lutā

lutā (nominative singular)
lutai (dual nominative)
lutās (nominative plural)
lutā (singular vocative)
lutai (dual vocative)
lutās (plural vocative)
lutam (accusative singular)
lutai (accusative dual)
lutāns (accusative plural)
lutās (genitive singular)
lutous (dual genitive)
lutom (genitive plural)
lutāi (dative singular)
lutābom (dative dual)
lutābos (dative plural)
lutai (locative singular)
lutābim (dual instrumental)
lutābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: loth (“mire, mud”)

Gaulish: *lutos

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *Lutomagos, *Lutetia, *Luteva

→ Latin: Lutomagus, Lutetia

Celtiberian: *lutā

⇒ Celtiberian: *Lutiā

⇒ Celtiberian: lutiakos (“belonging to Lutia”) (possibly)

From Proto-Indo-European *lew- (“dirt, mud”). Cognate with Latin lutum (“dirt, filth”), Ancient Greek λῦμα (lûma, “dirt, filth”) and Albanian lym (“mud”).


uɸolautom

uɸolautom (nominative singular)
uɸolautou (dual nominative)
uɸolautā (nominative plural)
uɸolautom (singular vocative)
uɸolautou (dual vocative)
uɸolautā (plural vocative)
uɸolautom (accusative singular)
uɸolautou (accusative dual)
uɸolautā (accusative plural)
uɸolautī (genitive singular)
uɸolautous (dual genitive)
uɸolautom (genitive plural)
uɸolautūi (dative singular)
uɸolautobom (dative dual)
uɸolautobos (dative plural)
uɸolautei (locative singular)
uɸolautū (instrumental singular)
uɸolautobim (dual instrumental)
uɸolautūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwolʉd
Middle Welsh: golud
Welsh: golud

Old Irish: folud

Irish: fala (“grudge”)

From *uɸo- + *lautom, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂u-tó-m, from *leh₂w- (“benefit, prize”) + *-tóm. Related to Old Irish lóg, lúag (“prize”).


alamom

alamom (nominative singular)
alamou (dual nominative)
alamā (nominative plural)
alamom (singular vocative)
alamou (dual vocative)
alamā (plural vocative)
alamom (accusative singular)
alamou (accusative dual)
alamā (accusative plural)
alamī (genitive singular)
alamous (dual genitive)
alamom (genitive plural)
alamūi (dative singular)
alamobom (dative dual)
alamobos (dative plural)
alamei (locative singular)
alamū (instrumental singular)
alamobim (dual instrumental)
alamūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alaβ̃

Middle Welsh: alaf

Middle Irish: alam

According to Schrijver, this noun comes from *pelh₂- (“to drive”), which would give Proto-Celtic *ɸalamom. Matasović agrees that it is possible to derive this substantive from that root; yet, he preffers to derive this noun from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to surround”), upon which he connects it to Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒇷 (ḫāli, “pen, corral (for cows and horses)”). However, Kloekhorst dismisses the derivation of Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒇷 (ḫāli) from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to surround”).


banssus

banssus (nominative singular)
banssū (dual nominative)
banssowes (nominative plural)
banssu (singular vocative)
banssū (dual vocative)
banssūs (plural vocative)
banssum (accusative singular)
banssū (accusative dual)
banssuns (accusative plural)
banssous (genitive singular)
banssous (dual genitive)
banssowom (genitive plural)
banssou (dative singular)
banssubom (dative dual)
banssubos (dative plural)
banssū (instrumental singular)
banssubim (dual instrumental)
banssubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *boɨs

Breton: boas

q

influenced by Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">mōs</i> (“manner, custom, habit”)

Welsh: moes (influenced by Latin mōs (“manner, custom, habit”))

desctree

Old Irish: bés, béss, bǽs
Irish: béas
Scottish Gaelic: beus

>? Gaulish: *bessus

→ Basque: bezu

→ Latin: bessus

Spanish: bezo

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, bond”).
According to one theory, the Proto-Celtic word might derive from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- instead, thus rendering the Albanian besë as a cognate and explains the relationship between them as an Albanian/Celtic isogloss.


walos

walos (nominative singular)
walou (dual nominative)
waloi (nominative plural)
wale (singular vocative)
walou (dual vocative)
waloi (plural vocative)
walom (accusative singular)
walou (accusative dual)
walons (accusative plural)
walī (genitive singular)
walous (dual genitive)
walom (genitive plural)
walūi (dative singular)
walobom (dative dual)
walobos (dative plural)
walei (locative singular)
walū (instrumental singular)
walobim (dual instrumental)
walūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: fal (“rule”)

Middle Irish: fál (“king (?)”)

Gaulish: *walos

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule”).


ɸorkos

ɸorkos (nominative singular)
ɸorkou (dual nominative)
ɸorkoi (nominative plural)
ɸorke (singular vocative)
ɸorkou (dual vocative)
ɸorkoi (plural vocative)
ɸorkom (accusative singular)
ɸorkou (accusative dual)
ɸorkons (accusative plural)
ɸorkī (genitive singular)
ɸorkous (dual genitive)
ɸorkom (genitive plural)
ɸorkūi (dative singular)
ɸorkobom (dative dual)
ɸorkobos (dative plural)
ɸorkei (locative singular)
ɸorkū (instrumental singular)
ɸorkobim (dual instrumental)
ɸorkūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: orc, orcán

Middle Irish: orc

Irish: arc, arcán, uircín

Scottish Gaelic: arc, arcan, uircean

Manx: ark

Gaulish: *orkos

→? Ancient Greek: Ὀρκάδες (Orkádes)

Greek: Ορκάδες (Orkádes)

→ Latin: Orcades

desctree

→⇒ Old Norse: Orkneyjar
Icelandic: Orkneyjar f pl
Faroese: Orknoyggjar f pl
Norwegian Nynorsk: Orknøyar f pl; (definite form) Orknøyane, Orknøyarne
Norwegian Bokmål: Orknøyene m pl or f pl
Swedish: Orknöarna c pl
Danish: Ørkenøerne c pl
→ English: Orkney, Orkneys, Orkney Islands

From Proto-Indo-European *pórḱos (“pig”).


adberos

adberos (nominative singular)
adberou (dual nominative)
adberoi (nominative plural)
adbere (singular vocative)
adberou (dual vocative)
adberoi (plural vocative)
adberom (accusative singular)
adberou (accusative dual)
adberons (accusative plural)
adberī (genitive singular)
adberous (dual genitive)
adberom (genitive plural)
adberūi (dative singular)
adberobom (dative dual)
adberobos (dative plural)
adberei (locative singular)
adberū (instrumental singular)
adberobim (dual instrumental)
adberūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aber
Old Breton: aperou pl (possibly borrowed from Old Welsh)
Breton: aber
→ French: aber
Old Cornish: aber
Old Welsh: aper
Middle Welsh: aber
Welsh: aber

→? Irish: abar

desc

→? Scottish Gaelic: abar, obar (possibly via Pictish)

Pictish: *ᚐᚁᚓᚏ (*aber)

→ Latin: Averius

Portuguese: Aveiro

Prefixed with *ad- (“to, at, towards”). See *komberos for further etymology and related terms.


marwonatus

marwonatus (nominative singular)
marwonatū (dual nominative)
marwonatowes (nominative plural)
marwonatu (singular vocative)
marwonatū (dual vocative)
marwonatūs (plural vocative)
marwonatum (accusative singular)
marwonatū (accusative dual)
marwonatuns (accusative plural)
marwonatous (genitive singular)
marwonatous (dual genitive)
marwonatowom (genitive plural)
marwonatou (dative singular)
marwonatubom (dative dual)
marwonatubos (dative plural)
marwonatū (instrumental singular)
marwonatubim (dual instrumental)
marwonatubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *marwnad

Breton: marvnad

Middle Welsh: marwnad

Welsh: marwnad, marnad

Middle Irish: marbnad


wīkā

wīkā (nominative singular)
wīkai (dual nominative)
wīkās (nominative plural)
wīkā (singular vocative)
wīkai (dual vocative)
wīkās (plural vocative)
wīkam (accusative singular)
wīkai (accusative dual)
wīkāns (accusative plural)
wīkās (genitive singular)
wīkous (dual genitive)
wīkom (genitive plural)
wīkāi (dative singular)
wīkābom (dative dual)
wīkābos (dative plural)
wīkai (locative singular)
wīkābim (dual instrumental)
wīkābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gwig

Old Irish: fích

Scottish Gaelic: fioch

>? Gaulish: *uēkā

⇒ Gaulish: *Rowēkā

→ Latin: Roveca

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to overcome”).


nāmants

nāmants (nominative singular)
nāmante (dual nominative)
nāmantes (nominative plural)
nāmants (singular vocative)
nāmante (dual vocative)
nāmantes (plural vocative)
nāmantam (accusative singular)
nāmante (accusative dual)
nāmantans (accusative plural)
nāmantos (genitive singular)
nāmantou (dual genitive)
nāmantom (genitive plural)
nāmantei (dative singular)
nāmantobom (dative dual)
nāmantobos (dative plural)
nāmanti (locative singular)
nāmante? (instrumental singular)
nāmantobim (dual instrumental)
nāmantobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: námae
Middle Irish: náma
Irish: namhaid
Manx: noid
Scottish Gaelic: nàmhaid

Gaulish: *nāmants

According to Sanas Cormaic, from *an- (“un-, not”) + the present participle of *amati (“to love”), with a reconstructed PIE *n(e)-h₂em-nt-, which would make this noun cognate with Latin amō. However, Matasović disputes this, stating that it looks like folk etymology and that the root *am- is otherwise unattested in Celtic.


garanos

garanos (nominative singular)
garanou (dual nominative)
garanoi (nominative plural)
garane (singular vocative)
garanou (dual vocative)
garanoi (plural vocative)
garanom (accusative singular)
garanou (accusative dual)
garanons (accusative plural)
garanī (genitive singular)
garanous (dual genitive)
garanom (genitive plural)
garanūi (dative singular)
garanobom (dative dual)
garanobos (dative plural)
garanei (locative singular)
garanū (instrumental singular)
garanobim (dual instrumental)
garanūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *garan
Breton: garan
Old Cornish: garan
→ Cornish: garan (semi-learned)
Middle Welsh: garan
Welsh: garan

Gaulish: *garanus

desc

⇒ Gaulish: Tarvostrigaranus (Celtic divinity, literally “bull with three cranes”)

From Proto-Indo-European *gérh₂n-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂-.


kerdā

kerdā (nominative singular)
kerdai (dual nominative)
kerdās (nominative plural)
kerdā (singular vocative)
kerdai (dual vocative)
kerdās (plural vocative)
kerdam (accusative singular)
kerdai (accusative dual)
kerdāns (accusative plural)
kerdās (genitive singular)
kerdous (dual genitive)
kerdom (genitive plural)
kerdāi (dative singular)
kerdābom (dative dual)
kerdābos (dative plural)
kerdai (locative singular)
kerdābim (dual instrumental)
kerdābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: cherdoran

Middle Welsh: cerdd

Welsh: cerdd

Old Irish: cerd

Irish: ceird, ceard, ceardaí

Manx: keird, keirdagh

Scottish Gaelic: ceàird, ceàrd

From Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“to profit”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κέρδος (kérdos).


kaballos

kaballos (nominative singular)
kaballou (dual nominative)
kaballoi (nominative plural)
kaballe (singular vocative)
kaballou (dual vocative)
kaballoi (plural vocative)
kaballom (accusative singular)
kaballou (accusative dual)
kaballons (accusative plural)
kaballī (genitive singular)
kaballous (dual genitive)
kaballom (genitive plural)
kaballūi (dative singular)
kaballobom (dative dual)
kaballobos (dative plural)
kaballei (locative singular)
kaballū (instrumental singular)
kaballobim (dual instrumental)
kaballūis (instrumental plural)
*kappallos (alternative)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kėfɨl
Old Breton: cefel
Breton: kefel
Old Welsh: cefel, chefel
Middle Welsh: keffyl
Welsh: ceffyl

Old Irish: capall (← Brythonic)
Irish: capall
Manx: cabbyl
Scottish Gaelic: capall
→ Old Norse: kapall
Icelandic: kapall

Gaulish: *kaballos

→? Latin: caballus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; perhaps a Wanderwort. See caballus.


leigā

leigā (nominative singular)
leigai (dual nominative)
leigās (nominative plural)
leigā (singular vocative)
leigai (dual vocative)
leigās (plural vocative)
leigam (accusative singular)
leigai (accusative dual)
leigāns (accusative plural)
leigās (genitive singular)
leigous (dual genitive)
leigom (genitive plural)
leigāi (dative singular)
leigābom (dative dual)
leigābos (dative plural)
leigai (locative singular)
leigābim (dual instrumental)
leigābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨɣ
Old Breton: loi
Middle Breton: loa
Breton: loa
Old Cornish: loe
Cornish: lo
Middle Welsh: llwy
Welsh: llwy

Old Irish: líag, líach

Irish: liach

Manx: lheegh

Scottish Gaelic: liogh, liagh

From Proto-Indo-European *leyǵʰ- (“lick”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *likkōną (“lick”) (whence English lick) and Proto-Italic *lingō (“I lick (up)”) (whence Latin lingō).


attrebā

attrebā (nominative singular)
attrebai (dual nominative)
attrebās (nominative plural)
attrebā (singular vocative)
attrebai (dual vocative)
attrebās (plural vocative)
attrebam (accusative singular)
attrebai (accusative dual)
attrebāns (accusative plural)
attrebās (genitive singular)
attrebous (dual genitive)
attrebom (genitive plural)
attrebāi (dative singular)
attrebābom (dative dual)
attrebābos (dative plural)
attrebai (locative singular)
attrebābim (dual instrumental)
attrebābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aθreβ
Middle Welsh: athref
Welsh: athref

Old Irish: atrab n, attrab
Middle Irish: aitreb
Irish: áitreabh
Scottish Gaelic: aitreabh

desc

→⇒ Latin: Atrebates (from a Gaulish source)


gobanns

gobanns (nominative singular)
gobanne (dual nominative)
gobannes (nominative plural)
gobanns (singular vocative)
gobanne (dual vocative)
gobannes (plural vocative)
gobannam (accusative singular)
gobanne (accusative dual)
gobannans (accusative plural)
gobannos (genitive singular)
gobannou (dual genitive)
gobannom (genitive plural)
gobannei (dative singular)
gobannobom (dative dual)
gobannobos (dative plural)
gobanni (locative singular)
gobanne? (instrumental singular)
gobannobim (dual instrumental)
gobannobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *goβ

Middle Breton: goff

Breton: gov

Old Cornish: gof

Middle Welsh: gof

Welsh: gof

desctree

Old Irish: gobae
Irish: gabha
Manx: gaaue
Scottish Gaelic: gobha

Unknown. Possibly related to Latin faber, if the original root was Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰobʰ- or *gʰwobʰ-; however, the Latin word is usually instead derived from *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“to fit, fashion”).

