udenskyos

udenskyos (nominative singular)
udenskyou (dual nominative)
udenskyoi (nominative plural)
udenskye (singular vocative)
udenskyou (dual vocative)
udenskyoi (plural vocative)
udenskyom (accusative singular)
udenskyou (accusative dual)
udenskyons (accusative plural)
udenskyī (genitive singular)
udenskyous (dual genitive)
udenskyom (genitive plural)
udenskyūi (dative singular)
udenskyobom (dative dual)
udenskyobos (dative plural)
udenskyei (locative singular)
udenskyū (instrumental singular)
udenskyobim (dual instrumental)
udenskyūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: uisce
Irish: uisce, uisge (obsolete)
→ English: whiskey
Manx: ushtey
Scottish Gaelic: uisge
→ English: whisky

From a suffixed form of Proto-Indo-European *udén-, the oblique stem of *wódr̥ (“water”).

ανδοουνναβο

Proto-Celtic: *ande-udnā (“underground water”)


benā

benā (nominative singular)
bnai? (dual nominative)
bnās (nominative plural)
benā (singular vocative)
bnai? (dual vocative)
bnās (plural vocative)
benam (accusative singular)
bnai? (accusative dual)
bnans (accusative plural)
bnās (genitive singular)
bnous (dual genitive)
banom (genitive plural)
bnāi (dative singular)
bnābom (dative dual)
bnābos (dative plural)
bnai (locative singular)
bnābim (dual instrumental)
bnābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *ben
Old Breton: ban- (in ban-leu, ban-doiuis)
Middle Breton: e-ben
Breton: eben
Old Cornish: benen
Cornish: ben, benyn
Old Welsh: ben
Welsh: benyw, menyw

Old Irish: ben
Middle Irish: ben
Irish: bean
Manx: ben
Scottish Gaelic: bean
⇒ Middle Irish: benagán

Gaulish: benā, bnanom (genitive plural)

A re-formation of *ben (directly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn < *gʷenh₂) as a feminine ā-stem.


kagyom

kagyom (nominative singular)
kagyou (dual nominative)
kagyā (nominative plural)
kagyom (singular vocative)
kagyou (dual vocative)
kagyā (plural vocative)
kagyom (accusative singular)
kagyou (accusative dual)
kagyā (accusative plural)
kagyī (genitive singular)
kagyous (dual genitive)
kagyom (genitive plural)
kagyūi (dative singular)
kagyobom (dative dual)
kagyobos (dative plural)
kagyei (locative singular)
kagyū (instrumental singular)
kagyobim (dual instrumental)
kagyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨ

Old Breton: cai

Middle Breton: quae

Breton: kae

Cornish: ke

Middle Welsh: kay, kae

Welsh: cae

desc

Gaulish: cagiíon (attested on the Cajarc tile)

→ Medieval Latin: caium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (“enclosure”).


ānniyos

ānniyos (nominative singular)
ānniyou (dual nominative)
ānniyoi (nominative plural)
ānniye (singular vocative)
ānniyou (dual vocative)
ānniyoi (plural vocative)
ānniyom (accusative singular)
ānniyou (accusative dual)
ānniyons (accusative plural)
ānniyī (genitive singular)
ānniyous (dual genitive)
ānniyom (genitive plural)
ānniyūi (dative singular)
ānniyobom (dative dual)
ānniyobos (dative plural)
ānniyei (locative singular)
ānniyū (instrumental singular)
ānniyobim (dual instrumental)
ānniyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: áinne
Middle Irish: fáinne
Irish: fáinne
→ English: fainne, Fainne, Fáinne, fáinne, fawny, fawney, phony, phoney (British)
→ Romani: foni
Manx: fainey
Scottish Gaelic: fàinne

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂n- (“ring”). Cognate with Latin ānus (“ring, anus”) and Old Armenian անուր (anur, “ring, necklace”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₃s- (“belt, girdle”); compare Ancient Greek ζώνη (zṓnē), Old Church Slavonic (по)ꙗсъ ((po)jasŭ), Lithuanian júosta.


argantom

argantom (nominative singular)
argantou (dual nominative)
argantā (nominative plural)
argantom (singular vocative)
argantou (dual vocative)
argantā (plural vocative)
argantom (accusative singular)
argantou (accusative dual)
argantā (accusative plural)
argantī (genitive singular)
argantous (dual genitive)
argantom (genitive plural)
argantūi (dative singular)
argantobom (dative dual)
argantobos (dative plural)
argantei (locative singular)
argantū (instrumental singular)
argantobim (dual instrumental)
argantūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *arɣant
Old Breton: argant
Middle Breton: archant
Breton: arc'hant
Cornish: arghans
Old Welsh: argant
Middle Welsh: ariant
Welsh: arian

Old Irish: argat

Irish: airgead

Manx: argid

Scottish Gaelic: airgead

Gaulish: arganto-, *arganton

Celtiberian: arkanta, arkato-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (“silver”), from *h₂erǵ- (“white, brilliant”). Cognate with Latin argentum (“silver”), Sanskrit रजत (rajata, “silver”), Old Armenian արծաթ (arcatʻ, “silver”).


karros

karros (nominative singular)
karrou (dual nominative)
karroi (nominative plural)
karre (singular vocative)
karrou (dual vocative)
karroi (plural vocative)
karrom (accusative singular)
karrou (accusative dual)
karrons (accusative plural)
karrī (genitive singular)
karrous (dual genitive)
karrom (genitive plural)
karrūi (dative singular)
karrobom (dative dual)
karrobos (dative plural)
karrei (locative singular)
karrū (instrumental singular)
karrobim (dual instrumental)
karrūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *karr
Old Breton: carr
Middle Breton: carr
Breton: karr
Cornish: karr
Middle Welsh: carr
Welsh: car

Old Irish: carr

Gaulish: karró-, *karros

→ Latin: carrus, carra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós, from *ḱers- (“to run”).


karbantos

karbantos (nominative singular)
karbantou (dual nominative)
karbantoi (nominative plural)
karbante (singular vocative)
karbantou (dual vocative)
karbantoi (plural vocative)
karbantom (accusative singular)
karbantou (accusative dual)
karbantons (accusative plural)
karbantī (genitive singular)
karbantous (dual genitive)
karbantom (genitive plural)
karbantūi (dative singular)
karbantobom (dative dual)
karbantobos (dative plural)
karbantei (locative singular)
karbantū (instrumental singular)
karbantobim (dual instrumental)
karbantūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: carpat, carbat
Irish: carbad
Manx: carbyd
Scottish Gaelic: carbad
→ Proto-Brythonic: *kėrbɨd
Old Breton: cerpit
Breton: karbed
Cornish: cerpit
Middle Welsh: kerbyt
Welsh: cerbyd

Gaulish: *karbanton

→ Ancient Greek: καρβαντός (karbantós)

→ Latin: carpentum (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Gaulish: *Karbanyā

→ Latin: Carbantia

Uncertain; possibly related to *korbos (“wagon; basket”), (whence Old Irish corb (“wagon”)), though its irregular *k-bʰ root shape and a-vocalism probably point to a substrate language borrowing. Perhaps cognate with Latin corbis (“wicker-basket”) Proto-Germanic *hrepaz (“basket”) (Old Norse hrip, Old High German ref), Lithuanian krẽpšas (“basket”), kar̃bas (“basket”), Russian короб (korob, “container”).


slougos

slougos (nominative singular)
slougou (dual nominative)
slougoi (nominative plural)
slouge (singular vocative)
slougou (dual vocative)
slougoi (plural vocative)
slougom (accusative singular)
slougou (accusative dual)
slougons (accusative plural)
slougī (genitive singular)
slougous (dual genitive)
slougom (genitive plural)
slougūi (dative singular)
slougobom (dative dual)
slougobos (dative plural)
slougei (locative singular)
slougū (instrumental singular)
slougobim (dual instrumental)
slougūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉɣ
Old Breton: *lu (in toponyms)
Breton: lu
Old Cornish: luu
Cornish: lu
Middle Welsh: llu
Welsh: llu

Old Irish: slóg, slúag
Middle Irish: slúag
Classical Gaelic: sluagh
Irish: slua, sluagh (superseded)
→ English: slew
Scottish Gaelic: sluagh
Manx: sleih

Gaulish: *slugi

From Proto-Indo-European *slowgʰos, *slowgos (“entourage”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sluga (“servant”) (compare Old Church Slavonic слоуга (sluga)), Lithuanian slaugà (“servitude”).


īsarnom

īsarnom (nominative singular)
īsarnou (dual nominative)
īsarnā (nominative plural)
īsarnom (singular vocative)
īsarnou (dual vocative)
īsarnā (plural vocative)
īsarnom (accusative singular)
īsarnou (accusative dual)
īsarnā (accusative plural)
īsarnī (genitive singular)
īsarnous (dual genitive)
īsarnom (genitive plural)
īsarnūi (dative singular)
īsarnobom (dative dual)
īsarnobos (dative plural)
īsarnei (locative singular)
īsarnū (instrumental singular)
īsarnobim (dual instrumental)
īsarnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hijarn (< *hiarno- < *iharno- by metathesis)

Old Breton: hoiarn

Middle Breton: houarnn

Breton: houarn

Old Cornish: hoern

Cornish: horn

Middle Welsh: haearn

Welsh: haearn

Old Irish: íarn

Irish: iarann

Manx: yiarn

Scottish Gaelic: iarann

Gaulish: Isarnus (proper name)

→ Proto-Germanic: *īsarną (see there for further descendants)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēsh₂r̥no- (“bloody, red”), from *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), but the long ē (which regularly became ī in Proto-Celtic) is unexplained. A connection with *ish₂ros (“supernatural, holy”) (compare Ancient Greek ἱερός (hierós, “supernatural, holy”), Sanskrit इषिर (iṣira, “refreshing”)) is also possible, though here too the long ī (which is confirmed by the Proto-Germanic loanword *īsarną) is unexplained.


bandā

bandā (nominative singular)
bandai (dual nominative)
bandās (nominative plural)
bandā (singular vocative)
bandai (dual vocative)
bandās (plural vocative)
bandam (accusative singular)
bandai (accusative dual)
bandāns (accusative plural)
bandās (genitive singular)
bandous (dual genitive)
bandom (genitive plural)
bandāi (dative singular)
bandābom (dative dual)
bandābos (dative plural)
bandai (locative singular)
bandābim (dual instrumental)
bandābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *bann
Middle Breton: ban
Breton: bann
Cornish: ban
Middle Welsh: bann
Welsh: ban

Old Irish: benn

Irish: beann, binn

Manx: beinn

Scottish Gaelic: beann

Gaulish: benn-, *bannā

Old Occitan:

Catalan: banya; banyut

Occitan: bana

Galician: beán

From Proto-Indo-European *bn̥dʰéh₂, from zero-grade form of *bendʰ- (“pin, point”). Cognate with Old English pinn (“pin, peg, bolt”).


srognā

srognā (nominative singular)
srognai (dual nominative)
srognās (nominative plural)
srognā (singular vocative)
srognai (dual vocative)
srognās (plural vocative)
srognam (accusative singular)
srognai (accusative dual)
srognāns (accusative plural)
srognās (genitive singular)
srognous (dual genitive)
srognom (genitive plural)
srognāi (dative singular)
srognābom (dative dual)
srognābos (dative plural)
srognai (locative singular)
srognābim (dual instrumental)
srognābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *froɨn
Old Breton: fron
Middle Breton: froan, fron
Breton: froen (“nostril”)
Middle Welsh: ffroen
Welsh: ffroen

Old Irish: srón
Irish: srón
Manx: stroin
Scottish Gaelic: sròn

Gaulish: *srognā
→ Old French: froigner, frogner
→ Middle English: frounen
English: frown
⇒ Old French: enfrogner
→ Catalan: enfurrunyar
→ Galician: enfurruñar
→ Spanish: enfurruñar

>? Proto-Celtic: *trognī-

⇒ Gaulish: trugna

→ French: trogne

→ Vivaro-Alpine: tronha

→ Piedmontese: dorgna, drogno

From Proto-Indo-European *sregʰ- (“snore”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ῥέγχος (rhénkhos, “snoring”), Old Armenian ռունգն (ṙungn, “nose”). See also Ancient Greek ῥύγχος (rhúnkhos, “snout”).


baskis

baskis (nominative singular)
baskī (dual nominative)
baskīs (nominative plural)
baski (singular vocative)
baskī (dual vocative)
baskīs (plural vocative)
baskim (accusative singular)
baskī (accusative dual)
baskins (accusative plural)
baskeis (genitive singular)
baskyow (dual genitive)
baskyom (genitive plural)
baskei (dative singular)
baskibom (dative dual)
baskibos (dative plural)
baskei (locative singular)
baskī (instrumental singular)
baskibim (dual instrumental)
baskibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: bech

Breton: bec'h

Middle Welsh: beich

Welsh: baich

Cornish: begh

desc

→ Late Latin: bascauda (“kettle, table-vessel”)

Old French: baschoe, (North) bascat

French: bâche, dial. bâchot, bachou

→ English: basket

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Arabic: فَشْقَار (fašqār, “a heap of sheaves”), فَشْقَر (fašqar)

→ Aragonese: fascal (“a heap of sheaves, a bundle of six sheaves; nautical: a wisp of plaits of raw esparto from which cables are made”), fascar

→ Galician: vascullo (“a bundle of straw; broom”), bascallo, bascullo, vascallo, vasallo

