wod(w)ā

wodā (canonical feminine)
wodā (nominative singular)
wodwā (nominative singular)
wodai (dual nominative)
wodwai (dual nominative)
wodās (nominative plural)
wodwās (nominative plural)
wodā (singular vocative)
wodwā (singular vocative)
wodai (dual vocative)
wodwai (dual vocative)
wodās (plural vocative)
wodwās (plural vocative)
wodam (accusative singular)
wodwam (accusative singular)
wodai (accusative dual)
wodwai (accusative dual)
wodāns (accusative plural)
wodwāns (accusative plural)
wodās (genitive singular)
wodwās (genitive singular)
wodous (dual genitive)
wodwous (dual genitive)
wodom (genitive plural)
wodwom (genitive plural)
wodāi (dative singular)
wodwāi (dative singular)
wodābom (dative dual)
wodwābom (dative dual)
wodābos (dative plural)
wodwābos (dative plural)
wodai (locative singular)
wodwai (locative singular)
wodābim (dual instrumental)
wodwābim (dual instrumental)
wodābis (instrumental plural)
wodwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoð

Old Breton: guod

Middle Breton: goz

Breton: goz

Old Cornish: god

Middle Cornish: goth

Middle Welsh: gwað

Welsh: gwadd, gwahadden

Goidelic:

Scottish Gaelic: famh m

Unknown; Matasović finds any connection with Old Irish fodb (“division, spoils”) dubious.


brākā

brākā (nominative singular)
brākai (dual nominative)
brākās (nominative plural)
brākā (singular vocative)
brākai (dual vocative)
brākās (plural vocative)
brākam (accusative singular)
brākai (accusative dual)
brākāns (accusative plural)
brākās (genitive singular)
brākous (dual genitive)
brākom (genitive plural)
brākāi (dative singular)
brākābom (dative dual)
brākābos (dative plural)
brākai (locative singular)
brākābim (dual instrumental)
brākābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: (early)

desc

→⇒ Latin: Mandubracius (literally “pony-trousers”)

Gaulish: *brācā

→ Latin: brāca (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *brōks before *ō became *ā in Celtic.


bristis

bristis (nominative singular)
bristī (dual nominative)
bristīs (nominative plural)
bristi (singular vocative)
bristī (dual vocative)
bristīs (plural vocative)
bristim (accusative singular)
bristī (accusative dual)
bristins (accusative plural)
bristeis (genitive singular)
bristyow (dual genitive)
bristyom (genitive plural)
bristei (dative singular)
bristibom (dative dual)
bristibos (dative plural)
bristei (locative singular)
bristī (instrumental singular)
bristibim (dual instrumental)
bristibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨs

⇒ Middle Breton: brezec (“swift”)

Middle Welsh: brys

Welsh: brys

Cognate to Latin festīnō (“to hasten”). An Italic-Celtic isogloss.


bruwo-

Old Irish: bróu

Middle Irish: bró (“multitude”)

Unknown; any etymology provided for either of the Welsh or Irish forms inevitably features an uncomfortable semantic distance and also make connecting the Welsh and Irish forms together phonologically impossible.


dastis

dastis (nominative singular)
dastī (dual nominative)
dastīs (nominative plural)
dasti (singular vocative)
dastī (dual vocative)
dastīs (plural vocative)
dastim (accusative singular)
dastī (accusative dual)
dastins (accusative plural)
dasteis (genitive singular)
dastyow (dual genitive)
dastyom (genitive plural)
dastei (dative singular)
dastibom (dative dual)
dastibos (dative plural)
dastei (locative singular)
dastī (instrumental singular)
dastibim (dual instrumental)
dastibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *das

Old Breton: desi

Old Welsh: das

Middle Welsh: das

Welsh: das

Old Irish: daiss

Middle Irish: daiss

Scottish Gaelic: dais

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁-s-tis ~ dʰh₁-s-téys, from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”).


kambitā

kambitā (nominative singular)
kambitai (dual nominative)
kambitās (nominative plural)
kambitā (singular vocative)
kambitai (dual vocative)
kambitās (plural vocative)
kambitam (accusative singular)
kambitai (accusative dual)
kambitāns (accusative plural)
kambitās (genitive singular)
kambitous (dual genitive)
kambitom (genitive plural)
kambitāi (dative singular)
kambitābom (dative dual)
kambitābos (dative plural)
kambitai (locative singular)
kambitābim (dual instrumental)
kambitābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kammed

Middle Breton: camhet

Breton: kammed

Gaulish: *cambitā

→ French: jante

Derivative of *kambos (“bent, twisted”).


dregenom

dregenom (nominative singular)
dregenou (dual nominative)
dregenā (nominative plural)
dregenom (singular vocative)
dregenou (dual vocative)
dregenā (plural vocative)
dregenom (accusative singular)
dregenou (accusative dual)
dregenā (accusative plural)
dregenī (genitive singular)
dregenous (dual genitive)
dregenom (genitive plural)
dregenūi (dative singular)
dregenobom (dative dual)
dregenobos (dative plural)
dregenei (locative singular)
dregenū (instrumental singular)
dregenobim (dual instrumental)
dregenūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *draɣen

Middle Breton: dren

Breton: draen

Old Cornish: drain

Middle Welsh: draen

Welsh: draen

desctree

Old Irish: draigen
Irish: draighean
Manx: drine
Scottish Gaelic: droigheann
⇒ Middle Irish: draignech
Irish: draighneach
Scottish Gaelic: droighneach
⇒ Middle Irish: draignén
Irish: draighneán
Scottish Gaelic: droighnean

Gaulish:

→ Latin: Dregenius, Drecinus, Draganes

desc

→ French: (dialectal terms) dren, ⇒ fourdraine

The usual comparanda are Proto-Slavic *dernъ (“cornel”), Ancient Greek τέρχνος (térkhnos, “twig”), Old High German dirnbaum (“cornel”), and Lithuanian drignė (“henbane”).


uɸodīl-

Proto-Brythonic: *gwöðill

Middle Welsh: gweðill

Welsh: gweddill

Old Irish: fuidel, ⇒ fo·díla

Middle Irish: fuidel, fuidell

Irish: fuíoll

Scottish Gaelic: fuigheall

⇒ Manx: fooillaght

Schrijver decomposes this as *uɸo- (“under”) + *dīl-, while Lucht prefers to relate this and Middle Irish feidil to Ancient Greek ἆθλος (âthlos).


tandman

tandman (nominative singular)
tandmane? (dual nominative)
tandmana (nominative plural)
tandman (singular vocative)
tandmane? (dual vocative)
tandmana (plural vocative)
tandman (accusative singular)
tandmane? (accusative dual)
tandmana (accusative plural)
tandmens (genitive singular)
tandmenous? (dual genitive)
tandmenom (genitive plural)
tandmenei (dative singular)
tandmembom (dative dual)
tandmembos (dative plural)
tandmen (locative singular)
tandmeni (locative singular)
tandmenei (instrumental singular)
tandmembim (dual instrumental)
tandmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tam (“morsel”)

