-om

-om (nominative singular)
-ou (dual nominative)
-ā (nominative plural)
-om (singular vocative)
-ou (dual vocative)
-ā (plural vocative)
-om (accusative singular)
-ou (accusative dual)
-ā (accusative plural)
-ī (genitive singular)
-ous (dual genitive)
-om (genitive plural)
-ūi (dative singular)
-obom (dative dual)
-obos (dative plural)
-ei (locative singular)
-ū (instrumental singular)
-obim (dual instrumental)
-ūis (instrumental plural)

dīwed- + *-om → *dīwedom (“end”) (cf. *dīwedeti (“to stop”))

uɸobey- + *-om → *uɸobeiyom (“blow, injury”) (cf. *binati (“to strike, beat”), a zero-grade formation)

Forms action nouns from e-grade (and sometimes zero-grade) roots corresponding to prefixed verbs.


-man

-man (nominative singular)
-mane? (dual nominative)
-mana (nominative plural)
-man (singular vocative)
-mane? (dual vocative)
-mana (plural vocative)
-man (accusative singular)
-mane? (accusative dual)
-mana (accusative plural)
-mens (genitive singular)
-menous? (dual genitive)
-menom (genitive plural)
-menē (dative singular)
-membom (dative dual)
-membos (dative plural)
-men (locative singular)
-meni (locative singular)
-menē (instrumental singular)
-membim (dual instrumental)
-membis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥. Cognate with Latin -men, Ancient Greek -μα (-ma), Sanskrit -मन् (-man).

Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs


-tus

-tus (nominative singular)
-tū (dual nominative)
-towes (nominative plural)
-tu (singular vocative)
-tū (dual vocative)
-tūs (plural vocative)
-tum (accusative singular)
-tū (accusative dual)
-tums (accusative plural)
-tous (genitive singular)
-tous (dual genitive)
-towom (genitive plural)
-tou (dative singular)
-tubom (dative dual)
-tubos (dative plural)
-tū (instrumental singular)
-tubim (dual instrumental)
-tubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-d

Welsh: -d

desctree

Old Irish: -ad, -ed (slender form), -ud (often with A II verbs)
Irish: -adh
Manx: -ey
Scottish Gaelic: -adh

Gaulish: -tus


-tlom

-tlom (nominative singular)
-tlou (dual nominative)
-tlā (nominative plural)
-tlom (singular vocative)
-tlou (dual vocative)
-tlā (plural vocative)
-tlom (accusative singular)
-tlou (accusative dual)
-tlā (accusative plural)
-tlī (genitive singular)
-tlous (dual genitive)
-tlom (genitive plural)
-tlūi (dative singular)
-tlobom (dative dual)
-tlobos (dative plural)
-tlei (locative singular)
-tlū (instrumental singular)
-tlobim (dual instrumental)
-tlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-tl, *-dl and *-θl

Gaulish: *-tlon

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


-atis

-atis (nominative singular)
-atī (dual nominative)
-atīs (nominative plural)
-ati (singular vocative)
-atī (dual vocative)
-atīs (plural vocative)
-atim (accusative singular)
-atī (accusative dual)
-atims (accusative plural)
-ateis (genitive singular)
-atyow (dual genitive)
-atyom (genitive plural)
-atei (dative singular)
-atibom (dative dual)
-atibos (dative plural)
-atei (locative singular)
-atī (instrumental singular)
-atibim (dual instrumental)
-atibis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: -atis

From Proto-Indo-European *-tis (abstract suffix), with the -a- being extracted from laryngeal-final roots. That abstract suffix doubling as an agent suffix is not unheard of in Indo-European.


