landā

landā (nominative singular)
landai (dual nominative)
landās (nominative plural)
landā (singular vocative)
landai (dual vocative)
landās (plural vocative)
landam (accusative singular)
landai (accusative dual)
landāns (accusative plural)
landās (genitive singular)
landous (dual genitive)
landom (genitive plural)
landāi (dative singular)
landābom (dative dual)
landābos (dative plural)
landai (locative singular)
landābim (dual instrumental)
landābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llann
Middle Breton: lann
Cornish: lann
Old Welsh: lann
Middle Welsh: llann
Welsh: llan

Old Irish: lann
Irish: lann
Manx: lann
Scottish Gaelic: lann
⇒ Middle Irish: -lann
Irish: -lann
Manx: -lan
Scottish Gaelic: -lann

Gaulish: *landā

→ Vulgar Latin: *landa

Old French: lande, launde
→ Middle English: launde
English: laund
English: lawn
French: lande (“sandymoor, heath”)

Italian: landa

Occitan: landa

Spanish: landa

→ Basque: landa

From Proto-Indo-European *ln̥dʰ-éh₂, from *léndʰ-s ~ *ln̥dʰ-és, from *lendʰ- (“land, heath”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *lundaz (“grove”) (whence Old Norse lundr), Proto-Germanic *landą (“land”), and Proto-Slavic *lędo (“uncultivated land”).


legyom

legyom (nominative singular)
legyou (dual nominative)
legyā (nominative plural)
legyom (singular vocative)
legyou (dual vocative)
legyā (plural vocative)
legyom (accusative singular)
legyou (accusative dual)
legyā (accusative plural)
legyī (genitive singular)
legyous (dual genitive)
legyom (genitive plural)
legyūi (dative singular)
legyobom (dative dual)
legyobos (dative plural)
legyei (locative singular)
legyū (instrumental singular)
legyobim (dual instrumental)
legyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lleɣ
Old Breton: le
Breton: le
Cornish: le
Middle Welsh: lle
Welsh: lle

Old Irish: lige

Irish: luí

Proto-Indo-European *legʰyom, from *legʰ-.


ɸlārom

ɸlārom (nominative singular)
ɸlārou (dual nominative)
ɸlārā (nominative plural)
ɸlārom (singular vocative)
ɸlārou (dual vocative)
ɸlārā (plural vocative)
ɸlārom (accusative singular)
ɸlārou (accusative dual)
ɸlārā (accusative plural)
ɸlārī (genitive singular)
ɸlārous (dual genitive)
ɸlārom (genitive plural)
ɸlārūi (dative singular)
ɸlārobom (dative dual)
ɸlārobos (dative plural)
ɸlārei (locative singular)
ɸlārū (instrumental singular)
ɸlārobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlārūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llọr
Old Breton: lor
Breton: leur
Old Cornish: lor
Cornish: leur
Old Welsh: laur
Middle Welsh: llawr, llaur
Welsh: llawr

Old Irish: lár
Irish: lár
Manx: laare
Scottish Gaelic: làr
⇒ Middle Irish: urlár, airlár, erlar, irlár, orlár
Irish: urlár
Scottish Gaelic: ùrlar

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂rom or Proto-Indo-European *ploh₂rom, from *pleh₂- (“to be flat”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *flōraz.


ɸlāmā

ɸlāmā (nominative singular)
ɸlāmai (dual nominative)
ɸlāmās (nominative plural)
ɸlāmā (singular vocative)
ɸlāmai (dual vocative)
ɸlāmās (plural vocative)
ɸlāmam (accusative singular)
ɸlāmai (accusative dual)
ɸlāmāns (accusative plural)
ɸlāmās (genitive singular)
ɸlāmous (dual genitive)
ɸlāmom (genitive plural)
ɸlāmāi (dative singular)
ɸlāmābom (dative dual)
ɸlāmābos (dative plural)
ɸlāmai (locative singular)
ɸlāmābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlāmābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llọβ̃
Old Breton: lom-
Old Cornish: lof
Cornish: leuv
Old Welsh: lau
Middle Welsh: llaw
Welsh: llaw

Old Irish: lám

Irish: lámh

Manx: laue

Scottish Gaelic: làmh

→ Old Norse: lámr

Faroese: lámur

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂ (“palm, hand”), from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Latin palma, Proto-Germanic *fulmō, Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē, “palm of the hand”).


kariyā

kariyā (nominative singular)
kariyai (dual nominative)
kariyās (nominative plural)
kariyā (singular vocative)
kariyai (dual vocative)
kariyās (plural vocative)
kariyam (accusative singular)
kariyai (accusative dual)
kariyāns (accusative plural)
kariyās (genitive singular)
kariyous (dual genitive)
kariyom (genitive plural)
kariyāi (dative singular)
kariyābom (dative dual)
kariyābos (dative plural)
kariyai (locative singular)
kariyābim (dual instrumental)
kariyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *kareð
Middle Breton: carez
Cornish: cara
Old Welsh: cared
Middle Welsh: cared, karet
Welsh: caredd

Old Irish: caire

Irish: coir

Scottish Gaelic: coire

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂er- (“blame, abuse”), see also Latin carino (“I blame, revile”), Proto-Slavic *koriti (“to reproach”).


markākos

markākos (nominative singular)
markākou (dual nominative)
markākoi (nominative plural)
markāke (singular vocative)
markākou (dual vocative)
markākoi (plural vocative)
markākom (accusative singular)
markākou (accusative dual)
markākons (accusative plural)
markākī (genitive singular)
markākous (dual genitive)
markākom (genitive plural)
markākūi (dative singular)
markākobom (dative dual)
markākobos (dative plural)
markākei (locative singular)
markākū (instrumental singular)
markākobim (dual instrumental)
markākūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *marxọg
Breton: marc'heg
Middle Cornish: marrek
Cornish: marghek
Middle Welsh: marchawc
Welsh: marchog

