genus

genus (nominative singular)
genū (dual nominative)
genowes (nominative plural)
genu (singular vocative)
genū (dual vocative)
genūs (plural vocative)
genum (accusative singular)
genū (accusative dual)
genuns (accusative plural)
genous (genitive singular)
genous (dual genitive)
genowom (genitive plural)
genou (dative singular)
genubom (dative dual)
genubos (dative plural)
genū (instrumental singular)
genubim (dual instrumental)
genubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gen
Old Breton: gen
Middle Breton: guen
Breton: gen
Old Cornish: genau
Cornish: gen
Middle Welsh: gen
Welsh: gên

Old Irish: giun (“mouth”), gin
Middle Irish: gin
Irish: gion

Gaulish: gena (“cheek”)


bonus

bonus (nominative singular)
bonū (dual nominative)
bonowes (nominative plural)
bonu (singular vocative)
bonū (dual vocative)
bonūs (plural vocative)
bonum (accusative singular)
bonū (accusative dual)
bonuns (accusative plural)
bonous (genitive singular)
bonous (dual genitive)
bonowom (genitive plural)
bonou (dative singular)
bonubom (dative dual)
bonubos (dative plural)
bonū (instrumental singular)
bonubim (dual instrumental)
bonubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bon

Middle Welsh: bon

Welsh: bôn

Cornish: ben

Gaulish: *bona

⇒ Gaulish: *Windobona

→ Latin: Vindobona

Old Irish: bun (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be, become”).


magus

magus (nominative singular)
magū (dual nominative)
magowes (nominative plural)
magu (singular vocative)
magū (dual vocative)
magūs (plural vocative)
magum (accusative singular)
magū (accusative dual)
maguns (accusative plural)
magous (genitive singular)
magous (dual genitive)
magowom (genitive plural)
magou (dative singular)
magubom (dative dual)
magubos (dative plural)
magū (instrumental singular)
magubim (dual instrumental)
magubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maw

Old Breton: mauu (“youth; servant”)

Middle Breton: mau

Breton: maw (“boy”)

Old Cornish:

Cornish: maw

desc

⇒ Middle Welsh: meu-dwy (“servant of God; hermit”)

Welsh: meudwy (“hermit”)

Gaulish: *magus

⇒ Gaulish: *Magurīx

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*mogonts</i>

⇒? Gaulish: Moguntia (alternatively from *mogonts)

→ Latin: Maguntia

→⇒ Latin: Mogontiacum (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Irish: mug (“male servant, serf, bondman”)
Irish: mogh

Cognate with the formally identical Proto-Germanic *maguz (“boy; servant”), if not outright borrowed from Germanic, apparently via Proto-Indo-European *mogʰus (“young person; boy-servant?”). Compare also Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬖𐬀𐬬𐬀 (maγava, “unmarried”).
Matasović, reconstructing *mogus instead of the *magus reconstructed by everyone else, finds himself unable to explain to the /a/-vocalism of Gaulish Magu-.


mori

mori (nominative singular)
morī (dual nominative)
moryā (nominative plural)
mori (singular vocative)
morī (dual vocative)
moryā (plural vocative)
mori (accusative singular)
morī (accusative dual)
moryā (accusative plural)
morois (genitive singular)
morois (dual genitive)
moryom (genitive plural)
morei (dative singular)
moribom (dative dual)
moribos (dative plural)
morei (locative singular)
morī (instrumental singular)
moribim (dual instrumental)
moribis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mor
Old Breton: mor
Middle Breton: mor
Breton: mor
Old Cornish: mor
Middle Cornish: mor
Cornish: mor
Middle Welsh: mor
Welsh: môr

Old Irish: muir

Irish: muir

Manx: mooir

Scottish Gaelic: muir

Gaulish: *mori, more

⇒ Gaulish: *Aremorika (< *ɸare-mori-ikā)

→ Latin: Armorica

→ English: Armorica

Middle French: Armorique

→ Middle English: Armorik

French: Armorique

Portuguese: Armórica

→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *morūca


meli

meli (nominative singular)
melī (dual nominative)
melyā (nominative plural)
meli (singular vocative)
melī (dual vocative)
melyā (plural vocative)
meli (accusative singular)
melī (accusative dual)
melyā (accusative plural)
melois (genitive singular)
melois (dual genitive)
melyom (genitive plural)
melei (dative singular)
melibom (dative dual)
melibos (dative plural)
melei (locative singular)
melī (instrumental singular)
melibim (dual instrumental)
melibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mel

Breton: mel

Cornish: mel

Welsh: mêl

Old Irish: mil
Middle Irish: mil
Irish: mil
Scottish Gaelic: mil
Manx: mill

From Proto-Indo-European *mélid (“honey”).


gustus

gustus (nominative singular)
gustū (dual nominative)
gustowes (nominative plural)
gustu (singular vocative)
gustū (dual vocative)
gustūs (plural vocative)
gustum (accusative singular)
gustū (accusative dual)
gustuns (accusative plural)
gustous (genitive singular)
gustous (dual genitive)
gustowom (genitive plural)
gustou (dative singular)
gustubom (dative dual)
gustubos (dative plural)
gustū (instrumental singular)
gustubim (dual instrumental)
gustubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: gus (“force”)

Middle Irish: gus (“force”)

Irish: gus

Gaulish: gussou (dat. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus (“taste”).


ad-

Old Irish: ad (“law, custom”)

This word's only known cognates exist in Italic, namely Umbrian arsier (gen. sg.) and arsmor (nom. pl.).


mal-

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Middle Breton: maluen (“eyelid”)

Breton: malvenn

⇒ Breton: malgudenn (“eyelash”)

Old Irish: malae

Middle Irish: mala

Scottish Gaelic: mala

Manx: mollee


-os

-os (nominative singular)
-ou (dual nominative)
-oi (nominative plural)
-e (singular vocative)
-ou (dual vocative)
-oi (plural vocative)
-om (accusative singular)
-ou (accusative dual)
-ons (accusative plural)
-ī (genitive singular)
-ous (dual genitive)
-om (genitive plural)
-ūi (dative singular)
-obom (dative dual)
-obos (dative plural)
-ei (locative singular)
-ū (instrumental singular)
-obim (dual instrumental)
-ūis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *(ó)-os, which formed tómos-type event nouns from verbal roots.

rād-ī- + *-os → *rādos (“speech”)

uɸo- (“under-”) + *log-ī- (“to lay”) + *-os → *uɸologos (“hiding”)

Forms verbal nouns corresponding to o-grade causative/iterative verbs.


tantus

tantus (nominative singular)
tantū (dual nominative)
tantowes (nominative plural)
tantu (singular vocative)
tantū (dual vocative)
tantūs (plural vocative)
tantum (accusative singular)
tantū (accusative dual)
tantuns (accusative plural)
tantous (genitive singular)
tantous (dual genitive)
tantowom (genitive plural)
tantou (dative singular)
tantubom (dative dual)
tantubos (dative plural)
tantū (instrumental singular)
tantubim (dual instrumental)
tantubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tant

Old Breton: tanntou pl

Breton: tant (“cord”)

Old Welsh: tantou pl

Middle Welsh: tant

Welsh: tant

Old Irish: tét (“cord, string”)
Middle Irish: tét f
Irish: téad
Manx: tead
Scottish Gaelic: teud

From Proto-Indo-European *tén-tu-s ~ *tn̥-téw-s, from *ten- (“to stretch”). Contains *-tus.


medu

medu (nominative singular)
medū (dual nominative)
medwā (nominative plural)
medu (singular vocative)
medū (dual vocative)
medwā (plural vocative)
medu (accusative singular)
medū (accusative dual)
medwā (accusative plural)
medous (genitive singular)
medous (dual genitive)
medowom (genitive plural)
medou (dative singular)
medubom (dative dual)
medubos (dative plural)
medū (instrumental singular)
medubim (dual instrumental)
medubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *með
Middle Breton: mez
Breton: mez
Cornish: medh
Middle Welsh: medd
Welsh: medd

Primitive Irish: *ᚋᚓᚇᚒ (*medu)
Old Irish: mid
Middle Irish: mid
Irish: meá
Scottish Gaelic: meadh

Gaulish: medu


ruts

ruts (nominative singular)
rude (dual nominative)
rudes (nominative plural)
ruts (singular vocative)
rude (dual vocative)
rudes (plural vocative)
rudam (accusative singular)
rude (accusative dual)
rudans (accusative plural)
rudos (genitive singular)
rudou (dual genitive)
rudom (genitive plural)
rudei (dative singular)
rudobom (dative dual)
rudobos (dative plural)
rudi (locative singular)
rude? (instrumental singular)
rudobim (dual instrumental)
rudobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Irish: rú (“madder, a plant from which red dye is produced”)

Middle Irish: rú

⇒ Irish: rú Mhuire (“lady's bedstraw”)

Root noun from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”).


natus

natus (nominative singular)
natū (dual nominative)
natowes (nominative plural)
natu (singular vocative)
natū (dual vocative)
natūs (plural vocative)
natum (accusative singular)
natū (accusative dual)
natuns (accusative plural)
natous (genitive singular)
natous (dual genitive)
natowom (genitive plural)
natou (dative singular)
natubom (dative dual)
natubos (dative plural)
natū (instrumental singular)
natubim (dual instrumental)
natubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: nath

Irish: nath

Proto-Brythonic: *nad

Middle Welsh: nat

Welsh: nâd

Possibly related to the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)neh₁- (“to spin (thread)”), suffixed with *-tus.


ritus

ritus (nominative singular)
ritū (dual nominative)
ritowes (nominative plural)
ritu (singular vocative)
ritū (dual vocative)
ritūs (plural vocative)
ritum (accusative singular)
ritū (accusative dual)
rituns (accusative plural)
ritous (genitive singular)
ritous (dual genitive)
ritowom (genitive plural)
ritou (dative singular)
ritubom (dative dual)
ritubos (dative plural)
ritū (instrumental singular)
ritubim (dual instrumental)
ritubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨd

Middle Breton: ret

Breton: red, rid

vowel analogical to the verb, cf. Welsh <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">rhedeg</i>

Middle Welsh: ret (vowel analogical to the verb, cf. Welsh rhedeg)

Welsh: rhed

desctree

Old Irish: riuth, rith
Middle Irish: rith
Irish: rith
Manx: roie
Scottish Gaelic: ruith

desc

homophonous to <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*ɸritus</i> (“ford”)

Gaulish: *ritu- (homophonous to *ɸritus (“ford”))

→⇒ Latin: Ritogenus, Ritomārus, Ritumāra, Bōritus

⇒ Lepontic: 𐌓𐌉𐌕𐌖𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌔 (ritukalos)

U-stem zero-grade action noun from Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂-, corresponding to *reteti (“to run”).


beru

beru (nominative singular)
berū (dual nominative)
berwā (nominative plural)
beru (singular vocative)
berū (dual vocative)
berwā (plural vocative)
beru (accusative singular)
berū (accusative dual)
berwā (accusative plural)
berous (genitive singular)
berous (dual genitive)
berowom (genitive plural)
berou (dative singular)
berubom (dative dual)
berubos (dative plural)
berū (instrumental singular)
berubim (dual instrumental)
berubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *ber
Middle Breton: ber
Breton: ber
Old Cornish: ber
Cornish: ber
Middle Welsh: ber
Welsh: bêr

Old Irish: bir, biur (“spear, spit”)

Irish: bior

Scottish Gaelic: bior

Manx: byr, birr

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷéru (“spit, spear”).


limos

lemos (nominative singular)
lemou (dual nominative)
lemoi (nominative plural)
leme (singular vocative)
lemou (dual vocative)
lemoi (plural vocative)
lemom (accusative singular)
lemou (accusative dual)
lemons (accusative plural)
lemī (genitive singular)
lemous (dual genitive)
lemom (genitive plural)
lemūi (dative singular)
lemobom (dative dual)
lemobos (dative plural)
lemei (locative singular)
lemū (instrumental singular)
lemobim (dual instrumental)
lemūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨβ̃ (from *leimā)

Middle Welsh: llwyfen

Welsh: llwyf

Old Irish: lem

desctree

Middle Irish: lem
Irish: leamh
Scottish Gaelic: leamh

Gaulish: *lemos, *limos

→⇒ Latin: Lemovices

French: Limoges

→⇒ Latin: Lemoialum

French: Limeil, Limeuil

→⇒ Latin: Lemausum

French: Limours

desc

→⇒ Latin: Lemo, Lemonia, Lemisunia, Lemiso, Limenius, Limmo, Limocinctus, Limonum

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Vulgar Latin: *lemaria

Asturian: llamera

Hispano-Celtic: *lemos, *limos

→⇒ Latin: Limia

Galician: Limia

Portuguese: Lima

→⇒ Latin: Lemavi

Galician: Lemos

→⇒ Latin: Limicaria

Galician: lamigueiro

Galician: lamargueiro


talu

talu (nominative singular)
talū (dual nominative)
talwā (nominative plural)
talu (singular vocative)
talū (dual vocative)
talwā (plural vocative)
talu (accusative singular)
talū (accusative dual)
talwā (accusative plural)
talous (genitive singular)
talous (dual genitive)
talowom (genitive plural)
talou (dative singular)
talubom (dative dual)
talubos (dative plural)
talū (instrumental singular)
talubim (dual instrumental)
talubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tal