Middle Breton: tam

Breton: tamm

Middle Cornish: tam

Middle Welsh: tam

Welsh: tam

Old Irish: teinm

Middle Irish: teinm

A zero-grade *-man action noun from Proto-Indo-European *tend- (“to cut”).


tou(x)sman

tousman (canonical neuter)
tousman (nominative singular)
touxsman (nominative singular)
tousmane? (dual nominative)
touxsmane? (dual nominative)
tousmana (nominative plural)
touxsmana (nominative plural)
tousman (singular vocative)
touxsman (singular vocative)
tousmane? (dual vocative)
touxsmane? (dual vocative)
tousmana (plural vocative)
touxsmana (plural vocative)
tousman (accusative singular)
touxsman (accusative singular)
tousmane? (accusative dual)
touxsmane? (accusative dual)
tousmana (accusative plural)
touxsmana (accusative plural)
tousmens (genitive singular)
touxsmens (genitive singular)
tousmenous? (dual genitive)
touxsmenous? (dual genitive)
tousmenom (genitive plural)
touxsmenom (genitive plural)
tousmenei (dative singular)
touxsmenei (dative singular)
tousmembom (dative dual)
touxsmembom (dative dual)
tousmembos (dative plural)
touxsmembos (dative plural)
tousmen (locative singular)
tousmeni (locative singular)
touxn (locative singular)
touxni (locative singular)
tousmenei (instrumental singular)
touxsmenei (instrumental singular)
tousmembim (dual instrumental)
touxsmembim (dual instrumental)
tousmembis (instrumental plural)
touxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: túaim

Irish: tuaim (“tumulus”)

This word is a *-sman noun, but its origin is disputed. There are two basic possible etymologies:
* If one reconstructs *touxsman, Greene connects this word with Old Irish túag (“arch”). It may be further connected with *exsstungeti (“to bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg-, although Stüber denies a connection to this root.
* If one instead opts for *tousman, a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”) becomes possible. Zair questions this etymology on semantic grounds, preferring Greene's etymology.

der

stumm

Old Breton: *stum, ⇒ Stumou (a place name); Breton


trexstus

trexstus (nominative singular)
trexstū (dual nominative)
trexstowes (nominative plural)
trexstu (singular vocative)
trexstū (dual vocative)
trexstūs (plural vocative)
trexstum (accusative singular)
trexstū (accusative dual)
trexstuns (accusative plural)
trexstous (genitive singular)
trexstous (dual genitive)
trexstowom (genitive plural)
trexstou (dative singular)
trexstubom (dative dual)
trexstubos (dative plural)
trexstū (instrumental singular)
trexstubim (dual instrumental)
trexstubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tres

Middle Welsh: tres

Welsh: tres

Old Irish: tres (“battle”)

Middle Irish: tress (“battle”)

From the same root as *trexsnos (“strong”).


weiyā

weiyā (nominative singular)
weiyai (dual nominative)
weiyās (nominative plural)
weiyā (singular vocative)
weiyai (dual vocative)
weiyās (plural vocative)
weiyam (accusative singular)
weiyai (accusative dual)
weiyāns (accusative plural)
weiyās (genitive singular)
weiyous (dual genitive)
weiyom (genitive plural)
weiyāi (dative singular)
weiyābom (dative dual)
weiyābos (dative plural)
weiyai (locative singular)
weiyābim (dual instrumental)
weiyābis (instrumental plural)

>? Middle Irish: fé (“woe, grief”)

Gaulish: ueia (Lezoux plate, line 10)

Cognate to Ancient Greek ῑ̓́ς (ī́s, “force, power”), Sanskrit वयस् (vayas, “force, vigour”), and also Latin vīs (“force, power”). The root of these is Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-.


gloidos

gloidos (nominative singular)
gloide (singular vocative)
gloidom (accusative singular)
gloidī (genitive singular)
gloidūi (dative singular)
gloidei (locative singular)
gloidū (instrumental singular)

desc

with non-lenition of *d under the influence of Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">glūten</i>

Proto-Brythonic: *glʉd (with non-lenition of *d under the influence of Latin glūten)

Middle Breton: glut

Breton: glud

Old Cornish: glut

Middle Welsh: glut

Welsh: glud

Old Irish: glaíth (as attested in a late Laws manuscript)

Middle Irish: gláed

Irish: glae

Scottish Gaelic: glaodh

From a dental extension of Proto-Indo-European *gleyH- (“to glue, smear”).


āgos

āgos (nominative singular)
āgou (dual nominative)
āgoi (nominative plural)
āge (singular vocative)
āgou (dual vocative)
āgoi (plural vocative)
āgom (accusative singular)
āgou (accusative dual)
āgons (accusative plural)
āgī (genitive singular)
āgous (dual genitive)
āgom (genitive plural)
āgūi (dative singular)
āgobom (dative dual)
āgobos (dative plural)
āgei (locative singular)
āgū (instrumental singular)
āgobim (dual instrumental)
āgūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: ág

Middle Irish: ág

Irish: ágh

Gaulish: *āgos

desc

Τολιστοάγιοι

→⇒ Ancient Greek: Τολιστοάγιοι (Tolistoágioi)

→⇒ Latin: Agorix, Arviragus, Agelitus, Comagus, Comagius, Comagia

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), but the derivation of the long vowel *ā is unclear.


baissā

baissā (nominative singular)
baissai (dual nominative)
baissās (nominative plural)
baissā (singular vocative)
baissai (dual vocative)
baissās (plural vocative)
baissam (accusative singular)
baissai (accusative dual)
baissāns (accusative plural)
baissās (genitive singular)
baissous (dual genitive)
baissom (genitive plural)
baissāi (dative singular)
baissābom (dative dual)
baissābos (dative plural)
baissai (locative singular)
baissābim (dual instrumental)
baissābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *boɨs (“custom”)

Middle Breton: boas

Breton: boaz

Middle Welsh: moes

Welsh: moes

desctree

→ Old Irish: bés, béss, bǽs (borrowed after the monophthongization of *ai to /ɛː/ but before breaking of /ɛː/ to *oɨ)
Irish: béas
Scottish Gaelic: beus

Old Irish: báes, baís (“folly”)

Middle Irish: báes, baís

Irish: baois

A derivative of *baitos (“custom; mad; foolish”).
Which of the two main senses came first is unclear; Pedersen argued that "folly" came first, while Jørgensen prefers to argue that "custom" came first.


