me

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: -m-

desc

ousting <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*mī</i> for the nominative

Old Irish: m-, -um (object pronouns), mé (ousting *mī for the nominative)

Irish: mé

Scottish Gaelic: mi

Manx: mee

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁me, accusative singular of *éǵh₂.


es

head

*es (feminine *sī, neuter *ed, plural *eyes)

desctree

Old Irish: é, hé, hǽ
Irish: sé, Irish: é
Scottish Gaelic: e
Manx: eh

Proto-Brythonic: *eβ̃

Breton: eñv

Cornish: ev

Old Welsh: em

Middle Welsh: ef, hi, wy

Welsh: ef (literary); e, fe (colloquial)


tu

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: -th-

Old Irish: t-


eyes

head

*eyes pl (accusative *ens, genitive *ēsom, dative *ēbis)

ens (accusative)
ēsom (genitive)
ēbis (dative)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: i

Middle Cornish: y, i

Cornish: i

Middle Welsh: wy

Welsh: hwy, nhw

Old Irish: é (“they”)

Middle Irish: íat

Irish: iad

Scottish Gaelic: iad

Manx: ad

From Proto-Indo-European éyes, plural of *ís.


soso

soso (nominative singular)
sosoi (nominative plural)
sosom (accusative singular)
sosons (accusative plural)
sososyo (genitive singular)
sosoisom (genitive plural)
sososmūi (dative singular)
sosoibos (dative plural)
sosoibis (instrumental plural)
sosā (nominative singular)
sosās (nominative plural)
sosā (singular vocative)
sosās (plural vocative)
sosām (accusative singular)
sosans (accusative plural)
sososyās (genitive singular)
sosāsom (genitive plural)
sososmai (dative singular)
sosābos (dative plural)
sosābis (instrumental plural)
sosod (nominative singular)
sosā (nominative plural)
sosod (singular vocative)
sosā (plural vocative)
sosod (accusative singular)
sosā (accusative plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *höw (acc. pl. m.), *hoh (acc. sg. m; acc. pl. f.) (surviving in 3pl. conjugated prepositions)

Old Breton: -ou (< *sosoms), -o (< *sosāms)

Middle Breton: -eu

Breton: -e (< *sosoms), -o (< *sosāms)

Middle Cornish: -o (< *sosom)

Old Irish: (conjugated preposition endings) -e (3sg. fem. acc.) (< *sosām), -u (3pl. acc.) (< *sosoms)

From *so (“this”) compounded onto itself (or in other words, reduplicated).


sim

desctree

Old Irish: sin
Irish: sin
Scottish Gaelic: sin
Manx: shen

Schrijver splits his etymology of *sim into two pathways; one for the last elements of Old Irish sodain and Gaulish sosin, and the other pathway for other (anaphoric) uses.
* For the anaphoric uses and the initial element of *sindos:
** Schrijver compares Sanskrit सीम् (sīm), which he derives from some case form of *h₁e with analogically inserted *s-.
** Matasović takes a different tack, taking this *sin- to be from *sih₂m̥, which he understands to be the feminine accusative singular of *só.
* For the second element of Gaulish sosin and Old Irish sodain:
** Schrijver starts with *tíd, which he believes to be the neuter singular of *só. *tíd would become *sim via analogical reshapings.
** Schrijver believes in a fringe theory in which the nominative and accusative neuter *sod of *so (“this”) did not exist, and instead *sim would serve as the nominative and accusative neuter of *so. The existence of Celtiberian soz, which is usually believed to be a reflex of the very *sod that Schrijver does not think existed, poses trouble for his theory.


tū

head

*tū (accusative *te, genitive *towe, plural *swīs)

te (accusative)
towe (genitive)
swīs (plural)

Brythonic: *ti
Breton: te
Cornish: ty
Welsh: ti

Old Irish: tú

Irish: tú

Manx: oo

Scottish Gaelic: thu

Gaulish: tu


sī

Proto-Brythonic: *hi

Breton: hi

Cornish: hi

Welsh: hi

Old Irish: sí

Irish: sí


mī

*mī (accusative *me, genitive *mene, plural *snīs)

me (accusative)
mene (genitive)
snīs (plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mi
Breton: me
Cornish: my
Welsh: mi, fi, i

