komkatus

komkatus (nominative singular)
komkatū (dual nominative)
komkatowes (nominative plural)
komkatu (singular vocative)
komkatū (dual vocative)
komkatūs (plural vocative)
komkatum (accusative singular)
komkatū (accusative dual)
komkatuns (accusative plural)
komkatous (genitive singular)
komkatous (dual genitive)
komkatowom (genitive plural)
komkatou (dative singular)
komkatubom (dative dual)
komkatubos (dative plural)
komkatū (instrumental singular)
komkatubim (dual instrumental)
komkatubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kungad

Middle Welsh: kyngad, kynkad, kyghad

Old Irish: cocad

Middle Irish: cogad, cacad

Irish: cogadh

Manx: caggey

Scottish Gaelic: cogadh

From *kom- (“together”) + *katus (“battle”)


wixtā

wixtā (nominative singular)
wixtai (dual nominative)
wixtās (nominative plural)
wixtā (singular vocative)
wixtai (dual vocative)
wixtās (plural vocative)
wixtam (accusative singular)
wixtai (accusative dual)
wixtāns (accusative plural)
wixtās (genitive singular)
wixtous (dual genitive)
wixtom (genitive plural)
wixtāi (dative singular)
wixtābom (dative dual)
wixtābos (dative plural)
wixtai (locative singular)
wixtābim (dual instrumental)
wixtābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweiθ

Old Breton: gueid

Middle Breton: guez

Breton: gwezh

Old Cornish: gueid

Middle Cornish: gweth, gwyth

Cornish: gweyth

Middle Welsh: gweith

Welsh: gwaith

desc

Old Irish: fecht f (“course, expedition, journey”)

Scottish Gaelic: feachd m (“army”)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to overcome”) + *-tā (verbal noun suffix).


agromagos

agromagos (nominative singular)
agromagese? (dual nominative)
agromagesa (nominative plural)
agromagos (singular vocative)
agromagese? (dual vocative)
agromagesa (plural vocative)
agromagos (accusative singular)
agromagese? (accusative dual)
agromagesa (accusative plural)
agromagesos (genitive singular)
agromagesous? (dual genitive)
agromagesom (genitive plural)
agromagesei (dative singular)
agromagesbom (dative dual)
agromagesbos (dative plural)
agromagesi (locative singular)
agromagesei (instrumental singular)
agromagesbim (dual instrumental)
agromagesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨrβ̃aɣ

Old Breton: airma

Middle Welsh: aerfa, aerua, haerua

Welsh: aerfa

Old Irish: ármag

Middle Irish: ármach, árbach

From *agrom (“slaughter, battle”) + *magos (“field”).


agrokū

agrokū (nominative singular)
agrokone (dual nominative)
agrokones (nominative plural)
agrokū (singular vocative)
agrokone (dual vocative)
agrokones (plural vocative)
agrokonam (accusative singular)
agrokone (accusative dual)
agrokonans (accusative plural)
agrokunos (genitive singular)
agrokunou (dual genitive)
agrokunom (genitive plural)
agrokunei (dative singular)
agrokunobom (dative dual)
agrokunobos (dative plural)
agrokuni (locative singular)
agrokune? (instrumental singular)
agrokunobim (dual instrumental)
agrokunobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨrgi

Middle Welsh: aergi

Old Irish: árchú

Middle Irish: árchú

From *agrom (“slaughter, battle”) + *kū (“dog, hound”).


kʷresnogalā

kʷresnogalā (nominative singular)
kʷresnogalai (dual nominative)
kʷresnogalās (nominative plural)
kʷresnogalā (singular vocative)
kʷresnogalai (dual vocative)
kʷresnogalās (plural vocative)
kʷresnogalam (accusative singular)
kʷresnogalai (accusative dual)
kʷresnogalāns (accusative plural)
kʷresnogalās (genitive singular)
kʷresnogalous (dual genitive)
kʷresnogalom (genitive plural)
kʷresnogalāi (dative singular)
kʷresnogalābom (dative dual)
kʷresnogalābos (dative plural)
kʷresnogalai (locative singular)
kʷresnogalābim (dual instrumental)
kʷresnogalābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *prennɣal

desc

Middle Welsh: prennyal, prenial (“spear fight”)

Welsh: prenial (“box, coffin”)

Middle Irish: cranngal (“timber; something wooden, including spears”)

Classical Gaelic: crannghal

From *kʷresnom (“tree, wood”) + *galā (“fury”).

compound

Refers to a wide range of wooden objects, see descendants


kolinos

kolinos (nominative singular)
kolinou (dual nominative)
kolinoi (nominative plural)
koline (singular vocative)
kolinou (dual vocative)
kolinoi (plural vocative)
kolinom (accusative singular)
kolinou (accusative dual)
kolinons (accusative plural)
kolinī (genitive singular)
kolinous (dual genitive)
kolinom (genitive plural)
kolinūi (dative singular)
kolinobom (dative dual)
kolinobos (dative plural)
kolinei (locative singular)
kolinū (instrumental singular)
kolinobim (dual instrumental)
kolinūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kölɨn

desc

Breton: (standard spelling) kelenn, (old spellings) quelen, quelenn, qelenn, kelen

Old Cornish: kelin

Middle Welsh: kelyn

Welsh: celyn

desctree

Old Irish: cuilenn
Irish: cuileann
Manx: cullyn
Scottish Gaelic: cuileann

The most obvious relatives are various Germanic words for "holly"; see Proto-West Germanic *hulis for these.


komɸroankom

komɸroankom (nominative singular)
komɸroankou (dual nominative)
komɸroankā (nominative plural)
komɸroankom (singular vocative)
komɸroankou (dual vocative)
komɸroankā (plural vocative)
komɸroankom (accusative singular)
komɸroankou (accusative dual)
komɸroankā (accusative plural)
komɸroankī (genitive singular)
komɸroankous (dual genitive)
komɸroankom (genitive plural)
komɸroankūi (dative singular)
komɸroankobom (dative dual)
komɸroankobos (dative plural)
komɸroankei (locative singular)
komɸroankū (instrumental singular)
komɸroankobim (dual instrumental)
komɸroankūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kuβ̃rank

Middle Welsh: kyfranc, kyurang

Welsh: cyfranc, cyfrang

Old Irish: comrac, comracc
Middle Irish: comrac
Irish: comhrac (with irregular final -c)
Scottish Gaelic: còmhrag

From *kom- (“together”) + *ɸro- + *-om (verbal noun suffix) attached to the verbal root -ank- of *annketi (“to reach”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ-.


lubīgortos

lubīgortos (nominative singular)
lubīgortou (dual nominative)
lubīgortoi (nominative plural)
lubīgorte (singular vocative)
lubīgortou (dual vocative)
lubīgortoi (plural vocative)
lubīgortom (accusative singular)
lubīgortou (accusative dual)
lubīgortons (accusative plural)
lubīgortī (genitive singular)
lubīgortous (dual genitive)
lubīgortom (genitive plural)
lubīgortūi (dative singular)
lubīgortobom (dative dual)
lubīgortobos (dative plural)
lubīgortei (locative singular)
lubīgortū (instrumental singular)
lubīgortobim (dual instrumental)
lubīgortūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluβɣorθ

Middle Breton: liorz

Breton: liorzh

desc

Old Cornish: luworch (-ch being an error for -th)

Middle Cornish: lowarth

Old Welsh: luird pl

Middle Welsh: lluarth

Welsh: lluarth

Old Irish: lubgort, luibgort, (with metathesis) lugbart

Middle Irish: lubgort

Irish: luibhghort, luibh-ghort

From *lubī (“herb, plant”) + *gortos (“field”).


aliskstros

aliskstros (nominative singular)
aliskstrou (dual nominative)
aliskstroi (nominative plural)
aliskstre (singular vocative)
aliskstrou (dual vocative)
aliskstroi (plural vocative)
aliskstrom (accusative singular)
aliskstrou (accusative dual)
aliskstrons (accusative plural)
aliskstrī (genitive singular)
aliskstrous (dual genitive)
aliskstrom (genitive plural)
aliskstrūi (dative singular)
aliskstrobom (dative dual)
aliskstrobos (dative plural)
aliskstrei (locative singular)
aliskstrū (instrumental singular)
aliskstrobim (dual instrumental)
aliskstrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėlestr f

Old Cornish: elestren

Cornish: elester

Old Breton: elestr

Breton: elestr

Middle Welsh: elestyr

Welsh: elestr

Middle Irish: ailestar (“flag iris”)

⇒ Irish: feileastram


osnos

osnos (nominative singular)
osnou (dual nominative)
osnoi (nominative plural)
osne (singular vocative)
osnou (dual vocative)
osnoi (plural vocative)
osnom (accusative singular)
osnou (accusative dual)
osnons (accusative plural)
osnī (genitive singular)
osnous (dual genitive)
osnom (genitive plural)
osnūi (dative singular)
osnobom (dative dual)
osnobos (dative plural)
osnei (locative singular)
osnū (instrumental singular)
osnobim (dual instrumental)
osnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *onn f

Middle Breton: ounenn sg

Breton: onn (collective), onnenn sg

Old Cornish: onnen sg

Cornish: onnen

Old Welsh: onnen sg

Middle Welsh: onn

Welsh: onn

Middle Irish: onn m

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃s- (“ash tree”).

der

Old Irish: uinnius⇒ Irish: fuinseog⇒ Scottish Gaelic: uinnseann


kaglā

kaglā (nominative singular)
kaglai (dual nominative)
kaglās (nominative plural)
kaglā (singular vocative)
kaglai (dual vocative)
kaglās (plural vocative)
kaglam (accusative singular)
kaglai (accusative dual)
kaglāns (accusative plural)
kaglās (genitive singular)
kaglous (dual genitive)
kaglom (genitive plural)
kaglāi (dative singular)
kaglābom (dative dual)
kaglābos (dative plural)
kaglai (locative singular)
kaglābim (dual instrumental)
kaglābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨl

Middle Welsh: cael

Welsh: cael

⇒ Middle Welsh: ymgael

Welsh: ymgael

From *kageti (“to get”) + *-lā (noun-forming suffix).


wradī

wradī (nominative singular)
wradī (dual nominative)
wradiyās (nominative plural)
wradī (singular vocative)
wradī (dual vocative)
wradiyās (plural vocative)
wradīm (accusative singular)
wradī (accusative dual)
wradīns (accusative plural)
wradyās (genitive singular)
wradyous (dual genitive)
wradyom (genitive plural)
wradyai (dative singular)
wradyābom (dative dual)
wradyābos (dative plural)
wradyābim (dual instrumental)
wradyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwrėð

Middle Breton: gruyzyenn, gruyzienn

Breton: gwrizienn f

Old Cornish: grueiten

Cornish: gwreydh

Middle Welsh: gwreid

Welsh: gwraidd m

From a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”).


wridmā

wridmā (nominative singular)
wridmai (dual nominative)
wridmās (nominative plural)
wridmā (singular vocative)
wridmai (dual vocative)
wridmās (plural vocative)
wridmam (accusative singular)
wridmai (accusative dual)
wridmāns (accusative plural)
wridmās (genitive singular)
wridmous (dual genitive)
wridmom (genitive plural)
wridmāi (dative singular)
wridmābom (dative dual)
wridmābos (dative plural)
wridmai (locative singular)
wridmābim (dual instrumental)
wridmābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwreðβ̃

Middle Welsh: gredyf, gretyf

Welsh: greddf

desctree

Old Irish: frém
Middle Irish: frém, prém
Irish: fréamh, préamh
Manx: fraue
Scottish Gaelic: freumh

Seemingly a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”), but the root laryngeal disappeared somehow.


wregis

wregis (nominative singular)
wregī (dual nominative)
wregīs (nominative plural)
wregi (singular vocative)
wregī (dual vocative)
wregīs (plural vocative)
wregim (accusative singular)
wregī (accusative dual)
wregins (accusative plural)
wregeis (genitive singular)
wregyow (dual genitive)
wregyom (genitive plural)
wregei (dative singular)
wregibom (dative dual)
wregibos (dative plural)
wregei (locative singular)
wregī (instrumental singular)
wregibim (dual instrumental)
wregibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwrɨɣ

⇒ Middle Welsh: achure, achre

Welsh: achwre, achre

Old Irish: fraig

Middle Irish: fraig

Irish: fraigh

Scottish Gaelic: fraigh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wreǵ- (“to enclose”), related to Ancient Greek ἔργω (érgō, “to close off, enclose”) and Sanskrit वृज (vṛja, “wattle, fence”).


weiliyā

weiliyā (nominative singular)
weiliyai (dual nominative)
weiliyās (nominative plural)
weiliyā (singular vocative)
weiliyai (dual vocative)
weiliyās (plural vocative)
weiliyam (accusative singular)
weiliyai (accusative dual)
weiliyāns (accusative plural)
weiliyās (genitive singular)
weiliyous (dual genitive)
weiliyom (genitive plural)
weiliyāi (dative singular)
weiliyābom (dative dual)
weiliyābos (dative plural)
weiliyai (locative singular)
weiliyābim (dual instrumental)
weiliyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwuɨleð

Old Breton: guiled

Old Welsh: guiled

Middle Welsh: gwyled, gwylet, guilet

Welsh: gwyledd

Old Irish: féle

Middle Irish: féile

Irish: féile

From *weilos (“modest”) + *-iyā (forms nouns from adjectives).