ɸlātrom

ɸlātrom (nominative singular)
ɸlātrou (dual nominative)
ɸlātrā (nominative plural)
ɸlātrom (singular vocative)
ɸlātrou (dual vocative)
ɸlātrā (plural vocative)
ɸlātrom (accusative singular)
ɸlātrou (accusative dual)
ɸlātrā (accusative plural)
ɸlātrī (genitive singular)
ɸlātrous (dual genitive)
ɸlātrom (genitive plural)
ɸlātrūi (dative singular)
ɸlātrobom (dative dual)
ɸlātrobos (dative plural)
ɸlātrei (locative singular)
ɸlātrū (instrumental singular)
ɸlātrobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlātrūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *llọdr (“leg covering”)

Middle Breton: louzr

Breton: loer (“stocking”)

Old Cornish: loder (“leather shoe”)

Cornish: loder (“stocking”)

Middle Welsh: llawdyr (“trousers”)

Welsh: llawdr, llodrau

desctree

Old Irish: láthar
Middle Irish: láither, láthair
Irish: láthair
Scottish Gaelic: làthair

From Proto-Indo-European *pléh₂-trom, a *-trom noun from the root *pleh₂- (“flat”)


gʷariyā

gʷariyā (nominative singular)
gʷariyai (dual nominative)
gʷariyās (nominative plural)
gʷariyā (singular vocative)
gʷariyai (dual vocative)
gʷariyās (plural vocative)
gʷariyam (accusative singular)
gʷariyai (accusative dual)
gʷariyāns (accusative plural)
gʷariyās (genitive singular)
gʷariyous (dual genitive)
gʷariyom (genitive plural)
gʷariyāi (dative singular)
gʷariyābom (dative dual)
gʷariyābos (dative plural)
gʷariyai (locative singular)
gʷariyābim (dual instrumental)
gʷariyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwareð

Middle Breton: goarez

Breton: gwarez (“shelter, protection”)

Middle Welsh: gwareð

desc

Welsh: gwaredd (“gentleness, compassion”)

Old Irish: goire

Middle Irish: gaire

From *gʷaros (“pious, dutiful”) + *-iyā (deadjectival abstract suffix).


makʷos angʷaros

Proto-Brythonic: *mab angwar

Middle Welsh: mab anwar

Old Irish: macc ingor

(Insular Celtic) a son who fails to perform filial duties


gāwā

gāwā (nominative singular)
gāwai (dual nominative)
gāwās (nominative plural)
gāwā (singular vocative)
gāwai (dual vocative)
gāwās (plural vocative)
gāwam (accusative singular)
gāwai (accusative dual)
gāwāns (accusative plural)
gāwās (genitive singular)
gāwous (dual genitive)
gāwom (genitive plural)
gāwāi (dative singular)
gāwābom (dative dual)
gāwābos (dative plural)
gāwai (locative singular)
gāwābim (dual instrumental)
gāwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *guw, *gow?, *gaw?

Middle Breton: gou

Breton: gaou

Old Cornish: gou

Cornish: gow

Middle Welsh: geu

Welsh: gau

Old Irish: gáu, gó
Middle Irish: gó

Unknown. See Matasović (2009) and Zair (2011) for various ideas.


uɸertogyā

uɸertogyā (nominative singular)
uɸertogyai (dual nominative)
uɸertogyās (nominative plural)
uɸertogyā (singular vocative)
uɸertogyai (dual vocative)
uɸertogyās (plural vocative)
uɸertogyam (accusative singular)
uɸertogyai (accusative dual)
uɸertogyāns (accusative plural)
uɸertogyās (genitive singular)
uɸertogyous (dual genitive)
uɸertogyom (genitive plural)
uɸertogyāi (dative singular)
uɸertogyābom (dative dual)
uɸertogyābos (dative plural)
uɸertogyai (locative singular)
uɸertogyābim (dual instrumental)
uɸertogyābis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *wertogyā (early), *gworθoɣ (late)

Middle Welsh: gortho, gwortho

Welsh: gortho

→ Latin: vertogia (name of an item stolen from Camulorix and Titocuna)

Old Irish: fortgae, fortche

From *uɸer- (“over-”) + *togyā (“covering”).


erwā

erwā (nominative singular)
erwai (dual nominative)
erwās (nominative plural)
erwā (singular vocative)
erwai (dual vocative)
erwās (plural vocative)
erwam (accusative singular)
erwai (accusative dual)
erwāns (accusative plural)
erwās (genitive singular)
erwous (dual genitive)
erwom (genitive plural)
erwāi (dative singular)
erwābom (dative dual)
erwābos (dative plural)
erwai (locative singular)
erwābim (dual instrumental)
erwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *erw

Middle Breton: eru (“furrow”)

Breton: erv

Old Cornish: ereu, erw

Middle Cornish: erw

Middle Welsh: erw

Welsh: erw

Possibly related to Hittite 𒅕𒄩𒀸 (er-ḫa-aš /erḫaš/, “line, boundary”), Latin ōra, perhaps all from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erh₂- (“border, line”).


uɸosterā

uɸosterā (nominative singular)
uɸosterai (dual nominative)
uɸosterās (nominative plural)
uɸosterā (singular vocative)
uɸosterai (dual vocative)
uɸosterās (plural vocative)
uɸosteram (accusative singular)
uɸosterai (accusative dual)
uɸosterāns (accusative plural)
uɸosterās (genitive singular)
uɸosterous (dual genitive)
uɸosterom (genitive plural)
uɸosterāi (dative singular)
uɸosterābom (dative dual)
uɸosterābos (dative plural)
uɸosterai (locative singular)
uɸosterābim (dual instrumental)
uɸosterābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoser

Breton: gouzer

Old Irish: fosair

A verbal noun corresponding to *uɸostarnāti, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread”).


stamnā

stamnā (nominative singular)
stamnai (dual nominative)
stamnās (nominative plural)
stamnā (singular vocative)
stamnai (dual vocative)
stamnās (plural vocative)
stamnam (accusative singular)
stamnai (accusative dual)
stamnāns (accusative plural)
stamnās (genitive singular)
stamnous (dual genitive)
stamnom (genitive plural)
stamnāi (dative singular)
stamnābom (dative dual)
stamnābos (dative plural)
stamnai (locative singular)
stamnābim (dual instrumental)
stamnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *s(t)aβ̃n

Middle Breton: staffn

Breton: staon

Middle Welsh: safn

Welsh: safn

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *s(t)ėβ̃nig

Old Cornish: stefenic

Cornish: stevnig

Middle Welsh: sefnig

Welsh: sefnig

Related to Ancient Greek στόμᾰ (stómă, “mouth”), Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬨𐬀𐬥 (staman, “mouth (of a dog)”), Hittite [script needed] (ištāman-, “ear”) and Proto-Germanic *stebnō (“voice, sound”)


suxtos

suxtos (nominative singular)
suxtou (dual nominative)
suxtoi (nominative plural)
suxte (singular vocative)
suxtou (dual vocative)
suxtoi (plural vocative)
suxtom (accusative singular)
suxtou (accusative dual)
suxtons (accusative plural)
suxtī (genitive singular)
suxtous (dual genitive)
suxtom (genitive plural)
suxtūi (dative singular)
suxtobom (dative dual)
suxtobos (dative plural)
suxtei (locative singular)
suxtū (instrumental singular)
suxtobim (dual instrumental)
suxtūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *suɨθ f