Old Irish: marcach

Irish: marcach

Manx markiagh

Scottish Gaelic: marcach


mokkus

mokkus (nominative singular)
mokkū (dual nominative)
mokkowes (nominative plural)
mokku (singular vocative)
mokkū (dual vocative)
mokkūs (plural vocative)
mokkum (accusative singular)
mokkū (accusative dual)
mokkuns (accusative plural)
mokkous (genitive singular)
mokkous (dual genitive)
mokkowom (genitive plural)
mokkou (dative singular)
mokkubom (dative dual)
mokkubos (dative plural)
mokkū (instrumental singular)
mokkubim (dual instrumental)
mokkubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mox pl
Old Breton: moch
Middle Breton: moch
Breton: moc'h
Middle Cornish: mogh
Cornish: mogh
Old Welsh: moch
Middle Welsh: moch
Welsh: moch

Old Irish: mucc, muc
Middle Irish: mucc
Irish: muc
Manx: muc
Scottish Gaelic: muc

Gaulish: moccos

Latin: Moccus (Gallo-Latin, theonym), Catomocus (placename)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *mukk-

desc

Middle Dutch: mocke (“slovenly woman, whore”)

Middle High German: mocke (“sow, female pig”, western)

Borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language. MacBain prefers a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *mew-k- (“slippery, slimy”), connecting Latin mucus, Ancient Greek μυκτήρ (muktḗr, “nose, nostril”).


nertom

nertom (nominative singular)
nertou (dual nominative)
nertā (nominative plural)
nertom (singular vocative)
nertou (dual vocative)
nertā (plural vocative)
nertom (accusative singular)
nertou (accusative dual)
nertā (accusative plural)
nertī (genitive singular)
nertous (dual genitive)
nertom (genitive plural)
nertūi (dative singular)
nertobom (dative dual)
nertobos (dative plural)
nertei (locative singular)
nertū (instrumental singular)
nertobim (dual instrumental)
nertūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *nerθ
Old Breton: nerth
Middle Breton: nerz
Breton: nerzh
Middle Cornish: nerth
Cornish: nerth
Old Welsh: nerth
Middle Welsh: nerth
Welsh: nerth

Celtiberian: Nerto-

→ Latin: Nertobrīga

Gaulish: Nerto-

Goidelic:

Old Irish: nert

Irish: neart

Manx: niart

Scottish Gaelic: neart

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ner-tós (“virile, strong”), from *h₂nḗr (“man”) (whence *neros (“hero”)).


kʷresnom

kʷresnom (nominative singular)
kʷresnou (dual nominative)
kʷresnā (nominative plural)
kʷresnom (singular vocative)
kʷresnou (dual vocative)
kʷresnā (plural vocative)
kʷresnom (accusative singular)
kʷresnou (accusative dual)
kʷresnā (accusative plural)
kʷresnī (genitive singular)
kʷresnous (dual genitive)
kʷresnom (genitive plural)
kʷresnūi (dative singular)
kʷresnobom (dative dual)
kʷresnobos (dative plural)
kʷresnei (locative singular)
kʷresnū (instrumental singular)
kʷresnobim (dual instrumental)
kʷresnūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *prenn
Old Breton: pren
Middle Breton: prenn
Breton: prenn
Old Cornish: pren
Cornish: prenn
Middle Welsh: prenn
Welsh: pren
Cumbric: *prenn

Old Irish: crann
Middle Irish: crann
Irish: crann
Manx: croan
Scottish Gaelic: crann

Gaulish: prenne (“big tree”)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷres- (“bush, thicket”); related to Proto-West Germanic *hursti (archaic English hurst) and Ancient Greek πρῖνος (prînos, “holm oak”).


kʷrīyets

kʷrīyets (nominative singular)
kʷrīyete (dual nominative)
kʷrīyetes (nominative plural)
kʷrīyets (singular vocative)
kʷrīyete (dual vocative)
kʷrīyetes (plural vocative)
kʷrīyetam (accusative singular)
kʷrīyete (accusative dual)
kʷrīyetans (accusative plural)
kʷrīyetos (genitive singular)
kʷrīyetou (dual genitive)
kʷrīyetom (genitive plural)
kʷrīyetei (dative singular)
kʷrīyetobom (dative dual)
kʷrīyetobos (dative plural)
kʷrīyeti (locative singular)
kʷrīyete? (instrumental singular)
kʷrīyetobim (dual instrumental)
kʷrīyetobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *prið
Old Breton: pri
Middle Breton: pri
Breton: pri
Cornish: pri
Middle Welsh: pridd
Welsh: pridd

Old Irish: cré
Middle Irish: cré
Irish: cré
Manx: cray
Scottish Gaelic: crè

Generally agreed to be related to Latin creta (“clay, chalk, soil”), but the relationship is mysterious. The Latin word itself could be related to cerno (“I separate”), Ancient Greek κρίνω (krínō, “to divide, separate”), from Proto-Indo-European *krey-.
Mallory & Adams reconstruct *tkʷreh₁yot-, adding Tocharian B tukri (“clay”); Matasovic suggests *kʷreh₁ + Proto-Celtic *-yet-, adding that the Tocharian words could have had their own prefix. However, these all could have instead been borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.


kʷrimis

kʷrimis (nominative singular)
kʷrimī (dual nominative)
kʷrimīs (nominative plural)
kʷrimi (singular vocative)
kʷrimī (dual vocative)
kʷrimīs (plural vocative)
kʷrimim (accusative singular)
kʷrimī (accusative dual)
kʷrimins (accusative plural)
kʷrimeis (genitive singular)
kʷrimyow (dual genitive)
kʷrimyom (genitive plural)
kʷrimei (dative singular)
kʷrimibom (dative dual)
kʷrimibos (dative plural)
kʷrimei (locative singular)
kʷrimī (instrumental singular)
kʷrimibim (dual instrumental)
kʷrimibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *prɨβ̃
Middle Breton: preff
Breton: preñv
Old Cornish: prif
Middle Cornish: pref
Cornish: pryv, prev
Old Welsh: prem
Middle Welsh: pryf
Welsh: pryf

Old Irish: cruim

Irish: cruimh

Scottish Gaelic: cnuimh

⇒ Manx: crooag

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷŕ̥mis. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *kŕ̥miš, Proto-Balto-Slavic *kirmis.


