knāmis

knāmis (nominative singular)
knāmī (dual nominative)
knāmīs (nominative plural)
knāmi (singular vocative)
knāmī (dual vocative)
knāmīs (plural vocative)
knāmim (accusative singular)
knāmī (accusative dual)
knāmins (accusative plural)
knāmeis (genitive singular)
knāmyow (dual genitive)
knāmyom (genitive plural)
knāmei (dative singular)
knāmibom (dative dual)
knāmibos (dative plural)
knāmei (locative singular)
knāmī (instrumental singular)
knāmibim (dual instrumental)
knāmibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: cnáim
Irish: cnámh
Manx: craue
Scottish Gaelic: cnàimh
→? Middle Welsh: knaw
⇒ Welsh: pencnaw (“end of a bone”)

From Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂m (“leg”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hammō (whence English ham (“shinbone”)) and Ancient Greek κνήμη (knḗmē, “tibia”).


wolkos

wolkos (nominative singular)
wolkou (dual nominative)
wolkoi (nominative plural)
wolke (singular vocative)
wolkou (dual vocative)
wolkoi (plural vocative)
wolkom (accusative singular)
wolkou (accusative dual)
wolkons (accusative plural)
wolkī (genitive singular)
wolkous (dual genitive)
wolkom (genitive plural)
wolkūi (dative singular)
wolkobom (dative dual)
wolkobos (dative plural)
wolkei (locative singular)
wolkū (instrumental singular)
wolkobim (dual instrumental)
wolkūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwalx

Breton: gwalc’h

Welsh: gwalch

Gaulish: *Wolcās

Latin: Volcae

→? Old Norse: valr (“falcon”)

Uncertain. Possibly related to *ulkos (“bad, evil”), hinted by early Celtic farmers' hostility towards birds of prey. If so, cognate with Old Irish olc. However, this is uncertain. Alternatively perhaps related to Latin falcō (“falcon”).


wolkos

Proto-Brythonic: *gwolx

Breton: gwalc'h, golc'h

Welsh: golch (“washing, lotion”)

Middle Irish: folc

Irish: folc

From Proto-Indo-European *wólkos, an o-grade *-os noun formed from a root *welk-.
Matasović derives *welk- from Proto-Indo-European *welg- (“wet”). A root noun ending in *-g-s (Matasović supposes *wṓlg-s ~ *wolg-os) would have the velar devoice to *-k-, which would then spawn a neo-root as the nominative -k- would be generalized throughout the root noun's paradigm.


trātu

trātu (nominative singular)
trātū (dual nominative)
trātwā (nominative plural)
trātu (singular vocative)
trātū (dual vocative)
trātwā (plural vocative)
trātu (accusative singular)
trātū (accusative dual)
trātwā (accusative plural)
trātous (genitive singular)
trātous (dual genitive)
trātowom (genitive plural)
trātou (dative singular)
trātubom (dative dual)
trātubos (dative plural)
trātū (instrumental singular)
trātubim (dual instrumental)
trātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trọd

Middle Welsh: trawt, trawd (“course, voyage”)

Welsh: trawd, trawdd

Old Irish: tráth
Irish: tráth
Manx: traa
Scottish Gaelic: tràth

From Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to cross, pass”).


ɸlenstus

ɸlenstus (nominative singular)
ɸlenstū (dual nominative)
ɸlenstowes (nominative plural)
ɸlenstu (singular vocative)
ɸlenstū (dual vocative)
ɸlenstūs (plural vocative)
ɸlenstum (accusative singular)
ɸlenstū (accusative dual)
ɸlenstuns (accusative plural)
ɸlenstous (genitive singular)
ɸlenstous (dual genitive)
ɸlenstowom (genitive plural)
ɸlenstou (dative singular)
ɸlenstubom (dative dual)
ɸlenstubos (dative plural)
ɸlenstū (instrumental singular)
ɸlenstubim (dual instrumental)
ɸlenstubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: lés (“light”)
Middle Irish: lés, lóess
Irish: léas, leos

Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)plend- + *-tus. Compare Latin splendeō (“shine, glitter”), Tocharian A plāntā- (“rejoice”).


kattā

kattā (nominative singular)
kattai (dual nominative)
kattās (nominative plural)
kattā (singular vocative)
kattai (dual vocative)
kattās (plural vocative)
kattam (accusative singular)
kattai (accusative dual)
kattāns (accusative plural)
kattās (genitive singular)
kattous (dual genitive)
kattom (genitive plural)
kattāi (dative singular)
kattābom (dative dual)
kattābos (dative plural)
kattai (locative singular)
kattābim (dual instrumental)
kattābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaθ
Breton: kazh, kaz
Cornish: kath, cath
Welsh: cath

Feminine equivalent of *kattos; either borrowed from or cognate with post-Classical Latin catta (“cat”).


sasyos

sasyos (nominative singular)
sasyou (dual nominative)
sasyoi (nominative plural)
sasye (singular vocative)
sasyou (dual vocative)
sasyoi (plural vocative)
sasyom (accusative singular)
sasyou (accusative dual)
sasyons (accusative plural)
sasyī (genitive singular)
sasyous (dual genitive)
sasyom (genitive plural)
sasyūi (dative singular)
sasyobom (dative dual)
sasyobos (dative plural)
sasyei (locative singular)
sasyū (instrumental singular)
sasyobim (dual instrumental)
sasyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: heidd

Welsh: haidd

Old Breton: heiz, heizen(n)

Breton: heiz

Cornish: heydh

Celtiberian: *sas(s)ia

→ Old Occitan: saisseto (“fine wheat”)

Catalan: xeixa

→ Spanish: jeja

Gaulish: *(s)asyom (perhaps)

→ Ancient Greek: ασιαμ (asiam)

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₁-s-yo-s, from *seh₁- (“to sow”). Cognate with Sanskrit सस्य (sasya), सस (sasa, “crop, grain”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬵𐬫𐬀 (hahya, “crop, grain”), 𐬵𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬱 (haŋhuš, “use, profit, fruit”), Hittite 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒀭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-an-na-aš), 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-na-aš, “fruit (tree), harvest, crop”).


lubī

lubī (nominative singular)
lubī (dual nominative)
lubiyās (nominative plural)
lubī (singular vocative)
lubī (dual vocative)
lubiyās (plural vocative)
lubīm (accusative singular)
lubī (accusative dual)
lubīns (accusative plural)
lubyās (genitive singular)
lubyous (dual genitive)
lubyom (genitive plural)
lubyai (dative singular)
lubyābom (dative dual)
lubyābos (dative plural)
lubyābim (dual instrumental)
lubyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluβ

⇒ Old Breton: tutlub, tutlob

Breton: tulev, tule, tulo

Old Irish: luib

Irish: luibh

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“leaf”). Compare with English leaf and Latin liber (“book”).


lussus

lussus (nominative singular)
lussū (dual nominative)
lussowes (nominative plural)
lussu (singular vocative)
lussū (dual vocative)
lussūs (plural vocative)
lussum (accusative singular)
lussū (accusative dual)
lussuns (accusative plural)
lussous (genitive singular)
lussous (dual genitive)
lussowom (genitive plural)
lussou (dative singular)
lussubom (dative dual)
lussubos (dative plural)
lussū (instrumental singular)
lussubim (dual instrumental)
lussubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: louzoù

Cornish: les, losow

Welsh: llys, llysiau

Old Irish: lus
Irish: lus
Manx: lus
Scottish Gaelic: lus

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ludʰ-tu-, from *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”), with possible influence from Proto-Celtic *lubā (“herb, plant”).


banatlom

banatlom (nominative singular)
banatlou (dual nominative)
banatlā (nominative plural)
banatlom (singular vocative)
banatlou (dual vocative)
banatlā (plural vocative)
banatlom (accusative singular)
banatlou (accusative dual)
banatlā (accusative plural)
banatlī (genitive singular)
banatlous (dual genitive)
banatlom (genitive plural)
banatlūi (dative singular)
banatlobom (dative dual)
banatlobos (dative plural)
banatlei (locative singular)
banatlū (instrumental singular)
banatlobim (dual instrumental)
banatlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *banadl

Middle Breton: balazn (by metathesis)

Breton: balan

Cornish: banadhel

Welsh: banadl (“broom”)

Gaulish: *balano-
→ Catalan: bàlec
→ Old French: balain
French: balai
→ Esperanto: balai
→ Galician: balea
→ Spanish: bálago

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰenH-tlom (“way, path”); or alternatively from *gʷʰen-tlom, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”), in the sense of “cleared path (in a wood)”; compare Proto-Germanic *banō (“path, cleared way”).


rūnā

rūnā (nominative singular)
rūnai (dual nominative)
rūnās (nominative plural)
rūnā (singular vocative)
rūnai (dual vocative)
rūnās (plural vocative)
rūnam (accusative singular)
rūnai (accusative dual)
rūnāns (accusative plural)
rūnās (genitive singular)
rūnous (dual genitive)
rūnom (genitive plural)
rūnāi (dative singular)
rūnābom (dative dual)
rūnābos (dative plural)
rūnai (locative singular)
rūnābim (dual instrumental)
rūnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrin

Middle Welsh: rin

Welsh: rhin

desctree

Old Irish: rún
Irish: rún
Scottish Gaelic: rùn
Manx: roon

Uncertain; Proto-Germanic *rūnō is either derived from the same source or is itself a loanword from Proto-Celtic. Matasovic is skeptical of connections to Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewH- (“to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper”) (whence Latin rūmor) and to Ancient Greek ἐρέω (eréō, “to ask, tell”), and appears to prefer a borrowing from a common substrate language.


rentus

rentus (nominative singular)
rentū (dual nominative)
rentowes (nominative plural)
rentu (singular vocative)
rentū (dual vocative)
rentūs (plural vocative)
rentum (accusative singular)
rentū (accusative dual)
rentuns (accusative plural)
rentous (genitive singular)
rentous (dual genitive)
rentowom (genitive plural)
rentou (dative singular)
rentubom (dative dual)
rentubos (dative plural)
rentū (instrumental singular)
rentubim (dual instrumental)
rentubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: rét

Uncertain, but a speculative relationship to Sanskrit रत्न (rátna-, “possession; precious object, treasure, riches, goods”), itself of uncertain origin, has been proposed, assuming common derivation from Proto-Indo-European *(H)ren-t- with metathesis of *nt into Sanskrit /tn/.


uxsū

uxsens (nominative singular)
uxsene (dual nominative)
uxsenes (nominative plural)
uxsens (singular vocative)
uxsene (dual vocative)
uxsenes (plural vocative)
uxsenam (accusative singular)
uxsene (accusative dual)
uxsenans (accusative plural)
uxsenos (genitive singular)
uxsenou (dual genitive)
uxsenom (genitive plural)
uxsenei (dative singular)
uxsenobom (dative dual)
uxsenobos (dative plural)
uxseni (locative singular)
uxsene? (instrumental singular)
uxsenobim (dual instrumental)
uxsenobis (instrumental plural)
uxsū (nominative singular)
uxsene (dual nominative)
uxsenes (nominative plural)
uxsū (singular vocative)
uxsene (dual vocative)
uxsenes (plural vocative)
uxsenam (accusative singular)
uxsene (accusative dual)
uxsenans (accusative plural)
uxsenos (genitive singular)
uxsenou (dual genitive)
uxsenom (genitive plural)
uxsenei (dative singular)
uxsenobom (dative dual)
uxsenobos (dative plural)
uxseni (locative singular)
uxsene? (instrumental singular)
uxsenobim (dual instrumental)
uxsenobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *üx sg, *uxen pl (“oxen”)
Old Breton: ohen
Middle Breton: ouhen
Breton: oc'hen
Old Cornish: oghan, ohan
Cornish: ohen
Middle Welsh: ychen sg (“ox”), ych pl
Welsh: ych sg, ychain pl

From Proto-Indo-European *úks-ō, from *uksḗn (“ox”).

os

Old Irish: oss (“elk, deer, stag”); Scottish Gaelic


metom

metom (nominative singular)
metou (dual nominative)
metā (nominative plural)
metom (singular vocative)
metou (dual vocative)
metā (plural vocative)
metom (accusative singular)
metou (accusative dual)
metā (accusative plural)
metī (genitive singular)
metous (dual genitive)
metom (genitive plural)
metūi (dative singular)
metobom (dative dual)
metobos (dative plural)
metei (locative singular)
metū (instrumental singular)
metobim (dual instrumental)
metūis (instrumental plural)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: meth

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: meth

Welsh: meth

Middle Breton: mez

Breton: mezh

Middle Cornish:

Cornish: meth

Unknown, probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate. However, compare Irish maoth (“tender, soft, weak”), from Proto-Celtic *moytos (“tender”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyh₁- (“mild, soft”). From the same root is Latin mitis (“mellow, soft, weak”).


tanā

tanā (nominative singular)
tanai (dual nominative)
tanās (nominative plural)
tanā (singular vocative)
tanai (dual vocative)
tanās (plural vocative)
tanam (accusative singular)
tanai (accusative dual)
tanāns (accusative plural)
tanās (genitive singular)
tanous (dual genitive)
tanom (genitive plural)
tanāi (dative singular)
tanābom (dative dual)
tanābos (dative plural)
tanai (locative singular)
tanābim (dual instrumental)
tanābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tan
Old Breton: tan, dan
Middle Cornish: tan
Cornish: tann, yn-dann
Middle Welsh: tan
Welsh: tan

Old Irish: tan

From Proto-Indo-European *tn̥néh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch”).