Old Irish: mé
Irish: mé
Manx: mee
Scottish Gaelic: mi

Gaulish: mi

From Proto-Indo-European *me (“me”), the accusative case of the personal pronoun *éǵh₂.


sondos

sondā (feminine)
sondos (masculine nominative singular stem)
sondou (dual masculine nominative stem)
sondoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
sonde (masculine singular stem vocative)
sondou (dual masculine stem vocative)
sondoi (masculine plural stem vocative)
sondom (accusative masculine singular stem)
sondou (accusative dual masculine stem)
sondons (accusative masculine plural stem)
sondī (genitive masculine singular stem)
sondous (dual genitive masculine stem)
sondom (genitive masculine plural stem)
sondūi (dative masculine singular stem)
sondobom (dative dual masculine stem)
sondobos (dative masculine plural stem)
sondei (locative masculine singular stem)
sondū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
sondobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
sondūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *hunn sg, *hünn pl

⇒ Middle Breton: heman, hema

Breton: hemañ

Middle Cornish: hemma

Middle Welsh: hwnn, hun, hwn

Welsh: hwn

desc

Old Irish: sund (from the dative singular)

From *som (accusative singular of *so) + *de (connective particle), fitted with inflectional endings.

compound

accusative singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*so</i>


mene

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨn, *mow

Breton: ma

Cornish: ma

Old Welsh: mi

Middle Welsh: vy, meu

Welsh: fy

Old Irish: mo, muí

Irish: mo

Scottish Gaelic: mo

Manx: my (“my”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁mene, genitive of *éǵh₂. Direct cognates include Proto-Slavic *mene.


somos

somos (nominative singular)
somou (dual nominative)
somoi (nominative plural)
some (singular vocative)
somou (dual vocative)
somoi (plural vocative)
somom (accusative singular)
somou (accusative dual)
somons (accusative plural)
somī (genitive singular)
somous (dual genitive)
somom (genitive plural)
somūi (dative singular)
somobom (dative dual)
somobos (dative plural)
somū (instrumental singular)
somobim (dual instrumental)
somobis (instrumental plural)
somā (nominative singular)
somai (dual nominative)
somās (nominative plural)
somā (singular vocative)
somai (dual vocative)
somās (plural vocative)
somam (accusative singular)
somai (accusative dual)
somans (accusative plural)
somās (genitive singular)
somai (dative singular)
somābom (dative dual)
somābos (dative plural)
somābim (dual instrumental)
somābis (instrumental plural)
somom (nominative singular)
somā (nominative plural)
somom (singular vocative)
somā (plural vocative)
somā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: -som (emphatic suffix), -sum, -sam, -sem, -sium (after slender consonants and front vowels)
Irish: -san
Manx: -syn
Scottish Gaelic: -san

From Proto-Indo-European *somHós, whence also Proto-Germanic *samaz, Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós), and Sanskrit सम (sama).


swīs

Proto-Brythonic: *hwi
Old Breton: hui
Middle Breton: huy
Breton: c'hwi
Cornish: hwi, hwei
Old Welsh: hui
Welsh: chwi, chi

Old Irish: síi, sí

Gaulish: suis

Proto-Brythonic: *hwihwi

Middle Welsh: chwchwi, chwichwi

Welsh: chwychwi, chwchwi, chychwi

Old Irish: sib
Irish: sibh
Manx: shiu
Scottish Gaelic: sibh

From Proto-Indo-European *wēs, a variant form of *wos, the oblique plural of *túh₂ (“you”).


towe

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: da

Cornish: dha

Welsh: dy

desc

Old Irish: do, du, t' (determiner), taí (disjunctive)

Irish: do

Scottish Gaelic: do

Manx: dty

From Proto-Indo-European *téwe, genitive singular of *túh₂.


snīs

Brythonic:

Old Breton: ne

Middle Breton: ne

Breton: ne

Cornish: ny

Old Welsh: ni

Middle Welsh: ny

Welsh: ni

Old Irish: sní

Gaulish: sni-

Proto-Brythonic: *nini

Middle Welsh: nini

Old Irish: snisni, nini, sinni

Irish: sinn

Manx: shin

Scottish Gaelic: sinn

From Proto-Indo-European *nēs, a modification of *nos, oblique plural form of *éǵh₂ (“I”).