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D. A. Binchy
Osborn Bergin


atigabaglā

atigabaglā (nominative singular)
atigabaglai (dual nominative)
atigabaglās (nominative plural)
atigabaglā (singular vocative)
atigabaglai (dual vocative)
atigabaglās (plural vocative)
atigabaglam (accusative singular)
atigabaglai (accusative dual)
atigabaglāns (accusative plural)
atigabaglās (genitive singular)
atigabaglous (dual genitive)
atigabaglom (genitive plural)
atigabaglāi (dative singular)
atigabaglābom (dative dual)
atigabaglābos (dative plural)
atigabaglai (locative singular)
atigabaglābim (dual instrumental)
atigabaglābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *adɣaβaɨl

Old Breton: adgabael

Middle Welsh: adauael, adafael

Welsh: adafael

Old Irish: athgabáil

Middle Irish: athgabáil

Irish: athghabháil

From *ati- (“re-”) + *gabaglā (“taking”), literally "retaking".


gabaglā

gabaglā (nominative singular)
gabaglai (dual nominative)
gabaglās (nominative plural)
gabaglā (singular vocative)
gabaglai (dual vocative)
gabaglās (plural vocative)
gabaglam (accusative singular)
gabaglai (accusative dual)
gabaglāns (accusative plural)
gabaglās (genitive singular)
gabaglous (dual genitive)
gabaglom (genitive plural)
gabaglāi (dative singular)
gabaglābom (dative dual)
gabaglābos (dative plural)
gabaglai (locative singular)
gabaglābim (dual instrumental)
gabaglābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gaβaɨl

⇒ Old Breton: adgabael

Cornish: gavel

Middle Welsh: gauael

Welsh: gafael

⇒ Middle Welsh: ymafael

Welsh: ymafael

Old Irish: gabál
Middle Irish: gabáil
Irish: gabháil, goil (possibly)
→ English: gwall
Manx: goaill, goll
Scottish Gaelic: gabhail

Effectively a blend of *gabyeti (“to take”) + *kaglā (“getting”).


mennos

mennos (nominative singular)
mennou (dual nominative)
mennoi (nominative plural)
menne (singular vocative)
mennou (dual vocative)
mennoi (plural vocative)
mennom (accusative singular)
mennou (accusative dual)
mennons (accusative plural)
mennī (genitive singular)
mennous (dual genitive)
mennom (genitive plural)
mennūi (dative singular)
mennobom (dative dual)
mennobos (dative plural)
mennei (locative singular)
mennū (instrumental singular)
mennobim (dual instrumental)
mennūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: menn

Old Cornish: min

Cornish: mynn

Middle Welsh: myn

Welsh: myn

Middle Irish: menn

Scottish Gaelic: meann

Matasović tries to relate this to Proto-Indo-European *men- (“small”), whence also Old Armenian մանր (manr), but the suffixation to yield the Celtic forms would be unclear.


anatlā

anatlā (nominative singular)
anatlai (dual nominative)
anatlās (nominative plural)
anatlā (singular vocative)
anatlai (dual vocative)
anatlās (plural vocative)
anatlam (accusative singular)
anatlai (accusative dual)
anatlāns (accusative plural)
anatlās (genitive singular)
anatlous (dual genitive)
anatlom (genitive plural)
anatlāi (dative singular)
anatlābom (dative dual)
anatlābos (dative plural)
anatlai (locative singular)
anatlābim (dual instrumental)
anatlābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *anadl
Middle Breton: alazn, azlan
Breton: alan
Middle Cornish: anel
Cornish: anal
Middle Welsh: anadyl, anadl
Welsh: anadl

Old Irish: anál, anáil
Irish: anáil
Manx: ennal
Scottish Gaelic: anail

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₁tleh₂, from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”) + *-tl-eh₂ f (instrument noun suffix). Equivalent to *ana- + *-tlā.
Related to Middle Welsh eneit (“spirit, life; purity”) (whence the given name English Enid), Gaulish anatia (“souls (?)”), presumably from Proto-Celtic *anatyom (“life; spirit, soul”).


awV-

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aβʉ
Middle Breton: auu
Breton: avu
Old Cornish: avi
Cornish: avi
Middle Welsh: auu
Welsh: afu

Old Irish: óa

Middle Irish: áe
Irish: ae
Manx: aane
Scottish Gaelic: adha

Unknown. The exact form cannot be reconstructed with certainty. The Brythonic terms suggest a form beginning *awoi- or *awou-, but no connections outside Celtic can be established; possibly from a lost substrate.


sīnā

sīnā (nominative singular)
sīnai (dual nominative)
sīnās (nominative plural)
sīnā (singular vocative)
sīnai (dual vocative)
sīnās (plural vocative)
sīnam (accusative singular)
sīnai (accusative dual)
sīnāns (accusative plural)
sīnās (genitive singular)
sīnous (dual genitive)
sīnom (genitive plural)
sīnāi (dative singular)
sīnābom (dative dual)
sīnābos (dative plural)
sīnai (locative singular)
sīnābim (dual instrumental)
sīnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hin

desc

Middle Breton: hynon, hinon (“(nice) weather”)

Breton: hinon

Middle Welsh: hin (“(bad) weather, air”)

Welsh: hin

→ Breton: hin (“climate”)

Old Irish: sín (“bad weather, storm”)

Irish: síon

Scottish Gaelic: sian

Suggested to be related to *sīniti (“to stretch, extend”) (whence Middle Irish sínid) and *sīros (“long”), from *seh₁- (“long, lasting”), compare semantics of French temps (“time; weather”), from Latin tempus (“time; season”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *temp- (“to stretch”).


togos

togos (nominative singular)
togou (dual nominative)
togoi (nominative plural)
toge (singular vocative)
togou (dual vocative)
togoi (plural vocative)
togom (accusative singular)
togou (accusative dual)
togons (accusative plural)
togī (genitive singular)
togous (dual genitive)
togom (genitive plural)
togūi (dative singular)
togobom (dative dual)
togobos (dative plural)
togei (locative singular)
togū (instrumental singular)
togobim (dual instrumental)
togūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *toɣ
Middle Breton: toenn
Breton: to
Old Cornish: to
Welsh: to

Formed with *-os, serving as the verbal noun to *togīti (whence Old Irish in·tuigethar). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”), whence also *tegos (“house”).
The neuter gender of the Old Irish derivatives must be analogical, either after *tegos or other prefixed verbal nouns in *-om.


wolis

wolis (nominative singular)
wolī (dual nominative)
wolīs (nominative plural)
woli (singular vocative)
wolī (dual vocative)
wolīs (plural vocative)
wolim (accusative singular)
wolī (accusative dual)
wolins (accusative plural)
woleis (genitive singular)
wolyow (dual genitive)
wolyom (genitive plural)
wolei (dative singular)
wolibom (dative dual)
wolibos (dative plural)
wolei (locative singular)
wolī (instrumental singular)
wolibim (dual instrumental)
wolibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goulyow

Cornish: goly

Middle Welsh: gweli (“wound, blood”)

desctree

Old Irish: fuil
Middle Irish: fuil
Irish: fuil
Manx: fuill
Scottish Gaelic: fuil

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to wound, strike”), see also Latin vulnus (“wound”).


tundā

tundā (nominative singular)
tundai (dual nominative)
tundās (nominative plural)
tundā (singular vocative)
tundai (dual vocative)
tundās (plural vocative)
tundam (accusative singular)
tundai (accusative dual)
tundāns (accusative plural)
tundās (genitive singular)
tundous (dual genitive)
tundom (genitive plural)
tundāi (dative singular)
tundābom (dative dual)
tundābos (dative plural)
tundai (locative singular)
tundābim (dual instrumental)
tundābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tonn

Old Breton: tonnou

Middle Breton: tonn

Breton: tonn

Cornish: ton

Old Welsh: tonnou

Middle Welsh: tonn

Welsh: ton

desctree

Old Irish: tonn, tond
Middle Irish: tonn
Irish: tonn
Manx: tonn
Scottish Gaelic: tonn

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to hit, beat”), as in waves hitting against the shore. Or, it could instead be related to *tondā (“surface, skin”), if the original meaning was the surface of the sea, from *temh₁- (“to cut”).
Zair alternatively reconstructs the term as *tusnā and provides an alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”).


dwār

dwār (nominative singular)
dwore (dual nominative)
dwores (nominative plural)
dwār (singular vocative)
dwore (dual vocative)
dwores (plural vocative)
dworam (accusative singular)
dwore (accusative dual)
dworans (accusative plural)
duros (genitive singular)
durou (dual genitive)
durom (genitive plural)
durei (dative singular)
durobom (dative dual)
durobos (dative plural)
duri (locative singular)
dure? (instrumental singular)
durobim (dual instrumental)
durobis (instrumental plural)

q

Proto-Brythonic: *dor (from Early Brythonic *dorā, generalized from the accusative *dworam)

Middle Breton: dor

Breton: dor

Cornish: dor, darat

Old Welsh: dor

Middle Welsh: dor

Welsh: dôr

generalized from the genitive <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*duros</i>

Gaulish: *durom (generalized from the genitive *duros)

→ Latin: Augustodurum

→ Latin: Nemetodurum

French: Nanterre


dworestus

dworestus (nominative singular)
dworestū (dual nominative)
dworestowes (nominative plural)
dworestu (singular vocative)
dworestū (dual vocative)
dworestūs (plural vocative)
dworestum (accusative singular)
dworestū (accusative dual)
dworestuns (accusative plural)
dworestous (genitive singular)
dworestous (dual genitive)
dworestowom (genitive plural)
dworestou (dative singular)
dworestubom (dative dual)
dworestubos (dative plural)
dworestū (instrumental singular)
dworestubim (dual instrumental)
dworestubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *drus

Old Welsh: drus

Middle Welsh: drws

Welsh: drws

Old Cornish: darat

Middle Cornish: daras

Cornish: daras

desctree

Old Irish: dorus
Middle Irish: dorus
Irish: doras
Manx: dorrys
Scottish Gaelic: dorus, doras

From *dwor-es- (extended stem of *dwār) + *-tus.


leigis

leigis (nominative singular)
leigī (dual nominative)
leigīs (nominative plural)
leigi (singular vocative)
leigī (dual vocative)
leigīs (plural vocative)
leigim (accusative singular)
leigī (accusative dual)
leigins (accusative plural)
leigeis (genitive singular)
leigyow (dual genitive)
leigyom (genitive plural)
leigei (dative singular)
leigibom (dative dual)
leigibos (dative plural)
leigei (locative singular)
leigī (instrumental singular)
leigibim (dual instrumental)
leigibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: líaig
Irish: lia
Scottish Gaelic: lèigh

→? Proto-Germanic: *lēkijaz

Possibly borrowed Proto-Germanic *lēkiz (“healing; medicine; healer”), or directly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leg- (“to care for”).