ātis

ātis (nominative singular)
ātī (dual nominative)
ātīs (nominative plural)
āti (singular vocative)
ātī (dual vocative)
ātīs (plural vocative)
ātim (accusative singular)
ātī (accusative dual)
ātins (accusative plural)
āteis (genitive singular)
ātyow (dual genitive)
ātyom (genitive plural)
ātei (dative singular)
ātibom (dative dual)
ātibos (dative plural)
ātei (locative singular)
ātī (instrumental singular)
ātibim (dual instrumental)
ātibis (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *ọdɨn (“kiln”) (< *ātino-)

Old Cornish: Odencolc (“lime-kiln”) (toponym, + colc (“lime”))

Cornish: Odengalgh

Middle Welsh: odyn

Welsh: odyn

desctree

Old Irish: áith
Middle Irish: áith
Irish: áith
Scottish Gaelic: àth
Manx: aiee

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₁-ti-s, from *h₂eh₁- (“to be warm”) + *-tis.


ās

ās (nominative singular)
āse (dual nominative)
āsa (nominative plural)
ās (singular vocative)
āse (dual vocative)
āsa (plural vocative)
ās (accusative singular)
āse (accusative dual)
āsa (accusative plural)
āsos (genitive singular)
āsou (dual genitive)
āsom (genitive plural)
āsei (dative singular)
āsobom (dative dual)
āsobos (dative plural)
āsi (locative singular)
āse? (instrumental singular)
āsobim (dual instrumental)
āsobis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: á (“mouth”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁óh₃s (“mouth”), which Matasović reconstructs as *h₁óh₁s.


kʷaryos

kʷaryos (nominative singular)
kʷaryou (dual nominative)
kʷaryoi (nominative plural)
kʷarye (singular vocative)
kʷaryou (dual vocative)
kʷaryoi (plural vocative)
kʷaryom (accusative singular)
kʷaryou (accusative dual)
kʷaryons (accusative plural)
kʷaryī (genitive singular)
kʷaryous (dual genitive)
kʷaryom (genitive plural)
kʷaryūi (dative singular)
kʷaryobom (dative dual)
kʷaryobos (dative plural)
kʷaryei (locative singular)
kʷaryū (instrumental singular)
kʷaryobim (dual instrumental)
kʷaryūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *pėr

Old Breton:

Breton: per

Old Cornish: per

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: peir

Welsh: pair

Old Irish: coire, caire

Middle Irish: coire
Irish: coire
Manx: coirrey
Scottish Gaelic: coire

Transalpine Gaulish: parios

q

⇒ Transalpine Gaulish: [Term?] (name of two Celtic tribes in Yorkshire and in the Île-de-France)

→ Latin: Parisii

→ Vulgar Latin: *parium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥-yos, from *kʷer- (“bowl, vessel”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hweraz (“kettle”), Sanskrit चरु (carú, “kettle, pot”), Proto-Slavic *čara (“bowl, mug”).


moinis

moynis (nominative singular)
moynī (dual nominative)
moynīs (nominative plural)
moyni (singular vocative)
moynī (dual vocative)
moynīs (plural vocative)
moynim (accusative singular)
moynī (accusative dual)
moynins (accusative plural)
moyneis (genitive singular)
moynyow (dual genitive)
moynyom (genitive plural)
moynei (dative singular)
moynibom (dative dual)
moynibos (dative plural)
moynei (locative singular)
moynī (instrumental singular)
moynibim (dual instrumental)
moynibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: moín (“gift, benefit”)

Irish: maoin

Scottish Gaelic: maoin

From Proto-Indo-European *moynis (compare Latin mūnis (“obliging”), Old English mǣne (“common”)), from *mey- (“to change”).


kallī

kallī (nominative singular)
kallī (dual nominative)
kalliyās (nominative plural)
kallī (singular vocative)
kallī (dual vocative)
kalliyās (plural vocative)
kallīm (accusative singular)
kallī (accusative dual)
kallīns (accusative plural)
kallyās (genitive singular)
kallyous (dual genitive)
kallyom (genitive plural)
kallyai (dative singular)
kallyābom (dative dual)
kallyābos (dative plural)
kallyābim (dual instrumental)
kallyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: caill

Irish: coill

Manx: keyll

Scottish Gaelic: coille

Old Breton: celli, cilli

Breton: killi

Old Cornish: kelli

Cornish: kelli

Middle Welsh: celli

Welsh: celli

Uncertain. Maybe a derivative of the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *kl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *kl̥-n-h₂-énti (“to beat”) of Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂-, though further details are obscure. Compare Proto-Germanic *hultą (“wood”). Other suggestions include from *(s)kelH- (“to cut”), whence Proto-Germanic *skiljaną (“to cut”), or from *kel- (“to drive”), whence Latin callis (“path”).


kasninā

kasninā (nominative singular)
kasninai (dual nominative)
kasninās (nominative plural)
kasninā (singular vocative)
kasninai (dual vocative)
kasninās (plural vocative)
kasninam (accusative singular)
kasninai (accusative dual)
kasnināns (accusative plural)
kasninās (genitive singular)
kasninous (dual genitive)
kasninom (genitive plural)
kasnināi (dative singular)
kasninābom (dative dual)
kasninābos (dative plural)
kasninai (locative singular)
kasninābim (dual instrumental)
kasninābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: caeninn (“garlic”)

Middle Breton: quinghenn

Breton: kignen

Old Cornish: kenin

Old Welsh: cennin

Welsh: cennin

Old Irish: cainnenn, cainenn

Middle Irish: cainnenn

Irish: cainneann

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kesn- and cognate with Proto-Slavic *česnъ (“garlic”), though the similarity could be incidental. The a-vocalism may indicate a non-IE substrate loanword.


wāris

wāris (nominative singular)
wārī (dual nominative)
wārīs (nominative plural)
wāri (singular vocative)
wārī (dual vocative)
wārīs (plural vocative)
wārim (accusative singular)
wārī (accusative dual)
wārins (accusative plural)
wāreis (genitive singular)
wāryow (dual genitive)
wāryom (genitive plural)
wārei (dative singular)
wāribom (dative dual)
wāribos (dative plural)
wārei (locative singular)
wārī (instrumental singular)
wāribim (dual instrumental)
wāribis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: fáir

Welsh: gwawr

From Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).


wesākos

wesākos (nominative singular)
wesākou (dual nominative)
wesākoi (nominative plural)
wesāke (singular vocative)
wesākou (dual vocative)
wesākoi (plural vocative)
wesākom (accusative singular)
wesākou (accusative dual)
wesākons (accusative plural)
wesākī (genitive singular)
wesākous (dual genitive)
wesākom (genitive plural)
wesākūi (dative singular)
wesākobom (dative dual)
wesākobos (dative plural)
wesākei (locative singular)
wesākū (instrumental singular)
wesākobim (dual instrumental)
wesākūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: fiach, fíach (“raven”)

Irish: fiach

Manx: feeagh

Scottish Gaelic: fitheach

desc

Middle Welsh: gwyach (“grebe, Podiceps”)

Welsh: gwyach

Unknown. Possibly borrowed or derived from a non-Indo-European substrate. Welsh gwyach (f) points to a geminate form, *wesakkos. Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to consume, feast, eat”).


sanestos

sanestos (nominative singular)
sanestou (dual nominative)
sanestoi (nominative plural)
saneste (singular vocative)
sanestou (dual vocative)
sanestoi (plural vocative)
sanestom (accusative singular)
sanestou (accusative dual)
sanestons (accusative plural)
sanestī (genitive singular)
sanestous (dual genitive)
sanestom (genitive plural)
sanestūi (dative singular)
sanestobom (dative dual)
sanestobos (dative plural)
sanestei (locative singular)
sanestū (instrumental singular)
sanestobim (dual instrumental)
sanestūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hanes

Cornish: hanas, hanys (“sigh”)

Middle Welsh: hanes

Welsh: hanes

Middle Irish: sanas, sanais

Irish: sanas

Manx: sannish

Scottish Gaelic: sanas

Of unclear origin. The usual comparison to Proto-Celtic *swannati (from Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”)) is formally very unlikely, as proto-Celtic *sw- regularly corresponds to chw- in Welsh, yet the Welsh descendant of this root features an h- instead. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sn-Hes-to- (“wisdom of the elders, ancient lore”) (which would semantically shift to "advice" > "whisper"), from *sénos (“old”); however, this is semantically bold and makes an assumption that "advice" was the original meaning.


yalom

iālom (nominative singular)
iālou (dual nominative)
iālā (nominative plural)
iālom (singular vocative)
iālou (dual vocative)
iālā (plural vocative)
iālom (accusative singular)
iālou (accusative dual)
iālā (accusative plural)
iālī (genitive singular)
iālous (dual genitive)
iālom (genitive plural)
iālūi (dative singular)
iālobom (dative dual)
iālobos (dative plural)
iālei (locative singular)
iālū (instrumental singular)
iālobim (dual instrumental)
iālūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Welsh: ial

Welsh: iâl

Pictish:

→ English: Yell

Gaulish: *ialum

→ *Eburoialum, *Vernoialum, *Nantoialum (toponyms)

From Pre-Celtic *ih̥₁-l-eh₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁-. Related to Russian я́ловый (jálovyj, “barren”), Latvian jēls (“raw, uncooked”), English idle.


serrā

serrā (nominative singular)
serrai (dual nominative)
serrās (nominative plural)
serrā (singular vocative)
serrai (dual vocative)
serrās (plural vocative)
serram (accusative singular)
serrai (accusative dual)
serrāns (accusative plural)
serrās (genitive singular)
serrous (dual genitive)
serrom (genitive plural)
serrāi (dative singular)
serrābom (dative dual)
serrābos (dative plural)
serrai (locative singular)
serrābim (dual instrumental)
serrābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: serr

Middle Irish: serr

Scottish Gaelic: seàrr

Old Welsh: serr

Welsh: ser

Gaulish: serra

Old French:

French: Syrah, serine

→? Latin: serra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *serp- (“sickle, cut”).


omiyom

omiyom (nominative singular)
omiyou (dual nominative)
omiyā (nominative plural)
omiyom (singular vocative)
omiyou (dual vocative)
omiyā (plural vocative)
omiyom (accusative singular)
omiyou (accusative dual)
omiyā (accusative plural)
omiyī (genitive singular)
omiyous (dual genitive)
omiyom (genitive plural)
omiyūi (dative singular)
omiyobom (dative dual)
omiyobos (dative plural)
omiyei (locative singular)
omiyū (instrumental singular)
omiyobim (dual instrumental)
omiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *öβ̃ɨð

Old Welsh: emid

Middle Welsh: euyð

Welsh: efydd

desctree

Old Irish: umae, humae
Middle Irish: uma
Irish: umha
Scottish Gaelic: umha
Manx: ooha

Perhaps from Proto-Celtic *omos (“raw”) however, the semantic connection is hard to establish.


saleinos

salanos (nominative singular)
salanou (dual nominative)
salanoi (nominative plural)
salane (singular vocative)
salanou (dual vocative)
salanoi (plural vocative)
salanom (accusative singular)
salanou (accusative dual)
salanons (accusative plural)
salanī (genitive singular)
salanous (dual genitive)
salanom (genitive plural)
salanūi (dative singular)
salanobom (dative dual)
salanobos (dative plural)
salanei (locative singular)
salanū (instrumental singular)
salanobim (dual instrumental)
salanūis (instrumental plural)

Transalpine Gaulish: saleno

Proto-Brythonic: *haluɨn
Middle Breton: halon
Breton: halen
Old Cornish: haloin
Middle Cornish: halan, halen
Middle Welsh: halwyn, halaen, halen
Welsh: halen

Old Irish: salann

Irish: salann

Manx: sollan

Scottish Gaelic: salann

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (“salt”).


sālos

sālos (nominative singular)
sālou (dual nominative)
sāloi (nominative plural)
sāle (singular vocative)
sālou (dual vocative)
sāloi (plural vocative)
sālom (accusative singular)
sālou (accusative dual)
sālons (accusative plural)
sālī (genitive singular)
sālous (dual genitive)
sālom (genitive plural)
sālūi (dative singular)
sālobom (dative dual)
sālobos (dative plural)
sālei (locative singular)
sālū (instrumental singular)
sālobim (dual instrumental)
sālūis (instrumental plural)
*salos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *hal

Breton: hal

Welsh: hâl

Old Irish: sál, sáile
Irish: sáile
Scottish Gaelic: sàl

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂l- (“salt”).


anextlom

anextlom (nominative singular)
anextlou (dual nominative)
anextlā (nominative plural)
anextlom (singular vocative)
anextlou (dual vocative)
anextlā (plural vocative)
anextlom (accusative singular)
anextlou (accusative dual)
anextlā (accusative plural)
anextlī (genitive singular)
anextlous (dual genitive)
anextlom (genitive plural)
anextlūi (dative singular)
anextlobom (dative dual)
anextlobos (dative plural)
anextlei (locative singular)
anextlū (instrumental singular)
anextlobim (dual instrumental)
anextlūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: anacol, anacul
Middle Irish: anacal
Irish: anacal

Gaulish: *anextlon

→⇒ Latin: Anextlus

⇒ Gaulish: *Anextlomaros

→ Latin: Anextlomarus


antom

antom (nominative singular)
antou (dual nominative)
antā (nominative plural)
antom (singular vocative)
antou (dual vocative)
antā (plural vocative)
antom (accusative singular)
antou (accusative dual)
antā (accusative plural)
antī (genitive singular)
antous (dual genitive)
antom (genitive plural)
antūi (dative singular)
antobom (dative dual)
antobos (dative plural)
antei (locative singular)
antū (instrumental singular)
antobim (dual instrumental)
antūis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: anton, Antobroges


rowesyā

rowesyā (nominative singular)
rowesyai (dual nominative)
rowesyās (nominative plural)
rowesyā (singular vocative)
rowesyai (dual vocative)
rowesyās (plural vocative)
rowesyam (accusative singular)
rowesyai (accusative dual)
rowesyāns (accusative plural)
rowesyās (genitive singular)
rowesyous (dual genitive)
rowesyom (genitive plural)
rowesyāi (dative singular)
rowesyābom (dative dual)
rowesyābos (dative plural)
rowesyai (locative singular)
rowesyābim (dual instrumental)
rowesyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: róe

From Proto-Indo-European *rewh₁os (“open space”). Cognate with Latin rus (“countryside; country”) and Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵- (rauuah-, “open space”).