bowitrom

bowitrom (nominative singular)
bowitrou (dual nominative)
bowitrā (nominative plural)
bowitrom (singular vocative)
bowitrou (dual vocative)
bowitrā (plural vocative)
bowitrom (accusative singular)
bowitrou (accusative dual)
bowitrā (accusative plural)
bowitrī (genitive singular)
bowitrous (dual genitive)
bowitrom (genitive plural)
bowitrūi (dative singular)
bowitrobom (dative dual)
bowitrobos (dative plural)
bowitrei (locative singular)
bowitrū (instrumental singular)
bowitrobim (dual instrumental)
bowitrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bowdr

Old Cornish: bounder (“pasture”)

Middle Welsh: beuder

Welsh: beidr, feidr, meidr

Middle Irish: bóthar

Classical Gaelic: bóthar

Irish: bóthar

Manx: bayr

Scottish Gaelic: bothar

From *bou- (“cow”) + *i- (“going”) + Proto-Indo-European *-trom (instrumental suffix).


mrakis

mrakis gender unattested (canonical)
mrakis (nominative singular)
mrakī (dual nominative)
mrakīs (nominative plural)
mraki (singular vocative)
mrakī (dual vocative)
mrakīs (plural vocative)
mrakim (accusative singular)
mrakī (accusative dual)
mrakins (accusative plural)
mrakeis (genitive singular)
mrakyow (dual genitive)
mrakyom (genitive plural)
mrakei (dative singular)
mrakibom (dative dual)
mrakibos (dative plural)
mrakei (locative singular)
mrakī (instrumental singular)
mrakibim (dual instrumental)
mrakibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brag

Middle Breton: braguez

Breton: bragez

Old Cornish: brag

Cornish: brag

Middle Welsh: brag, brac

Welsh: brag

Old Irish: mraich

Middle Irish: braich

Irish: braich

Manx: bry

Scottish Gaelic: braich

Gaulish: bracis

→ Latin: bracis

desc

French: brai (“grain residue after distillation; crushed malt”)

⇒ Latin: *braciō (1st-conjugation verb)

French: brasser

Connecting this word to Latin marceō etc., as has been done since Pokorny, runs into the problem of explaining the *a; it cannot be regularly yielded from a root *merk- (“to be soaked”).


agnā

agnā (nominative singular)
agnai (dual nominative)
agnās (nominative plural)
agnā (singular vocative)
agnai (dual vocative)
agnās (plural vocative)
agnam (accusative singular)
agnai (accusative dual)
agnāns (accusative plural)
agnās (genitive singular)
agnous (dual genitive)
agnom (genitive plural)
agnāi (dative singular)
agnābom (dative dual)
agnābos (dative plural)
agnai (locative singular)
agnābim (dual instrumental)
agnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨn

Old Breton: aen

Old Irish: áin

Irish: áin

A verbal noun to *ageti (“to drive”). The *-nā suffix was quite rare in Celtic, only otherwise found in Old Irish úan (“loan”).


morigablos

morigablos (nominative singular)
morigablou (dual nominative)
morigabloi (nominative plural)
morigable (singular vocative)
morigablou (dual vocative)
morigabloi (plural vocative)
morigablom (accusative singular)
morigablou (accusative dual)
morigablons (accusative plural)
morigablī (genitive singular)
morigablous (dual genitive)
morigablom (genitive plural)
morigablūi (dative singular)
morigablobom (dative dual)
morigablobos (dative plural)
morigablei (locative singular)
morigablū (instrumental singular)
morigablobim (dual instrumental)
morigablūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *morɣaβl

Old Breton: morgablou pl

Middle Welsh: morawl

>? Old Irish: muirgobuil pl

Middle Irish: muirgabuil (gen. sg.)


kreitros

kreitros (nominative singular)
kreitrou (dual nominative)
kreitroi (nominative plural)
kreitre (singular vocative)
kreitrou (dual vocative)
kreitroi (plural vocative)
kreitrom (accusative singular)
kreitrou (accusative dual)
kreitrons (accusative plural)
kreitrī (genitive singular)
kreitrous (dual genitive)
kreitrom (genitive plural)
kreitrūi (dative singular)
kreitrobom (dative dual)
kreitrobos (dative plural)
kreitrei (locative singular)
kreitrū (instrumental singular)
kreitrobim (dual instrumental)
kreitrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kruɨdr
Old Breton: croitir
Middle Breton: croezr
Old Cornish: croider
Old Welsh: cruitr
Welsh: crwydr

Old Irish: críathar

Middle Irish: críathar

Irish: criathar

Manx: creear

Scottish Gaelic: criathar

From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to sift, separate”) followed by *-trom (instrumental suffix). However, the fact that this noun failed to appear as a neuter in Old Irish is odd.


tarwosatyos

tarwosatyos (nominative singular)
tarwosatyou (dual nominative)
tarwosatyoi (nominative plural)
tarwosatye (singular vocative)
tarwosatyou (dual vocative)
tarwosatyoi (plural vocative)
tarwosatyom (accusative singular)
tarwosatyou (accusative dual)
tarwosatyons (accusative plural)
tarwosatyī (genitive singular)
tarwosatyous (dual genitive)
tarwosatyom (genitive plural)
tarwosatyūi (dative singular)
tarwosatyobom (dative dual)
tarwosatyobos (dative plural)
tarwosatyei (locative singular)
tarwosatyū (instrumental singular)
tarwosatyobim (dual instrumental)
tarwosatyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tarwhėd

Breton: tarvhed

Middle Welsh: taruheyt

Welsh: tarwhaid

Old Irish: tarbsaithe

From *tarwos (“bull”) + *satyos (“swarm”).

a cast swarm; the second swarm of bees to leave the hive in a season


ɸaltu-

ɸaltu- gender unattested (canonical)
ɸaltus (nominative singular)
ɸaltū (dual nominative)
ɸaltowes (nominative plural)
ɸaltu (singular vocative)
ɸaltū (dual vocative)
ɸaltūs (plural vocative)
ɸaltum (accusative singular)
ɸaltū (accusative dual)
ɸaltuns (accusative plural)
ɸaltous (genitive singular)
ɸaltous (dual genitive)
ɸaltowom (genitive plural)
ɸaltou (dative singular)
ɸaltubom (dative dual)
ɸaltubos (dative plural)
ɸaltū (instrumental singular)
ɸaltubim (dual instrumental)
ɸaltubis (instrumental plural)
ɸaltu (nominative singular)
ɸaltū (dual nominative)
ɸaltwā (nominative plural)
ɸaltu (singular vocative)
ɸaltū (dual vocative)
ɸaltwā (plural vocative)
ɸaltu (accusative singular)
ɸaltū (accusative dual)
ɸaltwā (accusative plural)
ɸaltous (genitive singular)
ɸaltous (dual genitive)
ɸaltowom (genitive plural)
ɸaltou (dative singular)
ɸaltubom (dative dual)
ɸaltubos (dative plural)
ɸaltū (instrumental singular)
ɸaltubim (dual instrumental)
ɸaltubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alt

Old Breton: alt

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃alt

Middle Breton: couffaut

desc

Cornish: chefals, (Revived spelling) kevals

Old Irish: alt m or n (“joint”)

Middle Irish: alt (“joint”)

Irish: alt

Manx: olt

Scottish Gaelic: alt

Usually related to Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”), but the source of the vowel *a is unclear.


skeidā

skeidā (nominative singular)
skeidai (dual nominative)
skeidās (nominative plural)
skeidā (singular vocative)
skeidai (dual vocative)
skeidās (plural vocative)
skeidam (accusative singular)
skeidai (accusative dual)
skeidāns (accusative plural)
skeidās (genitive singular)
skeidous (dual genitive)
skeidom (genitive plural)
skeidāi (dative singular)
skeidābom (dative dual)
skeidābos (dative plural)
skeidai (locative singular)
skeidābim (dual instrumental)
skeidābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *skuɨð

Middle Breton: scoaz

Breton: skoaz

Old Cornish: scuid

Middle Cornish: scoth

Cornish: skoodh

Old Welsh: iscuid

Middle Welsh: ysgwyd

Welsh: ysgwydd

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">scíath</i> (“shield”)

Old Irish: scíath (“wing”) (conflated with scíath (“shield”))

Middle Irish: scíath (“wing”)

Scottish Gaelic: sgiath (“wing, fin”)

⇒ Middle Irish: scíathán

Irish: sciathán

Manx: skian

Scottish Gaelic: sgiathan

No etymology assigned by the EDPC. Pokorny suggests a derivation from *skeyd- (“to cut”), which also appears in Latin scindō.


dakrū

Proto-Brythonic: *dėgr

⇒ Old Breton: dacrlon

Middle Breton: dazrou pl

Breton: daer, (Vannetais) dar

Middle Welsh: deigyr

Welsh: deigryn, (archaic) deigr

desctree

Old Irish: dér, dǽr (Milan glosses)
Middle Irish: dér f
Irish: deoir
Scottish Gaelic: deur
Manx: jeir

From Proto-Indo-European *dáḱru (“tear”).


dībatom

dībatom (nominative singular)
dībatou (dual nominative)
dībatā (nominative plural)
dībatom (singular vocative)
dībatou (dual vocative)
dībatā (plural vocative)
dībatom (accusative singular)
dībatou (accusative dual)
dībatā (accusative plural)
dībatī (genitive singular)
dībatous (dual genitive)
dībatom (genitive plural)
dībatūi (dative singular)
dībatobom (dative dual)
dībatobos (dative plural)
dībatei (locative singular)
dībatū (instrumental singular)
dībatobim (dual instrumental)
dībatūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: díbad

Middle Irish: díbad

Gaulish: (in abbreviated form) dib

From *dī- (“de-”) + *batom (“death, pestilence”).


luwā

luwā (nominative singular)
luwai (dual nominative)
luwās (nominative plural)
luwā (singular vocative)
luwai (dual vocative)
luwās (plural vocative)
luwam (accusative singular)
luwai (accusative dual)
luwāns (accusative plural)
luwās (genitive singular)
luwous (dual genitive)
luwom (genitive plural)
luwāi (dative singular)
luwābom (dative dual)
luwābos (dative plural)
luwai (locative singular)
luwābim (dual instrumental)
luwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llow

Middle Breton: louenn sg

Breton: laou pl, laouenn sg

⇒ Old Cornish: lewenki

Cornish: low

Middle Welsh: lleu

Welsh: llau

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“louse”). A close cognate is Proto-Germanic *lūs (“louse”).


krixs

krixs (nominative singular)
kriɸe (dual nominative)
kriɸes (nominative plural)
krixs (singular vocative)
kriɸe (dual vocative)
kriɸes (plural vocative)
kriɸam (accusative singular)
kriɸe (accusative dual)
kriɸans (accusative plural)
kriɸos (genitive singular)
kriɸou (dual genitive)
kriɸom (genitive plural)
kriɸei (dative singular)
kriɸobom (dative dual)
kriɸobos (dative plural)
kriɸi (locative singular)
kriɸe? (instrumental singular)
kriɸobim (dual instrumental)
kriɸobis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: crí (poetic)

From Proto-Indo-European *krep- (“body”).

Proto-Brythonic: *krɨβ̃Middle Breton: creffBreton: kreñvOld Cornish: crifMiddle Cornish: creff


monis

monis (nominative singular)
monī (dual nominative)
monīs (nominative plural)
moni (singular vocative)
monī (dual vocative)
monīs (plural vocative)
monim (accusative singular)
monī (accusative dual)
monins (accusative plural)
moneis (genitive singular)
monyow (dual genitive)
monyom (genitive plural)
monei (dative singular)
monibom (dative dual)
monibos (dative plural)
monei (locative singular)
monī (instrumental singular)
monibim (dual instrumental)
monibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mun

Old Breton: mun

Middle Welsh: mwn

Welsh: mŵn

Old Irish: muin (“upper back”)

Middle Irish: muin

Scottish Gaelic: muin

From Proto-Indo-European *mónis (“neck”).


moniklos

moniklos (nominative singular)
moniklou (dual nominative)
monikloi (nominative plural)
monikle (singular vocative)
moniklou (dual vocative)
monikloi (plural vocative)
moniklom (accusative singular)
moniklou (accusative dual)
moniklons (accusative plural)
moniklī (genitive singular)
moniklous (dual genitive)
moniklom (genitive plural)
moniklūi (dative singular)
moniklobom (dative dual)
moniklobos (dative plural)
moniklei (locative singular)
moniklū (instrumental singular)
moniklobim (dual instrumental)
moniklūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *munugl (with assimilation of second vowel to the first)

Middle Welsh: mynwgyl, munugyl, mwnugyl

Welsh: mwnwgl

desctree

Old Irish: muinél
Irish: muineál
Manx: mwannal
Scottish Gaelic: muineal


ninatis

ninatis (nominative singular)
ninatī (dual nominative)
ninatīs (nominative plural)
ninati (singular vocative)
ninatī (dual vocative)
ninatīs (plural vocative)
ninatim (accusative singular)
ninatī (accusative dual)
ninatins (accusative plural)
ninateis (genitive singular)
ninatyow (dual genitive)
ninatyom (genitive plural)
ninatei (dative singular)
ninatibom (dative dual)
ninatibos (dative plural)
ninatei (locative singular)
ninatī (instrumental singular)
ninatibim (dual instrumental)
ninatibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nɨnad

Middle Breton: linhadenn sg

Breton: linad pl, linadenn sg

Old Cornish: linhaden sg

Cornish: linas

Middle Welsh: dynat, danat

Welsh: danadl

Old Irish: nenaid

Middle Irish: nenaid

⇒ Irish: neantóg

desc

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: neanntag, eanntag, feanntag, deanntag