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (“bundle”), which may derive from a non-Indo-European source. Cognate with Latin fascis (“bundle, faggot”), and perhaps Ancient Greek φάσκωλος (pháskōlos, “leathern bag, sack”), Albanian bashkë (“fleece”).


wlanā

wlanā (nominative singular)
wlanai (dual nominative)
wlanās (nominative plural)
wlanā (singular vocative)
wlanai (dual vocative)
wlanās (plural vocative)
wlanam (accusative singular)
wlanai (accusative dual)
wlanāns (accusative plural)
wlanās (genitive singular)
wlanous (dual genitive)
wlanom (genitive plural)
wlanāi (dative singular)
wlanābom (dative dual)
wlanābos (dative plural)
wlanai (locative singular)
wlanābim (dual instrumental)
wlanābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwlan
Middle Breton: glan, gloan
Breton: gloan
Old Cornish: gluan
Middle Cornish: glan, glawn
Cornish: gwlan
Old Welsh: gulan
Middle Welsh: gwlan
Welsh: gwlân

from sandhi variant <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*ulanā</i>

Old Irish: olann (from sandhi variant *ulanā)
Irish: olann
Scottish Gaelic: olann
Manx: ollan

Gaulish: *wlanā

→ Old French: flaine, floene

→ Old French: flanelle (diminutive)

Norman: flianné

→ Middle English: flaunneol

English: flannel

→ French: flanelle (reborrowing)

→ Catalan: franel·la

→ German: Flanell

→ Italian: flanella

→ Portuguese: flanela

→ Spanish: franela

→ Swedish: flanell

→ Middle English: flanyn


uɸoreidos

uɸoreidos (nominative singular)
uɸoreidou (dual nominative)
uɸoreidoi (nominative plural)
uɸoreide (singular vocative)
uɸoreidou (dual vocative)
uɸoreidoi (plural vocative)
uɸoreidom (accusative singular)
uɸoreidou (accusative dual)
uɸoreidons (accusative plural)
uɸoreidī (genitive singular)
uɸoreidous (dual genitive)
uɸoreidom (genitive plural)
uɸoreidūi (dative singular)
uɸoreidobom (dative dual)
uɸoreidobos (dative plural)
uɸoreidei (locative singular)
uɸoreidū (instrumental singular)
uɸoreidobim (dual instrumental)
uɸoreidūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gworuɨð
Middle Welsh: gorwyð
Welsh: gorwydd

Gaulish: *werēdos

→ Late Latin: verēdus; ⇒ paraverēdus (see there for further descendants)

Hispano-Celtic:

→? Galician: verea (or derived from Late Latin verēdus)

→? Portuguese: vereda (or derived from Late Latin verēdus)

→? Spanish: vereda (or derived from Late Latin verēdus)

From *uɸo- (“under”) + *reidos (“ride, chariot”), the latter from *reideti (“to ride, move”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to ride, move”). Related to Proto-Germanic *rīdaną (“to ride”) (whence English ride).


kladiwos

kladiwos (nominative singular)
kladiwou (dual nominative)
kladiwoi (nominative plural)
kladiwe (singular vocative)
kladiwou (dual vocative)
kladiwoi (plural vocative)
kladiwom (accusative singular)
kladiwou (accusative dual)
kladiwons (accusative plural)
kladiwī (genitive singular)
kladiwous (dual genitive)
kladiwom (genitive plural)
kladiwūi (dative singular)
kladiwobom (dative dual)
kladiwobos (dative plural)
kladiwei (locative singular)
kladiwū (instrumental singular)
kladiwobim (dual instrumental)
kladiwūis (instrumental plural)

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: claideb
Middle Irish: claidem
Irish: claíomh, claidheamh
Manx: cliwe
Scottish Gaelic: claidheamh

→ Proto-Brythonic: *klėðɨβ̃

Middle Breton: clezeff

Breton: klezeñv, kleze

Middle Cornish: clethe

Cornish: kledha

Middle Welsh: cledyf

Welsh: cleddyf, cleddydd

Gaulish: *kladyos

→ Latin: gladius (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kladivo

Czech: kladivo

Serbo-Croatian: kladivo

Slovak: kladivo

Slovene: kladivo


bostā

bostā (nominative singular)
bostai (dual nominative)
bostās (nominative plural)
bostā (singular vocative)
bostai (dual vocative)
bostās (plural vocative)
bostam (accusative singular)
bostai (accusative dual)
bostāns (accusative plural)
bostās (genitive singular)
bostous (dual genitive)
bostom (genitive plural)
bostāi (dative singular)
bostābom (dative dual)
bostābos (dative plural)
bostai (locative singular)
bostābim (dual instrumental)
bostābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bos
Middle Breton: boz
Breton: boz
Old Welsh: bos
Middle Welsh: bos
Welsh: bos

Old Irish: bas, bos
Irish: bos, bas
→ Yola: baush, bash
Manx: bass
Scottish Gaelic: bas

Gaulish: *bostyā

→ Medieval Latin: bostia (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷosdeh₂, from *gʷésdos (“branch”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *kwastō (compare Old English cwist (“branch”), Old High German questa (“tuft”), Old Norse kvistr (“twig”)), Proto-Slavic *gvozdь (compare Czech hvozd (“forest”), Slovene gòzd (“forest”), Russian гвоздь (gvozdʹ, “nail”)), Proto-Albanian *gazda (compare Albanian gjeth (“leaf”)).


ulkos

ulkos (nominative singular)
ulkou (dual nominative)
ulkoi (nominative plural)
ulke (singular vocative)
ulkou (dual vocative)
ulkoi (plural vocative)
ulkom (accusative singular)
ulkou (accusative dual)
ulkons (accusative plural)
ulkī (genitive singular)
ulkous (dual genitive)
ulkom (genitive plural)
ulkūi (dative singular)
ulkobom (dative dual)
ulkobos (dative plural)
ulkei (locative singular)
ulkū (instrumental singular)
ulkobim (dual instrumental)
ulkūis (instrumental plural)
*lukos (alternative)

Goidelic:

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚒᚂᚉᚐᚌᚅᚔ (ulcagni)

Old Irish: olc (“bad”), olcc, elc, Olc (in names of mythological figures), ⇒ Olcán
Irish: olc
Manx: olk
Scottish Gaelic: olc

Lepontic: 𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔 (ulkos)

According to McCone, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”).
* The odd resyllabification to *ulk(ʷ)os is paralleled by Old Irish olann (< *wlanā).
* The loss of labialization in the velar stop (guaranteed by Lepontic, which is P-Celtic, in addition to this term never being spelled with q in Ogham) may be a dissimilation against the initial *w ~ u.
* The meaning "bad" in Irish could have been derived from pejorative comparison to wolves, or through a taboo association.
Stifter and Höfler adopt a different semantic derivation to McCone, given how Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) may be originally a deadjectivally accent-retracted substantivization of *wl̥kʷós (“harmful”); the adjective "bad" would simply instead be a survival of this base adjective into Irish.
MacBain's derivation of the Goidelic words for "bad" from Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ- (compare Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”), whence also Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz (“bad, evil”), Latin ulcus (“wound, sore”), Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound, ulcer”), Sanskrit अर्श (arśa, “hemorrhoids”)) does not work because it cannot account for the -u- in Celtic.


rūskos

ruskos (nominative singular)
ruskou (dual nominative)
ruskoi (nominative plural)
ruske (singular vocative)
ruskou (dual vocative)
ruskoi (plural vocative)
ruskom (accusative singular)
ruskou (accusative dual)
ruskons (accusative plural)
ruskī (genitive singular)
ruskous (dual genitive)
ruskom (genitive plural)
ruskūi (dative singular)
ruskobom (dative dual)
ruskobos (dative plural)
ruskei (locative singular)
ruskū (instrumental singular)
ruskobim (dual instrumental)
ruskūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrisk

Middle Breton: rusquenn

desc

Breton: rusk (“bark”), ruskenn (“beehive”)

Old Cornish: rusc

Middle Cornish: risc

Cornish: rusk

Middle Welsh: risgl

Welsh: rhisgl, rhisg

Old Irish: rúsc

Irish: rúsc

Manx: roost

Scottish Gaelic: rùsg

Gaulish: rusca

→ Medieval Latin: rusca (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from earlier *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, to stir”). Cognate with Latin runcō (“to grub, weed”), Ancient Greek ὀρύσσω (orússō, “to dig, grub”), Sanskrit लुञ्चति (luñcati, “to pluck”). Related to Irish rúam (“spade, shovel”).


kurmi

kurmi (nominative singular)
kurmī (dual nominative)
kurmyā (nominative plural)
kurmi (singular vocative)
kurmī (dual vocative)
kurmyā (plural vocative)
kurmi (accusative singular)
kurmī (accusative dual)
kurmyā (accusative plural)
kurmois (genitive singular)
kurmois (dual genitive)
kurmyom (genitive plural)
kurmei (dative singular)
kurmibom (dative dual)
kurmibos (dative plural)
kurmei (locative singular)
kurmī (instrumental singular)
kurmibim (dual instrumental)
kurmibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kurβ̃

Middle Breton: coref

Breton: korev

Old Cornish: coruf

Middle Cornish: coref

Cornish: korev

Old Welsh: curum

Middle Welsh: cwrwf

Welsh: cwrw

Proto-Brythonic: *kürβ̃ėsi

desctree

Old Irish: cuirm
Irish: coirm
Scottish Gaelic: cuirm

desc

Gaulish: curmi, curmí, κόρμα (kórma), κούρμι (koúrmi)

q

⇒ Gaulish: *kurmēsyā (+ *-ēsyā, apparently with /m/ > /β̃ ~ w̃/ mutation)

desc

→ Latin: cervēsa, cervēsia, cervisa, cervisia [77–79 CE] (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Often connected with Latin cremor (“thick juice made by boiling grain”), Sanskrit करम्भ (karambha, “barley porridge, soup, mixture”), Russian корм (korm, “food”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *kremH- (“to burn”).


tarwos

tarwos (nominative singular)
tarwou (dual nominative)
tarwoi (nominative plural)
tarwe (singular vocative)
tarwou (dual vocative)
tarwoi (plural vocative)
tarwom (accusative singular)
tarwou (accusative dual)
tarwons (accusative plural)
tarwī (genitive singular)
tarwous (dual genitive)
tarwom (genitive plural)
tarwūi (dative singular)
tarwobom (dative dual)
tarwobos (dative plural)
tarwei (locative singular)
tarwū (instrumental singular)
tarwobim (dual instrumental)
tarwūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tarw
Old Breton: taruu
Middle Breton: taru
Breton: tarw, tarv
Old Cornish: tarow
Cornish: tarow
Middle Welsh: tarw
Welsh: tarw

Old Irish: tarb
Irish: tarbh
Manx: tarroo
Scottish Gaelic: tarbh
→ Old Norse: tarfr
Icelandic: tarfur m
Faroese: tarvur m

Gaulish: taruos

From an early form *tawros, with metathesis of -wr- to -rw-; from Proto-Indo-European *táwros (“wild bull, aurochs”).


tarankyos

tarankyos (nominative singular)
tarankyou (dual nominative)
tarankyoi (nominative plural)
tarankye (singular vocative)
tarankyou (dual vocative)
tarankyoi (plural vocative)
tarankyom (accusative singular)
tarankyou (accusative dual)
tarankyons (accusative plural)
tarankyī (genitive singular)
tarankyous (dual genitive)
tarankyom (genitive plural)
tarankyūi (dative singular)
tarankyobom (dative dual)
tarankyobos (dative plural)
tarankyei (locative singular)
tarankyū (instrumental singular)
tarankyobim (dual instrumental)
tarankyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Middle Irish: tairnge
Irish: tairne
Scottish Gaelic: tàirnge, tàirng, tarrang, tarrag

Gaulish: *tarankā

→ Vulgar Latin: *taranca (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to drill, rub”).

der

nail (“spike-shaped metal fastener used for joining wood or similar materials”)


brigā

brigā (nominative singular)
brigai (dual nominative)
brigās (nominative plural)
brigā (singular vocative)
brigai (dual vocative)
brigās (plural vocative)
brigam (accusative singular)
brigai (accusative dual)
brigāns (accusative plural)
brigās (genitive singular)
brigous (dual genitive)
brigom (genitive plural)
brigāi (dative singular)
brigābom (dative dual)
brigābos (dative plural)
brigai (locative singular)
brigābim (dual instrumental)
brigābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *breɣ
Middle Cornish: bre
Cornish: bre
Middle Breton: bre
Breton: bre
Middle Welsh: bre
Welsh: bre

Gaulish: *brigā
French: Brie
⇒ French: brie
→ English: brie
→ Esperanto: brio
→ Persian: بری (beri)
→⇒ Latin: Eburobriga

→⇒ Latin: Abobriga

→⇒ Latin: Arabriga

→⇒ Latin: Arcobriga

→⇒ Latin: Augustobriga

→⇒ Latin: Caetobriga

→⇒ Latin: Conimbriga

→⇒ Latin: Flaviobriga

→⇒ Latin: Ierabriga

→⇒ Latin: Juliobriga

→⇒ Latin: Lacobriga

→⇒ Latin: Langobriga

→⇒ Latin: Medubriga

→⇒ Latin: Merobriga

→⇒ Latin: Nemetobriga

→⇒ Latin: Nertobriga

→⇒ Latin: Segobriga

→⇒ Latin: Talabriga

→⇒ Latin: Tongobriga

→⇒ Latin: Turobriga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥ǵʰ-éh₂, thematized from *bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és (“something high up, fortified”), whence also *brixs.