ɸratom

ɸratom (nominative singular)
ɸratou (dual nominative)
ɸratā (nominative plural)
ɸratom (singular vocative)
ɸratou (dual vocative)
ɸratā (plural vocative)
ɸratom (accusative singular)
ɸratou (accusative dual)
ɸratā (accusative plural)
ɸratī (genitive singular)
ɸratous (dual genitive)
ɸratom (genitive plural)
ɸratūi (dative singular)
ɸratobom (dative dual)
ɸratobos (dative plural)
ɸratei (locative singular)
ɸratū (instrumental singular)
ɸratobim (dual instrumental)
ɸratūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrad

Old Welsh: rat

Middle Welsh: rat

Welsh: rhad

Cornish: ras

desctree

Old Irish: rath, rad, rat
Middle Irish: rath
Irish: rath


briwā

briwā (nominative singular)
briwai (dual nominative)
briwās (nominative plural)
briwā (singular vocative)
briwai (dual vocative)
briwās (plural vocative)
briwam (accusative singular)
briwai (accusative dual)
briwāns (accusative plural)
briwās (genitive singular)
briwous (dual genitive)
briwom (genitive plural)
briwāi (dative singular)
briwābom (dative dual)
briwābos (dative plural)
briwai (locative singular)
briwābim (dual instrumental)
briwābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: briua

desc

Lepontic: 𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌉𐌀𐌌 (pruiam, “funerary construction”)

From to Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁w-o, perhaps from *bʰrewh₁-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *brugjǭ (English bridge, German Brücke).


ɸlitawī

ɸlitawī (nominative singular)
ɸlitawī (dual nominative)
ɸlitawiyās (nominative plural)
ɸlitawī (singular vocative)
ɸlitawī (dual vocative)
ɸlitawiyās (plural vocative)
ɸlitawīm (accusative singular)
ɸlitawī (accusative dual)
ɸlitawīns (accusative plural)
ɸlitawyās (genitive singular)
ɸlitawyous (dual genitive)
ɸlitawyom (genitive plural)
ɸlitawyai (dative singular)
ɸlitawyābom (dative dual)
ɸlitawyābos (dative plural)
ɸlitawyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlitawyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *Llɨdaw (“mainland Europe; Brittany”)
Old Breton: Letau
Breton: Ledav
→ French: Létavie
Cornish: Lesow
Old Welsh: Litau
Welsh: Llydaw
→ Old English: *Lidwīc
Old English: Lidwīccas, Lidwīcingas (“Bretons”)

desc

Old Irish: Letha (“Brittany, Armoric Gaul”)

Gaulish: *litawi

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂éwih₂ (“country”) from *pléth₂us (“flat, broad”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī) and Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī).

cog

Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī)


wertyā

wertyā (nominative singular)
wertyai (dual nominative)
wertyās (nominative plural)
wertyā (singular vocative)
wertyai (dual vocative)
wertyās (plural vocative)
wertyam (accusative singular)
wertyai (accusative dual)
wertyāns (accusative plural)
wertyās (genitive singular)
wertyous (dual genitive)
wertyom (genitive plural)
wertyāi (dative singular)
wertyābom (dative dual)
wertyābos (dative plural)
wertyai (locative singular)
wertyābim (dual instrumental)
wertyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: fertae

From Proto-Indo-European *Hwer- (“to cover, close”).


boudi

boudi (nominative singular)
boudī (dual nominative)
boudyā (nominative plural)
boudi (singular vocative)
boudī (dual vocative)
boudyā (plural vocative)
boudi (accusative singular)
boudī (accusative dual)
boudyā (accusative plural)
boudois (genitive singular)
boudois (dual genitive)
boudyom (genitive plural)
boudei (dative singular)
boudibom (dative dual)
boudibos (dative plural)
boudei (locative singular)
boudī (instrumental singular)
boudibim (dual instrumental)
boudibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉð m

Old Breton: bud

Breton: buz

Cornish: budh

Middle Welsh: buð

Welsh: budd

Old Irish: búaid n, boid (archaic)

Irish: bua

Scottish Gaelic: buaidh

Manx: booie

Gaulish: *boudi

⇒ Gaulish: *Boudilātis

→ Latin: Boudilatis

→? Old Dutch: *būti (or ← Germanic *biūtjaną) (see there for further descendants)

→? Vulgar Latin: *boudinus (or *būtinus ← Frankish)

desctree

Old French: butin (“spoils, plunder”), botin
Middle French: butin
French: butin
→ Breton: butin
→ Catalan: botí
→ Italian: bottino
→ Middle English: bottyne, botye, buty
English: booty, bootyn (archaic)

Italian: bottino (“spoils, plunder”)

q

a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*hildi</i> (“battle”)

→⇒ Latin: Baudihillia, Boudihillia (theonym) (a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-West Germanic *hildi (“battle”))

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷóh₁udʰ-i ~ *gʷuh₁dʰ-éy-s, from dʰe-present *gʷéh₁u-dʰe-ti, from *gʷeh₁w- (“to increase, gain”), cognate with Proto-Iranian *fragaHwah (“profit, gain”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *gáuˀtei (“to obtain, gain”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-, a root potentially shared with the Germanic cognates if they are not borrowed, perhaps the same root as *bʰewd- (“to strike”) (cf. Proto-Germanic *bautaną, Proto-Celtic *bibud- (“guilty; culprit”)).


ɸolkā

ɸolkā (nominative singular)
ɸolkai (dual nominative)
ɸolkās (nominative plural)
ɸolkā (singular vocative)
ɸolkai (dual vocative)
ɸolkās (plural vocative)
ɸolkam (accusative singular)
ɸolkai (accusative dual)
ɸolkāns (accusative plural)
ɸolkās (genitive singular)
ɸolkous (dual genitive)
ɸolkom (genitive plural)
ɸolkāi (dative singular)
ɸolkābom (dative dual)
ɸolkābos (dative plural)
ɸolkai (locative singular)
ɸolkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸolkābis (instrumental plural)

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Galician: olga

→ Portuguese: olga

Gaulish: *olca

→ Latin: olca

From Proto-Indo-European *polḱeh₂ (“plowed field”). Cognate with Old High German felga and Russian полоса (polosa).


ɸenos

ɸenos (nominative singular)
ɸenou (dual nominative)
ɸenoi (nominative plural)
ɸene (singular vocative)
ɸenou (dual vocative)
ɸenoi (plural vocative)
ɸenom (accusative singular)
ɸenou (accusative dual)
ɸenons (accusative plural)
ɸenī (genitive singular)
ɸenous (dual genitive)
ɸenom (genitive plural)
ɸenūi (dative singular)
ɸenobom (dative dual)
ɸenobos (dative plural)
ɸenei (locative singular)
ɸenū (instrumental singular)
ɸenobim (dual instrumental)
ɸenūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: enwyn (“buttermilk”)

Middle Irish: en (“water”)

Gaulish: anam (“swamp, marsh”) (accusative singular), *Enos (“River Inn”)

→ Latin: Aenus

→ German: Inn

From Proto-Indo-European *pen- (“moist; wet; mud; swamp; water”). Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹 (fani).


moniyos

moniyos (nominative singular)
moniyou (dual nominative)
moniyoi (nominative plural)
moniye (singular vocative)
moniyou (dual vocative)
moniyoi (plural vocative)
moniyom (accusative singular)
moniyou (accusative dual)
moniyons (accusative plural)
moniyī (genitive singular)
moniyous (dual genitive)
moniyom (genitive plural)
moniyūi (dative singular)
moniyobom (dative dual)
moniyobos (dative plural)
moniyei (locative singular)
moniyū (instrumental singular)
moniyobim (dual instrumental)
moniyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mönɨð (“mountain”)
Old Breton: monid
Breton: menez
Old Cornish: menit
Cornish: menydh
Middle Welsh: mynyð
Welsh: mynydd
→ Middle Irish: moned, monad (found only in Scottish toponyms)
Scottish Gaelic: monadh

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to stand out, to tower”). Cognate with Latin mons and Old Norse mœnir.


kattos

kattos (nominative singular)
kattou (dual nominative)
kattoi (nominative plural)
katte (singular vocative)
kattou (dual vocative)
kattoi (plural vocative)
kattom (accusative singular)
kattou (accusative dual)
kattons (accusative plural)
kattī (genitive singular)
kattous (dual genitive)
kattom (genitive plural)
kattūi (dative singular)
kattobom (dative dual)
kattobos (dative plural)
kattei (locative singular)
kattū (instrumental singular)
kattobim (dual instrumental)
kattūis (instrumental plural)

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: catt
Irish: cat
Manx: kayt
Scottish Gaelic: cat
⇒ Middle Irish: caittín

Gaulish: *cattos

desc

→ Latin: Cattos, Cattus, Catta, Cattosa, Catto, Cattius

Assumed to be a loanword from Latin cattus or Proto-Germanic *kattuz (see the entry cat for further etymology).


kanxsman

kanxsman (nominative singular)
kanxsmane? (dual nominative)
kanxsmana (nominative plural)
kanxsman (singular vocative)
kanxsmane? (dual vocative)
kanxsmana (plural vocative)
kanxsman (accusative singular)
kanxsmane? (accusative dual)
kanxsmana (accusative plural)
kanxsmens (genitive singular)
kanxsmenous? (dual genitive)
kanxsmenom (genitive plural)
kanxsmenei (dative singular)
kanxsmembom (dative dual)
kanxsmembos (dative plural)
kanxsmen (locative singular)
kanxsmeni (locative singular)
kanxsmenei (instrumental singular)
kanxsmembim (dual instrumental)
kanxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kam

Middle Breton: cam

Cornish: kamm

Old Welsh: cemmein

Welsh: cam

Celtiberian: kamanom (< thematized *kanxsmanom)

Gaulish: *kamman

Early Medieval Latin: cammīnus (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: céimm

Irish: céim

Manx: keim

Scottish Gaelic: ceum

Related to *kengeti (“to step”) + *-sman.


nemetom

nemētom (nominative singular)
nemētou (dual nominative)
nemētā (nominative plural)
nemētom (singular vocative)
nemētou (dual vocative)
nemētā (plural vocative)
nemētom (accusative singular)
nemētou (accusative dual)
nemētā (accusative plural)
nemētī (genitive singular)
nemētous (dual genitive)
nemētom (genitive plural)
nemētūi (dative singular)
nemētobom (dative dual)
nemētobos (dative plural)
nemētei (locative singular)
nemētū (instrumental singular)
nemētobim (dual instrumental)
nemētūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *neβ̃ed

Old Breton: -nimet

Middle Breton: neved (“sanctuary”)

Breton: neñved

Old Welsh: -nivet

Middle Welsh: nyuet

Welsh: nyfed (“sacred grove”)

Gaulish: νεμητον (nemēton)

→ Latin: Nemetum

⇒ Latin: Augustonemetum (“Clermont-Ferrand”) (place-name)

⇒ Latin: Nemetodurum (place-name)

French: Nanterre

→ Latin: Vernemetis

desctree

Old Irish: nemed, neimed
Irish: neimheadh

Hispano-Celtic:

→⇒ Latin: Nemetobriga (place-name)

→ Galician: Nendos (place-name)

From Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to distribute”).


neros

neros (nominative singular)
nerou (dual nominative)
neroi (nominative plural)
nere (singular vocative)
nerou (dual vocative)
neroi (plural vocative)
nerom (accusative singular)
nerou (accusative dual)
nerons (accusative plural)
nerī (genitive singular)
nerous (dual genitive)
nerom (genitive plural)
nerūi (dative singular)
nerobom (dative dual)
nerobos (dative plural)
nerei (locative singular)
nerū (instrumental singular)
nerobim (dual instrumental)
nerūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ner

Middle Welsh: ner (“chief, hero”)

Welsh: nêr

Celtiberian: *Neroi (“Neri”) (ethnonym)

→ Latin: Neri

>? Old Irish: ner (“boar”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr (“man”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀνήρ (anḗr) and Latin Nerō.


olīnā

olīnā (nominative singular)
olīnai (dual nominative)
olīnās (nominative plural)
olīnā (singular vocative)
olīnai (dual vocative)
olīnās (plural vocative)
olīnam (accusative singular)
olīnai (accusative dual)
olīnāns (accusative plural)
olīnās (genitive singular)
olīnous (dual genitive)
olīnom (genitive plural)
olīnāi (dative singular)
olīnābom (dative dual)
olīnābos (dative plural)
olīnai (locative singular)
olīnābim (dual instrumental)
olīnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ölin