⇒ Manx: undaag, undaagagh


morwis

morwis (nominative singular)
morwī (dual nominative)
morwīs (nominative plural)
morwi (singular vocative)
morwī (dual vocative)
morwīs (plural vocative)
morwim (accusative singular)
morwī (accusative dual)
morwins (accusative plural)
morweis (genitive singular)
morwyow (dual genitive)
morwyom (genitive plural)
morwei (dative singular)
morwibom (dative dual)
morwibos (dative plural)
morwei (locative singular)
morwī (instrumental singular)
morwibim (dual instrumental)
morwibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: moriuon

Middle Breton: meryen

Breton: merien

Cornish: moryon

⇒ Middle Welsh: morgrug

Welsh: morgrug

Welsh: mŷr

Old Irish: moirb

Derivative of Proto-Indo-European *morwi- (“ant”)


sweidus

sweidus (nominative singular)
sweidū (dual nominative)
sweidowes (nominative plural)
sweidu (singular vocative)
sweidū (dual vocative)
sweidūs (plural vocative)
sweidum (accusative singular)
sweidū (accusative dual)
sweiduns (accusative plural)
sweidous (genitive singular)
sweidous (dual genitive)
sweidowom (genitive plural)
sweidou (dative singular)
sweidubom (dative dual)
sweidubos (dative plural)
sweidū (instrumental singular)
sweidubim (dual instrumental)
sweidubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hwuɨð
Breton: c'hwez (“air used to inflate something, swelling, vanity”)
⇒ Breton: c'hwezañ
Middle Welsh: chwyd
Welsh: chwydd

Goidelic:

Classical Gaelic: siat, siad

Irish: siad (“swelling”)

U-stem derivative of Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”).


trettillos

trettislos (nominative singular)
trettislou (dual nominative)
trettisloi (nominative plural)
trettisle (singular vocative)
trettislou (dual vocative)
trettisloi (plural vocative)
trettislom (accusative singular)
trettislou (accusative dual)
trettislons (accusative plural)
trettislī (genitive singular)
trettislous (dual genitive)
trettislom (genitive plural)
trettislūi (dative singular)
trettislobom (dative dual)
trettislobos (dative plural)
trettislei (locative singular)
trettislū (instrumental singular)
trettislobim (dual instrumental)
trettislūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trɨθɨll

Middle Welsh: drythyll (“lively”)

Welsh: trythyll, drythyll

desc

Old Irish: dretel (“darling, favourite, pet”)

Middle Irish: dreittel, treitell, treittell

Possibly from a base adjective *trettis, if the Old Irish treit (“quick”) appearing in the Würzburg glosses is older than the usual form trait, but there are phonetic uncertainties.


oɸibelā

oɸibelā (nominative singular)
oɸibelai (dual nominative)
oɸibelās (nominative plural)
oɸibelā (singular vocative)
oɸibelai (dual vocative)
oɸibelās (plural vocative)
oɸibelam (accusative singular)
oɸibelai (accusative dual)
oɸibelāns (accusative plural)
oɸibelās (genitive singular)
oɸibelous (dual genitive)
oɸibelom (genitive plural)
oɸibelāi (dative singular)
oɸibelābom (dative dual)
oɸibelābos (dative plural)
oɸibelai (locative singular)
oɸibelābim (dual instrumental)
oɸibelābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉβel

Middle Breton: fulenn (with metathesis of fricative and vowel)

Breton: fulenn

Middle Welsh: ufel, uvel

Welsh: ufel

Old Irish: oíbell

Middle Irish: aíbell

Irish: aoibheall

Scottish Gaelic: èibheall

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi + *bʰel- (“to shine”).


bunnos

bunnos (nominative singular)
bunnou (dual nominative)
bunnoi (nominative plural)
bunne (singular vocative)
bunnou (dual vocative)
bunnoi (plural vocative)
bunnom (accusative singular)
bunnou (accusative dual)
bunnons (accusative plural)
bunnī (genitive singular)
bunnous (dual genitive)
bunnom (genitive plural)
bunnūi (dative singular)
bunnobom (dative dual)
bunnobos (dative plural)
bunnei (locative singular)
bunnū (instrumental singular)
bunnobim (dual instrumental)
bunnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bunn

Old Breton: bonn (“crane”)

Middle Welsh: bwn, bun

Welsh: bwn

⇒ Old Irish: bonnán

Irish: bonnán

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a lost substrate language.


(ɸ)lissos

lissos (canonical masculine)
ɸlissos (nominative singular)
ɸlissou (dual nominative)
ɸlissoi (nominative plural)
ɸlisse (singular vocative)
ɸlissou (dual vocative)
ɸlissoi (plural vocative)
ɸlissom (accusative singular)
ɸlissou (accusative dual)
ɸlissons (accusative plural)
ɸlissī (genitive singular)
ɸlissous (dual genitive)
ɸlissom (genitive plural)
ɸlissūi (dative singular)
ɸlissobom (dative dual)
ɸlissobos (dative plural)
ɸlissei (locative singular)
ɸlissū (instrumental singular)
ɸlissobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlissūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨs

Old Breton: lis

Middle Breton: les

Breton: lez

⇒ Middle Cornish: Lisnewyth

Cornish: Lysnowyth

→ English: Lesnewth

Middle Welsh: llys, llis

Welsh: llys (“court”)

Old Irish: les (“yard”)

Middle Irish: les, less

Irish: lios

Scottish Gaelic: lios

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”), with the laryngeal somehow lost. Matasović is unconvinced. Stifter provides an alternative derivation from *leys- (“to trace; track”).


krouk-

krouk- gender unattested (canonical)
kroukā (nominative singular)
kroukai (dual nominative)
kroukās (nominative plural)
kroukā (singular vocative)
kroukai (dual vocative)
kroukās (plural vocative)
kroukam (accusative singular)
kroukai (accusative dual)
kroukāns (accusative plural)
kroukās (genitive singular)
kroukous (dual genitive)
kroukom (genitive plural)
kroukāi (dative singular)
kroukābom (dative dual)
kroukābos (dative plural)
kroukai (locative singular)
kroukābim (dual instrumental)
kroukābis (instrumental plural)
kroukos (nominative singular)
kroukou (dual nominative)
kroukoi (nominative plural)
krouke (singular vocative)
kroukou (dual vocative)
kroukoi (plural vocative)
kroukom (accusative singular)
kroukou (accusative dual)
kroukons (accusative plural)
kroukī (genitive singular)
kroukous (dual genitive)
kroukom (genitive plural)
kroukūi (dative singular)
kroukobom (dative dual)
kroukobos (dative plural)
kroukei (locative singular)
kroukū (instrumental singular)
kroukobim (dual instrumental)
kroukūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krʉg m

Old Breton: cruc

Breton: krug (“heap, pile”)

Old Cornish: cruc

Cornish: cruk

Middle Welsh: cruc

Welsh: crug

Old Irish: crúach f

Middle Irish: crúach

Irish: cruach

Scottish Gaelic: cruach

Manx: creagh

Gaulish: *croc-

→ French: Crucq (name of a village in Lot-et-Garonne, and a derived surname)

→ French: (Béarnais) cruque (“heap, pile”), (Landais) croque (“skull, head”)

→ Franco-Provençal: (Lyonnais) cuchon

→ Occitan: cruc, cruca (“top of the head, occiput”)

Unknown. Many conflicting etymologies are available; see Lucht (2007) for them.
Delamarre prefers a comparison to Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“pile, heap”).


krokkenom

krokkenom (nominative singular)
krokkenou (dual nominative)
krokkenā (nominative plural)
krokkenom (singular vocative)
krokkenou (dual vocative)
krokkenā (plural vocative)
krokkenom (accusative singular)
krokkenou (accusative dual)
krokkenā (accusative plural)
krokkenī (genitive singular)
krokkenous (dual genitive)
krokkenom (genitive plural)
krokkenūi (dative singular)
krokkenobom (dative dual)
krokkenobos (dative plural)
krokkenei (locative singular)
krokkenū (instrumental singular)
krokkenobim (dual instrumental)
krokkenūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kroxen, *kroɨn

Middle Breton: crohenn, crohen, crochen

Breton: kroc'hen

Old Cornish: croin

Middle Cornish: crohen, croen

Cornish: kroghen

Middle Welsh: croen

Welsh: croen

desctree

Old Irish: crocenn
Middle Irish: croicenn
Irish: craiceann
Manx: crackan
Scottish Gaelic: craiceann

Gaulish: *crocīnā

desc

→ Latin: crocīna (“mastruca-like skin-made garment”)

Unknown, possibly a substrate word due to the irregular phonetic shape. Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *hrugjaz (“back, ridge”), but this root is itself of uncertain origin.


skaddos

skaddos (nominative singular)
skaddou (dual nominative)
skaddoi (nominative plural)
skadde (singular vocative)
skaddou (dual vocative)
skaddoi (plural vocative)
skaddom (accusative singular)
skaddou (accusative dual)
skaddons (accusative plural)
skaddī (genitive singular)
skaddous (dual genitive)
skaddom (genitive plural)
skaddūi (dative singular)
skaddobom (dative dual)
skaddobos (dative plural)
skaddei (locative singular)
skaddū (instrumental singular)
skaddobim (dual instrumental)
skaddūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Welsh: ysgadan

Welsh: ysgadan

⇒ Middle Irish: scatán

Irish: scadán

Manx: skeddan

Scottish Gaelic: sgadan

Borrowed from an unknown substrate language. Fellow borrowings from the same source include Old English sceadd (modern English shad).


krokeno-

krokeno- gender unattested (canonical)
krokenos (nominative singular)
krokenou (dual nominative)
krokenoi (nominative plural)
krokene (singular vocative)
krokenou (dual vocative)
krokenoi (plural vocative)
krokenom (accusative singular)
krokenou (accusative dual)
krokenons (accusative plural)
krokenī (genitive singular)
krokenous (dual genitive)
krokenom (genitive plural)
krokenūi (dative singular)
krokenobom (dative dual)
krokenobos (dative plural)
krokenei (locative singular)
krokenū (instrumental singular)
krokenobim (dual instrumental)
krokenūis (instrumental plural)
krokenom (nominative singular)
krokenou (dual nominative)
krokenā (nominative plural)
krokenom (singular vocative)
krokenou (dual vocative)
krokenā (plural vocative)
krokenom (accusative singular)
krokenou (accusative dual)
krokenā (accusative plural)
krokenī (genitive singular)
krokenous (dual genitive)
krokenom (genitive plural)
krokenūi (dative singular)
krokenobom (dative dual)
krokenobos (dative plural)
krokenei (locative singular)
krokenū (instrumental singular)
krokenobim (dual instrumental)
krokenūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krogen

Middle Breton: croguenn

Breton: krogenn (“shell”)

Old Cornish: crogen

Middle Welsh: cragen

Welsh: crogen, cragen

Goidelic:

Scottish Gaelic: creachann (“scallop”)

Unknown; any etymology for this is highly speculative. Possible (mutually exclusive) comparanda include:
* Proto-Germanic *hreganą (“to jut out”)
* Proto-Germanic *hrugnaz (“roe”) (ruled "less likely" by Stifter)
* Proto-Celtic *karrikā (“stone”), whence Welsh carreg (ruled "less likely" by Stifter)


metelā

metelā (nominative singular)
metelai (dual nominative)
metelās (nominative plural)
metelā (singular vocative)
metelai (dual vocative)
metelās (plural vocative)
metelam (accusative singular)
metelai (accusative dual)
metelāns (accusative plural)
metelās (genitive singular)
metelous (dual genitive)
metelom (genitive plural)
metelāi (dative singular)
metelābom (dative dual)
metelābos (dative plural)
metelai (locative singular)
metelābim (dual instrumental)
metelābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *medel

Middle Welsh: medel

Welsh: medel

Old Irish: methel

Middle Irish: methel

Irish: meitheal

A collective formed to *metelos (“reaper”).


metelos

metelos (nominative singular)
metelou (dual nominative)
meteloi (nominative plural)
metele (singular vocative)
metelou (dual vocative)
meteloi (plural vocative)
metelom (accusative singular)
metelou (accusative dual)
metelons (accusative plural)
metelī (genitive singular)
metelous (dual genitive)
metelom (genitive plural)
metelūi (dative singular)
metelobom (dative dual)
metelobos (dative plural)
metelei (locative singular)
metelū (instrumental singular)
metelobim (dual instrumental)
metelūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *medel

Old Cornish: midil

Gaulish: *metlos

Gaulish: *Metlosedon

→ Latin: Metlosedum

French: Melun (after being analogically restructured to *Metlodūnon)

Gaulish: *Metlodūnon

→ Latin: Meclodunum

French: Meudon

→ French: Mions (via a Gallo-Romance Metdono)

Lepontic: 𐌌𐌄𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌖𐌉 (metelui, dat. sg. of personal name)


tnāwos

tnāwos (nominative singular)
tnāwou (dual nominative)
tnāwoi (nominative plural)
tnāwe (singular vocative)
tnāwou (dual vocative)
tnāwoi (plural vocative)
tnāwom (accusative singular)
tnāwou (accusative dual)
tnāwons (accusative plural)
tnāwī (genitive singular)
tnāwous (dual genitive)
tnāwom (genitive plural)
tnāwūi (dative singular)
tnāwobom (dative dual)
tnāwobos (dative plural)
tnāwei (locative singular)
tnāwū (instrumental singular)
tnāwobim (dual instrumental)
tnāwūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tnọw

Middle Breton: tenou, tnou

Breton: traou, traoñ

Old Welsh: tnou

Middle Welsh: tyno, tino

Welsh: tyno

From Proto-Indo-European *tenh₂- (“to stretch”); more specifically, a thematization of *ténh₂us, whence also Proto-Celtic *tanawyos (“thin”).


breitrā

breitrā (nominative singular)
breitrai (dual nominative)
breitrās (nominative plural)
breitrā (singular vocative)
breitrai (dual vocative)
breitrās (plural vocative)
breitram (accusative singular)
breitrai (accusative dual)
breitrāns (accusative plural)
breitrās (genitive singular)
breitrous (dual genitive)
breitrom (genitive plural)
breitrāi (dative singular)
breitrābom (dative dual)
breitrābos (dative plural)
breitrai (locative singular)
breitrābim (dual instrumental)
breitrābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bruɨdr

Middle Welsh: brwydyr

Welsh: brwydr (“battle”)

desctree

Old Irish: bríathar (“word”)
Irish: briathar
Manx: breear
Scottish Gaelic: briathar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreyH- (“to cut”).


routrom

routrom (nominative singular)
routrou (dual nominative)
routrā (nominative plural)
routrom (singular vocative)
routrou (dual vocative)
routrā (plural vocative)
routrom (accusative singular)
routrou (accusative dual)
routrā (accusative plural)
routrī (genitive singular)
routrous (dual genitive)
routrom (genitive plural)
routrūi (dative singular)
routrobom (dative dual)
routrobos (dative plural)
routrei (locative singular)
routrū (instrumental singular)
routrobim (dual instrumental)
routrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rʉdr

desc

Middle Welsh: ruthyr (with irregular -th-; contaminated by Old/Middle Irish?)