wailannā

wailannā (nominative singular)
wailannai (dual nominative)
wailannās (nominative plural)
wailannā (singular vocative)
wailannai (dual vocative)
wailannās (plural vocative)
wailannam (accusative singular)
wailannai (accusative dual)
wailannāns (accusative plural)
wailannās (genitive singular)
wailannous (dual genitive)
wailannom (genitive plural)
wailannāi (dative singular)
wailannābom (dative dual)
wailannābos (dative plural)
wailannai (locative singular)
wailannābim (dual instrumental)
wailannābis (instrumental plural)
*weilannā (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwuɨlann (< *weilannā)

Old Breton: guilannou (plural)

Middle Breton: goelann

Breton: gouelan

→ Middle French: gaellans, goilant

French: goéland

→ Middle English: gulle

English: gull, seagull

Old Cornish: guilan

→ Cornish: golan (semi-learned)

Middle Welsh: gwylan

Welsh: gwylan

Goidelic:

Old Irish: foílenn

Middle Irish: faílenn
Irish: faoileán, faoileog
Manx: foillan, foilleig, fooilleig
Scottish Gaelic: faoileann, faoileag

PIE word
 *wáy
Schrijver explains as "the wailer", from Proto-Indo-European *wai. For a similar formation compare *wailos (“wolf”, literally “wailer, howler”). However the suffix is still uncertain. Ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


kulis

kulis (nominative singular)
kulī (dual nominative)
kulīs (nominative plural)
kuli (singular vocative)
kulī (dual vocative)
kulīs (plural vocative)
kulim (accusative singular)
kulī (accusative dual)
kulins (accusative plural)
kuleis (genitive singular)
kulyow (dual genitive)
kulyom (genitive plural)
kulei (dative singular)
kulibom (dative dual)
kulibos (dative plural)
kulei (locative singular)
kulī (instrumental singular)
kulibim (dual instrumental)
kulibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: (pluralized)

Middle Breton: quelyen

Breton: kelien

Middle Welsh: kylyon

Welsh: cylion

Cornish: kelyon

desctree

Old Irish: cuil
Middle Irish: cuil, cuileóc
Irish: cuil, cuileog
Manx: quill, quaillag
Scottish Gaelic: cuileag

Often compared to Latin culex. Pokorny, followed by Schrijver and Zair, connect the terms to Sanskrit शूल (śūla, “stake”). Matasović is not confident in this connection.


nantos

nantos (nominative singular)
nantou (dual nominative)
nantoi (nominative plural)
nante (singular vocative)
nantou (dual vocative)
nantoi (plural vocative)
nantom (accusative singular)
nantou (accusative dual)
nantons (accusative plural)
nantī (genitive singular)
nantous (dual genitive)
nantom (genitive plural)
nantūi (dative singular)
nantobom (dative dual)
nantobos (dative plural)
nantei (locative singular)
nantū (instrumental singular)
nantobim (dual instrumental)
nantūis (instrumental plural)
*nantus (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *nant
Middle Breton: nant
Breton: ant
Old Cornish: nans
Cornish: nans
Middle Welsh: nant
Welsh: nant

Gaulish: nantos

→ Latin: Nantolium

→ French: nant (dialect)

Hispano-Celtic:

desc

→⇒ Medieval Latin: Ebronanto (“Yew-valley”)

Possibly related to *nemetom (“sacred place”).


anderā

anderā (nominative singular)
anderai (dual nominative)
anderās (nominative plural)
anderā (singular vocative)
anderai (dual vocative)
anderās (plural vocative)
anderam (accusative singular)
anderai (accusative dual)
anderāns (accusative plural)
anderās (genitive singular)
anderous (dual genitive)
anderom (genitive plural)
anderāi (dative singular)
anderābom (dative dual)
anderābos (dative plural)
anderai (locative singular)
anderābim (dual instrumental)
anderābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *anner

Middle Breton: annoer

Breton: ounner (Léonard/Cornouaillais), annoar (Trégorrois), annoer (Vannetais)

Old Cornish: annoer

Cornish: annor

Middle Welsh: anneir

Welsh: anner, annair

Old Irish: ainder

Middle Irish: ander

Irish: ainnir

Scottish Gaelic: ainnir

>? Gaulish: anderon

Old French: aundire, aundirne, andire, andirne

Middle French: landier

French: landier

→ Middle English: anderne, aunderne, aundyre

English: andiron

Unknown; possibly related to Basque andere (“lady, woman”). Most likely from a non-IE substrate language.
Schrijver, however, argues that the only reconstruction that can account for the Celtic evidence is *andēro-, and the Basque-Aquitanian word is analysable within Basque-Aquitanian, so the Celtic word would have to be a borrowing from Basque-Aquitanian. However, for phonetic reasons, the Goidelic word can only be a late borrowing into Primitive Irish.


galā

galā (nominative singular)
galai (dual nominative)
galās (nominative plural)
galā (singular vocative)
galai (dual vocative)
galās (plural vocative)
galam (accusative singular)
galai (accusative dual)
galāns (accusative plural)
galās (genitive singular)
galous (dual genitive)
galom (genitive plural)
galāi (dative singular)
galābom (dative dual)
galābos (dative plural)
galai (locative singular)
galābim (dual instrumental)
galābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gal
Old Breton: gal

Old Irish: gal

Irish: gal


kʷennom

kʷennom (nominative singular)
kʷennou (dual nominative)
kʷennā (nominative plural)
kʷennom (singular vocative)
kʷennou (dual vocative)
kʷennā (plural vocative)
kʷennom (accusative singular)
kʷennou (accusative dual)
kʷennā (accusative plural)
kʷennī (genitive singular)
kʷennous (dual genitive)
kʷennom (genitive plural)
kʷennūi (dative singular)
kʷennobom (dative dual)
kʷennobos (dative plural)
kʷennei (locative singular)
kʷennū (instrumental singular)
kʷennobim (dual instrumental)
kʷennūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *penn
Old Breton: penn, pen
Middle Breton: penn, pen
Breton: penn
Old Cornish: pen
Middle Cornish: pen
Cornish: penn, pedn
Old Welsh: penn
Middle Welsh: penn
Welsh: pen
Cumbric: pen

Old Irish: cenn
Middle Irish: cenn
Irish: ceann
Manx: kione
Scottish Gaelic: ceann

Old Irish: conn
Middle Irish: conn
Irish: conn
Scottish Gaelic: conn (“sense, reason”)

Gaulish: pennon


gabros

gabros (nominative singular)
gabrou (dual nominative)
gabroi (nominative plural)
gabre (singular vocative)
gabrou (dual vocative)
gabroi (plural vocative)
gabrom (accusative singular)
gabrou (accusative dual)
gabrons (accusative plural)
gabrī (genitive singular)
gabrous (dual genitive)
gabrom (genitive plural)
gabrūi (dative singular)
gabrobom (dative dual)
gabrobos (dative plural)
gabrei (locative singular)
gabrū (instrumental singular)
gabrobim (dual instrumental)
gabrūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gaβr
Old Breton: gabr
Breton: gaor, gavr
Old Cornish: gauar
Cornish: gaver
Middle Welsh: gauar
Welsh: gafr

Gaulish: Gabrus, Gabro-(magus)

→ French: garron (dialectal)

→ Portuguese: gabre

Old Irish: gabor

Irish: gabhar

Manx: goayr

Scottish Gaelic: gobhar

From Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“male hooved animal”).
The change from p to b is phonologically regular in Proto-Celtic in this position, but the change from k to g is unexpected. There may have been conflation with the *gʰayd- that underlies Proto-Germanic *gaits and Latin haedus, as this would have given *gaid- in Proto-Celtic. However, there is no evidence for *gaid- itself in Celtic.


segnos

segnos (nominative singular)
segnou (dual nominative)
segnoi (nominative plural)
segne (singular vocative)
segnou (dual vocative)
segnoi (plural vocative)
segnom (accusative singular)
segnou (accusative dual)
segnons (accusative plural)
segnī (genitive singular)
segnous (dual genitive)
segnom (genitive plural)
segnūi (dative singular)
segnobom (dative dual)
segnobos (dative plural)
segnei (locative singular)
segnū (instrumental singular)
segnobim (dual instrumental)
segnūis (instrumental plural)
*sognos (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: (<*sognos)

Middle Welsh: hoenyn, hwynyn

Middle Irish: sén

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *seg- (“to attach, touch, sow”), or perhaps from *segos + *-nos.


loɸernos

loɸernos (nominative singular)
loɸernou (dual nominative)
loɸernoi (nominative plural)
loɸerne (singular vocative)
loɸernou (dual vocative)
loɸernoi (plural vocative)
loɸernom (accusative singular)
loɸernou (accusative dual)
loɸernons (accusative plural)
loɸernī (genitive singular)
loɸernous (dual genitive)
loɸernom (genitive plural)
loɸernūi (dative singular)
loɸernobom (dative dual)
loɸernobos (dative plural)
loɸernei (locative singular)
loɸernū (instrumental singular)
loɸernobim (dual instrumental)
loɸernūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llowern (“fox”)
Old Breton: louuern
Middle Breton: louarn
Breton: louarn (“fox”), lowern, luhern
Old Cornish: louuern (“vulpes”)
Cornish: lowarn (“fox”)
Old Welsh: louern
Middle Welsh: llewyrn (“foxes”)
Welsh: llwyrn (“will o' the wisp”)

Old Irish: loarn

Gaulish: *louernos

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂(w)lop- ~ *h₂ulp- (“(red) fox”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *wolpis, Proto-Hellenic *alōpēkos, Proto-Balto-Slavic *lapē, Proto-Albanian *dzelpinā, *welpinā, Old Armenian աղուէս (ałuēs), աղուվէս (ałuvēs), Proto-Indo-Iranian *HlawpaHćás and Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬋𐬞𐬌 (raōpi).
Cognates in other IE languages differ too wildly to reconstruct a PIE prototype noun, so this may be a Wanderwort.


kaxtos

kaxtos (nominative singular)
kaxtou (dual nominative)
kaxtoi (nominative plural)
kaxte (singular vocative)
kaxtou (dual vocative)
kaxtoi (plural vocative)
kaxtom (accusative singular)
kaxtou (accusative dual)
kaxtons (accusative plural)
kaxtī (genitive singular)
kaxtous (dual genitive)
kaxtom (genitive plural)
kaxtūi (dative singular)
kaxtobom (dative dual)
kaxtobos (dative plural)
kaxtei (locative singular)
kaxtū (instrumental singular)
kaxtobim (dual instrumental)
kaxtūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨθ

Old Cornish: cait

Cornish: caid

Old Irish: cacht

Irish: cacht

Gaulish: *kaxtos

⇒ Gaulish: *Moinikaxtos

→ Latin: Moenicaptus


tregess

tregets (nominative singular)
tregete (dual nominative)
tregetes (nominative plural)
tregets (singular vocative)
tregete (dual vocative)
tregetes (plural vocative)
tregetam (accusative singular)
tregete (accusative dual)
tregetans (accusative plural)
tregetos (genitive singular)
tregetou (dual genitive)
tregetom (genitive plural)
tregetei (dative singular)
tregetobom (dative dual)
tregetobos (dative plural)
tregeti (locative singular)
tregete? (instrumental singular)
tregetobim (dual instrumental)
tregetobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *traɣed

Old Breton: troat (plural treit < *tragetes)

Middle Breton: troat

Breton: troad

Old Cornish: truit

Middle Cornish: troys, tros

Cornish: troes

Middle Welsh: troet (plural traet < *tragetes)

Welsh: troed

Old Irish: traig (gen. traiged < *tragetos)

Irish: troigh

Manx: trie

Scottish Gaelic: troigh

Gaulish: treide

From Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to run, walk”), apparently a variant of *dʰregʰ- (“to run”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan, “to run”) and Serbo-Croatian trȃg (“trace”).


santeros

santeros (nominative singular)
santerou (dual nominative)
santeroi (nominative plural)
santere (singular vocative)
santerou (dual vocative)
santeroi (plural vocative)
santerom (accusative singular)
santerou (accusative dual)
santerons (accusative plural)
santerī (genitive singular)
santerous (dual genitive)
santerom (genitive plural)
santerūi (dative singular)
santerobom (dative dual)
santerobos (dative plural)
santerei (locative singular)
santerū (instrumental singular)
santerobim (dual instrumental)
santerūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hanter

Old Welsh: hanther

Middle Welsh: hanner

Welsh: hanner

Cornish: hanter

Breton: hanter

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥teros 'one of the two', itself from the zero grade of the root *sem- (“one”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix). Cf. Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros).


geistlos

geistlos (nominative singular)
geistlou (dual nominative)
geistloi (nominative plural)
geistle (singular vocative)
geistlou (dual vocative)
geistloi (plural vocative)
geistlom (accusative singular)
geistlou (accusative dual)
geistlons (accusative plural)
geistlī (genitive singular)
geistlous (dual genitive)
geistlom (genitive plural)
geistlūi (dative singular)
geistlobom (dative dual)
geistlobos (dative plural)
geistlei (locative singular)
geistlū (instrumental singular)
geistlobim (dual instrumental)
geistlūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *guɨstl
Old Breton: guistl
Middle Breton: goestl
Breton: gouestl
Old Cornish: guistel
Cornish: gostel
Middle Welsh: gwystyl, gwystl
Welsh: gwystl

Old Irish: gíall
Middle Irish: gíall
Irish: giall (“hostage, human pledge”)
Scottish Gaelic: giall
⇒ Middle Irish: gíallacht