-īnos

-īnos (nominative singular)
-īnou (dual nominative)
-īnoi (nominative plural)
-īne (singular vocative)
-īnou (dual vocative)
-īnoi (plural vocative)
-īnom (accusative singular)
-īnou (accusative dual)
-īnoms (accusative plural)
-īnī (genitive singular)
-īnous (dual genitive)
-īnom (genitive plural)
-īnūi (dative singular)
-īnobom (dative dual)
-īnobos (dative plural)
-īnū (instrumental singular)
-īnobim (dual instrumental)
-īnobis (instrumental plural)
-īnā (nominative singular)
-īnai (dual nominative)
-īnās (nominative plural)
-īnā (singular vocative)
-īnai (dual vocative)
-īnās (plural vocative)
-īnam (accusative singular)
-īnai (accusative dual)
-īnams (accusative plural)
-īnās (genitive singular)
-īnai (dative singular)
-īnābom (dative dual)
-īnābos (dative plural)
-īnābim (dual instrumental)
-īnābis (instrumental plural)
-īnom (nominative singular)
-īnā (nominative plural)
-īnom (singular vocative)
-īnā (plural vocative)
-īnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-in

Welsh: -in

Of or pertaining to; -ine; usually indicates a relationship of position, possession, or origin.


-ākos

-ākos (nominative singular)
-ākou (dual nominative)
-ākoi (nominative plural)
-āke (singular vocative)
-ākou (dual vocative)
-ākoi (plural vocative)
-ākom (accusative singular)
-ākou (accusative dual)
-ākoms (accusative plural)
-ākī (genitive singular)
-ākous (dual genitive)
-ākom (genitive plural)
-ākūi (dative singular)
-ākobom (dative dual)
-ākobos (dative plural)
-ākū (instrumental singular)
-ākobim (dual instrumental)
-ākobis (instrumental plural)
-ākā (nominative singular)
-ākai (dual nominative)
-ākās (nominative plural)
-ākā (singular vocative)
-ākai (dual vocative)
-ākās (plural vocative)
-ākam (accusative singular)
-ākai (accusative dual)
-ākams (accusative plural)
-ākās (genitive singular)
-ākai (dative singular)
-ākābom (dative dual)
-ākābos (dative plural)
-ākābim (dual instrumental)
-ākābis (instrumental plural)
-ākom (nominative singular)
-ākā (nominative plural)
-ākom (singular vocative)
-ākā (plural vocative)
-ākā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: -ach
Middle Irish: -ach
Irish: -ach
Manx: -agh
Scottish Gaelic: -ach

From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂- + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos. Cognate with Latin -ācus, -īcus, Ancient Greek -ακός (-akós), -ικός (-ikós), Proto-Germanic *-agaz, Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ, Sanskrit -कस (-kasa), -शस (-śasa).

Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of "involved with, belonging to, having".


-ākos

-ākos (masculine nominative singular stem)
-ākou (dual masculine nominative stem)
-ākoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-āke (masculine singular stem vocative)
-ākou (dual masculine stem vocative)
-ākūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
-ākom (accusative masculine singular stem)
-ākou (accusative dual masculine stem)
-ākoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-ākī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-ākous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-ākom (genitive masculine plural stem)
-ākūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-ākobom (dative dual masculine stem)
-ākobos (dative masculine plural stem)
-ākei (locative masculine singular stem)
-ākū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-ākobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-ākūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ọg
Old Breton: -oc
Middle Breton: -ec
Breton: -ek, -eg
Old Cornish: -oc
Middle Cornish: -ec
Cornish: -ek
Old Welsh: -auc
Middle Welsh: -awc, -awg
Welsh: -og
→ Old Irish: -óc
Irish: -óg
Manx: -ag
Scottish Gaelic: -ag

Substantivisation of the above adjective suffix. Functionally cognate with Proto-Slavic *-akъ.

Forms nouns indicating a person involved with, belonging to or having.


-mus

-mus (nominative singular)
-mū (dual nominative)
-mowes (nominative plural)
-mu (singular vocative)
-mū (dual vocative)
-mūs (plural vocative)
-mum (accusative singular)
-mū (accusative dual)
-mums (accusative plural)
-mous (genitive singular)
-mous (dual genitive)
-mowom (genitive plural)
-mou (dative singular)
-mubom (dative dual)
-mubos (dative plural)
-mū (instrumental singular)
-mubim (dual instrumental)
-mubis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-mos, switching from o-stem declension to u-stem declension.

snā- (“to swim”) + *-mus → *snāmus (“swimming”).

sista- (“to stand”) + *-mus → *sistamus (“standing”)

Forms verbal nouns to verbs from vowel-final roots.