Middle Breton: talar

Middle Breton: tal

Breton: tal

Old Cornish: tal

Cornish: tal, taal

Old Welsh: tal

Middle Welsh: tal

Welsh: tâl

Old Irish: taul (“shield boss”), tul, tel

Gaulish: *talu

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiotalus (personal name)

Celtiberian: talukokum (gen.pl.) (familiy name)

Unknown. Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *téHl-u ~ *tHl-éw-s, cognate with Sanskrit तालु (tā́lu, “palate”). Or related to *talamū (“earth”).


ast

ast (nominative singular)
aste (dual nominative)
asta (nominative plural)
ast (singular vocative)
aste (dual vocative)
asta (plural vocative)
ast (accusative singular)
aste (accusative dual)
asta (accusative plural)
astos (genitive singular)
astou (dual genitive)
astom (genitive plural)
astei (dative singular)
astobom (dative dual)
astobos (dative plural)
asti (locative singular)
aste? (instrumental singular)
astobim (dual instrumental)
astobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *as

Middle Cornish: asow pl

Middle Welsh: eis pl

Welsh: ais

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), but with unexpected initial *a instead of o.


samos

samos (nominative singular)
samou (dual nominative)
samoi (nominative plural)
same (singular vocative)
samou (dual vocative)
samoi (plural vocative)
samom (accusative singular)
samou (accusative dual)
samons (accusative plural)
samī (genitive singular)
samous (dual genitive)
samom (genitive plural)
samūi (dative singular)
samobom (dative dual)
samobos (dative plural)
samei (locative singular)
samū (instrumental singular)
samobim (dual instrumental)
samūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *haβ̃
Old Breton: ham
Middle Breton: haff
Breton: hañv
Old Cornish: haf
Cornish: hav
Old Welsh: ham
Middle Welsh: haf
Welsh: haf

Old Irish: sam

Gaulish: samo-

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥h₂-ó-s, from *semh₂- (“warm season, summer”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *sumaraz, Armenian ամառ (amaṙ, “summer”), Khotanese [script needed] (hamana-, “summer”), Sanskrit समा (sámā, “season, year”), Tocharian A ṣme.


kū

kū (nominative singular)
kone (dual nominative)
kones (nominative plural)
kū (singular vocative)
kone (dual vocative)
kones (plural vocative)
konam (accusative singular)
kone (accusative dual)
konans (accusative plural)
kunos (genitive singular)
kunou (dual genitive)
kunom (genitive plural)
kunei (dative singular)
kunobom (dative dual)
kunobos (dative plural)
kuni (locative singular)
kune? (instrumental singular)
kunobim (dual instrumental)
kunobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ki
Middle Breton: ci, qui
Breton: ki
Old Cornish: ci
Cornish: ki, kei
Middle Welsh: ci, ki
Welsh: ci

Primitive Irish: ᚉᚒᚅᚐ (cuna, gen.sg.)
Old Irish: cú
Middle Irish: cú
Irish: cú
Manx: coo
Scottish Gaelic: cù


altos

altos (nominative singular)
altou (dual nominative)
altoi (nominative plural)
alte (singular vocative)
altou (dual vocative)
altoi (plural vocative)
altom (accusative singular)
altou (accusative dual)
altons (accusative plural)
altī (genitive singular)
altous (dual genitive)
altom (genitive plural)
altūi (dative singular)
altobom (dative dual)
altobos (dative plural)
altei (locative singular)
altū (instrumental singular)
altobim (dual instrumental)
altūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alt

Welsh: allt

Breton: aod

Cornish: als

Middle Irish: alt

Irish: ailt

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eltós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-. Cognate with Latin altus, Old High German alt.


segos

segos (nominative singular)
segese? (dual nominative)
segesa (nominative plural)
segos (singular vocative)
segese? (dual vocative)
segesa (plural vocative)
segos (accusative singular)
segese? (accusative dual)
segesa (accusative plural)
segesos (genitive singular)
segesous? (dual genitive)
segesom (genitive plural)
segesei (dative singular)
segesbom (dative dual)
segesbos (dative plural)
segesi (locative singular)
segesei (instrumental singular)
segesbim (dual instrumental)
segesbis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: seg

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *Segesticā (“Sisak, Segestica, Segesta”) (possibly)

→ Ancient Greek: Σεγεστική (Segestikḗ)

→ Latin: Segestica

From Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ-, possibly via Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰos (“power, strength”) (an s-stem). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *segaz (“victory”), another s-stem formation from *seǵʰ-.


katus

katus (nominative singular)
katū (dual nominative)
katowes (nominative plural)
katu (singular vocative)
katū (dual vocative)
katūs (plural vocative)
katum (accusative singular)
katū (accusative dual)
katuns (accusative plural)
katous (genitive singular)
katous (dual genitive)
katowom (genitive plural)
katou (dative singular)
katubom (dative dual)
katubos (dative plural)
katū (instrumental singular)
katubim (dual instrumental)
katubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *kad
Breton: kad
Cornish: kas
Welsh: cad

Primitive Irish ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒ (cattu)

Old Irish: cath

Irish: cath

Manx: cah

Scottish Gaelic: cath

Gaulish: cattos

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (“battle”).


alamos

alamos (nominative singular)
alamou (dual nominative)
alamoi (nominative plural)
alame (singular vocative)
alamou (dual vocative)
alamoi (plural vocative)
alamom (accusative singular)
alamou (accusative dual)
alamons (accusative plural)
alamī (genitive singular)
alamous (dual genitive)
alamom (genitive plural)
alamūi (dative singular)
alamobom (dative dual)
alamobos (dative plural)
alamei (locative singular)
alamū (instrumental singular)
alamobim (dual instrumental)
alamūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alaβ̃

Middle Welsh: alaf

Welsh: alaf

Middle Irish: alam

There is apparently the Indo-European action noun suffix *-mos attached to this word, but the underlying root is unclear.
* Schrijver derives this from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive”).
* Matasović tries to connect this with Hittite [script needed] (ḫāli-, “corral”), for which a root *h₂el- (“to enclose”) would need to be reconstructed. However, this etymology fails to account for the -a- between the root and the suffix.
* Delamarre alternatively derives this from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₂- (“to wander”).


batom

batom (nominative singular)
batou (dual nominative)
batā (nominative plural)
batom (singular vocative)
batou (dual vocative)
batā (plural vocative)
batom (accusative singular)
batou (accusative dual)
batā (accusative plural)
batī (genitive singular)
batous (dual genitive)
batom (genitive plural)
batūi (dative singular)
batobom (dative dual)
batobos (dative plural)
batei (locative singular)
batū (instrumental singular)
batobim (dual instrumental)
batūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bad

Old Breton: bat

Middle Breton: badou pl

Breton: bad

⇒ Middle Breton: badet (“dazzled”)

Breton: badet (“stupefied”)

⇒ Old Cornish: badus (“lunatic”)

Middle Welsh: bad

desc

⇒ Middle Welsh: bad felen (“yellow plague, basilisk”)

Middle Irish: bath (“death”)

Substantivization of the past participle *batos of *bayeti (“to die”).


gentis

gentis (nominative singular)
gentī (dual nominative)
gentīs (nominative plural)
genti (singular vocative)
gentī (dual vocative)
gentīs (plural vocative)
gentim (accusative singular)
gentī (accusative dual)
gentins (accusative plural)
genteis (genitive singular)
gentyow (dual genitive)
gentyom (genitive plural)
gentei (dative singular)
gentibom (dative dual)
gentibos (dative plural)
gentei (locative singular)
gentī (instrumental singular)
gentibim (dual instrumental)
gentibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ɣɨnt (personal name element)

⇒ Old Welsh: Bledgint

Celtiberian: kentis

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis (“birth”).


daru

daru (nominative singular)
darū (dual nominative)
darwā (nominative plural)
daru (singular vocative)
darū (dual vocative)
darwā (plural vocative)
daru (accusative singular)
darū (accusative dual)
darwā (accusative plural)
darous (genitive singular)
darous (dual genitive)
darowom (genitive plural)
darou (dative singular)
darubom (dative dual)
darubos (dative plural)
darū (instrumental singular)
darubim (dual instrumental)
darubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *dar
Old Breton: dar
Breton: dar
Old Cornish: dar
Cornish: dar
Middle Welsh: dar
Welsh: dâr

Old Irish: dair, daur (early)
Irish: dair
Manx: darragh
Scottish Gaelic: darach

Gaulish:

→? Ancient Greek: λάριξ (lárix)

→ Latin: larix (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”).


ankus

ankus (nominative singular)
ankū (dual nominative)
ankowes (nominative plural)
anku (singular vocative)
ankū (dual vocative)
ankūs (plural vocative)
ankum (accusative singular)
ankū (accusative dual)
ankuns (accusative plural)
ankous (genitive singular)
ankous (dual genitive)
ankowom (genitive plural)
ankou (dative singular)
ankubom (dative dual)
ankubos (dative plural)
ankū (instrumental singular)
ankubim (dual instrumental)
ankubis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *ankow (from the plural stem)

Old Breton: ancou

Middle Breton: ancou, ancaou

Breton: ankoù

⇒ Breton: Ankoù

→ French: Ankou

→ English: Ankou

Old Cornish: ancou

Cornish: ankow

Middle Welsh: angheu

Welsh: angau

Welsh: Angau

desctree

Old Irish: éc
Irish: éag
Scottish Gaelic: eug

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱ-ú-s ~ *n̥k-éw-s (“dead; mortal”).


subi

subi (nominative singular)
subī (dual nominative)
subyā (nominative plural)
subi (singular vocative)
subī (dual vocative)
subyā (plural vocative)
subi (accusative singular)
subī (accusative dual)
subyā (accusative plural)
subois (genitive singular)
subois (dual genitive)
subyom (genitive plural)
subei (dative singular)
subibom (dative dual)
subibos (dative plural)
subei (locative singular)
subī (instrumental singular)
subibim (dual instrumental)
subibis (instrumental plural)

Presumably from a non-Indo-European substrate loan, though the pattern of declension found in Old Irish suib looks archaic.
An older hypothesis posited Proto-Indo-European *su-b⁽ʰ⁾- (“to squeeze, pour; juice”) as the source.

der

Old Irish: suibMiddle Irish: sub fIrish: sú


damos

damos (nominative singular)
damou (dual nominative)
damoi (nominative plural)
dame (singular vocative)
damou (dual vocative)
damoi (plural vocative)
damom (accusative singular)
damou (accusative dual)
damons (accusative plural)
damī (genitive singular)
damous (dual genitive)
damom (genitive plural)
damūi (dative singular)
damobom (dative dual)
damobos (dative plural)
damei (locative singular)
damū (instrumental singular)
damobim (dual instrumental)
damūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: dam
Middle Irish: dam
Irish: damh
Manx: dow
Scottish Gaelic: damh

From Proto-Indo-European *demh₂- (“to domesticate, tame”). Compare Albanian dem (“bull”) from the same root.


sidos

sidos (nominative singular)
sidou (dual nominative)
sidoi (nominative plural)
side (singular vocative)
sidou (dual vocative)
sidoi (plural vocative)
sidom (accusative singular)
sidou (accusative dual)
sidons (accusative plural)
sidī (genitive singular)
sidous (dual genitive)
sidom (genitive plural)
sidūi (dative singular)
sidobom (dative dual)
sidobos (dative plural)
sidei (locative singular)
sidū (instrumental singular)
sidobim (dual instrumental)
sidūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨð

⇒ Middle Breton: heizes (“hind, doe”)

Breton: heizez

Middle Welsh: hyð

Welsh: hydd

Middle Irish: sed


aros

aros (nominative singular)
arou (dual nominative)
aroi (nominative plural)
are (singular vocative)
arou (dual vocative)
aroi (plural vocative)
arom (accusative singular)
arou (accusative dual)
arons (accusative plural)
arī (genitive singular)
arous (dual genitive)
arom (genitive plural)
arūi (dative singular)
arobom (dative dual)
arobos (dative plural)
arei (locative singular)
arū (instrumental singular)
arobim (dual instrumental)
arūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ar

Middle Welsh: ar

Old Irish: ar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-o- (“ploughing”), from *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *ara, *owom (compare Latin arvum (“ploughed land”)), Ancient Greek ἄρουρα (ároura, “sowing-land”), Sanskrit उर्वरा (urvarā, “field yielding crop”). Related to Proto-Celtic *aryeti (“to plough”), *arawar (“cereal, grain”).


barens

barens (nominative singular)
barane (dual nominative)
baranes (nominative plural)
barens (singular vocative)
barane (dual vocative)
baranes (plural vocative)
baranam (accusative singular)
barane (accusative dual)
baranans (accusative plural)
baranos (genitive singular)
baranou (dual genitive)
baranom (genitive plural)
baranei (dative singular)
baranobom (dative dual)
baranobos (dative plural)
barani (locative singular)
barane? (instrumental singular)
baranobim (dual instrumental)
baranobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bar

Middle Welsh: bar (“anger, rage”)

Welsh: bâr

Old Irish: barae

Middle Irish: bara

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce, strike”). Cognate to Lithuanian bárti (“to scold”).