ɸloudom

ɸloudom (nominative singular)
ɸloudou (dual nominative)
ɸloudā (nominative plural)
ɸloudom (singular vocative)
ɸloudou (dual vocative)
ɸloudā (plural vocative)
ɸloudom (accusative singular)
ɸloudou (accusative dual)
ɸloudā (accusative plural)
ɸloudī (genitive singular)
ɸloudous (dual genitive)
ɸloudom (genitive plural)
ɸloudūi (dative singular)
ɸloudobom (dative dual)
ɸloudobos (dative plural)
ɸloudei (locative singular)
ɸloudū (instrumental singular)
ɸloudobim (dual instrumental)
ɸloudūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: lúaide

Irish: luaidhe

Manx: leoaie

Scottish Gaelic: luaidhe

Gaulish: *loudon

→ Proto-West Germanic: *laud (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”), and cognate with Latin plumbum (“lead”) and perhaps connected with Proto-Berber *būldūn.
Rix derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (compare Old Irish ·lúaidi (“moves”), Old Norse fleyta), an enlargement of *plew- (“to flow”); however, Matasovic and de Vaan consider the word to be a borrowing from an unknown substrate.


siti-

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: hit

Middle Breton: het

Breton: hed

Cornish: hes

Old Welsh: hit

Middle Welsh: hyt

Welsh: hyd

Old Irish: sith-

Possibly related to the adjective *sīros (“long”), but the short *i is unexpected; perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European participle *seh₁-tó- (“lengthened”) before undergoing Dybo's law, though this law's application might have been too early for the change of *eh₁ to *ē to *ī in Proto-Celtic. If not, then possibly from *sh₁i-ti- instead.
MacBain compares Proto-Germanic *sīdaz (“extra, excessive”), from *seh₁(i)- (“to send, sow, deposit”).


kritos

kritos (nominative singular)
kritou (dual nominative)
kritoi (nominative plural)
krite (singular vocative)
kritou (dual vocative)
kritoi (plural vocative)
kritom (accusative singular)
kritou (accusative dual)
kritons (accusative plural)
kritī (genitive singular)
kritous (dual genitive)
kritom (genitive plural)
kritūi (dative singular)
kritobom (dative dual)
kritobos (dative plural)
kritei (locative singular)
kritū (instrumental singular)
kritobim (dual instrumental)
kritūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: crit

Cornish: dor-gryz

Old Welsh: crit

Middle Welsh: crid

Welsh: cryd

desctree

Old Irish: crith
Middle Irish: crith
Irish: crith
Manx: crie
Scottish Gaelic: crith

From Proto-Indo-European *krit-, from *(s)kreyt-, *(s)ker- (“twist, turn, bend”), see also Latin crīsāre.


tegoslougom

tegoslougom (nominative singular)
tegoslougou (dual nominative)
tegoslougā (nominative plural)
tegoslougom (singular vocative)
tegoslougou (dual vocative)
tegoslougā (plural vocative)
tegoslougom (accusative singular)
tegoslougou (accusative dual)
tegoslougā (accusative plural)
tegoslougī (genitive singular)
tegoslougous (dual genitive)
tegoslougom (genitive plural)
tegoslougūi (dative singular)
tegoslougobom (dative dual)
tegoslougobos (dative plural)
tegoslougei (locative singular)
tegoslougū (instrumental singular)
tegoslougobim (dual instrumental)
tegoslougūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *teɣlʉɣ

Old Cornish: teilu

Cornish: teylu

Old Welsh: telu

Middle Welsh: teilu

Welsh: teulu

Old Irish: teglach
Irish: teaghlach
Scottish Gaelic: teaghlach

From *tegos (“house”) + *slougos (“army”).


brattos

brattos (nominative singular)
brattou (dual nominative)
brattoi (nominative plural)
bratte (singular vocative)
brattou (dual vocative)
brattoi (plural vocative)
brattom (accusative singular)
brattou (accusative dual)
brattons (accusative plural)
brattī (genitive singular)
brattous (dual genitive)
brattom (genitive plural)
brattūi (dative singular)
brattobom (dative dual)
brattobos (dative plural)
brattei (locative singular)
brattū (instrumental singular)
brattobim (dual instrumental)
brattūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: broz

Breton: brozh (“skirt”)

Old Irish: bratt (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old Irish: brattach

Irish: bratach

Scottish Gaelic: bratach
→ English: brattach

desc

⇒ Old Breton: brothrac (possibly borrowed from Irish)

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*brattinyos</i>

⇒ Middle Welsh: brethyn (“cloth”) (from *brattinyos)

Welsh: brethyn

Uncertain; a comparison with Sanskrit ग्रथ्नाति (grathnāti, “to tie, string together”), from Proto-Indo-European *gretH- (“to tie”), seems unlikely due to the difficulty between th and tt; also compare Ancient Greek φάρσος (phársos, “cloth, covering”). Matasovic suggests a substrate borrowing due to the unclear relationship with any other Indo-European words.


molos

molos (nominative singular)
molou (dual nominative)
moloi (nominative plural)
mole (singular vocative)
molou (dual vocative)
moloi (plural vocative)
molom (accusative singular)
molou (accusative dual)
molons (accusative plural)
molī (genitive singular)
molous (dual genitive)
molom (genitive plural)
molūi (dative singular)
molobom (dative dual)
molobos (dative plural)
molei (locative singular)
molū (instrumental singular)
molobim (dual instrumental)
molūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: mol (“axle for a mill-wheel”)
Irish: mol (“hub, shaft”)
Scottish Gaelic: mul (“axis, axle-tree”)

From Proto-Indo-European *molh₂ós (Uhlich does not note the laryngeal) from *melh₂- (“to grind”) + *-ós (agent suffix).


edennos

ɸedennos (nominative singular)
ɸedennou (dual nominative)
ɸedennoi (nominative plural)
ɸedenne (singular vocative)
ɸedennou (dual vocative)
ɸedennoi (plural vocative)
ɸedennom (accusative singular)
ɸedennou (accusative dual)
ɸedennons (accusative plural)
ɸedennī (genitive singular)
ɸedennous (dual genitive)
ɸedennom (genitive plural)
ɸedennūi (dative singular)
ɸedennobom (dative dual)
ɸedennobos (dative plural)
ɸedennei (locative singular)
ɸedennū (instrumental singular)
ɸedennobim (dual instrumental)
ɸedennūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *eðenn
Middle Breton: ilieavenn
Breton: iliav, ilio, iliavenn (sgv.)
Cornish: idhyow, idhyo, idhyowen (sgv.)
Middle Welsh: eido, eiddio
Welsh: eiddew, eiddo

Old Irish: eidenn, eden, edenn
Irish: eidheann
>? Manx: hibbin[:iven#Middle_English|iven]], yven, ivyn, iwen from Old English īfeġn? -- Compare the Aran pronunciation /ˈɛvʲənˠ/, /ˈɛvʲən̪ˠ/ as if spelled eibhean(n)">
Scottish Gaelic: eidheann

Old Irish: eidenn, eden, edenn
Irish: eidheann
>? Manx: hibbin
Scottish Gaelic: eidheann

Unknown; possibly from earlier *ɸedennos, from Proto-Indo-European *ped-n̥-no-s, from *ped- (“to bind, tie, restrain”).


astilis

astilis (nominative singular)
astilī (dual nominative)
astilīs (nominative plural)
astili (singular vocative)
astilī (dual vocative)
astilīs (plural vocative)
astilim (accusative singular)
astilī (accusative dual)
astilins (accusative plural)
astileis (genitive singular)
astilyow (dual genitive)
astilyom (genitive plural)
astilei (dative singular)
astilibom (dative dual)
astilibos (dative plural)
astilei (locative singular)
astilī (instrumental singular)
astilibim (dual instrumental)
astilibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėsɨl

Middle Breton: esel

Breton: ezel

Cornish: esel

Old Irish: aisil, aisel, asil
Irish: aisil

Apparently a derivative of *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), whence also *ast (“rib”).


koslos

koslos (nominative singular)
koslou (dual nominative)
kosloi (nominative plural)
kosle (singular vocative)
koslou (dual vocative)
kosloi (plural vocative)
koslom (accusative singular)
koslou (accusative dual)
koslons (accusative plural)
koslī (genitive singular)
koslous (dual genitive)
koslom (genitive plural)
koslūi (dative singular)
koslobom (dative dual)
koslobos (dative plural)
koslei (locative singular)
koslū (instrumental singular)
koslobim (dual instrumental)
koslūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koll

Old Welsh: coll

Middle Welsh: coll(en)

Welsh: cyll

Old Irish: coll
Irish: coll
Manx: coull
Scottish Gaelic: coll

colwiden

Proto-Brythonic: *koll-ɣwɨð (literally “hazel wood”)


krissus

krissus (nominative singular)
krissū (dual nominative)
krissowes (nominative plural)
krissu (singular vocative)
krissū (dual vocative)
krissūs (plural vocative)
krissum (accusative singular)
krissū (accusative dual)
krissuns (accusative plural)
krissous (genitive singular)
krissous (dual genitive)
krissowom (genitive plural)
krissou (dative singular)
krissubom (dative dual)
krissubos (dative plural)
krissū (instrumental singular)
krissubim (dual instrumental)
krissubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: guo-cris (“belt”)

Middle Breton: cres (“shirt”)

Breton: kres, krez

Old Cornish: kreis

Cornish: krys

Old Welsh: guecrissou

desc

Middle Welsh: crys (“shirt”), gwregys (“girdle, belt”)

Welsh: crys

Old Irish: cris

Irish: crios

Scottish Gaelic: crios

From Proto-Indo-European *krdʰ-tu-, suffixed form of the zero grade of *kerdʰ- (“belt”), see also Proto-Slavic *čersъ.


gezdā

gezdā (nominative singular)
gezdai (dual nominative)
gezdās (nominative plural)
gezdā (singular vocative)
gezdai (dual vocative)
gezdās (plural vocative)
gezdam (accusative singular)
gezdai (accusative dual)
gezdāns (accusative plural)
gezdās (genitive singular)
gezdous (dual genitive)
gezdom (genitive plural)
gezdāi (dative singular)
gezdābom (dative dual)
gezdābos (dative plural)
gezdai (locative singular)
gezdābim (dual instrumental)
gezdābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: gwaz

Old Cornish: guit

Cornish: goodh

Middle Welsh: guit

Welsh: gŵydd

Middle Irish: géd

Irish: gé

Probably of imitative origin and not related to *gansis (though the latter is itself also probably onomatopoeic).

onomatopoeic

imitative


mammā

mammā (nominative singular)
mammai (dual nominative)
mammās (nominative plural)
mammā (singular vocative)
mammai (dual vocative)
mammās (plural vocative)
mammam (accusative singular)
mammai (accusative dual)
mammāns (accusative plural)
mammās (genitive singular)
mammous (dual genitive)
mammom (genitive plural)
mammāi (dative singular)
mammābom (dative dual)
mammābos (dative plural)
mammai (locative singular)
mammābim (dual instrumental)
mammābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mamm
Middle Breton: mamm
Breton: mamm
Old Cornish: mam
Middle Cornish: mam
Cornish: mamm
Middle Welsh: mam
Welsh: mam

Old Irish: muimme
Irish: muime, buime
Manx: mimmey
Scottish Gaelic: muime

A baby talk word, similar to Ancient Greek μάμμη (mámmē).

onomatopoeic

baby talk


wegrom

wegros (nominative singular)
wegrou (dual nominative)
wegroi (nominative plural)
wegre (singular vocative)
wegrou (dual vocative)
wegroi (plural vocative)
wegrom (accusative singular)
wegrou (accusative dual)
wegrons (accusative plural)
wegrī (genitive singular)
wegrous (dual genitive)
wegrom (genitive plural)
wegrūi (dative singular)
wegrobom (dative dual)
wegrobos (dative plural)
wegrei (locative singular)
wegrū (instrumental singular)
wegrobim (dual instrumental)
wegrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweɨr

Cornish: gora

Middle Welsh: gweir

Welsh: gwair

desctree

Old Irish: fér
Irish: féar
Manx: faiyr
Scottish Gaelic: feur

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg- (“to increase, grow out”), comparable to Proto-Germanic *wahsijaną. However, it could instead be from *weǵ- (“strong, lively, awakened”), though the semantic development would be unclear.


kruttos

kruttos (nominative singular)
kruttou (dual nominative)
kruttoi (nominative plural)
krutte (singular vocative)
kruttou (dual vocative)
kruttoi (plural vocative)
kruttom (accusative singular)
kruttou (accusative dual)
kruttons (accusative plural)
kruttī (genitive singular)
kruttous (dual genitive)
kruttom (genitive plural)
kruttūi (dative singular)
kruttobom (dative dual)
kruttobos (dative plural)
kruttei (locative singular)
kruttū (instrumental singular)
kruttobim (dual instrumental)
kruttūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kruθ

Middle Welsh: crwth, croth

Welsh: crwth

Old Breton: courz (“vulva”)

Breton: kourzh (“vagina”)

Cornish: krowd (“violin”)

desctree

Old Irish: crott
Irish: cruit
Manx: cruitçh
Scottish Gaelic: cruit

Hispano-Celtic:

desc

→? Galician: cruto, curuto (“top, summit”)

Origin unclear, perhaps related to Latvian krūtis (“breast, bust”). Possibly related to Proto-Celtic *krundis (“round”).


kuwannos

kuwannos (nominative singular)
kuwannou (dual nominative)
kuwannoi (nominative plural)
kuwanne (singular vocative)
kuwannou (dual vocative)
kuwannoi (plural vocative)
kuwannom (accusative singular)
kuwannou (accusative dual)
kuwannons (accusative plural)
kuwannī (genitive singular)
kuwannous (dual genitive)
kuwannom (genitive plural)
kuwannūi (dative singular)
kuwannobom (dative dual)
kuwannobos (dative plural)
kuwannei (locative singular)
kuwannū (instrumental singular)
kuwannobim (dual instrumental)
kuwannūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kuwann f
Old Breton: couann, couhann
Middle Breton: couhenn, caouënn
Breton: kaouenn
→ Cornish: cowan
Early Vannetais Breton: cohan [1732 CE]
Vannetais Breton: kohann
Middle Welsh: cuan

Gaulish: *cauannos

Gaulish: Cauanos (personal name)

→ Late Latin: cavannus (“tawny owl”)
Old French: chavan
Middle French: chavan
Angevin: chahon, chohon, chéhon, choin
Berrichon: chavon
Norman: cahouain (Jèrriais)
Picard: cavan
Poitevin: chaon
Saintongeais: chavan
Old Occitan: chavan, chauana
Occitan: chavant, chavancou
Zarphatic Old French: javan
French: chat-huant

