person)
mimiseti (active future singular third-person)
mime (active preterite singular third-person)
minumosi (active first-person plural present)
minumo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mimisomosi (active first-person future plural)
mimmo (active first-person plural preterite)
minutesi (active plural present second-person)
minustē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mimisetesi (active future plural second-person)
minte (active plural preterite second-person)
minunti (active plural present third-person)
minunto (active imperfect plural third-person)
mimisonti (active future plural third-person)
mimars (active plural preterite third-person)
meyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
meyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
minu (active imperative second-person singular)
meyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
minutou (active imperative singular third-person)
meyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
minumos (active first-person imperative plural)
meyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
minute (active imperative plural second-person)
meyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
minuntou (active imperative plural third-person)
minur (first-person passive present singular)
mimisūr (first-person future passive singular)
mimra (first-person passive preterite singular)
minutar (passive present second-person singular)
mimisetar (future passive second-person singular)
mimras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
minutor (passive present singular third-person)
mimisetor (future passive singular third-person)
mimre (passive preterite singular third-person)
minummor (first-person passive plural present)
mimisommor (first-person future passive plural)
minudwe (passive plural present second-person)
mimisedwe (future passive plural second-person)
minuntor (passive plural present third-person)
mimisontor (future passive plural third-person)
meyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
meyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
meyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
meyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
meyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
meyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
minwonts (nominative singular)
minwonte (dual nominative)
minwontes (nominative plural)
minwonts (singular vocative)
minwonte (dual vocative)
minwontes (plural vocative)
minwontam (accusative singular)
minwonte (accusative dual)
minwontans (accusative plural)
minwantos (genitive singular)
minwantom (genitive plural)
minwantei (dative singular)
minwantbom (dative dual)
minwantbos (dative plural)
minwantī? (instrumental singular)
minwantbim (dual instrumental)
minwantbis (instrumental plural)
minwantī (nominative singular)
minwantī (dual nominative)
minwantiyās (nominative plural)
minwantī (singular vocative)
minwantī (dual vocative)
minwantiyās (plural vocative)
minwantīm (accusative singular)
minwantī (accusative dual)
minwantiyans (accusative plural)
minwantyās (genitive singular)
minwantyom (genitive plural)
minwantyāi (dative singular)
minwantyābom (dative dual)
minwantyābos (dative plural)
minwantyābim (dual instrumental)
minwantyābis (instrumental plural)
minwont (nominative singular)
minwonta (nominative plural)
minwont (singular vocative)
minwonta (plural vocative)
minwont (accusative singular)
minwonta (accusative plural)
mītos (nominative singular)
mītou (dual nominative)
mītoi (nominative plural)
mīte (singular vocative)
mītou (dual vocative)
mītoi (plural vocative)
mītom (accusative singular)
mītou (accusative dual)
mītons (accusative plural)
mītī (genitive singular)
mītous (dual genitive)
mītom (genitive plural)
mītūi (dative singular)
mītobom (dative dual)
mītobos (dative plural)
mītū (instrumental singular)
mītobim (dual instrumental)
mītobis (instrumental plural)
mītā (nominative singular)
mītai (dual nominative)
mītās (nominative plural)
mītā (singular vocative)
mītai (dual vocative)
mītās (plural vocative)
mītam (accusative singular)
mītai (accusative dual)
mītans (accusative plural)
mītās (genitive singular)
mītai (dative singular)
mītābom (dative dual)
mītābos (dative plural)
mītābim (dual instrumental)
mītābis (instrumental plural)
mītom (nominative singular)
mītā (nominative plural)
mītom (singular vocative)
mītā (plural vocative)
mītā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to bind”). The *-néwti suffix is reconstructed on the basis of Sanskrit मिनोति (minoti, “to fix, establish”).


minuti

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change (places)”)

der

tramwy

Proto-Brythonic: *trėmɨn (prototonic); Middle Welsh


malati

melū (active first-person present singular)
malamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mimlāsū (active first-person future singular)
milam (active first-person preterite singular)
malasi (active present second-person singular)
malatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mimlāsesi (active future second-person singular)
mils (active preterite second-person singular)
malati (active present singular third-person)
malato (active imperfect singular third-person)
mimlāseti (active future singular third-person)
milt (active preterite singular third-person)
melomosi (active first-person plural present)
malamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mimlāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
milme (active first-person plural preterite)
malatesi (active plural present second-person)
malastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mimlāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
milte (active plural preterite second-person)
melonti (active plural present third-person)
malanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
mimlāsonti (active future plural third-person)
milant (active plural preterite third-person)
melasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
melasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mala (active imperative second-person singular)
melaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
malatou (active imperative singular third-person)
melasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
melomos (active first-person imperative plural)
melasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
malate (active imperative plural second-person)
melasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
melontou (active imperative plural third-person)
melūr (first-person passive present singular)
mimlāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
malatar (passive present second-person singular)
mimlāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
malator (passive present singular third-person)
mimlāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
melommor (first-person passive plural present)
mimlāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
maladwe (passive plural present second-person)
mimlāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
melontor (passive plural present third-person)
mimlāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
milanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
melasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
melasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
melasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
melasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
melasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
melasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
melonts (nominative singular)
melonte (dual nominative)
melontes (nominative plural)
melonts (singular vocative)
melonte (dual vocative)
melontes (plural vocative)
melontam (accusative singular)
melonte (accusative dual)
melontans (accusative plural)
melantos (genitive singular)
melantom (genitive plural)
melantei (dative singular)
melantbom (dative dual)
melantbos (dative plural)
melantī? (instrumental singular)
melantbim (dual instrumental)
melantbis (instrumental plural)
melantī (nominative singular)
melantī (dual nominative)
melantiyās (nominative plural)
melantī (singular vocative)
melantī (dual vocative)
melantiyās (plural vocative)
melantīm (accusative singular)
melantī (accusative dual)
melantiyans (accusative plural)
melantyās (genitive singular)
melantyom (genitive plural)
melantyāi (dative singular)
melantyābom (dative dual)
melantyābos (dative plural)
melantyābim (dual instrumental)
melantyābis (instrumental plural)
melont (nominative singular)
melonta (nominative plural)
melont (singular vocative)
melonta (plural vocative)
melont (accusative singular)
melonta (accusative plural)
mlātos (nominative singular)
mlātou (dual nominative)
mlātoi (nominative plural)
mlāte (singular vocative)
mlātou (dual vocative)
mlātoi (plural vocative)
mlātom (accusative singular)
mlātou (accusative dual)
mlātons (accusative plural)
mlātī (genitive singular)
mlātous (dual genitive)
mlātom (genitive plural)
mlātūi (dative singular)
mlātobom (dative dual)
mlātobos (dative plural)
mlātū (instrumental singular)
mlātobim (dual instrumental)
mlātobis (instrumental plural)
mlātā (nominative singular)
mlātai (dual nominative)
mlātās (nominative plural)
mlātā (singular vocative)
mlātai (dual vocative)
mlātās (plural vocative)
mlātam (accusative singular)
mlātai (accusative dual)
mlātans (accusative plural)
mlātās (genitive singular)
mlātai (dative singular)
mlātābom (dative dual)
mlātābos (dative plural)
mlātābim (dual instrumental)
mlātābis (instrumental plural)
mlātom (nominative singular)
mlātā (nominative plural)
mlātom (singular vocative)
mlātā (plural vocative)
mlātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *malɨd