ɸrixtus

ɸrixtus (nominative singular)
ɸrixtū (dual nominative)
ɸrixtowes (nominative plural)
ɸrixtu (singular vocative)
ɸrixtū (dual vocative)
ɸrixtūs (plural vocative)
ɸrixtum (accusative singular)
ɸrixtū (accusative dual)
ɸrixtuns (accusative plural)
ɸrixtous (genitive singular)
ɸrixtous (dual genitive)
ɸrixtowom (genitive plural)
ɸrixtou (dative singular)
ɸrixtubom (dative dual)
ɸrixtubos (dative plural)
ɸrixtū (instrumental singular)
ɸrixtubim (dual instrumental)
ɸrixtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rriθ
Old Breton: arrith (in compound)
Middle Breton: rez
Breton: rezh
Middle Welsh: rith
Welsh: rhith

Old Irish: richt

Irish: riocht

Scottish Gaelic: riochd


ɸritus

ɸritus (nominative singular)
ɸritū (dual nominative)
ɸritowes (nominative plural)
ɸritu (singular vocative)
ɸritū (dual vocative)
ɸritūs (plural vocative)
ɸritum (accusative singular)
ɸritū (accusative dual)
ɸrituns (accusative plural)
ɸritous (genitive singular)
ɸritous (dual genitive)
ɸritowom (genitive plural)
ɸritou (dative singular)
ɸritubom (dative dual)
ɸritubos (dative plural)
ɸritū (instrumental singular)
ɸritubim (dual instrumental)
ɸritubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨd
Old Breton: rit
Breton: red (rare)
Old Cornish: rid
Middle Cornish: ryd
Cornish: rys
Old Welsh: rit
Middle Welsh: ryd, rid
Welsh: rhyd

Gaulish: *ritus

From Proto-Indo-European *pértus ~ *pr̥téw-.


taratrom

taratrom (nominative singular)
taratrou (dual nominative)
taratrā (nominative plural)
taratrom (singular vocative)
taratrou (dual vocative)
taratrā (plural vocative)
taratrom (accusative singular)
taratrou (accusative dual)
taratrā (accusative plural)
taratrī (genitive singular)
taratrous (dual genitive)
taratrom (genitive plural)
taratrūi (dative singular)
taratrobom (dative dual)
taratrobos (dative plural)
taratrei (locative singular)
taratrū (instrumental singular)
taratrobim (dual instrumental)
taratrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *taradr
Middle Breton: tarazr, talazr
Breton: tarar
Cornish: tardar
Old Welsh: tarater
Welsh: taradr

Old Irish: tarathar
Irish: tarathar
Manx: tarrar

→ Late Latin: taratrum

French: tarière

Spanish: taladro

Old Galician-Portuguese: traado
Galician: trade
Portuguese: trado

From Proto-Indo-European *térh₁trom (“tool for drilling”), from the root *terh₁- (“to rub away at; to bore, drill”). Cognate with Ancient Greek τέρετρον (téretron).


dubros

dubros (nominative singular)
dubrou (dual nominative)
dubroi (nominative plural)
dubre (singular vocative)
dubrou (dual vocative)
dubroi (plural vocative)
dubrom (accusative singular)
dubrou (accusative dual)
dubrons (accusative plural)
dubrī (genitive singular)
dubrous (dual genitive)
dubrom (genitive plural)
dubrūi (dative singular)
dubrobom (dative dual)
dubrobos (dative plural)
dubrei (locative singular)
dubrū (instrumental singular)
dubrobim (dual instrumental)
dubrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *duβr
Middle Breton: dour
Breton: dour
Cornish: dowr
Middle Welsh: dwfyr, dwfuyr, dwr, dwuyr, dwvyr, dyfwr
Welsh: dwfr, dŵr

Old Irish: dobur
Irish: dobhar
⇒ Middle Irish: dobrán
Irish: dobhrán
Scottish Gaelic: dòbhran

Gaulish: Dubra, Uerbo-dubrum

French: Douvres

Gallaecian:

Latin: Durius
Old Galician-Portuguese: Doiro, Doyro
Portuguese: Douro
Spanish: Duero

→ Galician: Dubra

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰrós (“dark”), from *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”).


yugom

yugom (nominative singular)
yugou (dual nominative)
yugā (nominative plural)
yugom (singular vocative)
yugou (dual vocative)
yugā (plural vocative)
yugom (accusative singular)
yugou (accusative dual)
yugā (accusative plural)
yugī (genitive singular)
yugous (dual genitive)
yugom (genitive plural)
yugūi (dative singular)
yugobom (dative dual)
yugobos (dative plural)
yugei (locative singular)
yugū (instrumental singular)
yugobim (dual instrumental)
yugūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jọw
Middle Breton: yeu, ieo
Breton: yev
Cornish: yew
Old Welsh: iou
Welsh: iau

Gaulish: *yugom

⇒? Gaulish: *Weryugos (personal name)

→ Latin: Veriugus

Middle Irish: cuingIrish: cuingManx: quingScottish Gaelic: cuing


wegnos

wegnos (nominative singular)
wegnou (dual nominative)
wegnoi (nominative plural)
wegne (singular vocative)
wegnou (dual vocative)
wegnoi (plural vocative)
wegnom (accusative singular)
wegnou (accusative dual)
wegnons (accusative plural)
wegnī (genitive singular)
wegnous (dual genitive)
wegnom (genitive plural)
wegnūi (dative singular)
wegnobom (dative dual)
wegnobos (dative plural)
wegnei (locative singular)
wegnū (instrumental singular)
wegnobim (dual instrumental)
wegnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweɨn

Welsh: gwain

Old Irish: fén

Irish: féan

Gaulish: *uinnos

→⇒ Latin: covinnus

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰnos, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to go, transport”).


kloustā

kloustā (nominative singular)
kloustai (dual nominative)
kloustās (nominative plural)
kloustā (singular vocative)
kloustai (dual vocative)
kloustās (plural vocative)
kloustam (accusative singular)
kloustai (accusative dual)
kloustāns (accusative plural)
kloustās (genitive singular)
kloustous (dual genitive)
kloustom (genitive plural)
kloustāi (dative singular)
kloustābom (dative dual)
kloustābos (dative plural)
kloustai (locative singular)
kloustābim (dual instrumental)
kloustābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *klʉst
Middle Welsh: clust
Welsh: clust