→ Vulgar Latin: *cava (“owl”) (semantic loan)
Direct reflexes:
Old French: choe, choue, chave
Middle French: choe, choue
→ Galician: choia
→ Spanish: chova; choya (dialectal)
Old Occitan: cau
Picard: caue, cave
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cawesca (diminutive)
Gallo-Romance:
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: chuèche
Old French:
Middle French: chevece, chevoiche, chavoce
French: chevêche
→ Romanian: ciovică (Wallachian)
Occitano-Romance:
Aragonese: babieca, babueca, fabiaca
Catalan: cauèca, cavèca
Old Occitan: cavesca
Occitan: cavèca (several dialects)
Gascon: chavèca, gavèca, bavèca
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cawetta (diminutive, likely influenced by an archaic form of Italian zibetto (“cat-like animal”))
Dalmatian:
civet
Italo-Romance:
Italian: civetta, ciovetta (dialectal)
North Italian:
Friulian: civuite
Piedmontese: sioëtta
Romansch: tschuetta
Venetan: zovetta
Gallo-Romance:
Old French: *chouette, *chavette, suete, suette, çuete
Middle French: chouete, chüette, chouette
French: chouette
Norman: cahouette
Picard: cavette
Occitano-Romance:
Vivaro-Alpine: civeta

Probably imitative in origin. While formally similar to Proto-West Germanic *hūō and Proto-Slavic *sovà, regular derivation of these terms from a common root appears to be phonologically impossible.
Although often reconstructed as *kawannos on the evidence of the Latin borrowing, this cannot explain the Brythonic reflexes, which can only reflect *kuwann-. Schrijver suggests that -av- in the Latin borrowings may represent the adaption of a Gaulish sound sequence foreign to Latin phonology.

onomatopoeic

imitative


oβnus

obnus (nominative singular)
obnū (dual nominative)
obnowes (nominative plural)
obnu (singular vocative)
obnū (dual vocative)
obnūs (plural vocative)
obnum (accusative singular)
obnū (accusative dual)
obnuns (accusative plural)
obnous (genitive singular)
obnous (dual genitive)
obnowom (genitive plural)
obnou (dative singular)
obnubom (dative dual)
obnubos (dative plural)
obnū (instrumental singular)
obnubim (dual instrumental)
obnubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *oβn
Middle Breton: oun
Breton: ovn
Cornish: own
Middle Welsh: ofuyn
Welsh: ofn

Old Irish: ómun, omun, homun (with short vowel)
Middle Irish: úaman, oman
Irish: uamhan
Scottish Gaelic: uabhann

Uncertain.
According to Matasović, possibly related to Proto-Slavic *ęga (“to shiver”), assuming the root to be Proto-Indo-European *h₁engʷ-, though this root is usually reconstructed as *h₁eng- on the basis of Proto-Germanic *inkô (“ache, regret”).
Or, from *h₂enǵʰ- (“to constrict, tighten”); see the cognates listed at Latvian īgt (“to be angry”).
An alternative theory links the root to Proto-Indo-European *pow- (“to fear”), to which Proto-Italic *pawēō (“to be afraid”) may also belong.


kūlos

kūlos (nominative singular)
kūlou (dual nominative)
kūloi (nominative plural)
kūle (singular vocative)
kūlou (dual vocative)
kūloi (plural vocative)
kūlom (accusative singular)
kūlou (accusative dual)
kūlons (accusative plural)
kūlī (genitive singular)
kūlous (dual genitive)
kūlom (genitive plural)
kūlūi (dative singular)
kūlobom (dative dual)
kūlobos (dative plural)
kūlei (locative singular)
kūlū (instrumental singular)
kūlobim (dual instrumental)
kūlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kil

Middle Breton: quil

Breton: kil

Old Cornish: chil

Middle Welsh: kil

Welsh: cil

Old Irish: cúl (“back, rear, nape”)
Irish: cúl
Manx: cooyl
Scottish Gaelic: cùl

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), the most obvious cognate being Latin cūlus.


koryos

koryos (nominative singular)
koryou (dual nominative)
koryoi (nominative plural)
korye (singular vocative)
koryou (dual vocative)
koryoi (plural vocative)
koryom (accusative singular)
koryou (accusative dual)
koryons (accusative plural)
koryī (genitive singular)
koryous (dual genitive)
koryom (genitive plural)
koryūi (dative singular)
koryobom (dative dual)
koryobos (dative plural)
koryei (locative singular)
koryū (instrumental singular)
koryobim (dual instrumental)
koryūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cordd (“clan, tribe”)

Welsh: cordd

Old Irish: cuire

Middle Irish: cuire

Irish: cuire

Gaulish: *corios

⇒ Gaulish: *Āticorios

→ Latin: Atecorius

→⇒ Latin: Vocoriī

→⇒ Latin: Tricoriī

French: Trégor, Tréguier

→⇒ Latin: Petrucoriī

French: Périgord

From Proto-Indo-European *kóryos (“war, troops”), from *ker-, see also Lithuanian kãras, kãrias (“war”), Ancient Greek κοίρανος (koíranos, “ruler, commander, military leader”), Old Persian 𐎼𐎢 (r-u /kāra/, “people of war, army”).


bleidanī

bleidanī (nominative singular)
bleidanī (dual nominative)
bleidaniyās (nominative plural)
bleidanī (singular vocative)
bleidanī (dual vocative)
bleidaniyās (plural vocative)
bleidanīm (accusative singular)
bleidanī (accusative dual)
bleidanīns (accusative plural)
bleidanyās (genitive singular)
bleidanyous (dual genitive)
bleidanyom (genitive plural)
bleidanyai (dative singular)
bleidanyābom (dative dual)
bleidanyābos (dative plural)
bleidanyābim (dual instrumental)
bleidanyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bluɨðėn

Old Breton: blidan, bliden, blidon

Breton: blizen, blizenn

Old Cornish: bliþen

Middle Cornish: blythen

Cornish: bledhen

Old Welsh: bloidin

Middle Welsh: blwyðyn

Welsh: blwyddyn

Proto-Brythonic: *blɨneð (earlier *blɨðneð < nominative plural *blēdanyās)

Old Breton: blened

Middle Welsh: blyneð

Welsh: blynedd

desctree

Old Irish: blíadain
Irish: bliain
Manx: blein
Scottish Gaelic: bliadhna

Related to synonymous *bleidū, but with no known Indo-European cognates. Matasović says Pennaod’s connection of this word with Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyd- (“pale”) (compare Old Church Slavonic блѣдъ (blědŭ, “pale”), Old English blāt (“pale”), Lithuanian blai̇̃vas (“whitish”) “is possible formally…[but] the semantic connection is weak.” Stokes suggests Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleydʰ- (“to glide”) (Proto-Germanic *glīdaną), but MacBain writes that an evolution of ǵʰ- into Celtic b- is doubtful.


mandus

mandus (nominative singular)
mandū (dual nominative)
mandowes (nominative plural)
mandu (singular vocative)
mandū (dual vocative)
mandūs (plural vocative)
mandum (accusative singular)
mandū (accusative dual)
manduns (accusative plural)
mandous (genitive singular)
mandous (dual genitive)
mandowom (genitive plural)
mandou (dative singular)
mandubom (dative dual)
mandubos (dative plural)
mandū (instrumental singular)
mandubim (dual instrumental)
mandubis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: *mandus

→ Latin: mannus (“small pony”)

→ Basque: mando (“mule”)

Unknown; no etymology is specified by Delamarre.


komskʷom

komskʷom (nominative singular)
komskʷou (dual nominative)
komskʷā (nominative plural)
komskʷom (singular vocative)
komskʷou (dual vocative)
komskʷā (plural vocative)
komskʷom (accusative singular)
komskʷou (accusative dual)
komskʷā (accusative plural)
komskʷī (genitive singular)
komskʷous (dual genitive)
komskʷom (genitive plural)
komskūi (dative singular)
komskʷobom (dative dual)
komskʷobos (dative plural)
komskʷei (locative singular)
komskū (instrumental singular)
komskʷobim (dual instrumental)
komskʷūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cosp

Welsh: cosb

Old Irish: cosc

Middle Irish: cosc

Irish: cosc

From *kom- + *-skʷ- + *-om, a zero-grade root neuter verbal noun from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”).


yarā

yarā (nominative singular)
yarai (dual nominative)
yarās (nominative plural)
yarā (singular vocative)
yarai (dual vocative)
yarās (plural vocative)
yaram (accusative singular)
yarai (accusative dual)
yarāns (accusative plural)
yarās (genitive singular)
yarous (dual genitive)
yarom (genitive plural)
yarāi (dative singular)
yarābom (dative dual)
yarābos (dative plural)
yarai (locative singular)
yarābim (dual instrumental)
yarābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jar

Breton: yar

Old Cornish: yar
Cornish: yar

Old Welsh: iar

Middle Welsh: yar

Welsh: iâr

⇒? Middle Irish: eirín, eiréne

Irish: eireog

Scottish Gaelic: eireag

Gaulish: Iaros (placename)

Perhaps from earlier *ɸiɸeros, from a Proto-Indo-European root *pip- that would also be the source of Latin pīpiō (“to chirp”) and Sanskrit पिप्पका (pippakā, “kind of bird”). Ultimately of imitative origin either way.

onomatopoeic

imitative


weskʷeros

weskʷeros (nominative singular)
weskʷerou (dual nominative)
weskʷeroi (nominative plural)
weskʷere (singular vocative)
weskʷerou (dual vocative)
weskʷeroi (plural vocative)
weskʷerom (accusative singular)
weskʷerou (accusative dual)
weskʷerons (accusative plural)
weskʷerī (genitive singular)
weskʷerous (dual genitive)
weskʷerom (genitive plural)
weskʷerūi (dative singular)
weskʷerobom (dative dual)
weskʷerobos (dative plural)
weskʷerei (locative singular)
weskʷerū (instrumental singular)
weskʷerobim (dual instrumental)
weskʷerūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉxer
Old Cornish: *uher
⇒ Old Cornish: gurthuher
Cornish: gorthugher
Middle Welsh: ucher, uchyr
Welsh: ucher

Old Irish: fescor
Irish: feascar
Manx: fastyr
Scottish Gaelic: feasgar


aglos

aglos (nominative singular)
aglou (dual nominative)
agloi (nominative plural)
agle (singular vocative)
aglou (dual vocative)
agloi (plural vocative)
aglom (accusative singular)
aglou (accusative dual)
aglons (accusative plural)
aglī (genitive singular)
aglous (dual genitive)
aglom (genitive plural)
aglūi (dative singular)
aglobom (dative dual)
aglobos (dative plural)
aglei (locative singular)
aglū (instrumental singular)
aglobim (dual instrumental)
aglūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨl f (from collective *aglā)

Middle Welsh: ael

Old Irish: ál

Irish: ál

According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵʰ- (“cow”), see also Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬍 (azī), Old Armenian եզն (ezn), Old Irish ag (“cow”). Matasovic compares *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), though with a semantic gap.


welsos

welsos (nominative singular)
welsou (dual nominative)
welsoi (nominative plural)
welse (singular vocative)
welsou (dual vocative)
welsoi (plural vocative)
welsom (accusative singular)
welsou (accusative dual)
welsons (accusative plural)
welsī (genitive singular)
welsous (dual genitive)
welsom (genitive plural)
welsūi (dative singular)
welsobom (dative dual)
welsobos (dative plural)
welsei (locative singular)
welsū (instrumental singular)
welsobim (dual instrumental)
welsūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goall

Breton: gwall

Cornish: gwall

Middle Welsh: guall

Welsh: gwall

Old Irish: fell

Middle Irish: fell

Irish: feall

Scottish Gaelic: feall

Manx: foall

From Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)welh₁(bʰ)-, from *wel- (“to deceive”), see also Lithuanian vilti (“to deceive, cheat”).


karnom

karnom (nominative singular)
karnou (dual nominative)
karnā (nominative plural)
karnom (singular vocative)
karnou (dual vocative)
karnā (plural vocative)
karnom (accusative singular)
karnou (accusative dual)
karnā (accusative plural)
karnī (genitive singular)
karnous (dual genitive)
karnom (genitive plural)
karnūi (dative singular)
karnobom (dative dual)
karnobos (dative plural)
karnei (locative singular)
karnū (instrumental singular)
karnobim (dual instrumental)
karnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *karn

Old Breton: carn

Middle Breton: karn (Pen)

Breton: karn

Cornish: carn

Middle Welsh: carn, carnau, cernydd, cerni

Welsh: carn

Old Irish: carn

Scottish Gaelic: càrn

Gaulish: karnon (“horn”)

⇒ Gaulish: 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌍𐌉𐌕𐌖 (karnitu, 3sg. pret. of a denominative verb), Carnuntum, karnuātus (“horned”)

→ Ancient Greek: κάρνον (kárnon, “Gallic horn”)

Perhaps related to *karwos (“stag, deer”) and *karno- (“hoof, horn”), all from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head, top, horn”).


brugnos

brugnos (nominative singular)
brugnou (dual nominative)
brugnoi (nominative plural)
brugne (singular vocative)
brugnou (dual vocative)
brugnoi (plural vocative)
brugnom (accusative singular)
brugnou (accusative dual)
brugnons (accusative plural)
brugnī (genitive singular)
brugnous (dual genitive)
brugnom (genitive plural)
brugnūi (dative singular)
brugnobom (dative dual)
brugnobos (dative plural)
brugnei (locative singular)
brugnū (instrumental singular)
brugnobim (dual instrumental)
brugnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bruɨn

Middle Welsh: brwyn

Welsh: brwyn

desctree

Old Irish: brón
Irish: brón
Scottish Gaelic: bròn

Uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷruHǵʰ-nó-, from the root *gʷrewHǵʰ- (“to bite”) + *-nós, though the laryngeal makes this problematic; alternatively from *bʰreg- (“to break”).