kʷei

Proto-Brythonic: *puɨ

Breton: piv

Cornish: piw

Welsh: pwy

desctree

Old Irish: cía, ce, ci, cia
Irish: cé
Scottish Gaelic: cò
Manx: quoi


kʷid

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: pa

Old Irish: cid
Irish: cad
Scottish Gaelic: ciod
Manx: quoid


kʷākʷos

kʷākʷos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kʷākʷou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kʷākʷoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kʷākʷe (masculine singular stem vocative)
kʷākʷou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kʷākoi (masculine plural stem vocative)
kʷākʷom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kʷākʷou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kʷākons (accusative masculine plural stem)
kʷākʷī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kʷākʷous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kʷākʷom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kʷākūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kʷākʷobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kʷākʷobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kʷākʷei (locative masculine singular stem)
kʷākū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kʷākʷobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kʷākʷūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Matasović is indecisive between two etymological possibilities:
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷo-h₃kʷ-os, a compound of *kʷos (“what”) and *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”), literally "what you see".
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂-kʷos, a dvandva compound of feminine *kʷeh₂ and masculine *kʷos (“what”). This etymology is endorsed by Stüber.


swīswīs

Proto-Brythonic: *hwihwi

Middle Welsh: chwchwi, chwichwi

Welsh: chwychwi, chwchwi, chychwi


esyo

head

*esyo m or n (feminine *esyās, plural *ēsom)

Proto-Brythonic: *eið

Middle Breton: e

Breton: e

Cornish: y

Old Welsh: hi, i

desc

Middle Welsh: y (“his, its”) (determiner), eidaw (disjunctive)

Welsh: ei

Old Irish: a (“his, its”) (determiner), aí (disjunctive)

Irish: a (“his, its”)

Scottish Gaelic: a (“his, its”)

Manx: e

From Proto-Indo-European *ésyo, genitive singular of *éy.


esyās

head

*esyās f (masculine and neuter *esyo, plural *ēsom)

Proto-Brythonic: *(h)eið

Middle Breton: he

Breton: he

Cornish: hy

Old Welsh: hi, i

desc

Middle Welsh: y (determiner), eidi (disjunctive, remodeled like a conjugated preposition)

Welsh: ei

Old Irish: a (“her”), aí (“hers”)

Irish: a (“her”)

Scottish Gaelic: a (“her”)

Manx: e (“her”)


nekʷos

nekʷos (masculine nominative singular stem)
nekʷou (dual masculine nominative stem)
nekʷoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
nekʷe (masculine singular stem vocative)
nekʷou (dual masculine stem vocative)
nekoi (masculine plural stem vocative)
nekʷom (accusative masculine singular stem)
nekʷou (accusative dual masculine stem)
nekons (accusative masculine plural stem)
nekʷī (genitive masculine singular stem)
nekʷous (dual genitive masculine stem)
nekʷom (genitive masculine plural stem)
nekūi (dative masculine singular stem)
nekʷobom (dative dual masculine stem)
nekʷobos (dative masculine plural stem)
nekʷei (locative masculine singular stem)
nekū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
nekʷobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
nekʷūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *neb

Old Breton: nep

Breton: nep (as a determiner), neb (as a pronoun)

Middle Cornish: nep, neb

Cornish: neb

Old Welsh: nep

Middle Welsh: neb, nep

Welsh: neb

Old Irish: nech (as a pronoun), nach (as a determiner)

Middle Irish: nech (as a pronoun), nach (as a determiner)

Gaulish: nepon (acc. sg.)


sondā

sondos (masculine)
sondā (nominative singular)
sondai (dual nominative)
sondās (nominative plural)
sondā (singular vocative)
sondai (dual vocative)
sondās (plural vocative)
sondam (accusative singular)
sondai (accusative dual)
sondāns (accusative plural)
sondās (genitive singular)
sondous (dual genitive)
sondom (genitive plural)
sondāi (dative singular)
sondābom (dative dual)
sondābos (dative plural)
sondai (locative singular)
sondābim (dual instrumental)
sondābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *honn

Middle Breton: homan, homman

Breton: homañ

Middle Cornish: homma

Middle Welsh: honn, hon

Welsh: hon

Gaulish: ondā

A parallel formation to *sondos, except fitted with feminine inflectional endings instead of masculine ones.