Old Irish: clúas
Irish: cluas
Manx: cleaysh
Scottish Gaelic: cluas

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlow-steh₂, from *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


yegis

yegis (nominative singular)
yegī (dual nominative)
yegīs (nominative plural)
yegi (singular vocative)
yegī (dual vocative)
yegīs (plural vocative)
yegim (accusative singular)
yegī (accusative dual)
yegins (accusative plural)
yegeis (genitive singular)
yegyow (dual genitive)
yegyom (genitive plural)
yegei (dative singular)
yegibom (dative dual)
yegibos (dative plural)
yegei (locative singular)
yegī (instrumental singular)
yegibim (dual instrumental)
yegibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jaɣ
Cornish: yey
Welsh: iâ

Old Irish: aig

Irish: oighear

Scottish Gaelic: eigh


wīnom

wīnom (nominative singular)
wīnou (dual nominative)
wīnā (nominative plural)
wīnom (singular vocative)
wīnou (dual vocative)
wīnā (plural vocative)
wīnom (accusative singular)
wīnou (accusative dual)
wīnā (accusative plural)
wīnī (genitive singular)
wīnous (dual genitive)
wīnom (genitive plural)
wīnūi (dative singular)
wīnobom (dative dual)
wīnobos (dative plural)
wīnei (locative singular)
wīnū (instrumental singular)
wīnobim (dual instrumental)
wīnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwin
Breton: gwin
Cornish: gwin, gwyn
Welsh: gwin

Old Irish: fín
Irish: fíon
Manx: feeyn
Scottish Gaelic: fìon

Lepontic: 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌏𐌌 (uinom)


molātus

molātus (nominative singular)
molātū (dual nominative)
molātowes (nominative plural)
molātu (singular vocative)
molātū (dual vocative)
molātūs (plural vocative)
molātum (accusative singular)
molātū (accusative dual)
molātuns (accusative plural)
molātous (genitive singular)
molātous (dual genitive)
molātowom (genitive plural)
molātou (dative singular)
molātubom (dative dual)
molātubos (dative plural)
molātū (instrumental singular)
molātubim (dual instrumental)
molātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *molọd
Middle Welsh: molaut
Welsh: molawd

Old Irish: molad
Irish: moladh
Scottish Gaelic: moladh

Gaulish: molatus (Lezoux inscription)


rīmā

rīmā (nominative singular)
rīmai (dual nominative)
rīmās (nominative plural)
rīmā (singular vocative)
rīmai (dual vocative)
rīmās (plural vocative)
rīmam (accusative singular)
rīmai (accusative dual)
rīmāns (accusative plural)
rīmās (genitive singular)
rīmous (dual genitive)
rīmom (genitive plural)
rīmāi (dative singular)
rīmābom (dative dual)
rīmābos (dative plural)
rīmai (locative singular)
rīmābim (dual instrumental)
rīmābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rriβ̃
Cornish: riv
Welsh: rhif

Old Irish: rím
Irish: ríomh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to count, reason, think”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“calculation, number”).


dligetom

dligetom (nominative singular)
dligetou (dual nominative)
dligetā (nominative plural)
dligetom (singular vocative)
dligetou (dual vocative)
dligetā (plural vocative)
dligetom (accusative singular)
dligetou (accusative dual)
dligetā (accusative plural)
dligetī (genitive singular)
dligetous (dual genitive)
dligetom (genitive plural)
dligetūi (dative singular)
dligetobom (dative dual)
dligetobos (dative plural)
dligetei (locative singular)
dligetū (instrumental singular)
dligetobim (dual instrumental)
dligetūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dlɨɣed

Middle Welsh: dylyet

Welsh: dyled

Old Irish: dliged

Irish: dlí

Scottish Gaelic: dlighe

From *dligeti (“to owe, be indebted to”) + *-etom.


keiliyos

keiliyos (nominative singular)
keiliyou (dual nominative)
keiliyoi (nominative plural)
keiliye (singular vocative)
keiliyou (dual vocative)
keiliyoi (plural vocative)
keiliyom (accusative singular)
keiliyou (accusative dual)
keiliyons (accusative plural)
keiliyī (genitive singular)
keiliyous (dual genitive)
keiliyom (genitive plural)
keiliyūi (dative singular)
keiliyobom (dative dual)
keiliyobos (dative plural)
keiliyei (locative singular)
keiliyū (instrumental singular)
keiliyobim (dual instrumental)
keiliyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kilɨð
Middle Welsh: cilit, kilid
Welsh: cilydd
Old Breton: kiled
Breton: kile
Cornish: kila

Primitive Irish: ᚉᚓᚂᚔ (celi, genitive)

Old Irish: céile

Irish: céile

Manx: keilley

Scottish Gaelic: cèile

desc

Gaulish: cele (attested on Châteaubleau tile)

Uncertain. Possibly originally meaning "wayfarer," from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to settle”), similar to the sense development of Old Irish séitig (“wife”) from *sentus (“way, path”). Stokes instead compares Latin cacula (“servant”).


enistī

enistī (nominative singular)
enistī (dual nominative)
enistiyās (nominative plural)
enistī (singular vocative)
enistī (dual vocative)
enistiyās (plural vocative)
enistīm (accusative singular)
enistī (accusative dual)
enistīns (accusative plural)
enistyās (genitive singular)
enistyous (dual genitive)
enistyom (genitive plural)
enistyai (dative singular)
enistyābom (dative dual)
enistyābos (dative plural)
enistyābim (dual instrumental)
enistyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨnɨs
Old Breton: inis
Middle Breton: enes
Breton: enez
Cornish: enys
Old Welsh: inis
Middle Welsh: ynys
Welsh: ynys

Old Irish: inis
Middle Irish: inis
Irish: inis
Manx: innis
Scottish Gaelic: innis
→ Scots: inch
→ English: inch (“small island”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eni-sth₂-ih₂ (literally “that which stands in (the water)”), from *h₁en (“in”) + *steh₂- (“stand”).


garros

garros (nominative singular)
garrou (dual nominative)
garroi (nominative plural)
garre (singular vocative)
garrou (dual vocative)
garroi (plural vocative)
garrom (accusative singular)
garrou (accusative dual)
garrons (accusative plural)
garrī (genitive singular)
garrous (dual genitive)
garrom (genitive plural)
garrūi (dative singular)
garrobom (dative dual)
garrobos (dative plural)
garrei (locative singular)
garrū (instrumental singular)
garrobim (dual instrumental)
garrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *garr
Middle Breton: garr
Breton: gar
Middle Cornish: gar
Cornish: garr
Middle Welsh: garr
Welsh: gar