-āti

-āmi (active first-person present singular)
-āmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
-āsi (active present second-person singular)
-ātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
-āti (active present singular third-person)
-āto (active imperfect singular third-person)
-āmosi (active first-person plural present)
-āmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
-ātesi (active plural present second-person)
-āstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
-ānti (active plural present third-person)
-ānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
-ā (active imperative second-person singular)
-ātou (active imperative singular third-person)
-āmos (active first-person imperative plural)
-āte (active imperative plural second-person)
-āntou (active imperative plural third-person)
-ār (first-person passive present singular)
-ātar (passive present second-person singular)
-ātor (passive present singular third-person)
-āmmor (first-person passive plural present)
-ādwe (passive plural present second-person)
-āntor (passive plural present third-person)
-ātos (nominative singular)
-ātou (dual nominative)
-ātoi (nominative plural)
-āte (singular vocative)
-ātou (dual vocative)
-ātoi (plural vocative)
-ātom (accusative singular)
-ātou (accusative dual)
-ātoms (accusative plural)
-ātī (genitive singular)
-ātous (dual genitive)
-ātom (genitive plural)
-ātūi (dative singular)
-ātobom (dative dual)
-ātobos (dative plural)
-ātū (instrumental singular)
-ātobim (dual instrumental)
-ātobis (instrumental plural)
-ātā (nominative singular)
-ātai (dual nominative)
-ātās (nominative plural)
-ātā (singular vocative)
-ātai (dual vocative)
-ātās (plural vocative)
-ātam (accusative singular)
-ātai (accusative dual)
-ātams (accusative plural)
-ātās (genitive singular)
-ātai (dative singular)
-ātābom (dative dual)
-ātābos (dative plural)
-ātābim (dual instrumental)
-ātābis (instrumental plural)
-ātom (nominative singular)
-ātā (nominative plural)
-ātom (singular vocative)
-ātā (plural vocative)
-ātā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *-ọd

Old Irish: -aid


-aros

-aros (masculine nominative singular stem)
-arou (dual masculine nominative stem)
-aroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-are (masculine singular stem vocative)
-arou (dual masculine stem vocative)
-arūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
-arom (accusative masculine singular stem)
-arou (accusative dual masculine stem)
-aroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-arī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-arous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-arom (genitive masculine plural stem)
-arūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-arobom (dative dual masculine stem)
-arobos (dative masculine plural stem)
-arei (locative masculine singular stem)
-arū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-arobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-arūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: -ar

Middle Breton: -ar

Breton: -ar

Cornish: -er

Middle Welsh: -ar

Welsh: -ar

Old Irish: -ar

Probably from *-a- + *-ros, from Proto-Indo-European *-rós.


-ikos

-ikos (nominative singular)
-ikou (dual nominative)
-ikoi (nominative plural)
-ike (singular vocative)
-ikou (dual vocative)
-ikoi (plural vocative)
-ikom (accusative singular)
-ikou (accusative dual)
-ikoms (accusative plural)
-ikī (genitive singular)
-ikous (dual genitive)
-ikom (genitive plural)
-ikūi (dative singular)
-ikobom (dative dual)
-ikobos (dative plural)
-ikū (instrumental singular)
-ikobim (dual instrumental)
-ikobis (instrumental plural)
-ikā (nominative singular)
-ikai (dual nominative)
-ikās (nominative plural)
-ikā (singular vocative)
-ikai (dual vocative)
-ikās (plural vocative)
-ikam (accusative singular)
-ikai (accusative dual)
-ikams (accusative plural)
-ikās (genitive singular)
-ikai (dative singular)
-ikābom (dative dual)
-ikābos (dative plural)
-ikābim (dual instrumental)
-ikābis (instrumental plural)
-ikom (nominative singular)
-ikā (nominative plural)
-ikom (singular vocative)
-ikā (plural vocative)
-ikā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ikā

Middle Breton: -ek

Breton: -eg

Welsh: -eg

Old Irish: -ech

From Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos with the thematic vowel of *i-stems. Cognate with Latin -icus, Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós), Proto-Germanic *-igaz.

belonging to; derived from; of or pertaining to.