Breton: mala

Cornish: melias

Welsh: malu

desctree

Old Irish: meilid
Irish: meil
Scottish Gaelic: meil
Manx: beihll

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind”). Various explanations exist for how Brythonic ended up with an a root vowel and Goidelic with an e.
* Watkins claimed that the Brythonic was from an athematic present (where a zero grade could be found), and the Goidelic would be from a thematic present. However, Schumacher points out that a laryngeal-final athematic present would be expected to produce a weak verb, for which no trace in Celtic exists.
* Schumacher thinks that the Brythonic root variant was derived from the zero grade and was the sole present allomorph in Proto-Celtic. He further explains the Irish stem mel- as generated by some secondary analogical means, via some expectation that the present should be in the e-grade. Schumacher cites two possible sources of analogy. One of them was *gʷeleti (“to graze”), which had similar phonological shape and shared a semantic field. The other influence would be the subjunctive, which in strong verbs is expected to have the e-grade which also often occurs in the present stem as well.
* Matasović is agnostic on which root vowel came first, merely remarking that the Brythonic reflects the zero grade and Goidelic the e-grade.
* Darling integrates both the *mal- and *mel- stems in a single present paradigm, starting with a simple e-grade thematic present *melh₂-e-ti. Whenever the thematic vowel was *e (in the 2nd person, and in the 3rd-person singular), it would be coloured by the laryngeal into *a, which would then feed Joseph's Law (*eRa > *aRa, where *R is a resonant), and turn the root vowel into *a; the Brythonic present stem can be derived by leveling the a across the present stem. Meanwhile, the forms with thematic vowel *-o- would not be a-coloured and thus the root vowel remains as *e; the Goidelic forms would be derived from leveling the e across the present stem.


marnati

marnāmi (active first-person present singular)
marnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mimrāsū (active first-person future singular)
miram (active first-person preterite singular)
marnāsi (active present second-person singular)
marnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mimrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
mirs (active preterite second-person singular)
marnāti (active present singular third-person)
marnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
mimrāseti (active future singular third-person)
mirt (active preterite singular third-person)
marnamosi (active first-person plural present)
marnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mimrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
mirme (active first-person plural preterite)
marnatesi (active plural present second-person)
marnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mimrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
mirte (active plural preterite second-person)
marnanti (active plural present third-person)
marnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
mimrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
mirant (active plural preterite third-person)
merasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
merasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
marnā (active imperative second-person singular)
meraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
marnātou (active imperative singular third-person)
merasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
marnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
merasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
marnate (active imperative plural second-person)
merasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
marnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
marnār (first-person passive present singular)
mimrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
marnātar (passive present second-person singular)
mimrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
marnātor (passive present singular third-person)
mimrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
marnammor (first-person passive plural present)
mimrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
marnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
mimrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
marnantor (passive plural present third-person)
mimrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
miranto (passive plural preterite third-person)
merasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
merasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
merasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
merasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
merasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
merasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
marnonts (nominative singular)
marnonte (dual nominative)
marnontes (nominative plural)
marnonts (singular vocative)
marnonte (dual vocative)
marnontes (plural vocative)
marnontam (accusative singular)
marnonte (accusative dual)
marnontans (accusative plural)
marnantos (genitive singular)
marnantom (genitive plural)
marnantei (dative singular)
marnantbom (dative dual)
marnantbos (dative plural)
marnantī? (instrumental singular)
marnantbim (dual instrumental)
marnantbis (instrumental plural)
marnantī (nominative singular)
marnantī (dual nominative)
marnantiyās (nominative plural)
marnantī (singular vocative)
marnantī (dual vocative)
marnantiyās (plural vocative)
marnantīm (accusative singular)
marnantī (accusative dual)
marnantiyans (accusative plural)
marnantyās (genitive singular)
marnantyom (genitive plural)
marnantyāi (dative singular)
marnantyābom (dative dual)
marnantyābos (dative plural)
marnantyābim (dual instrumental)
marnantyābis (instrumental plural)
marnont (nominative singular)
marnonta (nominative plural)
marnont (singular vocative)
marnonta (plural vocative)
marnont (accusative singular)
marnonta (accusative plural)
mratos (nominative singular)
mratou (dual nominative)
mratoi (nominative plural)
mrate (singular vocative)
mratou (dual vocative)
mratoi (plural vocative)
mratom (accusative singular)
mratou (accusative dual)
mratons (accusative plural)
mratī (genitive singular)
mratous (dual genitive)
mratom (genitive plural)
mratūi (dative singular)
mratobom (dative dual)
mratobos (dative plural)
mratū (instrumental singular)
mratobim (dual instrumental)
mratobis (instrumental plural)
mratā (nominative singular)
mratai (dual nominative)
mratās (nominative plural)
mratā (singular vocative)
mratai (dual vocative)
mratās (plural vocative)
mratam (accusative singular)
mratai (accusative dual)
mratans (accusative plural)
mratās (genitive singular)
mratai (dative singular)
mratābom (dative dual)
mratābos (dative plural)
mratābim (dual instrumental)
mratābis (instrumental plural)
mratom (nominative singular)
mratā (nominative plural)
mratom (singular vocative)
mratā (plural vocative)
mratā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: marnaid
Middle Irish: mairnid
⇒ Irish: braith (denominative from the verbal noun)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥-né-h₂-ti, nasal infix present of *merh₂- (“to crumble, destroy”); if so, cognate with Ancient Greek μάρναμαι (márnamai, “to fight”) and possibly Sanskrit मृणाति (mṛṇāti, “to crumble”) and Old Norse merja (“to hit”), though the latter two may have other etymologies.


brinati

brinami (active first-person present singular)
brinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibrīsū (active first-person future singular)
bebra (active first-person preterite singular)
brinasi (active present second-person singular)
brinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibrīsesi (active future second-person singular)
bebras? (active preterite second-person singular)
brinati (active present singular third-person)
brinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibrīseti (active future singular third-person)
bebre (active preterite singular third-person)
brinamosi (active first-person plural present)
brinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibrīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bebrmo (active first-person plural preterite)
brinatesi (active plural present second-person)
brinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibrīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bebre (active plural preterite second-person)
brinanti (active plural present third-person)
brinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibrīsonti (active future plural third-person)
bebrars (active plural preterite third-person)
breyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
breyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
brina (active imperative second-person singular)
breyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
brinatou (active imperative singular third-person)
breyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
brinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
breyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
brinate (active imperative plural second-person)
breyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
brinantou (active imperative plural third-person)
brinar (first-person passive present singular)
bibrīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
bebrra (first-person passive preterite singular)
brinatar (passive present second-person singular)
bibrīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
bebrras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
brinator (passive present singular third-person)
bibrīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
bebrre (passive preterite singular third-person)
brinammor (first-person passive plural present)
bibrīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
brinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibrīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
brinantor (passive plural present third-person)
bibrīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
breyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
breyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
breyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
breyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
breyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
breyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
brinants (nominative singular)
brinante (dual nominative)
brinantes (nominative plural)
brinants (singular vocative)
brinante (dual vocative)
brinantes (plural vocative)
brinantam (accusative singular)
brinante (accusative dual)
brinantans (accusative plural)
brinantos (genitive singular)
brinantom (genitive plural)
brinantei (dative singular)
brinantbom (dative dual)
brinantbos (dative plural)
brinantī? (instrumental singular)
brinantbim (dual instrumental)
brinantbis (instrumental plural)
brinantī (nominative singular)
brinantī (dual nominative)
brinantiyās (nominative plural)
brinantī (singular vocative)
brinantī (dual vocative)
brinantiyās (plural vocative)
brinantīm (accusative singular)
brinantī (accusative dual)
brinantiyans (accusative plural)
brinantyās (genitive singular)
brinantyom (genitive plural)
brinantyāi (dative singular)
brinantyābom (dative dual)
brinantyābos (dative plural)
brinantyābim (dual instrumental)
brinantyābis (instrumental plural)
brinant (nominative singular)
brinanta (nominative plural)
brinant (singular vocative)
brinanta (plural vocative)
brinant (accusative singular)
brinanta (accusative plural)
brītos (nominative singular)
brītou (dual nominative)
brītoi (nominative plural)
brīte (singular vocative)
brītou (dual vocative)
brītoi (plural vocative)
brītom (accusative singular)
brītou (accusative dual)
brītons (accusative plural)
brītī (genitive singular)
brītous (dual genitive)
brītom (genitive plural)
brītūi (dative singular)
brītobom (dative dual)
brītobos (dative plural)
brītū (instrumental singular)
brītobim (dual instrumental)
brītobis (instrumental plural)
brītā (nominative singular)
brītai (dual nominative)
brītās (nominative plural)
brītā (singular vocative)
brītai (dual vocative)
brītās (plural vocative)
brītam (accusative singular)
brītai (accusative dual)
brītans (accusative plural)
brītās (genitive singular)
brītai (dative singular)
brītābom (dative dual)
brītābos (dative plural)
brītābim (dual instrumental)
brītābis (instrumental plural)
brītom (nominative singular)
brītā (nominative plural)
brītom (singular vocative)
brītā (plural vocative)
brītā (accusative plural)

desc

Old Irish: ro·bria (3sg. subj.), ro·bríathar (pass. sg. subj.)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreyH- (“to cut up”).