Old Irish: gairr

Gaulish: *garrā

→ Vulgar Latin: *garra (see there for further descendants)

Possibly, via an earlier general sense “limb”, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰs-r-, from *ǵʰes- (“hand”). Compare Latin hīr (“hand”), Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír), Old Armenian ձեռն (jeṙn), Albanian dorë (“hand”), Tocharian A tsar, Hittite 𒆠𒌍𒊬.


ganskyos

kankyos (nominative singular)
kankyou (dual nominative)
kankyoi (nominative plural)
kankye (singular vocative)
kankyou (dual vocative)
kankyoi (plural vocative)
kankyom (accusative singular)
kankyou (accusative dual)
kankyons (accusative plural)
kankyī (genitive singular)
kankyous (dual genitive)
kankyom (genitive plural)
kankyūi (dative singular)
kankyobom (dative dual)
kankyobos (dative plural)
kankyei (locative singular)
kankyū (instrumental singular)
kankyobim (dual instrumental)
kankyūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: gésca

Gaulish: *ganskyos

→ Vulgar Latin: *ganscius

Latin: gascheria, gascaria

Old French: gaschiere, gaskiere

desc

Middle French: ghasquière, gasquiere, guachière

French: jachère

Galician: gancho (“hook”); ganzo (“branch”)

Occitan: gànchou

Portuguese: gancho

desctree

Spanish: gancho
→ Catalan: ganxo
→ Italian: gancio

Venetan: ganzo (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from earlier *kankskyos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱank-sḱ-, from *ḱank- (“branch”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐍉𐌷𐌰 (hōha, “plough”), Lithuanian šakà (“branch”), Old East Slavic соха (soxa, “stake, club, brace, plough”), Old Armenian ցախ (cʻax, “branch, twig”), Sanskrit शाखा (śā́khā), Persian شاخ (šâx, “branch”).


barinākos

barinākos (nominative singular)
barinākou (dual nominative)
barinākoi (nominative plural)
barināke (singular vocative)
barinākou (dual vocative)
barinākoi (plural vocative)
barinākom (accusative singular)
barinākou (accusative dual)
barinākons (accusative plural)
barinākī (genitive singular)
barinākous (dual genitive)
barinākom (genitive plural)
barinākūi (dative singular)
barinākobom (dative dual)
barinākobos (dative plural)
barinākei (locative singular)
barinākū (instrumental singular)
barinākobim (dual instrumental)
barinākūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: brennik

Breton: brennig

Cornish: brennik

Middle Welsh: brennig

Welsh: brennig

Old Irish: *bairnech

Irish: bairneach

Manx: baarnagh, barnagh, bayrnagh

Scottish Gaelic: bàirneach

Gaulish: *barinākā

→ Medieval Latin: barneca, berneca (see there for further descendants)

From *barinā (“rocky ground”) + *-ākos. The first element is from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to elevate”).


kaɸerūxs

kaɸerūxs (nominative singular)
kaɸerāke (dual nominative)
kaɸerākes (nominative plural)
kaɸerūxs (singular vocative)
kaɸerāke (dual vocative)
kaɸerākes (plural vocative)
kaɸerākam (accusative singular)
kaɸerāke (accusative dual)
kaɸerākans (accusative plural)
kaɸerākos (genitive singular)
kaɸerākou (dual genitive)
kaɸerākom (genitive plural)
kaɸerākei (dative singular)
kaɸerākobom (dative dual)
kaɸerākobos (dative plural)
kaɸerāki (locative singular)
kaɸerāke? (instrumental singular)
kaɸerākobim (dual instrumental)
kaɸerākobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: cauru
Middle Irish: cáera, caíra
Irish: caora
Manx: keyrrey
Scottish Gaelic: caora

⇒ Middle Welsh: kaeriwrch (“roebuck”)

Welsh: caeriwrch (“roebuck”)

Possibly from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”) (compare *gabros (“goat”)), and thus cognate with Latin caper and Old Norse hafr; but the -ɸr- is difficult to explain as it normally should have become -br- in Proto-Celtic.
Stifter proposes a stem-ablaut variant of Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”), *kápero-, which then compounded with a zero-grade form of *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) to form a root noun kaperoh₃kʷs. -oh₃- would regularly yield -ū- in a final syllable and -ā- elsewhere. The Brittonic forms would thus show a back-formation from the nominative singular, as a stem-final labial stop was not yielded.


dametos

dametos (nominative singular)
dametou (dual nominative)
dametoi (nominative plural)
damete (singular vocative)
dametou (dual vocative)
dametoi (plural vocative)
dametom (accusative singular)
dametou (accusative dual)
dametons (accusative plural)
dametī (genitive singular)
dametous (dual genitive)
dametom (genitive plural)
dametūi (dative singular)
dametobom (dative dual)
dametobos (dative plural)
dametei (locative singular)
dametū (instrumental singular)
dametobim (dual instrumental)
dametūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *daβ̃ad
Breton: dañvad
Cornish: davas
Welsh: dafad


sīlom

sīlom (nominative singular)
sīlou (dual nominative)
sīlā (nominative plural)
sīlom (singular vocative)
sīlou (dual vocative)
sīlā (plural vocative)
sīlom (accusative singular)
sīlou (accusative dual)
sīlā (accusative plural)
sīlī (genitive singular)
sīlous (dual genitive)
sīlom (genitive plural)
sīlūi (dative singular)
sīlobom (dative dual)
sīlobos (dative plural)
sīlei (locative singular)
sīlū (instrumental singular)
sīlobim (dual instrumental)
sīlūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *hil
Breton: hil
Cornish: hil
Welsh: hil

Old Irish: síl
Irish: síol
Manx: sheel
Scottish Gaelic: sìol

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow”).