Gaulish: geistlus

→ Proto-Germanic: *gīslaz (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (“desire, wait for”), apparently interpreted as "one who waits (to be released)". Cognate with Lithuanian geidžiù (“to desire”), Proto-Slavic *žьdati (“to await”).


loudom

loudom (nominative singular)
loudou (dual nominative)
loudā (nominative plural)
loudom (singular vocative)
loudou (dual vocative)
loudā (plural vocative)
loudom (accusative singular)
loudou (accusative dual)
loudā (accusative plural)
loudī (genitive singular)
loudous (dual genitive)
loudom (genitive plural)
loudūi (dative singular)
loudobom (dative dual)
loudobos (dative plural)
loudei (locative singular)
loudū (instrumental singular)
loudobim (dual instrumental)
loudūis (instrumental plural)

Alternative reconstruction of *ɸloudom (“lead (metal)”)


dubnos

dubnos (nominative singular)
dubnou (dual nominative)
dubnoi (nominative plural)
dubne (singular vocative)
dubnou (dual vocative)
dubnoi (plural vocative)
dubnom (accusative singular)
dubnou (accusative dual)
dubnons (accusative plural)
dubnī (genitive singular)
dubnous (dual genitive)
dubnom (genitive plural)
dubnūi (dative singular)
dubnobom (dative dual)
dubnobos (dative plural)
dubnei (locative singular)
dubnū (instrumental singular)
dubnobim (dual instrumental)
dubnūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Gaulish: Dubno-talus, Dumno-rix (a surname, literally “world-king”)

Old Irish: domun

Irish: domhan

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós (“deep, hollow”).


tannos

tannos (nominative singular)
tannou (dual nominative)
tannoi (nominative plural)
tanne (singular vocative)
tannou (dual vocative)
tannoi (plural vocative)
tannom (accusative singular)
tannou (accusative dual)
tannons (accusative plural)
tannī (genitive singular)
tannous (dual genitive)
tannom (genitive plural)
tannūi (dative singular)
tannobom (dative dual)
tannobos (dative plural)
tannei (locative singular)
tannū (instrumental singular)
tannobim (dual instrumental)
tannūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tann

Breton: tann

Cornish: tannen

Old Irish:

Irish: tinne (< *tennyos (“holly, elder”))

Gaulish: *tannos

→ Late Latin: tannum

desctree

Old French: tan
Middle French: tan
French: tan
→ Dutch: taan

Galician: tano

Possibly from earlier *(s)tannos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)dʰnwos, *(s)dʰonu (“fir”), if not from a non-Indo-European substrate language.
Cognate with Proto-Germanic *dannǭ (“fir, pine”) (Old High German tanna (“fir wood”), Old Saxon danna (“pine”)), Albanian thanë (“cranberry bush”), Avestan 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə, “bow”), Sanskrit धनु (dhanu, “bow”)), Hittite 𒄑𒋫𒈾𒀀𒌑 (^(GIŠ)ta-na-a-ú /tanau/, “fir”), and perhaps Ancient Greek θάμνος (thámnos, “thicket”).


wroikos

wroikos (nominative singular)
wroikou (dual nominative)
wroikoi (nominative plural)
wroike (singular vocative)
wroikou (dual vocative)
wroikoi (plural vocative)
wroikom (accusative singular)
wroikou (accusative dual)
wroikons (accusative plural)
wroikī (genitive singular)
wroikous (dual genitive)
wroikom (genitive plural)
wroikūi (dative singular)
wroikobom (dative dual)
wroikobos (dative plural)
wroikei (locative singular)
wroikū (instrumental singular)
wroikobim (dual instrumental)
wroikūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwrʉg
Cornish: grug
Middle Breton: groegan
Middle Welsh: gerug, gwrug
Welsh: grug

Old Irish: froích, fróech

Middle Irish: fráech

Irish: fraoch

Scottish Gaelic: fraoch

Manx: freoagh

Celtiberian: *broikios

→ Vulgar Latin: *broccium~*verocium (see there for further descendants)

Gaulish: *wroika

→ Early Medieval Latin: brūcus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown, possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate source. Cognates include Proto-Balto-Slavic *werˀź-, *wirˀź- (whence Lithuanian vi̇̀ržis (“heather”), Latvian vir̂zis (“heather”), Proto-Slavic *vȇrsъ, *vȇrskъ) and Ancient Greek ἐρείκη (ereíkē, “heather”). It is sometimes linked to Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to twist, turn”).


klāwos

klāwos (nominative singular)
klāwou (dual nominative)
klāwoi (nominative plural)
klāwe (singular vocative)
klāwou (dual vocative)
klāwoi (plural vocative)
klāwom (accusative singular)
klāwou (accusative dual)
klāwons (accusative plural)
klāwī (genitive singular)
klāwous (dual genitive)
klāwom (genitive plural)
klāwūi (dative singular)
klāwobom (dative dual)
klāwobos (dative plural)
klāwei (locative singular)
klāwū (instrumental singular)
klāwobim (dual instrumental)
klāwūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *klọw
Old Breton: clou
Middle Breton: clou
Breton: klao, klow
Middle Welsh: clo
Welsh: clo

Old Irish: cló, cloë

Irish: cló

From Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w-os, from *(s)kleh₂w- (“hook, crook, peg”).


dindu

dindu (nominative singular)
dindū (dual nominative)
dindwā (nominative plural)
dindu (singular vocative)
dindū (dual vocative)
dindwā (plural vocative)
dindu (accusative singular)
dindū (accusative dual)
dindwā (accusative plural)
dindous (genitive singular)
dindous (dual genitive)
dindowom (genitive plural)
dindou (dative singular)
dindubom (dative dual)
dindubos (dative plural)
dindū (instrumental singular)
dindubim (dual instrumental)
dindubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dɨnn

desc

⇒ Middle Welsh: murddin (“fortification”)

Welsh: murddun, murddyn (“ruins”)

⇒ Middle Welsh: trefdyn (“homestead”)

⇒ Middle Welsh: tyddyn, tytyn, tedyn

Welsh: tyddyn

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gwėlɨɣðɨnn

Breton: gouelezenn (“lees, dregs”)

Middle Welsh: gwelyddyn (“grave; lees, dregs, sediment”)

Old Irish: dind

Middle Irish: dind, dinn

Obvious cognates include Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“peak, pinnacle”) and, as a name borrowed from Phrygian, Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon, name of a mountain).
It is unclear how these cognates are related, however.
* Due to the irregular shape of a hypothetical common inherited root *deyndʰ-, Lucht believes the word must have been a Wanderwort transmitted into Phrygian, Germanic and Celtic from elsewhere.
* Kroonen instead derives the Celtic and Germanic words as secondary derivatives of *h₃dónts (“tooth”), or more specifically *h₃dént-u- for Celtic. This etymology poses major phonetic problems in that it is incompatible with Ancient Greek Δίνδυμον (Díndumon), as **Τέντυμον (**Téntumon) would be expected from such a derivation. It also would require a pre-Celtic voicing assimilation of the second dental consonant to *d, because otherwise one would expect **-ddynt to appear in Welsh, not -ddyn.

cog

citadel, stronghold (stereotypically constructed on hills or comparable high ground)


messus

messus (nominative singular)
messū (dual nominative)
messowes (nominative plural)
messu (singular vocative)
messū (dual vocative)
messūs (plural vocative)
messum (accusative singular)
messū (accusative dual)
messuns (accusative plural)
messous (genitive singular)
messous (dual genitive)
messowom (genitive plural)
messou (dative singular)
messubom (dative dual)
messubos (dative plural)
messū (instrumental singular)
messubim (dual instrumental)
messubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: mess
Irish: meas
Scottish Gaelic: meas

From *med- + *-tus (verbal noun suffix).


messus

Proto-Brythonic: *mes

Middle Breton: mes

Breton: mez

Middle Cornish: mes

Cornish: mes

Middle Welsh: mes

Welsh: mes

Old Irish: mess
Middle Irish: mes, mess
Irish: meas
Manx: mess
Scottish Gaelic: meas

Possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate, as Matasovic finds connections to Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”) and *meh₂d- (“to be wet”) unconvincing.


anxtu

anxtu (nominative singular)
anxtū (dual nominative)
anxtwā (nominative plural)
anxtu (singular vocative)
anxtū (dual vocative)
anxtwā (plural vocative)
anxtu (accusative singular)
anxtū (accusative dual)
anxtwā (accusative plural)
anxtous (genitive singular)
anxtous (dual genitive)
anxtowom (genitive plural)
anxtou (dative singular)
anxtubom (dative dual)
anxtubos (dative plural)
anxtū (instrumental singular)
anxtubim (dual instrumental)
anxtubis (instrumental plural)

Middle Welsh: aeth (“pain, fear”)

Welsh: aeth (“pain, fear”)

Old Irish: écht (“slaying, exploit”)

Irish: éacht (“slaughter, feat”)

desc

Scottish Gaelic: euchd (“exploit, feat”)

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱtu, from the root *neḱ- (“perish, disappear”).


altein

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: altin

Middle Breton: autenn

Breton: aotenn

Cornish: alsen

Old Welsh: elinn

Middle Welsh: ellyn

Welsh: ellyn

Middle Irish: ailt

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


amarom

amarom (nominative singular)
amarou (dual nominative)
amarā (nominative plural)
amarom (singular vocative)
amarou (dual vocative)
amarā (plural vocative)
amarom (accusative singular)
amarou (accusative dual)
amarā (accusative plural)
amarī (genitive singular)
amarous (dual genitive)
amarom (genitive plural)
amarūi (dative singular)
amarobom (dative dual)
amarobos (dative plural)
amarei (locative singular)
amarū (instrumental singular)
amarobim (dual instrumental)
amarūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aβ̃ar

Middle Welsh: auar

Welsh: afar

Old Irish: amar

Unknown; likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


krittā

krittā (nominative singular)
krittai (dual nominative)
krittās (nominative plural)
krittā (singular vocative)
krittai (dual vocative)
krittās (plural vocative)
krittam (accusative singular)
krittai (accusative dual)
krittāns (accusative plural)
krittās (genitive singular)
krittous (dual genitive)
krittom (genitive plural)
krittāi (dative singular)
krittābom (dative dual)
krittābos (dative plural)
krittai (locative singular)
krittābim (dual instrumental)
krittābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *kreθ
Middle Welsh: kreth
Welsh: creth

Old Irish: cret

Middle Irish: crett, cret

Irish: creat

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages. Alternatively a derivative of *krép-s ~ *kr̥p-ós (“body”) (whence Proto-Celtic *krixs), such as *kr̥p-t-eh₂ or *kr̥p-dʰh₁-eh₂, but the sound change required for Celtic *-tt- is unknown and found in other unexplained words.


lomanā

lomanā (nominative singular)
lomanai (dual nominative)
lomanās (nominative plural)
lomanā (singular vocative)
lomanai (dual vocative)
lomanās (plural vocative)
lomanam (accusative singular)
lomanai (accusative dual)
lomanāns (accusative plural)
lomanās (genitive singular)
lomanous (dual genitive)
lomanom (genitive plural)
lomanāi (dative singular)
lomanābom (dative dual)
lomanābos (dative plural)
lomanai (locative singular)
lomanābim (dual instrumental)
lomanābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lloβ̃an
Middle Breton: louffan
Breton: louan
Cornish: lovan
Middle Welsh: llyfan
Welsh: llyfan

Old Irish: loman
Middle Irish: loman
Irish: lomhain
Scottish Gaelic: lomhainn


lukūts

lukūts (nominative singular)
lukote (dual nominative)
lukotes (nominative plural)
lukūts (singular vocative)
lukote (dual vocative)
lukotes (plural vocative)
lukotam (accusative singular)
lukote (accusative dual)
lukotans (accusative plural)
lukotos (genitive singular)
lukotou (dual genitive)
lukotom (genitive plural)
lukotei (dative singular)
lukotobom (dative dual)
lukotobos (dative plural)
lukoti (locative singular)
lukote? (instrumental singular)
lukotobim (dual instrumental)
lukotobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llug
Old Breton: loc
Middle Welsh: llyg
Welsh: llyg (“shrew”)

Old Irish: luch
Irish: luch
Manx: lugh
Scottish Gaelic: luch

Gaulish: *lucot-

desc

⇒ Gaulish: Lucotios, Λουκοτικνος (Loukotiknos)

⇒ Gaulish: *Lucotiācon

→ Latin: Locoteiaco

French: Ligugé

Unknown; most likely from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


wimmonā

wimmonā (nominative singular)
wimmonai (dual nominative)
wimmonās (nominative plural)
wimmonā (singular vocative)
wimmonai (dual vocative)
wimmonās (plural vocative)
wimmonam (accusative singular)
wimmonai (accusative dual)
wimmonāns (accusative plural)
wimmonās (genitive singular)
wimmonous (dual genitive)
wimmonom (genitive plural)
wimmonāi (dative singular)
wimmonābom (dative dual)
wimmonābos (dative plural)
wimmonai (locative singular)
wimmonābim (dual instrumental)
wimmonābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨmon
Old Breton: goumon
Middle Breton: gwemon
→ Middle French: goumon
French: goémon
Cornish: gommon, gobmon
Welsh: gwymon

Middle Irish: femain, femmain, femm

Irish: feamainn

Manx: famlagh, fammyragh

Scottish Gaelic: feamainn

> Proto-Ibero-Romance: *gamōnem (“asphodel”)

Catalan: gamó

Galician: gamón

Spanish: gamón

Portuguese: gamão

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language, or possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weyb- (“to wind around”). Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages, unless the Iberian Romance words for “asphodel” are derived from a Celtic language.
Reconstructed by Hamp as *wismon-.