sedeti

sedū (active first-person present singular)
sedemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sedsū (active first-person future singular)
sāda (active first-person preterite singular)
sedesi (active present second-person singular)
sedetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sedsesi (active future second-person singular)
sādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
sedeti (active present singular third-person)
sedeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sedseti (active future singular third-person)
sāde (active preterite singular third-person)
sedomosi (active first-person plural present)
sedemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sedsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
sedetesi (active plural present second-person)
sedestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sedsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
sedonti (active plural present third-person)
sedento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sedsonti (active future plural third-person)
sādars (active plural preterite third-person)
sedsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sedsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sede (active imperative second-person singular)
sedseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sedetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sedsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sedomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sedsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sedete (active imperative plural second-person)
sedsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sedontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sedūr (first-person passive present singular)
sedsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sādra (first-person passive preterite singular)
sedetar (passive present second-person singular)
sedsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sādras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
sedetor (passive present singular third-person)
sedsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sādre (passive preterite singular third-person)
sedommor (first-person passive plural present)
sedsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sededwe (passive plural present second-person)
sedsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sedontor (passive plural present third-person)
sedsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sedsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sedsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sedsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sedsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sedsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sedsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
sedonts (nominative singular)
sedonte (dual nominative)
sedontes (nominative plural)
sedonts (singular vocative)
sedonte (dual vocative)
sedontes (plural vocative)
sedontam (accusative singular)
sedonte (accusative dual)
sedontans (accusative plural)
sedantos (genitive singular)
sedantom (genitive plural)
sedantei (dative singular)
sedantbom (dative dual)
sedantbos (dative plural)
sedantī? (instrumental singular)
sedantbim (dual instrumental)
sedantbis (instrumental plural)
sedantī (nominative singular)
sedantī (dual nominative)
sedantiyās (nominative plural)
sedantī (singular vocative)
sedantī (dual vocative)
sedantiyās (plural vocative)
sedantīm (accusative singular)
sedantī (accusative dual)
sedantiyans (accusative plural)
sedantyās (genitive singular)
sedantyom (genitive plural)
sedantyāi (dative singular)
sedantyābom (dative dual)
sedantyābos (dative plural)
sedantyābim (dual instrumental)
sedantyābis (instrumental plural)
sedont (nominative singular)
sedonta (nominative plural)
sedont (singular vocative)
sedonta (plural vocative)
sedont (accusative singular)
sedonta (accusative plural)
sessos (nominative singular)
sessou (dual nominative)
sessoi (nominative plural)
sesse (singular vocative)
sessou (dual vocative)
sessoi (plural vocative)
sessom (accusative singular)
sessou (accusative dual)
sessons (accusative plural)
sessī (genitive singular)
sessous (dual genitive)
sessom (genitive plural)
sessūi (dative singular)
sessobom (dative dual)
sessobos (dative plural)
sessū (instrumental singular)
sessobim (dual instrumental)
sessobis (instrumental plural)
sessā (nominative singular)
sessai (dual nominative)
sessās (nominative plural)
sessā (singular vocative)
sessai (dual vocative)
sessās (plural vocative)
sessam (accusative singular)
sessai (accusative dual)
sessans (accusative plural)
sessās (genitive singular)
sessai (dative singular)
sessābom (dative dual)
sessābos (dative plural)
sessābim (dual instrumental)
sessābis (instrumental plural)
sessom (nominative singular)
sessā (nominative plural)
sessom (singular vocative)
sessā (plural vocative)
sessā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *heðɨd

Middle Breton: hezaff

Breton: hezañ

Cornish: hedhi

desctree

Old Irish: saidid
⇒ Middle Irish: suidid (“to sit, set”) (with vowel changed under the influence of the verbal noun and transitive suidigidir)
Irish: suigh (“to sit, set”)
Manx: soie (“to set”)
Scottish Gaelic: suidh (“to sit”)

From Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”).

asez (3sg. pres)

Old Breton: assedam (1sg. pres); Middle Breton


kartati

kartami (active first-person present singular)
kartamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kartasi (active present second-person singular)
kartatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kartati (active present singular third-person)
kartato (active imperfect singular third-person)
kartamosi (active first-person plural present)
kartamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kartatesi (active plural present second-person)
kartastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kartanti (active plural present third-person)
kartanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
karta (active imperative second-person singular)
kartatou (active imperative singular third-person)
kartamos (active first-person imperative plural)
kartate (active imperative plural second-person)
kartantou (active imperative plural third-person)
kartar (first-person passive present singular)
kartatar (passive present second-person singular)
kartator (passive present singular third-person)
kartammor (first-person passive plural present)
kartadwe (passive plural present second-person)
kartantor (passive plural present third-person)
kartants (nominative singular)
kartante (dual nominative)
kartantes (nominative plural)
kartants (singular vocative)
kartante (dual vocative)
kartantes (plural vocative)
kartantam (accusative singular)
kartante (accusative dual)
kartantans (accusative plural)
kartantos (genitive singular)
kartantom (genitive plural)
kartantei (dative singular)
kartantbom (dative dual)
kartantbos (dative plural)
kartantī? (instrumental singular)
kartantbim (dual instrumental)
kartantbis (instrumental plural)
kartantī (nominative singular)
kartantī (dual nominative)
kartantiyās (nominative plural)
kartantī (singular vocative)
kartantī (dual vocative)
kartantiyās (plural vocative)
kartantīm (accusative singular)
kartantī (accusative dual)
kartantiyans (accusative plural)
kartantyās (genitive singular)
kartantyom (genitive plural)
kartantyāi (dative singular)
kartantyābom (dative dual)
kartantyābos (dative plural)
kartantyābim (dual instrumental)
kartantyābis (instrumental plural)
kartant (nominative singular)
kartanta (nominative plural)
kartant (singular vocative)
kartanta (plural vocative)
kartant (accusative singular)
kartanta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *karθad

Middle Breton: carzaff

Breton: karzhañ

Cornish: kartha

Welsh: carthu

Middle Irish: cartaid
Irish: cart
Scottish Gaelic: cairt


keleti

kelū (active first-person present singular)
kelemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kiklāsū (active first-person future singular)
kilam (active first-person preterite singular)
kelesi (active present second-person singular)
keletās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kiklāsesi (active future second-person singular)
kils (active preterite second-person singular)
keleti (active present singular third-person)
keleto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kiklāseti (active future singular third-person)
kilt (active preterite singular third-person)
kelomosi (active first-person plural present)
kelemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kiklāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
kilme (active first-person plural preterite)
keletesi (active plural present second-person)
kelestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kiklāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
kilte (active plural preterite second-person)
kelonti (active plural present third-person)
kelento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kiklāsonti (active future plural third-person)
kilant (active plural preterite third-person)
kelasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kelasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kele (active imperative second-person singular)
kelaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
keletou (active imperative singular third-person)
kelasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kelomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kelasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kelete (active imperative plural second-person)
kelasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kelontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kelūr (first-person passive present singular)
kiklāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
keletar (passive present second-person singular)
kiklāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
keletor (passive present singular third-person)
kiklāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
kelommor (first-person passive plural present)
kiklāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
keledwe (passive plural present second-person)
kiklāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kelontor (passive plural present third-person)
kiklāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
kilanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
kelasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kelasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kelasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kelasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kelasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kelasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kelonts (nominative singular)
kelonte (dual nominative)
kelontes (nominative plural)
kelonts (singular vocative)
kelonte (dual vocative)
kelontes (plural vocative)
kelontam (accusative singular)
kelonte (accusative dual)
kelontans (accusative plural)
kelantos (genitive singular)
kelantom (genitive plural)
kelantei (dative singular)
kelantbom (dative dual)
kelantbos (dative plural)
kelantī? (instrumental singular)
kelantbim (dual instrumental)
kelantbis (instrumental plural)
kelantī (nominative singular)
kelantī (dual nominative)
kelantiyās (nominative plural)
kelantī (singular vocative)
kelantī (dual vocative)
kelantiyās (plural vocative)
kelantīm (accusative singular)
kelantī (accusative dual)
kelantiyans (accusative plural)
kelantyās (genitive singular)
kelantyom (genitive plural)
kelantyāi (dative singular)
kelantyābom (dative dual)
kelantyābos (dative plural)
kelantyābim (dual instrumental)
kelantyābis (instrumental plural)
kelont (nominative singular)
kelonta (nominative plural)
kelont (singular vocative)
kelonta (plural vocative)
kelont (accusative singular)
kelonta (accusative plural)
klitos (nominative singular)
klitou (dual nominative)
klitoi (nominative plural)
klite (singular vocative)
klitou (dual vocative)
klitoi (plural vocative)
klitom (accusative singular)
klitou (accusative dual)
klitons (accusative plural)
klitī (genitive singular)
klitous (dual genitive)
klitom (genitive plural)
klitūi (dative singular)
klitobom (dative dual)
klitobos (dative plural)
klitū (instrumental singular)
klitobim (dual instrumental)
klitobis (instrumental plural)
klitā (nominative singular)
klitai (dual nominative)
klitās (nominative plural)
klitā (singular vocative)
klitai (dual vocative)
klitās (plural vocative)
klitam (accusative singular)
klitai (accusative dual)
klitans (accusative plural)
klitās (genitive singular)
klitai (dative singular)
klitābom (dative dual)
klitābos (dative plural)
klitābim (dual instrumental)
klitābis (instrumental plural)
klitom (nominative singular)
klitā (nominative plural)
klitom (singular vocative)
klitā (plural vocative)
klitā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kelɨd