Middle Breton: elin

Breton: elin

Cornish: elyn, elin

Old Welsh: elin

Welsh: elin

Goidelic:

Old Irish: uilen

Irish: uillinn

Manx: uillin

Scottish Gaelic: uileann

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l- (“to bow, to bend; elbow”). Cognate with Latin ulna and Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (aleina).


imbetom

imbetom (nominative singular)
imbetou (dual nominative)
imbetā (nominative plural)
imbetom (singular vocative)
imbetou (dual vocative)
imbetā (plural vocative)
imbetom (accusative singular)
imbetou (accusative dual)
imbetā (accusative plural)
imbetī (genitive singular)
imbetous (dual genitive)
imbetom (genitive plural)
imbetūi (dative singular)
imbetobom (dative dual)
imbetobos (dative plural)
imbetei (locative singular)
imbetū (instrumental singular)
imbetobim (dual instrumental)
imbetūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Welsh: immet

Gaulish: *Imbetyos, *Imbetos (Personal names)

→ Latin: Imbetius, Imbetus

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: imbed, imbad
Irish: iomad
Scottish Gaelic: iomadh
Manx: ymmod


līnom

līnom (nominative singular)
līnou (dual nominative)
līnā (nominative plural)
līnom (singular vocative)
līnou (dual vocative)
līnā (plural vocative)
līnom (accusative singular)
līnou (accusative dual)
līnā (accusative plural)
līnī (genitive singular)
līnous (dual genitive)
līnom (genitive plural)
līnūi (dative singular)
līnobom (dative dual)
līnobos (dative plural)
līnei (locative singular)
līnū (instrumental singular)
līnobim (dual instrumental)
līnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llin
Middle Breton: lin
Cornish: lin
Welsh: llin

Old Irish: lín (“flax”)
Irish: líon (“flax”)
Scottish Gaelic: lìon (“net”)

From Proto-Indo-European *līnom (“flax”). Matasović derives the word from Latin līnum (“flax”). See *linnā (“veil, cloak”).


līnom

Proto-Brythonic: *llin
Middle Breton: lin
Cornish: lin
Middle Welsh: llin

Old Irish: lín (“full number”)
Irish: líon (“full number”)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to flow”). Compare Old Irish díle and Welsh dillydd, and see *liyeti (“to flow”) for more cognates.


linnā

linnā (nominative singular)
linnai (dual nominative)
linnās (nominative plural)
linnā (singular vocative)
linnai (dual vocative)
linnās (plural vocative)
linnam (accusative singular)
linnai (accusative dual)
linnāns (accusative plural)
linnās (genitive singular)
linnous (dual genitive)
linnom (genitive plural)
linnāi (dative singular)
linnābom (dative dual)
linnābos (dative plural)
linnai (locative singular)
linnābim (dual instrumental)
linnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llenn
Old Breton: lenn
Breton: lenn
Old Cornish: len
Cornish: len
Old Welsh: lenn
Middle Welsh: llen
Welsh: llen

Old Irish: lenn

Gaulish: *linnā (“mantle”)

→ Latin: linnā

From Proto-Indo-European *linom (“flax”) plus an unknown suffix, maybe Proto-Indo-European *-sneh₂ (“Used to form nouns denoting an object”) as one of the suffixes suggested by Matasović. The original Proto-Indo-European word doesn’t seem to be confined to a single form; Proto-Celtic, for example, has two versions, one with the long /i/ and another with its short counterpart. See Latin līnum, Proto-Germanic *līną for more information.


weitis

weitis (nominative singular)
weitī (dual nominative)
weitīs (nominative plural)
weiti (singular vocative)
weitī (dual vocative)
weitīs (plural vocative)
weitim (accusative singular)
weitī (accusative dual)
weitins (accusative plural)
weiteis (genitive singular)
weityow (dual genitive)
weityom (genitive plural)
weitei (dative singular)
weitibom (dative dual)
weitibos (dative plural)
weitei (locative singular)
weitī (instrumental singular)
weitibim (dual instrumental)
weitibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: gueden

Breton: gwedenn

Old Cornish: guiden

Middle Cornish: gusen

Middle Welsh: gwyden, gwden

Welsh: gwden, gwyden

Middle Irish: féith

Irish: féith

Manx: feh


sleibos

sleibos (nominative singular)
sleibese? (dual nominative)
sleibesa (nominative plural)
sleibos (singular vocative)
sleibese? (dual vocative)
sleibesa (plural vocative)
sleibos (accusative singular)
sleibese? (accusative dual)
sleibesa (accusative plural)
sleibesos (genitive singular)
sleibesous? (dual genitive)
sleibesom (genitive plural)
sleibesei (dative singular)
sleibesbom (dative dual)
sleibesbos (dative plural)
sleibesi (locative singular)
sleibesei (instrumental singular)
sleibesbim (dual instrumental)
sleibesbis (instrumental plural)

Matasović proposes that the term comes from Proto-Indo-European *sley-bʰo-, with the root as Proto-Indo-European *sley- (“to smear”), so the meaning would have been 'slippery surface, slope'. He concludes, however, that the semantic connection is weak. Thurneysen connects it to the Germanic slip family of words (Proto-Germanic *sleupaną/*slaupijaną, Proto-Indo-European *slewbʰ- (“slip, slide”)).

cog

Brill Publishers
D. A. Binchy
Osborn Bergin

slébIrish: sliabhManx: slieauScottish Gaelic: sliabh


wergā

wergā (nominative singular)
wergai (dual nominative)
wergās (nominative plural)
wergā (singular vocative)
wergai (dual vocative)
wergās (plural vocative)
wergam (accusative singular)
wergai (accusative dual)
wergāns (accusative plural)
wergās (genitive singular)
wergous (dual genitive)
wergom (genitive plural)
wergāi (dative singular)
wergābom (dative dual)
wergābos (dative plural)
wergai (locative singular)
wergābim (dual instrumental)
wergābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: ferg, ferc, fergg
Middle Irish: ferg
Irish: fearg
Manx: ferg
Scottish Gaelic: fearg

Likely related to Ancient Greek ὀργή (orgḗ, “passion, anger, wrath”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵéh₂, from the root *werǵ- (“to make”).

cog

fairggaeIrish: farraigeManx: faarkeyScottish Gaelic: fairge


knawī

knawī (nominative singular)
knawī (dual nominative)
knawiyās (nominative plural)
knawī (singular vocative)
knawī (dual vocative)
knawiyās (plural vocative)
knawīm (accusative singular)
knawī (accusative dual)
knawīns (accusative plural)
knawyās (genitive singular)
knawyous (dual genitive)
knawyom (genitive plural)
knawyai (dative singular)
knawyābom (dative dual)
knawyābos (dative plural)
knawyābim (dual instrumental)
knawyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: kneau, cnev

Breton: krew

Cornish: knew

Middle Welsh: cnaif

Middle Welsh: cnu, cnuf (<*knowos)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: cnaí

Possibly connected to *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”), but Zair finds this connection difficult unless *knawī was formed before the root adopted its "bite" meaning.


knukkos

knukkos (nominative singular)
knukkou (dual nominative)
knukkoi (nominative plural)
knukke (singular vocative)
knukkou (dual vocative)
knukkoi (plural vocative)
knukkom (accusative singular)
knukkou (accusative dual)
knukkons (accusative plural)
knukkī (genitive singular)
knukkous (dual genitive)
knukkom (genitive plural)
knukkūi (dative singular)
knukkobom (dative dual)
knukkobos (dative plural)
knukkei (locative singular)
knukkū (instrumental singular)
knukkobim (dual instrumental)
knukkūis (instrumental plural)
*knekkos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *knox

Old Breton: cnoch

Middle Breton: knech

Breton: krec'h

Middle Welsh: cnwch

Welsh: cnwch, clwch

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: cnocc
Irish: cnoc
Manx: cronk
⇒ Middle Irish: cnocán
Scottish Gaelic: cnoc
→ Welsh: cnwc

Apparently cognate with Proto-Germanic *hnakkô (“the back of the neck; nape”), of uncertain further origin, but both are traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kneg- or *knek-. It is sometimes suggested that the Germanic cognate is borrowed from Celtic (cf. especially German Hunke (“hillock”)). Alternatively, Kroonen argues for an inherited basis of the geminate cluster in the Germanic term, and that consequently the Celtic is more likely borrowed from Germanic. Compare Tocharian A kñuk (“neck”).


koldom

koldom (nominative singular)
koldou (dual nominative)
koldā (nominative plural)
koldom (singular vocative)
koldou (dual vocative)
koldā (plural vocative)
koldom (accusative singular)
koldou (accusative dual)
koldā (accusative plural)
koldī (genitive singular)
koldous (dual genitive)
koldom (genitive plural)
koldūi (dative singular)
koldobom (dative dual)
koldobos (dative plural)
koldei (locative singular)
koldū (instrumental singular)
koldobim (dual instrumental)
koldūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koll

Middle Breton: coll (“loss”)

Breton: koll (“loss”)

Old Cornish: colled (“loss”)

desc

Middle Welsh: coll m (“loss”), coll (“lost”, adjective)

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: coll n (“destruction”)
Middle Irish: coll, call m, coill, caill f
Scottish Gaelic: coll m (“destruction”)
Irish: caill f (“loss”)
Manx: coayl m (“loss”)

From *kelh₂- (“to break”) + *-som, *-nom, or *-dom. Maybe cognate with Proto-Germanic *haltaz (“limping”).

suf

Old Irish: coillidIrish: caillManx: caillScottish Gaelic: caill


bistis

bistis (nominative singular)
bistī (dual nominative)
bistīs (nominative plural)
bisti (singular vocative)
bistī (dual vocative)
bistīs (plural vocative)
bistim (accusative singular)
bistī (accusative dual)
bistins (accusative plural)
bisteis (genitive singular)
bistyow (dual genitive)
bistyom (genitive plural)
bistei (dative singular)
bistibom (dative dual)
bistibos (dative plural)
bistei (locative singular)
bistī (instrumental singular)
bistibim (dual instrumental)
bistibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨs

Breton: biz, bis

⇒ Breton: bizou (“ring”)

→ French: bijou (see there for further descendants)

Old Cornish: bis, bes

Cornish: bys

Middle Welsh: bys

Welsh: bys

desc

Middle Irish: bissib (“icicle”, dative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷist- (“twig, finger”). Cognate with Old Norse kvistr (“branch”) and perhaps Albanian gisht (“finger”).


brātus

brātus (nominative singular)
brātū (dual nominative)
brātowes (nominative plural)
brātu (singular vocative)
brātū (dual vocative)
brātūs (plural vocative)
brātum (accusative singular)
brātū (accusative dual)
brātuns (accusative plural)
brātous (genitive singular)
brātous (dual genitive)
brātowom (genitive plural)
brātou (dative singular)
brātubom (dative dual)
brātubos (dative plural)
brātū (instrumental singular)
brātubim (dual instrumental)
brātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: breut

Breton: breud

Cornish: breus

Old Welsh: braut

Welsh: brawd

desctree

Old Irish: bráth
Middle Irish: bráth
Scottish Gaelic: bràth

Gaulish: bratou (dative)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥Htus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to express approval; praise”). Cognate with Latin gratus.


brāwū

brāwū (nominative singular)
brāwone? (dual nominative)
brāwones (nominative plural)
brāwū (singular vocative)
brāwone? (dual vocative)
brāwones (plural vocative)
brāwonam (accusative singular)
brāwone? (accusative dual)
brāwonans (accusative plural)
brāwonos (genitive singular)
brāwonows? (dual genitive)
brāwonom (genitive plural)
brāwonei (dative singular)
brāwombom (dative dual)
brāwombos (dative plural)
brāwon (locative singular)
brāwoni (locative singular)
brāwonei (instrumental singular)
brāwombim (dual instrumental)
brāwombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brọw sg, *brọwan pl

Middle Breton: brou, breau, breo

Breton: brev

Old Cornish: brou

Cornish: brou

Middle Welsh: breuan, brewan

Welsh: breuan

→ Latin: Brovonacis, Braboniaco

desctree

Old Irish: brao, bráu, broo
Middle Irish: bró
Irish: bró
Scottish Gaelic: brà

Gaulish: *brawon

→ Ancient Greek: Βραῦον (Braûon)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“quern, millstone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”).


elanī

elanī (nominative singular)
elanī (dual nominative)
elaniyās (nominative plural)
elanī (singular vocative)
elanī (dual vocative)
elaniyās (plural vocative)
elanīm (accusative singular)
elanī (accusative dual)
elanīns (accusative plural)
elanyās (genitive singular)
elanyous (dual genitive)
elanyom (genitive plural)
elanyai (dative singular)
elanyābom (dative dual)
elanyābos (dative plural)
elanyābim (dual instrumental)
elanyābis (instrumental plural)

Middle Welsh: elein, elain

Welsh: elain


elantī

elantī (nominative singular)
elantī (dual nominative)
elantiyās (nominative plural)
elantī (singular vocative)
elantī (dual vocative)
elantiyās (plural vocative)
elantīm (accusative singular)
elantī (accusative dual)
elantīns (accusative plural)
elantyās (genitive singular)
elantyous (dual genitive)
elantyom (genitive plural)
elantyai (dative singular)
elantyābom (dative dual)
elantyābos (dative plural)
elantyābim (dual instrumental)
elantyābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: Elantia