Welsh: rhuthr, rhuthyr

Middle Irish: rúathar

Irish: ruathar

Scottish Gaelic: ruathar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rew- (“to run, hurry”) suffixed with *-trom (instrument suffix).


trougiyā

trougiyā (nominative singular)
trougiyai (dual nominative)
trougiyās (nominative plural)
trougiyā (singular vocative)
trougiyai (dual vocative)
trougiyās (plural vocative)
trougiyam (accusative singular)
trougiyai (accusative dual)
trougiyāns (accusative plural)
trougiyās (genitive singular)
trougiyous (dual genitive)
trougiyom (genitive plural)
trougiyāi (dative singular)
trougiyābom (dative dual)
trougiyābos (dative plural)
trougiyai (locative singular)
trougiyābim (dual instrumental)
trougiyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trʉɣeð

Old Breton: trued

Middle Breton: truez

Breton: truez

desctree

Old Irish: trógae
Middle Irish: trúaige
Irish: trua
Scottish Gaelic: truaighe

From *trougos (“miserable”) + *-iyā (deadjectival abstract suffix).


trougokariyā

trougokariyā (nominative singular)
trougokariyai (dual nominative)
trougokariyās (nominative plural)
trougokariyā (singular vocative)
trougokariyai (dual vocative)
trougokariyās (plural vocative)
trougokariyam (accusative singular)
trougokariyai (accusative dual)
trougokariyāns (accusative plural)
trougokariyās (genitive singular)
trougokariyous (dual genitive)
trougokariyom (genitive plural)
trougokariyāi (dative singular)
trougokariyābom (dative dual)
trougokariyābos (dative plural)
trougokariyai (locative singular)
trougokariyābim (dual instrumental)
trougokariyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trʉɣgareð

Middle Breton: trugarez

Breton: trugarez

Middle Cornish: tregereth

Middle Welsh: trugared

Welsh: trugaredd

desctree

Old Irish: trócaire
Irish: trócaire
Manx: trocair
Scottish Gaelic: tròcair

From *trougokaros (“merciful”) + *-iyā (deadjectival abstract suffix).


roinos

roinos (nominative singular)
roinou (dual nominative)
roinoi (nominative plural)
roine (singular vocative)
roinou (dual vocative)
roinoi (plural vocative)
roinom (accusative singular)
roinou (accusative dual)
roinons (accusative plural)
roinī (genitive singular)
roinous (dual genitive)
roinom (genitive plural)
roinūi (dative singular)
roinobom (dative dual)
roinobos (dative plural)
roinei (locative singular)
roinū (instrumental singular)
roinobim (dual instrumental)
roinūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrʉn

Old Breton: runt (“hill”)

Breton: run (“hill”)

Old Irish: róen

Middle Irish: róen, ráen

Irish: raon

Matasović compares Old Norse rein (“strip of land”) (whence Icelandic rein) and Old High German rein (“demarcation line”) (whence German Rain). Latin rīma (“cleft”) is a frequent target of comparison.


gnūstis

gnūstis (nominative singular)
gnūstī (dual nominative)
gnūstīs (nominative plural)
gnūsti (singular vocative)
gnūstī (dual vocative)
gnūstīs (plural vocative)
gnūstim (accusative singular)
gnūstī (accusative dual)
gnūstins (accusative plural)
gnūsteis (genitive singular)
gnūstyow (dual genitive)
gnūstyom (genitive plural)
gnūstei (dative singular)
gnūstibom (dative dual)
gnūstibos (dative plural)
gnūstei (locative singular)
gnūstī (instrumental singular)
gnūstibim (dual instrumental)
gnūstibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gnis

Middle Welsh: gnis (hapax)

desctree

Old Irish: gnúis
Irish: gnúis
Scottish Gaelic: gnùis
Manx: grooish

Usually explained as a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus (“jaw, chin”), but the exact derivation process is obscure, especially for the long *ū in this word. Zair speculates that it may have arisen from the old neuter plural ending *-u-h₂.


knissos

knissos (nominative singular)
knissou (dual nominative)
knissoi (nominative plural)
knisse (singular vocative)
knissou (dual vocative)
knissoi (plural vocative)
knissom (accusative singular)
knissou (accusative dual)
knissons (accusative plural)
knissī (genitive singular)
knissous (dual genitive)
knissom (genitive plural)
knissūi (dative singular)
knissobom (dative dual)
knissobos (dative plural)
knissei (locative singular)
knissū (instrumental singular)
knissobim (dual instrumental)
knissūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *knɨs

Cornish: cnes

Middle Welsh: cnes

Old Irish: cnes

Middle Irish: cnes

Irish: cneas

Scottish Gaelic: cneas

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *kneyd- (“to scratch”) + *-tós. The same root also yielded Old Norse hníta (“to strike”) and Ancient Greek κνίζω (knízō, “to scratch”). The semantic evolution may have gone from "scratched (thing)" > "skin".


sagrosagetus

sagrosagetus (nominative singular)
sagrosagetū (dual nominative)
sagrosagetowes (nominative plural)
sagrosagetu (singular vocative)
sagrosagetū (dual vocative)
sagrosagetūs (plural vocative)
sagrosagetum (accusative singular)
sagrosagetū (accusative dual)
sagrosagetuns (accusative plural)
sagrosagetous (genitive singular)
sagrosagetous (dual genitive)
sagrosagetowom (genitive plural)
sagrosagetou (dative singular)
sagrosagetubom (dative dual)
sagrosagetubos (dative plural)
sagrosagetū (instrumental singular)
sagrosagetubim (dual instrumental)
sagrosagetubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: saɨrhaɣed

desc

Middle Welsh: sarhaed, sarhaet, sarhayt, sayrhaet

Welsh: sarhad

Old Irish: sárugud

Middle Irish: sárugud

Irish: sárú

Verbal noun counterpart in *-tus for *sagrosagyetor (“to insult, offend”).


krāb-

Unknown. Matasović is unconvinced by Pokorny's comparison to Sanskrit विश्रम्भते (viśrambhate, “to trust, confide, rely on”) from a putative root *ḱrebʰ-, since the Celtic words would require a peculiar long *ō grade of such a root.

noncog

Old Irish: crábudIrish: crábhadhManx: craueeScottish Gaelic: cràbhadh


kredro-

Proto-Brythonic: *kreɨr

Breton: kreirioù m pl

Old Welsh: creiriou pl

Middle Welsh: creir, kreir

Welsh: crair

Old Irish: cretar

Middle Irish: cretair

Usually related to *kreddīti (“to believe”), but the derivational pathway is unclear.


skublos

skublos (nominative singular)
skublou (dual nominative)
skubloi (nominative plural)
skuble (singular vocative)
skublou (dual vocative)
skubloi (plural vocative)
skublom (accusative singular)
skublou (accusative dual)
skublons (accusative plural)
skublī (genitive singular)
skublous (dual genitive)
skublom (genitive plural)
skublūi (dative singular)
skublobom (dative dual)
skublobos (dative plural)
skublei (locative singular)
skublū (instrumental singular)
skublobim (dual instrumental)
skublūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *skuβl

Old Breton: scubl

Middle Breton: scoul

Breton: skoul

Old Cornish: scoul

Middle Welsh: ysglyf (with metathesis)

Welsh: ysglyf

Gaulish: *scublos

→ Latin: Scublī, Scubulī (ethnonym)

→⇒ Latin: Scublius (personal name)

bird of prey, or more specifically a kite


sentikī

sentikī (nominative singular)
sentikī (dual nominative)
sentikiyās (nominative plural)
sentikī (singular vocative)
sentikī (dual vocative)
sentikiyās (plural vocative)
sentikīm (accusative singular)
sentikī (accusative dual)
sentikīns (accusative plural)
sentikyās (genitive singular)
sentikyous (dual genitive)
sentikyom (genitive plural)
sentikyai (dative singular)
sentikyābom (dative dual)
sentikyābos (dative plural)
sentikyābim (dual instrumental)
sentikyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: séitig

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Σεντική (Sentikḗ) (name of a Spanish place; via Celtiberian?)

→ Latin: Sentice

Femininization of *sentus (“way”) + *-ikos (adjective suffix).


worīnā

worīnā (nominative singular)
worīnai (dual nominative)
worīnās (nominative plural)
worīnā (singular vocative)
worīnai (dual vocative)
worīnās (plural vocative)
worīnam (accusative singular)
worīnai (accusative dual)
worīnāns (accusative plural)
worīnās (genitive singular)
worīnous (dual genitive)
worīnom (genitive plural)
worīnāi (dative singular)
worīnābom (dative dual)
worīnābos (dative plural)
worīnai (locative singular)
worīnābim (dual instrumental)
worīnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwörin

Old Breton: guerin

Middle Breton: gueryn

Breton: gwerin

Old Welsh: guerin

Middle Welsh: gwerin

Welsh: gwerin

Old Irish: foirenn, fairenn

Middle Irish: fairend

Irish: foireann

Scottish Gaelic: foireann

Gaulish: *uarīnā

→ Latin: Varīnī, Varīnnae

→⇒ Latin: Varīnnius

A close-looking cognate may exist in Old English wearn (“a multitude”).
* Zimmer speculates a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to swear”), under the notion that those in a troop are sworn to each other. But Matasović finds this difficult to accept, since this root does not have an s-mobile anywhere else in Indo-European.
* Pokorny instead postulates a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to watch”).


bo(u)giyos

bogiyos (canonical masculine)
bogyos (nominative singular)
bougyos (nominative singular)
bogyou (dual nominative)
bougyou (dual nominative)
bogyoi (nominative plural)
bougyoi (nominative plural)
bogye (singular vocative)
bougye (singular vocative)
bogyou (dual vocative)
bougyou (dual vocative)
bogyoi (plural vocative)
bougyoi (plural vocative)
bogyom (accusative singular)
bougyom (accusative singular)
bogyou (accusative dual)
bougyou (accusative dual)
bogyons (accusative plural)
bougyons (accusative plural)
bogyī (genitive singular)
bougyī (genitive singular)
bogyous (dual genitive)
bougyous (dual genitive)
bogyom (genitive plural)
bougyom (genitive plural)
bogyūi (dative singular)
bougyūi (dative singular)
bogyobom (dative dual)
bougyobom (dative dual)
bogyobos (dative plural)
bougyobos (dative plural)
bogyei (locative singular)
bougyei (locative singular)
bogyū (instrumental singular)
bougyū (instrumental singular)
bogyobim (dual instrumental)
bougyobim (dual instrumental)
bogyūis (instrumental plural)
bougyūis (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒ Middle Irish: ráthbuige (“builder/destroyer of ramparts”) (epithet of Dagda)

Gaulish: *bogios

⇒ Gaulish: I𐌀𐌕𐌏𐌐𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌔 (Iatopokios), 𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌔 (setupokios), Toutobocio, 𐌑𐌀𐌕𐌏𐌐𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌔 (śatopokios), 𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌐𐌏𐌗𐌉𐌏𐌔 (eripoxios), *Namantobogios

→ Latin: Namantobogius, Setubogius

An *-iyos agent noun; the root is unclear. The root could be either:
* Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”), whence *bungeti (“to break”) (preferred by Bretnach, Schrijver, and Koch)
* Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to break”), whence *begeti (“to break”) (preferred by McCone, Delamarre, Matasović, and Salomon)


kombo(u)giyos

kombogiyos (canonical masculine)
kombogiyos (nominative singular)
kombougiyos (nominative singular)
kombogiyou (dual nominative)
kombougiyou (dual nominative)
kombogiyoi (nominative plural)
kombougiyoi (nominative plural)
kombogiye (singular vocative)
kombougiye (singular vocative)
kombogiyou (dual vocative)
kombougiyou (dual vocative)
kombogiyoi (plural vocative)
kombougiyoi (plural vocative)
kombogiyom (accusative singular)
kombougiyom (accusative singular)
kombogiyou (accusative dual)
kombougiyou (accusative dual)
kombogiyons (accusative plural)
kombougiyons (accusative plural)
kombogiyī (genitive singular)
kombougiyī (genitive singular)
kombogiyous (dual genitive)
kombougiyous (dual genitive)
kombogiyom (genitive plural)
kombougiyom (genitive plural)
kombogiyūi (dative singular)
kombougiyūi (dative singular)
kombogiyobom (dative dual)
kombougiyobom (dative dual)
kombogiyobos (dative plural)
kombougiyobos (dative plural)
kombogiyei (locative singular)
kombougiyei (locative singular)
kombogiyū (instrumental singular)
kombougiyū (instrumental singular)
kombogiyobim (dual instrumental)
kombougiyobim (dual instrumental)
kombogiyūis (instrumental plural)
kombougiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kumbuɨ