Middle Breton: keles

Middle Welsh: kelu

Welsh: celu

Old Irish: ceilid
Irish: ceil
Scottish Gaelic: ceil
Manx: keil
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: culaidh

ymgelu

Old Welsh: immit·cel (3sg present with infixed pronoun); Middle Welsh


anati

anami (active first-person present singular)
anamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
anasam (active first-person preterite singular)
anasi (active present second-person singular)
anatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
anass (active preterite second-person singular)
anati (active present singular third-person)
anato (active imperfect singular third-person)
anast (active preterite singular third-person)
anamosi (active first-person plural present)
anamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
anasme (active first-person plural preterite)
anatesi (active plural present second-person)
anastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
anaste (active plural preterite second-person)
ananti (active plural present third-person)
ananto (active imperfect plural third-person)
anasant (active plural preterite third-person)
anasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
anasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ana (active imperative second-person singular)
anaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
anatou (active imperative singular third-person)
anasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
anamos (active first-person imperative plural)
anasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
anate (active imperative plural second-person)
anasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
anantou (active imperative plural third-person)
anar (first-person passive present singular)
anatar (passive present second-person singular)
anator (passive present singular third-person)
anammor (first-person passive plural present)
anadwe (passive plural present second-person)
anantor (passive plural present third-person)
anasanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
anasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
anasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
anasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
anasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
anasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
anasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
anants (nominative singular)
anante (dual nominative)
anantes (nominative plural)
anants (singular vocative)
anante (dual vocative)
anantes (plural vocative)
anantam (accusative singular)
anante (accusative dual)
anantans (accusative plural)
anantos (genitive singular)
anantom (genitive plural)
anantei (dative singular)
anantbom (dative dual)
anantbos (dative plural)
anantī? (instrumental singular)
anantbim (dual instrumental)
anantbis (instrumental plural)
anantī (nominative singular)
anantī (dual nominative)
anantiyās (nominative plural)
anantī (singular vocative)
anantī (dual vocative)
anantiyās (plural vocative)
anantīm (accusative singular)
anantī (accusative dual)
anantiyans (accusative plural)
anantyās (genitive singular)
anantyom (genitive plural)
anantyāi (dative singular)
anantyābom (dative dual)
anantyābos (dative plural)
anantyābim (dual instrumental)
anantyābis (instrumental plural)
anant (nominative singular)
ananta (nominative plural)
anant (singular vocative)
ananta (plural vocative)
anant (accusative singular)
ananta (accusative plural)
anatos (nominative singular)
anatou (dual nominative)
anatoi (nominative plural)
anate (singular vocative)
anatou (dual vocative)
anatoi (plural vocative)
anatom (accusative singular)
anatou (accusative dual)
anatons (accusative plural)
anatī (genitive singular)
anatous (dual genitive)
anatom (genitive plural)
anatūi (dative singular)
anatobom (dative dual)
anatobos (dative plural)
anatū (instrumental singular)
anatobim (dual instrumental)
anatobis (instrumental plural)
anatā (nominative singular)
anatai (dual nominative)
anatās (nominative plural)
anatā (singular vocative)
anatai (dual vocative)
anatās (plural vocative)
anatam (accusative singular)
anatai (accusative dual)
anatans (accusative plural)
anatās (genitive singular)
anatai (dative singular)
anatābom (dative dual)
anatābos (dative plural)
anatābim (dual instrumental)
anatābis (instrumental plural)
anatom (nominative singular)
anatā (nominative plural)
anatom (singular vocative)
anatā (plural vocative)
anatā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *anad

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*exs-anati</i>

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *exanad (< *exs-anati)

Middle Breton: ehanaff

Breton: ehanañ

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*kom-anati</i>

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃anad (< *kom-anati)

Middle Welsh: kynhanu

Welsh: cynanu

desc

⇒ Welsh: cynnan (“ready, witty, eloquent”)

desctree

Old Irish: anaid
Middle Irish: fanaid
Irish: fan
Scottish Gaelic: fan

Gaulish: anat

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₁ti (“to breathe”), from the root *h₂enh₁-. Though this etymology is generally accepted, the semantic link is uncertain (maybe via “to exhale, to breathe deeply, to relax, to take a break”). For a parallel development, Matasović compares the derivation of Serbo-Croatian odàhnuti (“to pause”) from dȁh (“breath”).
Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ananą and Sanskrit अनिति (ániti).


emeti

emū (active first-person present singular)
ememam (active first-person imperfect singular)
iemasū (active first-person future singular)
imam (active first-person preterite singular)
emesi (active present second-person singular)
emetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
iemasesi (active future second-person singular)
ins (active preterite second-person singular)
emeti (active present singular third-person)
emeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
iemaseti (active future singular third-person)
int (active preterite singular third-person)
emomosi (active first-person plural present)
ememo (active first-person imperfect plural)
iemasomosi (active first-person future plural)
imme (active first-person plural preterite)
emetesi (active plural present second-person)
emestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
iemasetesi (active future plural second-person)
inte (active plural preterite second-person)
emonti (active plural present third-person)
emento (active imperfect plural third-person)
iemasonti (active future plural third-person)
imant (active plural preterite third-person)
emasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
emasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
eme (active imperative second-person singular)
emaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
emetou (active imperative singular third-person)
emasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
emomos (active first-person imperative plural)
emasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
emete (active imperative plural second-person)
emasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
emontou (active imperative plural third-person)
emūr (first-person passive present singular)
iemasūr (first-person future passive singular)
emetar (passive present second-person singular)
iemasetar (future passive second-person singular)
emetor (passive present singular third-person)
iemasetor (future passive singular third-person)
emommor (first-person passive plural present)
iemasommor (first-person future passive plural)
emedwe (passive plural present second-person)
iemasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
emontor (passive plural present third-person)
iemasontor (future passive plural third-person)
imanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
emasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
emasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
emasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
emasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
emasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
emasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
emonts (nominative singular)
emonte (dual nominative)
emontes (nominative plural)
emonts (singular vocative)
emonte (dual vocative)
emontes (plural vocative)
emontam (accusative singular)
emonte (accusative dual)
emontans (accusative plural)
emantos (genitive singular)
emantom (genitive plural)
emantei (dative singular)
emantbom (dative dual)
emantbos (dative plural)
emantī? (instrumental singular)
emantbim (dual instrumental)
emantbis (instrumental plural)
emantī (nominative singular)
emantī (dual nominative)
emantiyās (nominative plural)
emantī (singular vocative)
emantī (dual vocative)
emantiyās (plural vocative)
emantīm (accusative singular)
emantī (accusative dual)
emantiyans (accusative plural)
emantyās (genitive singular)
emantyom (genitive plural)
emantyāi (dative singular)
emantyābom (dative dual)
emantyābos (dative plural)
emantyābim (dual instrumental)
emantyābis (instrumental plural)
emont (nominative singular)
emonta (nominative plural)
emont (singular vocative)
emonta (plural vocative)
emont (accusative singular)
emonta (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁em- (“to take”).