latis

latis (nominative singular)
latī (dual nominative)
latīs (nominative plural)
lati (singular vocative)
latī (dual vocative)
latīs (plural vocative)
latim (accusative singular)
latī (accusative dual)
latins (accusative plural)
lateis (genitive singular)
latyow (dual genitive)
latyom (genitive plural)
latei (dative singular)
latibom (dative dual)
latibos (dative plural)
latei (locative singular)
latī (instrumental singular)
latibim (dual instrumental)
latibis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *llad (“alcoholic beverage”)

Old Breton: lat

Old Cornish: lad

Middle Welsh: llad, llat

Welsh: llad

desctree

Old Irish: laith (“alcoholic beverage”)
Irish: laith
Scottish Gaelic: laith

Gaulish: *latis (“swamp, marsh”)

desc

→ Latin: Latis (ancient name of an Italian river)

→⇒ Latin: Arelate (via a prepositional phrase *are latē "by the marsh")

French: Arles, Arlet

Occitan: Arle, Arlet

Matasović, Pokorny, and the GPC assume the senses "beverage" and "swamp" share an etymology. Irslinger breaks with this tradition by positing that they have separate etymologies.
* Cognates identified by Pokorny (which he unites under a root *lat-) include Old High German letto (“silt”), Icelandic leðja (“mud”), Ancient Greek λᾰ́τᾰξ (lắtăx, “drop of wine”), and Latin latex. Matasović rejects any relation to the Greek and Latin words.
* Matasović, due to struggling to etymologize the *a in this word, assigns substrate origin.
* Irslinger posits two possible Indo-European root origins for the "beverage" sense, Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”) and *leyH- (“to pour”), preferring the latter root. For the sense "swamp", she maintains the comparisons to Old High German letto (“silt”) and Icelandic leðja (“mud”) but assigns no further etymology to them.

cog

lathach

Old Irish: lathach, laithech; Scottish Gaelic


rotos

rotos (nominative singular)
rotou (dual nominative)
rotoi (nominative plural)
rote (singular vocative)
rotou (dual vocative)
rotoi (plural vocative)
rotom (accusative singular)
rotou (accusative dual)
rotons (accusative plural)
rotī (genitive singular)
rotous (dual genitive)
rotom (genitive plural)
rotūi (dative singular)
rotobom (dative dual)
rotobos (dative plural)
rotei (locative singular)
rotū (instrumental singular)
rotobim (dual instrumental)
rotūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *rrod f
Breton: rod
Cornish: ros
Welsh: rhod

Old Irish: roth
Irish: roth
Scottish Gaelic: roth

⇒ Gaulish: *Rotomagos

→ Latin: Rotomagus

From Proto-Indo-European *Hret- (“to run”), or more specifically from the agentive adnominal Proto-Indo-European *Hroth₂ós.


reinos

reinos (nominative singular)
reinou (dual nominative)
reinoi (nominative plural)
reine (singular vocative)
reinou (dual vocative)
reinoi (plural vocative)
reinom (accusative singular)
reinou (accusative dual)
reinons (accusative plural)
reinī (genitive singular)
reinous (dual genitive)
reinom (genitive plural)
reinūi (dative singular)
reinobom (dative dual)
reinobos (dative plural)
reinei (locative singular)
reinū (instrumental singular)
reinobim (dual instrumental)
reinūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: rían
Irish: rian
Scottish Gaelic: rian

Gaulish: Rēnos

→ Latin: Rhēnus (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥῆνος (Rhênos) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *Rīnaz (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH-nós, from *h₃reyH- (“to flow, stream”).


koros

koros (nominative singular)
korou (dual nominative)
koroi (nominative plural)
kore (singular vocative)
korou (dual vocative)
koroi (plural vocative)
korom (accusative singular)
korou (accusative dual)
korons (accusative plural)
korī (genitive singular)
korous (dual genitive)
korom (genitive plural)
korūi (dative singular)
korobom (dative dual)
korobos (dative plural)
korei (locative singular)
korū (instrumental singular)
korobim (dual instrumental)
korūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: cor
Middle Irish: cor
Irish: cor, cur
Scottish Gaelic: cur
Manx: cur

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn”), suffixed with *-os (verbal noun suffix).

der

gwerchyr

Proto-Brythonic: *gwörxör (“cover”); Welsh


magos

magos (nominative singular)
magese? (dual nominative)
magesa (nominative plural)
magos (singular vocative)
magese? (dual vocative)
magesa (plural vocative)
magos (accusative singular)
magese? (accusative dual)
magesa (accusative plural)
magesos (genitive singular)
magesous? (dual genitive)
magesom (genitive plural)
magesei (dative singular)
magesbom (dative dual)
magesbos (dative plural)
magesi (locative singular)
magesei (instrumental singular)
magesbim (dual instrumental)
magesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maɣ

Old Breton: -ma

Breton: -va

Cornish: -va

Middle Welsh: -ma

Welsh: -fa

Gaulish: *magos

Old Irish: mag

Irish: má

Scottish Gaelic: magh

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *meǵh₂- (“great”) with a semantic shift from "great one" > "soil; plain". See Sanskrit मही (mahī́, “earth”) for a similar semantic development.


awis

awis gender unattested (canonical)
awis (nominative singular)
awī (dual nominative)
awīs (nominative plural)
awi (singular vocative)
awī (dual vocative)
awīs (plural vocative)
awim (accusative singular)
awī (accusative dual)
awins (accusative plural)
aweis (genitive singular)
awyow (dual genitive)
awyom (genitive plural)
awei (dative singular)
awibom (dative dual)
awibos (dative plural)
awei (locative singular)
awī (instrumental singular)
awibim (dual instrumental)
awibis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew- (“to desire, wish”), cognate to Latin aveō (“to desire”).

Outham

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Owdaβ̃ (name of a legendary Brittonic king); Old Breton

Eudaf

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Owdaβ̃ (name of a legendary Brittonic king); Middle Welsh


taskos

taskos (nominative singular)
taskou (dual nominative)
taskoi (nominative plural)
taske (singular vocative)
taskou (dual vocative)
taskoi (plural vocative)
taskom (accusative singular)
taskou (accusative dual)
taskons (accusative plural)
taskī (genitive singular)
taskous (dual genitive)
taskom (genitive plural)
taskūi (dative singular)
taskobom (dative dual)
taskobos (dative plural)
taskei (locative singular)
taskū (instrumental singular)
taskobim (dual instrumental)
taskūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: tadg

Middle Irish: Tadg (personal name)

desctree

Irish: Tadhg
→ English: taig, Teague
→ Yola: Thieg

Gaulish: *tasgos

→ Latin: taxo

Galatian: τασκός (taskós)

From Proto-Indo-European *toskos (“badger”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þahsuz (“badger”).


kantos

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: kant

Welsh: cant

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Cantio

→ Latin: Cantium
Italian: Canzio
→ Old English: Cent
Middle English: Kent, Kente, Kentt
English: Kent

Welsh: Caint

Gaulish: *cantos

→ Latin: cantus

Uncertain. Pokorny constructs a Proto-Indo-European *kan-tho- and compares *kh₂em- (“to bend”). Compare Proto-Slavic *kǫtъ (“corner”). Less certain is a relation with Ancient Greek κανθός (kanthós, “corner of the eye”).


gelus

gelus (nominative singular)
gelū (dual nominative)
gelowes (nominative plural)
gelu (singular vocative)
gelū (dual vocative)
gelūs (plural vocative)
gelum (accusative singular)
gelū (accusative dual)
geluns (accusative plural)
gelous (genitive singular)
gelous (dual genitive)
gelowom (genitive plural)
gelou (dative singular)
gelubom (dative dual)
gelubos (dative plural)
gelū (instrumental singular)
gelubim (dual instrumental)
gelubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gel sg, *gelow pl

Breton: gelaou

Middle Welsh: gel

Welsh: gele, gelen, gelod, geleod

Old Irish: gil

Middle Irish: gil

Cognacy with Sanskrit जलूका (jalūkā), via a putative *ǵelu- (“leech”), has long been speculated. However, the Sanskrit word has also been given incompatible alternative etymologies.
GPC's identification with *gʷeleti (“to graze”) (whence Old Irish gelid) is phonetically impossible, as *gʷ normally yields *gw- in Brittonic.


dant

dant (nominative singular)
danta (nominative plural)
dant (singular vocative)
danta (plural vocative)
dant (accusative singular)
danta (accusative plural)
dantos (genitive singular)
dantom (genitive plural)
dantei (dative singular)
dantobos (dative plural)
danti (locative singular)
dante? (instrumental singular)
dantobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *dant
Old Breton: dant
Middle Breton: dant
Breton: dant
Old Cornish: dans
Cornish: dans
Middle Welsh: dant
Welsh: dant

Old Irish: dét
Irish: déad
Scottish Gaelic: deud


ausos

ausos (nominative singular)
ausese? (dual nominative)
ausesa (nominative plural)
ausos (singular vocative)
ausese? (dual vocative)
ausesa (plural vocative)
ausos (accusative singular)
ausese? (accusative dual)
ausesa (accusative plural)
ausesos (genitive singular)
ausesous? (dual genitive)
ausesom (genitive plural)
ausesei (dative singular)
ausesbom (dative dual)
ausesbos (dative plural)
ausesi (locative singular)
ausesei (instrumental singular)
ausesbim (dual instrumental)
ausesbis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: áu

Middle Irish: ó

⇒ Gaulish: Suausia


stamus

stamus (nominative singular)
stamū (dual nominative)
stamowes (nominative plural)
stamu (singular vocative)
stamū (dual vocative)
stamūs (plural vocative)
stamum (accusative singular)
stamū (accusative dual)
stamuns (accusative plural)
stamous (genitive singular)
stamous (dual genitive)
stamowom (genitive plural)
stamou (dative singular)
stamubom (dative dual)
stamubos (dative plural)
stamū (instrumental singular)
stamubim (dual instrumental)
stamubis (instrumental plural)

⇒? Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: sevel

Middle Cornish: sevel

Middle Welsh: sefyll

Welsh: sefyll, saf

⇒ Old Irish: samaigid (“to set”)

Middle Irish: samaigid

Usually taken as a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).


sistamus

sistamus (nominative singular)
sistamū (dual nominative)
sistamowes (nominative plural)
sistamu (singular vocative)
sistamū (dual vocative)
sistamūs (plural vocative)
sistamum (accusative singular)
sistamū (accusative dual)
sistamuns (accusative plural)
sistamous (genitive singular)
sistamous (dual genitive)
sistamowom (genitive plural)
sistamou (dative singular)
sistamubom (dative dual)
sistamubos (dative plural)
sistamū (instrumental singular)
sistamubim (dual instrumental)
sistamubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: sessam
Irish: seasamh
Manx: shassoo
Scottish Gaelic: seasamh

From *si-sta- (“to put, stand”) + *-mus (verbal noun suffix).


stagnos

stāgnos (nominative singular)
stāgnou (dual nominative)
stāgnoi (nominative plural)
stāgne (singular vocative)
stāgnou (dual vocative)
stāgnoi (plural vocative)
stāgnom (accusative singular)
stāgnou (accusative dual)
stāgnons (accusative plural)
stāgnī (genitive singular)
stāgnous (dual genitive)
stāgnom (genitive plural)
stāgnūi (dative singular)
stāgnobom (dative dual)
stāgnobos (dative plural)
stāgnei (locative singular)
stāgnū (instrumental singular)
stāgnobim (dual instrumental)
stāgnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *staɨn

Breton: staen

Cornish: sten

Welsh: ystaen

Old Irish: stán

Irish: stán

Scottish Gaelic: staoin

Manx: stainney

Gaulish: *stagnom

→ Latin: stagnum, stannum (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sth₂gʰ-nó-s (“standing, firm”), from *steh₂-gʰ- + *-nós, from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Lithuanian stógas (“build, physique”).


orbos

orbos (nominative singular)
orbou (dual nominative)
orboi (nominative plural)
orbe (singular vocative)
orbou (dual vocative)
orboi (plural vocative)
orbom (accusative singular)
orbou (accusative dual)
orbons (accusative plural)
orbī (genitive singular)
orbous (dual genitive)
orbom (genitive plural)
orbūi (dative singular)
orbobom (dative dual)
orbobos (dative plural)
orbei (locative singular)
orbū (instrumental singular)
orbobim (dual instrumental)
orbūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: orb


stratos

stratos (nominative singular)
stratou (dual nominative)
stratoi (nominative plural)
strate (singular vocative)
stratou (dual vocative)
stratoi (plural vocative)
stratom (accusative singular)
stratou (accusative dual)
stratons (accusative plural)
stratī (genitive singular)
stratous (dual genitive)
stratom (genitive plural)
stratūi (dative singular)
stratobom (dative dual)
stratobos (dative plural)
stratei (locative singular)
stratū (instrumental singular)
stratobim (dual instrumental)
stratūis (instrumental plural)
*stratus (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *strad

Middle Breton: strad

Breton: strad

Cornish: stras

Old Welsh: Strat

Middle Welsh: ystrad

Welsh: ystrad

Old Irish: srath

Manx: strah

Irish: srath

desctree

Scottish Gaelic: srath
→ English: strath

From Proto-Indo-European *str̥h₃tós, From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread, extend, stretch out”). Cognate with Latin strātus, Sanskrit स्तृत (stṛtá) and Ancient Greek στρᾰτός (strătós).