-onos

-onos (masculine nominative singular stem)
-onou (dual masculine nominative stem)
-onoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-one (masculine singular stem vocative)
-onou (dual masculine stem vocative)
-onūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
-onom (accusative masculine singular stem)
-onou (accusative dual masculine stem)
-onoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-onī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-onous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-onom (genitive masculine plural stem)
-onūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-onobom (dative dual masculine stem)
-onobos (dative masculine plural stem)
-onei (locative masculine singular stem)
-onū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-onobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-onūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *-on

Old Breton: -on

Breton: -on

Welsh: -on

Old Irish: -on

Gaulish: -onos


-ālos

-ālos (nominative singular)
-ālou (dual nominative)
-āloi (nominative plural)
-āle (singular vocative)
-ālou (dual vocative)
-āloi (plural vocative)
-ālom (accusative singular)
-ālou (accusative dual)
-āloms (accusative plural)
-ālī (genitive singular)
-ālous (dual genitive)
-ālom (genitive plural)
-ālūi (dative singular)
-ālobom (dative dual)
-ālobos (dative plural)
-ālū (instrumental singular)
-ālobim (dual instrumental)
-ālobis (instrumental plural)
-ālā (nominative singular)
-ālai (dual nominative)
-ālās (nominative plural)
-ālā (singular vocative)
-ālai (dual vocative)
-ālās (plural vocative)
-ālam (accusative singular)
-ālai (accusative dual)
-ālams (accusative plural)
-ālās (genitive singular)
-ālai (dative singular)
-ālābom (dative dual)
-ālābos (dative plural)
-ālābim (dual instrumental)
-ālābis (instrumental plural)
-ālom (nominative singular)
-ālā (nominative plural)
-ālom (singular vocative)
-ālā (plural vocative)
-ālā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ọl

Old Breton: -ol

Middle Breton: -el

Breton: -el

Cornish: -el

Old Welsh: -ol

Middle Welsh: -awl

Welsh: -ol

Old Irish: -all

From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂los, from *-eh₂ (a-stem suffix) + *-lós (adjectival suffix). Cognate with Latin -ālis.


-sagyetor

-sagyūr (first-person passive present singular)
-sagyetar (passive present second-person singular)
-sagyetor (passive present singular third-person)
-sagyommor (first-person passive plural present)
-sagyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
-sagyontor (passive plural present third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *-haɣjed

Cornish: -he

Breton: -aat

Welsh: -hau

Old Irish: -igidir, -igid (non-deponent)
Irish: -igh
Manx: -ee
Scottish Gaelic: -ich

From the primary verb *sagyeti (“to seek”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g-.


-isamos

-isamos (nominative singular)
-isamou (dual nominative)
-isamoi (nominative plural)
-isame (singular vocative)
-isamou (dual vocative)
-isamoi (plural vocative)
-isamom (accusative singular)
-isamou (accusative dual)
-isamoms (accusative plural)
-isamī (genitive singular)
-isamous (dual genitive)
-isamom (genitive plural)
-isamūi (dative singular)
-isamobom (dative dual)
-isamobos (dative plural)
-isamū (instrumental singular)
-isamobim (dual instrumental)
-isamobis (instrumental plural)
-isamā (nominative singular)
-isamai (dual nominative)
-isamās (nominative plural)
-isamā (singular vocative)
-isamai (dual vocative)
-isamās (plural vocative)
-isamam (accusative singular)
-isamai (accusative dual)
-isamams (accusative plural)
-isamās (genitive singular)
-isamai (dative singular)
-isamābom (dative dual)
-isamābos (dative plural)
-isamābim (dual instrumental)
-isamābis (instrumental plural)
-isamom (nominative singular)
-isamā (nominative plural)
-isamom (singular vocative)
-isamā (plural vocative)
-isamā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-haβ̃

Old Breton: -ham

Breton: -añ

Old Welsh: -ham

Middle Welsh: -af

Welsh: -af

Old Irish: -em (superlative suffix)

Gaulish: -isamos

From a combination of *-is- (zero-grade intensive adjectival suffix) + *-tm̥mós (superlative suffix).