Old Irish: elit, ailit

Middle Irish: ailit

Scottish Gaelic: eilid

Irish: eilit


mlātos

mlātos (nominative singular)
mlātou (dual nominative)
mlātoi (nominative plural)
mlāte (singular vocative)
mlātou (dual vocative)
mlātoi (plural vocative)
mlātom (accusative singular)
mlātou (accusative dual)
mlātons (accusative plural)
mlātī (genitive singular)
mlātous (dual genitive)
mlātom (genitive plural)
mlātūi (dative singular)
mlātobom (dative dual)
mlātobos (dative plural)
mlātei (locative singular)
mlātū (instrumental singular)
mlātobim (dual instrumental)
mlātūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *blọd

Old Breton: blot

Breton: bleud

Old Cornish: blot

Old Welsh: blawd

Welsh: blawd

desctree

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*blātus</i> (“flower”)

Gaulish: *blatos (conflated with *blātus (“flower”))

From Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₂-tó-s, from *melh₂- (“to crush, grind”) + *-tós.


wātus

wātus (nominative singular)
wātū (dual nominative)
wātowes (nominative plural)
wātu (singular vocative)
wātū (dual vocative)
wātūs (plural vocative)
wātum (accusative singular)
wātū (accusative dual)
wātuns (accusative plural)
wātous (genitive singular)
wātous (dual genitive)
wātowom (genitive plural)
wātou (dative singular)
wātubom (dative dual)
wātubos (dative plural)
wātū (instrumental singular)
wātubim (dual instrumental)
wātubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwawd

Welsh: gwawd

Goidelic:

Old Irish: fáth
Irish: fáth
Manx: fa
Scottish Gaelic: fàth

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“excited, inspired”).


wātis

wātis (nominative singular)
wātī (dual nominative)
wātīs (nominative plural)
wāti (singular vocative)
wātī (dual vocative)
wātīs (plural vocative)
wātim (accusative singular)
wātī (accusative dual)
wātins (accusative plural)
wāteis (genitive singular)
wātyow (dual genitive)
wātyom (genitive plural)
wātei (dative singular)
wātibom (dative dual)
wātibos (dative plural)
wātei (locative singular)
wātī (instrumental singular)
wātibim (dual instrumental)
wātibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwọd

Middle Welsh: gwawt

Welsh: gwawd

Gaulish: uatis (attested as οὐάτεις by Strabo)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: fáith, fáid
Irish: fáidh

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“excited, inspired”). Cognate with Latin vātēs.


waidā

waidā (nominative singular)
waidai (dual nominative)
waidās (nominative plural)
waidā (singular vocative)
waidai (dual vocative)
waidās (plural vocative)
waidam (accusative singular)
waidai (accusative dual)
waidāns (accusative plural)
waidās (genitive singular)
waidous (dual genitive)
waidom (genitive plural)
waidāi (dative singular)
waidābom (dative dual)
waidābos (dative plural)
waidai (locative singular)
waidābim (dual instrumental)
waidābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoɨð

Middle Welsh: gwaed

Welsh: gwaedd

Old Irish: fáed, faíd

Middle Irish: faíd, foíd

Irish: faí

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wai (“woe!”).


wailos

wailos (nominative singular)
wailou (dual nominative)
wailoi (nominative plural)
waile (singular vocative)
wailou (dual vocative)
wailoi (plural vocative)
wailom (accusative singular)
wailou (accusative dual)
wailons (accusative plural)
wailī (genitive singular)
wailous (dual genitive)
wailom (genitive plural)
wailūi (dative singular)
wailobom (dative dual)
wailobos (dative plural)
wailei (locative singular)
wailū (instrumental singular)
wailobim (dual instrumental)
wailūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Middle Irish: fáel
Irish: faol
Scottish Gaelic: faol

PIE word
 *wáy
From Proto-Indo-European *waylos (“wolf”). Ultimately from the same combination of root and suffix as the above etymology, though more archaic.


weidos

wēdos (nominative singular)
wēdou (dual nominative)
wēdoi (nominative plural)
wēde (singular vocative)
wēdou (dual vocative)
wēdoi (plural vocative)
wēdom (accusative singular)
wēdou (accusative dual)
wēdons (accusative plural)
wēdī (genitive singular)
wēdous (dual genitive)
wēdom (genitive plural)
wēdūi (dative singular)
wēdobom (dative dual)
wēdobos (dative plural)
wēdei (locative singular)
wēdū (instrumental singular)
wēdobim (dual instrumental)
wēdūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwuɨð
Old Breton: gued
Middle Breton: goez
Breton: gouez
Middle Welsh: gwydd
Welsh: gŵydd

Goidelic:

Old Irish: fíad
Irish: fia
Manx: feeaih
Scottish Gaelic: fiadh

From Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”).


wegnyā

wegnyā (nominative singular)
wegnyai (dual nominative)
wegnyās (nominative plural)
wegnyā (singular vocative)
wegnyai (dual vocative)
wegnyās (plural vocative)
wegnyam (accusative singular)
wegnyai (accusative dual)
wegnyāns (accusative plural)
wegnyās (genitive singular)
wegnyous (dual genitive)
wegnyom (genitive plural)
wegnyāi (dative singular)
wegnyābom (dative dual)
wegnyābos (dative plural)
wegnyai (locative singular)
wegnyābim (dual instrumental)
wegnyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: fénae


wegyā

wegyā (nominative singular)
wegyai (dual nominative)
wegyās (nominative plural)
wegyā (singular vocative)
wegyai (dual vocative)
wegyās (plural vocative)
wegyam (accusative singular)
wegyai (accusative dual)
wegyāns (accusative plural)
wegyās (genitive singular)
wegyous (dual genitive)
wegyom (genitive plural)
wegyāi (dative singular)
wegyābom (dative dual)
wegyābos (dative plural)
wegyai (locative singular)
wegyābim (dual instrumental)
wegyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweɣ

Middle Breton: gueg

Breton: gwiad

Cornish: gwi, gwias

Middle Welsh: gwe

Welsh: gwe

Old Irish: fige

From *weg- (“to weave”). + *-yā (verbal noun suffix).


wekʷos

wekʷos (nominative singular)
wekʷou (dual nominative)
wekʷoi (nominative plural)
wekʷe (singular vocative)
wekʷou (dual vocative)
wekoi (plural vocative)
wekʷom (accusative singular)
wekʷou (accusative dual)
wekons (accusative plural)
wekʷī (genitive singular)
wekʷous (dual genitive)
wekʷom (genitive plural)
wekūi (dative singular)
wekʷobom (dative dual)
wekʷobos (dative plural)
wekʷei (locative singular)
wekū (instrumental singular)
wekʷobim (dual instrumental)
wekʷūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goap

Welsh: gwep

Primitive Irish: ᚃᚓᚊᚏᚓᚊ (veqreq)

Gaulish: Uepos (personal name)

From Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak, to sound out”).


weinā

weinā (nominative singular)
weinai (dual nominative)
weinās (nominative plural)
weinā (singular vocative)
weinai (dual vocative)
weinās (plural vocative)
weinam (accusative singular)
weinai (accusative dual)
weināns (accusative plural)
weinās (genitive singular)
weinous (dual genitive)
weinom (genitive plural)
weināi (dative singular)
weinābom (dative dual)
weinābos (dative plural)
weinai (locative singular)
weinābim (dual instrumental)
weinābis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: fían

Irish: fiann

From Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue”).


wendom

wendom (nominative singular)
wendou (dual nominative)
wendā (nominative plural)
wendom (singular vocative)
wendou (dual vocative)
wendā (plural vocative)
wendom (accusative singular)
wendou (accusative dual)
wendā (accusative plural)
wendī (genitive singular)
wendous (dual genitive)
wendom (genitive plural)
wendūi (dative singular)
wendobom (dative dual)
wendobos (dative plural)
wendei (locative singular)
wendū (instrumental singular)
wendobim (dual instrumental)
wendūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: find

From Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“hair”). cognate with Ancient Greek ἴονθος (íonthos) and Old High German wintbrāwa (“eyelash”).


wentā

wentā (nominative singular)
wentai (dual nominative)
wentās (nominative plural)
wentā (singular vocative)
wentai (dual vocative)
wentās (plural vocative)
wentam (accusative singular)
wentai (accusative dual)
wentāns (accusative plural)
wentās (genitive singular)
wentous (dual genitive)
wentom (genitive plural)
wentāi (dative singular)
wentābom (dative dual)
wentābos (dative plural)
wentai (locative singular)
wentābim (dual instrumental)
wentābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cadwent (“battlefield”)

→ Latin: Venta (possibly)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wen- (“place, location (?)”). cognate with Ancient Greek εὐνή (eunḗ, “bed”).


wenyā

wenyā (nominative singular)
wenyai (dual nominative)
wenyās (nominative plural)
wenyā (singular vocative)
wenyai (dual vocative)
wenyās (plural vocative)
wenyam (accusative singular)
wenyai (accusative dual)
wenyāns (accusative plural)
wenyās (genitive singular)
wenyous (dual genitive)
wenyom (genitive plural)
wenyāi (dative singular)
wenyābom (dative dual)
wenyābos (dative plural)
wenyai (locative singular)
wenyābim (dual instrumental)
wenyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Old Breton: coguenou

Middle Breton: gouen, gouenn

Breton: gouenn

desc

Gaulish: *Wenetoi (“Veneti”), uenicos (“clan member”)

→ Latin: Veneti

French: Vannes

Old Irish: fine

Irish: fine

Lepontic: 𐌅𐌄𐌍𐌉𐌀 (venia)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“desire”). cognate with Proto-Germanic *winiz (“friend”) and Latin Venus.


wensos

wensos (nominative singular)
wensou (dual nominative)
wensoi (nominative plural)
wense (singular vocative)
wensou (dual vocative)
wensoi (plural vocative)
wensom (accusative singular)
wensou (accusative dual)
wensons (accusative plural)
wensī (genitive singular)
wensous (dual genitive)
wensom (genitive plural)
wensūi (dative singular)
wensobom (dative dual)
wensobos (dative plural)
wensei (locative singular)
wensū (instrumental singular)
wensobim (dual instrumental)
wensūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: fés

From Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ-s- (“hair”). Cognate with Old Prussian wanso (“first beard”) and Russian ус (us, “mustache”) (from Proto-Slavic *ǫsъ).


saitus

saitus (nominative singular)
saitū (dual nominative)
saitowes (nominative plural)
saitu (singular vocative)
saitū (dual vocative)
saitūs (plural vocative)
saitum (accusative singular)
saitū (accusative dual)
saituns (accusative plural)
saitous (genitive singular)
saitous (dual genitive)
saitowom (genitive plural)
saitou (dative singular)
saitubom (dative dual)
saitubos (dative plural)
saitū (instrumental singular)
saitubim (dual instrumental)
saitubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: hoed

Old Irish: sáeth

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”).


seibaris

seibaris (nominative singular)
seibarī (dual nominative)
seibarīs (nominative plural)
seibari (singular vocative)
seibarī (dual vocative)
seibarīs (plural vocative)
seibarim (accusative singular)
seibarī (accusative dual)
seibarins (accusative plural)
seibareis (genitive singular)
seibaryow (dual genitive)
seibaryom (genitive plural)
seibarei (dative singular)
seibaribom (dative dual)
seibaribos (dative plural)
seibarei (locative singular)
seibarī (instrumental singular)
seibaribim (dual instrumental)
seibaribis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: síabair (i-stem), síabar (o-stem)

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”) or from a substrate language.

Gwɨnnohuɨβ̃arBreton: GwenivarMiddle Cornish: Gwynnever [ca. 1500]Cornish: Jennifer

Gweniver→ English: JenniferOld Welsh: *GuinhuifarMiddle Welsh: GwenhwyfarWelsh: Gwenhwyfar→ Medieval Latin: Guennuvar [ca. 1130]

Wennevereia [ca. 1220]Old French: GenievreMiddle French: GenievreFrench: Guenièvre→ Middle English: GuinevereEnglish: Guinevere→ Galician: Xenebra→ Italian: Ginevra→ Portuguese: Genebra→ Spanish: Ginebra


samonis

samonis (nominative singular)
samonī (dual nominative)
samonīs (nominative plural)
samoni (singular vocative)
samonī (dual vocative)
samonīs (plural vocative)
samonim (accusative singular)
samonī (accusative dual)
samonins (accusative plural)
samoneis (genitive singular)
samonyow (dual genitive)
samonyom (genitive plural)
samonei (dative singular)
samonibom (dative dual)
samonibos (dative plural)
samonei (locative singular)
samonī (instrumental singular)
samonibim (dual instrumental)
samonibis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: samon- (<Coligny calendar)

Old Irish: samain

From Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).

assembly, (feast of the) first month of the year


sātis

sātis (nominative singular)
sātī (dual nominative)
sātīs (nominative plural)
sāti (singular vocative)
sātī (dual vocative)
sātīs (plural vocative)
sātim (accusative singular)
sātī (accusative dual)
sātins (accusative plural)
sāteis (genitive singular)
sātyow (dual genitive)
sātyom (genitive plural)
sātei (dative singular)
sātibom (dative dual)
sātibos (dative plural)
sātei (locative singular)
sātī (instrumental singular)
sātibim (dual instrumental)
sātibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: sáth, sáith

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate, satisfy”).


sedlom

sedlom (nominative singular)
sedlou (dual nominative)
sedlā (nominative plural)
sedlom (singular vocative)
sedlou (dual vocative)
sedlā (plural vocative)
sedlom (accusative singular)
sedlou (accusative dual)
sedlā (accusative plural)
sedlī (genitive singular)
sedlous (dual genitive)
sedlom (genitive plural)
sedlūi (dative singular)
sedlobom (dative dual)
sedlobos (dative plural)
sedlei (locative singular)
sedlū (instrumental singular)
sedlobim (dual instrumental)
sedlūis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: *sedlon

desc

⇒ Gaulish: kanekosedlon (“golden seat(?)”)