talamū

talamū (nominative singular)
talamone? (dual nominative)
talamones (nominative plural)
talamū (singular vocative)
talamone? (dual vocative)
talamones (plural vocative)
talamonam (accusative singular)
talamone? (accusative dual)
talamonans (accusative plural)
talamonos (genitive singular)
talamonows? (dual genitive)
talamonom (genitive plural)
talamonei (dative singular)
talamombom (dative dual)
talamombos (dative plural)
talamon (locative singular)
talamoni (locative singular)
talamonei (instrumental singular)
talamombim (dual instrumental)
talamombis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: talam
Irish: talamh
Manx: thalloo
Scottish Gaelic: talamh

Gaulish: *talamon

→ Latin: Talamone

→ Latin: Talmun

French: Talmont

From Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“ground”). Compare with Latin tellus (“earth”) and Sanskrit तल (tala, “bottom”).
An exact formation cognate can be found in Ancient Greek τελαμών (telamṓn, “strap”), related on the notion of being objects that hold up another.


gʷenom

gʷenom (nominative singular)
gʷenou (dual nominative)
gʷenā (nominative plural)
gʷenom (singular vocative)
gʷenou (dual vocative)
gʷenā (plural vocative)
gʷenom (accusative singular)
gʷenou (accusative dual)
gʷenā (accusative plural)
gʷenī (genitive singular)
gʷenous (dual genitive)
gʷenom (genitive plural)
gʷenūi (dative singular)
gʷenobom (dative dual)
gʷenobos (dative plural)
gʷenei (locative singular)
gʷenū (instrumental singular)
gʷenobim (dual instrumental)
gʷenūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwen
Cornish: gwen
Welsh: gwên

Old Irish: gen

Uncertain; traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, love”), though this is formally unconvincing. Most likely from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


kalgā

kalgā (nominative singular)
kalgai (dual nominative)
kalgās (nominative plural)
kalgā (singular vocative)
kalgai (dual vocative)
kalgās (plural vocative)
kalgam (accusative singular)
kalgai (accusative dual)
kalgāns (accusative plural)
kalgās (genitive singular)
kalgous (dual genitive)
kalgom (genitive plural)
kalgāi (dative singular)
kalgābom (dative dual)
kalgābos (dative plural)
kalgai (locative singular)
kalgābim (dual instrumental)
kalgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kalɣ (“penis”)

Breton: kalc'h

Cornish: kal m, kalgh m

Welsh: cal, cala f, caly m

q

later <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>

Old Irish: colg, calg f (later m) (“sword”)

Pictish: ᚉᚐᚂᚈ (calt, “penis”)

Gaulish: *kalgos (“point, sword”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₂- (“to pierce, strike”).


albiyū

albiyū (nominative singular)
albiyone? (dual nominative)
albiyones (nominative plural)
albiyū (singular vocative)
albiyone? (dual vocative)
albiyones (plural vocative)
albiyonam (accusative singular)
albiyone? (accusative dual)
albiyonans (accusative plural)
albiyonos (genitive singular)
albiyonows? (dual genitive)
albiyonom (genitive plural)
albiyonei (dative singular)
albiyombom (dative dual)
albiyombos (dative plural)
albiyon (locative singular)
albiyoni (locative singular)
albiyonei (instrumental singular)
albiyombim (dual instrumental)
albiyombis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ėlβɨð
Old Welsh: elbid
Middle Welsh: eluit, eluyd
Welsh: elfydd

Goidelic:

Old Irish: Albu (“Scotland”)

→ Middle Welsh: Albbu

Irish: Albain, Alba

→ Welsh: Alban

→ Cornish: Alban

→ Latin: Albania

→ Middle English: Albany

English: Albany

Manx: Nalbin, Albin, Albey

Scottish Gaelic: Alba

→ English: Alba

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Latin: Albiones (ethnonym)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀλβίων (Albíōn), Ἀλουΐων (Alouḯōn)

→ Latin: Albiōn

→ English: Albion

→ Proto-West Germanic: *albijā

Old Saxon: elbon

Old High German: alba, Albūn

Middle High German: albe, Alben

Bavarian: Oipn

German: Alpe, Alp, Alm, Alpen

→? Latin: alpis, Alpēs (see there for further descendants)

→ English: Alps

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”). For the semantic development, compare Old Church Slavonic свѣтъ (světŭ, “light; world”).

cog

luminous world, upper world, (the habitable surface of the) world

high mountain (especially in the Alps), alp


anaman

anaman (nominative singular)
anamane? (dual nominative)
anamana (nominative plural)
anaman (singular vocative)
anamane? (dual vocative)
anamana (plural vocative)
anaman (accusative singular)
anamane? (accusative dual)
anamana (accusative plural)
anamens (genitive singular)
anamenous? (dual genitive)
anamenom (genitive plural)
anamenei (dative singular)
anamembom (dative dual)
anamembos (dative plural)
anamen (locative singular)
anameni (locative singular)
anamenei (instrumental singular)
anamembim (dual instrumental)
anamembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: eneff

Cornish: enev

desctree

Old Irish: ainimm, ainim, anaim, anaimm, anim, animm
Irish: anam
Manx: annym
Scottish Gaelic: anam
⇒ Middle Irish: ainmide
Irish: ainmhí
Scottish Gaelic: ainmhidh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₁mn̥ (“breath, spirit, soul”), from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”) + *-mn̥ (abstract noun suffix). Equivalent to *ana- + *-man.
Compare Proto-Italic *anamos and Proto-Hellenic *ánemos, from *h₂énh₁mos.


teɸnets

teɸnets (nominative singular)
teɸnete (dual nominative)
teɸnetes (nominative plural)
teɸnets (singular vocative)
teɸnete (dual vocative)
teɸnetes (plural vocative)
teɸnetam (accusative singular)
teɸnete (accusative dual)
teɸnetans (accusative plural)
teɸnetos (genitive singular)
teɸnetou (dual genitive)
teɸnetom (genitive plural)
teɸnetei (dative singular)
teɸnetobom (dative dual)
teɸnetobos (dative plural)
teɸneti (locative singular)
teɸnete? (instrumental singular)
teɸnetobim (dual instrumental)
teɸnetobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tan (from zero-grade ablaut alternant *taɸnet-)
Old Breton: tan
Middle Breton: tan
Breton: tan
Old Cornish: tan
Middle Cornish: tan
Cornish: tan
Middle Welsh: tan
Welsh: tân

Old Irish: teine
Irish: tine
Manx: çhenney
Scottish Gaelic: teine

From Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“be warm”) (compare *tépos (“heat, warmth”)), likely through an intermediate s-stem *tep-n-ḗs, with the nasal infixed perhaps by influence of the participle *téponts, if not derived from an r/n-stem heteroclitic.
Along with *aidu ~ *aidus, presumably displaced inherited reflexes of the PIE fire terms *h₁n̥gʷnís and *péh₂wr̥, which left no trace in attested Celtic.


genos

genos (nominative singular)
genese? (dual nominative)
genesa (nominative plural)
genos (singular vocative)
genese? (dual vocative)
genesa (plural vocative)
genos (accusative singular)
genese? (accusative dual)
genesa (accusative plural)
genesos (genitive singular)
genesous? (dual genitive)
genesom (genitive plural)
genesei (dative singular)
genesbom (dative dual)
genesbos (dative plural)
genesi (locative singular)
genesei (instrumental singular)
genesbim (dual instrumental)
genesbis (instrumental plural)
-genos (nominative singular)
-genou (dual nominative)
-genoi (nominative plural)
-gene (singular vocative)
-genou (dual vocative)
-genoi (plural vocative)
-genom (accusative singular)
-genou (accusative dual)
-genons (accusative plural)
-genī (genitive singular)
-genous (dual genitive)
-genom (genitive plural)
-genūi (dative singular)
-genobom (dative dual)
-genobos (dative plural)
-genei (locative singular)
-genū (instrumental singular)
-genobim (dual instrumental)
-genūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gen

Old Breton: gen

⇒ Breton: genel (denominative)

⇒ Old Welsh: Mor-gen

⇒ Gaulish: Ad-genus, Cintu-genus

Eógan

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚃᚐᚌᚓᚅᚔ (ivageni); Old Irish


sɸer-

sɸerā (nominative singular)
sɸerai (dual nominative)
sɸerās (nominative plural)
sɸerā (singular vocative)
sɸerai (dual vocative)
sɸerās (plural vocative)
sɸeram (accusative singular)
sɸerai (accusative dual)
sɸerāns (accusative plural)
sɸerās (genitive singular)
sɸerous (dual genitive)
sɸerom (genitive plural)
sɸerāi (dative singular)
sɸerābom (dative dual)
sɸerābos (dative plural)
sɸerai (locative singular)
sɸerābim (dual instrumental)
sɸerābis (instrumental plural)
sɸerets (nominative singular)
sɸerete (dual nominative)
sɸeretes (nominative plural)
sɸerets (singular vocative)
sɸerete (dual vocative)
sɸeretes (plural vocative)
sɸeretam (accusative singular)
sɸerete (accusative dual)
sɸeretans (accusative plural)
sɸeretos (genitive singular)
sɸeretou (dual genitive)
sɸeretom (genitive plural)
sɸeretei (dative singular)
sɸeretobom (dative dual)
sɸeretobos (dative plural)
sɸereti (locative singular)
sɸerete? (instrumental singular)
sɸeretobim (dual instrumental)
sɸeretobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *fer
Old Cornish: fer
Middle Welsh: ffer
Welsh: ffêr

Old Irish: seir
Middle Irish: seir
Irish: seir, speir

Derived by Kroonen from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick”). Cognate with Germanic *spurą.


menmens

menmens (nominative singular)
menmene (dual nominative)
menmenes (nominative plural)
menmens (singular vocative)
menmene (dual vocative)
menmenes (plural vocative)
menmenam (accusative singular)
menmene (accusative dual)
menmenans (accusative plural)
menmenos (genitive singular)
menmenou (dual genitive)
menmenom (genitive plural)
menmenei (dative singular)
menmenobom (dative dual)
menmenobos (dative plural)
menmeni (locative singular)
menmene? (instrumental singular)
menmenobim (dual instrumental)
menmenobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *menw
Middle Breton: meno
Breton: meno
Middle Welsh: mynw

Old Irish: menmae
Middle Irish: menma
Irish: meanma
Scottish Gaelic: meanma

From *men- (“to think”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *memonai (“to remember”), Proto-Germanic *munaną (“to think, remember”), Ancient Greek μέμονα (mémona), Sanskrit मन्मन् (mánman, “thought, wisdom”).


neɸūts

neɸūts (nominative singular)
neɸote (dual nominative)
neɸotes (nominative plural)
neɸūts (singular vocative)
neɸote (dual vocative)
neɸotes (plural vocative)
neɸotam (accusative singular)
neɸote (accusative dual)
neɸotans (accusative plural)
neɸotos (genitive singular)
neɸotou (dual genitive)
neɸotom (genitive plural)
neɸotei (dative singular)
neɸotobom (dative dual)
neɸotobos (dative plural)
neɸoti (locative singular)
neɸote? (instrumental singular)
neɸotobim (dual instrumental)
neɸotobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *nei
Old Breton: ny
Middle Breton: ni
Breton: ni
Cornish: noi, noy
Old Welsh: nei
Welsh: nai

Primitive Irish: ᚅᚔᚑᚈᚈᚐ (niotta, genitive)
Old Irish: nïa
Irish: nia
Manx: neear


karants

karants (nominative singular)
karante (dual nominative)
karantes (nominative plural)
karants (singular vocative)
karante (dual vocative)
karantes (plural vocative)
karantam (accusative singular)
karante (accusative dual)
karantans (accusative plural)
karantos (genitive singular)
karantou (dual genitive)
karantom (genitive plural)
karantei (dative singular)
karantobom (dative dual)
karantobos (dative plural)
karanti (locative singular)
karante? (instrumental singular)
karantobim (dual instrumental)
karantobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kar
Middle Breton: car
Breton: kar
Old Cornish: car
Cornish: kar
Middle Welsh: car
Welsh: câr

Old Irish: carae
Middle Irish: cara, carait
Irish: cara
Scottish Gaelic: caraid
Manx: carrey

Gaulish: Caranto-, Carantōna

Hispano-Celtic:

→⇒ Galician: Canzobre (Caranzobre, 14th c. < *Karantyobrixs)

→⇒ Galician: carantoña

Fossilized present active participle of *karāti (“to love, desire”). Equivalent to *karos (“dear, beloved”) + *-ants. Suggested to be a parallel formation with Tocharian B krent (“good, good person”), however, this is now widely rejected.


anawos

anawos (nominative singular)
anawou (dual nominative)
anawoi (nominative plural)
anawe (singular vocative)
anawou (dual vocative)
anawoi (plural vocative)
anawom (accusative singular)
anawou (accusative dual)
anawons (accusative plural)
anawī (genitive singular)
anawous (dual genitive)
anawom (genitive plural)
anawūi (dative singular)
anawobom (dative dual)
anawobos (dative plural)
anawei (locative singular)
anawū (instrumental singular)
anawobim (dual instrumental)
anawūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *anaw

Middle Welsh: anaw

⇒ Old Irish: anai (from *anawyos)