tondā

tondā (nominative singular)
tondai (dual nominative)
tondās (nominative plural)
tondā (singular vocative)
tondai (dual vocative)
tondās (plural vocative)
tondam (accusative singular)
tondai (accusative dual)
tondāns (accusative plural)
tondās (genitive singular)
tondous (dual genitive)
tondom (genitive plural)
tondāi (dative singular)
tondābom (dative dual)
tondābos (dative plural)
tondai (locative singular)
tondābim (dual instrumental)
tondābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: tonnenn

Middle Breton: tonenn

Breton: tonnenn

Middle Welsh: tonn, tonnen

Old Irish: tonn, tond
Middle Irish: tonn
Irish: tonn
Manx: tonn
Scottish Gaelic: tonn

Gaulish: *tondā

→ Latin: tunna, tonna
Catalan: tona, tonya
Old French: tonne
French: tonne
→ English: tonne
Old French: tonel
Galician: tonel, tonelada
Portuguese: tonel, tonelada
Spanish: tonel, tonelada
→ Proto-West Germanic: *tunnā, *tonnā, *tunnu (see there for further descendants)

>? Gallaecian:

Old Galician-Portuguese: tona
Galician: tona
Portuguese: tona

From Proto-Indo-European *tend- (“to cut off”), similar to Latin tondeo.


dol-

Proto-Brythonic: *döl

Old Breton: dol

Middle Breton: del

Breton: del

Middle Cornish: del

Cornish: del

Middle Welsh: deil

Welsh: dail


bedom

bedom (nominative singular)
bedou (dual nominative)
bedā (nominative plural)
bedom (singular vocative)
bedou (dual vocative)
bedā (plural vocative)
bedom (accusative singular)
bedou (accusative dual)
bedā (accusative plural)
bedī (genitive singular)
bedous (dual genitive)
bedom (genitive plural)
bedūi (dative singular)
bedobom (dative dual)
bedobos (dative plural)
bedei (locative singular)
bedū (instrumental singular)
bedobim (dual instrumental)
bedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *beð

Middle Breton: bez

Breton: bez

Cornish: bedh

Middle Welsh: bedd

Welsh: bedd

Gaulish: *bedon

→ Old French: bied, bié

French: bief

desc

→ Ligurian: beu (Genoese dialect), beyu (Taggia dialect)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to dig”).


kentusedom

kentusedom (nominative singular)
kentusedou (dual nominative)
kentusedā (nominative plural)
kentusedom (singular vocative)
kentusedou (dual vocative)
kentusedā (plural vocative)
kentusedom (accusative singular)
kentusedou (accusative dual)
kentusedā (accusative plural)
kentusedī (genitive singular)
kentusedous (dual genitive)
kentusedom (genitive plural)
kentusedūi (dative singular)
kentusedobom (dative dual)
kentusedobos (dative plural)
kentusedei (locative singular)
kentusedū (instrumental singular)
kentusedobim (dual instrumental)
kentusedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kɨntüheð

Middle Welsh: cyntedd

Welsh: cyntedd (“porch”)

Old Irish: cétad

Middle Irish: cétad

From *kentu- (“first”) + *sed- (“to sit”) + *-om.


liyants

liyants (nominative singular)
liyante (dual nominative)
liyantes (nominative plural)
liyants (singular vocative)
liyante (dual vocative)
liyantes (plural vocative)
liyantam (accusative singular)
liyante (accusative dual)
liyantans (accusative plural)
liyantos (genitive singular)
liyantou (dual genitive)
liyantom (genitive plural)
liyantei (dative singular)
liyantobom (dative dual)
liyantobos (dative plural)
liyanti (locative singular)
liyante? (instrumental singular)
liyantobim (dual instrumental)
liyantobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: lliant

Welsh: lliant

Old Irish: liae, lie
Middle Irish: lía

Present participle-like formation from *liyeti (“to flow”).


towissus

towissus (nominative singular)
towissū (dual nominative)
towissowes (nominative plural)
towissu (singular vocative)
towissū (dual vocative)
towissūs (plural vocative)
towissum (accusative singular)
towissū (accusative dual)
towissuns (accusative plural)
towissous (genitive singular)
towissous (dual genitive)
towissowom (genitive plural)
towissou (dative singular)
towissubom (dative dual)
towissubos (dative plural)
towissū (instrumental singular)
towissubim (dual instrumental)
towissubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *töwɨs

Middle Welsh: tywys

Welsh: tywys

desctree

Old Irish: tús, tuus
Irish: tús
Scottish Gaelic: tùs

From *to- (“to, towards”) + *wissus (“knowledge”).


agrinyos

agrinyos (nominative singular)
agrinyou (dual nominative)
agrinyoi (nominative plural)
agrinye (singular vocative)
agrinyou (dual vocative)
agrinyoi (plural vocative)
agrinyom (accusative singular)
agrinyou (accusative dual)
agrinyons (accusative plural)
agrinyī (genitive singular)
agrinyous (dual genitive)
agrinyom (genitive plural)
agrinyūi (dative singular)
agrinyobom (dative dual)
agrinyobos (dative plural)
agrinyei (locative singular)
agrinyū (instrumental singular)
agrinyobim (dual instrumental)
agrinyūis (instrumental plural)

Primitive Irish:

Old Irish: áirne

Irish: airne (“sloe, gland”)

Manx: airn (“sloe, bullace”)

desc

Scottish Gaelic: àirne (“sloe, blackthorn”)

Brythonic: ("plum")

Welsh: eirin

Breton: irin

Hispano-Iberian:

→? Catalan: aranyó (“sloe”)

→? Spanish: arañón (“sloe”)

→? Occitan: agreno, aranhon, aragnou, agragnou (“sloe”)

→? Proto-Basque: *araN

Basque: aran

From a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“berry”), similar in form to Proto-Germanic *akraną (“small fruit of a tree”). Cognate with Tocharian B oko (“fruit”), English acorn, Lithuanian uoga (“berry”), etc.


nāunyā

nāunyā (nominative singular)
nāunyai (dual nominative)
nāunyās (nominative plural)
nāunyā (singular vocative)
nāunyai (dual vocative)
nāunyās (plural vocative)
nāunyam (accusative singular)
nāunyai (accusative dual)
nāunyāns (accusative plural)
nāunyās (genitive singular)
nāunyous (dual genitive)
nāunyom (genitive plural)
nāunyāi (dative singular)
nāunyābom (dative dual)
nāunyābos (dative plural)
nāunyai (locative singular)
nāunyābim (dual instrumental)
nāunyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: newyn (“hunger”)

desc

Welsh: newyn (“hunger, starvation, famine”)

Breton: naoun (“hunger, starvation, famine”)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: núna, naunae

From Proto-Indo-European *nowh₂ny-eh₂-, from *neh₂w- (“to die, lack”). Cognate with Tocharian A nwām (“sick”), Tocharian B naut- (“to die”), etc.


slattā

slattā (nominative singular)
slattai (dual nominative)
slattās (nominative plural)
slattā (singular vocative)
slattai (dual vocative)
slattās (plural vocative)
slattam (accusative singular)
slattai (accusative dual)
slattāns (accusative plural)
slattās (genitive singular)
slattous (dual genitive)
slattom (genitive plural)
slattāi (dative singular)
slattābom (dative dual)
slattābos (dative plural)
slattai (locative singular)
slattābim (dual instrumental)
slattābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llaθ
Old Breton: lath
Breton: lazh
Cornish: lath
Welsh: llath

Old Irish: slat

Middle Irish: slat

Irish: slat

Scottish Gaelic: slat

Manx: slat, slatt

Possibly loaned from a substrate language of northwestern Europe, hinted by the geminate and a-vocalism. This substrate could also have been the source of Proto-Germanic *lattō (“plank, board”), but with loss of initial *s-. Perhaps related to the root of *sladyeti (“to slay, hit”) (compare Proto-Germanic *slahaną); similar sense development can be found in Serbo-Croatian šibati (“to flog, whip”) > šiba (“rod, switch”).


betuyā

betuyā (nominative singular)
betuyai (dual nominative)
betuyās (nominative plural)
betuyā (singular vocative)
betuyai (dual vocative)
betuyās (plural vocative)
betuyam (accusative singular)
betuyai (accusative dual)
betuyāns (accusative plural)
betuyās (genitive singular)
betuyous (dual genitive)
betuyom (genitive plural)
betuyāi (dative singular)
betuyābom (dative dual)
betuyābos (dative plural)
betuyai (locative singular)
betuyābim (dual instrumental)
betuyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bedu
Middle Breton: bezu
Cornish: besow
Middle Welsh: bedwen sg
Welsh: bedw

Old Irish: beithe m
Middle Irish: beith f
Irish: beith
Manx: beih
Scottish Gaelic: beithe

Gaulish: *bitu

→ Latin: betulla/betula (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷétw-ih₂ ~ *gʷtu-yéh₂, from *gʷétu (“resin”) + *-ih₂.


ɸreswos

ɸreswos (nominative singular)
ɸreswou (dual nominative)
ɸreswoi (nominative plural)
ɸreswe (singular vocative)
ɸreswou (dual vocative)
ɸreswoi (plural vocative)
ɸreswom (accusative singular)
ɸreswou (accusative dual)
ɸreswons (accusative plural)
ɸreswī (genitive singular)
ɸreswous (dual genitive)
ɸreswom (genitive plural)
ɸreswūi (dative singular)
ɸreswobom (dative dual)
ɸreswobos (dative plural)
ɸreswei (locative singular)
ɸreswū (instrumental singular)
ɸreswobim (dual instrumental)
ɸreswūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Breton: rev

Cornish: rew

Welsh: rhew

From Proto-Indo-European *prews-, with metathesis of *-ws- to *-sw-.


budīnā

budinā (nominative singular)
budinai (dual nominative)
budinās (nominative plural)
budinā (singular vocative)
budinai (dual vocative)
budinās (plural vocative)
budinam (accusative singular)
budinai (accusative dual)
budināns (accusative plural)
budinās (genitive singular)
budinous (dual genitive)
budinom (genitive plural)
budināi (dative singular)
budinābom (dative dual)
budinābos (dative plural)
budinai (locative singular)
budinābim (dual instrumental)
budinābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *büðin

Old Breton: bodin

Middle Welsh: byddin

Welsh: byddin

Old Irish: buiden
Irish: buíon

Gaulish: budīnā

→ Late Latin: bodina (“frontier”), Budenicus (theonym)

Perhaps from the same source as *boudi (“victory, booty”).


uɸosistamus

uɸosistamus (nominative singular)
uɸosistamū (dual nominative)
uɸosistamowes (nominative plural)
uɸosistamu (singular vocative)
uɸosistamū (dual vocative)
uɸosistamūs (plural vocative)
uɸosistamum (accusative singular)
uɸosistamū (accusative dual)
uɸosistamuns (accusative plural)
uɸosistamous (genitive singular)
uɸosistamous (dual genitive)
uɸosistamowom (genitive plural)
uɸosistamou (dative singular)
uɸosistamubom (dative dual)
uɸosistamubos (dative plural)
uɸosistamū (instrumental singular)
uɸosistamubim (dual instrumental)
uɸosistamubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwaesaf

desctree

Old Irish: fóesam, foísam
Middle Irish: fáesam
Irish: faoiseamh (“relief”)


sāwūl

sāwūl (nominative singular)
sūle (dual nominative)
sūla (nominative plural)
sāwūl (singular vocative)
sūle (dual vocative)
sūla (plural vocative)
sāwūl (accusative singular)
sūle (accusative dual)
sūla (accusative plural)
sūlos (genitive singular)
sūlou (dual genitive)
sūlom (genitive plural)
sūlei (dative singular)
sūlobom (dative dual)
sūlobos (dative plural)
sūli (locative singular)
sūle? (instrumental singular)
sūlobim (dual instrumental)
sūlobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *họwl (from nominative singular)

Old Breton: houl

Middle Breton: heul

Breton: heol

Cornish: howl

Middle Welsh: heul, haul

Welsh: haul

desctree

Old Irish: súil (“eye”) (from oblique stem)
Irish: súil
Manx: sooill
Scottish Gaelic: sùil

>? Gaulish: Sulis

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥.


ambirādos

ambirādos (nominative singular)
ambirādou (dual nominative)
ambirādoi (nominative plural)
ambirāde (singular vocative)
ambirādou (dual vocative)
ambirādoi (plural vocative)
ambirādom (accusative singular)
ambirādou (accusative dual)
ambirādons (accusative plural)
ambirādī (genitive singular)
ambirādous (dual genitive)
ambirādom (genitive plural)
ambirādūi (dative singular)
ambirādobom (dative dual)
ambirādobos (dative plural)
ambirādei (locative singular)
ambirādū (instrumental singular)
ambirādobim (dual instrumental)
ambirādūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *amrọð

Old Welsh: amraud

Middle Welsh: amraud, amraut

Welsh: amrawdd

Old Irish: imrád

Middle Irish: imrád

Scottish Gaelic: iomradh


dīgalā

dīgalā (nominative singular)
dīgalai (dual nominative)
dīgalās (nominative plural)
dīgalā (singular vocative)
dīgalai (dual vocative)
dīgalās (plural vocative)
dīgalam (accusative singular)
dīgalai (accusative dual)
dīgalāns (accusative plural)
dīgalās (genitive singular)
dīgalous (dual genitive)
dīgalom (genitive plural)
dīgalāi (dative singular)
dīgalābom (dative dual)
dīgalābos (dative plural)
dīgalai (locative singular)
dīgalābim (dual instrumental)
dīgalābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *diɣal