artos

artos (nominative singular)
artou (dual nominative)
artoi (nominative plural)
arte (singular vocative)
artou (dual vocative)
artoi (plural vocative)
artom (accusative singular)
artou (accusative dual)
artons (accusative plural)
artī (genitive singular)
artous (dual genitive)
artom (genitive plural)
artūi (dative singular)
artobom (dative dual)
artobos (dative plural)
artei (locative singular)
artū (instrumental singular)
artobim (dual instrumental)
artūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *arθ
Old Breton: ard, arth
Breton: arzh
Cornish: arth
Middle Welsh: arth
Welsh: arth

Old Irish: art (“bear, hero, warrior”)

Gaulish: *artos

→⇒ Latin: Artiō

→⇒ Latin: Artodunum

Noric: 𐌀𐌓𐌕𐌄(𐌁𐌖𐌈𐌆) (Arte(budz))

Basque: hartz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”).


arom

arom (nominative singular)
arou (dual nominative)
arā (nominative plural)
arom (singular vocative)
arou (dual vocative)
arā (plural vocative)
arom (accusative singular)
arou (accusative dual)
arā (accusative plural)
arī (genitive singular)
arous (dual genitive)
arom (genitive plural)
arūi (dative singular)
arobom (dative dual)
arobos (dative plural)
arei (locative singular)
arū (instrumental singular)
arobim (dual instrumental)
arūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ar

Middle Welsh: ar

Welsh: âr

Old Irish: ar

Middle Irish: ar

Classical Gaelic: ar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”), more specifically via an o-stem *h₂érh₃-o-.


sentus

sentus (nominative singular)
sentū (dual nominative)
sentowes (nominative plural)
sentu (singular vocative)
sentū (dual vocative)
sentūs (plural vocative)
sentum (accusative singular)
sentū (accusative dual)
sentuns (accusative plural)
sentous (genitive singular)
sentous (dual genitive)
sentowom (genitive plural)
sentou (dative singular)
sentubom (dative dual)
sentubos (dative plural)
sentū (instrumental singular)
sentubim (dual instrumental)
sentubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨnt
Old Breton: hint
Middle Breton: hent
Breton: hent
Middle Cornish: hyns
Cornish: hyns, (RLC) hens
Middle Welsh: hint, hynt
Welsh: hynt

Old Irish: sét
Irish: séad

hennyð

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨntɨð (“companion, neighbour”); Middle Welsh


branos

branos (nominative singular)
branou (dual nominative)
branoi (nominative plural)
brane (singular vocative)
branou (dual vocative)
branoi (plural vocative)
branom (accusative singular)
branou (accusative dual)
branons (accusative plural)
branī (genitive singular)
branous (dual genitive)
branom (genitive plural)
branūi (dative singular)
branobom (dative dual)
branobos (dative plural)
branei (locative singular)
branū (instrumental singular)
branobim (dual instrumental)
branūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *bran
Middle Breton: bran
Breton: bran
Middle Cornish: bran
Cornish: bran
Middle Welsh: bran
Welsh: brân f

Gaulish: Branodūnon (toponymy?)

Primitive Irish: ᚁᚏᚐᚅᚐ (brana)

Old Irish: bran

Irish: bran

Scottish Gaelic: bran

Possibly cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *warnás (“raven”). In view of the formal difficulty that a change of *wr- to *br- would be irregular in Celtic, Matasović considers it more likely that this is a loanword from an unknown (substrate?) source.


korets

korets (nominative singular)
korete (dual nominative)
koretes (nominative plural)
korets (singular vocative)
korete (dual vocative)
koretes (plural vocative)
koretam (accusative singular)
korete (accusative dual)
koretans (accusative plural)
koretos (genitive singular)
koretou (dual genitive)
koretom (genitive plural)
koretei (dative singular)
koretobom (dative dual)
koretobos (dative plural)
koreti (locative singular)
korete? (instrumental singular)
koretobim (dual instrumental)
koretobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *kored (oblique stem), *kor (nominative)

Old Welsh: coret

Middle Welsh: cored, coret

Welsh: cored

⇒ Middle Welsh: amgor, bangor (“wattle fence”), ysgor (“fortress”)

Welsh: bangor

Old Irish: corae

Middle Irish: cara

Scottish Gaelic: caradh

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”), more precisely from *kor- (“putting, throwing”) + *-ets (noun-forming suffix), This word would literally mean "[something] put/thrown [together]".
Matasović presumes substrate origin after an unsatisfactory search for other European cognates. He does not consider the possibility of an internal Celtic or Indo-European derivation, despite citing De Bernardo Stempel (who makes one) in his entry.


markos

markos (nominative singular)
markou (dual nominative)
markoi (nominative plural)
marke (singular vocative)
markou (dual vocative)
markoi (plural vocative)
markom (accusative singular)
markou (accusative dual)
markons (accusative plural)
markī (genitive singular)
markous (dual genitive)
markom (genitive plural)
markūi (dative singular)
markobom (dative dual)
markobos (dative plural)
markei (locative singular)
markū (instrumental singular)
markobim (dual instrumental)
markūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *marx
Old Breton: marh
Middle Breton: march
Breton: marc'h
Old Cornish: march
Middle Cornish: margh
Cornish: margh
Middle Welsh: march
Welsh: march

Old Irish: marc

Irish: marc

Scottish Gaelic: marc

Galatian: μάρκαν (márkan)

Gaulish: markos

Cognate with Proto-Germanic *marhaz. This is generally reconstructed as being from a Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”), but other theories exist; see that page for further discussion.


gutus

gutus (nominative singular)
gutū (dual nominative)
gutowes (nominative plural)
gutu (singular vocative)
gutū (dual vocative)
gutūs (plural vocative)
gutum (accusative singular)
gutū (accusative dual)
gutuns (accusative plural)
gutous (genitive singular)
gutous (dual genitive)
gutowom (genitive plural)
gutou (dative singular)
gutubom (dative dual)
gutubos (dative plural)
gutū (instrumental singular)
gutubim (dual instrumental)
gutubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: guth
Irish: guth
Manx: goo
Scottish Gaelic: guth

Gaulish: *gutus

⇒ Gaulish: *gutuatir (+ *atir (“father”))

→ Latin: gutuater (“priest”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰuH-tu-s (“to call on, invoke”), from *ǵʰewH- (“to call on, invoke”).


anman

anman (nominative singular)
anmane? (dual nominative)
anmana (nominative plural)
anman (singular vocative)
anmane? (dual vocative)
anmana (plural vocative)
anman (accusative singular)
anmane? (accusative dual)
anmana (accusative plural)
anmens (genitive singular)
anmenous? (dual genitive)
anmenom (genitive plural)
anmenei (dative singular)
anmembom (dative dual)
anmembos (dative plural)
anmen (locative singular)
anmeni (locative singular)
anmenei (instrumental singular)
anmembim (dual instrumental)
anmembis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *anw
Old Breton: anu
Middle Breton: hanu, anff
Breton: anv
Cornish: hanow
Old Welsh: anu
Middle Welsh: enw
Welsh: enw

Primitive Irish: ᚐᚅᚋ (anm)
Old Irish: ainmm, ainm
Middle Irish: ainm
Irish: ainm
Manx: ennym
Scottish Gaelic: ainm

Gaulish: anuana

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥. The root vowel was lost or swapped places; had it been retained at its position, the result would have been either *noman or *anoman. Cognates include Latin nōmen.


tegos

tegos (nominative singular)
tegese? (dual nominative)
tegesa (nominative plural)
tegos (singular vocative)
tegese? (dual vocative)
tegesa (plural vocative)
tegos (accusative singular)
tegese? (accusative dual)
tegesa (accusative plural)
tegesos (genitive singular)
tegesous? (dual genitive)
tegesom (genitive plural)
tegesei (dative singular)
tegesbom (dative dual)
tegesbos (dative plural)
tegesi (locative singular)
tegesei (instrumental singular)
tegesbim (dual instrumental)
tegesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tɨɣ
Old Breton: tig
Breton: ti
Old Cornish: ti
Cornish: chi, chy
Middle Welsh: ty
Welsh: tŷ

Old Irish: tech, teg
Irish: teach
Manx: çhagh, thie
Scottish Gaelic: taigh
⇒ Middle Irish: tech midchuarta
⇒ Middle Irish: tech n-óil
⇒ Middle Irish: tech talman
⇒ Classical Gaelic: teach othuir

Celtiberian:

→ Galician: tei (obsolete)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“cover, roof”).

der

Old Irish: coitchenn

*kon-teges-nos (“sharing the same house > common”)

coitchennIrish: coiteannScottish Gaelic: coitcheannManx: cadjin


gortos

gortos (nominative singular)
gortou (dual nominative)
gortoi (nominative plural)
gorte (singular vocative)
gortou (dual vocative)
gortoi (plural vocative)
gortom (accusative singular)
gortou (accusative dual)
gortons (accusative plural)
gortī (genitive singular)
gortous (dual genitive)
gortom (genitive plural)
gortūi (dative singular)
gortobom (dative dual)
gortobos (dative plural)
gortei (locative singular)
gortū (instrumental singular)
gortobim (dual instrumental)
gortūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: gort

Middle Irish: gort

Irish: gort

Manx: gart

Scottish Gaelic: gort

Proto-Brythonic: *gorθ

Old Breton: orth

Cornish: gorth

Welsh: garth (“hill, enclosure”)

⇒ Gaulish: *gortiā

→ French: Gorses, Gorze, Gorcy, Lagorce

→⇒ Italian: Gorzone

→ Lombard: gorso

desc

→ Occitan: (Provençal) gòrsa, (Limousin) gorso

By comparison with Latin hortus and Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos), Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰórtos can be mechanically reconstructed.
Matasović goes further and derives that from *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”), assuming that the t came from the nominative singular of a root noun, where *-s would devoice a preceding consonant, with the *-t- then generalized across its paradigm and thematicized.


sukkos

sukkos (nominative singular)
sukkou (dual nominative)
sukkoi (nominative plural)
sukke (singular vocative)
sukkou (dual vocative)
sukkoi (plural vocative)
sukkom (accusative singular)
sukkou (accusative dual)
sukkons (accusative plural)
sukkī (genitive singular)
sukkous (dual genitive)
sukkom (genitive plural)
sukkūi (dative singular)
sukkobom (dative dual)
sukkobos (dative plural)
sukkei (locative singular)
sukkū (instrumental singular)
sukkobim (dual instrumental)
sukkūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hux (“pig”)
Old Breton: hoch
Middle Breton: hoc’h, houc’h
Breton: soc’h
Old Cornish: hoch
Cornish: hogh
Welsh: hwch
→? Old English: hogg (“hog”) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Irish: socc (“snout; plowshare”)

Irish: soc

→ Vulgar Latin: *soccus (“plowshare”)

Old French: soc

Middle French: soc

French: soc

⇒ Old French: soket
→ Middle English: socket, soket
English: socket

→? Proto-Brythonic: *sux (“plowshare”)
Middle Breton: souch
Breton: soc’h
Welsh: swch

Ultimately a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *súH-s (“pig”), possibly through:
* earlier *sukos, geminated under the influence of *mokkus (“pig”), from *su(H)-k-ó-s (compare the ungeminated cognate Proto-West Germanic *sugu (“female pig”) < *su(H)-ké-h₂), from *súH-s + *-k- (velar extension) + *-ós with unexplained loss of the laryngeal or pretonic shortening (the disputed "Dybo's law");
* Proto-Indo-European *su-k-ko-s, from *súH-s + *-k- (intrusive velar) + *-kos (compare Latin sucula, succula (“piglet”));
* earlier *suɸkus, from Proto-Indo-European *suH-pḱu-s, from *súH-s + *péḱu (“livestock”).
For a parallel sense development, compare cognates in Ancient Greek ὗς (hûs, “pig”) and ὕνις (húnis, “plowshare”).


sunus

sunus (nominative singular)
sunū (dual nominative)
sunowes (nominative plural)
sunu (singular vocative)
sunū (dual vocative)
sunūs (plural vocative)
sunum (accusative singular)
sunū (accusative dual)
sununs (accusative plural)
sunous (genitive singular)
sunous (dual genitive)
sunowom (genitive plural)
sunou (dative singular)
sunubom (dative dual)
sunubos (dative plural)
sunū (instrumental singular)
sunubim (dual instrumental)
sunubis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: *sunus

desc

→⇒ Latin: Lemisunia, Suniducus, Sunducca, Sunucus, Sunutius, Sunutia, Sunnura, Sunuxalis

compound with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*eburos</i> (“yew”)

⇒ Celtiberian: Ebursunos (literally “Yewson”) (compound with *eburos (“yew”))

name of a Britannian man, borrowed from a very early Brittonic language, compound with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*kallī</i> (“woods”)

→⇒ Latin: Callīsunus (name of a Britannian man, borrowed from a very early Brittonic language, compound with *kallī (“woods”))


meinis

meinis (nominative singular)
meinī (dual nominative)
meinīs (nominative plural)
meini (singular vocative)
meinī (dual vocative)
meinīs (plural vocative)
meinim (accusative singular)
meinī (accusative dual)
meinins (accusative plural)
meineis (genitive singular)
meinyow (dual genitive)
meinyom (genitive plural)
meinei (dative singular)
meinibom (dative dual)
meinibos (dative plural)
meinei (locative singular)
meinī (instrumental singular)
meinibim (dual instrumental)
meinibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *muɨn
Middle Breton: *men
⇒ Breton: mengleuz (“quarry”)
Cornish: moon (“mineral”)
Middle Welsh: mwyn
Welsh: mwyn