From Proto-Indo-European *sed-lom, from *sed- (“to sit”) + *-tlom. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *setlaz, Proto-Slavic *sědlo, Latin sella.


selwā

selwā (nominative singular)
selwai (dual nominative)
selwās (nominative plural)
selwā (singular vocative)
selwai (dual vocative)
selwās (plural vocative)
selwam (accusative singular)
selwai (accusative dual)
selwāns (accusative plural)
selwās (genitive singular)
selwous (dual genitive)
selwom (genitive plural)
selwāi (dative singular)
selwābom (dative dual)
selwābos (dative plural)
selwai (locative singular)
selwābim (dual instrumental)
selwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *helw

Middle Welsh: helw, elw

Welsh: elw

⇒ Gaulish: Luguselua

Old Irish: selb

Irish: sealbh, seilbh

Manx: shelloo

Scottish Gaelic: sealbh, seilbh

From Proto-Indo-European *selh₁- (“to take, grasp”). Cognate with Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (saljan) and Ancient Greek εἷλον (heîlon).


serwā

serwā (nominative singular)
serwai (dual nominative)
serwās (nominative plural)
serwā (singular vocative)
serwai (dual vocative)
serwās (plural vocative)
serwam (accusative singular)
serwai (accusative dual)
serwāns (accusative plural)
serwās (genitive singular)
serwous (dual genitive)
serwom (genitive plural)
serwāi (dative singular)
serwābom (dative dual)
serwābos (dative plural)
serwai (locative singular)
serwābim (dual instrumental)
serwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: herw

Welsh: herw

Old Irish: serb

From Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“booty”). Cognate Latin servus (“slave”) and Hittite [script needed] (sāru-, “booty”).


berwos

berwos (nominative singular)
berwou (dual nominative)
berwoi (nominative plural)
berwe (singular vocative)
berwou (dual vocative)
berwoi (plural vocative)
berwom (accusative singular)
berwou (accusative dual)
berwons (accusative plural)
berwī (genitive singular)
berwous (dual genitive)
berwom (genitive plural)
berwūi (dative singular)
berwobom (dative dual)
berwobos (dative plural)
berwei (locative singular)
berwū (instrumental singular)
berwobim (dual instrumental)
berwūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *berw

Middle Breton: beru

Breton: berv

Middle Welsh: berw

Welsh: berw

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, brew”).


rextus

rextus (nominative singular)
rextū (dual nominative)
rextowes (nominative plural)
rextu (singular vocative)
rextū (dual vocative)
rextūs (plural vocative)
rextum (accusative singular)
rextū (accusative dual)
rextuns (accusative plural)
rextous (genitive singular)
rextous (dual genitive)
rextowom (genitive plural)
rextou (dative singular)
rextubom (dative dual)
rextubos (dative plural)
rextū (instrumental singular)
rextubim (dual instrumental)
rextubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *rreiθ
Middle Breton: rez, reiz
Cornish: ryth
Middle Welsh: reyth
Welsh: rhaith

Old Irish: recht, rect
Irish: reacht
Scottish Gaelic: reachd

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *kuβ̃reiθ

Middle Welsh: kyfreith, kyureith

Welsh: cyfraith

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, to right oneself”).


rextus

Middle Irish: recht

Possibly from either:
* Proto-Indo-European *h₁rep- (“to snatch”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἐρέπτομαι (eréptomai, “to devour, snatch away”), Latin rapiō (“to seize”).
* Proto-Indo-European *rebʰ- (“violent”), cognate to Latin rabiō (“to go mad”).


kengets

kengets (nominative singular)
kengete (dual nominative)
kengetes (nominative plural)
kengets (singular vocative)
kengete (dual vocative)
kengetes (plural vocative)
kengetam (accusative singular)
kengete (accusative dual)
kengetans (accusative plural)
kengetos (genitive singular)
kengetou (dual genitive)
kengetom (genitive plural)
kengetei (dative singular)
kengetobom (dative dual)
kengetobos (dative plural)
kengeti (locative singular)
kengete? (instrumental singular)
kengetobim (dual instrumental)
kengetobis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: cing

Gaulish: Cinges, Cinceđ, *cingeto- (in personal names)

→ Latin: Cinges

→⇒ Latin: Cingetorix

→⇒ Latin: Vercingetorix

From Proto-Indo-European *keng- (“to step, walk (lamely), tread”) + *-ets.


bakkos

bakkos (nominative singular)
bakkou (dual nominative)
bakkoi (nominative plural)
bakke (singular vocative)
bakkou (dual vocative)
bakkoi (plural vocative)
bakkom (accusative singular)
bakkou (accusative dual)
bakkons (accusative plural)
bakkī (genitive singular)
bakkous (dual genitive)
bakkom (genitive plural)
bakkūi (dative singular)
bakkobom (dative dual)
bakkobos (dative plural)
bakkei (locative singular)
bakkū (instrumental singular)
bakkobim (dual instrumental)
bakkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bax

Old Breton: bah

Middle Breton: bach

Breton: bac'h

Cornish: bagh

Old Welsh: bach

Middle Welsh: bach

Welsh: bach

desctree

Old Irish: bacc, bac
Middle Irish: bac (“angle, corner; hindrance”)
Irish: bac
Manx: bac
Scottish Gaelic: bac

Unknown. Historically linked to Latin baculum (“staff, rod”), presumably from Proto-Indo-European *bak-. Matasović assumes a Wanderwort origin.


ballos

ballos (nominative singular)
ballou (dual nominative)
balloi (nominative plural)
balle (singular vocative)
ballou (dual vocative)
balloi (plural vocative)
ballom (accusative singular)
ballou (accusative dual)
ballons (accusative plural)
ballī (genitive singular)
ballous (dual genitive)
ballom (genitive plural)
ballūi (dative singular)
ballobom (dative dual)
ballobos (dative plural)
ballei (locative singular)
ballū (instrumental singular)
ballobim (dual instrumental)
ballūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: ball

Irish: ball

Scottish Gaelic: ball

Gaulish: *ballos

⇒ Gaulish: Andonnoballos

⇒ Gaulish: Ballomarios

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to swell”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós) and Latin follis.


sekets

sekets (nominative singular)
sekete (dual nominative)
seketes (nominative plural)
sekets (singular vocative)
sekete (dual vocative)
seketes (plural vocative)
seketam (accusative singular)
sekete (accusative dual)
seketans (accusative plural)
seketos (genitive singular)
seketou (dual genitive)
seketom (genitive plural)
seketei (dative singular)
seketobom (dative dual)
seketobos (dative plural)
seketi (locative singular)
sekete? (instrumental singular)
seketobim (dual instrumental)
seketobis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: seiche

Irish: seithe

From Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”).


wedos

wedos (nominative singular)
wedou (dual nominative)
wedoi (nominative plural)
wede (singular vocative)
wedou (dual vocative)
wedoi (plural vocative)
wedom (accusative singular)
wedou (accusative dual)
wedons (accusative plural)
wedī (genitive singular)
wedous (dual genitive)
wedom (genitive plural)
wedūi (dative singular)
wedobom (dative dual)
wedobos (dative plural)
wedei (locative singular)
wedū (instrumental singular)
wedobim (dual instrumental)
wedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwedd

Welsh: gwedd

⇒ Middle Irish: fedil, feidil

From Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to bind”).


wetā

wetā (nominative singular)
wetai (dual nominative)
wetās (nominative plural)
wetā (singular vocative)
wetai (dual vocative)
wetās (plural vocative)
wetam (accusative singular)
wetai (accusative dual)
wetāns (accusative plural)
wetās (genitive singular)
wetous (dual genitive)
wetom (genitive plural)
wetāi (dative singular)
wetābom (dative dual)
wetābos (dative plural)
wetai (locative singular)
wetābim (dual instrumental)
wetābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: (<*wettā)

Old Breton: goed

Middle Breton: goaz, guez

Breton: gwazh

Old Cornish: guid

Middle Cornish: gwyth, goth

Middle Welsh: gwyth

Welsh: gŵyth

Middle Irish: féith

From Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to wither”).


wextom

wextom (nominative singular)
wextou (dual nominative)
wextā (nominative plural)
wextom (singular vocative)
wextou (dual vocative)
wextā (plural vocative)
wextom (accusative singular)
wextou (accusative dual)
wextā (accusative plural)
wextī (genitive singular)
wextous (dual genitive)
wextom (genitive plural)
wextūi (dative singular)
wextobom (dative dual)
wextobos (dative plural)
wextei (locative singular)
wextū (instrumental singular)
wextobim (dual instrumental)
wextūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweiθ

Old Breton: gueid

Middle Breton: guez

Breton: gwezh

Old Cornish: gueid

Middle Cornish: gweth, gwyth

Cornish: gweyth

Middle Welsh: gweith

Welsh: gwaith

desctree

Old Irish: fecht (“time”), fect
Irish: feacht
Scottish Gaelic: feachd

Celtiberian: ueitui (dat. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to bring, to transport”).


wessis

wessis (nominative singular)
wessī (dual nominative)
wessīs (nominative plural)
wessi (singular vocative)
wessī (dual vocative)
wessīs (plural vocative)
wessim (accusative singular)
wessī (accusative dual)
wessins (accusative plural)
wesseis (genitive singular)
wessyow (dual genitive)
wessyom (genitive plural)
wessei (dative singular)
wessibom (dative dual)
wessibos (dative plural)
wessei (locative singular)
wessī (instrumental singular)
wessibim (dual instrumental)
wessibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: guis

Middle Breton: guis, gues

Breton: gwis

Old Cornish: guis

Middle Welsh: gwys

Welsh: gwŷs

Middle Irish: feis

From Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”).


westā

westā (nominative singular)
westai (dual nominative)
westās (nominative plural)
westā (singular vocative)
westai (dual vocative)
westās (plural vocative)
westam (accusative singular)
westai (accusative dual)
westāns (accusative plural)
westās (genitive singular)
westous (dual genitive)
westom (genitive plural)
westāi (dative singular)
westābom (dative dual)
westābos (dative plural)
westai (locative singular)
westābim (dual instrumental)
westābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwest

⇒ Old Breton: Orguest (personal name)

Old Cornish: gwest

Middle Welsh: gwest

desctree

Old Irish: fess, feis, feiss (original dative used as nominative)
Irish: feis
Scottish Gaelic: feis

Given it meaning both "feast" and "staying the night", this term's derivation has been disputed. It contains the suffix *-tā anyhow.
* The meaning "stay for a night" can only be from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to dwell, spend the night”).
* The meaning "feast" is either derived from the "stay" meaning (with a feast and other entertainment assumed to be customary for inviting someone else over to one's place), or Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”).

der

staying at someone's place for the night


wesnālā

wesnālā (nominative singular)
wesnālai (dual nominative)
wesnālās (nominative plural)
wesnālā (singular vocative)
wesnālai (dual vocative)
wesnālās (plural vocative)
wesnālam (accusative singular)
wesnālai (accusative dual)
wesnālāns (accusative plural)
wesnālās (genitive singular)
wesnālous (dual genitive)
wesnālom (genitive plural)
wesnālāi (dative singular)
wesnālābom (dative dual)
wesnālābos (dative plural)
wesnālai (locative singular)
wesnālābim (dual instrumental)
wesnālābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwennọl
Old Breton: guennol
Middle Breton: guennel
Breton: gwennel
Old Cornish: guennol
Cornish: gwennel
Middle Welsh: gwennawl
Welsh: gwennol

Old Irish: fanall

Irish: fáinleog

Scottish Gaelic: ainleag

Gaulish:

→ French: vanneau

From Proto-Indo-European *wós-r̥ ~ *wés-n̥s (“spring (season)”).


wesrakos

wesrakos (nominative singular)
wesrakou (dual nominative)
wesrakoi (nominative plural)
wesrake (singular vocative)
wesrakou (dual vocative)
wesrakoi (plural vocative)
wesrakom (accusative singular)
wesrakou (accusative dual)
wesrakons (accusative plural)
wesrakī (genitive singular)
wesrakous (dual genitive)
wesrakom (genitive plural)
wesrakūi (dative singular)
wesrakobom (dative dual)
wesrakobos (dative plural)
wesrakei (locative singular)
wesrakū (instrumental singular)
wesrakobim (dual instrumental)
wesrakūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: errach
Irish: earrach
Scottish Gaelic: earrach
Manx: arragh

From *wesrū + *-akos, from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring (season)”).


sedom

sedom (nominative singular)
sedou (dual nominative)
sedā (nominative plural)
sedom (singular vocative)
sedou (dual vocative)
sedā (plural vocative)
sedom (accusative singular)
sedou (accusative dual)
sedā (accusative plural)
sedī (genitive singular)
sedous (dual genitive)
sedom (genitive plural)
sedūi (dative singular)
sedobom (dative dual)
sedobos (dative plural)
sedei (locative singular)
sedū (instrumental singular)
sedobim (dual instrumental)
sedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *heð