Middle Breton: soez

Breton: souezh

Old Irish: socht

Middle Irish: socht

Disputed. There are three major schools of thought, summarized by Irslinger:
* Pokorny, LEIA, De Bernardo Stempel, and Matasović connect this to the descendants of Proto-Germanic *seukaz (“sick”), via a root *sewg-.
* Schrijver, who connects Breton souezh to this term, reconstructs *stuxt- and relates this to Latin stupeō. The common root would be *(s)tewp- (“to push”).
* Watkins and Hamp reconstruct *soxtos and derive this from a root *sek- (“to dry up”). This etymology, unlike the other two, is incompatible with Breton souezh.


stlissus

stlissus (nominative singular)
stlissū (dual nominative)
stlissowes (nominative plural)
stlissu (singular vocative)
stlissū (dual vocative)
stlissūs (plural vocative)
stlissum (accusative singular)
stlissū (accusative dual)
stlissuns (accusative plural)
stlissous (genitive singular)
stlissous (dual genitive)
stlissowom (genitive plural)
stlissou (dative singular)
stlissubom (dative dual)
stlissubos (dative plural)
stlissū (instrumental singular)
stlissubim (dual instrumental)
stlissubis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *stlɨs (as a noun), *llɨs- (as a prefix)

Middle Welsh: ystlys

Welsh: ystlys, llys-

desctree

Old Irish: slis
Middle Irish: slis
Irish: slios
Scottish Gaelic: slios
Manx: slyst

Disputed. Summarized from Irslinger (2002):
* Pedersen, implying *sɸlixstus, relates this to Ancient Greek πλίσσομαι (plíssomai) via a putative Proto-Indo-European *(s)pleygʰ-. Frisk, Mayrhofer, and Schrijver reject this connection.
* Foy, LEIA, Hamp (and also Matasović) go for a connection to Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to spread”), via an extended *st(é)l-t-tus. This requires posing an isolated -t- extension to the root, which does not satisfy Irslinger.
* Irslinger, citing De Bernardo Stempel, prefers to derive this from a root *spelt-, avoiding the need for an aberrant root extension.


stleiki-

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *stlēki- (early), *stluɨg (late)

Breton: stloag

→ Old Irish: sléic (borrowed before *ē (< *ei) re-diphthongized)

Obscure; it may be linked to Latin lixa (“lye”), but that would require abandoning any links between that and *wleykʷ- (“wet”).


grannos

grannos (nominative singular)
grannou (dual nominative)
grannoi (nominative plural)
granne (singular vocative)
grannou (dual vocative)
grannoi (plural vocative)
grannom (accusative singular)
grannou (accusative dual)
grannons (accusative plural)
grannī (genitive singular)
grannous (dual genitive)
grannom (genitive plural)
grannūi (dative singular)
grannobom (dative dual)
grannobos (dative plural)
grannei (locative singular)
grannū (instrumental singular)
grannobim (dual instrumental)
grannūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *grann

Middle Welsh: grann

Welsh: gran

Breton: grann

Old Irish: grenn f

Middle Irish: grend, grenn

Irish: greann

Scottish Gaelic: greann

Gaulish: *grennos

→ Old French: grenon

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: grenhon, greñón

→ Piedmontese: gernon

→ Venetan: grana

Unknown, although Delamarre (followed by Matasović) compares Proto-Germanic *granō.


gyemirātom

gyemirātom (nominative singular)
gyemirātou (dual nominative)
gyemirātā (nominative plural)
gyemirātom (singular vocative)
gyemirātou (dual vocative)
gyemirātā (plural vocative)
gyemirātom (accusative singular)
gyemirātou (accusative dual)
gyemirātā (accusative plural)
gyemirātī (genitive singular)
gyemirātous (dual genitive)
gyemirātom (genitive plural)
gyemirātūi (dative singular)
gyemirātobom (dative dual)
gyemirātobos (dative plural)
gyemirātei (locative singular)
gyemirātū (instrumental singular)
gyemirātobim (dual instrumental)
gyemirātūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gaeafrawd

desctree

Old Irish: gaimred
Middle Irish: gemred, geimred
Irish: geimhreadh
Scottish Gaelic: geamhradh
Manx: geurey

From *gyemos (“winter”) + a suffix *-rātom that also appears in Old Irish samrad (“summer”).


salixs

salixs (nominative singular)
salike (dual nominative)
salikes (nominative plural)
salixs (singular vocative)
salike (dual vocative)
salikes (plural vocative)
salikam (accusative singular)
salike (accusative dual)
salikans (accusative plural)
salikos (genitive singular)
salikou (dual genitive)
salikom (genitive plural)
salikei (dative singular)
salikobom (dative dual)
salikobos (dative plural)
saliki (locative singular)
salike? (instrumental singular)
salikobim (dual instrumental)
salikobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *hėlɨg (from oblique stem)

Breton: haleg (with unexplained reversal of i-affection)

Old Cornish: heligen (singulative)

Cornish: helyk

Old Welsh: helic

Middle Welsh: helyg, helyc, helic

Welsh: helyg

desctree

Old Irish: sail
Middle Irish: sail
Irish: sail
⇒ Middle Irish: *sailech
Irish: saileach
Manx: shellagh
Scottish Gaelic: seileach

Gaulish: *salicā

desc

→ Latin: Salica, ⇒ Salicogenna, Salicilla

French: Saulges, Saugues

Probably a Wanderwort from an unknown source. Cognate to Latin salix, Proto-Germanic *salhô, and also Ancient Greek ἑλίκη (helíkē) with divergent ablaut.


ɸarekʷennom

ɸarekʷennom (nominative singular)
ɸarekʷennou (dual nominative)
ɸarekʷennā (nominative plural)
ɸarekʷennom (singular vocative)
ɸarekʷennou (dual vocative)
ɸarekʷennā (plural vocative)
ɸarekʷennom (accusative singular)
ɸarekʷennou (accusative dual)
ɸarekʷennā (accusative plural)
ɸarekʷennī (genitive singular)
ɸarekʷennous (dual genitive)
ɸarekʷennom (genitive plural)
ɸarekʷennūi (dative singular)
ɸarekʷennobom (dative dual)
ɸarekʷennobos (dative plural)
ɸarekʷennei (locative singular)
ɸarekʷennū (instrumental singular)
ɸarekʷennobim (dual instrumental)
ɸarekʷennūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: airchenn

Middle Irish: airchend

Gaulish:

→ Latin: arepennis

French: arpent


anatyom

anatyom (nominative singular)
anatyou (dual nominative)
anatyā (nominative plural)
anatyom (singular vocative)
anatyou (dual vocative)
anatyā (plural vocative)
anatyom (accusative singular)
anatyou (accusative dual)
anatyā (accusative plural)
anatyī (genitive singular)
anatyous (dual genitive)
anatyom (genitive plural)
anatyūi (dative singular)
anatyobom (dative dual)
anatyobos (dative plural)
anatyei (locative singular)
anatyū (instrumental singular)
anatyobim (dual instrumental)
anatyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėnėd

Middle Welsh: eneid

Welsh: enaid

Gaulish: anatia pl (in the lead tablet of Larzac)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”), whence also *anaman (“soul”), *anatlā (“breath”), and *anati (“to remain”).


anmeniyā

anmeniyā (nominative singular)
anmeniyai (dual nominative)
anmeniyās (nominative plural)
anmeniyā (singular vocative)
anmeniyai (dual vocative)
anmeniyās (plural vocative)
anmeniyam (accusative singular)
anmeniyai (accusative dual)
anmeniyāns (accusative plural)
anmeniyās (genitive singular)
anmeniyous (dual genitive)
anmeniyom (genitive plural)
anmeniyāi (dative singular)
anmeniyābom (dative dual)
anmeniyābos (dative plural)
anmeniyai (locative singular)
anmeniyābim (dual instrumental)
anmeniyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *anmeneð

Middle Welsh: anmyneð, ammynedd

Welsh: amynedd

Old Irish: ainmne

Middle Irish: ainmne

From *an- (“un-”) + Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to wait, remain”) + *-iyā. The semantics would go from "not standing still" > "perseverance" > "patience".