saɸeros

saɸeros (nominative singular)
saɸerou (dual nominative)
saɸeroi (nominative plural)
saɸere (singular vocative)
saɸerou (dual vocative)
saɸeroi (plural vocative)
saɸerom (accusative singular)
saɸerou (accusative dual)
saɸerons (accusative plural)
saɸerī (genitive singular)
saɸerous (dual genitive)
saɸerom (genitive plural)
saɸerūi (dative singular)
saɸerobom (dative dual)
saɸerobos (dative plural)
saɸerei (locative singular)
saɸerū (instrumental singular)
saɸerobim (dual instrumental)
saɸerūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *saer

Old Cornish: sair

Welsh: saer (if not borrowed from Old Irish)

Old Irish: sáer

Irish: saor

Manx: seyr

Scottish Gaelic: saor

From Proto-Indo-European *sap- (“skill”).


kenetlom

kenetlom (nominative singular)
kenetlou (dual nominative)
kenetlā (nominative plural)
kenetlom (singular vocative)
kenetlou (dual vocative)
kenetlā (plural vocative)
kenetlom (accusative singular)
kenetlou (accusative dual)
kenetlā (accusative plural)
kenetlī (genitive singular)
kenetlous (dual genitive)
kenetlom (genitive plural)
kenetlūi (dative singular)
kenetlobom (dative dual)
kenetlobos (dative plural)
kenetlei (locative singular)
kenetlū (instrumental singular)
kenetlobim (dual instrumental)
kenetlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kenedl

Old Breton: chenetl

Breton: kenel

Old Cornish: kinethel

Cornish: kenedhel

Old Welsh: kenedel

Middle Welsh: kenedyl

Welsh: cenedl

Old Irish: cenél
Irish: cineál
Scottish Gaelic: cineal

From Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to begin”) + *-tlom.


weblos

weblos (nominative singular)
weblou (dual nominative)
webloi (nominative plural)
weble (singular vocative)
weblou (dual vocative)
webloi (plural vocative)
weblom (accusative singular)
weblou (accusative dual)
weblons (accusative plural)
weblī (genitive singular)
weblous (dual genitive)
weblom (genitive plural)
weblūi (dative singular)
weblobom (dative dual)
weblobos (dative plural)
weblei (locative singular)
weblū (instrumental singular)
weblobim (dual instrumental)
weblūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweβl
Cornish: gwevel
Middle Breton: guefl
Welsh: gwefl

>? Old Irish: bél
Irish: béal, beola
Manx: beeal
Scottish Gaelic: beul
⇒ Middle Irish: bélbach
Irish: béalbhach

>? Old Irish: Febal

Middle Irish: Febal

Irish: Feabhal

→ English: Foyle


kʷeislā

kʷeislā (nominative singular)
kʷeislai (dual nominative)
kʷeislās (nominative plural)
kʷeislā (singular vocative)
kʷeislai (dual vocative)
kʷeislās (plural vocative)
kʷeislam (accusative singular)
kʷeislai (accusative dual)
kʷeislāns (accusative plural)
kʷeislās (genitive singular)
kʷeislous (dual genitive)
kʷeislom (genitive plural)
kʷeislāi (dative singular)
kʷeislābom (dative dual)
kʷeislābos (dative plural)
kʷeislai (locative singular)
kʷeislābim (dual instrumental)
kʷeislābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *puɨll
Breton: poell
Cornish: poll
Welsh: pwyll

Old Irish: cíall
Irish: ciall
Manx: keeall
Scottish Gaelic: ciall

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (“to perceive”). Matasović supposes that a feminine form of a suffix *-slos was suffixed onto this root to form this word.


enigenā

enigenā (nominative singular)
enigenai (dual nominative)
enigenās (nominative plural)
enigenā (singular vocative)
enigenai (dual vocative)
enigenās (plural vocative)
enigenam (accusative singular)
enigenai (accusative dual)
enigenāns (accusative plural)
enigenās (genitive singular)
enigenous (dual genitive)
enigenom (genitive plural)
enigenāi (dative singular)
enigenābom (dative dual)
enigenābos (dative plural)
enigenai (locative singular)
enigenābim (dual instrumental)
enigenābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ (inigena)
Old Irish: ingen
Middle Irish: ingen
Irish: iníon, inghean (superseded), inghin, inín (Connacht), nighean, níon (Ulster), inín
Manx: inneen
Scottish Gaelic: nighean, nigheann, inghean
⇒ Middle Irish: ingenach
⇒ Middle Irish: ingenas
Irish: iníonas

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”) + *ǵenh₁- (“produce, give birth”).


kantyos

kantyos (nominative singular)
kantyou (dual nominative)
kantyoi (nominative plural)
kantye (singular vocative)
kantyou (dual vocative)
kantyoi (plural vocative)
kantyom (accusative singular)
kantyou (accusative dual)
kantyons (accusative plural)
kantyī (genitive singular)
kantyous (dual genitive)
kantyom (genitive plural)
kantyūi (dative singular)
kantyobom (dative dual)
kantyobos (dative plural)
kantyei (locative singular)
kantyū (instrumental singular)
kantyobim (dual instrumental)
kantyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *cantio

→ Ancient Greek: Κάντιον (Kántion)

→ Latin: Cantium

→ Old English: Cent

Middle English: Kent

English: Kent

Old Irish: céite

Gaulish: *kantyos, cantio-

Nominal derivative of *kanti (“together with”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥-ti-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, with, along”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *komitis (“going together”) (compare Latin comitia (“people's assembly”), comitium (“election place”)).


dālom

dālom (nominative singular)
dālou (dual nominative)
dālā (nominative plural)
dālom (singular vocative)
dālou (dual vocative)
dālā (plural vocative)
dālom (accusative singular)
dālou (accusative dual)
dālā (accusative plural)
dālī (genitive singular)
dālous (dual genitive)
dālom (genitive plural)
dālūi (dative singular)
dālobom (dative dual)
dālobos (dative plural)
dālei (locative singular)
dālū (instrumental singular)
dālobim (dual instrumental)
dālūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dọl

Old Welsh: daul

Old Irish: dál

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to divide”) with a nominal suffix *-lo-.


samaros

samaros (nominative singular)
samarou (dual nominative)
samaroi (nominative plural)
samare (singular vocative)
samarou (dual vocative)
samaroi (plural vocative)
samarom (accusative singular)
samarou (accusative dual)
samarons (accusative plural)
samarī (genitive singular)
samarous (dual genitive)
samarom (genitive plural)
samarūi (dative singular)
samarobom (dative dual)
samarobos (dative plural)
samarei (locative singular)
samarū (instrumental singular)
samarobim (dual instrumental)
samarūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *haβ̃ar