Middle Irish: ana

Classical Gaelic: ana

Gaulish: *Anauos

→ Latin: Anauus


banowessā

banowessā (nominative singular)
banowessai (dual nominative)
banowessās (nominative plural)
banowessā (singular vocative)
banowessai (dual vocative)
banowessās (plural vocative)
banowessam (accusative singular)
banowessai (accusative dual)
banowessāns (accusative plural)
banowessās (genitive singular)
banowessous (dual genitive)
banowessom (genitive plural)
banowessāi (dative singular)
banowessābom (dative dual)
banowessābos (dative plural)
banowessai (locative singular)
banowessābim (dual instrumental)
banowessābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *banwess

Middle Breton: banues

Breton: banvez

Old Irish: banais

Irish: bainis

Manx: bannish

Scottish Gaelic: banais

From *benā (“female”) + *wedeti (“to lead”) + *-tā (verbal noun suffix). The last two parts of this construction are frequently confused with *westā (“staying the night, feast”).


belyom

belyom (nominative singular)
belyou (dual nominative)
belyā (nominative plural)
belyom (singular vocative)
belyou (dual vocative)
belyā (plural vocative)
belyom (accusative singular)
belyou (accusative dual)
belyā (accusative plural)
belyī (genitive singular)
belyous (dual genitive)
belyom (genitive plural)
belyūi (dative singular)
belyobom (dative dual)
belyobos (dative plural)
belyei (locative singular)
belyū (instrumental singular)
belyobim (dual instrumental)
belyūis (instrumental plural)
*belyos (alternative)

Middle Irish: bile

desctree

Gaulish: *biliā (“tall tree”)
Vulgar Latin: *billia
French: bille
Occitan: bilhe

A parallel e-grade formation to Proto-Indo-European *bʰolh₃yom (“leaf”), from *bʰleh₃- (“bloom, flower”). Cognate with Latin folium and Ancient Greek φῠ́λλον (phŭ́llon).


anamī

anamī (nominative singular)
anamī (dual nominative)
anamiyās (nominative plural)
anamī (singular vocative)
anamī (dual vocative)
anamiyās (plural vocative)
anamīm (accusative singular)
anamī (accusative dual)
anamīns (accusative plural)
anamyās (genitive singular)
anamyous (dual genitive)
anamyom (genitive plural)
anamyai (dative singular)
anamyābom (dative dual)
anamyābos (dative plural)
anamyābim (dual instrumental)
anamyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Welsh: anamou

Middle Welsh: anaf

Welsh: anaf

Middle Breton: anaf, anaff

Old Irish: anim

Transalpine Gaulish: anamis

Probably of PIE origin, although no-one has agreed on a definite etymology. Two possibilities have been put forward:
* Descended from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₃-
* A deverbal noun from *amū (to wash) with the negative prefix *an- attached


klukā

klokā (nominative singular)
klokai (dual nominative)
klokās (nominative plural)
klokā (singular vocative)
klokai (dual vocative)
klokās (plural vocative)
klokam (accusative singular)
klokai (accusative dual)
klokāns (accusative plural)
klokās (genitive singular)
klokous (dual genitive)
klokom (genitive plural)
klokāi (dative singular)
klokābom (dative dual)
klokābos (dative plural)
klokai (locative singular)
klokābim (dual instrumental)
klokābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *klog
Cornish: klog
Welsh: clog

Old Irish: cloch

Irish: cloch

Manx: clagh

Scottish Gaelic: clach

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


bāus

bāus (nominative singular)
bowe (dual nominative)
bowes (nominative plural)
bāus (singular vocative)
bowe (dual vocative)
bowes (plural vocative)
bom (accusative singular)
bowe (accusative dual)
bowans (accusative plural)
bowos (genitive singular)
bowou (dual genitive)
bowom (genitive plural)
bowei (dative singular)
bowobom (dative dual)
bowobos (dative plural)
bowi (locative singular)
bowe? (instrumental singular)
bowobim (dual instrumental)
bowobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉ
Breton: bu
Middle Welsh: bu, buw

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *bʉx

Old Irish: bó
Irish: bó
Manx: booa
Scottish Gaelic: bó, bò

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws. Cognate with Latin bōs.


kassis

kassis (nominative singular)
kassī (dual nominative)
kassīs (nominative plural)
kassi (singular vocative)
kassī (dual vocative)
kassīs (plural vocative)
kassim (accusative singular)
kassī (accusative dual)
kassins (accusative plural)
kasseis (genitive singular)
kassyow (dual genitive)
kassyom (genitive plural)
kassei (dative singular)
kassibom (dative dual)
kassibos (dative plural)
kassei (locative singular)
kassī (instrumental singular)
kassibim (dual instrumental)
kassibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kas
Middle Breton: cas
Breton: kas
Cornish: kas
Old Welsh: cas
Middle Welsh: cas
Welsh: cas

Old Irish: cais

Middle Irish: cais

⇒ Old Irish: miscuis

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂dtis, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂d- (“hatred, angriness”). Cognate with English hate.


rīganī

rīganī (nominative singular)
rīganī (dual nominative)
rīganiyās (nominative plural)
rīganī (singular vocative)
rīganī (dual vocative)
rīganiyās (plural vocative)
rīganīm (accusative singular)
rīganī (accusative dual)
rīganīns (accusative plural)
rīganyās (genitive singular)
rīganyous (dual genitive)
rīganyom (genitive plural)
rīganyai (dative singular)
rīganyābom (dative dual)
rīganyābos (dative plural)
rīganyābim (dual instrumental)
rīganyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *rriɣėn
Breton: rouanez?
Cornish: ruvanes?
Middle Welsh: riein (“maiden”)
Welsh: rhiain

Old Irish: rígain
Middle Irish: rígan
Irish: ríon, banríon
Manx: rein, benrein
Scottish Gaelic: rìghinn, banrìghinn, rìbhinn

Gaulish: rigani


dantos

dantos (nominative singular)
dantou (dual nominative)
dantoi (nominative plural)
dante (singular vocative)
dantou (dual vocative)
dantoi (plural vocative)
dantom (accusative singular)
dantou (accusative dual)
dantons (accusative plural)
dantī (genitive singular)
dantous (dual genitive)
dantom (genitive plural)
dantūi (dative singular)
dantobom (dative dual)
dantobos (dative plural)
dantei (locative singular)
dantū (instrumental singular)
dantobim (dual instrumental)
dantūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dant

Middle Welsh: deint (“manners”, pl.)

Middle Irish: dét

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build”).


nextī

nextī (nominative singular)
nextī (dual nominative)
nextiyās (nominative plural)
nextī (singular vocative)
nextī (dual vocative)
nextiyās (plural vocative)
nextīm (accusative singular)
nextī (accusative dual)
nextīns (accusative plural)
nextyās (genitive singular)
nextyous (dual genitive)
nextyom (genitive plural)
nextyai (dative singular)
nextyābom (dative dual)
nextyābos (dative plural)
nextyābim (dual instrumental)
nextyābis (instrumental plural)
*nextā (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *nėθ
Old Breton: nith
Middle Breton: nyz
Breton: nizh
Old Cornish: noit
Cornish: nith
Old Welsh:
Middle Welsh: nith
Welsh: nith

Old Irish: necht

Irish: neacht


awontīr

awontīr (nominative singular)
awontere (dual nominative)
awonteres (nominative plural)
awonter (singular vocative)
awontere (dual vocative)
awonteres (plural vocative)
awonteram (accusative singular)
awontere (accusative dual)
awonterans (accusative plural)
awontros (genitive singular)
awontrous (dual genitive)
awontrom (genitive plural)
awontrei (dative singular)
awontarbom (dative dual)
awontarbos (dative plural)
awontri (locative singular)
awontrei (instrumental singular)
awontarbim (dual instrumental)
awontarbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėwöntr

Breton: eontr

Old Cornish: euitor

Middle Cornish: eviter

Cornish: ewnter

Middle Welsh: ewythyr

Welsh: ewythr

Old Irish: amnair
Irish: amhnair, omhnair (obsolete)

From *awū ~ *awonos (“uncle”) + *-tīr (agent noun suffix).


bāregos

bāregos (nominative singular)
bāregou (dual nominative)
bāregoi (nominative plural)
bārege (singular vocative)
bāregou (dual vocative)
bāregoi (plural vocative)
bāregom (accusative singular)
bāregou (accusative dual)
bāregons (accusative plural)
bāregī (genitive singular)
bāregous (dual genitive)
bāregom (genitive plural)
bāregūi (dative singular)
bāregobom (dative dual)
bāregobos (dative plural)
bāregei (locative singular)
bāregū (instrumental singular)
bāregobim (dual instrumental)
bāregūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bọreɣ
Middle Breton: beure
Breton: beure
Middle Welsh: bore
Welsh: bore
→ Cornish: bore

Old Irish: bárach

⇒ Old Irish: i mbárach
Irish: amárach
Manx: mairagh
Scottish Gaelic: a-màireach

Either from *bā-rigos (“cow-tying”) (*bāus + *rigos) as theorized by Hamp, or from a Proto-Indo-European compound *bʰeh₂-h₃reǵos (“light-extending”), from *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”) and *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”), as theorized by Matasovic who rejects Hamp's theory as semantically far-fetched. If the latter theory is correct, then *bāregos was originally an adjective that referred to dawn.


siskʷos

siskʷos (nominative singular)
siskʷou (dual nominative)
siskʷoi (nominative plural)
siskʷe (singular vocative)
siskʷou (dual vocative)
siskʷoi (plural vocative)
siskʷom (accusative singular)
siskʷou (accusative dual)
siskʷons (accusative plural)
siskʷī (genitive singular)
siskʷous (dual genitive)
siskʷom (genitive plural)
siskūi (dative singular)
siskʷobom (dative dual)
siskʷobos (dative plural)
siskū (instrumental singular)
siskʷobim (dual instrumental)
siskʷobis (instrumental plural)
siskʷā (nominative singular)
siskʷai (dual nominative)
siskʷās (nominative plural)
siskʷā (singular vocative)
siskʷai (dual vocative)
siskʷās (plural vocative)
siskʷam (accusative singular)
siskʷai (accusative dual)
siskʷans (accusative plural)
siskʷās (genitive singular)
siskʷai (dative singular)
siskʷābom (dative dual)
siskʷābos (dative plural)
siskʷābim (dual instrumental)
siskʷābis (instrumental plural)
siskʷom (nominative singular)
siskʷā (nominative plural)
siskʷom (singular vocative)
siskʷā (plural vocative)
siskʷā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨsp
Middle Breton: hesp
Middle Welsh: hysb, hysp, hesb
Welsh: hysb

Old Irish: sesc
Middle Irish: sesc, seisc
Irish: seasc
Manx: shast
Scottish Gaelic: seasg

From Proto-Indo-European *sisku-. Cognate with Latin siccus, Ancient Greek ἰσχνός (iskhnós), Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬐𐬎 (hišku).

etymon

*siskʷos


ɸlikkā

ɸlikkā (nominative singular)
ɸlikkai (dual nominative)
ɸlikkās (nominative plural)
ɸlikkā (singular vocative)
ɸlikkai (dual vocative)
ɸlikkās (plural vocative)
ɸlikkam (accusative singular)
ɸlikkai (accusative dual)
ɸlikkāns (accusative plural)
ɸlikkās (genitive singular)
ɸlikkous (dual genitive)
ɸlikkom (genitive plural)
ɸlikkāi (dative singular)
ɸlikkābom (dative dual)
ɸlikkābos (dative plural)
ɸlikkai (locative singular)
ɸlikkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlikkābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llex
Breton: lec'h
Cornish: legh
Middle Welsh: llech
Welsh: llech

Old Irish: lecc

Irish: leac

Scottish Gaelic: leac

Manx: lhiack

Gaulish: *lica

→⇒ Latin: Arelica, Ariolica, Abelica

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥keh₂ (“flat surface”), from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πλάξ (pláx) and English flake.


grāwā

grāwā (nominative singular)
grāwai (dual nominative)
grāwās (nominative plural)
grāwā (singular vocative)
grāwai (dual vocative)
grāwās (plural vocative)
grāwam (accusative singular)
grāwai (accusative dual)
grāwāns (accusative plural)
grāwās (genitive singular)
grāwous (dual genitive)
grāwom (genitive plural)
grāwāi (dative singular)
grāwābom (dative dual)
grāwābos (dative plural)
grāwai (locative singular)
grāwābim (dual instrumental)
grāwābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *grọw
Middle Breton: grouanenn
Breton: groa, gro, grouan
→ English: growan
Old Cornish: grou
Cornish: grow
Welsh: gro

Gaulish: *grawa, *growa

→ Old French: groe

Middle French: groe

→ Medieval Latin: grava

Old French: greve, grave
Middle French: grave
French: grave
→ Norwegian Bokmål: grave
⇒ Old French: gravele
Middle French: gravelle, gravele
→ Middle English: grauel
English: gravel

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰroh₁weh₂, from *gʰreh₁w- (“to grind”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *greutą (“grit”), Old Armenian կորկոտ (korkot, “groats of wheat”), Lithuanian grū́das (“grain”), Latvian grauds (“grain”), Russian гру́да (grúda, “heap”).