ɸarekoros

ɸarekoros (nominative singular)
ɸarekorou (dual nominative)
ɸarekoroi (nominative plural)
ɸarekore (singular vocative)
ɸarekorou (dual vocative)
ɸarekoroi (plural vocative)
ɸarekorom (accusative singular)
ɸarekorou (accusative dual)
ɸarekorons (accusative plural)
ɸarekorī (genitive singular)
ɸarekorous (dual genitive)
ɸarekorom (genitive plural)
ɸarekorūi (dative singular)
ɸarekorobom (dative dual)
ɸarekorobos (dative plural)
ɸarekorei (locative singular)
ɸarekorū (instrumental singular)
ɸarekorobim (dual instrumental)
ɸarekorūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *ėrgör (“assault, blow”) (from plurale tantum *ɸarekoroi)

Old Breton: ercor

Middle Welsh: ergyr

Welsh: ergyr

Old Irish: airchor

Middle Irish: airchor

Irish: urchar

Scottish Gaelic: urchair

Manx: orraghey


atikoros

atikoros (nominative singular)
atikorou (dual nominative)
atikoroi (nominative plural)
atikore (singular vocative)
atikorou (dual vocative)
atikoroi (plural vocative)
atikorom (accusative singular)
atikorou (accusative dual)
atikorons (accusative plural)
atikorī (genitive singular)
atikorous (dual genitive)
atikorom (genitive plural)
atikorūi (dative singular)
atikorobom (dative dual)
atikorobos (dative plural)
atikorei (locative singular)
atikorū (instrumental singular)
atikorobim (dual instrumental)
atikorūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *adgor

Middle Welsh: atgor

Old Irish: adchor

Middle Irish: athchor

From *ati- (“re-”) + *koros (“throwing, casting”).


arwar

arwar (nominative singular)
arwane? (dual nominative)
arwana (nominative plural)
arwar (singular vocative)
arwane? (dual vocative)
arwana (plural vocative)
arwar (accusative singular)
arwane? (accusative dual)
arwana (accusative plural)
arwens (genitive singular)
arwenous? (dual genitive)
arwenom (genitive plural)
arwenei (dative singular)
arwembom (dative dual)
arwembos (dative plural)
arwen (locative singular)
arweni (locative singular)
arwenei (instrumental singular)
arwembim (dual instrumental)
arwembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Middle Welsh: erwein, erweint (“meadow-sweet”)

Welsh: erwaint, erwain

desctree

Old Irish: arbor
Irish: arbhar
Manx: arroo
Scottish Gaelic: arbhar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃-wr̥ ~ *h₂r̥h₃-wén-s, from *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”).


kornu

kornu (nominative singular)
kornū (dual nominative)
kornwā (nominative plural)
kornu (singular vocative)
kornū (dual vocative)
kornwā (plural vocative)
kornu (accusative singular)
kornū (accusative dual)
kornwā (accusative plural)
kornous (genitive singular)
kornous (dual genitive)
kornowom (genitive plural)
kornou (dative singular)
kornubom (dative dual)
kornubos (dative plural)
kornū (instrumental singular)
kornubim (dual instrumental)
kornubis (instrumental plural)

Shows a great resemblance to Latin cornū (“horn”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”).

KernevMiddle Cornish: KernowCornish: KernowMiddle Welsh: KernywWelsh: Cernyw→⇒ Old English: CornwealasMiddle English: CornwaileEnglish: Cornwall→ Old French: CornouailleFrench: Cornouaille→ Medieval Latin: Cornubia


kernā

kernā (nominative singular)
kernai (dual nominative)
kernās (nominative plural)
kernā (singular vocative)
kernai (dual vocative)
kernās (plural vocative)
kernam (accusative singular)
kernai (accusative dual)
kernāns (accusative plural)
kernās (genitive singular)
kernous (dual genitive)
kernom (genitive plural)
kernāi (dative singular)
kernābom (dative dual)
kernābos (dative plural)
kernai (locative singular)
kernābim (dual instrumental)
kernābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kern

Middle Breton: quern

Breton: kern

Middle Welsh: cern

Welsh: cern

Middle Irish: cern

Irish: cearn

Scottish Gaelic: ceàrn

Matasović relates this to Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”).


awets

awets (nominative singular)
awete (dual nominative)
awetes (nominative plural)
awets (singular vocative)
awete (dual vocative)
awetes (plural vocative)
awetam (accusative singular)
awete (accusative dual)
awetans (accusative plural)
awetos (genitive singular)
awetou (dual genitive)
awetom (genitive plural)
awetei (dative singular)
awetobom (dative dual)
awetobos (dative plural)
aweti (locative singular)
awete? (instrumental singular)
awetobim (dual instrumental)
awetobis (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: aguen, ⇒ Tataguen

Middle Welsh: awen

Welsh: awen

Middle Irish: aí

Apparently related to *awelā (“breeze”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁-.


bandyo-

Proto-Brythonic: *bann, *bannọg

Breton: banne, bannac'h, bannec'h

Old Cornish: banne

Cornish: badna (“not at all”)

Middle Welsh: banneu pl (a hapax)

desctree

Old Irish: bannae
Middle Irish: bainne
Irish: bainne
Manx: bainney
Scottish Gaelic: bainne


uɸognītus

uɸognītus (nominative singular)
uɸognītū (dual nominative)
uɸognītowes (nominative plural)
uɸognītu (singular vocative)
uɸognītū (dual vocative)
uɸognītūs (plural vocative)
uɸognītum (accusative singular)
uɸognītū (accusative dual)
uɸognītuns (accusative plural)
uɸognītous (genitive singular)
uɸognītous (dual genitive)
uɸognītowom (genitive plural)
uɸognītou (dative singular)
uɸognītubom (dative dual)
uɸognītubos (dative plural)
uɸognītū (instrumental singular)
uɸognītubim (dual instrumental)
uɸognītubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwöɣnid

desc

Middle Breton: gounit (“gain, profit, victory”)