Cornish: havar

Welsh: hafar

Gaulish: *samaros, samaro-

→ Vulgar Latin: *sumerus

Old French: sombre

Middle French: sombre

From *samos (“summer”) + *aros (“ploughing, ploughed land”).

affix

summer fallow, uncropped and plowed land during the summer


klokeros

klokeros (nominative singular)
klokerou (dual nominative)
klokeroi (nominative plural)
klokere (singular vocative)
klokerou (dual vocative)
klokeroi (plural vocative)
klokerom (accusative singular)
klokerou (accusative dual)
klokerons (accusative plural)
klokerī (genitive singular)
klokerous (dual genitive)
klokerom (genitive plural)
klokerūi (dative singular)
klokerobom (dative dual)
klokerobos (dative plural)
klokerei (locative singular)
klokerū (instrumental singular)
klokerobim (dual instrumental)
klokerūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *klögɨr (< *kloker-yo-)

Middle Breton: cleguer

Breton: kleger

Cornish: clegar, cleger

Welsh: clegyr

Old Irish: clocher

Middle Irish: clochar

Matasović derives this from *klukā (“stone”) + *-aros, but this is phonetically impossible as we would expect Welsh **clygyr instead of clegyr (*klukar-yo- > *klokar-yo- does not work since there was no such thing as internal a-affection in Brittonic).


mussaros

mussaros (nominative singular)
mussarou (dual nominative)
mussaroi (nominative plural)
mussare (singular vocative)
mussarou (dual vocative)
mussaroi (plural vocative)
mussarom (accusative singular)
mussarou (accusative dual)
mussarons (accusative plural)
mussarī (genitive singular)
mussarous (dual genitive)
mussarom (genitive plural)
mussarūi (dative singular)
mussarobom (dative dual)
mussarobos (dative plural)
mussarei (locative singular)
mussarū (instrumental singular)
mussarobim (dual instrumental)
mussarūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: mosar


samosiskʷī

samosiskʷī (nominative singular)
samosiskʷī (dual nominative)
samosiskʷiyās (nominative plural)
samosiskʷī (singular vocative)
samosiskʷī (dual vocative)
samosiskʷiyās (plural vocative)
samosiskʷīm (accusative singular)
samosiskʷī (accusative dual)
samosiskʷīns (accusative plural)
samosiskʷyās (genitive singular)
samosiskʷyous (dual genitive)
samosiskʷyom (genitive plural)
samosiskʷyai (dative singular)
samosiskʷyābom (dative dual)
samosiskʷyābos (dative plural)
samosiskʷyābim (dual instrumental)
samosiskʷyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Welsh: Hafesp

Middle Breton: hanvesk, hanveskenn

Breton: hañvesk

Goidelic:

Old Irish: samaisc

Middle Irish: samaisc

From *samos (“summer”) + *siskʷos (“sterile, dry”).


medyosamonyos

medyosamonyos (nominative singular)
medyosamonyou (dual nominative)
medyosamonyoi (nominative plural)
medyosamonye (singular vocative)
medyosamonyou (dual vocative)
medyosamonyoi (plural vocative)
medyosamonyom (accusative singular)
medyosamonyou (accusative dual)
medyosamonyons (accusative plural)
medyosamonyī (genitive singular)
medyosamonyous (dual genitive)
medyosamonyom (genitive plural)
medyosamonyūi (dative singular)
medyosamonyobom (dative dual)
medyosamonyobos (dative plural)
medyosamonyei (locative singular)
medyosamonyū (instrumental singular)
medyosamonyobim (dual instrumental)
medyosamonyūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: mez-even

Breton: Mezeven

Cornish: Metheven

Welsh: Mehefin

Old Irish: mithem, mithemon

Irish: Meitheamh

From *medyos (“middle”) + *-samonyos (“summer”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *midjasumaraz (compare Old English midsumer, Old Norse miðsumar).


kentusamonyos

kentusamonyos (nominative singular)
kentusamonyou (dual nominative)
kentusamonyoi (nominative plural)
kentusamonye (singular vocative)
kentusamonyou (dual vocative)
kentusamonyoi (plural vocative)
kentusamonyom (accusative singular)
kentusamonyou (accusative dual)
kentusamonyons (accusative plural)
kentusamonyī (genitive singular)
kentusamonyous (dual genitive)
kentusamonyom (genitive plural)
kentusamonyūi (dative singular)
kentusamonyobom (dative dual)
kentusamonyobos (dative plural)
kentusamonyei (locative singular)
kentusamonyū (instrumental singular)
kentusamonyobim (dual instrumental)
kentusamonyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kɨntühaβ̃in

Middle Welsh: kintevin

Welsh: cyntefin

Old Irish: cétamain

From *kentus (“first”) + *samon- (“summer”), an n-stem related to *samos (“summer”), + *-yos.


bowā

bowā (nominative singular)
bowai (dual nominative)
bowās (nominative plural)
bowā (singular vocative)
bowai (dual vocative)
bowās (plural vocative)
bowam (accusative singular)
bowai (accusative dual)
bowāns (accusative plural)
bowās (genitive singular)
bowous (dual genitive)
bowom (genitive plural)
bowāi (dative singular)
bowābom (dative dual)
bowābos (dative plural)
bowai (locative singular)
bowābim (dual instrumental)
bowābis (instrumental plural)

Welsh: baw

desctree

Gaulish: *bawā
→ Old French: boue, bowe, bou, bow
Middle French: boue, boe
French: boue

Hispano-Celtic:

⇒ Galician: bouta

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷowH-éh₂, from *gʷewH- (“to defecate”).


bukkos

bukkos (nominative singular)
bukkou (dual nominative)
bukkoi (nominative plural)
bukke (singular vocative)
bukkou (dual vocative)
bukkoi (plural vocative)
bukkom (accusative singular)
bukkou (accusative dual)
bukkons (accusative plural)
bukkī (genitive singular)
bukkous (dual genitive)
bukkom (genitive plural)
bukkūi (dative singular)
bukkobom (dative dual)
bukkobos (dative plural)
bukkei (locative singular)
bukkū (instrumental singular)
bukkobim (dual instrumental)
bukkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bux
Middle Breton: bouch
Breton: bouc'h
Old Cornish: boch
Middle Welsh: bwch
Welsh: bwch