⇒ Middle Breton: discomboe

Middle Welsh: kymwy

Welsh: cymwy

Gaulish: *combogios

→ Latin: Conbogius

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *Andecombogios, 𐌀𐌍𐌏𐌊𐌏𐌐𐌏𐌊𐌉𐌏𐌔 (anokopokios), *Combogimāros

→ Latin: Andecombogius, Combogiomārus


adbo(u)giyos

adbogiyos (canonical masculine)
adbogiyos (nominative singular)
adbougiyos (nominative singular)
adbogiyou (dual nominative)
adbougiyou (dual nominative)
adbogiyoi (nominative plural)
adbougiyoi (nominative plural)
adbogiye (singular vocative)
adbougiye (singular vocative)
adbogiyou (dual vocative)
adbougiyou (dual vocative)
adbogiyoi (plural vocative)
adbougiyoi (plural vocative)
adbogiyom (accusative singular)
adbougiyom (accusative singular)
adbogiyou (accusative dual)
adbougiyou (accusative dual)
adbogiyons (accusative plural)
adbougiyons (accusative plural)
adbogiyī (genitive singular)
adbougiyī (genitive singular)
adbogiyous (dual genitive)
adbougiyous (dual genitive)
adbogiyom (genitive plural)
adbougiyom (genitive plural)
adbogiyūi (dative singular)
adbougiyūi (dative singular)
adbogiyobom (dative dual)
adbougiyobom (dative dual)
adbogiyobos (dative plural)
adbougiyobos (dative plural)
adbogiyei (locative singular)
adbougiyei (locative singular)
adbogiyū (instrumental singular)
adbougiyū (instrumental singular)
adbogiyobim (dual instrumental)
adbougiyobim (dual instrumental)
adbogiyūis (instrumental plural)
adbougiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *abuɨ

⇒ Middle Welsh: Rhonabwy, Gwernabwy

Gaulish: *Adbogios

→ Latin: Adbogius

From *ad- (used here as an intensifying prefix) + *bo(u)giyos (“breaker”).


yuwantūts

yuwantūts (nominative singular)
yuwantūte (dual nominative)
yuwantūtes (nominative plural)
yuwantūts (singular vocative)
yuwantūte (dual vocative)
yuwantūtes (plural vocative)
yuwantūtam (accusative singular)
yuwantūte (accusative dual)
yuwantūtans (accusative plural)
yuwantūtos (genitive singular)
yuwantūtou (dual genitive)
yuwantūtom (genitive plural)
yuwantūtei (dative singular)
yuwantūtobom (dative dual)
yuwantūtobos (dative plural)
yuwantūti (locative singular)
yuwantūte? (instrumental singular)
yuwantūtobim (dual instrumental)
yuwantūtobis (instrumental plural)

desc

>? Proto-Brythonic: *jüwėnt (if the nom. sg. survived), *jüwėnktid (oblique stem, with *-k- inserted from the related adjective?)

Middle Welsh: ieuenctid (and many variant spellings)

Welsh: ieuenctid

if not simply, as the GPC indicates, a secondary formation with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">-aint</i>

Welsh: iewaint, ewaint (if not simply, as the GPC indicates, a secondary formation with -aint)

Old Irish: oítiu

Gaulish: *iuantus, *iouantus (reinterpreted as a u-stem)

→ Latin: Iuantus, Iouantus

⇒ Gaulish: *Iouantucaros

→ Latin: Iouantucarus

An identical *-tūts formation can be found in Latin iuventūs (“youth”). Both are derivatives of Proto-Indo-European *h₂yéwHō (“young”); another derivative from the same base is found in Celtic *yuwankos (“young”).


butā

butā (nominative singular)
butai (dual nominative)
butās (nominative plural)
butā (singular vocative)
butai (dual vocative)
butās (plural vocative)
butam (accusative singular)
butai (accusative dual)
butāns (accusative plural)
butās (genitive singular)
butous (dual genitive)
butom (genitive plural)
butāi (dative singular)
butābom (dative dual)
butābos (dative plural)
butai (locative singular)
butābim (dual instrumental)
butābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bod

Old Breton: bot (attested in compounds)

Breton: bod (only in fixed phrases)

Cornish: bod, bos (only as a place name element)

Middle Welsh: bod (“dwelling”)

Old Irish: both

Middle Irish: both

Irish: both

Scottish Gaelic: both (“cottage”)

Gaulish: *butā

→ French: (various dialectal terms) boye, bouatson, boen

Obvious cognates include Lithuanian bùtas (“home, house”) and Icelandic búð. It is tempting to connect these to *bʰuH- (“to be”) (whence Etymology 2), but the Lithuanian short vowel has led to Matasović and Zair dismissing a derivation from that root. Matasović consequently concludes that these words constitute a Wanderwort.


butā

Proto-Brythonic: *bod

Old Breton: bot

Middle Breton: bout

surviving only in dialects or fixed expressions; otherwise replaced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="br">bezañ</i>

Breton: bout (surviving only in dialects or fixed expressions; otherwise replaced by bezañ)

Cornish: bos

Middle Welsh: bod (“to be”)

Welsh: bod

desctree

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*butis</i>

Old Irish: buith, both (original nominative), buid (mostly Würzburg spelling) (merged with *butis)
Middle Irish: beith, bith
Irish: bheith
Scottish Gaelic: bhith

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be”) + *-tā (verbal noun suffix).


lūtus

lūtus (nominative singular)
lūtū (dual nominative)
lūtowes (nominative plural)
lūtu (singular vocative)
lūtū (dual vocative)
lūtūs (plural vocative)
lūtum (accusative singular)
lūtū (accusative dual)
lūtuns (accusative plural)
lūtous (genitive singular)
lūtous (dual genitive)
lūtowom (genitive plural)
lūtou (dative singular)
lūtubom (dative dual)
lūtubos (dative plural)
lūtū (instrumental singular)
lūtubim (dual instrumental)
lūtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llid

Middle Welsh: llid (“anger, fury”)

Welsh: llid

Old Irish: lúth

Middle Irish: lúth

Irish: lúth

Scottish Gaelic: lùth

Gaulish: *lūtus

desc

⇒ Gaulish: lutura (attested on a Lezoux lead inscription)

→⇒ Latin: Lutullus, Luttius, Luturius, Coblutō

Apparently suffixed in *-tus.
The root is difficult to acertain; a putative *lewH- (“anger”) is only supported by Slavic cognate Proto-Slavic *ľutъ.


derweitā

derweitā (nominative singular)
derweitai (dual nominative)
derweitās (nominative plural)
derweitā (singular vocative)
derweitai (dual vocative)
derweitās (plural vocative)
derweitam (accusative singular)
derweitai (accusative dual)
derweitāns (accusative plural)
derweitās (genitive singular)
derweitous (dual genitive)
derweitom (genitive plural)
derweitāi (dative singular)
derweitābom (dative dual)
derweitābos (dative plural)
derweitai (locative singular)
derweitābim (dual instrumental)
derweitābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *derwuɨd

Breton: (standard form) daroued, (attested nonstandard forms) dervoed, derouid, darvoed, tarwed, deruoet, derhouyd

Middle Welsh: derwhyden (“ringworm”)

Welsh: tarwden, darwden, darwyden, taroden

Gaulish: *deruētā

Latin: derbita (see there for further descendants)

Usually related to Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear apart”).

der

a skin condition that causes rashes or pustules; tetter


griyano-

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: grouan, grean

Breton: grouan, grean

Cornish: grouan, grean

Middle Welsh: graean

Welsh: graean

Old Irish: grïan
Irish: grean

Uncertain, as relating this word to anything presents phonetic difficulties, and the reconstruction of the Celtic word itself is highly uncertain. The current entry title *griyano- is not an endorsement of that reconstruction and was selected arbitrarily.
* Attempting to derive from *gʰreh₁w- (whence also Proto-Celtic *grāwā), Matasović posits a *gʰreh₁w-yos as an intermediary; but *-wy- normally does not assimilate to *-yy- in Celtic the way he suggests.
* Stifter seeks to relate this word to Middle Irish grinnell (“bed of body of water; gravel”), and thus reconstructs either *grisano- or *gresano- and invokes an ad hoc early syncope of the second vowel for grinnell to get the -nn-.
This word's gender is ambiguous in both Goidelic and Brittonic, making recovering the original gender impossible.


gulbīnos

gulbīnos (nominative singular)
gulbīnou (dual nominative)
gulbīnoi (nominative plural)
gulbīne (singular vocative)
gulbīnou (dual vocative)
gulbīnoi (plural vocative)
gulbīnom (accusative singular)
gulbīnou (accusative dual)
gulbīnons (accusative plural)
gulbīnī (genitive singular)
gulbīnous (dual genitive)
gulbīnom (genitive plural)
gulbīnūi (dative singular)
gulbīnobom (dative dual)
gulbīnobos (dative plural)
gulbīnei (locative singular)
gulbīnū (instrumental singular)
gulbīnobim (dual instrumental)
gulbīnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gülβin

⇒ Old Breton: golbinoc

desc

Breton: (standard spelling) Gelveneg, (non-standard forms) Gilvenek, Guilvinek, Guilvinec, Gilvineg

→ French: Guilvinec

Old Cornish: geluin

Cornish: gelvin

Old Welsh: gilbin

Middle Welsh: gylfin, gyluin

Welsh: gylfin

Old Irish: gulban

Some apparent extension of *gulb-, of unknown (possibly substrate) origin.


gulb-

Proto-Brythonic: *gülβ m

Old Welsh: gilb

Middle Welsh: gylyf

Welsh: gylf

→⇒ Latin: Regulbium

→ Old English: Raculf, Raculfceastre

English: Reculver

Middle Irish: gulba

Classical Gaelic: gulba

Gaulish: *gulbiā

desctree

→ Latin: gulbia, gubia
Galician: gubia
Italian: gorbia
Old French: gouge
English: gouge
French: gouge
Spanish: gubia


kaɸukos

kaɸukos (nominative singular)
kaɸukou (dual nominative)
kaɸukoi (nominative plural)
kaɸuke (singular vocative)
kaɸukou (dual vocative)
kaɸukoi (plural vocative)
kaɸukom (accusative singular)
kaɸukou (accusative dual)
kaɸukons (accusative plural)
kaɸukī (genitive singular)
kaɸukous (dual genitive)
kaɸukom (genitive plural)
kaɸukūi (dative singular)
kaɸukobom (dative dual)
kaɸukobos (dative plural)
kaɸukei (locative singular)
kaɸukū (instrumental singular)
kaɸukobim (dual instrumental)
kaɸukūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kọg

Middle Welsh: kawc

Welsh: cawg

Old Irish: cuäch
Middle Irish: cúach
Irish: cuach
Scottish Gaelic: cuach
→ Scots: quaich
→ English: quaich

Given the existence of the nigh-synonymous and similarly-shaped Old Irish cuäd (“drinking vessel”) (<*kaɸutos), relations to Proto-Germanic *haubudą (“head”) and Latin caput (“head”) become attractive; this would derive it from Proto-Indo-European *káput (“head”), with stem-final -d/t- and -k- representing attempts to render a glottal stop in a substrate language.


itrom

itrom (nominative singular)
itrou (dual nominative)
itrā (nominative plural)
itrom (singular vocative)
itrou (dual vocative)
itrā (plural vocative)
itrom (accusative singular)
itrou (accusative dual)
itrā (accusative plural)
itrī (genitive singular)
itrous (dual genitive)
itrom (genitive plural)
itrūi (dative singular)
itrobom (dative dual)
itrobos (dative plural)
itrei (locative singular)
itrū (instrumental singular)
itrobim (dual instrumental)
itrūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: ethar (“boat”)

Middle Irish: ethar

Irish: eathar

Scottish Gaelic: eathar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”); either via suffixation of *-trom (instrumental suffix) or a thematization of *h₁éytr̥ (“way, course”).


luxskā

luxskā (nominative singular)
luxskai (dual nominative)
luxskās (nominative plural)
luxskā (singular vocative)
luxskai (dual vocative)
luxskās (plural vocative)
luxskam (accusative singular)
luxskai (accusative dual)
luxskāns (accusative plural)
luxskās (genitive singular)
luxskous (dual genitive)
luxskom (genitive plural)
luxskāi (dative singular)
luxskābom (dative dual)
luxskābos (dative plural)
luxskai (locative singular)
luxskābim (dual instrumental)
luxskābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: losc f

Middle Welsh: llosc

Welsh: llosg (“burning, inflammation”)

Old Irish: *losc f

⇒ Old Irish: loscaid (“to burn”)

Middle Irish: loiscid

Irish: loisc

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *luk-s-ko-s, from *lewk- (“bright”). Compare Russian лоск (losk, “gloss”).