con·roíter

*kom-ɸro-im- (t-preterite formation); Old Irish


bereti

berū (active first-person present singular)
beremam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibrāsū (active first-person future singular)
biram (active first-person preterite singular)
beresi (active present second-person singular)
beretās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
birs (active preterite second-person singular)
bereti (active present singular third-person)
bereto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibrāseti (active future singular third-person)
birt (active preterite singular third-person)
beromosi (active first-person plural present)
beremo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
birme (active first-person plural preterite)
beretesi (active plural present second-person)
berestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
birte (active plural preterite second-person)
beronti (active plural present third-person)
berento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
birant (active plural preterite third-person)
berasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
berasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
bere (active imperative second-person singular)
beraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
beretou (active imperative singular third-person)
berasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
beromos (active first-person imperative plural)
berasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
berete (active imperative plural second-person)
berasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
berontou (active imperative plural third-person)
berūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
beretar (passive present second-person singular)
bibrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
beretor (passive present singular third-person)
bibrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
berommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
beredwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
berontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
biranto (passive plural preterite third-person)
berasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
berasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
berasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
berasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
berasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
berasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
beronts (nominative singular)
beronte (dual nominative)
berontes (nominative plural)
beronts (singular vocative)
beronte (dual vocative)
berontes (plural vocative)
berontam (accusative singular)
beronte (accusative dual)
berontans (accusative plural)
berantos (genitive singular)
berantom (genitive plural)
berantei (dative singular)
berantbom (dative dual)
berantbos (dative plural)
berantī? (instrumental singular)
berantbim (dual instrumental)
berantbis (instrumental plural)
berantī (nominative singular)
berantī (dual nominative)
berantiyās (nominative plural)
berantī (singular vocative)
berantī (dual vocative)
berantiyās (plural vocative)
berantīm (accusative singular)
berantī (accusative dual)
berantiyans (accusative plural)
berantyās (genitive singular)
berantyom (genitive plural)
berantyāi (dative singular)
berantyābom (dative dual)
berantyābos (dative plural)
berantyābim (dual instrumental)
berantyābis (instrumental plural)
beront (nominative singular)
beronta (nominative plural)
beront (singular vocative)
beronta (plural vocative)
beront (accusative singular)
beronta (accusative plural)
britos (nominative singular)
britou (dual nominative)
britoi (nominative plural)
brite (singular vocative)
britou (dual vocative)
britoi (plural vocative)
britom (accusative singular)
britou (accusative dual)
britons (accusative plural)
britī (genitive singular)
britous (dual genitive)
britom (genitive plural)
britūi (dative singular)
britobom (dative dual)
britobos (dative plural)
britū (instrumental singular)
britobim (dual instrumental)
britobis (instrumental plural)
britā (nominative singular)
britai (dual nominative)
britās (nominative plural)
britā (singular vocative)
britai (dual vocative)
britās (plural vocative)
britam (accusative singular)
britai (accusative dual)
britans (accusative plural)
britās (genitive singular)
britai (dative singular)
britābom (dative dual)
britābos (dative plural)
britābim (dual instrumental)
britābis (instrumental plural)
britom (nominative singular)
britā (nominative plural)
britom (singular vocative)
britā (plural vocative)
britā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bėrɨd
Middle Welsh: beru
Middle Breton: beraff
Breton: berañ

Old Irish: beirid
Middle Irish: beirid
Irish: beir
Manx: behr
Scottish Gaelic: beir


ameti

amū (active first-person present singular)
amemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
amesi (active present second-person singular)
ametās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ameti (active present singular third-person)
ameto (active imperfect singular third-person)
amomosi (active first-person plural present)
amemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ametesi (active plural present second-person)
amestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
amonti (active plural present third-person)
amento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ame (active imperative second-person singular)
ametou (active imperative singular third-person)
amomos (active first-person imperative plural)
amete (active imperative plural second-person)
amontou (active imperative plural third-person)
amūr (first-person passive present singular)
ametar (passive present second-person singular)
ametor (passive present singular third-person)
amommor (first-person passive plural present)
amedwe (passive plural present second-person)
amontor (passive plural present third-person)
amonts (nominative singular)
amonte (dual nominative)
amontes (nominative plural)
amonts (singular vocative)
amonte (dual vocative)
amontes (plural vocative)
amontam (accusative singular)
amonte (accusative dual)
amontans (accusative plural)
amantos (genitive singular)
amantom (genitive plural)
amantei (dative singular)
amantbom (dative dual)
amantbos (dative plural)
amantī? (instrumental singular)
amantbim (dual instrumental)
amantbis (instrumental plural)
amantī (nominative singular)
amantī (dual nominative)
amantiyās (nominative plural)
amantī (singular vocative)
amantī (dual vocative)
amantiyās (plural vocative)
amantīm (accusative singular)
amantī (accusative dual)
amantiyans (accusative plural)
amantyās (genitive singular)
amantyom (genitive plural)
amantyāi (dative singular)
amantyābom (dative dual)
amantyābos (dative plural)
amantyābim (dual instrumental)
amantyābis (instrumental plural)
amont (nominative singular)
amonta (nominative plural)
amont (singular vocative)
amonta (plural vocative)
amont (accusative singular)
amonta (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂em(H)- (“to pour”), whence also Ancient Greek ἀμάομαι (amáomai, “to draw milk”) and Old Armenian ամամ (amam, “to fill, pour out”).


bruseti

brusū (active first-person present singular)
brusemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
brusesi (active present second-person singular)
brusetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bruseti (active present singular third-person)
bruseto (active imperfect singular third-person)
brusomosi (active first-person plural present)
brusemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
brusetesi (active plural present second-person)
brusestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
brusonti (active plural present third-person)
brusento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bruse (active imperative second-person singular)
brusetou (active imperative singular third-person)
brusomos (active first-person imperative plural)
brusete (active imperative plural second-person)
brusontou (active imperative plural third-person)
brusūr (first-person passive present singular)
brusetar (passive present second-person singular)
brusetor (passive present singular third-person)
brusommor (first-person passive plural present)
brusedwe (passive plural present second-person)
brusontor (passive plural present third-person)
brusonts (nominative singular)
brusonte (dual nominative)
brusontes (nominative plural)
brusonts (singular vocative)
brusonte (dual vocative)
brusontes (plural vocative)
brusontam (accusative singular)
brusonte (accusative dual)
brusontans (accusative plural)
brusantos (genitive singular)
brusantom (genitive plural)
brusantei (dative singular)
brusantbom (dative dual)
brusantbos (dative plural)
brusantī? (instrumental singular)
brusantbim (dual instrumental)
brusantbis (instrumental plural)
brusantī (nominative singular)
brusantī (dual nominative)
brusantiyās (nominative plural)
brusantī (singular vocative)
brusantī (dual vocative)
brusantiyās (plural vocative)
brusantīm (accusative singular)
brusantī (accusative dual)
brusantiyans (accusative plural)
brusantyās (genitive singular)
brusantyom (genitive plural)
brusantyāi (dative singular)
brusantyābom (dative dual)
brusantyābos (dative plural)
brusantyābim (dual instrumental)
brusantyābis (instrumental plural)
brusont (nominative singular)
brusonta (nominative plural)
brusont (singular vocative)
brusonta (plural vocative)
brusont (accusative singular)
brusonta (accusative plural)

Old Irish: bruïd

Gaulish: *brus-

→ Anglo-Norman: bruiser, bruser

→ Middle English: bruisen, brusen (partially)

English: bruise

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to break”). Related to Latin frustum (“bit, scrap”), Proto-Germanic *brausijaną (compare Old English brȳsan, brīesan (“to crush”)), Proto-Albanian *brauša (compare Albanian breshër (“hail”)).