Old Irish: méin, mían

Irish: méin, míanach

Gaulish:

→ Late Latin: mina

Old French: myne, mine

Middle French: mine, myne

French: mine

→ Middle English: mine, myne, myn

English: mine

From Proto-Indo-European *mēy(H)nis, from *(s)mēy(H)- (“to cut, hew”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *smiþaz (“smith”).


glanis

glanis (nominative singular)
glanī (dual nominative)
glanīs (nominative plural)
glani (singular vocative)
glanī (dual vocative)
glanīs (plural vocative)
glanim (accusative singular)
glanī (accusative dual)
glanins (accusative plural)
glaneis (genitive singular)
glanyow (dual genitive)
glanyom (genitive plural)
glanei (dative singular)
glanibom (dative dual)
glanibos (dative plural)
glanei (locative singular)
glanī (instrumental singular)
glanibim (dual instrumental)
glanibis (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *glėn (< thematicized *glanyos)

Old Welsh: gleiniou pl

Middle Welsh: glein (“pearl, bead, gem”)

Welsh: glain

Old Irish: glain (“crystal, glass”)

Middle Irish: glain

Gaulish: *glanis

→ Latin: Glanis

Celtiberian: *glanis

→ Ancient Greek: Γλάνις (Glánis, name of a river in Spain)


amban

amban (nominative singular)
ambane? (dual nominative)
ambana (nominative plural)
amban (singular vocative)
ambane? (dual vocative)
ambana (plural vocative)
amban (accusative singular)
ambane? (accusative dual)
ambana (accusative plural)
ambens (genitive singular)
ambenous? (dual genitive)
ambenom (genitive plural)
ambenei (dative singular)
ambembom (dative dual)
ambembos (dative plural)
amben (locative singular)
ambeni (locative singular)
ambenei (instrumental singular)
ambembim (dual instrumental)
ambembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton:

Middle Breton: amanen

Breton: amanenn, amann

Old Cornish: amanen

Middle Cornish:

Cornish: amanyn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: ymenyn

Welsh: ymenyn

desctree

Old Irish: imb
Irish: im
Manx: eeym
Scottish Gaelic: ìm

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃éngʷn̥ (compare Latin unguen (“grease”), Old High German ancho (“butter”)), from *h₃engʷ- (“anoint”).


makʷos

makʷos (nominative singular)
makʷou (dual nominative)
makʷoi (nominative plural)
makʷe (singular vocative)
makʷou (dual vocative)
makoi (plural vocative)
makʷom (accusative singular)
makʷou (accusative dual)
makons (accusative plural)
makʷī (genitive singular)
makʷous (dual genitive)
makʷom (genitive plural)
makūi (dative singular)
makʷobom (dative dual)
makʷobos (dative plural)
makʷei (locative singular)
makū (instrumental singular)
makʷobim (dual instrumental)
makʷūis (instrumental plural)
*makʷkʷos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *mab
Old Breton: map, mab
Middle Breton: mab
Breton: mab
Old Cornish: mab, map
Cornish: mab
Old Welsh: map
Middle Welsh: map
Welsh: mab

Gaulish: mapos

Primitive Irish: ᚋᚐᚊᚔ (maqi, genitive), ᚋᚐᚊᚊᚔ (maqqi), ᚋᚐᚊ (maq), ᚋᚐᚉᚉᚔ (macci)
Old Irish: macc (genitive singular maiccᴸ, meicc)
Middle Irish: mac
Irish: mac
Manx: mac
Scottish Gaelic: mac

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱwos, from *meh₂ḱ- (“to raise, grow”). Compare Latin macer (“lean, thin”), Ancient Greek μακρός (makrós, “long, tall”), Proto-Germanic *magraz (“lean, meager”).


brātīr

brātīr (nominative singular)
brātere (dual nominative)
brāteres (nominative plural)
brāter (singular vocative)
brātere (dual vocative)
brāteres (plural vocative)
brāteram (accusative singular)
brātere (accusative dual)
brāterans (accusative plural)
brātros (genitive singular)
brātrous (dual genitive)
brātrom (genitive plural)
brātrei (dative singular)
brātarbom (dative dual)
brātarbos (dative plural)
brātri (locative singular)
brātrei (instrumental singular)
brātarbim (dual instrumental)
brātarbis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brọdr
Old Breton: brotr
Middle Breton: breuzr
Breton: breur
Old Welsh: braut
Welsh: brawd
Cornish: broder

Old Irish: bráthair

Irish: bráthair

Manx: braar

Scottish Gaelic: bràthair

Gaulish: *bratir


ɸatīr

ɸatīr (nominative singular)
ɸatere (dual nominative)
ɸateres (nominative plural)
ɸater (singular vocative)
ɸatere (dual vocative)
ɸateres (plural vocative)
ɸateram (accusative singular)
ɸatere (accusative dual)
ɸaterans (accusative plural)
ɸatros (genitive singular)
ɸatrous (dual genitive)
ɸatrom (genitive plural)
ɸatrei (dative singular)
ɸatarbom (dative dual)
ɸatarbos (dative plural)
ɸatri (locative singular)
ɸatrei (instrumental singular)
ɸatarbim (dual instrumental)
ɸatarbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: -atr

Old Irish: athair, athir
Irish: athair
Manx: ayr
→ English: ayr
Scottish Gaelic: athair

desc

Gaulish: *atir (nominative), ater (vocative)


mātīr

mātīr (nominative singular)
mātere (dual nominative)
māteres (nominative plural)
māter (singular vocative)
mātere (dual vocative)
māteres (plural vocative)
māteram (accusative singular)
mātere (accusative dual)
māterans (accusative plural)
mātros (genitive singular)
mātrous (dual genitive)
mātrom (genitive plural)
mātrei (dative singular)
mātarbom (dative dual)
mātarbos (dative plural)
mātri (locative singular)
mātrei (instrumental singular)
mātarbim (dual instrumental)
mātarbis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Welsh: modrydaf (“queen bee”) (from *modr + bydaf (“beehive”))

desctree

Old Irish: máthir
Irish: máthair
Manx: moir
Scottish Gaelic: màthair

Celtiberian: matrubos (dative plural)

Gaulish: matir

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *mātrikʷā (“maternal aunt”) or, alternatively, *mātrokʷī

Proto-Brythonic: *mọdrebOld Cornish: moderebCornish: modrepOld Breton: motrepMiddle Breton: mozrebBreton: moerebOld Welsh: modrepedMiddle Welsh: modrybWelsh: modryb


swesūr

swesūr (nominative singular)
swesre (dual nominative)
swesres (nominative plural)
swesūr (singular vocative)
swesre (dual vocative)
swesres (plural vocative)
swesram (accusative singular)
swesre (accusative dual)
swesrans (accusative plural)
swesros (genitive singular)
swesrou (dual genitive)
swesrom (genitive plural)
swesrei (dative singular)
swesrobom (dative dual)
swesrobos (dative plural)
swesri (locative singular)
swesre? (instrumental singular)
swesrobim (dual instrumental)
swesrobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwoɨr
Old Breton: guoer
Middle Breton: hoer
Breton: c'hoar
Old Cornish: huir
Cornish: hwor
Middle Welsh: chwaer
Welsh: chwaer

Old Irish: siur
Irish: siúr
Manx: shuyr
Scottish Gaelic: piuthar (back-formed from lenited form fiur, phiur)
⇒ Middle Irish: derbṡiur
Irish: deirfiúr

Gaulish: suiorebe (instrumental plural)


duxtīr

duxtīr (nominative singular)
duxtere (dual nominative)
duxteres (nominative plural)
duxter (singular vocative)
duxtere (dual vocative)
duxteres (plural vocative)
duxteram (accusative singular)
duxtere (accusative dual)
duxterans (accusative plural)
duxtros (genitive singular)
duxtrous (dual genitive)
duxtrom (genitive plural)
duxtrei (dative singular)
duxtarbom (dative dual)
duxtarbos (dative plural)
duxtri (locative singular)
duxtrei (instrumental singular)
duxtarbim (dual instrumental)
duxtarbis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: Der-, Dar- (elements of personal names, such as Darinill, Dechtir)

Celtiberian: tuateros (genitive singular)

Gaulish: duxtīr

From Pre-Celtic *dʰuktḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr.


abū

abū (nominative singular)
abone? (dual nominative)
abones (nominative plural)
abū (singular vocative)
abone? (dual vocative)
abones (plural vocative)
abonam (accusative singular)
abone? (accusative dual)
abonans (accusative plural)
abonos (genitive singular)
abonows? (dual genitive)
abonom (genitive plural)
abonei (dative singular)
abombom (dative dual)
abombos (dative plural)
abon (locative singular)
aboni (locative singular)
abonei (instrumental singular)
abombim (dual instrumental)
abombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aβon
Middle Breton: auon
Breton: aven
Cornish: avon
Middle Welsh: afon
Welsh: afon
→ English: Avon
→ Scots: A'an

Old Irish: aub, ab, ob, oub
Middle Irish: ab, aband, abann
Irish: abha, abhainn
Manx: awin
Scottish Gaelic: abhainn

→ Latin: Avus
Portuguese: Ave

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés, from *h₂ep- (“water”).


gdū

gdū (nominative singular)
gdone? (dual nominative)
gdones (nominative plural)
gdū (singular vocative)
gdone? (dual vocative)
gdones (plural vocative)
gdonam (accusative singular)
gdone? (accusative dual)
gdonans (accusative plural)
gdonos (genitive singular)
gdonows? (dual genitive)
gdonom (genitive plural)
gdonei (dative singular)
gdombom (dative dual)
gdombos (dative plural)
gdon (locative singular)
gdoni (locative singular)
gdonei (instrumental singular)
gdombim (dual instrumental)
gdombis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: dú


grānom

grānom (nominative singular)
grānou (dual nominative)
grānā (nominative plural)
grānom (singular vocative)
grānou (dual vocative)
grānā (plural vocative)
grānom (accusative singular)
grānou (accusative dual)
grānā (accusative plural)
grānī (genitive singular)
grānous (dual genitive)
grānom (genitive plural)
grānūi (dative singular)
grānobom (dative dual)
grānobos (dative plural)
grānei (locative singular)
grānū (instrumental singular)
grānobim (dual instrumental)
grānūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *grọn
Breton: greun
Cornish: greun
Welsh: grawn

Old Irish: grán
Irish: grán
Scottish Gaelic: gràn


ekʷos

ekʷos (nominative singular)
ekʷou (dual nominative)
ekʷoi (nominative plural)
ekʷe (singular vocative)
ekʷou (dual vocative)
ekoi (plural vocative)
ekʷom (accusative singular)
ekʷou (accusative dual)
ekons (accusative plural)
ekʷī (genitive singular)
ekʷous (dual genitive)
ekʷom (genitive plural)
ekūi (dative singular)
ekʷobom (dative dual)
ekʷobos (dative plural)
ekʷei (locative singular)
ekū (instrumental singular)
ekʷobim (dual instrumental)
ekʷūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *eb
Old Breton: eb
Breton: keneb (“mare in foal”), ebeul (“colt, foal”)
Old Welsh: eb
Middle Welsh: ep, ebawl (“colt, foal”)
Welsh: cyfeb (“mare in foal”), ebol (“colt, foal”), ebran (“fodder, stover”)

Primitive Irish: *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas)

Old Irish: ech

Middle Irish: ech

Irish: each

Manx: agh, eagh

Scottish Gaelic: each

Gaulish: epos

Celtiberian: ekua-


rīxs

rīxs (nominative singular)
rīge (dual nominative)
rīges (nominative plural)
rīxs (singular vocative)
rīge (dual vocative)
rīges (plural vocative)
rīgam (accusative singular)
rīge (accusative dual)
rīgans (accusative plural)
rīgos (genitive singular)
rīgou (dual genitive)
rīgom (genitive plural)
rīgei (dative singular)
rīgobom (dative dual)
rīgobos (dative plural)
rīgi (locative singular)
rīge? (instrumental singular)
rīgobim (dual instrumental)
rīgobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrix
Middle Welsh: ri
Welsh: rhi
Old Breton: ri

Primitive Irish: ᚏᚔᚌᚐᚄ (rigas) (genitive)

Old Irish: rí
Middle Irish: rí
Irish: rí
Manx: ree
Scottish Gaelic: rìgh

Celtiberian: reikis

Gaulish: *rīx

→ Proto-Germanic: *rīks (see there for further descendants)


klowos

klowos (nominative singular)
klowese? (dual nominative)
klowesa (nominative plural)
klowos (singular vocative)
klowese? (dual vocative)
klowesa (plural vocative)
klowos (accusative singular)
klowese? (accusative dual)
klowesa (accusative plural)
klowesos (genitive singular)
klowesous? (dual genitive)
klowesom (genitive plural)
klowesei (dative singular)
klowesbom (dative dual)
klowesbos (dative plural)
klowesi (locative singular)
klowesei (instrumental singular)
klowesbim (dual instrumental)
klowesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: klev