bodyā

bodyā (nominative singular)
bodyai (dual nominative)
bodyās (nominative plural)
bodyā (singular vocative)
bodyai (dual vocative)
bodyās (plural vocative)
bodyam (accusative singular)
bodyai (accusative dual)
bodyāns (accusative plural)
bodyās (genitive singular)
bodyous (dual genitive)
bodyom (genitive plural)
bodyāi (dative singular)
bodyābom (dative dual)
bodyābos (dative plural)
bodyai (locative singular)
bodyābim (dual instrumental)
bodyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *boð m

Cornish: both

Middle Welsh: bodd, bot, bod

Welsh: bodd

desc

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *boðlọn (“content, satisfied”)

Old Breton: bodlon

⇒ Old Welsh: anbodlaun

Middle Welsh: boðlawn, botlawn

Welsh: bodlon

Old Irish: buide (“gratitude”)

Irish: buí (“thanks”)

Scottish Gaelic: buidhe (“thanks”)

⇒ Manx: booise

Pokorny's derivation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”) is questioned by Matasović and Schrijver for semantic reasons. Schrijver instead brings up the alternative *bʰed- (“to make better”) as the root.


gnāstā

gnāstā (nominative singular)
gnāstai (dual nominative)
gnāstās (nominative plural)
gnāstā (singular vocative)
gnāstai (dual vocative)
gnāstās (plural vocative)
gnāstam (accusative singular)
gnāstai (accusative dual)
gnāstāns (accusative plural)
gnāstās (genitive singular)
gnāstous (dual genitive)
gnāstom (genitive plural)
gnāstāi (dative singular)
gnāstābom (dative dual)
gnāstābos (dative plural)
gnāstai (locative singular)
gnāstābim (dual instrumental)
gnāstābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gnọs

Middle Welsh: gnaws

desc

Welsh: naws (“nature, disposition; mood, atmosphere”)

Old Irish: gnás (“custom; company, companionship”)

Middle Irish: gnás

Irish: gnás

An -st- formation from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).

meaning unclear, see Reconstruction notes


ɸerissā

ɸerissā (nominative singular)
ɸerissai (dual nominative)
ɸerissās (nominative plural)
ɸerissā (singular vocative)
ɸerissai (dual vocative)
ɸerissās (plural vocative)
ɸerissam (accusative singular)
ɸerissai (accusative dual)
ɸerissāns (accusative plural)
ɸerissās (genitive singular)
ɸerissous (dual genitive)
ɸerissom (genitive plural)
ɸerissāi (dative singular)
ɸerissābom (dative dual)
ɸerissābos (dative plural)
ɸerissai (locative singular)
ɸerissābim (dual instrumental)
ɸerissābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: iress, hires, ires, iraes
Irish: iris (“faith, religion”)

desc

derived <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*-yós</i> adjective

⇒ Gaulish: *erissios (derived *-yós adjective)

→ Latin: Ersea (cognomen of a Brescian)

The first part is the prefix *ɸeri-, from Proto-Indo-European *péri, locative to *per-.
The second element is ambiguous; it could either be:
* *-ssā, which Matasović derives from Proto-Indo-European *-dʰh₁-teh₂.
* *-stā, which Mallory and Adams among many others derive from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.


abankos

abankos (nominative singular)
abankou (dual nominative)
abankoi (nominative plural)
abanke (singular vocative)
abankou (dual vocative)
abankoi (plural vocative)
abankom (accusative singular)
abankou (accusative dual)
abankons (accusative plural)
abankī (genitive singular)
abankous (dual genitive)
abankom (genitive plural)
abankūi (dative singular)
abankobom (dative dual)
abankobos (dative plural)
abankei (locative singular)
abankū (instrumental singular)
abankobim (dual instrumental)
abankūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aβank (“aquatic creature, beaver; dwarf”)

Old Breton: abac (“dwarf”), amach

Breton: avank (“beaver”)

Middle Welsh: afanc, aðanc

Welsh: afanc, addanc

Old Irish: abacc, abac (“dwarf”) (with unexplained devoicing of the velar)

Middle Irish: abacc, abac

Irish: abhac

From the oblique stem of the n-stem Proto-Indo-European *h₂ép-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés (which yielded *abū (“river”) in Celtic; from the root *h₂ep- (“water”)), suffixed with *-kos.


owistom

owistom (nominative singular)
owistou (dual nominative)
owistā (nominative plural)
owistom (singular vocative)
owistou (dual vocative)
owistā (plural vocative)
owistom (accusative singular)
owistou (accusative dual)
owistā (accusative plural)
owistī (genitive singular)
owistous (dual genitive)
owistom (genitive plural)
owistūi (dative singular)
owistobom (dative dual)
owistobos (dative plural)
owistei (locative singular)
owistū (instrumental singular)
owistobim (dual instrumental)
owistūis (instrumental plural)

desc

suffixed with Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">-ārius</i>

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *owsọr (“shepherd”) (suffixed with Latin -ārius)

Old Breton: ousor

⇒ Middle Breton: Ker Ouser

→⇒ French: Kérouzéré (name of a castle's location)

Middle Welsh: heusawr

Welsh: heusor

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *owslow (“sheep lice”)

Welsh: hislau, heuslau

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówi-sth₂-ó-, from *h₂ówis (“sheep”) (whence *owis (“sheep”)) + *steh₂- (“to stand”). A similar formation in Celtic is also attested in *boustom (“cow stable”).


kounā

kounā (nominative singular)
kounai (dual nominative)
kounās (nominative plural)
kounā (singular vocative)
kounai (dual vocative)
kounās (plural vocative)
kounam (accusative singular)
kounai (accusative dual)
kounāns (accusative plural)
kounās (genitive singular)
kounous (dual genitive)
kounom (genitive plural)
kounāi (dative singular)
kounābom (dative dual)
kounābos (dative plural)
kounai (locative singular)
kounābim (dual instrumental)
kounābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉn

Middle Welsh: cun

Welsh: cun

Old Irish: cúan (“litter, pack”)

Middle Irish: cúan

Irish: cuain (“litter, brood”)

From a collective of a vṛddhi derivative *ḱewnós (“(born) of dogs”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). See also *deywós (“god”), whence Proto-Celtic *deiwos, for a similar formation.


lāt-

lātis (nominative singular)
lātī (dual nominative)
lātīs (nominative plural)
lāti (singular vocative)
lātī (dual vocative)
lātīs (plural vocative)
lātim (accusative singular)
lātī (accusative dual)
lātins (accusative plural)
lāteis (genitive singular)
lātyow (dual genitive)
lātyom (genitive plural)
lātei (dative singular)
lātibom (dative dual)
lātibos (dative plural)
lātei (locative singular)
lātī (instrumental singular)
lātibim (dual instrumental)
lātibis (instrumental plural)
lātos (nominative singular)
lātou (dual nominative)
lātoi (nominative plural)
lāte (singular vocative)
lātou (dual vocative)
lātoi (plural vocative)
lātom (accusative singular)
lātou (accusative dual)
lātons (accusative plural)
lātī (genitive singular)
lātous (dual genitive)
lātom (genitive plural)
lātūi (dative singular)
lātobom (dative dual)
lātobos (dative plural)
lātei (locative singular)
lātū (instrumental singular)
lātobim (dual instrumental)
lātūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llọd

Welsh: llawd (“the state of a sow being in heat”)

Old Irish: láth, láith

Middle Irish: láth, láith

Irish: láth

Gaulish: *lātos, *lātis

⇒ Gaulish: Εσκεγγολατι (Eskengolati)

→⇒ Latin: Lātobicī, Lātobrigi, Lātovicī, Lātobius, Lātobrogiī


loudos

loudos (nominative singular)
loudou (dual nominative)
loudoi (nominative plural)
loude (singular vocative)
loudou (dual vocative)
loudoi (plural vocative)
loudom (accusative singular)
loudou (accusative dual)
loudons (accusative plural)
loudī (genitive singular)
loudous (dual genitive)
loudom (genitive plural)
loudūi (dative singular)
loudobom (dative dual)
loudobos (dative plural)
loudei (locative singular)
loudū (instrumental singular)
loudobim (dual instrumental)
loudūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉð

Middle Breton: luz

Breton: luz

Middle Welsh: lluð, llut

Welsh: lludd

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *arllʉð

Old Breton: arlup (apparent misspelling of *arlud)

Middle Welsh: arlludd

Welsh: arlludd

>? Middle Irish: lod (“(type of) fence”) (if originally *lód)

An impeccable match for Sanskrit रुध् (rudh, “to obstruct”); the common root for these would be Proto-Indo-European *lewdʰ- (“to obstruct”).


manto-

Proto-Brythonic: *mant

Old Welsh: *mant

Middle Welsh: mant

Welsh: mant

→ Middle Irish: mant

Gaulish: *manto-

→ Latin: Mantus

desc

→⇒ Latin: Manta, Mantius, Mantidia, Mantusa, Mantounus, Caramantius, Venimantius

A Celtic, Italic, and Germanic isogloss; cognates include Latin mentum (“chin”) and Proto-Germanic *munþaz (“mouth”).


minaweto-

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨnawed

Middle Breton: menauet

Breton: minaoued

Cornish: benewas, benewez, (revived spelling) benewes

Welsh: mynawyd

Middle Irish: menad

Irish: meana

Manx: mennee

Scottish Gaelic: minnidh


mongā

mongā (nominative singular)
mongai (dual nominative)
mongās (nominative plural)
mongā (singular vocative)
mongai (dual vocative)
mongās (plural vocative)
mongam (accusative singular)
mongai (accusative dual)
mongāns (accusative plural)
mongās (genitive singular)
mongous (dual genitive)
mongom (genitive plural)
mongāi (dative singular)
mongābom (dative dual)
mongābos (dative plural)
mongai (locative singular)
mongābim (dual instrumental)
mongābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mung

Old Breton: mogou pl

Middle Breton: moe

Breton: moue

Middle Welsh: mwng

Welsh: mwng

Old Irish: mong

Middle Irish: mong

Irish: moing

Manx: mwing

Scottish Gaelic: uing

Apparently a close relative, with an extra velar suffix, of *monis (“neck”). A velar suffix also appears in Germanic cognates like Danish manke (“mane”)


wāgnā

wagnā (nominative singular)
wagnai (dual nominative)
wagnās (nominative plural)
wagnā (singular vocative)
wagnai (dual vocative)
wagnās (plural vocative)
wagnam (accusative singular)
wagnai (accusative dual)
wagnāns (accusative plural)
wagnās (genitive singular)
wagnous (dual genitive)
wagnom (genitive plural)
wagnāi (dative singular)
wagnābom (dative dual)
wagnābos (dative plural)
wagnai (locative singular)
wagnābim (dual instrumental)
wagnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: goen

Middle Breton: gueun

Old Cornish: guen (“campus”)

Cornish: goen, gon, goon

Old Welsh: guoun (“meadow”),

Middle Welsh: gwawn, gwuen

Welsh: gwaun

Old Irish: fán

Irish: fána

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wāg- (“to be bent”), which could be related to Latin vagus (“wandering, strolling”).


sɸondos

sɸondos (nominative singular)
sɸondou (dual nominative)
sɸondoi (nominative plural)
sɸonde (singular vocative)
sɸondou (dual vocative)
sɸondoi (plural vocative)
sɸondom (accusative singular)
sɸondou (accusative dual)
sɸondons (accusative plural)
sɸondī (genitive singular)
sɸondous (dual genitive)
sɸondom (genitive plural)
sɸondūi (dative singular)
sɸondobom (dative dual)
sɸondobos (dative plural)
sɸondei (locative singular)
sɸondū (instrumental singular)
sɸondobim (dual instrumental)
sɸondūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *fonn

Old Welsh: finn pl

Middle Welsh: ffon, fonn

Welsh: ffon

desc

Middle Irish: sonn, sond (“stake, post”)

Irish: sonn

Scottish Gaelic: sonn

Has been linked to Latin sponda (“bedstead”), Old English spōn (“shaving”), and Ancient Greek σφήν (sphḗn, “wedge”).


sītlom

sītlom (nominative singular)
sītlou (dual nominative)
sītlā (nominative plural)
sītlom (singular vocative)
sītlou (dual vocative)
sītlā (plural vocative)
sītlom (accusative singular)
sītlou (accusative dual)
sītlā (accusative plural)
sītlī (genitive singular)
sītlous (dual genitive)
sītlom (genitive plural)
sītlūi (dative singular)
sītlobom (dative dual)
sītlobos (dative plural)
sītlei (locative singular)
sītlū (instrumental singular)
sītlobim (dual instrumental)
sītlūis (instrumental plural)
*sītlā (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *sidl (unlenited), *hidl (lenited)

Middle Breton: sizl

Breton: sil

Cornish: sidhel

Welsh: hidl

merged with Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">situla</i>

Old Irish: síthal (“bucket, vessel to draw water”) (merged with Latin situla)

Middle Irish: síthal, síthil

Classical Gaelic: síothal

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: sìoladh (“filter”), sìolaidh (“to filter, strain”)

According to Schrijver (and repeated by Zair), cognate to Icelandic sáld (“sieve”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁-.


skʷetlom

skʷetlom (nominative singular)
skʷetlou (dual nominative)
skʷetlā (nominative plural)
skʷetlom (singular vocative)
skʷetlou (dual vocative)
skʷetlā (plural vocative)
skʷetlom (accusative singular)
skʷetlou (accusative dual)
skʷetlā (accusative plural)
skʷetlī (genitive singular)
skʷetlous (dual genitive)
skʷetlom (genitive plural)
skʷetlūi (dative singular)
skʷetlobom (dative dual)
skʷetlobos (dative plural)
skʷetlei (locative singular)
skʷetlū (instrumental singular)
skʷetlobim (dual instrumental)
skʷetlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwedl

⇒ Middle Breton: quehezl

Cornish: whethel

Middle Welsh: chwedyl, chuetil, chuedyl

Welsh: chwedl

desctree

Old Irish: scél
Irish: scéal
Manx: skeeal
Scottish Gaelic: sgeul

A simple derivation from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”) seems obvious, but the labiovelar seems to have lost its labialization in Brittonic; otherwise a p would have appeared. There are many ways to account for the delabialization:
* Schrijver presumes delabialization in this word happened at the Proto-Celtic level, yielding *sketlom.
* Matasović thinks a metathesis occurred; his own scenario of *skʷ > *xs- is implausible, since he cannot find a source for the following /w/. One can salvage his metathesis idea by instead positing *sékʷtlom > *sextlom > *sketlom, which would account for the odd position of the *e and apparent zero-grade root for a *-tlom noun.


skoltā

skoltā (nominative singular)
skoltai (dual nominative)
skoltās (nominative plural)
skoltā (singular vocative)
skoltai (dual vocative)
skoltās (plural vocative)
skoltam (accusative singular)
skoltai (accusative dual)
skoltāns (accusative plural)
skoltās (genitive singular)
skoltous (dual genitive)
skoltom (genitive plural)
skoltāi (dative singular)
skoltābom (dative dual)
skoltābos (dative plural)
skoltai (locative singular)
skoltābim (dual instrumental)
skoltābis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *hwollt (with *hw from the verb)

Middle Breton: faout

Breton: faout

Cornish: fals, (Revived form) fols

Middle Welsh: hollt

Welsh: hollt

Irish: scoilt

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cut”) + *-tā. The o-grade is irregular, but it could have been influenced by the derived verb *skoltīti.


snādetus

snādetus (nominative singular)
snādetū (dual nominative)
snādetowes (nominative plural)
snādetu (singular vocative)
snādetū (dual vocative)
snādetūs (plural vocative)
snādetum (accusative singular)
snādetū (accusative dual)
snādetuns (accusative plural)
snādetous (genitive singular)
snādetous (dual genitive)
snādetowom (genitive plural)
snādetou (dative singular)
snādetubom (dative dual)
snādetubos (dative plural)
snādetū (instrumental singular)
snādetubim (dual instrumental)
snādetubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nọðed

Old Breton: nodet

Middle Welsh: noðet, noteð

Welsh: nodded

Old Irish: snádud

Middle Irish: snádud

A *-tus verbal noun made alongside *snādīti (“to protect”).


snidā

snidā (nominative singular)
snidai (dual nominative)
snidās (nominative plural)
snidā (singular vocative)
snidai (dual vocative)
snidās (plural vocative)
snidam (accusative singular)
snidai (accusative dual)
snidāns (accusative plural)
snidās (genitive singular)
snidous (dual genitive)
snidom (genitive plural)
snidāi (dative singular)
snidābom (dative dual)
snidābos (dative plural)
snidai (locative singular)
snidābim (dual instrumental)
snidābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *neð

Middle Breton: nez

Breton: nez

Cornish: nedh

Middle Welsh: nedd

Welsh: nedd

Old Irish: sned

Irish: sniodh

Scottish Gaelic: sneadh

Seemingly a substrate word; see Proto-Indo-European *-níd- for more information.


stātlā

stātlā (nominative singular)
stātlai (dual nominative)
stātlās (nominative plural)
stātlā (singular vocative)
stātlai (dual vocative)
stātlās (plural vocative)
stātlam (accusative singular)
stātlai (accusative dual)
stātlāns (accusative plural)
stātlās (genitive singular)
stātlous (dual genitive)
stātlom (genitive plural)
stātlāi (dative singular)
stātlābom (dative dual)
stātlābos (dative plural)
stātlai (locative singular)
stātlābim (dual instrumental)
stātlābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *sọdl

Middle Breton: seuzl

Breton: seul (“heel”)

Middle Welsh: saudel

Welsh: sawdl

desctree

Old Irish: sál (“heel”)
Irish: sáil
Manx: saayl
Scottish Gaelic: sàil

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”) followed by an instrumental suffix in the form of either *-tlom (LÉIA and Matasović) or *-dʰlom (De Bernardo Stempel).


sɸiyonos

sɸiyonoos (nominative singular)
sɸiyonoou (dual nominative)
sɸiyonooi (nominative plural)
sɸiyonoe (singular vocative)
sɸiyonoou (dual vocative)
sɸiyonooi (plural vocative)
sɸiyonoom (accusative singular)
sɸiyonoou (accusative dual)
sɸiyonoons (accusative plural)
sɸiyonoī (genitive singular)
sɸiyonoous (dual genitive)
sɸiyonoom (genitive plural)
sɸiyonoūi (dative singular)
sɸiyonoobom (dative dual)
sɸiyonoobos (dative plural)
sɸiyonoei (locative singular)
sɸiyonoū (instrumental singular)
sɸiyonoobim (dual instrumental)
sɸiyonoūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *fion

desc

Old Breton: foeou (read as foeon), ⇒ fionauc

Breton: foeon, feon, freon (“Narcissus flowers”)

Old Welsh: fionou pl

Middle Welsh: ffion

Welsh: ffion

Middle Irish: sion, sían

Unknown; the only cognate suggesting itself is Latin spiōnia (“a type of grapevine”). It may possibly be a Wanderwort.


andīlyā

andīlyā (nominative singular)
andīlyai (dual nominative)
andīlyās (nominative plural)
andīlyā (singular vocative)
andīlyai (dual vocative)
andīlyās (plural vocative)
andīlyam (accusative singular)
andīlyai (accusative dual)
andīlyāns (accusative plural)
andīlyās (genitive singular)
andīlyous (dual genitive)
andīlyom (genitive plural)
andīlyāi (dative singular)
andīlyābom (dative dual)
andīlyābos (dative plural)
andīlyai (locative singular)
andīlyābim (dual instrumental)
andīlyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėndill

⇒ Old Breton: endlim

Middle Welsh: ennill

Welsh: ennill

Old Irish: indile

Middle Irish: indile

While known to be prefixed with *ande-, the origin of any other elements of this word is unknown.


alnomroxs

alnomroxs (nominative singular)
alnomroge (dual nominative)
alnomroges (nominative plural)
alnomroxs (singular vocative)
alnomroge (dual vocative)
alnomroges (plural vocative)
alnomrogam (accusative singular)
alnomroge (accusative dual)
alnomrogans (accusative plural)
alnomrogos (genitive singular)
alnomrogou (dual genitive)
alnomrogom (genitive plural)
alnomrogei (dative singular)
alnomrogobom (dative dual)
alnomrogobos (dative plural)
alnomrogi (locative singular)
alnomroge? (instrumental singular)
alnomrogobim (dual instrumental)
alnomrogobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *allβroɣ

Middle Welsh: allvro

Welsh: allfro

Gaulish: *allobrox

→ Latin: Allobroxus, Allobrogēs

→⇒ Latin: Allobrogicus

From *alnos (“other”) + *mrogis (“country”, originally an athematic *mroxs), literally “[from] the other country”.

compound

originally an athematic <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*mroxs</i>


alnomoris

alnomoris (nominative singular)
alnomorī (dual nominative)
alnomorīs (nominative plural)
alnomori (singular vocative)
alnomorī (dual vocative)
alnomorīs (plural vocative)
alnomorim (accusative singular)
alnomorī (accusative dual)
alnomorins (accusative plural)
alnomoreis (genitive singular)
alnomoryow (dual genitive)
alnomoryom (genitive plural)
alnomorei (dative singular)
alnomoribom (dative dual)
alnomoribos (dative plural)
alnomorei (locative singular)
alnomorī (instrumental singular)
alnomoribim (dual instrumental)
alnomoribis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *allmör pl (with irregular loss of lenition)

Middle Welsh: allmyr pl

Welsh: allmyr

Old Irish: allmuir

Middle Irish: allmuir

⇒ allmarach (“foreign”)

Irish: allúrach

Scottish Gaelic: allmharach


galarom

galarom (nominative singular)
galarou (dual nominative)
galarā (nominative plural)
galarom (singular vocative)
galarou (dual vocative)
galarā (plural vocative)
galarom (accusative singular)
galarou (accusative dual)
galarā (accusative plural)
galarī (genitive singular)
galarous (dual genitive)
galarom (genitive plural)
galarūi (dative singular)
galarobom (dative dual)
galarobos (dative plural)
galarei (locative singular)
galarū (instrumental singular)
galarobim (dual instrumental)
galarūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *galar (“grief, sorrow”)

Middle Breton: glachar

Breton: glacʼhar

Cornish: galar

Middle Welsh: galar

Welsh: galar

Old Irish: galar (“disease, pain”)

Middle Irish: galar

Irish: galar

Scottish Gaelic: galar

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelH-ro-, cognate to Hittite 𒆗𒆷𒅈 (kal-la-ar /kallar-/, “evil, unpleasant, unhealthy; inauspicious; enormous”), and possibly also Old English gealla (“gall”) and Lithuanian žalà (“damage”).

cog

a distressing or painful condition, such as:


uɸerkrets

uɸerkrets (nominative singular)
uɸerkrete (dual nominative)
uɸerkretes (nominative plural)
uɸerkrets (singular vocative)
uɸerkrete (dual vocative)
uɸerkretes (plural vocative)
uɸerkretam (accusative singular)
uɸerkrete (accusative dual)
uɸerkretans (accusative plural)
uɸerkretos (genitive singular)
uɸerkretou (dual genitive)
uɸerkretom (genitive plural)
uɸerkretei (dative singular)
uɸerkretobom (dative dual)
uɸerkretobos (dative plural)
uɸerkreti (locative singular)
uɸerkrete? (instrumental singular)
uɸerkretobim (dual instrumental)
uɸerkretobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gworgred

Middle Welsh: gworgret, gorgret

desc

Welsh: gwarged, gwargred m (“surplus, remainder”)

via i-stem extension *uɸorkreti<ref name=Weiss/>

Old Irish: forcraid, forcrith f (“excess, superfluity”) (via i-stem extension *uɸorkreti)

Middle Irish: forcraid

An *-ets noun from *uɸer- (“over-”) + Proto-Indo-European *ḱreh₁- (“to grow”), literally “overgrowth”; the same root also yielded Latin crēscō (“to grow”).


dristis

dristis (nominative singular)
dristī (dual nominative)
dristīs (nominative plural)
dristi (singular vocative)
dristī (dual vocative)
dristīs (plural vocative)
dristim (accusative singular)
dristī (accusative dual)
dristins (accusative plural)
dristeis (genitive singular)
dristyow (dual genitive)
dristyom (genitive plural)
dristei (dative singular)
dristibom (dative dual)
dristibos (dative plural)
dristei (locative singular)
dristī (instrumental singular)
dristibim (dual instrumental)
dristibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *drɨs

Breton: drez

Old Cornish: dreis

Old Welsh: drissi pl

Middle Welsh: drysi, dryssi

Welsh: drysi

Old Irish: dris, driss

Irish: dris

Scottish Gaelic: dris

Manx: dress

Unknown; the only similar-looking word known is Ancient Greek δρίος (dríos, “thicket”).


delwā

delwā (nominative singular)
delwai (dual nominative)
delwās (nominative plural)
delwā (singular vocative)
delwai (dual vocative)
delwās (plural vocative)
delwam (accusative singular)
delwai (accusative dual)
delwāns (accusative plural)
delwās (genitive singular)
delwous (dual genitive)
delwom (genitive plural)
delwāi (dative singular)
delwābom (dative dual)
delwābos (dative plural)
delwai (locative singular)
delwābim (dual instrumental)
delwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *delw

Middle Cornish: del

Old Welsh: delu

Middle Welsh: delw

Welsh: delw

desctree

Old Irish: delb
Irish: dealbh
Manx: jalloo
Scottish Gaelic: dealbh

From Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- (“to carve, split”) (the laryngeal of which Matasović fails to notate), whence also Latin dolō (“to hew, fashion”), Lithuanian dalýti (“to divide”), and Albanian dalloj (“to cut”).


dusyos

dusyos (nominative singular)
dusyou (dual nominative)
dusyoi (nominative plural)
dusye (singular vocative)
dusyou (dual vocative)
dusyoi (plural vocative)
dusyom (accusative singular)
dusyou (accusative dual)
dusyons (accusative plural)
dusyī (genitive singular)
dusyous (dual genitive)
dusyom (genitive plural)
dusyūi (dative singular)
dusyobom (dative dual)
dusyobos (dative plural)
dusyei (locative singular)
dusyū (instrumental singular)
dusyobim (dual instrumental)
dusyūis (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: (with major taboo deformations)

Breton: Diz (“the Devil”)

Cornish: dus

Middle Irish: dóe (“human”) (poetic)

Gaulish: dusios (“type of demon”)

→ Basque: tusuri (“the Devil”)

→ Latin: dusius

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes- (“to breathe”). The suffix may be *-yós (adjectival suffix).


bonusedom

bonusedom (nominative singular)
bonusedou (dual nominative)
bonusedā (nominative plural)
bonusedom (singular vocative)
bonusedou (dual vocative)
bonusedā (plural vocative)
bonusedom (accusative singular)
bonusedou (accusative dual)
bonusedā (accusative plural)
bonusedī (genitive singular)
bonusedous (dual genitive)
bonusedom (genitive plural)
bonusedūi (dative singular)
bonusedobom (dative dual)
bonusedobos (dative plural)
bonusedei (locative singular)
bonusedū (instrumental singular)
bonusedobim (dual instrumental)
bonusedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bonheð