ɸletos

ɸletos (nominative singular)
ɸletese? (dual nominative)
ɸletesa (nominative plural)
ɸletos (singular vocative)
ɸletese? (dual vocative)
ɸletesa (plural vocative)
ɸletos (accusative singular)
ɸletese? (accusative dual)
ɸletesa (accusative plural)
ɸletesos (genitive singular)
ɸletesous? (dual genitive)
ɸletesom (genitive plural)
ɸletesei (dative singular)
ɸletesbom (dative dual)
ɸletesbos (dative plural)
ɸletesi (locative singular)
ɸletesei (instrumental singular)
ɸletesbim (dual instrumental)
ɸletesbis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lled
Middle Breton: let, led (“large”), led (“greatness”)
Breton: led
Cornish: les
Middle Welsh: lled (“breadth, width, half”)
Welsh: lled

Old Irish: leth (“side”)
Irish: leath
Manx: lieh
Scottish Gaelic: leth

From Proto-Indo-European *pléth₂-os (“breadth”), from *pleth₂- (“broad, flat”).


welīts

welīts (nominative singular)
welete (dual nominative)
weletes (nominative plural)
welīts (singular vocative)
welete (dual vocative)
weletes (plural vocative)
weletam (accusative singular)
welete (accusative dual)
weletans (accusative plural)
weletos (genitive singular)
weletou (dual genitive)
weletom (genitive plural)
weletei (dative singular)
weletobom (dative dual)
weletobos (dative plural)
weleti (locative singular)
welete? (instrumental singular)
weletobim (dual instrumental)
weletobis (instrumental plural)

Primitive Irish: ᚃᚓᚂᚔᚈᚐᚄ (velitas)
Old Irish: fili
Irish: file
Manx: feelee
Scottish Gaelic: filidh

>? Gaulish: VIIL[II]TS (uelets)

→⇒ Latin: Veleda

From *weleti (“to see”), from Proto-Indo-European *wel-.


genetā

genetā (nominative singular)
genetai (dual nominative)
genetās (nominative plural)
genetā (singular vocative)
genetai (dual vocative)
genetās (plural vocative)
genetam (accusative singular)
genetai (accusative dual)
genetāns (accusative plural)
genetās (genitive singular)
genetous (dual genitive)
genetom (genitive plural)
genetāi (dative singular)
genetābom (dative dual)
genetābos (dative plural)
genetai (locative singular)
genetābim (dual instrumental)
genetābis (instrumental plural)

Welsh: geneth (from *genettā with expressive gemination)

Gaulish: geneta, genata, gnata

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-eteh₂. Compare Oscan genetaí (“daughter”, dative singular) and Latin (primo-)genitus.


ketorā

ketorā (nominative singular)
ketorai (dual nominative)
ketorās (nominative plural)
ketorā (singular vocative)
ketorai (dual vocative)
ketorās (plural vocative)
ketoram (accusative singular)
ketorai (accusative dual)
ketorāns (accusative plural)
ketorās (genitive singular)
ketorous (dual genitive)
ketorom (genitive plural)
ketorāi (dative singular)
ketorābom (dative dual)
ketorābos (dative plural)
ketorai (locative singular)
ketorābim (dual instrumental)
ketorābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kedor
Middle Breton: quaezour
Cornish: kedhor
Old Welsh: caitoir
Middle Welsh: cedor
Welsh: cedor

Middle Irish: caither


dubrokū

dubrokū (nominative singular)
dubrokone (dual nominative)
dubrokones (nominative plural)
dubrokū (singular vocative)
dubrokone (dual vocative)
dubrokones (plural vocative)
dubrokonam (accusative singular)
dubrokone (accusative dual)
dubrokonans (accusative plural)
dubrokunos (genitive singular)
dubrokunou (dual genitive)
dubrokunom (genitive plural)
dubrokunei (dative singular)
dubrokunobom (dative dual)
dubrokunobos (dative plural)
dubrokuni (locative singular)
dubrokune? (instrumental singular)
dubrokunobim (dual instrumental)
dubrokunobis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *düβrgi
Breton: dourgi
Old Cornish: doferghi
Cornish: dowrgi
Welsh: dyfrgi, dwrgi

Old Irish: doburchú

Irish: dobharchú

Scottish Gaelic: dobhar-chù

Manx: dooarchoo


brixtus

brixtus (nominative singular)
brixtū (dual nominative)
brixtowes (nominative plural)
brixtu (singular vocative)
brixtū (dual vocative)
brixtūs (plural vocative)
brixtum (accusative singular)
brixtū (accusative dual)
brixtuns (accusative plural)
brixtous (genitive singular)
brixtous (dual genitive)
brixtowom (genitive plural)
brixtou (dative singular)
brixtubom (dative dual)
brixtubos (dative plural)
brixtū (instrumental singular)
brixtubim (dual instrumental)
brixtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *briθ (see there for further descendants)

Gaulish: brictom

Old Irish: bricht

Irish: briocht

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to enlighten”). There is, however, also a Proto-Celtic adjective *berxtos (“bright, beautiful”), pointing to the other meaning of this PIE root, sometimes reconstructed with a laryngeal *bʰerHǵ- (“bright”).

der

charm, spell, magical formula, incantation


temeslos

temeslos (nominative singular)
temeslou (dual nominative)
temesloi (nominative plural)
temesle (singular vocative)
temeslou (dual vocative)
temesloi (plural vocative)
temeslom (accusative singular)
temeslou (accusative dual)
temeslons (accusative plural)
temeslī (genitive singular)
temeslous (dual genitive)
temeslom (genitive plural)
temeslūi (dative singular)
temeslobom (dative dual)
temeslobos (dative plural)
temeslei (locative singular)
temeslū (instrumental singular)
temeslobim (dual instrumental)
temeslūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tɨβ̃uɨl
Old Breton: temoel
Middle Breton: teffal
Breton: teñval
Old Cornish: tiwoulgou
Middle Cornish: teul, tevle
Cornish: tewl, tewal
Old Welsh: timuil
Welsh: tywyll

Old Irish: temel
Middle Irish: teimel
Irish: teimheal

From Proto-Indo-European *témHeslos (“darkness”), from *temH- (“dark”).


tigernos

tigernos (nominative singular)
tigernou (dual nominative)
tigernoi (nominative plural)
tigerne (singular vocative)
tigernou (dual vocative)
tigernoi (plural vocative)
tigernom (accusative singular)
tigernou (accusative dual)
tigernons (accusative plural)
tigernī (genitive singular)
tigernous (dual genitive)
tigernom (genitive plural)
tigernūi (dative singular)
tigernobom (dative dual)
tigernobos (dative plural)
tigernei (locative singular)
tigernū (instrumental singular)
tigernobim (dual instrumental)
tigernūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tɨɣern, *teɣɨrn
Old Breton: *tiarn, *tiern
Middle Breton: tiern
Breton: tiern
Old Welsh: *tigern
Middle Welsh: teern, teyrn
Welsh: teyrn

Primitive Irish: ᚈᚔᚌᚔᚏᚅ (tigirn)

Old Irish: tigern

→ tigernae
Middle Irish: tigerna
Irish: tiarna
Manx: çhiarn
Scottish Gaelic: tighearna

Gaulish: *tigernos

⇒ Latin: Castrum Tigernum

Possibly from *tiger (“raid”) + *-īnos. The former could be from *teigeti (“to go”).


dīkos

dīkos (nominative singular)
dīkou (dual nominative)
dīkoi (nominative plural)
dīke (singular vocative)
dīkou (dual vocative)
dīkoi (plural vocative)
dīkom (accusative singular)
dīkou (accusative dual)
dīkons (accusative plural)
dīkī (genitive singular)
dīkous (dual genitive)
dīkom (genitive plural)
dīkūi (dative singular)
dīkobom (dative dual)
dīkobos (dative plural)
dīkei (locative singular)
dīkū (instrumental singular)
dīkobim (dual instrumental)
dīkūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *dig
Middle Welsh: dic
Welsh: dig


aratrom

aratrom (nominative singular)
aratrou (dual nominative)
aratrā (nominative plural)
aratrom (singular vocative)
aratrou (dual vocative)
aratrā (plural vocative)
aratrom (accusative singular)
aratrou (accusative dual)
aratrā (accusative plural)
aratrī (genitive singular)
aratrous (dual genitive)
aratrom (genitive plural)
aratrūi (dative singular)
aratrobom (dative dual)
aratrobos (dative plural)
aratrei (locative singular)
aratrū (instrumental singular)
aratrobim (dual instrumental)
aratrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aradr
Middle Breton: arazr
Breton: arar
Old Cornish: aradar
Cornish: arader
Old Welsh: ara⟨ter⟩
Middle Welsh: aradr
Welsh: aradr

Old Irish: arathar
Irish: arathar


woxtlom

woxtlom (nominative singular)
woxtlou (dual nominative)
woxtlā (nominative plural)
woxtlom (singular vocative)
woxtlou (dual vocative)
woxtlā (plural vocative)
woxtlom (accusative singular)
woxtlou (accusative dual)
woxtlā (accusative plural)
woxtlī (genitive singular)
woxtlous (dual genitive)
woxtlom (genitive plural)
woxtlūi (dative singular)
woxtlobom (dative dual)
woxtlobos (dative plural)
woxtlei (locative singular)
woxtlū (instrumental singular)
woxtlobim (dual instrumental)
woxtlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoɨθl

Middle Welsh: gwaethl (“dispute”)

Welsh: gwaethl (“debate”)

Old Irish: focul

Irish: focal

Manx: fockle

Scottish Gaelic: facal

From Proto-Indo-European *wókʷtlom, from the root *wekʷ- (“to utter, voice”). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *wáktram (“mouth”) (whence Sanskrit वक्त्र (vaktra), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬑𐬆𐬜𐬭𐬀 (vaxəδra)).


agrom

agrom (nominative singular)
agrou (dual nominative)
agrā (nominative plural)
agrom (singular vocative)
agrou (dual vocative)
agrā (plural vocative)
agrom (accusative singular)
agrou (accusative dual)
agrā (accusative plural)
agrī (genitive singular)
agrous (dual genitive)
agrom (genitive plural)
agrūi (dative singular)
agrobom (dative dual)
agrobos (dative plural)
agrei (locative singular)
agrū (instrumental singular)
agrobim (dual instrumental)
agrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨr
Old Breton: air
Old Cornish: hair
Old Welsh: hair
Middle Welsh: aer

Old Irish: ár
Irish: ár
Scottish Gaelic: àr

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro-, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaⁱδī, “hunt”).


wiweros

wiweros (nominative singular)
wiwerou (dual nominative)
wiweroi (nominative plural)
wiwere (singular vocative)
wiwerou (dual vocative)
wiweroi (plural vocative)
wiwerom (accusative singular)
wiwerou (accusative dual)
wiwerons (accusative plural)
wiwerī (genitive singular)
wiwerous (dual genitive)
wiwerom (genitive plural)
wiwerūi (dative singular)
wiwerobom (dative dual)
wiwerobos (dative plural)
wiwerei (locative singular)
wiwerū (instrumental singular)
wiwerobim (dual instrumental)
wiwerūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwɨwer
Breton: gwiñver
Cornish: gwiwer
Welsh: gwiwer

Old Irish: íaru

Irish: iora

Scottish Gaelic: feòrag

Manx: fiorag

From Proto-Indo-European *wi(r)-wer-, from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“squirrel”). Compare Latin viverra.


trebā

trebā (nominative singular)
trebai (dual nominative)
trebās (nominative plural)
trebā (singular vocative)
trebai (dual vocative)
trebās (plural vocative)
trebam (accusative singular)
trebai (accusative dual)
trebāns (accusative plural)
trebās (genitive singular)
trebous (dual genitive)
trebom (genitive plural)
trebāi (dative singular)
trebābom (dative dual)
trebābos (dative plural)
trebai (locative singular)
trebābim (dual instrumental)
trebābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *treβ
Old Breton: treff
Breton: trev
Middle Welsh: tref
Welsh: tref, tre
Cumbric: *trev

Old Irish: treb

Irish: treabh, treibh

Gaulish: *trebā

→ Old Occitan: trevar (“to inhabit”)

⇒ Gaulish: Atrebates

From Proto-Indo-European *treb- (“dwelling, settlement”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þurpą (English thorp, German Dorf).


banonā

banonā (nominative singular)
banonai (dual nominative)
banonās (nominative plural)
banonā (singular vocative)
banonai (dual vocative)
banonās (plural vocative)
banonam (accusative singular)
banonai (accusative dual)
banonāns (accusative plural)
banonās (genitive singular)
banonous (dual genitive)
banonom (genitive plural)
banonāi (dative singular)
banonābom (dative dual)
banonābos (dative plural)
banonai (locative singular)
banonābim (dual instrumental)
banonābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *banon

Welsh: banon

Gaulish: Banona, Banonias

From *benā (“woman”) + *-onā (individualizing suffix).


britis

britis (nominative singular)
britī (dual nominative)
britīs (nominative plural)
briti (singular vocative)
britī (dual vocative)
britīs (plural vocative)
britim (accusative singular)
britī (accusative dual)
britins (accusative plural)
briteis (genitive singular)
brityow (dual genitive)
brityom (genitive plural)
britei (dative singular)
britibom (dative dual)
britibos (dative plural)
britei (locative singular)
britī (instrumental singular)
britibim (dual instrumental)
britibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨd
Cornish: brys
Middle Welsh: bryd
Welsh: bryd

Old Irish: brith, breth

Irish: breith

Scottish Gaelic: breith

An archaic inherited *-tis action noun. From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *bʰértis, from *bʰer- (“to bear”).


brigantī

brigantī (nominative singular)
brigantī (dual nominative)
brigantiyās (nominative plural)
brigantī (singular vocative)
brigantī (dual vocative)
brigantiyās (plural vocative)
brigantīm (accusative singular)
brigantī (accusative dual)
brigantīns (accusative plural)
brigantyās (genitive singular)
brigantyous (dual genitive)
brigantyom (genitive plural)
brigantyai (dative singular)
brigantyābom (dative dual)
brigantyābos (dative plural)
brigantyābim (dual instrumental)
brigantyābis (instrumental plural)

desc

→ Galician: (place name) Bergantiños; ⇒? (from *Brigantica, place names) Breanca, Brántega

→ Portuguese: (place name) Bragança

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨɣėnt
Old Breton: Brient (personal name)
→ Middle Irish: Brían
Irish: Brian
English: Brian, Bryan, Bryon
→ Cebuano: Brian
→ Danish: Brian
→ Faroese: Brian
→ French: Brian
Old Welsh: bryeint
Middle Welsh: breeint
Welsh: braint

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂ ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂-, feminine of *bʰérǵʰonts.

inh

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨɣėntinOld Breton: brientin

bryntynMiddle Welsh: brenhinWelsh: brenin→ Old Irish: BrénainnIrish: Bréanainn→ Latin: BrendanusGalician: Brandán→ Irish: Breandán→ English: Brendan


beitom

beitom (nominative singular)
beitou (dual nominative)
beitā (nominative plural)
beitom (singular vocative)
beitou (dual vocative)
beitā (plural vocative)
beitom (accusative singular)
beitou (accusative dual)
beitā (accusative plural)
beitī (genitive singular)
beitous (dual genitive)
beitom (genitive plural)
beitūi (dative singular)
beitobom (dative dual)
beitobos (dative plural)
beitei (locative singular)
beitū (instrumental singular)
beitobim (dual instrumental)
beitūis (instrumental plural)
*biyatom (alternative)
*beyatom (alternative)
*biyotom (alternative)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *buɨd
Middle Breton: boet, bouet
Breton: boued
Old Cornish: buit
Cornish: boos, boys
Middle Welsh: bwyt
Welsh: bwyd

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*biyatom, beyatom, biyotom</i>?