Cornish: dyal

Old Welsh: digal

Middle Welsh: dial

Welsh: dial

Old Irish: dígal
Irish: díoghail
Manx: jeeyl
Scottish Gaelic: dìoghail


kasnī

kasnī (nominative singular)
kasnī (dual nominative)
kasniyās (nominative plural)
kasnī (singular vocative)
kasnī (dual vocative)
kasniyās (plural vocative)
kasnīm (accusative singular)
kasnī (accusative dual)
kasnīns (accusative plural)
kasnyās (genitive singular)
kasnyous (dual genitive)
kasnyom (genitive plural)
kasnyai (dative singular)
kasnyābom (dative dual)
kasnyābos (dative plural)
kasnyābim (dual instrumental)
kasnyābis (instrumental plural)

Feminine ī-stem derivation of Proto-Indo-European *ḱas- with a nasal suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *hesô (“hare”), Sanskrit शश (śaśa, “hare, rabbit”), and Latin cānus (“grey”).


kariyos

kariyos (nominative singular)
kariyou (dual nominative)
kariyoi (nominative plural)
kariye (singular vocative)
kariyou (dual vocative)
kariyoi (plural vocative)
kariyom (accusative singular)
kariyou (accusative dual)
kariyons (accusative plural)
kariyī (genitive singular)
kariyous (dual genitive)
kariyom (genitive plural)
kariyūi (dative singular)
kariyobom (dative dual)
kariyobos (dative plural)
kariyei (locative singular)
kariyū (instrumental singular)
kariyobim (dual instrumental)
kariyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėrɨ

Old Breton: kereon pl

Middle Breton: quere

Breton: kere, kereer, kereour

Old Cornish: chereor

Cornish: quere, keryor, keryer

Middle Welsh: crydd (< *kėrɨð)

Welsh: crydd

Old Irish: *cair

⇒ Old Irish: cairem (+ -em)

Uncertain; suggested to be cognate with Ancient Greek κρηπίς (krēpís, “man's high boot, half-boot”), Proto-Germanic *hrifilingaz (“shoe”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *kúrˀpāˀ (“shoe”), however reconstructing an underlying Indo-European form is problematic and is likely a substrate Wanderwort.


banwos

banwos (nominative singular)
banwou (dual nominative)
banwoi (nominative plural)
banwe (singular vocative)
banwou (dual vocative)
banwoi (plural vocative)
banwom (accusative singular)
banwou (accusative dual)
banwons (accusative plural)
banwī (genitive singular)
banwous (dual genitive)
banwom (genitive plural)
banwūi (dative singular)
banwobom (dative dual)
banwobos (dative plural)
banwei (locative singular)
banwū (instrumental singular)
banwobim (dual instrumental)
banwūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *banw

Old Breton: ban

Breton: banò, banw

Old Cornish: baneu

Middle Welsh: banw, beinw

Welsh: banw

desctree

Old Irish: banb
Irish: banbh
Manx: bannoo

Gaulish: Banuo, Banuus (found in placenames)

Lacking clear cognates in other Indo-European languages, probably from a non-Indo-European substrate.


weidwūs

weidwūs (nominative singular)
weiduse (dual nominative)
weiduses (nominative plural)
weidwūs (singular vocative)
weiduse (dual vocative)
weiduses (plural vocative)
weidusam (accusative singular)
weiduse (accusative dual)
weidusans (accusative plural)
weidusos (genitive singular)
weidusou (dual genitive)
weidusom (genitive plural)
weidusei (dative singular)
weidusobom (dative dual)
weidusobos (dative plural)
weidusi (locative singular)
weiduse? (instrumental singular)
weidusobim (dual instrumental)
weidusobis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: fíadu

From Proto-Indo-European *weydwōs, from *weyd- (“to know”) + *-wōs (stative participle suffix), literally “who has witnessed”.

af

naíScottish Gaelic: naoidhean⇒ Middle Irish: nóedenánIrish: naíonán⇒ Middle Irish: noídenda


snāmus

snāmus (nominative singular)
snāmū (dual nominative)
snāmowes (nominative plural)
snāmu (singular vocative)
snāmū (dual vocative)
snāmūs (plural vocative)
snāmum (accusative singular)
snāmū (accusative dual)
snāmuns (accusative plural)
snāmous (genitive singular)
snāmous (dual genitive)
snāmowom (genitive plural)
snāmou (dative singular)
snāmubom (dative dual)
snāmubos (dative plural)
snāmū (instrumental singular)
snāmubim (dual instrumental)
snāmubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hnọβ̃

Middle Welsh: nawf

⇒ Welsh: nofio

Middle Breton: neuff

Breton: neuñv

Old Irish: snám

Irish: snámh

From *snā- + *-mus (verbal noun ending for verbs eventually becoming hiatus verbs in Old Irish).


glāwos

glāwos (nominative singular)
glāwou (dual nominative)
glāwoi (nominative plural)
glāwe (singular vocative)
glāwou (dual vocative)
glāwoi (plural vocative)
glāwom (accusative singular)
glāwou (accusative dual)
glāwons (accusative plural)
glāwī (genitive singular)
glāwous (dual genitive)
glāwom (genitive plural)
glāwūi (dative singular)
glāwobom (dative dual)
glāwobos (dative plural)
glāwei (locative singular)
glāwū (instrumental singular)
glāwobim (dual instrumental)
glāwūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *glọw
Breton: glaou
Cornish: glow
Welsh: glo

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₁-wó-s, from *ǵʰleh₁- (“to shine, glow”) + *-wós (adjectival suffix).

af

⇒ Old Irish: rétgluMiddle Irish: rétluIrish: réaltaManx: roltScottish Gaelic: reul


kakkā

kakkā (nominative singular)
kakkai (dual nominative)
kakkās (nominative plural)
kakkā (singular vocative)
kakkai (dual vocative)
kakkās (plural vocative)
kakkam (accusative singular)
kakkai (accusative dual)
kakkāns (accusative plural)
kakkās (genitive singular)
kakkous (dual genitive)
kakkom (genitive plural)
kakkāi (dative singular)
kakkābom (dative dual)
kakkābos (dative plural)
kakkai (locative singular)
kakkābim (dual instrumental)
kakkābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kax
Middle Breton: cauch
Breton: kaoc'h
Cornish: kawgh
Welsh: cach

Old Irish: cacc, cac
Irish: cac (noun)
Manx: keck (noun)
Scottish Gaelic: cac (noun)
⇒ Middle Irish: caccaid
Irish: cac (verb)
Manx: keck (verb)
Scottish Gaelic: cac (verb)

From Proto-Indo-European *kakka- (“to shit, defecate”)


krūs

krūs (nominative singular)
krūs (singular vocative)
kruwam (accusative singular)
kruwos (genitive singular)
kruwei (dative singular)
kruwi (locative singular)
kruwe? (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *krow (from the oblique stem)
Middle Cornish: crow
Cornish: krow
Middle Welsh: creu
Welsh: crau

Old Irish: crú (“blood, wound”)
Irish: cró


dowenis

dowenis (nominative singular)
dowenī (dual nominative)
dowenīs (nominative plural)
doweni (singular vocative)
dowenī (dual vocative)
dowenīs (plural vocative)
dowenim (accusative singular)
dowenī (accusative dual)
dowenins (accusative plural)
doweneis (genitive singular)
dowenyow (dual genitive)
dowenyom (genitive plural)
dowenei (dative singular)
dowenibom (dative dual)
dowenibos (dative plural)
dowenei (locative singular)
dowenī (instrumental singular)
dowenibim (dual instrumental)
dowenibis (instrumental plural)

suppletive plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">duine</i>

Old Irish: doíni (suppletive plural of duine)
Irish: daoine
Manx: deiney
Scottish Gaelic: daoine

Middle Irish: dóen (poetic)

Generally held as a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die”), literally meaning "mortal".


trāgi

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: tre, tre(c'h)

Cornish: trig

Middle Welsh: trei

Welsh: trai

Old Irish: tráig
Irish: trá
Manx: traie
Scottish Gaelic: tràigh

Often connected to *tregess (“foot”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, run”), but Matasovic disputes this on semantic grounds.


brusnyos

brusnyos (nominative singular)
brusnyou (dual nominative)
brusnyoi (nominative plural)
brusnye (singular vocative)
brusnyou (dual vocative)
brusnyoi (plural vocative)
brusnyom (accusative singular)
brusnyou (accusative dual)
brusnyons (accusative plural)
brusnyī (genitive singular)
brusnyous (dual genitive)
brusnyom (genitive plural)
brusnyūi (dative singular)
brusnyobom (dative dual)
brusnyobos (dative plural)
brusnyei (locative singular)
brusnyū (instrumental singular)
brusnyobim (dual instrumental)
brusnyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brünn

Cornish: bren

Middle Welsh: brynn

Welsh: bryn

desctree

Old Irish: bruinne (“breast”)
Middle Irish: bruinne
Irish: broinne

→ Proto-Germanic: *brunjǭ (see there for further descendants)

Likely from *brusū (“belly, breast”), with pre-form *bʰrus-n-yo-s.


akkiyā

akkiyā (nominative singular)
akkiyai (dual nominative)
akkiyās (nominative plural)
akkiyā (singular vocative)
akkiyai (dual vocative)
akkiyās (plural vocative)
akkiyam (accusative singular)
akkiyai (accusative dual)
akkiyāns (accusative plural)
akkiyās (genitive singular)
akkiyous (dual genitive)
akkiyom (genitive plural)
akkiyāi (dative singular)
akkiyābom (dative dual)
akkiyābos (dative plural)
akkiyai (locative singular)
akkiyābim (dual instrumental)
akkiyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ax

Old Breton: acom

Old Cornish: ach

Middle Welsh: ach

Welsh: ach (“lineage, near”)

Old Irish: aicce (“proximity, fosterage”)
Irish: aice
Scottish Gaelic: aice

Derived from *ad- (“at”), literally “nearness”.


wolsos

wolsos (nominative singular)
wolsou (dual nominative)
wolsoi (nominative plural)
wolse (singular vocative)
wolsou (dual vocative)
wolsoi (plural vocative)
wolsom (accusative singular)
wolsou (accusative dual)
wolsons (accusative plural)
wolsī (genitive singular)
wolsous (dual genitive)
wolsom (genitive plural)
wolsūi (dative singular)
wolsobom (dative dual)
wolsobos (dative plural)
wolsei (locative singular)
wolsū (instrumental singular)
wolsobim (dual instrumental)
wolsūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goall

Breton: gwall

Cornish: gwall

Middle Welsh: gwall

Welsh: gwall

Gaulish: uolson (accusative singular)


krīkʷā

krīkʷā (nominative singular)
krīkʷai (dual nominative)
krīkʷās (nominative plural)
krīkʷā (singular vocative)
krīkʷai (dual vocative)
krīkʷās (plural vocative)
krīkʷam (accusative singular)
krīkʷai (accusative dual)
krīkʷāns (accusative plural)
krīkʷās (genitive singular)
krīkʷous (dual genitive)
krīkʷom (genitive plural)
krīkʷāi (dative singular)
krīkʷābom (dative dual)
krīkʷābos (dative plural)
krīkʷai (locative singular)
krīkʷābim (dual instrumental)
krīkʷābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krib

Middle Breton: crib (“comb”)

Breton: krib

Cornish: cryb

Old Welsh: crip

Middle Welsh: crib

Welsh: crib (“comb”)

Old Irish: crích
Middle Irish: crích
Irish: críoch
Manx: creagh (“furrow”)
Scottish Gaelic: crìoch

From Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“post”), though this would yield an unexpected lengthened earlier form of *krēkʷ-.


kolignos

kolignos (nominative singular)
kolignou (dual nominative)
kolignoi (nominative plural)
koligne (singular vocative)
kolignou (dual vocative)
kolignoi (plural vocative)
kolignom (accusative singular)
kolignou (accusative dual)
kolignons (accusative plural)
kolignī (genitive singular)
kolignous (dual genitive)
kolignom (genitive plural)
kolignūi (dative singular)
kolignobom (dative dual)
kolignobos (dative plural)
kolignei (locative singular)
kolignū (instrumental singular)
kolignobim (dual instrumental)
kolignūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koluɨn

Breton: kolen

Old Cornish: coloin

Cornish: kolen

Welsh: colwyn

Old Irish: cuilén

Irish: coileán

Irish: Coileán

English: Colin

English: Cullane

Manx: quallian

Scottish Gaelic: cuilean

Scottish Gaelic: Cailean

English: Colin

Due to a lack of potential Indo-European comparanda, Matasović concludes that the word was probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


tworkos

tworkos (nominative singular)
tworkou (dual nominative)
tworkoi (nominative plural)
tworke (singular vocative)
tworkou (dual vocative)
tworkoi (plural vocative)
tworkom (accusative singular)
tworkou (accusative dual)
tworkons (accusative plural)
tworkī (genitive singular)
tworkous (dual genitive)
tworkom (genitive plural)
tworkūi (dative singular)
tworkobom (dative dual)
tworkobos (dative plural)
tworkei (locative singular)
tworkū (instrumental singular)
tworkobim (dual instrumental)
tworkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: torch

Breton: tourc'h

Old Cornish: torch

Middle Welsh: twrch

Welsh: twrch

Old Irish: torc
Irish: torc
Scottish Gaelic: torc

From Proto-Indo-European *tworḱ-ó-s, from *twerḱ- (“to cut”) + *-ós (agent suffix), literally “cutter”.


widubiyom

widubiyom (nominative singular)
widubiyou (dual nominative)
widubiyā (nominative plural)
widubiyom (singular vocative)
widubiyou (dual vocative)
widubiyā (plural vocative)
widubiyom (accusative singular)
widubiyou (accusative dual)
widubiyā (accusative plural)
widubiyī (genitive singular)
widubiyous (dual genitive)
widubiyom (genitive plural)
widubiyūi (dative singular)
widubiyobom (dative dual)
widubiyobos (dative plural)
widubiyei (locative singular)
widubiyū (instrumental singular)
widubiyobim (dual instrumental)
widubiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨðüβ

Old Breton: guedom, guodob

Middle Breton: gousifyat, gouzifyad

Breton: gouzifiad

Cornish: gwydhyv

Old Welsh: uidimm

Middle Welsh: gwddyf

Welsh: gwddi (obsolete)

Old Irish: fidbae

Irish: fiodhbha

Gaulish: *uidubion

→ Latin: vidubium

French: vouge, voulge

→ English: voulge

Franco-Provençal: vezoig

From *widu- (“wood”) + *bi- (“to strike”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix).


mantī

mantī (nominative singular)
mantī (dual nominative)
mantiyās (nominative plural)
mantī (singular vocative)
mantī (dual vocative)
mantiyās (plural vocative)
mantīm (accusative singular)
mantī (accusative dual)
mantīns (accusative plural)
mantyās (genitive singular)
mantyous (dual genitive)
mantyom (genitive plural)
mantyai (dative singular)
mantyābom (dative dual)
mantyābos (dative plural)
mantyābim (dual instrumental)
mantyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėnt

Old Breton: ment

Breton: ment

Cornish: mens, myns

Old Welsh: meint, mint

Middle Welsh: maint

Welsh: maint

desctree

Old Irish: méit
Irish: méid, méad
Scottish Gaelic: meud
Manx: mooad

From Proto-Indo-European *mh₁n̥tih₂, a feminine *-onts derivative of *meh₁- (“to measure”).


yālos

yālos (nominative singular)
yālou (dual nominative)
yāloi (nominative plural)
yāle (singular vocative)
yālou (dual vocative)
yāloi (plural vocative)
yālom (accusative singular)
yālou (accusative dual)
yālons (accusative plural)
yālī (genitive singular)
yālous (dual genitive)
yālom (genitive plural)
yālūi (dative singular)
yālobom (dative dual)
yālobos (dative plural)
yālei (locative singular)
yālū (instrumental singular)
yālobim (dual instrumental)
yālūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *yọl

Middle Welsh: iawl

Welsh: iawl

Old Irish: áil

From Proto-Indo-European *yéh₂los (“zeal”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos) and Serbo-Croatian jal (“envy, malice”).


eɸirom

efirom (nominative singular)
efirou (dual nominative)
efirā (nominative plural)
efirom (singular vocative)
efirou (dual vocative)
efirā (plural vocative)
efirom (accusative singular)
efirou (accusative dual)
efirā (accusative plural)
efirī (genitive singular)
efirous (dual genitive)
efirom (genitive plural)
efirūi (dative singular)
efirobom (dative dual)
efirobos (dative plural)
efirei (locative singular)
efirū (instrumental singular)
efirobim (dual instrumental)
efirūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: íar
Irish: ar (partly)

⇒ Gaulish: *ēri-, *ērno-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“near, on”). Originally a derived noun reworked into a preposition in Irish.

Éditions de la Différence
w::fr:Éditions de la Différence


bergā

bergā (nominative singular)
bergai (dual nominative)
bergās (nominative plural)
bergā (singular vocative)
bergai (dual vocative)
bergās (plural vocative)
bergam (accusative singular)
bergai (accusative dual)
bergāns (accusative plural)
bergās (genitive singular)
bergous (dual genitive)
bergom (genitive plural)
bergāi (dative singular)
bergābom (dative dual)
bergābos (dative plural)
bergai (locative singular)
bergābim (dual instrumental)
bergābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: beryf, bery

Welsh: bery (“bird of prey”)

Old Irish: berg

From either:
* According to Matasović, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”), similar to Latin fur (“thief”), though the *-gā suffix is unusual.
* According to Schrijver, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“high”); "stealing" developing from "flying" has a parallel in French voler (“to fly, steal”).


suwits

suwits (nominative singular)
suwide (dual nominative)
suwides (nominative plural)
suwits (singular vocative)
suwide (dual vocative)
suwides (plural vocative)
suwidam (accusative singular)
suwide (accusative dual)
suwidans (accusative plural)
suwidos (genitive singular)
suwidou (dual genitive)
suwidom (genitive plural)
suwidei (dative singular)
suwidobom (dative dual)
suwidobos (dative plural)
suwidi (locative singular)
suwide? (instrumental singular)
suwidobim (dual instrumental)
suwidobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: syw (“excellent”)

Old Irish: suí (“sage”)

From *su- (“good”) + *wid- (“to know”), literally “good-knower”.


uɸolexs

uɸolexs (nominative singular)
uɸolege (dual nominative)
uɸoleges (nominative plural)
uɸolexs (singular vocative)
uɸolege (dual vocative)
uɸoleges (plural vocative)
uɸolegam (accusative singular)
uɸolege (accusative dual)
uɸolegans (accusative plural)
uɸolegos (genitive singular)
uɸolegou (dual genitive)
uɸolegom (genitive plural)
uɸolegei (dative singular)
uɸolegobom (dative dual)
uɸolegobos (dative plural)
uɸolegi (locative singular)
uɸolege? (instrumental singular)
uɸolegobim (dual instrumental)
uɸolegobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwal

Middle Welsh: gwâl

Welsh: gwâl

Old Irish: foil

⇒ Old Irish: muccfoil (“pigsty”)

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *leg- (“to lie”), literally “lying underneath”.


sagiyos

sagyos (nominative singular)
sagyou (dual nominative)
sagyoi (nominative plural)
sagye (singular vocative)
sagyou (dual vocative)
sagyoi (plural vocative)
sagyom (accusative singular)
sagyou (accusative dual)
sagyons (accusative plural)
sagyī (genitive singular)
sagyous (dual genitive)
sagyom (genitive plural)
sagyūi (dative singular)
sagyobom (dative dual)
sagyobos (dative plural)
sagyei (locative singular)
sagyū (instrumental singular)
sagyobim (dual instrumental)
sagyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: -aige
Irish: -aí, -aidhe, -oidhe, -uidhe (obsolete), -í (slender form), -idhe (obsolete slender form)
Scottish Gaelic: -iche, -aiche

Gaulish: *Sagios

→ Latin: Sagius

From *sag- (“to seek”) + *-iyos (agent suffix).


kʷantyos

kʷantyos (nominative singular)
kʷantyou (dual nominative)
kʷantyoi (nominative plural)
kʷantye (singular vocative)
kʷantyou (dual vocative)
kʷantyoi (plural vocative)
kʷantyom (accusative singular)
kʷantyou (accusative dual)
kʷantyons (accusative plural)
kʷantyī (genitive singular)
kʷantyous (dual genitive)
kʷantyom (genitive plural)
kʷantyūi (dative singular)
kʷantyobom (dative dual)
kʷantyobos (dative plural)
kʷantyei (locative singular)
kʷantyū (instrumental singular)
kʷantyobim (dual instrumental)
kʷantyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: pantet

Middle Breton: pant

Cornish: pans

Middle Welsh: pant

Pictish: ᚘᚐᚅᚈ (“hollow”)

Middle Irish: céite

Presumably related to Latin cumulus (“hill, heap”), Old English hwamm (“corner, angle”), Old Norse hvammr (“vale”), but Matasovic finds the origin of these words "very problematic."


altrawū

altrawū (nominative singular)
altrawone? (dual nominative)
altrawones (nominative plural)
altrawū (singular vocative)
altrawone? (dual vocative)
altrawones (plural vocative)
altrawonam (accusative singular)
altrawone? (accusative dual)
altrawonans (accusative plural)
altrawonos (genitive singular)
altrawonows? (dual genitive)
altrawonom (genitive plural)
altrawonei (dative singular)
altrawombom (dative dual)
altrawombos (dative plural)
altrawon (locative singular)
altrawoni (locative singular)
altrawonei (instrumental singular)
altrawombim (dual instrumental)
altrawombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alltrọw

Breton: aotroù (“lord”)

Cornish: altrow (“stepfather”)

Welsh: alltraw (“godfather”)

Welsh: athro (“teacher”)

Middle Irish: altra (“foster father”)

Irish: altra (“foster father”)

From *altros (“foster”), from *altos (“nourished, fostered”) + *-tros, + *awū (“uncle”).


awū

awū (nominative singular)
awone? (dual nominative)
awones (nominative plural)
awū (singular vocative)
awone? (dual vocative)
awones (plural vocative)
awonam (accusative singular)
awone? (accusative dual)
awonans (accusative plural)
awonos (genitive singular)
awonows? (dual genitive)
awonom (genitive plural)
awonei (dative singular)
awombom (dative dual)
awombos (dative plural)
awon (locative singular)
awoni (locative singular)
awonei (instrumental singular)
awombim (dual instrumental)
awombis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂-ō ~ *h₂uh₂-nés, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os (“maternal grandfather, uncle”).


delgos

delgos (nominative singular)
delgese? (dual nominative)
delgesa (nominative plural)
delgos (singular vocative)
delgese? (dual vocative)
delgesa (plural vocative)
delgos (accusative singular)
delgese? (accusative dual)
delgesa (accusative plural)
delgesos (genitive singular)
delgesous? (dual genitive)
delgesom (genitive plural)
delgesei (dative singular)
delgesbom (dative dual)
delgesbos (dative plural)
delgesi (locative singular)
delgesei (instrumental singular)
delgesbim (dual instrumental)
delgesbis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: delg n (“thorn; pin”)
Middle Irish: delg m (o-stem)
Irish: dealg f (“thorn”)
Scottish Gaelic: dealg f (“thorn”)
Manx: jialg f (“acanthus”)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: dala m (“sting”)

Old Cornish: delc(h) (“jewel”)

Proto-Brythonic: *dlekt-?

Middle Welsh: dyleith m (“lock”)

Breton: dleizen f (“bolt (of a lock)”)

Gaulish:

→? Vulgar Latin: *daculum (“sickle”) (see there for further descendants)

→? Latin: Delgo-uicia (place name)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelg- (“sting”), whence also Proto-Germanic *dalkaz, Latin falx.


brīgos

brīgos (nominative singular)
brīge (singular vocative)
brīgom (accusative singular)
brīgī (genitive singular)
brīgūi (dative singular)
brīgei (locative singular)
brīgū (instrumental singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *briɣ

Middle Breton: bry

Cornish: bry

Middle Welsh: bri

Welsh: bri

Gaulish: *brīgos

→ Vulgar Latin: *brīgus

>? Italian: briga (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: briu

Catalan: briu

→ Spanish: brío
→ Italian: brio
→ English: brio
→ French: brio

→? Old Galician-Portuguese: brio

Galician: brío

Portuguese: brio

>? Sicilian: sbriguni

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrḗǵʰ-o-s, thematized from *bʰrḗǵʰ-s ~ *bʰréǵʰ-s, from liquid metathesized *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise; high”), compare cognates Latin fortis (“strong, powerful”), Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhat, “mighty, strong”). Alternatively related to Proto-West Germanic *krīgan (“to strive”) and Ancient Greek βρῖθος (brîthos, “weight”), from hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *gʷreyH-, however the Greek is likely a substrate borrowing, and neither are semantically compelling.


brīgā

brīgā (nominative singular)
brīgā (singular vocative)
brīgam (accusative singular)
brīgās (genitive singular)
brīgāi (dative singular)
brīgai (locative singular)

desctree

Old Irish: bríg
Irish: brí
Manx: bree
Scottish Gaelic: brìgh


ɸareweidyom

ɸareweidyom (nominative singular)
ɸareweidyou (dual nominative)
ɸareweidyā (nominative plural)
ɸareweidyom (singular vocative)
ɸareweidyou (dual vocative)
ɸareweidyā (plural vocative)
ɸareweidyom (accusative singular)
ɸareweidyou (accusative dual)
ɸareweidyā (accusative plural)
ɸareweidyī (genitive singular)
ɸareweidyous (dual genitive)
ɸareweidyom (genitive plural)
ɸareweidyūi (dative singular)
ɸareweidyobom (dative dual)
ɸareweidyobos (dative plural)
ɸareweidyei (locative singular)
ɸareweidyū (instrumental singular)
ɸareweidyobim (dual instrumental)
ɸareweidyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *arwuɨð

Middle Breton: argoez

Breton: arouez

Middle Welsh: arwyd

Welsh: arwydd

Old Irish: airde

Middle Irish: airde


rāmyos

rāmyos (nominative singular)
rāmyou (dual nominative)
rāmyoi (nominative plural)
rāmye (singular vocative)
rāmyou (dual vocative)
rāmyoi (plural vocative)
rāmyom (accusative singular)
rāmyou (accusative dual)
rāmyons (accusative plural)
rāmyī (genitive singular)
rāmyous (dual genitive)
rāmyom (genitive plural)
rāmyūi (dative singular)
rāmyobom (dative dual)
rāmyobos (dative plural)
rāmyei (locative singular)
rāmyū (instrumental singular)
rāmyobim (dual instrumental)
rāmyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrọβ̃

Middle Breton: reuf

Breton: reuñv

Cornish: rêv

Middle Welsh: raw

Welsh: rhaw

Old Irish: rámae
Middle Irish: ráma
Irish: rámh, rámha
Manx: raue
Scottish Gaelic: ràmh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to row”), whence also the verb *rāyeti. The "oar" sense was the original meaning.