Old Welsh: boned, bonhed

Middle Welsh: bonheð, boneð

Welsh: bonedd

Old Irish: bunad

Middle Irish: bunad

Irish: bunadh

Scottish Gaelic: bunadh

From *bonus (“base”) + *sedom (“seat, sitting”).


konkoros

konkoros (nominative singular)
konkorou (dual nominative)
konkoroi (nominative plural)
konkore (singular vocative)
konkorou (dual vocative)
konkoroi (plural vocative)
konkorom (accusative singular)
konkorou (accusative dual)
konkorons (accusative plural)
konkorī (genitive singular)
konkorous (dual genitive)
konkorom (genitive plural)
konkorūi (dative singular)
konkorobom (dative dual)
konkorobos (dative plural)
konkorei (locative singular)
konkorū (instrumental singular)
konkorobim (dual instrumental)
konkorūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kunkor

Middle Welsh: kyghor

Welsh: cyngor

Old Irish: cocur

Irish: cogar

Scottish Gaelic: cogar

From *kom- (“together”) + *koros (“putting”), literally “putting together”.


sagyetis

sagyetis (nominative singular)
sagyetī (dual nominative)
sagyetīs (nominative plural)
sagyeti (singular vocative)
sagyetī (dual vocative)
sagyetīs (plural vocative)
sagyetim (accusative singular)
sagyetī (accusative dual)
sagyetins (accusative plural)
sagyeteis (genitive singular)
sagyetyow (dual genitive)
sagyetyom (genitive plural)
sagyetei (dative singular)
sagyetibom (dative dual)
sagyetibos (dative plural)
sagyetei (locative singular)
sagyetī (instrumental singular)
sagyetibim (dual instrumental)
sagyetibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: saigid (noun)

desc

⇒ Gaulish: sagitiontias (pres. part. gen. sg. f. of a denominative verb)

From *sagyeti (“to seek”) + *-tis (action noun suffix).

af

i ndigaidIrish: i ndiaidhScottish Gaelic: an dèidh


ɸedom

ɸedom (nominative singular)
ɸedou (dual nominative)
ɸedā (nominative plural)
ɸedom (singular vocative)
ɸedou (dual vocative)
ɸedā (plural vocative)
ɸedom (accusative singular)
ɸedou (accusative dual)
ɸedā (accusative plural)
ɸedī (genitive singular)
ɸedous (dual genitive)
ɸedom (genitive plural)
ɸedūi (dative singular)
ɸedobom (dative dual)
ɸedobos (dative plural)
ɸedei (locative singular)
ɸedū (instrumental singular)
ɸedobim (dual instrumental)
ɸedūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Middle Irish: ed (“space, interval”), fed
Irish: feadh, feá
Scottish Gaelic: feadh

Gaulish: *edon

⇒ Gaulish: *cantedon

→ Latin: candetum (with metathesis)

desc

Early Proto-Brittonic, compound with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*tarwos</i> (“bull”)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Tarwedo- (name of a promontory in Britain) (Early Proto-Brittonic, compound with *tarwos (“bull”))

→ Latin: Tarvedum

→ Ancient Greek: Ταρουεδούμ (Tarouedoúm)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*eni-ɸedo-</i>

⇒ Old Irish: ined (< *eni-ɸedo-)

Middle Irish: inad

Irish: ionad

Scottish Gaelic: ionad

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*mages-ɸedo-</i>

⇒ Middle Irish: machad (“milking yard”) (< *mages-ɸedo-)

From Proto-Indo-European *pedom, a thematic derivative of *ped- (“to step”).


triyanom

triyanom (nominative singular)
triyanou (dual nominative)
triyanā (nominative plural)
triyanom (singular vocative)
triyanou (dual vocative)
triyanā (plural vocative)
triyanom (accusative singular)
triyanou (accusative dual)
triyanā (accusative plural)
triyanī (genitive singular)
triyanous (dual genitive)
triyanom (genitive plural)
triyanūi (dative singular)
triyanobom (dative dual)
triyanobos (dative plural)
triyanei (locative singular)
triyanū (instrumental singular)
triyanobim (dual instrumental)
triyanūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: troian, troean

Old Welsh: trean

Middle Welsh: traean

Welsh: traean

desctree

Old Irish: trïan
Middle Irish: trían
Irish: trian
Scottish Gaelic: trian

Gaulish: trianis

Stifter derives this from two possibilities:
* Via *triyanom, this would be a thematization of *tri- (“three”) + *-Hō (possessive suffix).
* Via *trisanom, this would be a thematization of Proto-Indo-European *trís (“thrice”) + *-Hō.


ɸūts

ɸūts (nominative singular)
ɸāde (dual nominative)
ɸādes (nominative plural)
ɸūts (singular vocative)
ɸāde (dual vocative)
ɸādes (plural vocative)
ɸādam (accusative singular)
ɸāde (accusative dual)
ɸādans (accusative plural)
ɸādos (genitive singular)
ɸādou (dual genitive)
ɸādom (genitive plural)
ɸādei (dative singular)
ɸādobom (dative dual)
ɸādobos (dative plural)
ɸādi (locative singular)
ɸāde? (instrumental singular)
ɸādobim (dual instrumental)
ɸādobis (instrumental plural)

Galatian: αδες pl (ades)

From Proto-Indo-European *pṓds (“foot”).


klārom

klārom (nominative singular)
klārou (dual nominative)
klārā (nominative plural)
klārom (singular vocative)
klārou (dual vocative)
klārā (plural vocative)
klārom (accusative singular)
klārou (accusative dual)
klārā (accusative plural)
klārī (genitive singular)
klārous (dual genitive)
klārom (genitive plural)
klārūi (dative singular)
klārobom (dative dual)
klārobos (dative plural)
klārei (locative singular)
klārū (instrumental singular)
klārobim (dual instrumental)
klārūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *klọr
Breton: kleur
Old Welsh: claur
Welsh: clawr

Old Irish: clár
Irish: clár
Manx: claare
Scottish Gaelic: clàr

May be related to Ancient Greek κλῆρος (klêros); see there for discussion.


ninnos

ninnos (nominative singular)
ninnou (dual nominative)
ninnoi (nominative plural)
ninne (singular vocative)
ninnou (dual vocative)
ninnoi (plural vocative)
ninnom (accusative singular)
ninnou (accusative dual)
ninnons (accusative plural)
ninnī (genitive singular)
ninnous (dual genitive)
ninnom (genitive plural)
ninnūi (dative singular)
ninnobom (dative dual)
ninnobos (dative plural)
ninnei (locative singular)
ninnū (instrumental singular)
ninnobim (dual instrumental)
ninnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

→⇒ Latin: Nennius

desc

Middle Irish: nen (“handmaid”) (< feminine *ninnā)

Gaulish: *Ninnos, *Nininos, *Ninnaros

Probably originally a childish term of affective origin.


komen-

komene (dual nominative)
komenes (nominative plural)
komene (dual vocative)
komenes (plural vocative)
komenam (accusative singular)
komene (accusative dual)
komenans (accusative plural)
komenos (genitive singular)
komenou (dual genitive)
komenom (genitive plural)
komenei (dative singular)
komenobom (dative dual)
komenobos (dative plural)
komeni (locative singular)
komene? (instrumental singular)
komenobim (dual instrumental)
komenobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koβ̃

Old Breton: commin pl, ⇒ alcam

Middle Breton: coff, couff

Breton: koun

appearing in the personal name <i class="Latn mention" lang="owl">Cob Cadduc</i>

Old Welsh: cob (appearing in the personal name Cob Cadduc)

Middle Welsh: cof

Welsh: cof

desctree

Old Irish: is cuman la
Middle Irish: is cuman, is cuman la
Irish: is cuimhin le

From earlier *kommen-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm + *men- (“to think”).


korukos

korukos (nominative singular)
korukou (dual nominative)
korukoi (nominative plural)
koruke (singular vocative)
korukou (dual vocative)
korukoi (plural vocative)
korukom (accusative singular)
korukou (accusative dual)
korukons (accusative plural)
korukī (genitive singular)
korukous (dual genitive)
korukom (genitive plural)
korukūi (dative singular)
korukobom (dative dual)
korukobos (dative plural)
korukei (locative singular)
korukū (instrumental singular)
korukobim (dual instrumental)
korukūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *korug

Middle Welsh: corwc

Welsh: corwg, corwgl

Old Irish: curach

Middle Irish: curach

Irish: curach

Scottish Gaelic: curach

desc

→ Latin: curucus (borrowed from Insular Celtic)

Related to Latin corium (“skin, hide, leather”) and Sanskrit चर्मन् (carman, “skin, pelt”) Ancient Greek κώρυκος (kṓrukos, “leather sack”) looks almost identical except for the vowel length mismatch (which makes Stifter label such a comparison as "deceptive").

cog

currach; a boat covered in animal leather


wetsis

wetsis (nominative singular)
wetsī (dual nominative)
wetsīs (nominative plural)
wetsi (singular vocative)
wetsī (dual vocative)
wetsīs (plural vocative)
wetsim (accusative singular)
wetsī (accusative dual)
wetsins (accusative plural)
wetseis (genitive singular)
wetsyow (dual genitive)
wetsyom (genitive plural)
wetsei (dative singular)
wetsibom (dative dual)
wetsibos (dative plural)
wetsei (locative singular)
wetsī (instrumental singular)
wetsibim (dual instrumental)
wetsibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨs

Old Breton: guis

Middle Breton: gues, guys

Breton: gwiz

Old Cornish: guis

Cornish: gwis

Middle Welsh: gwys (“sow”)

Middle Irish: feis

An i-stem derivative of Proto-Indo-European *wetsós (whence Sanskrit वत्स (vatsa, “calf, yearling”)), from *wet- (“year”).


dekʷro-

Proto-Brythonic: *debr

⇒ Old Breton: diprim (“to eat”)

Middle Breton: dibriff

Breton: debriñ

⇒ Cornish: dybbry, debri, dybri

desc

⇒ Gaulish: Deprosagiios (literally “food-seeker”)

Unknown, with many speculative ideas floating around. Lucht is ready to fall back on supposing a potential substrate borrowing if no other option proves worthy. See Lucht 2007 (p. 137) for discussion. Delamarre's comparison to Ancient Greek δεῖπνον (deîpnon) does not work due to mismatched first vowels.


lorgom

lorgom (nominative singular)
lorgou (dual nominative)
lorgā (nominative plural)
lorgom (singular vocative)
lorgou (dual vocative)
lorgā (plural vocative)
lorgom (accusative singular)
lorgou (accusative dual)
lorgā (accusative plural)
lorgī (genitive singular)
lorgous (dual genitive)
lorgom (genitive plural)
lorgūi (dative singular)
lorgobom (dative dual)
lorgobos (dative plural)
lorgei (locative singular)
lorgū (instrumental singular)
lorgobim (dual instrumental)
lorgūis (instrumental plural)
*lergo- (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *llurɣ

Middle Welsh: llwrw

Welsh: llwrw

Old Irish: lorc

Middle Irish: lorg

Irish: lorg

Uncertain; Matasović rules out Old Armenian ողորկ (ołork, “smooth”) as a "chance similarity".


lergo-

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: lerg

Breton: lerc'h

Cornish: lergh

⇒ Gaulish: Aulerci


tuknā

tuknā (nominative singular)
tuknai (dual nominative)
tuknās (nominative plural)
tuknā (singular vocative)
tuknai (dual vocative)
tuknās (plural vocative)
tuknam (accusative singular)
tuknai (accusative dual)
tuknāns (accusative plural)
tuknās (genitive singular)
tuknous (dual genitive)
tuknom (genitive plural)
tuknāi (dative singular)
tuknābom (dative dual)
tuknābos (dative plural)
tuknai (locative singular)
tuknābim (dual instrumental)
tuknābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tin

Middle Cornish: tyn

Middle Welsh: tin

Welsh: tin

Old Irish: tón

Middle Irish: tón

Irish: tóin

Scottish Gaelic: tòn

Manx: thoin, thoyn

Matasović derives this from Proto-Indo-European *tewk- (“swelling”), whence also Proto-Germanic *þeuhą (“thigh”) and Lithuanian taukai (“fat”).


neibos

neibos (nominative singular)
neibou (dual nominative)
neiboi (nominative plural)
neibe (singular vocative)
neibou (dual vocative)
neiboi (plural vocative)
neibom (accusative singular)
neibou (accusative dual)
neibons (accusative plural)
neibī (genitive singular)
neibous (dual genitive)
neibom (genitive plural)
neibūi (dative singular)
neibobom (dative dual)
neibobos (dative plural)
neibei (locative singular)
neibū (instrumental singular)
neibobim (dual instrumental)
neibūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nuɨβ

Middle Welsh: nwyf (“passion”)

Welsh: nwyf

Middle Irish: níab

See the ablaut relative *noibos (“holy”) for more information.


okelom

okelom (nominative singular)
okelou (dual nominative)
okelā (nominative plural)
okelom (singular vocative)
okelou (dual vocative)
okelā (plural vocative)
okelom (accusative singular)
okelou (accusative dual)
okelā (accusative plural)
okelī (genitive singular)
okelous (dual genitive)
okelom (genitive plural)
okelūi (dative singular)
okelobom (dative dual)
okelobos (dative plural)
okelei (locative singular)
okelū (instrumental singular)
okelobim (dual instrumental)
okelūis (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Cindocelum, Itunocelum (British place names)

Gaulish: *okelon

→ Ancient Greek: Ωκελον (Ōkelon) (name of an Italian town near Turin)

Celtiberian:

→ Ancient Greek: Οκελον (Okelon) (name of some Spanish places)

From the root Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).