bragyeti

bragyū (active first-person present singular)
bragyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibraxsū (active first-person future singular)
bebrāga (active first-person preterite singular)
bragyesi (active present second-person singular)
bragyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibraxsesi (active future second-person singular)
bebrāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
bragyeti (active present singular third-person)
bragyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibraxseti (active future singular third-person)
bebrāge (active preterite singular third-person)
bragyomosi (active first-person plural present)
bragyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibraxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bebrāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
bragyetesi (active plural present second-person)
bragyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibraxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bebrāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
bragyonti (active plural present third-person)
bragyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibraxsonti (active future plural third-person)
bebrāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
bragye (active imperative second-person singular)
bragyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
bragyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
bragyete (active imperative plural second-person)
bragyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
bragyūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibraxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
bebrāgra (first-person passive preterite singular)
bragyetar (passive present second-person singular)
bibraxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
bebrāgras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
bragyetor (passive present singular third-person)
bibraxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
bebrāgre (passive preterite singular third-person)
bragyommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibraxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
bragyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibraxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
bragyontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibraxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
bragyonts (nominative singular)
bragyonte (dual nominative)
bragyontes (nominative plural)
bragyonts (singular vocative)
bragyonte (dual vocative)
bragyontes (plural vocative)
bragyontam (accusative singular)
bragyonte (accusative dual)
bragyontans (accusative plural)
bragyantos (genitive singular)
bragyantom (genitive plural)
bragyantei (dative singular)
bragyantbom (dative dual)
bragyantbos (dative plural)
bragyantī? (instrumental singular)
bragyantbim (dual instrumental)
bragyantbis (instrumental plural)
bragyantī (nominative singular)
bragyantī (dual nominative)
bragyantiyās (nominative plural)
bragyantī (singular vocative)
bragyantī (dual vocative)
bragyantiyās (plural vocative)
bragyantīm (accusative singular)
bragyantī (accusative dual)
bragyantiyans (accusative plural)
bragyantyās (genitive singular)
bragyantyom (genitive plural)
bragyantyāi (dative singular)
bragyantyābom (dative dual)
bragyantyābos (dative plural)
bragyantyābim (dual instrumental)
bragyantyābis (instrumental plural)
bragyont (nominative singular)
bragyonta (nominative plural)
bragyont (singular vocative)
bragyonta (plural vocative)
bragyont (accusative singular)
bragyonta (accusative plural)
braxtos (nominative singular)
braxtou (dual nominative)
braxtoi (nominative plural)
braxte (singular vocative)
braxtou (dual vocative)
braxtoi (plural vocative)
braxtom (accusative singular)
braxtou (accusative dual)
braxtons (accusative plural)
braxtī (genitive singular)
braxtous (dual genitive)
braxtom (genitive plural)
braxtūi (dative singular)
braxtobom (dative dual)
braxtobos (dative plural)
braxtū (instrumental singular)
braxtobim (dual instrumental)
braxtobis (instrumental plural)
braxtā (nominative singular)
braxtai (dual nominative)
braxtās (nominative plural)
braxtā (singular vocative)
braxtai (dual vocative)
braxtās (plural vocative)
braxtam (accusative singular)
braxtai (accusative dual)
braxtans (accusative plural)
braxtās (genitive singular)
braxtai (dative singular)
braxtābom (dative dual)
braxtābos (dative plural)
braxtābim (dual instrumental)
braxtābis (instrumental plural)
braxtom (nominative singular)
braxtā (nominative plural)
braxtom (singular vocative)
braxtā (plural vocative)
braxtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: braigid
Middle Irish: braigid

Gaulish: *bragiū

→ Vulgar Latin: *bragiō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti, from *bʰreHg- (“to stink, flatulate”).


aleti

alū (active first-person present singular)
alemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
īlāsū (active first-person future singular)
alam (active first-person preterite singular)
alesi (active present second-person singular)
aletās (active imperfect second-person singular)
īlāsesi (active future second-person singular)
als (active preterite second-person singular)
aleti (active present singular third-person)
aleto (active imperfect singular third-person)
īlāseti (active future singular third-person)
alt (active preterite singular third-person)
alomosi (active first-person plural present)
alemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
īlāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
alme (active first-person plural preterite)
aletesi (active plural present second-person)
alestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
īlāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
alte (active plural preterite second-person)
alonti (active plural present third-person)
alento (active imperfect plural third-person)
īlāsonti (active future plural third-person)
alant (active plural preterite third-person)
alasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
alasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ale (active imperative second-person singular)
alaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
aletou (active imperative singular third-person)
alasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
alomos (active first-person imperative plural)
alasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
alete (active imperative plural second-person)
alasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
alontou (active imperative plural third-person)
alūr (first-person passive present singular)
īlāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
aletar (passive present second-person singular)
īlāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
aletor (passive present singular third-person)
īlāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
alommor (first-person passive plural present)
īlāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
aledwe (passive plural present second-person)
īlāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
alontor (passive plural present third-person)
īlāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
alanto (passive plural preterite third-person)
alasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
alasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
alasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
alasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
alasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
alasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
alonts (nominative singular)
alonte (dual nominative)
alontes (nominative plural)
alonts (singular vocative)
alonte (dual vocative)
alontes (plural vocative)
alontam (accusative singular)
alonte (accusative dual)
alontans (accusative plural)
alantos (genitive singular)
alantom (genitive plural)
alantei (dative singular)
alantbom (dative dual)
alantbos (dative plural)
alantī? (instrumental singular)
alantbim (dual instrumental)
alantbis (instrumental plural)
alantī (nominative singular)
alantī (dual nominative)
alantiyās (nominative plural)
alantī (singular vocative)
alantī (dual vocative)
alantiyās (plural vocative)
alantīm (accusative singular)
alantī (accusative dual)
alantiyans (accusative plural)
alantyās (genitive singular)
alantyom (genitive plural)
alantyāi (dative singular)
alantyābom (dative dual)
alantyābos (dative plural)
alantyābim (dual instrumental)
alantyābis (instrumental plural)
alont (nominative singular)
alonta (nominative plural)
alont (singular vocative)
alonta (plural vocative)
alont (accusative singular)
alonta (accusative plural)
altos (nominative singular)
altou (dual nominative)
altoi (nominative plural)
alte (singular vocative)
altou (dual vocative)
altoi (plural vocative)
altom (accusative singular)
altou (accusative dual)
altons (accusative plural)
altī (genitive singular)
altous (dual genitive)
altom (genitive plural)
altūi (dative singular)
altobom (dative dual)
altobos (dative plural)
altū (instrumental singular)
altobim (dual instrumental)
altobis (instrumental plural)
altā (nominative singular)
altai (dual nominative)
altās (nominative plural)
altā (singular vocative)
altai (dual vocative)
altās (plural vocative)
altam (accusative singular)
altai (accusative dual)
altans (accusative plural)
altās (genitive singular)
altai (dative singular)
altābom (dative dual)
altābos (dative plural)
altābim (dual instrumental)
altābis (instrumental plural)
altom (nominative singular)
altā (nominative plural)
altom (singular vocative)
altā (plural vocative)
altā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alɨd

Middle Breton: halaff

desc

Middle Welsh: alu, alho (3sg.pres.subj.)