af

senos (“old”) + *-isamos → *senisamos (“oldest”) (whence Old Irish sinem and Welsh hynaf)


-iyos

-yos (masculine nominative singular stem)
-you (dual masculine nominative stem)
-yoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-ye (masculine singular stem vocative)
-you (dual masculine stem vocative)
-yūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
-yom (accusative masculine singular stem)
-you (accusative dual masculine stem)
-yoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-yī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-yous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-yom (genitive masculine plural stem)
-yūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-yobom (dative dual masculine stem)
-yobos (dative masculine plural stem)
-yei (locative masculine singular stem)
-yū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-yobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-yūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ɨð

Welsh: -ydd

From an enlargement of *-os (agent suffix) by analogy with the feminine abstract suffix *-iyā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (agent suffix).

sag- (“to seek”) + *-iyos → *sagiyos (“seeker”)


-sman

-sman (nominative singular)
-smane? (dual nominative)
-smana (nominative plural)
-sman (singular vocative)
-smane? (dual vocative)
-smana (plural vocative)
-sman (accusative singular)
-smane? (accusative dual)
-smana (accusative plural)
-smens (genitive singular)
-smenous? (dual genitive)
-smenom (genitive plural)
-smenē (dative singular)
-smembom (dative dual)
-smembos (dative plural)
-smen (locative singular)
-smeni (locative singular)
-smenē (instrumental singular)
-smembim (dual instrumental)
-smembis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥, extended with -s-. Plain *-man also existed but was less common in Celtic. The s-variant also turns up in Italic and in several ancient Hellenic dialects, in addition to occasional appearances in Balto-Slavic.

keng- (“to step”) + *-sman → *kanxsman (“step”)

leng- (“to leap”) + *-sman → *lanxsman (“leap”)

brag- (“to fart”) + *-sman → *braxsman (“fart”)


-tiyū

-tiyū (nominative singular)
-tiyone? (dual nominative)
-tiyones (nominative plural)
-tiyū (singular vocative)
-tiyone? (dual vocative)
-tiyones (plural vocative)
-tiyonam (accusative singular)
-tiyone? (accusative dual)
-tiyonams (accusative plural)
-tiyonos (genitive singular)
-tiyonows? (dual genitive)
-tiyonom (genitive plural)
-tiyonei (dative singular)
-tiyombom (dative dual)
-tiyombos (dative plural)
-tiyon (locative singular)
-tiyoni (locative singular)
-tiyonei (instrumental singular)
-tiyombim (dual instrumental)
-tiyombis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: -tiu, -thiu

From Proto-Indo-European *-ti-Hon-, an extension of *-tis with *-Hō. Cognate to Latin -tiō.

wid- (“to tell”) + *-tiyū → *wissiyū (“telling, saying”)

sem- (“to pour”) + *-tiyū → *santiyū (“outpour”)

men- (“to think”) + *-tiyū → *mentiyū (“thought”)


-yūs

Old Irish: -iu, -u

Irish: -e

sen- (“old”) + *-yūs → *senyūs (“older”) (whence Old Irish siniu and Welsh hŷn)


-tūts

-tūts (nominative singular)
-tūte (dual nominative)
-tūtes (nominative plural)
-tūts (singular vocative)
-tūte (dual vocative)
-tūtes (plural vocative)
-tūtam (accusative singular)
-tūte (accusative dual)
-tūtams (accusative plural)
-tūtos (genitive singular)
-tūtou (dual genitive)
-tūtom (genitive plural)
-tūtei (dative singular)
-tūtobom (dative dual)
-tūtobos (dative plural)
-tūti (locative singular)
-tūte? (instrumental singular)
-tūtobim (dual instrumental)
-tūtobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *-did (from the oblique stem)