Cornish: klew

Welsh: clyw

Old Irish: clú
Irish: clú
Scottish Gaelic: cliù


nemos

nemos (nominative singular)
nemese? (dual nominative)
nemesa (nominative plural)
nemos (singular vocative)
nemese? (dual vocative)
nemesa (plural vocative)
nemos (accusative singular)
nemese? (accusative dual)
nemesa (accusative plural)
nemesos (genitive singular)
nemesous? (dual genitive)
nemesom (genitive plural)
nemesei (dative singular)
nemesbom (dative dual)
nemesbos (dative plural)
nemesi (locative singular)
nemesei (instrumental singular)
nemesbim (dual instrumental)
nemesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *neβ̃
Old Breton: nem
Middle Breton: neff
Breton: neñv
Old Cornish: nef
Cornish: nev
Old Welsh: nem
Middle Welsh: nef
Welsh: nef

Old Irish: nem
Irish: neamh
Manx: niau
Scottish Gaelic: nèamh


noxs

noxts (nominative singular)
noxte (dual nominative)
noxtes (nominative plural)
noxts (singular vocative)
noxte (dual vocative)
noxtes (plural vocative)
noxtam (accusative singular)
noxte (accusative dual)
noxtans (accusative plural)
noxtos (genitive singular)
noxtou (dual genitive)
noxtom (genitive plural)
noxtei (dative singular)
noxtobom (dative dual)
noxtobos (dative plural)
noxti (locative singular)
noxte? (instrumental singular)
noxtobim (dual instrumental)
noxtobis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: nox

Proto-Brythonic: *henoɨθMiddle Breton: hanoezBreton: henoazhMiddle Cornish: hanethOld Welsh: henoidMiddle Welsh: henoWelsh: heno

Old Irish: innochtIrish: anochtManx: noghtScottish Gaelic: a-nochd


toutā

toutā (nominative singular)
toutai (dual nominative)
toutās (nominative plural)
toutā (singular vocative)
toutai (dual vocative)
toutās (plural vocative)
toutam (accusative singular)
toutai (accusative dual)
toutāns (accusative plural)
toutās (genitive singular)
toutous (dual genitive)
toutom (genitive plural)
toutāi (dative singular)
toutābom (dative dual)
toutābos (dative plural)
toutai (locative singular)
toutābim (dual instrumental)
toutābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tʉd
Middle Breton: tut
Breton: tud
Cornish: tus
Middle Welsh: tut
Welsh: tud

Old Irish: túath
Irish: tuath
Manx: theay
Scottish Gaelic: tuath

Gaulish: touta, teuta


wiros

wiros (nominative singular)
wirou (dual nominative)
wiroi (nominative plural)
wire (singular vocative)
wirou (dual vocative)
wiroi (plural vocative)
wirom (accusative singular)
wirou (accusative dual)
wirons (accusative plural)
wirī (genitive singular)
wirous (dual genitive)
wirom (genitive plural)
wirūi (dative singular)
wirobom (dative dual)
wirobos (dative plural)
wirei (locative singular)
wirū (instrumental singular)
wirobim (dual instrumental)
wirūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwur
Middle Breton: *gur
Breton: gour
Old Cornish: uir
Cornish: gour
Old Welsh: gur
Middle Welsh: gwr
Welsh: gŵr

Primitive Irish: *ᚃᚔᚏᚐᚄ (*viras)
Old Irish: fer
Middle Irish: fer
Irish: fear
Manx: fer
Scottish Gaelic: fear

Gaulish: *wiros

Celtiberian: [Term?] (UIROS)


dūnom

dūnom (nominative singular)
dūnou (dual nominative)
dūnā (nominative plural)
dūnom (singular vocative)
dūnou (dual vocative)
dūnā (plural vocative)
dūnom (accusative singular)
dūnou (accusative dual)
dūnā (accusative plural)
dūnī (genitive singular)
dūnous (dual genitive)
dūnom (genitive plural)
dūnūi (dative singular)
dūnobom (dative dual)
dūnobos (dative plural)
dūnei (locative singular)
dūnū (instrumental singular)
dūnobim (dual instrumental)
dūnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *din
Old Breton: din
Breton: din
Cornish: din
Old Welsh: din
Middle Welsh: din
Welsh: din

Old Irish: dún

Irish: dún

Manx: doon

Scottish Gaelic: dùn

Gaulish: *dūnon
→⇒ Latin: Arialdūnum
→⇒ Latin: Augustodūnum
Old French: Ostun
Middle French: Austun, Authun
French: Autun
→ English: Autun
→⇒ Latin: Brannodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Caesarodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Campodūnum
Medieval Latin: Campidona
→ Middle High German: Kemptun
German: Kempten
→⇒ Latin: Camulodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Eburodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Lugdūnum
→⇒ Latin: Melodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Minnodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Moridūnum
→⇒ Latin: Noviodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Sedūnum
→⇒ Latin: Segodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Singidūnum
→⇒ Latin: Uxellodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Virodūnum

→ Proto-Germanic: *tūną (“enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (see there for further descendants)

desc

→? Proto-Germanic: *dūnǭ (“sandhill, dune”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-nós (“lasting, durable”), from *dewh₂- (“to last”) + *-nós, or from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuHno-, of unclear origin, but possibly related to Latin fūnus (“burial”), if this originally meant “burial mound”.


druwits

druwits (nominative singular)
druwide (dual nominative)
druwides (nominative plural)
druwits (singular vocative)
druwide (dual vocative)
druwides (plural vocative)
druwidam (accusative singular)
druwide (accusative dual)
druwidans (accusative plural)
druwidos (genitive singular)
druwidou (dual genitive)
druwidom (genitive plural)
druwidei (dative singular)
druwidobom (dative dual)
druwidobos (dative plural)
druwidi (locative singular)
druwide? (instrumental singular)
druwidobim (dual instrumental)
druwidobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *drüw
Old Cornish: druw
Middle Welsh: dryw
Welsh: dryw
→ Old English: drȳ (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: druí, druï (disyllabic in early poetry)
Irish: draoi
⇒ Manx: druaight (via druídecht)
Scottish Gaelic: draoidh

desc

Gaulish: *druwits, druwides (nominative plural)

→ Ancient Greek: δρυΐδαι (druḯdai, nominative plural)

→ Late Latin: Druidae

→ Latin: Druidēs (nom.pl.) (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally taken to be from *daru (“oak”) (from from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”)) + *wid-, the root of *windeti (“to know, to see”), thus meaning ‘oak-knower’ or ‘tree-knower’. Since 1960s the first part is often derived from Proto-Indo-European *drew- (“firm, solid, hard”), thus meaning ‘one with solid knowledge, great sage’. The connection with ‘oak’ is doubtful both on phonological and historical grounds (Pliny the Elder being the only ancient author drawing the connection, and proposing a folk etymology of the Celtic word as borrowed from Ancient Greek δρῦς (drûs, “oak tree”)). The first element being an intensifying adverbial modifier of the second element also fits better with other similar compounds preserved in Old Irish: suí (“wise man, sage”) < *suwits (“good knower”), duí (“idiot, fool”) < *duwits (“bad knower”), ainb (“ignorant”) < *anwits (“not knower”).


mīns

mīns (nominative singular)
mīnse (dual nominative)
mīnses (nominative plural)
mīns (singular vocative)
mīnse (dual vocative)
mīnses (plural vocative)
mīnsam (accusative singular)
mīnse (accusative dual)
mīnsans (accusative plural)
mīnsos (genitive singular)
mīnsou (dual genitive)
mīnsom (genitive plural)
mīnsei (dative singular)
mīnsobom (dative dual)
mīnsobos (dative plural)
mīnsi (locative singular)
mīnse? (instrumental singular)
mīnsobim (dual instrumental)
mīnsobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mis

Breton: miz

Cornish: mis

Welsh: mis

Old Irish: mí

Irish: mí

Manx: mee

Scottish Gaelic: mìos

desc

read as <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">miđ</i>, implying a tense /s/

Gaulish: mid (read as miđ, implying a tense /s/)

From Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (“month, moon”).


ɸeiskos

ɸeiskos (nominative singular)
ɸeiskou (dual nominative)
ɸeiskoi (nominative plural)
ɸeiske (singular vocative)
ɸeiskou (dual vocative)
ɸeiskoi (plural vocative)
ɸeiskom (accusative singular)
ɸeiskou (accusative dual)
ɸeiskons (accusative plural)
ɸeiskī (genitive singular)
ɸeiskous (dual genitive)
ɸeiskom (genitive plural)
ɸeiskūi (dative singular)
ɸeiskobom (dative dual)
ɸeiskobos (dative plural)
ɸeiskei (locative singular)
ɸeiskū (instrumental singular)
ɸeiskobim (dual instrumental)
ɸeiskūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *uɨsk

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Uɨsk

Old Irish: íasc

Irish: iasc

Manx: eeast

Scottish Gaelic: iasg

From Proto-Indo-European *peysk-. Cognate with Latin piscis, Proto-Germanic *fiskaz.


salā

salā (nominative singular)
salai (dual nominative)
salās (nominative plural)
salā (singular vocative)
salai (dual vocative)
salās (plural vocative)
salam (accusative singular)
salai (accusative dual)
salāns (accusative plural)
salās (genitive singular)
salous (dual genitive)
salom (genitive plural)
salāi (dative singular)
salābom (dative dual)
salābos (dative plural)
salai (locative singular)
salābim (dual instrumental)
salābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: halou

Old Irish: sal

Irish: sail

Sometimes derived from *seh₂l- (“salt”), but Matasović finds this dubious on semantic grouds. Has also been connected with Latin salīva, but this is not wholly convincing either. Matasović notes a possible cognate in Proto-Germanic *salwaz, whence Old English salu.


gaisos

gaisos (nominative singular)
gaisou (dual nominative)
gaisoi (nominative plural)
gaise (singular vocative)
gaisou (dual vocative)
gaisoi (plural vocative)
gaisom (accusative singular)
gaisou (accusative dual)
gaisons (accusative plural)
gaisī (genitive singular)
gaisous (dual genitive)
gaisom (genitive plural)
gaisūi (dative singular)
gaisobom (dative dual)
gaisobos (dative plural)
gaisei (locative singular)
gaisū (instrumental singular)
gaisobim (dual instrumental)
gaisūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *goɨw

Middle Cornish: gyw, giu, gew

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *godɣoɨw

Middle Welsh: gotoyw, gottoev

Old Irish: gae

Irish: ga

Gaulish: *gaisos

→ Latin: gaesum (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Gaulish: *Ariogaisos (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz (given the diphthong *ai instead of the expected *oi), which itself is derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to throw, impel”). Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (héṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).


bitus

bitus (nominative singular)
bitū (dual nominative)
bitowes (nominative plural)
bitu (singular vocative)
bitū (dual vocative)
bitūs (plural vocative)
bitum (accusative singular)
bitū (accusative dual)
bituns (accusative plural)
bitous (genitive singular)
bitous (dual genitive)
bitowom (genitive plural)
bitou (dative singular)
bitubom (dative dual)
bitubos (dative plural)
bitū (instrumental singular)
bitubim (dual instrumental)
bitubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨd
Old Breton: bit, bet
Breton: bed
Old Cornish: bit, bys
Cornish: bys, bes
Old Welsh: bid
Middle Welsh: byd
Welsh: byd

Old Irish: bith
Irish: bith
→? Middle Welsh: byth
Welsh: byth

Gaulish: bitus

⇒ Gaulish: Biturīges

→ Latin: Bituriges

French: Bourges, Berry

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃-tus (“life”). Cognate with Latin vita.


bardos

bardos (nominative singular)
bardou (dual nominative)
bardoi (nominative plural)
barde (singular vocative)
bardou (dual vocative)
bardoi (plural vocative)
bardom (accusative singular)
bardou (accusative dual)
bardons (accusative plural)
bardī (genitive singular)
bardous (dual genitive)
bardom (genitive plural)
bardūi (dative singular)
bardobom (dative dual)
bardobos (dative plural)
bardei (locative singular)
bardū (instrumental singular)
bardobim (dual instrumental)
bardūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *barð
Middle Breton: barz
Breton: barzh
Old Cornish: barth
Cornish: bardh
Middle Welsh: bardd
Welsh: bardd

Old Irish: bard
Irish: bard
Manx: bard
Scottish Gaelic: bàrd
→ English: bard

→ Latin: bardus
Italian: bardo

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-dʰh₁o- (“praise-maker”), from *gʷerH- (“to approve, praise”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, make”), with a loss of the laryngeal in *gʷerH-.


bodwos

bodwos (nominative singular)
bodwou (dual nominative)
bodwoi (nominative plural)
bodwe (singular vocative)
bodwou (dual vocative)
bodwoi (plural vocative)
bodwom (accusative singular)
bodwou (accusative dual)
bodwons (accusative plural)
bodwī (genitive singular)
bodwous (dual genitive)
bodwom (genitive plural)
bodwūi (dative singular)
bodwobom (dative dual)
bodwobos (dative plural)
bodwei (locative singular)
bodwū (instrumental singular)
bodwobim (dual instrumental)
bodwūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *boðw

Old Breton: bodou (“heron”)

⇒ Old Breton: Boduuan, Bodguan

desc

⇒ Old Welsh: Gurbodu, Bodgu, Elbodgu, Elbodug

Old Irish: Bodb (name of a mythical king)

Gaulish: Boduos

⇒ Gaulish: *Ateboduos

→ Latin: Ateboduus

⇒ Gaulish: *Boduogenos

→ Latin: Boduogenus

⇒ Gaulish: *Boduognātos

→ Latin: Boduognatus

⇒ Gaulish: Κομβοδουος (Kombodouos)