Old Breton: hed

Middle Breton: hez

Breton: hez

Middle Welsh: hedd

Welsh: hedd

From Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕδος (hédos) and Latin sedes.
All the derivatives of this word indicate that the simplex originally meant "sitting" or "seat" before acquiring various specialized meanings in Brittonic.

tumulus (inhabited by supernatural beings)

annedd

Middle Welsh: anhed, annhet, anhet; Welsh


sīdos

sīdos (nominative singular)
sīdese? (dual nominative)
sīdesa (nominative plural)
sīdos (singular vocative)
sīdese? (dual vocative)
sīdesa (plural vocative)
sīdos (accusative singular)
sīdese? (accusative dual)
sīdesa (accusative plural)
sīdesos (genitive singular)
sīdesous? (dual genitive)
sīdesom (genitive plural)
sīdesei (dative singular)
sīdesbom (dative dual)
sīdesbos (dative plural)
sīdesi (locative singular)
sīdesei (instrumental singular)
sīdesbim (dual instrumental)
sīdesbis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: síd, síth
Middle Irish: side
Irish: sí, síth
Manx: shee
Scottish Gaelic: sìth, sìdh

Gaulish: *Wirosīdon

Latin: Virosidum

From Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕδος (hédos) and Latin sedes.


sexskā

sexskā (nominative singular)
sexskai (dual nominative)
sexskās (nominative plural)
sexskā (singular vocative)
sexskai (dual vocative)
sexskās (plural vocative)
sexskam (accusative singular)
sexskai (accusative dual)
sexskāns (accusative plural)
sexskās (genitive singular)
sexskous (dual genitive)
sexskom (genitive plural)
sexskāi (dative singular)
sexskābom (dative dual)
sexskābos (dative plural)
sexskai (locative singular)
sexskābim (dual instrumental)
sexskābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hesk

Middle Breton: hesq

Breton: hesk

Cornish: heschen, hesc

Middle Welsh: hescenn

Welsh: hesg

Middle Irish: seisc

Thought to be cognate with Proto-Germanic *sagjaz (“sedge”), both perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sek(H)- (“to cut”), either from *séks-keh₂, from se-present *sék(H)-se-ti + *-keh₂, or *sésk(H)-eh₂, from reduplicated thematic aorist *sé-sk(H)-et + *-eh₂.


sɸenyos

sɸenyos (nominative singular)
sɸenyou (dual nominative)
sɸenyoi (nominative plural)
sɸenye (singular vocative)
sɸenyou (dual vocative)
sɸenyoi (plural vocative)
sɸenyom (accusative singular)
sɸenyou (accusative dual)
sɸenyons (accusative plural)
sɸenyī (genitive singular)
sɸenyous (dual genitive)
sɸenyom (genitive plural)
sɸenyūi (dative singular)
sɸenyobom (dative dual)
sɸenyobos (dative plural)
sɸenyei (locative singular)
sɸenyū (instrumental singular)
sɸenyobim (dual instrumental)
sɸenyūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: sine
Irish: sine
Manx: sheeiney
Scottish Gaelic: sine
⇒ Middle Irish: triphne (“having three teats”)

From Proto-Indo-European *sptén-yo-s, from *pstḗn (“teat”).


skātos

skātos (nominative singular)
skātou (dual nominative)
skātoi (nominative plural)
skāte (singular vocative)
skātou (dual vocative)
skātoi (plural vocative)
skātom (accusative singular)
skātou (accusative dual)
skātons (accusative plural)
skātī (genitive singular)
skātous (dual genitive)
skātom (genitive plural)
skātūi (dative singular)
skātobom (dative dual)
skātobos (dative plural)
skātei (locative singular)
skātū (instrumental singular)
skātobim (dual instrumental)
skātūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *skọd
Breton: skeud
Old Cornish: scod
Cornish: skeus
Middle Welsh: ysgawt
Welsh: ysgod

Old Irish: scáth
Irish: scáth
Manx: scaa
Scottish Gaelic: sgàth
⇒ Middle Irish: scáthán
Irish: scáthán

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃-tó-s, from *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkess, shadow”) + *-tós.


saitlom

saitlom (nominative singular)
saitlou (dual nominative)
saitlā (nominative plural)
saitlom (singular vocative)
saitlou (dual vocative)
saitlā (plural vocative)
saitlom (accusative singular)
saitlou (accusative dual)
saitlā (accusative plural)
saitlī (genitive singular)
saitlous (dual genitive)
saitlom (genitive plural)
saitlūi (dative singular)
saitlobom (dative dual)
saitlobos (dative plural)
saitlei (locative singular)
saitlū (instrumental singular)
saitlobim (dual instrumental)
saitlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hoɨdl
Old Breton: hoidl
Middle Breton: hoazl
Breton: hoal
Cornish: hoedel
Middle Welsh: hoedyl
Welsh: hoedl

Gaulish: *sētlom

⇒ Gaulish: *Sētlokēnyā (+ *kēnos (“long”))

→ Latin: Sētlocēnia (female deity)

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂éytlom (“lifespan, lifetime”).

inh

hirhoazlus

*sīrosaitlom (+ *sīros (“long”)); Middle Breton


līwos

līwos (nominative singular)
līwou (dual nominative)
līwoi (nominative plural)
līwe (singular vocative)
līwou (dual vocative)
līwoi (plural vocative)
līwom (accusative singular)
līwou (accusative dual)
līwons (accusative plural)
līwī (genitive singular)
līwous (dual genitive)
līwom (genitive plural)
līwūi (dative singular)
līwobom (dative dual)
līwobos (dative plural)
līwei (locative singular)
līwū (instrumental singular)
līwobim (dual instrumental)
līwūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lliw
Old Breton: liu, liou
Middle Breton: liu
Breton: liv
Old Cornish: liu
Middle Cornish: lyw
Cornish: liw
Old Welsh: liu
Middle Welsh: lliw
Welsh: lliw

Old Irish: lí, líi
Middle Irish: lí
Irish: lí

Gaulish: *lios

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)lih₃-wó-s, from *(s)leh₃y- + *-wós.


līwos

Old Irish: lie

From Proto-Indo-European *léh₁u-s ~ *l̥h₁w-és, from *leh₁- (“stone”). Cognate with Albanian lerë (“boulder”), Ancient Greek λᾶας (lâas, “stone”), Mycenaean Greek 𐀨𐀁𐀊 (ra-e-ja, “stone”) and possibly Old Armenian լեառն (leaṙn, “mountain”).

inh

losenge

→ Vulgar Latin: *lausanga (see there for further descendants); Old French


garsman

gar(s)man (canonical neuter)
garsman (nominative singular)
garsmane? (dual nominative)
garsmana (nominative plural)
garsman (singular vocative)
garsmane? (dual vocative)
garsmana (plural vocative)
garsman (accusative singular)
garsmane? (accusative dual)
garsmana (accusative plural)
garsmens (genitive singular)
garsmenous? (dual genitive)
garsmenom (genitive plural)
garsmenei (dative singular)
garsmembom (dative dual)
garsmembos (dative plural)
garsmen (locative singular)
garsmeni (locative singular)
garsmenei (instrumental singular)
garsmembim (dual instrumental)
garsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: garm

Breton: garm

Cornish: garm

Middle Welsh: garm

desctree

Old Irish: gairm
Irish: gairm
Scottish Gaelic: gairm

Gaulish: *garman

→ Latin: Garmanus

→ Old French: guermenter (“lament”)

→ Latin: Garmangabi

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, cry”), suffixed with *-sman (action noun suffix).


garyos

garyos (nominative singular)
garyou (dual nominative)
garyoi (nominative plural)
garye (singular vocative)
garyou (dual vocative)
garyoi (plural vocative)
garyom (accusative singular)
garyou (accusative dual)
garyons (accusative plural)
garyī (genitive singular)
garyous (dual genitive)
garyom (genitive plural)
garyūi (dative singular)
garyobom (dative dual)
garyobos (dative plural)
garyei (locative singular)
garyū (instrumental singular)
garyobim (dual instrumental)
garyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gėr
Middle Breton: guer
Breton: ger
Cornish: ger
Middle Welsh: geir
Welsh: gair

Old Irish: gair

Gaulish: adgarion (acc.sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, cry”).


gāri

gāri (nominative singular)
gārī (dual nominative)
gāryā (nominative plural)
gāri (singular vocative)
gārī (dual vocative)
gāryā (plural vocative)
gāri (accusative singular)
gārī (accusative dual)
gāryā (accusative plural)
gārois (genitive singular)
gārois (dual genitive)
gāryom (genitive plural)
gārei (dative singular)
gāribom (dative dual)
gāribos (dative plural)
gārei (locative singular)
gārī (instrumental singular)
gāribim (dual instrumental)
gāribis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gọr

Middle Welsh: gawr

Old Irish: gáir

Irish: gáir

Scottish Gaelic: gàir


ɸitu

ɸitu (nominative singular)
ɸitū (dual nominative)
ɸitwā (nominative plural)
ɸitu (singular vocative)
ɸitū (dual vocative)
ɸitwā (plural vocative)
ɸitu (accusative singular)
ɸitū (accusative dual)
ɸitwā (accusative plural)
ɸitous (genitive singular)
ɸitous (dual genitive)
ɸitowom (genitive plural)
ɸitou (dative singular)
ɸitubom (dative dual)
ɸitubos (dative plural)
ɸitū (instrumental singular)
ɸitubim (dual instrumental)
ɸitubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨd (“corn, grain”)

Middle Breton: et, eth, yt

Breton: ed

Old Cornish: yd

⇒ Old Cornish: hitaduer

Middle Cornish: eys, ys

Cornish: ys

Middle Welsh: yt

Welsh: ŷd

Old Irish: ith n (“corn, grain”)
Irish: ioth
Scottish Gaelic: ioth

Gaulish: *itu

⇒ Latin: Itius, Ittu (personal name)

From Proto-Indo-European *péy-tu-s ~ *pi-téw-s (proterokinetic tu-stem) (whence Sanskrit पितु (pitú, “nutrition”), Avestan 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬎 (pitu, “food”)), from *pey- (“food, nutrition”) + *-tus. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *piťa, Lithuanian piẽtūs (“dinner”, pl.), Boeotian Greek πιτεύω (piteúō, “to irrigate, to water (cattle)”).


tankos

tankos (nominative singular)
tankou (dual nominative)
tankoi (nominative plural)
tanke (singular vocative)
tankou (dual vocative)
tankoi (plural vocative)
tankom (accusative singular)
tankou (accusative dual)
tankons (accusative plural)
tankī (genitive singular)
tankous (dual genitive)
tankom (genitive plural)
tankūi (dative singular)
tankobom (dative dual)
tankobos (dative plural)
tankei (locative singular)
tankū (instrumental singular)
tankobim (dual instrumental)
tankūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tank

Old Welsh: tagc

Middle Welsh: tang, tanc

Welsh: tang

Gaulish: *tankos, takos

From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to be solid, firm”).


rīgyom

rīgyom (nominative singular)
rīgyou (dual nominative)
rīgyā (nominative plural)
rīgyom (singular vocative)
rīgyou (dual vocative)
rīgyā (plural vocative)
rīgyom (accusative singular)
rīgyou (accusative dual)
rīgyā (accusative plural)
rīgyī (genitive singular)
rīgyous (dual genitive)
rīgyom (genitive plural)
rīgyūi (dative singular)
rīgyobom (dative dual)
rīgyobos (dative plural)
rīgyei (locative singular)
rīgyū (instrumental singular)
rīgyobim (dual instrumental)
rīgyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rriɣɨð

Middle Welsh: rihyt, rihyd

Welsh: rhiydd

Old Irish: ríge

→ Proto-Germanic: *rīkiją, *rīkijaz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king”), also of same origin Latin rex

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


kawaros

kawaros (nominative singular)
kawarou (dual nominative)
kawaroi (nominative plural)
kaware (singular vocative)
kawarou (dual vocative)
kawaroi (plural vocative)
kawarom (accusative singular)
kawarou (accusative dual)
kawarons (accusative plural)
kawarī (genitive singular)
kawarous (dual genitive)
kawarom (genitive plural)
kawarūi (dative singular)
kawarobom (dative dual)
kawarobos (dative plural)
kawarei (locative singular)
kawarū (instrumental singular)
kawarobim (dual instrumental)
kawarūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Old Cornish: caurmarch

Middle Welsh: cawr

Welsh: cawr

Old Irish: cuar, caur

Irish: curadh

Scottish Gaelic: curadh

Gaulish: Καυαρος (Kauaros)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“strong”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κῡ́ριος (kū́rios).


toranos

toranos (nominative singular)
toranou (dual nominative)
toranoi (nominative plural)
torane (singular vocative)
toranou (dual vocative)
toranoi (plural vocative)
toranom (accusative singular)
toranou (accusative dual)
toranons (accusative plural)
toranī (genitive singular)
toranous (dual genitive)
toranom (genitive plural)
toranūi (dative singular)
toranobom (dative dual)
toranobos (dative plural)
toranei (locative singular)
toranū (instrumental singular)
toranobim (dual instrumental)
toranūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *taran

Old Breton: taran

Breton: taran

Old Cornish: taran

Cornish: taran

Middle Welsh: taran

Welsh: taran

Old Irish: torann

Irish: torann

Scottish Gaelic: torrunn

⇒ Middle Irish: toirnech

Irish: toirneach

Gaulish: *taranus, Taranis

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þunraz (“thunder”), Latin tonō (“to thunder”), Persian تندر (tondar, “thunder”), and Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, “to resound; to thunder; to roar”).