Breton: gounid

⇒ Middle Welsh: gwenerwenit (“to serve Venus”), gweinidog (“servant, minister”), gueynyduarch (“workhorse”)

Welsh: gweinidog (“minister”)

Old Irish: fognad

Classical Gaelic: foghnadh

gen. sg. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ga">fónamh</i>

Irish: fónta (gen. sg. of fónamh)

Scottish Gaelic: fòghnadh

A *-tus verbal noun formed to *uɸogniyeti (“to serve”).


aigrā

aigrā (nominative singular)
aigrai (dual nominative)
aigrās (nominative plural)
aigrā (singular vocative)
aigrai (dual vocative)
aigrās (plural vocative)
aigram (accusative singular)
aigrai (accusative dual)
aigrāns (accusative plural)
aigrās (genitive singular)
aigrous (dual genitive)
aigrom (genitive plural)
aigrāi (dative singular)
aigrābom (dative dual)
aigrābos (dative plural)
aigrai (locative singular)
aigrābim (dual instrumental)
aigrābis (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Welsh: orneir (“blame, slander”)

Welsh: ornair

Old Irish: áer

Middle Irish: áer

Irish: aoir

Scottish Gaelic: aoir

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eygʰ- (“sharp”), which may be connected to Lithuanian ai̇̃gara (“straw, a bit”), Proto-Slavic *jьgъla (“needle”), and more closely Proto-Slavic *jьgra (“play, game”) (the sense developing from "sharp" > "joke" > "play, game" in Slavic and to "satire, defamation" in Celtic)


sogno-

⇒ Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: hoenyn

Welsh: hoenyn

⇒ Old Irish: súainem

Middle Irish: súainem

Irish: suaithne

From Proto-Indo-European *seg- (“to attach”).


beyatlis

beyatlis gender unattested (canonical)
beyatlis (nominative singular)
beyatlī (dual nominative)
beyatlīs (nominative plural)
beyatli (singular vocative)
beyatlī (dual vocative)
beyatlīs (plural vocative)
beyatlim (accusative singular)
beyatlī (accusative dual)
beyatlins (accusative plural)
beyatleis (genitive singular)
beyatlyow (dual genitive)
beyatlyom (genitive plural)
beyatlei (dative singular)
beyatlibom (dative dual)
beyatlibos (dative plural)
beyatlei (locative singular)
beyatlī (instrumental singular)
beyatlibim (dual instrumental)
beyatlibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: bouchazl, bouhazl

Breton: boucʼhal

Middle Cornish: boell

Old Welsh: bahell

Middle Welsh: bwell, buyall

Welsh: bwyell

desctree

Old Irish: biáil
Middle Irish: bíail
Irish: biail

Usually related to *bināti (“to strike”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to strike”). The derivation is unclear; Russell speculates that it may have originally been *beyalis, but reshaped after instrumental nouns.


rātis

rātis (nominative singular)
rātī (dual nominative)
rātīs (nominative plural)
rāti (singular vocative)
rātī (dual vocative)
rātīs (plural vocative)
rātim (accusative singular)
rātī (accusative dual)
rātins (accusative plural)
rāteis (genitive singular)
rātyow (dual genitive)
rātyom (genitive plural)
rātei (dative singular)
rātibom (dative dual)
rātibos (dative plural)
rātei (locative singular)
rātī (instrumental singular)
rātibim (dual instrumental)
rātibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: ráth (with unstable declension)
Irish: ráth
Scottish Gaelic: ràth
Manx: raah
→ English: rath

Gaulish: rātin (acc. sg.)

→⇒ Latin: Argentorate, Carpentorate

French: Argentré, Carpentras

Since McCone, usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(é)rh₃-tis, from *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”), with "fort, rampart" semantically arising from "dugout".
An alternative comparison to Latin prātum (“field, prairie”) is usually met with disdain.


tougā

tougā (nominative singular)
tougai (dual nominative)
tougās (nominative plural)
tougā (singular vocative)
tougai (dual vocative)
tougās (plural vocative)
tougam (accusative singular)
tougai (accusative dual)
tougāns (accusative plural)
tougās (genitive singular)
tougous (dual genitive)
tougom (genitive plural)
tougāi (dative singular)
tougābom (dative dual)
tougābos (dative plural)
tougai (locative singular)
tougābim (dual instrumental)
tougābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: túag

Middle Irish: túag

Irish: tua

Manx: teigh

Scottish Gaelic: tuagh

Gaulish:

desc

→⇒ Latin: Contouca, Vertougus, Togirix, Togimarus, Togivepus

Delamarre compares Sanskrit तुञ्जन्ति (tuñjanti, “they strike”, 3pl. pres.) and Ancient Greek τύκος (túkos, “hammer”);
the Sanskrit can be plausibly related, but the Greek cannot be (the Celtic has a -g-, not the -k- in Greek).


kentulongos

kentulongos (nominative singular)
kentulongou (dual nominative)
kentulongoi (nominative plural)
kentulonge (singular vocative)
kentulongou (dual vocative)
kentulongoi (plural vocative)
kentulongom (accusative singular)
kentulongou (accusative dual)
kentulongons (accusative plural)
kentulongī (genitive singular)
kentulongous (dual genitive)
kentulongom (genitive plural)
kentulongūi (dative singular)
kentulongobom (dative dual)
kentulongobos (dative plural)
kentulongei (locative singular)
kentulongū (instrumental singular)
kentulongobim (dual instrumental)
kentulongūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Middle Welsh: cythlwng (“fasting, hunger”)

Welsh: cythlwng

Middle Irish: *cétlongad

Irish: céadlongadh, céalacan (“morning fast”)

From *kentus (“first”) + *longos (*-os verbal noun to *longīti (“to eat, consume”)).


segetlā

segetlā (nominative singular)
segetlai (dual nominative)
segetlās (nominative plural)
segetlā (singular vocative)
segetlai (dual vocative)
segetlās (plural vocative)
segetlam (accusative singular)
segetlai (accusative dual)
segetlāns (accusative plural)
segetlās (genitive singular)
segetlous (dual genitive)
segetlom (genitive plural)
segetlāi (dative singular)
segetlābom (dative dual)
segetlābos (dative plural)
segetlai (locative singular)
segetlābim (dual instrumental)
segetlābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *haɣeðl

Middle Breton: haezl

Breton: hael

Old Welsh: edil

Welsh: haeddel

From Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold”), with a formation exactly like Ancient Greek ἐχέτλη (ekhétlē).


texto-

⇒ Old Irish: techtaid, >? techt

desc

Gaulish: *tecto-, ⇒ *Textosaxs (literally “goods-seeker”)

→ Ancient Greek: Τεκτόσαγες (Tektósages) (name of a Galatian tribe)

→ Latin: Tectosages, Tectosagae (name of a Gaulish tribe in France)

From Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to take by the hand”).