ɸlowī

ɸlowī (nominative singular)
ɸlowī (dual nominative)
ɸlowiyās (nominative plural)
ɸlowī (singular vocative)
ɸlowī (dual vocative)
ɸlowiyās (plural vocative)
ɸlowīm (accusative singular)
ɸlowī (accusative dual)
ɸlowīns (accusative plural)
ɸlowyās (genitive singular)
ɸlowyous (dual genitive)
ɸlowyom (genitive plural)
ɸlowyai (dative singular)
ɸlowyābom (dative dual)
ɸlowyābos (dative plural)
ɸlowyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlowyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llüw
⇒ Breton: levier m (“pilot”)
Old Cornish: leu
Cornish: lew (“rudder”)
Old Welsh: liu
Middle Welsh: llyw m (“rudder, tail, leader, pilot”)
Welsh: llyw

Old Irish: luí

From Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to float”).


skʷiyats

skʷiyats (nominative singular)
skʷiyate (dual nominative)
skʷiyates (nominative plural)
skʷiyats (singular vocative)
skʷiyate (dual vocative)
skʷiyates (plural vocative)
skʷiyatam (accusative singular)
skʷiyate (accusative dual)
skʷiyatans (accusative plural)
skʷiyatos (genitive singular)
skʷiyatou (dual genitive)
skʷiyatom (genitive plural)
skʷiyatei (dative singular)
skʷiyatobom (dative dual)
skʷiyatobos (dative plural)
skʷiyati (locative singular)
skʷiyate? (instrumental singular)
skʷiyatobim (dual instrumental)
skʷiyatobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *spɨðad m (“thorn bushes”)

Middle Breton: spezadenn

Breton: spezad (“gooseberry”)

Cornish: spethas f (“briars”)

Old Welsh: ispidatenn

Middle Welsh: yspidat

Welsh: ysbyddad (“hawthorn”), ysbaddad, sbaddad

Pictish: *ᚄᚚᚔᚌᚐᚇ (*spijad, “thorn”)

Old Irish: scé (“hawthorn”), sciad pl

Middle Irish: scé (“thorn bush, whitethorn”), sciach pl

Irish: sceach

Manx: skaig, skeaig

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: sceathan (“thorn bush”)

→ English: Skeen (surname)

From Proto-Indo-European *skwey-, whence came also many Balto-Slavic cognates like Proto-Slavic *xvoja (“conifer needle”).


texstus

texstus (nominative singular)
texstu (singular vocative)
texstum (accusative singular)
texstous (genitive singular)
texstou (dative singular)
texstū (instrumental singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *tes

Old Breton: tes

Breton: tes

Old Cornish: tes

Cornish: tes

Middle Welsh: tes

Welsh: tes

desctree

Old Irish: tess, tes
Middle Irish: tes, tess
Irish: teas
Manx: çhiass
Scottish Gaelic: teas
⇒ Middle Irish: tesbach
Irish: teaspach

From Proto-Indo-European *tép-s-tus, from *tep- (“heat”) + *-tus (action noun suffix).


kolanis

kolanis (nominative singular)
kolanī (dual nominative)
kolanīs (nominative plural)
kolani (singular vocative)
kolanī (dual vocative)
kolanīs (plural vocative)
kolanim (accusative singular)
kolanī (accusative dual)
kolanins (accusative plural)
kolaneis (genitive singular)
kolanyow (dual genitive)
kolanyom (genitive plural)
kolanei (dative singular)
kolanibom (dative dual)
kolanibos (dative plural)
kolanei (locative singular)
kolanī (instrumental singular)
kolanibim (dual instrumental)
kolanibis (instrumental plural)
kolanī (nominative singular)
kolanī (dual nominative)
kolaniyās (nominative plural)
kolanī (singular vocative)
kolanī (dual vocative)
kolaniyās (plural vocative)
kolanīm (accusative singular)
kolanī (accusative dual)
kolanīns (accusative plural)
kolanyās (genitive singular)
kolanyous (dual genitive)
kolanyom (genitive plural)
kolanyai (dative singular)
kolanyābom (dative dual)
kolanyābos (dative plural)
kolanyābim (dual instrumental)
kolanyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: colinn
Irish: colainn
Manx: callin
Scottish Gaelic: colann

Proto-Brythonic: *kölẹn

Breton: kelan

Middle Welsh: kelein

Welsh: celain

From Proto-Indo-European *kel(H)-, whence also Proto-Germanic *huldą (“corpse, carcass”).


tonketos

tonketos (nominative singular)
tonketou (dual nominative)
tonketoi (nominative plural)
tonkete (singular vocative)
tonketou (dual vocative)
tonketoi (plural vocative)
tonketom (accusative singular)
tonketou (accusative dual)
tonketons (accusative plural)
tonketī (genitive singular)
tonketous (dual genitive)
tonketom (genitive plural)
tonketūi (dative singular)
tonketobom (dative dual)
tonketobos (dative plural)
tonketei (locative singular)
tonketū (instrumental singular)
tonketobim (dual instrumental)
tonketūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tonked

desc

Middle Welsh: tynget, tynghet, tyghet, tyghed

Welsh: tynged

Old Irish: tocad, toceth

A former participle of a verb *tonkīti, whence also related verbs in Old Irish ro·toicther (“to be destined”) and Middle Welsh tynghaf tyghet (“I destine destiny”). Schumacher derives this from Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to solidify”), though Matasovic prefers to derive this from the homophonous Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to be suitable, prosper”), whence Proto-Germanic *þinhaną (“to thrive”).


luxsman

luxsman (nominative singular)
luxsmane? (dual nominative)
luxsmana (nominative plural)
luxsman (singular vocative)
luxsmane? (dual vocative)
luxsmana (plural vocative)
luxsman (accusative singular)
luxsmane? (accusative dual)
luxsmana (accusative plural)
luxsmens (genitive singular)
luxsmenous? (dual genitive)
luxsmenom (genitive plural)
luxsmenei (dative singular)
luxsmembom (dative dual)
luxsmembos (dative plural)
luxsmen (locative singular)
luxsmeni (locative singular)
luxsmenei (instrumental singular)
luxsmembim (dual instrumental)
luxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llum

Old Breton: lom

Breton: lomm (“drop”)

⇒ Middle Welsh: llymeit

Welsh: llymaid

Old Irish: loimm

Stüber relates this to Proto-Indo-European *slewk-, *slewg- (“to swallow”), whence also Middle High German slucken (“to gobble, swallow”) and Ancient Greek λυγκαίνω (lunkaínō, “to sob”).
Contains the suffix *-sman.


sexsman

sexsman (nominative singular)
sexsmane? (dual nominative)
sexsmana (nominative plural)
sexsman (singular vocative)
sexsmane? (dual vocative)
sexsmana (plural vocative)
sexsman (accusative singular)
sexsmane? (accusative dual)
sexsmana (accusative plural)
sexsmens (genitive singular)
sexsmenous? (dual genitive)
sexsmenom (genitive plural)
sexsmenei (dative singular)
sexsmembom (dative dual)
sexsmembos (dative plural)
sexsmen (locative singular)
sexsmeni (locative singular)
sexsmenei (instrumental singular)
sexsmembim (dual instrumental)
sexsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hem

Middle Welsh: hemm

Welsh: hem

Middle Irish: seim

Irish: seam

Scottish Gaelic: sèam

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: seaman (“nail”)


mentiyū

mentiyū (nominative singular)
mentiyone? (dual nominative)
mentiyones (nominative plural)
mentiyū (singular vocative)
mentiyone? (dual vocative)
mentiyones (plural vocative)
mentiyonam (accusative singular)
mentiyone? (accusative dual)
mentiyonans (accusative plural)
mentiyonos (genitive singular)
mentiyonows? (dual genitive)
mentiyonom (genitive plural)
mentiyonei (dative singular)
mentiyombom (dative dual)
mentiyombos (dative plural)
mentiyon (locative singular)
mentiyoni (locative singular)
mentiyonei (instrumental singular)
mentiyombim (dual instrumental)
mentiyombis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”) + *-tiyū. Cognate to Latin mentiō.


kaitos

kaitos (nominative singular)
kaitou (dual nominative)
kaitoi (nominative plural)
kaite (singular vocative)
kaitou (dual vocative)
kaitoi (plural vocative)
kaitom (accusative singular)
kaitou (accusative dual)
kaitons (accusative plural)
kaitī (genitive singular)
kaitous (dual genitive)
kaitom (genitive plural)
kaitūi (dative singular)
kaitobom (dative dual)
kaitobos (dative plural)
kaitei (locative singular)
kaitū (instrumental singular)
kaitobim (dual instrumental)
kaitūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *koɨd
Middle Breton: coat
Breton: koad
Old Cornish: cuit
Middle Cornish: coys
Cornish: koos
Old Welsh: coit
Middle Welsh: coet
Welsh: coed
Cumbric: cɛ̄d

Gaulish: *caito-, *ceto-

→⇒ Latin: Borcetum

→ German: Burtscheid

→⇒ Latin: Cettius, Cetium, Diocetus

desc

⇒ Celtiberian: (name of a Lusitanian town)

→ Ancient Greek: Καιτόβριξ (Kaitóbrix)

→ Latin: Caitobrix

→ Arabic: شِطُوبَر (šiṭūbar)

→ Portuguese: Setúbal

The closest cognate is Proto-Germanic *haiþī; given the *a, Matasović supposes substrate origin.


letrom

letrom (nominative singular)
letrou (dual nominative)
letrā (nominative plural)
letrom (singular vocative)
letrou (dual vocative)
letrā (plural vocative)
letrom (accusative singular)
letrou (accusative dual)
letrā (accusative plural)
letrī (genitive singular)
letrous (dual genitive)
letrom (genitive plural)
letrūi (dative singular)
letrobom (dative dual)
letrobos (dative plural)
letrei (locative singular)
letrū (instrumental singular)
letrobim (dual instrumental)
letrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lledr
Old Breton: ledr
Middle Breton: lezr
Breton: lêr
Cornish: ledher
Middle Welsh: lledyr
Welsh: lledr

Old Irish: lethar

Middle Irish: lethar
Irish: leathar
Manx: liare
Scottish Gaelic: leathar

→? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly reconstructible as *ɸletrom, liquid metathesized from earlier *ɸeltrom, from Proto-Indo-European *pél-tro-m, from *pel- (“to envelope, wrap around”) + *-trom, compare Latin pellis (“pelt, hide”), Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, hide”).


ɸīweriyū

ɸīweriyū (nominative singular)
ɸīweriyone? (dual nominative)
ɸīweriyones (nominative plural)
ɸīweriyū (singular vocative)
ɸīweriyone? (dual vocative)
ɸīweriyones (plural vocative)
ɸīweriyonam (accusative singular)
ɸīweriyone? (accusative dual)
ɸīweriyonans (accusative plural)
ɸīweriyonos (genitive singular)
ɸīweriyonows? (dual genitive)
ɸīweriyonom (genitive plural)
ɸīweriyonei (dative singular)
ɸīweriyombom (dative dual)
ɸīweriyombos (dative plural)
ɸīweriyon (locative singular)
ɸīweriyoni (locative singular)
ɸīweriyonei (instrumental singular)
ɸīweriyombim (dual instrumental)
ɸīweriyombis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: íriu (“land, earth”)

Uncertain; suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂werih₂-ō ~ *piHwerih₂-né-s (“something fat, fertile”), from *péyh₂wer-ih₂ ~ pih₂ur-yéh₂-s (“fat, fertile”) + *-ō, from *péyh₂wr̥ (“fat, swelling”) + *-ih₂.


gnīmus

gnīmus (nominative singular)
gnīmū (dual nominative)
gnīmowes (nominative plural)
gnīmu (singular vocative)
gnīmū (dual vocative)
gnīmūs (plural vocative)
gnīmum (accusative singular)
gnīmū (accusative dual)
gnīmuns (accusative plural)
gnīmous (genitive singular)
gnīmous (dual genitive)
gnīmowom (genitive plural)
gnīmou (dative singular)
gnīmubom (dative dual)
gnīmubos (dative plural)
gnīmū (instrumental singular)
gnīmubim (dual instrumental)
gnīmubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gniβ̃

Old Breton: gnim (“act, deed”)

Breton: niñv (“affliction”)

Old Welsh: gnim (“act, deed”)

Welsh: gnif (“toil; hardship”)

desctree

Old Irish: gním
Middle Irish: gním
Irish: gníomh
→ English: gneeve
Scottish Gaelic: gnìomh

Related to *gniyeti (“to do, make”). Contains a suffix *-mus.


uɸognīmus

uɸognīmus (nominative singular)
uɸognīmū (dual nominative)
uɸognīmowes (nominative plural)
uɸognīmu (singular vocative)
uɸognīmū (dual vocative)
uɸognīmūs (plural vocative)
uɸognīmum (accusative singular)
uɸognīmū (accusative dual)
uɸognīmuns (accusative plural)
uɸognīmous (genitive singular)
uɸognīmous (dual genitive)
uɸognīmowom (genitive plural)
uɸognīmou (dative singular)
uɸognīmubom (dative dual)
uɸognīmubos (dative plural)
uɸognīmū (instrumental singular)
uɸognīmubim (dual instrumental)
uɸognīmubis (instrumental plural)
*uɸognīmā (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwöɣniβ̃

Middle Welsh: gweini

Welsh: gweini

Old Irish: fognam

Irish: fónamh

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *gnīmus (“doing”), literally “doing under”.


brestā

brestā (nominative singular)
brestai (dual nominative)
brestās (nominative plural)
brestā (singular vocative)
brestai (dual vocative)
brestās (plural vocative)
brestam (accusative singular)
brestai (accusative dual)
brestāns (accusative plural)
brestās (genitive singular)
brestous (dual genitive)
brestom (genitive plural)
brestāi (dative singular)
brestābom (dative dual)
brestābos (dative plural)
brestai (locative singular)
brestābim (dual instrumental)
brestābis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: bres (“fight, effort”)

Identified by Vendryes and later Matasović as cognate to Proto-Germanic *brestaną (“to burst, break”).