Old Irish: ailid, ·ail

Irish: oil

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂életi, from the root *h₂el-.


meteti

metū (active first-person present singular)
metemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mintsū (active first-person future singular)
māta (active first-person preterite singular)
metesi (active present second-person singular)
metetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mintsesi (active future second-person singular)
mātas? (active preterite second-person singular)
meteti (active present singular third-person)
meteto (active imperfect singular third-person)
mintseti (active future singular third-person)
māte (active preterite singular third-person)
metomosi (active first-person plural present)
metemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mintsomosi (active first-person future plural)
mātmo (active first-person plural preterite)
metetesi (active plural present second-person)
metestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mintsetesi (active future plural second-person)
māsse (active plural preterite second-person)
metonti (active plural present third-person)
metento (active imperfect plural third-person)
mintsonti (active future plural third-person)
mātars (active plural preterite third-person)
metsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
metsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mete (active imperative second-person singular)
metseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
metetou (active imperative singular third-person)
metsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
metomos (active first-person imperative plural)
metsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
metete (active imperative plural second-person)
metsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
metontou (active imperative plural third-person)
metūr (first-person passive present singular)
mintsūr (first-person future passive singular)
mātra (first-person passive preterite singular)
metetar (passive present second-person singular)
mintsetar (future passive second-person singular)
mātras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
metetor (passive present singular third-person)
mintsetor (future passive singular third-person)
mātre (passive preterite singular third-person)
metommor (first-person passive plural present)
mintsommor (first-person future passive plural)
metedwe (passive plural present second-person)
mintsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
metontor (passive plural present third-person)
mintsontor (future passive plural third-person)
metsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
metsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
metsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
metsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
metsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
metsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
metonts (nominative singular)
metonte (dual nominative)
metontes (nominative plural)
metonts (singular vocative)
metonte (dual vocative)
metontes (plural vocative)
metontam (accusative singular)
metonte (accusative dual)
metontans (accusative plural)
metantos (genitive singular)
metantom (genitive plural)
metantei (dative singular)
metantbom (dative dual)
metantbos (dative plural)
metantī? (instrumental singular)
metantbim (dual instrumental)
metantbis (instrumental plural)
metantī (nominative singular)
metantī (dual nominative)
metantiyās (nominative plural)
metantī (singular vocative)
metantī (dual vocative)
metantiyās (plural vocative)
metantīm (accusative singular)
metantī (accusative dual)
metantiyans (accusative plural)
metantyās (genitive singular)
metantyom (genitive plural)
metantyāi (dative singular)
metantyābom (dative dual)
metantyābos (dative plural)
metantyābim (dual instrumental)
metantyābis (instrumental plural)
metont (nominative singular)
metonta (nominative plural)
metont (singular vocative)
metonta (plural vocative)
metont (accusative singular)
metonta (accusative plural)
messos (nominative singular)
messou (dual nominative)
messoi (nominative plural)
messe (singular vocative)
messou (dual vocative)
messoi (plural vocative)
messom (accusative singular)
messou (accusative dual)
messons (accusative plural)
messī (genitive singular)
messous (dual genitive)
messom (genitive plural)
messūi (dative singular)
messobom (dative dual)
messobos (dative plural)
messū (instrumental singular)
messobim (dual instrumental)
messobis (instrumental plural)
messā (nominative singular)
messai (dual nominative)
messās (nominative plural)
messā (singular vocative)
messai (dual vocative)
messās (plural vocative)
messam (accusative singular)
messai (accusative dual)
messans (accusative plural)
messās (genitive singular)
messai (dative singular)
messābom (dative dual)
messābos (dative plural)
messābim (dual instrumental)
messābis (instrumental plural)
messom (nominative singular)
messā (nominative plural)
messom (singular vocative)
messā (plural vocative)
messā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėdɨd

Middle Breton: midiff

Cornish: midzhi

Middle Welsh: medi

Welsh: medi, Medi

From Proto-Indo-European *met-. Cognate with Latin metō.


ageti

agū (active first-person present singular)
agemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
agam (active first-person preterite singular)
agesi (active present second-person singular)
agetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
axs (active preterite second-person singular)
ageti (active present singular third-person)
ageto (active imperfect singular third-person)
axt (active preterite singular third-person)
agomosi (active first-person plural present)
agemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
agme (active first-person plural preterite)
agetesi (active plural present second-person)
agestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
axte (active plural preterite second-person)
agonti (active plural present third-person)
agento (active imperfect plural third-person)
agant (active plural preterite third-person)
agāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
agāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
age (active imperative second-person singular)
agāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
agetou (active imperative singular third-person)
agāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
agomos (active first-person imperative plural)
agāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
agete (active imperative plural second-person)
agāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
agontou (active imperative plural third-person)
agūr (first-person passive present singular)
agetar (passive present second-person singular)
agetor (passive present singular third-person)
agommor (first-person passive plural present)
agedwe (passive plural present second-person)
agontor (passive plural present third-person)
aganto (passive plural preterite third-person)
agāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
agāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
agāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
agāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
agāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
agāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
agonts (nominative singular)
agonte (dual nominative)
agontes (nominative plural)
agonts (singular vocative)
agonte (dual vocative)
agontes (plural vocative)
agontam (accusative singular)
agonte (accusative dual)
agontans (accusative plural)
agantos (genitive singular)
agantom (genitive plural)
agantei (dative singular)
agantbom (dative dual)
agantbos (dative plural)
agantī? (instrumental singular)
agantbim (dual instrumental)
agantbis (instrumental plural)
agantī (nominative singular)
agantī (dual nominative)
agantiyās (nominative plural)
agantī (singular vocative)
agantī (dual vocative)
agantiyās (plural vocative)
agantīm (accusative singular)
agantī (accusative dual)
agantiyans (accusative plural)
agantyās (genitive singular)
agantyom (genitive plural)
agantyāi (dative singular)
agantyābom (dative dual)
agantyābos (dative plural)
agantyābim (dual instrumental)
agantyābis (instrumental plural)
agont (nominative singular)
agonta (nominative plural)
agont (singular vocative)
agonta (plural vocative)
agont (accusative singular)
agonta (accusative plural)
axtos (nominative singular)
axtou (dual nominative)
axtoi (nominative plural)
axte (singular vocative)
axtou (dual vocative)
axtoi (plural vocative)
axtom (accusative singular)
axtou (accusative dual)
axtons (accusative plural)
axtī (genitive singular)
axtous (dual genitive)
axtom (genitive plural)
axtūi (dative singular)
axtobom (dative dual)
axtobos (dative plural)
axtū (instrumental singular)
axtobim (dual instrumental)
axtobis (instrumental plural)
axtā (nominative singular)
axtai (dual nominative)
axtās (nominative plural)
axtā (singular vocative)
axtai (dual vocative)
axtās (plural vocative)
axtam (accusative singular)
axtai (accusative dual)
axtans (accusative plural)
axtās (genitive singular)
axtai (dative singular)
axtābom (dative dual)
axtābos (dative plural)
axtābim (dual instrumental)
axtābis (instrumental plural)
axtom (nominative singular)
axtā (nominative plural)
axtom (singular vocative)
axtā (plural vocative)
axtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėɣɨd

Middle Breton: a

Cornish: a

Old Welsh: agit, hegit

Middle Welsh: ëyt

Welsh: af (inflected forms of mynd)

Old Irish: aigid, ·aig

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti. Cognate with Sanskrit अजति (ajati), Latin agō, Old Armenian ածեմ (acem).


bwiyeti

bwiyū (active first-person present singular)
bwiyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibūsū (active first-person future singular)
bubuwa (active first-person preterite singular)
bwiyesi (active present second-person singular)
bwiyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibūsesi (active future second-person singular)
bubuwas? (active preterite second-person singular)
bwiyeti (active present singular third-person)
bwiyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibūseti (active future singular third-person)
bubuwe (active preterite singular third-person)
bwiyomosi (active first-person plural present)
bwiyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibūsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bubuwmo (active first-person plural preterite)
bwiyetesi (active plural present second-person)
bwiyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibūsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bubuwe (active plural preterite second-person)
bwiyonti (active plural present third-person)
bwiyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibūsonti (active future plural third-person)
bubuwars (active plural preterite third-person)
buwū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
buwesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
bwiye (active imperative second-person singular)
buweti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
bwiyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
buwomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
bwiyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
buwetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
bwiyete (active imperative plural second-person)
buwonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
bwiyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
bwiyūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibūsūr (first-person future passive singular)
bubuwra (first-person passive preterite singular)
bwiyetar (passive present second-person singular)
bibūsetar (future passive second-person singular)
bubuwras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
bwiyetor (passive present singular third-person)
bibūsetor (future passive singular third-person)
bubuwre (passive preterite singular third-person)
bwiyommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibūsommor (first-person future passive plural)
bwiyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibūsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
bwiyontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibūsontor (future passive plural third-person)
buwūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
buwetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
buwetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
buwommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
buwedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
buwontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
bwiyonts (nominative singular)
bwiyonte (dual nominative)
bwiyontes (nominative plural)
bwiyonts (singular vocative)
bwiyonte (dual vocative)
bwiyontes (plural vocative)
bwiyontam (accusative singular)
bwiyonte (accusative dual)
bwiyontans (accusative plural)
bwiyantos (genitive singular)
bwiyantom (genitive plural)
bwiyantei (dative singular)
bwiyantbom (dative dual)
bwiyantbos (dative plural)
bwiyantī? (instrumental singular)
bwiyantbim (dual instrumental)
bwiyantbis (instrumental plural)
bwiyantī (nominative singular)
bwiyantī (dual nominative)
bwiyantiyās (nominative plural)
bwiyantī (singular vocative)
bwiyantī (dual vocative)
bwiyantiyās (plural vocative)
bwiyantīm (accusative singular)
bwiyantī (accusative dual)
bwiyantiyans (accusative plural)
bwiyantyās (genitive singular)
bwiyantyom (genitive plural)
bwiyantyāi (dative singular)
bwiyantyābom (dative dual)
bwiyantyābos (dative plural)
bwiyantyābim (dual instrumental)
bwiyantyābis (instrumental plural)
bwiyont (nominative singular)
bwiyonta (nominative plural)
bwiyont (singular vocative)
bwiyonta (plural vocative)
bwiyont (accusative singular)
bwiyonta (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨðɨd

Old Breton: bout

Cornish: bos

Old Welsh: bot

Middle Welsh: bod

Welsh: bod

Gaulish: biiete (2pl.pres.ind./imp.), buetid (3sg. subj.)