Old Irish: bíad, bïad (from *biyatom, beyatom, biyotom?)

Irish: bia

Manx: bee

Scottish Gaelic: biadh

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃tom, from *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”). The by-form *biyatom is from a different formation from the same root.


boukolyos

boukolyos (nominative singular)
boukolyou (dual nominative)
boukolyoi (nominative plural)
boukolye (singular vocative)
boukolyou (dual vocative)
boukolyoi (plural vocative)
boukolyom (accusative singular)
boukolyou (accusative dual)
boukolyons (accusative plural)
boukolyī (genitive singular)
boukolyous (dual genitive)
boukolyom (genitive plural)
boukolyūi (dative singular)
boukolyobom (dative dual)
boukolyobos (dative plural)
boukolyei (locative singular)
boukolyū (instrumental singular)
boukolyobim (dual instrumental)
boukolyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉgöl
Middle Breton: buguel, bugel
Breton: bugel
Cornish: bugel
Middle Welsh: bugeil
Welsh: bugail

Old Irish: búachaill, bóchaill
Irish: buachaill
Manx: bochilley
Scottish Gaelic: buachaill, buachaille

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷowkólos, from *gʷṓws (“cow”) + *kʷel- (“to revolve, move around, sojourn”).


datlā

datlā (nominative singular)
datlai (dual nominative)
datlās (nominative plural)
datlā (singular vocative)
datlai (dual vocative)
datlās (plural vocative)
datlam (accusative singular)
datlai (accusative dual)
datlāns (accusative plural)
datlās (genitive singular)
datlous (dual genitive)
datlom (genitive plural)
datlāi (dative singular)
datlābom (dative dual)
datlābos (dative plural)
datlai (locative singular)
datlābim (dual instrumental)
datlābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dadl
Old Breton: dadl
Breton: dael
Middle Welsh: dadl
Welsh: dadl

Old Irish: dál
Irish: dáil
Scottish Gaelic: dàil

Of disputed origin, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh̥₁-tl-eh₂, from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”) + *-tlo- (instrument noun suffix) (synchronically, *-tlā).


gdonyos

gdonyos (nominative singular)
gdonyou (dual nominative)
gdonyoi (nominative plural)
gdonye (singular vocative)
gdonyou (dual vocative)
gdonyoi (plural vocative)
gdonyom (accusative singular)
gdonyou (accusative dual)
gdonyons (accusative plural)
gdonyī (genitive singular)
gdonyous (dual genitive)
gdonyom (genitive plural)
gdonyūi (dative singular)
gdonyobom (dative dual)
gdonyobos (dative plural)
gdonyei (locative singular)
gdonyū (instrumental singular)
gdonyobim (dual instrumental)
gdonyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *dün
Old Breton: don, den
Middle Breton: den
Breton: den
Old Cornish: den
Cornish: den
Middle Welsh: dyn
Welsh: dyn

Old Irish: duine
Middle Irish: duine
Irish: duine
Manx: dooinney
Scottish Gaelic: duine

Gaulish: xtonion (gen. pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰom-yo-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).


ekʷālos

ekʷālos (nominative singular)
ekʷālou (dual nominative)
ekʷāloi (nominative plural)
ekʷāle (singular vocative)
ekʷālou (dual vocative)
ekʷāloi (plural vocative)
ekʷālom (accusative singular)
ekʷālou (accusative dual)
ekʷālons (accusative plural)
ekʷālī (genitive singular)
ekʷālous (dual genitive)
ekʷālom (genitive plural)
ekʷālūi (dative singular)
ekʷālobom (dative dual)
ekʷālobos (dative plural)
ekʷālei (locative singular)
ekʷālū (instrumental singular)
ekʷālobim (dual instrumental)
ekʷālūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ebọl
Old Breton: ebol
Middle Breton: ebeul
Breton: ebeul
Old Cornish: ebol
Cornish: ebel
Middle Welsh: ebawl
Welsh: ebol


glendos

glendos (nominative singular)
glendese? (dual nominative)
glendesa (nominative plural)
glendos (singular vocative)
glendese? (dual vocative)
glendesa (plural vocative)
glendos (accusative singular)
glendese? (accusative dual)
glendesa (accusative plural)
glendesos (genitive singular)
glendesous? (dual genitive)
glendesom (genitive plural)
glendesei (dative singular)
glendesbom (dative dual)
glendesbos (dative plural)
glendesi (locative singular)
glendesei (instrumental singular)
glendesbim (dual instrumental)
glendesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *glɨnn
Middle Breton: glenn
Breton: glen
Cornish: glynn, glydn
Middle Welsh: glynn
Welsh: glyn

Old Irish: glenn

Irish: gleann

Manx: glion

Scottish Gaelic: gleann

Hypothetically from Proto-Indo-European *glendos (“shore”); however, the only cognate is Proto-Germanic *klintaz (whence Icelandic klettur, Middle Low German klint), so it may be a borrowing from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


swekrū

swekrū (nominative singular)
swekrone? (dual nominative)
swekrones (nominative plural)
swekrū (singular vocative)
swekrone? (dual vocative)
swekrones (plural vocative)
swekronam (accusative singular)
swekrone? (accusative dual)
swekronans (accusative plural)
swekronos (genitive singular)
swekronows? (dual genitive)
swekronom (genitive plural)
swekronei (dative singular)
swekrombom (dative dual)
swekrombos (dative plural)
swekron (locative singular)
swekroni (locative singular)
swekronei (instrumental singular)
swekrombim (dual instrumental)
swekrombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwegr
Old Cornish: hweger
Cornish: hweger
Welsh: chwegr

From Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂. Cognate with Latin socrus.


wlatis

wlatis (nominative singular)
wlatī (dual nominative)
wlatīs (nominative plural)
wlati (singular vocative)
wlatī (dual vocative)
wlatīs (plural vocative)
wlatim (accusative singular)
wlatī (accusative dual)
wlatins (accusative plural)
wlateis (genitive singular)
wlatyow (dual genitive)
wlatyom (genitive plural)
wlatei (dative singular)
wlatibom (dative dual)
wlatibos (dative plural)
wlatei (locative singular)
wlatī (instrumental singular)
wlatibim (dual instrumental)
wlatibis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwlad
Breton: glad
Old Cornish: gulat
Cornish: gulas, gwlas
Old Welsh: gulat
Middle Welsh: gwlad
Welsh: gwlad

Old Irish: flaith

Irish: flaith

Manx: flah

Scottish Gaelic: flath

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wélh₁tis ~ *h₂wl̥h₁téy-, from the root *h₂welh₁-.


wlidā

wlidā (nominative singular)
wlidai (dual nominative)
wlidās (nominative plural)
wlidā (singular vocative)
wlidai (dual vocative)
wlidās (plural vocative)
wlidam (accusative singular)
wlidai (accusative dual)
wlidāns (accusative plural)
wlidās (genitive singular)
wlidous (dual genitive)
wlidom (genitive plural)
wlidāi (dative singular)
wlidābom (dative dual)
wlidābos (dative plural)
wlidai (locative singular)
wlidābim (dual instrumental)
wlidābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwleð
Old Welsh: guled
Middle Welsh: gwledd
Welsh: gwledd

Old Irish: fled
Irish: fleá, fleadh, fleidh
→ English: fleadh
Manx: fleah
Scottish Gaelic: fleadh

From Proto-Indo-European *wl̥deh₂, from *welh₁- (“to wish, desire, want”), see also Ancient Greek ἔλδομαι (éldomai), Old English willan (modern English will).


wintos

wintos (nominative singular)
wintou (dual nominative)
wintoi (nominative plural)
winte (singular vocative)
wintou (dual vocative)
wintoi (plural vocative)
wintom (accusative singular)
wintou (accusative dual)
wintons (accusative plural)
wintī (genitive singular)
wintous (dual genitive)
wintom (genitive plural)
wintūi (dative singular)
wintobom (dative dual)
wintobos (dative plural)
wintei (locative singular)
wintū (instrumental singular)
wintobim (dual instrumental)
wintūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨnt
Middle Breton: guent
Breton: gwent
Old Cornish: guins
Cornish: gwyns
Middle Welsh: gwynt
Welsh: gwynt

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts. Old Irish fet (“whistle”) is probably not related.


widus

widus (nominative singular)
widū (dual nominative)
widowes (nominative plural)
widu (singular vocative)
widū (dual vocative)
widūs (plural vocative)
widum (accusative singular)
widū (accusative dual)
widuns (accusative plural)
widous (genitive singular)
widous (dual genitive)
widowom (genitive plural)
widou (dative singular)
widubom (dative dual)
widubos (dative plural)
widū (instrumental singular)
widubim (dual instrumental)
widubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨð
Old Breton: guid
Middle Breton: guez
Breton: gwez
Cornish: gwydh
Old Welsh: guid
Middle Welsh: gwydd
Welsh: gwŷdd

Old Irish: fid
Irish: fiodh
Scottish Gaelic: fiodh
Manx: fuygh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *widuz.


kantlom

kantlom (nominative singular)
kantlou (dual nominative)
kantlā (nominative plural)
kantlom (singular vocative)
kantlou (dual vocative)
kantlā (plural vocative)
kantlom (accusative singular)
kantlou (accusative dual)
kantlā (accusative plural)
kantlī (genitive singular)
kantlous (dual genitive)
kantlom (genitive plural)
kantlūi (dative singular)
kantlobom (dative dual)
kantlobos (dative plural)
kantlei (locative singular)
kantlū (instrumental singular)
kantlobim (dual instrumental)
kantlūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *kantl
Middle Breton: quentel
Breton: kentel
Middle Welsh: kathyl, kathl
Welsh: cathl

Old Irish: cétal

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”) + *-tlom (instrumental suffix). Equivalent to *kaneti + *-tlom.


kalyākos

kalyākos (nominative singular)
kalyākou (dual nominative)
kalyākoi (nominative plural)
kalyāke (singular vocative)
kalyākou (dual vocative)
kalyākoi (plural vocative)
kalyākom (accusative singular)
kalyākou (accusative dual)
kalyākons (accusative plural)
kalyākī (genitive singular)
kalyākous (dual genitive)
kalyākom (genitive plural)
kalyākūi (dative singular)
kalyākobom (dative dual)
kalyākobos (dative plural)
kalyākei (locative singular)
kalyākū (instrumental singular)
kalyākobim (dual instrumental)
kalyākūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėljọg
Old Breton: kelihuc
Middle Breton: kilhog, kilheg
Breton: kilhog
Old Cornish: chelioc
Middle Cornish: celioc, kullyek, colyek
Cornish: kulyek
Middle Welsh: keilyawc
Welsh: ceiliog, ceilog

Old Irish: cailech
Irish: coileach
Manx: kellagh
Scottish Gaelic: coileach

Gaulish: *caliacos

From Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call”). Compare English hen from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”) for semantic development.


kanawū

kanawū (nominative singular)
kanawone? (dual nominative)
kanawones (nominative plural)
kanawū (singular vocative)
kanawone? (dual vocative)
kanawones (plural vocative)
kanawonam (accusative singular)
kanawone? (accusative dual)
kanawonans (accusative plural)
kanawonos (genitive singular)
kanawonows? (dual genitive)
kanawonom (genitive plural)
kanawonei (dative singular)
kanawombom (dative dual)
kanawombos (dative plural)
kanawon (locative singular)
kanawoni (locative singular)
kanawonei (instrumental singular)
kanawombim (dual instrumental)
kanawombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėnėw
Old Breton: ceneuan, compare Rikeneu (PN)
Middle Breton: kenou
Breton: kenow
Middle Welsh: ceneu
Welsh: cenau, cenaw

Middle Irish: cana
Scottish Gaelic: cana
Irish: cana

From Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to begin”).