cog

fothram

Middle Irish: fothrann (“noise”), fothrom

godaran

Proto-Brythonic: *gwodaran; Middle Welsh


wisus

wisus (nominative singular)
wisū (dual nominative)
wisowes (nominative plural)
wisu (singular vocative)
wisū (dual vocative)
wisūs (plural vocative)
wisum (accusative singular)
wisū (accusative dual)
wisuns (accusative plural)
wisous (genitive singular)
wisous (dual genitive)
wisowom (genitive plural)
wisou (dative singular)
wisubom (dative dual)
wisubos (dative plural)
wisū (instrumental singular)
wisubim (dual instrumental)
wisubis (instrumental plural)

desc

Welsh: gwlydd (“haulm, chickwedd; weeds”)

Middle Irish: fí

Gaulish: *wisus

⇒ Gaulish: *wisumāros (“clover”)

→ Latin: visumarus

From Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“fluidity, slime, poison”).


yextis

yextis (nominative singular)
yextī (dual nominative)
yextīs (nominative plural)
yexti (singular vocative)
yextī (dual vocative)
yextīs (plural vocative)
yextim (accusative singular)
yextī (accusative dual)
yextins (accusative plural)
yexteis (genitive singular)
yextyow (dual genitive)
yextyom (genitive plural)
yextei (dative singular)
yextibom (dative dual)
yextibos (dative plural)
yextei (locative singular)
yextī (instrumental singular)
yextibim (dual instrumental)
yextibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *jeiθ
Breton: yezh
Cornish: yeth
Middle Welsh: ieith
Welsh: iaith

Old Irish: icht (“race, people, tribe”)
Middle Irish: icht

From Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“to say”).


koxsā

koxsā (nominative singular)
koxsai (dual nominative)
koxsās (nominative plural)
koxsā (singular vocative)
koxsai (dual vocative)
koxsās (plural vocative)
koxsam (accusative singular)
koxsai (accusative dual)
koxsāns (accusative plural)
koxsās (genitive singular)
koxsous (dual genitive)
koxsom (genitive plural)
koxsāi (dative singular)
koxsābom (dative dual)
koxsābos (dative plural)
koxsai (locative singular)
koxsābim (dual instrumental)
koxsābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koɨs
Middle Welsh: coes
Welsh: coes

Old Irish: cos
Irish: cos
Manx: cass
Scottish Gaelic: cas

From Proto-Indo-European *koḱs-. Cognate with Latin coxa (“hip”), Old High German hahsa (“back of the knee”), and Sanskrit कक्ष (kákṣa, “armpit”).


brixtā

brixtā (nominative singular)
brixtai (dual nominative)
brixtās (nominative plural)
brixtā (singular vocative)
brixtai (dual vocative)
brixtās (plural vocative)
brixtam (accusative singular)
brixtai (accusative dual)
brixtāns (accusative plural)
brixtās (genitive singular)
brixtous (dual genitive)
brixtom (genitive plural)
brixtāi (dative singular)
brixtābom (dative dual)
brixtābos (dative plural)
brixtai (locative singular)
brixtābim (dual instrumental)
brixtābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *briθ
Old Breton: brith
Middle Welsh: brythron (“magic wand”), lledfrith (“delusion, illusion”) (in compounds)
Welsh: lledrith

Old Irish: bricht
Middle Irish: bricht
Irish: briocht

Gaulish: brixtia

Celtiberian: *bruxtia

→ Spanish: bruja

→ Galician: bruxa

→ Portuguese: bruxa

→ Catalan: bruixa

→ Occitan: bruèissa

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“enlighten”); compare Proto-Celtic *berxtos (“beautiful, bright”).


loutus

loutus (nominative singular)
loutū (dual nominative)
loutowes (nominative plural)
loutu (singular vocative)
loutū (dual vocative)
loutūs (plural vocative)
loutum (accusative singular)
loutū (accusative dual)
loutuns (accusative plural)
loutous (genitive singular)
loutous (dual genitive)
loutowom (genitive plural)
loutou (dative singular)
loutubom (dative dual)
loutubos (dative plural)
loutū (instrumental singular)
loutubim (dual instrumental)
loutubis (instrumental plural)
*loutwos (alternative)
*loutwis (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉdw

Middle Breton: ludu

Cornish: lusow

Middle Welsh: lludw, lludu

Welsh: lludw

desctree

Middle Irish: lúaith
Irish: luaith
Manx: leoie
Scottish Gaelic: luath²

* Pokorny suggests a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash”); see also *lowatrom (“bath”).
* Or, possibly related to *lutā (“dirt, mud”), from Proto-Indo-European *lew- (“dirt”) (Ancient Greek λῦμα (lûma, “dirt”), Latin lutum (“mud”)).
* Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European root shared by Sanskrit उल्का (ulkā, “meteor, firebrand, torch”).


wernā

wernā (nominative singular)
wernai (dual nominative)
wernās (nominative plural)
wernā (singular vocative)
wernai (dual vocative)
wernās (plural vocative)
wernam (accusative singular)
wernai (accusative dual)
wernāns (accusative plural)
wernās (genitive singular)
wernous (dual genitive)
wernom (genitive plural)
wernāi (dative singular)
wernābom (dative dual)
wernābos (dative plural)
wernai (locative singular)
wernābim (dual instrumental)
wernābis (instrumental plural)
*werno- (alternative)

desctree

Old Irish: fern
Irish: fearn
⇒ Irish: fearnóg
Manx: farney
Scottish Gaelic: feàrna

Proto-Brythonic: *gwern

Welsh: gwern, gwernen (“alder”)

Old Breton: guaern

Middle Breton: guern

Breton: gwern (“alder”)

Old Cornish: guern, guernen

Cornish: gwern

Gaulish: *wernā

→ Latin: verna, vernum

Catalan: vern, verna

French: vergne, verne

Ligurian: verna

Occitan: verna

Piedmontese: verna

>? Proto-Albanian: *werna

Albanian: verr

From Proto-Indo-European *wern- (“alder”).


dīwedom

dīwedom (nominative singular)
dīwedou (dual nominative)
dīwedā (nominative plural)
dīwedom (singular vocative)
dīwedou (dual vocative)
dīwedā (plural vocative)
dīwedom (accusative singular)
dīwedou (accusative dual)
dīwedā (accusative plural)
dīwedī (genitive singular)
dīwedous (dual genitive)
dīwedom (genitive plural)
dīwedūi (dative singular)
dīwedobom (dative dual)
dīwedobos (dative plural)
dīwedei (locative singular)
dīwedū (instrumental singular)
dīwedobim (dual instrumental)
dīwedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *diweð

Old Breton: diued

Middle Breton: divez

Breton: diwezh

Cornish: diwedh

Old Welsh: diued

Middle Welsh: diued, diwet

Welsh: diwedd

Old Irish: dead

From *dīwedeti (“to stop”), with the suffix *-om.


swantos

swantos (nominative singular)
swantou (dual nominative)
swantoi (nominative plural)
swante (singular vocative)
swantou (dual vocative)
swantoi (plural vocative)
swantom (accusative singular)
swantou (accusative dual)
swantons (accusative plural)
swantī (genitive singular)
swantous (dual genitive)
swantom (genitive plural)
swantūi (dative singular)
swantobom (dative dual)
swantobos (dative plural)
swantei (locative singular)
swantū (instrumental singular)
swantobim (dual instrumental)
swantūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwant (“desire”)

Breton: c'hoant

Cornish: hwans

Middle Welsh: chwant

Welsh: chwant

→? Old Irish: sant (“desire, avarice”)

Irish: saint

Manx: saynt

Scottish Gaelic: sannt

Old Irish: sét (“object of value”)
Irish: seoid, séad
Scottish Gaelic: seud

Gaulish: suante (loc. sg.)

The etymology is uncertain.
* Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (“good”), making it cognate with *su- (“good”), though the phonetic development is uncertain.
* From Proto-Indo-European *swentos (“strong, vigorous, active, healthy”), though there is a difference in semantics.
* From Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”), source of Ancient Greek οὐσία (ousía, “one's property, substance”).


mezgos

mezgos (nominative singular)
mezgou (dual nominative)
mezgoi (nominative plural)
mezge (singular vocative)
mezgou (dual vocative)
mezgoi (plural vocative)
mezgom (accusative singular)
mezgou (accusative dual)
mezgons (accusative plural)
mezgī (genitive singular)
mezgous (dual genitive)
mezgom (genitive plural)
mezgūi (dative singular)
mezgobom (dative dual)
mezgobos (dative plural)
mezgei (locative singular)
mezgū (instrumental singular)
mezgobim (dual instrumental)
mezgūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *meið
Old Breton: meid
Cornish: meith
Welsh: maidd

Old Irish: medc, medg
Irish: meadhg, meidhg, meug
Scottish Gaelic: mèag, meòg, meug, (dialectal) meang
Manx: meaig, meug

Gaulish: *mesgos

→ Latin: mesgus

Old French: mesgue

French: mègue, mêgue

Unknown; claimed to be from Proto-Indo-European *mosgʰos (“marrow”),, though this seems semantically difficult. A connection to Old Norse mysa (“whey”), Sanskrit आमिक्षा (āmikṣā, “cottage cheese, cream”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyḱ- (“to mix”) also seems unlikely.


lindom

lindom (nominative singular)
lindou (dual nominative)
lindā (nominative plural)
lindom (singular vocative)
lindou (dual vocative)
lindā (plural vocative)
lindom (accusative singular)
lindou (accusative dual)
lindā (accusative plural)
lindī (genitive singular)
lindous (dual genitive)
lindom (genitive plural)
lindūi (dative singular)
lindobom (dative dual)
lindobos (dative plural)
lindei (locative singular)
lindū (instrumental singular)
lindobim (dual instrumental)
lindūis (instrumental plural)
*lindus (alternative)
*lendus (alternative)
*lindos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨnn

Old Breton: lin (“lake”)

Middle Breton: lenn (“pool”)

Old Cornish: gre-lin (“lake”)

desc

Middle Welsh: llynn (“lake, drink”), llyn

Welsh: llyn

Old Irish: lind (“liquid, drink, ale”)

Scottish Gaelic: linne, leann, lionn

Gaulish: lindon

Gaulish: *Lindiakon

→ Latin: Lindiacum (“Lintgen”)

Compare *liyeti (“flow”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *liH-nd-o-, but that would result in *līndom with a long ī.

→ Ancient Greek: Λίνδον

→ Latin: Lindum (“Lindum Colonia, Lincoln”)


merkā

merkā (nominative singular)
merkai (dual nominative)
merkās (nominative plural)
merkā (singular vocative)
merkai (dual vocative)
merkās (plural vocative)
merkam (accusative singular)
merkai (accusative dual)
merkāns (accusative plural)
merkās (genitive singular)
merkous (dual genitive)
merkom (genitive plural)
merkāi (dative singular)
merkābom (dative dual)
merkābos (dative plural)
merkai (locative singular)
merkābim (dual instrumental)
merkābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *merx

Breton: merc'h

Cornish: myrgh

Welsh: merch

From Proto-Indo-European *merkeh₂ (“girl”), from *mer- (“boy, girl”). Compare Scottish Gaelic smarach (“lad”), Latin marītus (“husband”), Ancient Greek μεῖραξ (meîrax, “girl”), Old Armenian մարի (mari, “hen”)), Sanskrit मर्य (marya, “young man, suitor”), Lithuanian mergà (“girl”).


lanxsman

lanxsman (nominative singular)
lanxsmane? (dual nominative)
lanxsmana (nominative plural)
lanxsman (singular vocative)
lanxsmane? (dual vocative)
lanxsmana (plural vocative)
lanxsman (accusative singular)
lanxsmane? (accusative dual)
lanxsmana (accusative plural)
lanxsmens (genitive singular)
lanxsmenous? (dual genitive)
lanxsmenom (genitive plural)
lanxsmenei (dative singular)
lanxsmembom (dative dual)
lanxsmembos (dative plural)
lanxsmen (locative singular)
lanxsmeni (locative singular)
lanxsmenei (instrumental singular)
lanxsmembim (dual instrumental)
lanxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: lam

Breton: lamm

Cornish: lamm

Middle Welsh: llam (“jump”)

desctree

Old Irish: léimm
Irish: léim
Manx: lheim
Scottish Gaelic: leum

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“light; move lightly”). However, it could instead be akin to Proto-Slavic *plęsati (“to dance”); see Old Irish lingid (“to jump”).
Contains the suffix *-sman.


awelā

awelā (nominative singular)
awelai (dual nominative)
awelās (nominative plural)
awelā (singular vocative)
awelai (dual vocative)
awelās (plural vocative)
awelam (accusative singular)
awelai (accusative dual)
awelāns (accusative plural)
awelās (genitive singular)
awelous (dual genitive)
awelom (genitive plural)
awelāi (dative singular)
awelābom (dative dual)
awelābos (dative plural)
awelai (locative singular)
awelābim (dual instrumental)
awelābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *awel

Old Breton: avelou

Middle Breton: avel, auel (“wind”)

Breton: avel

Old Cornish: auhel

Middle Cornish: awel

Cornish: awel

Middle Welsh: awel

Welsh: awel

Gallaecian: *awilā

⇒ Gallaecian: *Awilyobris

→ Latin: Aviliobris

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewh₁eleh₂, from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).