Welsh: -tid, -did

Old Irish: -tu

biwos (“living”) + *-tūts → *biwotūts (“life”)


gusom

-gusom (nominative singular)
-gusou (dual nominative)
-gusā (nominative plural)
-gusom (singular vocative)
-gusou (dual vocative)
-gusā (plural vocative)
-gusom (accusative singular)
-gusou (accusative dual)
-gusā (accusative plural)
-gusī (genitive singular)
-gusous (dual genitive)
-gusom (genitive plural)
-gusūi (dative singular)
-gusobom (dative dual)
-gusobos (dative plural)
-gusei (locative singular)
-gusū (instrumental singular)
-gusobim (dual instrumental)
-gusūis (instrumental plural)


-yā

-yā (nominative singular)
-yai (dual nominative)
-yās (nominative plural)
-yā (singular vocative)
-yai (dual vocative)
-yās (plural vocative)
-yam (accusative singular)
-yai (accusative dual)
-yāms (accusative plural)
-yās (genitive singular)
-yous (dual genitive)
-yom (genitive plural)
-yāi (dative singular)
-yābom (dative dual)
-yābos (dative plural)
-yai (locative singular)
-yābim (dual instrumental)
-yābis (instrumental plural)

From a reanalysis of Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ being attached to the present stem of *-yeti verbs like *gʷedyeti (“to pray”) (whence Old Irish guide (“prayer”)) and *wegyeti (“to weave”) (whence *wegyā (“something woven”)).

weg- (“to weave”) + *-yā → *wegyā (“weaving”)

slad- (“to strike”) + *-yā → *sladyā (“strike”)


-iyā

-iyā (nominative singular)
-iyai (dual nominative)
-iyās (nominative plural)
-iyā (singular vocative)
-iyai (dual vocative)
-iyās (plural vocative)
-iyam (accusative singular)
-iyai (accusative dual)
-iyāms (accusative plural)
-iyās (genitive singular)
-iyous (dual genitive)
-iyom (genitive plural)
-iyāi (dative singular)
-iyābom (dative dual)
-iyābos (dative plural)
-iyai (locative singular)
-iyābim (dual instrumental)
-iyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-eð

Cornish: -edh

Middle Welsh: -eð

Welsh: -edd

Old Irish: -e
Irish: -e

From Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂, cognate to Latin -ia and Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā).

trougokaros (“merciful”) + *-iyā → *trougokariyā (“mercy”)


-mā

-mā (nominative singular)
-mai (dual nominative)
-mās (nominative plural)
-mā (singular vocative)
-mai (dual vocative)
-mās (plural vocative)
-mam (accusative singular)
-mai (accusative dual)
-māms (accusative plural)
-mās (genitive singular)
-mous (dual genitive)
-mom (genitive plural)
-māi (dative singular)
-mābom (dative dual)
-mābos (dative plural)
-mai (locative singular)
-mābim (dual instrumental)
-mābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-iβ̃, *-aβ̃, *-oβ̃, *-ọβ̃ (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Irish: -em
Irish: -amh
Scottish Gaelic: -amh

From Proto-Indo-European *-meh₂. Other apparent appearances of this suffix elsewhere in Indo-European include:
* Ancient Greek φήμη (phḗmē) and Latin fāma, both of these from *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”).
* Ancient Greek τιμή (timḗ), from *kʷey- (“to pay”).
The first verbal noun with this suffix was likely *kreddīmā (“belief”).

Forms verbal nouns to miscellaneous weak verbs with suffixed *-ī-.


-mentom

-mentom (nominative singular)
-mentou (dual nominative)
-mentā (nominative plural)
-mentom (singular vocative)
-mentou (dual vocative)
-mentā (plural vocative)
-mentom (accusative singular)
-mentou (accusative dual)
-mentā (accusative plural)
-mentī (genitive singular)
-mentous (dual genitive)
-mentom (genitive plural)
-mentūi (dative singular)
-mentobom (dative dual)
-mentobos (dative plural)
-mentei (locative singular)
-mentū (instrumental singular)
-mentobim (dual instrumental)
-mentūis (instrumental plural)

From *manyetor (“to think, remember”) + *-tom (verbal noun suffix).

af

Forms verbal nouns relating to thought or memory.

dermetIrish: dearmadManx: jarroodScottish Gaelic: dearmad


-tā

-tā (nominative singular)
-tai (dual nominative)
-tās (nominative plural)
-tā (singular vocative)
-tai (dual vocative)
-tās (plural vocative)
-tam (accusative singular)
-tai (accusative dual)
-tāms (accusative plural)
-tās (genitive singular)
-tous (dual genitive)
-tom (genitive plural)
-tāi (dative singular)
-tābom (dative dual)
-tābos (dative plural)
-tai (locative singular)
-tābim (dual instrumental)
-tābis (instrumental plural)

teig- (“to go”) + *-tā → *tixtā (“going”)

Creates verbal nouns or abstracts from verbal roots.