kādos

kādos (nominative singular)
kādese? (dual nominative)
kādesa (nominative plural)
kādos (singular vocative)
kādese? (dual vocative)
kādesa (plural vocative)
kādos (accusative singular)
kādese? (accusative dual)
kādesa (accusative plural)
kādesos (genitive singular)
kādesous? (dual genitive)
kādesom (genitive plural)
kādesei (dative singular)
kādesbom (dative dual)
kādesbos (dative plural)
kādesi (locative singular)
kādesei (instrumental singular)
kādesbim (dual instrumental)
kādesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kọð

Middle Breton: cuez, queuz

Breton: keuz

Middle Cornish: cueth

Cornish: keudh

Middle Welsh: kawð

Welsh: cawdd

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂d- (“strong negative emotion”).


warsā

warsā (nominative singular)
warsai (dual nominative)
warsās (nominative plural)
warsā (singular vocative)
warsai (dual vocative)
warsās (plural vocative)
warsam (accusative singular)
warsai (accusative dual)
warsāns (accusative plural)
warsās (genitive singular)
warsous (dual genitive)
warsom (genitive plural)
warsāi (dative singular)
warsābom (dative dual)
warsābos (dative plural)
warsai (locative singular)
warsābim (dual instrumental)
warsābis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *gwarr (“(nape of the) neck”)

Old Cornish: guar

Old Welsh: guar

Middle Welsh: gwar

Welsh: gwar

Middle Irish: farr

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥s-éh₂, from *wers- (“to rise, elevate”).


ɸolusamos

ɸolusamos (nominative singular)
ɸolusamou (dual nominative)
ɸolusamoi (nominative plural)
ɸolusame (singular vocative)
ɸolusamou (dual vocative)
ɸolusamoi (plural vocative)
ɸolusamom (accusative singular)
ɸolusamou (accusative dual)
ɸolusamons (accusative plural)
ɸolusamī (genitive singular)
ɸolusamous (dual genitive)
ɸolusamom (genitive plural)
ɸolusamūi (dative singular)
ɸolusamobom (dative dual)
ɸolusamobos (dative plural)
ɸolusamei (locative singular)
ɸolusamū (instrumental singular)
ɸolusamobim (dual instrumental)
ɸolusamūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: ollam
Irish: ollamh
→ English: ollamh
Manx: olloo
Scottish Gaelic: ollamh

Gaulish: olusami (gen. sg.)

An *-isamos superlative of an adjective *ɸolus, backformed from the neuter noun Proto-Indo-European *polh₁u, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”).


reixstrom

reixstrom (nominative singular)
reixstrou (dual nominative)
reixstrā (nominative plural)
reixstrom (singular vocative)
reixstrou (dual vocative)
reixstrā (plural vocative)
reixstrom (accusative singular)
reixstrou (accusative dual)
reixstrā (accusative plural)
reixstrī (genitive singular)
reixstrous (dual genitive)
reixstrom (genitive plural)
reixstrūi (dative singular)
reixstrobom (dative dual)
reixstrobos (dative plural)
reixstrei (locative singular)
reixstrū (instrumental singular)
reixstrobim (dual instrumental)
reixstrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rruɨstr

Breton: rouestl, ⇒ rouestlañ

Middle Welsh: rhwystr

Welsh: rhwystr

⇒ Middle Irish: ríastraid

From a root *reig- present in *rigeti (“to bind”) + *-strom (instrumental suffix).


adaxstrom

adaxstrom (nominative singular)
adaxstrou (dual nominative)
adaxstrā (nominative plural)
adaxstrom (singular vocative)
adaxstrou (dual vocative)
adaxstrā (plural vocative)
adaxstrom (accusative singular)
adaxstrou (accusative dual)
adaxstrā (accusative plural)
adaxstrī (genitive singular)
adaxstrous (dual genitive)
adaxstrom (genitive plural)
adaxstrūi (dative singular)
adaxstrobom (dative dual)
adaxstrobos (dative plural)
adaxstrei (locative singular)
adaxstrū (instrumental singular)
adaxstrobim (dual instrumental)
adaxstrūis (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *ėdėstr (“horse, foal; i.e. something ridden with a halter”)

Middle Welsh: eddystr, eddestr, etystir

Welsh: eddystr, eddestr

Old Irish: adastor

Middle Irish: adastar

Irish: adhastar

Manx: eiystyr

Scottish Gaelic: adhastar

From *ad-ageti (“to drive”) + *-strom (instrumental suffix).


Brigantiyā

Brigantiyā (nominative singular)
Brigantiyai (dual nominative)
Brigantiyās (nominative plural)
Brigantiyā (singular vocative)
Brigantiyai (dual vocative)
Brigantiyās (plural vocative)
Brigantiyam (accusative singular)
Brigantiyai (accusative dual)
Brigantiyāns (accusative plural)
Brigantiyās (genitive singular)
Brigantiyom (genitive plural)
Brigantiyāi (dative singular)
Brigantiyābom (dative dual)
Brigantiyābos (dative plural)
Brigantiyai (locative singular)
Brigantiyābim (dual instrumental)
Brigantiyābis (instrumental plural)

Manx: Breeshey

Scottish Gaelic: Brìghde, Brìde

→ Latin: Brigantium/Brigantia

From *brigantī (“high or elevated”) + *-iyā (deadjectival abstract suffix).

(Celtic mythology) A Celtic goddess of victory.


gʷoniyos

gʷoniyos (nominative singular)
gʷoniyou (dual nominative)
gʷoniyoi (nominative plural)
gʷoniye (singular vocative)
gʷoniyou (dual vocative)
gʷoniyoi (plural vocative)
gʷoniyom (accusative singular)
gʷoniyou (accusative dual)
gʷoniyons (accusative plural)
gʷoniyī (genitive singular)
gʷoniyous (dual genitive)
gʷoniyom (genitive plural)
gʷoniyūi (dative singular)
gʷoniyobom (dative dual)
gʷoniyobos (dative plural)
gʷoniyei (locative singular)
gʷoniyū (instrumental singular)
gʷoniyobim (dual instrumental)
gʷoniyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwönɨð

Middle Welsh: gwenydd

desc

in e.g. <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">sedguine</i>

Old Irish: -guine (in e.g. sedguine)

Middle Irish: -guine (in e.g. corrguine, Bóguine, Finguine)

Extension of *gʷonos (“killer”) by *-iyos (agent noun suffix).


uɸerkʷennom

uɸerkʷennom (nominative singular)
uɸerkʷennou (dual nominative)
uɸerkʷennā (nominative plural)
uɸerkʷennom (singular vocative)
uɸerkʷennou (dual vocative)
uɸerkʷennā (plural vocative)
uɸerkʷennom (accusative singular)
uɸerkʷennou (accusative dual)
uɸerkʷennā (accusative plural)
uɸerkʷennī (genitive singular)
uɸerkʷennous (dual genitive)
uɸerkʷennom (genitive plural)
uɸerkʷennūi (dative singular)
uɸerkʷennobom (dative dual)
uɸerkʷennobos (dative plural)
uɸerkʷennei (locative singular)
uɸerkʷennū (instrumental singular)
uɸerkʷennobim (dual instrumental)
uɸerkʷennūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gworfenn (unlenited), *warfenn (lenited)