⇒ Gaulish: *Maroboduos

→ Latin: Maroboduus

⇒ Gaulish: *Soliboduos

→ Latin: Soliboduus

⇒ Gaulish: *Toutoboduos

→ Latin: Teutoboduus

⇒ Gaulish: *Boduoialon

→ Latin: Boolium, Boelium

French: Bueil

⇒ Gaulish: *Boduoriton

→ French: Bort

Given the meaning of the apparent cognate in Proto-Germanic *badwō (“battle”) (whence Old English beadu), the sense "crow" is secondary, borne out of the crow serving as a symbol of violence.


selgā

selgā (nominative singular)
selgai (dual nominative)
selgās (nominative plural)
selgā (singular vocative)
selgai (dual vocative)
selgās (plural vocative)
selgam (accusative singular)
selgai (accusative dual)
selgāns (accusative plural)
selgās (genitive singular)
selgous (dual genitive)
selgom (genitive plural)
selgāi (dative singular)
selgābom (dative dual)
selgābos (dative plural)
selgai (locative singular)
selgābim (dual instrumental)
selgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: helcʼh

Cornish: helgh

Welsh: hel

desctree

Old Irish: selg
Irish: seilg
Scottish Gaelic: sealg
Manx: shelg

From *selgati (“to hunt”), from Proto-Indo-European *selǵ- (“to send away, set loose”). Cognate with Ancient Greek λαγάσαι (lagásai, “to set free”) and Sanskrit सृजति (sṛjáti, “sets loose”).


abūl

abūl (nominative singular)
abale (dual nominative)
abala (nominative plural)
abūl (singular vocative)
abale (dual vocative)
abala (plural vocative)
abūl (accusative singular)
abale (accusative dual)
abala (accusative plural)
abalos (genitive singular)
abalou (dual genitive)
abalom (genitive plural)
abalei (dative singular)
abalobom (dative dual)
abalobos (dative plural)
abali (locative singular)
abale? (instrumental singular)
abalobim (dual instrumental)
abalobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aβal
Old Breton: abal
Middle Breton: aval
Breton: aval
Cornish: aval
Middle Welsh: aual
Welsh: afal

Old Irish: ubull
Middle Irish: uball
Irish: úll
Manx: ooyl
Scottish Gaelic: ubhal

Gaulish: *abalo-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *aplaz and Proto-Balto-Slavic *āˀbōl.


brixs

brixs (nominative singular)
brige (dual nominative)
briges (nominative plural)
brixs (singular vocative)
brige (dual vocative)
briges (plural vocative)
brigam (accusative singular)
brige (accusative dual)
brigans (accusative plural)
brigos (genitive singular)
brigou (dual genitive)
brigom (genitive plural)
brigei (dative singular)
brigobom (dative dual)
brigobos (dative plural)
brigi (locative singular)
brige? (instrumental singular)
brigobim (dual instrumental)
brigobis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: brí
Irish: brí
Scottish Gaelic: bre

Gaulish: *brignā (in toponyms)

→ Vulgar Latin: *brigna (see there for further descendants)

→ Ligurian: bric

→ Italian: bricco

→ Piedmontese: brich

Hispano-Celtic: -bris (“hill-fort”) (in toponyms)

→ Galician: -bre (in toponyms)

From *bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és (“something high up, fortified”), whence also *brigā.


ordos

ordos (nominative singular)
ordou (dual nominative)
ordoi (nominative plural)
orde (singular vocative)
ordou (dual vocative)
ordoi (plural vocative)
ordom (accusative singular)
ordou (accusative dual)
ordons (accusative plural)
ordī (genitive singular)
ordous (dual genitive)
ordom (genitive plural)
ordūi (dative singular)
ordobom (dative dual)
ordobos (dative plural)
ordei (locative singular)
ordū (instrumental singular)
ordobim (dual instrumental)
ordūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *orð

Old Breton: ord

Breton: orz

Old Welsh: ord

Middle Welsh: orð

Welsh: gordd

Old Irish: ord
Irish: ord
Manx: oard
Scottish Gaelic: òrd

→ Latin: Ordovices

Possibly from earlier *orxdo-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erg-dʰh₁o-, composed of *h₃erg- (“to perish”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do”). Also compare Old Armenian ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”), from a different root.


berus

berus (nominative singular)
berū (dual nominative)
berowes (nominative plural)
beru (singular vocative)
berū (dual vocative)
berūs (plural vocative)
berum (accusative singular)
berū (accusative dual)
beruns (accusative plural)
berous (genitive singular)
berous (dual genitive)
berowom (genitive plural)
berou (dative singular)
berubom (dative dual)
berubos (dative plural)
berū (instrumental singular)
berubim (dual instrumental)
berubis (instrumental plural)

desc

Middle Irish: bir (appearing only in glossaries or poetry)

Classical Gaelic: bior

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, brew”).


beros

beros (nominative singular)
berou (dual nominative)
beroi (nominative plural)
bere (singular vocative)
berou (dual vocative)
beroi (plural vocative)
berom (accusative singular)
berou (accusative dual)
berons (accusative plural)
berī (genitive singular)
berous (dual genitive)
berom (genitive plural)
berūi (dative singular)
berobom (dative dual)
berobos (dative plural)
berei (locative singular)
berū (instrumental singular)
berobim (dual instrumental)
berūis (instrumental plural)

From *bereti (“to carry, bear; flow”) + *-os.


loku

loku (nominative singular)
lokū (dual nominative)
lokwā (nominative plural)
loku (singular vocative)
lokū (dual vocative)
lokwā (plural vocative)
loku (accusative singular)
lokū (accusative dual)
lokwā (accusative plural)
lokous (genitive singular)
lokous (dual genitive)
lokowom (genitive plural)
lokou (dative singular)
lokubom (dative dual)
lokubos (dative plural)
lokū (instrumental singular)
lokubim (dual instrumental)
lokubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: loch
Irish: loch
→ English: lough
→ Yola: Lough
Manx: logh
Scottish Gaelic: loch
→ Middle English: lough, loch, louche, luh
English: lough, loch
Scots: loch

>? Welsh: llwch

>? Breton: loc’h

>? Cornish: logh


toutyos

toutyos (nominative singular)
toutyou (dual nominative)
toutyoi (nominative plural)
toutye (singular vocative)
toutyou (dual vocative)
toutyoi (plural vocative)
toutyom (accusative singular)
toutyou (accusative dual)
toutyons (accusative plural)
toutyī (genitive singular)
toutyous (dual genitive)
toutyom (genitive plural)
toutyūi (dative singular)
toutyobom (dative dual)
toutyobos (dative plural)
toutyei (locative singular)
toutyū (instrumental singular)
toutyobim (dual instrumental)
toutyūis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: tooutious (Greek spelling)


karwos

karwos (nominative singular)
karwou (dual nominative)
karwoi (nominative plural)
karwe (singular vocative)
karwou (dual vocative)
karwoi (plural vocative)
karwom (accusative singular)
karwou (accusative dual)
karwons (accusative plural)
karwī (genitive singular)
karwous (dual genitive)
karwom (genitive plural)
karwūi (dative singular)
karwobom (dative dual)
karwobos (dative plural)
karwei (locative singular)
karwū (instrumental singular)
karwobim (dual instrumental)
karwūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *karw
Middle Breton: caro, qaro
Breton: karv
Old Cornish: karow
Cornish: karow
Old Welsh: caru
Middle Welsh: carw
Welsh: carw

Gaulish: caruus, carvos

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂wós, from the root *ḱerh₂- (“horn”). Cognate to Latin cervus (“deer”).


moltos

moltos (nominative singular)
moltou (dual nominative)
moltoi (nominative plural)
molte (singular vocative)
moltou (dual vocative)
moltoi (plural vocative)
moltom (accusative singular)
moltou (accusative dual)
moltons (accusative plural)
moltī (genitive singular)
moltous (dual genitive)
moltom (genitive plural)
moltūi (dative singular)
moltobom (dative dual)
moltobos (dative plural)
moltei (locative singular)
moltū (instrumental singular)
moltobim (dual instrumental)
moltūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mollt
Middle Breton: mout, maout
Breton: maout
Cornish: mols
Middle Welsh: mollt
Welsh: mollt

Old Irish: molt
Irish: molt
Manx: mohlt
Scottish Gaelic: mult

Gaulish: *multon-
→ Medieval Latin: moltō, multō, montō, muttō, mutō (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Multiple theories exist.
* Pokorny derived this from *melh₂- (“to crush”), the semantic distance resolvable under the assumption that castration was done with a crushing method.
* Matasović, unsatisfied with previous theories, assumes a borrowing from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


mīlom

mīlom (nominative singular)
mīlou (dual nominative)
mīlā (nominative plural)
mīlom (singular vocative)
mīlou (dual vocative)
mīlā (plural vocative)
mīlom (accusative singular)
mīlou (accusative dual)
mīlā (accusative plural)
mīlī (genitive singular)
mīlous (dual genitive)
mīlom (genitive plural)
mīlūi (dative singular)
mīlobom (dative dual)
mīlobos (dative plural)
mīlei (locative singular)
mīlū (instrumental singular)
mīlobim (dual instrumental)
mīlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mil
Middle Breton: mil
Breton: mil
Old Cornish: mil
Middle Cornish: mil, myl
Cornish: mil
Middle Welsh: mil
Welsh: mil

Old Irish: míl

Irish: míol

Manx: meeyl

Scottish Gaelic: mial

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₁l- (“small animal”). Compare Dutch maal (“calf”), Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “sheep”).


tīros

tīros (nominative singular)
tīrese? (dual nominative)
tīresa (nominative plural)
tīros (singular vocative)
tīrese? (dual vocative)
tīresa (plural vocative)
tīros (accusative singular)
tīrese? (accusative dual)
tīresa (accusative plural)
tīresos (genitive singular)
tīresous? (dual genitive)
tīresom (genitive plural)
tīresei (dative singular)
tīresbom (dative dual)
tīresbos (dative plural)
tīresi (locative singular)
tīresei (instrumental singular)
tīresbim (dual instrumental)
tīresbis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tir
Middle Breton: tir
Breton: tir
Old Cornish: tir
Cornish: tir
Old Welsh: tir
Middle Welsh: tir
Welsh: tir

Old Irish: tír
Irish: tír
Manx: çheer
Scottish Gaelic: tìr

From Proto-Indo-European *tērs-os or *tḗrs, from *ters- (“dry”). Cognate with Oscan 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 (teras), Latin terra (“dry land”).


oitos

oitos (nominative singular)
oitou (dual nominative)
oitoi (nominative plural)
oite (singular vocative)
oitou (dual vocative)
oitoi (plural vocative)
oitom (accusative singular)
oitou (accusative dual)
oitons (accusative plural)
oitī (genitive singular)
oitous (dual genitive)
oitom (genitive plural)
oitūi (dative singular)
oitobom (dative dual)
oitobos (dative plural)
oitei (locative singular)
oitū (instrumental singular)
oitobim (dual instrumental)
oitūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉd

⇒ Old Welsh: anutonou, anutonau pl

Middle Welsh: anudon (“perjury”)

Welsh: anudon

Middle Irish: áeth, óeth, oíth

Gaulish: *oitos

→⇒ Latin: Oitoccius, Aroitus

Cognate to Proto-Germanic *aiþaz (“oath”) and Ancient Greek οἶτος (oîtos, “fate”). They may either be from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”) or Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- (“to grant”).


barros

barros (nominative singular)
barrou (dual nominative)
barroi (nominative plural)
barre (singular vocative)
barrou (dual vocative)
barroi (plural vocative)
barrom (accusative singular)
barrou (accusative dual)
barrons (accusative plural)
barrī (genitive singular)
barrous (dual genitive)
barrom (genitive plural)
barrūi (dative singular)
barrobom (dative dual)
barrobos (dative plural)
barrei (locative singular)
barrū (instrumental singular)
barrobim (dual instrumental)
barrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: barr

Middle Breton: barr

Cornish: bar

Middle Welsh: barr
Welsh: bar

Old Irish: barr
Irish: barr
Manx: baar
Scottish Gaelic: bàrr

Gaulish: Cunobarrus

From earlier *barsos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥s-ó-s, from *bʰers- (“point, top, tip”).


angʷīnā

angʷīnā (nominative singular)
angʷīnai (dual nominative)
angʷīnās (nominative plural)
angʷīnā (singular vocative)
angʷīnai (dual vocative)
angʷīnās (plural vocative)
angʷīnam (accusative singular)
angʷīnai (accusative dual)
angʷīnāns (accusative plural)
angʷīnās (genitive singular)
angʷīnous (dual genitive)
angʷīnom (genitive plural)
angʷīnāi (dative singular)
angʷīnābom (dative dual)
angʷīnābos (dative plural)
angʷīnai (locative singular)
angʷīnābim (dual instrumental)
angʷīnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėɣwin

Old Breton: eguin

Middle Breton: euin

Breton: ivin, ewin, iwin

Old Cornish: euuin

Cornish: ewin

Old Welsh: eguin

Middle Welsh: ewin

Welsh: ewin

Old Irish: ingen
Middle Irish: inga (reinterpreted as an n-stem)
Irish: ionga
Manx: ingin
Scottish Gaelic: ionga