-inyos

-inyā (feminine)
-inyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
-inyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
-inyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-inye (masculine singular stem vocative)
-inyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
-inyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
-inyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
-inyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
-inyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-inyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-inyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-inyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
-inyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-inyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
-inyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
-inyei (locative masculine singular stem)
-inyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-inyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-inyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *-ɨnn
Middle Welsh: -yn
Welsh: -yn

Old Irish: -ne m


-inyā

-inyos (masculine)
-inyā (nominative singular)
-inyai (dual nominative)
-inyās (nominative plural)
-inyā (singular vocative)
-inyai (dual vocative)
-inyās (plural vocative)
-inyam (accusative singular)
-inyai (accusative dual)
-inyāms (accusative plural)
-inyās (genitive singular)
-inyous (dual genitive)
-inyom (genitive plural)
-inyāi (dative singular)
-inyābom (dative dual)
-inyābos (dative plural)
-inyai (locative singular)
-inyābim (dual instrumental)
-inyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-enn
Old Breton: -enn
Middle Breton: -enn
Breton: -enn
Old Cornish: -en
Middle Cornish: -en
Cornish: -en
Old Welsh: -en
Middle Welsh: -en
Welsh: -en

Old Irish: -ne f, -ine


-reigom

-rēgom (nominative singular)
-rēgou (dual nominative)
-rēgā (nominative plural)
-rēgom (singular vocative)
-rēgou (dual vocative)
-rēgā (plural vocative)
-rēgom (accusative singular)
-rēgou (accusative dual)
-rēgā (accusative plural)
-rēgī (genitive singular)
-rēgous (dual genitive)
-rēgom (genitive plural)
-rēgūi (dative singular)
-rēgobom (dative dual)
-rēgobos (dative plural)
-rēgei (locative singular)
-rēgū (instrumental singular)
-rēgobim (dual instrumental)
-rēgūis (instrumental plural)

From the e-grade of the root of *rigeti (“to bind”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix for prefixed nouns).

af

Forms nouns that denote the act of binding living things, or the devices used to do so.


-mantiyū

-mantiyū (nominative singular)
-mantiyone? (dual nominative)
-mantiyones (nominative plural)
-mantiyū (singular vocative)
-mantiyone? (dual vocative)
-mantiyones (plural vocative)
-mantiyonam (accusative singular)
-mantiyone? (accusative dual)
-mantiyonams (accusative plural)
-mantiyonos (genitive singular)
-mantiyonows? (dual genitive)
-mantiyonom (genitive plural)
-mantiyonei (dative singular)
-mantiyombom (dative dual)
-mantiyombos (dative plural)
-mantiyon (locative singular)
-mantiyoni (locative singular)
-mantiyonei (instrumental singular)
-mantiyombim (dual instrumental)
-mantiyombis (instrumental plural)

From *manyetor (“to think, remember”) + *-tiyū (verbal noun suffix).


-towyos

-towyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
-towyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
-towyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-towye (masculine singular stem vocative)
-towyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
-towyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
-towyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
-towyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
-towyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-towyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-towyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-towyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
-towyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-towyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
-towyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
-towyei (locative masculine singular stem)
-towyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-towyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-towyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *-(a)duɨ

desc

in <i class="Latn mention" lang="obt">inaatoe</i>

Old Breton: -toe (in inaatoe)

Middle Breton: -dou

Middle Cornish: -dow

Middle Welsh: -dwy

Old Irish: -thi

A closely related suffix in Indo-Aryan exists in Sanskrit -तव्य (-tavya). They are probably extensions of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (action noun suffix).

der

Forms verbals of necessity or gerundives.