Old Breton: gurpenn

Middle Breton: gourfenn

Cornish: gorfen

Old Welsh: guarphenn

Middle Welsh: gorffen

Welsh: gorffen

desctree

Old Irish: forcenn, forcan
Irish: foirceann

From *uɸer- (“over”) + *kʷennom (“head”).


waidis

waidis (nominative singular)
waidī (dual nominative)
waidīs (nominative plural)
waidi (singular vocative)
waidī (dual vocative)
waidīs (plural vocative)
waidim (accusative singular)
waidī (accusative dual)
waidins (accusative plural)
waideis (genitive singular)
waidyow (dual genitive)
waidyom (genitive plural)
waidei (dative singular)
waidibom (dative dual)
waidibos (dative plural)
waidei (locative singular)
waidī (instrumental singular)
waidibim (dual instrumental)
waidibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoɨð

Middle Welsh: guaet, gwaeð

Welsh: gwaedd

Middle Irish: faíd

Irish: faí

Usually considered a derivative of *wai.


agedā

agedā (nominative singular)
agedai (dual nominative)
agedās (nominative plural)
agedā (singular vocative)
agedai (dual vocative)
agedās (plural vocative)
agedam (accusative singular)
agedai (accusative dual)
agedāns (accusative plural)
agedās (genitive singular)
agedous (dual genitive)
agedom (genitive plural)
agedāi (dative singular)
agedābom (dative dual)
agedābos (dative plural)
agedai (locative singular)
agedābim (dual instrumental)
agedābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: agad, aiged
Irish: aghaidh
Scottish Gaelic: aghaidh
Manx: oaie

Gaulish: *agedo-

desc

→⇒ Latin: Agedus, Agedillus, Agedovirus, Agedomapas, Agedinius

Lepontic: 𐌀𐌊𐌄𐌑𐌉 (akeśi)

Vendryes derived this from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), whence also *ageti.


adtekʷom

adtekʷom (nominative singular)
adtekʷou (dual nominative)
adtekʷā (nominative plural)
adtekʷom (singular vocative)
adtekʷou (dual vocative)
adtekʷā (plural vocative)
adtekʷom (accusative singular)
adtekʷou (accusative dual)
adtekʷā (accusative plural)
adtekʷī (genitive singular)
adtekʷous (dual genitive)
adtekʷom (genitive plural)
adtekūi (dative singular)
adtekʷobom (dative dual)
adtekʷobos (dative plural)
adtekʷei (locative singular)
adtekū (instrumental singular)
adtekʷobim (dual instrumental)
adtekʷūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: attach, atach
Middle Irish: attach
Irish: atach
Scottish Gaelic: atach

Gaulish: *atepo-, ⇒ *Ateporīx

desc

Galatian: Ατεπορειγος (Ateporeigos, gen. sg.)

→⇒ Latin: Ateporīx, Atepomārus

Lepontic: 𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌐𐌖 (atepu), 𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌐𐌀 (atepa)

From *ad- (“towards”) + *tekʷeti (“to run”) + *-om (action noun suffix). The corresponding finite verb appears in Old Irish ad·teich.


mrixtoretom

mrixtoretom (nominative singular)
mrixtoretou (dual nominative)
mrixtoretā (nominative plural)
mrixtoretom (singular vocative)
mrixtoretou (dual vocative)
mrixtoretā (plural vocative)
mrixtoretom (accusative singular)
mrixtoretou (accusative dual)
mrixtoretā (accusative plural)
mrixtoretī (genitive singular)
mrixtoretous (dual genitive)
mrixtoretom (genitive plural)
mrixtoretūi (dative singular)
mrixtoretobom (dative dual)
mrixtoretobos (dative plural)
mrixtoretei (locative singular)
mrixtoretū (instrumental singular)
mrixtoretobim (dual instrumental)
mrixtoretūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *briθred

desc

Middle Welsh: brithred (“confusion, strife”)

Old Irish: mrechtrad (“variety”)

Middle Irish: brechtrad

From *mrixtos (“variegated”) + *-retom (abstract suffix).


reidom

reidom (nominative singular)
reidou (dual nominative)
reidā (nominative plural)
reidom (singular vocative)
reidou (dual vocative)
reidā (plural vocative)
reidom (accusative singular)
reidou (accusative dual)
reidā (accusative plural)
reidī (genitive singular)
reidous (dual genitive)
reidom (genitive plural)
reidūi (dative singular)
reidobom (dative dual)
reidobos (dative plural)
reidei (locative singular)
reidū (instrumental singular)
reidobim (dual instrumental)
reidūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: -rwydd (abstract noun suffix)

desc

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*-retom</i>

Old Irish: ríad (“ride”), -rad (collective noun suffix) (merged with *-retom)

Middle Irish: ríad

Gaulish: *rēdā

→ Latin: raeda

echradh

Middle Irish: echrad f (“yoked pair of steeds”); Classical Gaelic


ekʷoreid-

Middle Irish: echrad f (“yoked pair of steeds”)

Classical Gaelic: echradh

⇒ Gaulish: *eporēdiā

→ Latin: Eporēdia

Piedmontese: Ivrèja

→ French: Ivrée

→ Italian: Ivrea

⇒ Gaulish: *Eporēdorīx

→ Latin: Eporēdorīx

From *ekʷos (“horse”) + *reidom (“ride”).


doklos

doklos (nominative singular)
doklou (dual nominative)
dokloi (nominative plural)
dokle (singular vocative)
doklou (dual vocative)
dokloi (plural vocative)
doklom (accusative singular)
doklou (accusative dual)
doklons (accusative plural)
doklī (genitive singular)
doklous (dual genitive)
doklom (genitive plural)
doklūi (dative singular)
doklobom (dative dual)
doklobos (dative plural)
doklei (locative singular)
doklū (instrumental singular)
doklobim (dual instrumental)
doklūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: dúal

Irish: dual

Scottish Gaelic: dual

Compare Proto-Germanic *taglą, Proto-Slavic *dolka and Sanskrit दशा (daśā), all from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ-.


atiwiros

atiwiros (nominative singular)
atiwirou (dual nominative)
atiwiroi (nominative plural)
atiwire (singular vocative)
atiwirou (dual vocative)
atiwiroi (plural vocative)
atiwirom (accusative singular)
atiwirou (accusative dual)
atiwirons (accusative plural)
atiwirī (genitive singular)
atiwirous (dual genitive)
atiwirom (genitive plural)
atiwirūi (dative singular)
atiwirobom (dative dual)
atiwirobos (dative plural)
atiwirei (locative singular)
atiwirū (instrumental singular)
atiwirobim (dual instrumental)
atiwirūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *adwur

Middle Welsh: adwr

Middle Irish: aithfer

From *ati- + *wiros (“man”), but the semantics of *ati- here are unclear (it means "re-" in every other context in Celtic, but McCone glosses it for this word as "ex-").


gʷrensos

Welsh: gwres