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">·tá</i> for derivatives

Old Irish: bí (see ·tá for derivatives)

Irish: bí

Manx: bee

Scottish Gaelic: bi

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-yé-ti (“to grow, become”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φῡ́ομαι (phū́omai, “to grow”), Latin fīō (“to become”) and English be.


didāti

didāmi (active first-person present singular)
didamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
dedū (active first-person preterite singular)
didāsi (active present second-person singular)
didatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
dedūs (active preterite second-person singular)
didāti (active present singular third-person)
didato (active imperfect singular third-person)
dedū (active preterite singular third-person)
didamosi (active first-person plural present)
didamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
dedamo (active first-person plural preterite)
didatesi (active plural present second-person)
didastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
dedate (active plural preterite second-person)
didonti (active plural present third-person)
didanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
dedars (active plural preterite third-person)
dāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
didā (active imperative second-person singular)
dāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
didātou (active imperative singular third-person)
dāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
didamos (active first-person imperative plural)
dāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
didate (active imperative plural second-person)
dāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
didontou (active imperative plural third-person)
didār (first-person passive present singular)
didātar (passive present second-person singular)
didātor (passive present singular third-person)
didammor (first-person passive plural present)
didadwe (passive plural present second-person)
didontor (passive plural present third-person)
dāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
didonts (nominative singular)
didonte (dual nominative)
didontes (nominative plural)
didonts (singular vocative)
didonte (dual vocative)
didontes (plural vocative)
didontam (accusative singular)
didonte (accusative dual)
didontans (accusative plural)
didantos (genitive singular)
didantom (genitive plural)
didantei (dative singular)
didantbom (dative dual)
didantbos (dative plural)
didantī? (instrumental singular)
didantbim (dual instrumental)
didantbis (instrumental plural)
didantī (nominative singular)
didantī (dual nominative)
didantiyās (nominative plural)
didantī (singular vocative)
didantī (dual vocative)
didantiyās (plural vocative)
didantīm (accusative singular)
didantī (accusative dual)
didantiyans (accusative plural)
didantyās (genitive singular)
didantyom (genitive plural)
didantyāi (dative singular)
didantyābom (dative dual)
didantyābos (dative plural)
didantyābim (dual instrumental)
didantyābis (instrumental plural)
didont (nominative singular)
didonta (nominative plural)
didont (singular vocative)
didonta (plural vocative)
didont (accusative singular)
didonta (accusative plural)

desc

Celtiberian: tatuz (3sg. impv.), zizeti (3sg. pres. (subj.?)), zizonti (3pl. pres. (subj.?))

Gaulish: dede (3sg. pret.), da (2sg. impv.)

Lepontic: 𐌕𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tetu)

From Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti. Cognate with Latin dō and Lithuanian dúoti.

Old Irish: íadaidMiddle Irish: íadaidIrish: iaighScottish Gaelic: iadh


dringeti

dringū (active first-person present singular)
dringemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
didrixsū (active first-person future singular)
dedroga (active first-person preterite singular)
dringesi (active present second-person singular)
dringetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didrixsesi (active future second-person singular)
dedrogas? (active preterite second-person singular)
dringeti (active present singular third-person)
dringeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
didrixseti (active future singular third-person)
dedroge (active preterite singular third-person)
dringomosi (active first-person plural present)
dringemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didrixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
dedrogmo (active first-person plural preterite)
dringetesi (active plural present second-person)
dringestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
didrixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
dedroxte (active plural preterite second-person)
dringonti (active plural present third-person)
dringento (active imperfect plural third-person)
didrixsonti (active future plural third-person)
dedrogars (active plural preterite third-person)
drexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
drexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dringe (active imperative second-person singular)
drexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dringetou (active imperative singular third-person)
drexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dringomos (active first-person imperative plural)
drexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dringete (active imperative plural second-person)
drexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dringontou (active imperative plural third-person)
dringūr (first-person passive present singular)
didrixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
dedrogra (first-person passive preterite singular)
dringetar (passive present second-person singular)
didrixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
dedrogras? (passive preterite second-person singular)
dringetor (passive present singular third-person)
didrixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
dedrogre (passive preterite singular third-person)
dringommor (first-person passive plural present)
didrixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
dringedwe (passive plural present second-person)
didrixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
dringontor (passive plural present third-person)
didrixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
drexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
drexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
drexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
drexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
drexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
drexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dringonts (nominative singular)
dringonte (dual nominative)
dringontes (nominative plural)
dringonts (singular vocative)
dringonte (dual vocative)
dringontes (plural vocative)
dringontam (accusative singular)
dringonte (accusative dual)
dringontans (accusative plural)
dringantos (genitive singular)
dringantom (genitive plural)
dringantei (dative singular)
dringantbom (dative dual)
dringantbos (dative plural)
dringantī? (instrumental singular)
dringantbim (dual instrumental)
dringantbis (instrumental plural)
dringantī (nominative singular)
dringantī (dual nominative)
dringantiyās (nominative plural)
dringantī (singular vocative)
dringantī (dual vocative)
dringantiyās (plural vocative)
dringantīm (accusative singular)
dringantī (accusative dual)
dringantiyans (accusative plural)
dringantyās (genitive singular)
dringantyom (genitive plural)
dringantyāi (dative singular)
dringantyābom (dative dual)
dringantyābos (dative plural)
dringantyābim (dual instrumental)
dringantyābis (instrumental plural)
dringont (nominative singular)
dringonta (nominative plural)
dringont (singular vocative)
dringonta (plural vocative)
dringont (accusative singular)
dringonta (accusative plural)
drixtos (nominative singular)
drixtou (dual nominative)
drixtoi (nominative plural)
drixte (singular vocative)
drixtou (dual vocative)
drixtoi (plural vocative)
drixtom (accusative singular)
drixtou (accusative dual)
drixtons (accusative plural)
drixtī (genitive singular)
drixtous (dual genitive)
drixtom (genitive plural)
drixtūi (dative singular)
drixtobom (dative dual)
drixtobos (dative plural)
drixtū (instrumental singular)
drixtobim (dual instrumental)
drixtobis (instrumental plural)
drixtā (nominative singular)
drixtai (dual nominative)
drixtās (nominative plural)
drixtā (singular vocative)
drixtai (dual vocative)
drixtās (plural vocative)
drixtam (accusative singular)
drixtai (accusative dual)
drixtans (accusative plural)
drixtās (genitive singular)
drixtai (dative singular)
drixtābom (dative dual)
drixtābos (dative plural)
drixtābim (dual instrumental)
drixtābis (instrumental plural)
drixtom (nominative singular)
drixtā (nominative plural)
drixtom (singular vocative)
drixtā (plural vocative)
drixtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: dringid
Middle Irish: dringid
Classical Gaelic: dringidh
→ Middle Welsh: dringo
Welsh: dringo, dringad
⇒ Irish: dréim (from the verbal noun)

From Proto-Indo-European *dregʰ- (“to hold, fasten”). Cognate with Russian держа́ть (deržátʹ, “to hold”).