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃n̥gʰu-, zero grade of *h₃nṓgʰs.

nail (thin, horny plate on fingers and toes)


aidu

aidu (nominative singular)
aidū (dual nominative)
aidwā (nominative plural)
aidu (singular vocative)
aidū (dual vocative)
aidwā (plural vocative)
aidu (accusative singular)
aidū (accusative dual)
aidwā (accusative plural)
aidous (genitive singular)
aidous (dual genitive)
aidowom (genitive plural)
aidou (dative singular)
aidubom (dative dual)
aidubos (dative plural)
aidū (instrumental singular)
aidubim (dual instrumental)
aidubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oɨð

Middle Breton: oaz

desc

Middle Welsh: aið (with unexplained diphthong ai-)

Old Irish: áed

desctree

Old Irish: Áed
Irish: Aodh
Scottish Gaelic: Aodh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“fire”).


mrogis

mrogis (nominative singular)
mrogī (dual nominative)
mrogīs (nominative plural)
mrogi (singular vocative)
mrogī (dual vocative)
mrogīs (plural vocative)
mrogim (accusative singular)
mrogī (accusative dual)
mrogins (accusative plural)
mrogeis (genitive singular)
mrogyow (dual genitive)
mrogyom (genitive plural)
mrogei (dative singular)
mrogibom (dative dual)
mrogibos (dative plural)
mrogei (locative singular)
mrogī (instrumental singular)
mrogibim (dual instrumental)
mrogibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *broɣ
Old Breton: bro
Middle Breton: bro
Breton: bro
Cornish: bro
Middle Welsh: bro
Welsh: bro

Old Irish: mruig
Middle Irish: bruig, brug
Irish: brugh

Gaulish: *brogis, *-brogīs

→ Latin: brogi-, -broges

⇒? Gaulish: *brogilos

→ Italian: brolo

→ Old French: bruil

French: breuil

→? Old High German: brüel

Cimbrian: bröol

German: Brühl

→ Venetan: broło

From Proto-Indo-European *mórǵs (“frontier, border”). Cognate with Latin margo (“border, edge”), Proto-Germanic *markō (“border, region”), Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀 (mar^əza, “frontier”).


owis

owis (nominative singular)
owī (dual nominative)
owīs (nominative plural)
owi (singular vocative)
owī (dual vocative)
owīs (plural vocative)
owim (accusative singular)
owī (accusative dual)
owins (accusative plural)
oweis (genitive singular)
owyow (dual genitive)
owyom (genitive plural)
owei (dative singular)
owibom (dative dual)
owibos (dative plural)
owei (locative singular)
owī (instrumental singular)
owibim (dual instrumental)
owibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: oí


kridyom

kridyom (nominative singular)
kridyou (dual nominative)
kridyā (nominative plural)
kridyom (singular vocative)
kridyou (dual vocative)
kridyā (plural vocative)
kridyom (accusative singular)
kridyou (accusative dual)
kridyā (accusative plural)
kridyī (genitive singular)
kridyous (dual genitive)
kridyom (genitive plural)
kridyūi (dative singular)
kridyobom (dative dual)
kridyobos (dative plural)
kridyei (locative singular)
kridyū (instrumental singular)
kridyobim (dual instrumental)
kridyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krėð

Middle Breton: kreis

Breton: kreiz

Cornish: kres

Welsh: craidd

Old Irish: cride

Irish: croí

Manx: cree

Scottish Gaelic: cridhe

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥d-, weak stem of *ḱḗr.


woltos

woltos (nominative singular)
woltou (dual nominative)
woltoi (nominative plural)
wolte (singular vocative)
woltou (dual vocative)
woltoi (plural vocative)
woltom (accusative singular)
woltou (accusative dual)
woltons (accusative plural)
woltī (genitive singular)
woltous (dual genitive)
woltom (genitive plural)
woltūi (dative singular)
woltobom (dative dual)
woltobos (dative plural)
woltei (locative singular)
woltū (instrumental singular)
woltobim (dual instrumental)
woltūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwollt
Old Breton: guolt
Old Cornish: gols
Cornish: gols
Welsh: gwallt

Old Irish: folt
Irish: folt
Manx: folt
Scottish Gaelic: falt

Gaulish: uolto-, *woltos

From Proto-Indo-European *woltos (“hair”), perhaps an extension of *h₂welh₁- (“hair; wool”). Compare with English wold, Proto-Slavic *volsъ (“hair”), Lithuanian váltis (“oat awn”), Serbo-Croatian vlȃt (“ear (of wheat)”), Ancient Greek λάσιος (lásios, “hairy”).


deiwos

deiwos (nominative singular)
deiwou (dual nominative)
deiwoi (nominative plural)
deiwe (singular vocative)
deiwou (dual vocative)
deiwoi (plural vocative)
deiwom (accusative singular)
deiwou (accusative dual)
deiwons (accusative plural)
deiwī (genitive singular)
deiwous (dual genitive)
deiwom (genitive plural)
deiwūi (dative singular)
deiwobom (dative dual)
deiwobos (dative plural)
deiwei (locative singular)
deiwū (instrumental singular)
deiwobim (dual instrumental)
deiwūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *duɨw
Old Breton: *doi (in compound)
Middle Breton: doe
Breton: doue
Old Cornish: duy
Middle Cornish: dew, deu
Cornish: duw
Old Welsh: duiu
Middle Welsh: duw
Welsh: duw

Hispano-Celtic:

Celtiberian: Teiuoreikis, Deobriga

→ Galician: Deva (river name)

desc

Gaulish: *Dewognata, teuoxtonio-, Dēuos, Dēwos, Dēvona

Old Irish: día

Irish: dia, Dia, Dé

Manx: jee

Scottish Gaelic: dia


nizdos

nizdos (nominative singular)
nizdou (dual nominative)
nizdoi (nominative plural)
nizde (singular vocative)
nizdou (dual vocative)
nizdoi (plural vocative)
nizdom (accusative singular)
nizdou (accusative dual)
nizdons (accusative plural)
nizdī (genitive singular)
nizdous (dual genitive)
nizdom (genitive plural)
nizdūi (dative singular)
nizdobom (dative dual)
nizdobos (dative plural)
nizdei (locative singular)
nizdū (instrumental singular)
nizdobim (dual instrumental)
nizdūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *nɨθ
Middle Breton: nez
Breton: neizh, nezh
Old Cornish: neid
Middle Cornish: nyth
Cornish: neyth
Middle Welsh: nyth
Welsh: nyth

Old Irish: net
Irish: nead
Scottish Gaelic: nead
Manx: edd (“nest”)


bekkos

bekkos (nominative singular)
bekkou (dual nominative)
bekkoi (nominative plural)
bekke (singular vocative)
bekkou (dual vocative)
bekkoi (plural vocative)
bekkom (accusative singular)
bekkou (accusative dual)
bekkons (accusative plural)
bekkī (genitive singular)
bekkous (dual genitive)
bekkom (genitive plural)
bekkūi (dative singular)
bekkobom (dative dual)
bekkobos (dative plural)
bekkei (locative singular)
bekkū (instrumental singular)
bekkobim (dual instrumental)
bekkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bek

Middle Breton: bec

Breton: bek, beg

Gaulish: *bekkos

→ Latin: beccus (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly of "expressive" origin, or perhaps related to Proto-Celtic *bakkos (“hook, curved stick”), the latter possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bak- (“peg, club”).

onomatopoeic

expressive


brokkos

brokkos (nominative singular)
brokkou (dual nominative)
brokkoi (nominative plural)
brokke (singular vocative)
brokkou (dual vocative)
brokkoi (plural vocative)
brokkom (accusative singular)
brokkou (accusative dual)
brokkons (accusative plural)
brokkī (genitive singular)
brokkous (dual genitive)
brokkom (genitive plural)
brokkūi (dative singular)
brokkobom (dative dual)
brokkobos (dative plural)
brokkei (locative singular)
brokkū (instrumental singular)
brokkobim (dual instrumental)
brokkūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brox
Middle Breton: broc'h
Breton: broc'h
Old Cornish: broch
Cornish: brogh
Middle Welsh: broch
Welsh: broch

desc

Primitive Irish: ᚁᚏᚑᚉᚔ (broci, genitive)

desctree

Middle Irish: brocc
Irish: broc
Manx: brock
Scottish Gaelic: broc

Gaulish: broko-, *brokkos

→ Latin: broccus (“buck-teeth”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old English: brocc, broc
Middle English: brok
English: brock
→ Danish: brok c

Unknown. Possible cognate with Old High German braccho (“sniffer dog”), for which see Middle English rache.


bolgos

bolgos (nominative singular)
bolgou (dual nominative)
bolgoi (nominative plural)
bolge (singular vocative)
bolgou (dual vocative)
bolgoi (plural vocative)
bolgom (accusative singular)
bolgou (accusative dual)
bolgons (accusative plural)
bolgī (genitive singular)
bolgous (dual genitive)
bolgom (genitive plural)
bolgūi (dative singular)
bolgobom (dative dual)
bolgobos (dative plural)
bolgei (locative singular)
bolgū (instrumental singular)
bolgobim (dual instrumental)
bolgūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bolɣ
Middle Breton: bolc'h
Breton: bolc'h
Cornish: bolgh
Middle Welsh: boly, boliau, byly
Welsh: bol, bola

Old Irish: bolg
Irish: bolg
→⇒ Yola: wurgheere (< bhoilg)
Manx: bolg
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: bolgan
⇒ Middle Irish: saigetbolc

Gaulish: *bolgā

→ Medieval Latin: bulga
→ Old French: bouge, boulge, bolge (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰólǵʰ-o-s (“skin bag, bolster”), from *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”).


ambaxtos

ambaxtos (nominative singular)
ambaxtou (dual nominative)
ambaxtoi (nominative plural)
ambaxte (singular vocative)
ambaxtou (dual vocative)
ambaxtoi (plural vocative)
ambaxtom (accusative singular)
ambaxtou (accusative dual)
ambaxtons (accusative plural)
ambaxtī (genitive singular)
ambaxtous (dual genitive)
ambaxtom (genitive plural)
ambaxtūi (dative singular)
ambaxtobom (dative dual)
ambaxtobos (dative plural)
ambaxtei (locative singular)
ambaxtū (instrumental singular)
ambaxtobim (dual instrumental)
ambaxtūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ammaɨθ
Old Breton: ambaith
Cornish: ammeth
Middle Welsh: amaeth
Welsh: amaeth

Old Irish: amos, amsach (perhaps borrowed from Brythonic)

Irish: amhas

Gaulish: ambaxtos
→ Latin: ambactus, ambaxtus (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Germanic: *ambahtaz (see there for further descendants)

From *ambi- (“around”) + *ageti (“to drive”) + *-tos.


uɸostos

uɸostos (nominative singular)
uɸostou (dual nominative)
uɸostoi (nominative plural)
uɸoste (singular vocative)
uɸostou (dual vocative)
uɸostoi (plural vocative)
uɸostom (accusative singular)
uɸostou (accusative dual)
uɸostons (accusative plural)
uɸostī (genitive singular)
uɸostous (dual genitive)
uɸostom (genitive plural)
uɸostūi (dative singular)
uɸostobom (dative dual)
uɸostobos (dative plural)
uɸostei (locative singular)
uɸostū (instrumental singular)
uɸostobim (dual instrumental)
uɸostūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwass

Middle Breton: uuas, guas

Breton: gwaz

Cumbric: gos

Old Cornish: guas

Cornish: gwas

Old Welsh: guas

Middle Welsh: gwas

Welsh: gwas

Old Irish: foss

Scottish Gaelic: fasdadh

Gaulish: *uassos

→ Latin: Vassa (cognomen of a Brescian)

→ Late Latin: vassus

⇒ Medieval Latin: vassallus (see there for further descendants)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-ó-s (“standing beneath”), from *upó (“under”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-ós (“agent suffix”). Matasović, however, is confused at how the -o- in *uɸo- became -a- in Gaulish and Brythonic. However, Schrijver believes that in Brythonic, sequences of *wo regularly split into *wa and *wo depending on whether the *w was lenited; in this case, the vowel in the Brythonic descendants would be generalized from the lenited form. The Gaulish conversion of *wo to ua is regular.


kʷezdis

kʷezdis (nominative singular)
kʷezdī (dual nominative)
kʷezdīs (nominative plural)
kʷezdi (singular vocative)
kʷezdī (dual vocative)
kʷezdīs (plural vocative)
kʷezdim (accusative singular)
kʷezdī (accusative dual)
kʷezdins (accusative plural)
kʷezdeis (genitive singular)
kʷezdyow (dual genitive)
kʷezdyom (genitive plural)
kʷezdei (dative singular)
kʷezdibom (dative dual)
kʷezdibos (dative plural)
kʷezdei (locative singular)
kʷezdī (instrumental singular)
kʷezdibim (dual instrumental)
kʷezdibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *peθ
Middle Breton: pez
Breton: pezh
Cornish: peth, pyth
Old Welsh: ped
Middle Welsh: peth
Welsh: peth
Pictish:
→ Scottish Gaelic: pett
→ English: peat

Old Irish: cuit
Middle Irish: cuit
Irish: cuid
Manx: cooid
Scottish Gaelic: cuid

Gaulish: *pettyā

→ Latin: pettia (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate source as no Indo-European cognates appear to exist.