Old Irish: boc, bocc
Irish: boc
Scottish Gaelic: boc

q

Gaulish: *bukkos (possibly attested in personal name Buccos)

confluence with Frankish <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*bukk</i> (“goat”)

→ Medieval Latin: buccus (confluence with Frankish *bukk (“goat”)) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Germanic *bukkaz (“buck”) (see there for more); a borrowing from Germanic most economically accounts for the geminate *kk, which Celtic has virtually no way of natively generating.


oketā

oketā (nominative singular)
oketai (dual nominative)
oketās (nominative plural)
oketā (singular vocative)
oketai (dual vocative)
oketās (plural vocative)
oketam (accusative singular)
oketai (accusative dual)
oketāns (accusative plural)
oketās (genitive singular)
oketous (dual genitive)
oketom (genitive plural)
oketāi (dative singular)
oketābom (dative dual)
oketābos (dative plural)
oketai (locative singular)
oketābim (dual instrumental)
oketābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *oged
Middle Breton: oguet
Breton: oged
Old Cornish: ocet
Cornish: oges
Middle Welsh: ocet
Welsh: oged

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oḱ-et-eh₂ (“harrow”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


drungos

drungos (nominative singular)
drungou (dual nominative)
drungoi (nominative plural)
drunge (singular vocative)
drungou (dual vocative)
drungoi (plural vocative)
drungom (accusative singular)
drungou (accusative dual)
drungons (accusative plural)
drungī (genitive singular)
drungous (dual genitive)
drungom (genitive plural)
drungūi (dative singular)
drungobom (dative dual)
drungobos (dative plural)
drungei (locative singular)
drungū (instrumental singular)
drungobim (dual instrumental)
drungūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: drogn

Middle Breton: drogn

Middle Welsh: dronn

Old Irish: drong

Gaulish: *drungos

→ Late Latin: drungus

Uncertain; presumably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *druhtiz or similar.


ɸaredrikā

ɸaredrikā (nominative singular)
ɸaredrikai (dual nominative)
ɸaredrikās (nominative plural)
ɸaredrikā (singular vocative)
ɸaredrikai (dual vocative)
ɸaredrikās (plural vocative)
ɸaredrikam (accusative singular)
ɸaredrikai (accusative dual)
ɸaredrikāns (accusative plural)
ɸaredrikās (genitive singular)
ɸaredrikous (dual genitive)
ɸaredrikom (genitive plural)
ɸaredrikāi (dative singular)
ɸaredrikābom (dative dual)
ɸaredrikābos (dative plural)
ɸaredrikai (locative singular)
ɸaredrikābim (dual instrumental)
ɸaredrikābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: airdrech


bebraktā

bebraktā (nominative singular)
bebraktai (dual nominative)
bebraktās (nominative plural)
bebraktā (singular vocative)
bebraktai (dual vocative)
bebraktās (plural vocative)
bebraktam (accusative singular)
bebraktai (accusative dual)
bebraktāns (accusative plural)
bebraktās (genitive singular)
bebraktous (dual genitive)
bebraktom (genitive plural)
bebraktāi (dative singular)
bebraktābom (dative dual)
bebraktābos (dative plural)
bebraktai (locative singular)
bebraktābim (dual instrumental)
bebraktābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: bibracte

→ French: Beuvrey


drikā

drikā (nominative singular)
drikai (dual nominative)
drikās (nominative plural)
drikā (singular vocative)
drikai (dual vocative)
drikās (plural vocative)
drikam (accusative singular)
drikai (accusative dual)
drikāns (accusative plural)
drikās (genitive singular)
drikous (dual genitive)
drikom (genitive plural)
drikāi (dative singular)
drikābom (dative dual)
drikābos (dative plural)
drikai (locative singular)
drikābim (dual instrumental)
drikābis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: drech

q

⇒ Middle Welsh: drych (altered under the influence of a related form in *derko-, whence Middle Breton derch (“aspect”))

Welsh: drych

From Proto-Indo-European *dr̥ḱ-eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).


ɸrasnā

ɸrasnā (nominative singular)
ɸrasnai (dual nominative)
ɸrasnās (nominative plural)
ɸrasnā (singular vocative)
ɸrasnai (dual vocative)
ɸrasnās (plural vocative)
ɸrasnam (accusative singular)
ɸrasnai (accusative dual)
ɸrasnāns (accusative plural)
ɸrasnās (genitive singular)
ɸrasnous (dual genitive)
ɸrasnom (genitive plural)
ɸrasnāi (dative singular)
ɸrasnābom (dative dual)
ɸrasnābos (dative plural)
ɸrasnai (locative singular)
ɸrasnābim (dual instrumental)
ɸrasnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrann

Breton: rann

Cornish: rann

Welsh: rhan

desctree

Old Irish: rann
Irish: rann
Manx: rheynn
Scottish Gaelic: rann

Celtiberian: arzna

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₃-snéh₂, from *perh₃- (“to grant”), related to Latin pars (“part”). Matasovic suggests that the short *a could be the result of Dybo's law, or perhaps "liquid metathesis". Vasmer connects it with Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to count, arrange”).

Brill Publishers
Dybo's law
Oleg Trubachyov


abalnā

abalnā (nominative singular)
abalnai (dual nominative)
abalnās (nominative plural)
abalnā (singular vocative)
abalnai (dual vocative)
abalnās (plural vocative)
abalnam (accusative singular)
abalnai (accusative dual)
abalnāns (accusative plural)
abalnās (genitive singular)
abalnous (dual genitive)
abalnom (genitive plural)
abalnāi (dative singular)
abalnābom (dative dual)
abalnābos (dative plural)
abalnai (locative singular)
abalnābim (dual instrumental)
abalnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aβaln
Breton: avalenn
Cornish: avalen
Welsh: afallen

Medieval Latin: Avalon

English Avalon

Old Irish: aball
Irish: abhaill
Scottish Gaelic: abhall


aiwestom

aiwestom (nominative singular)
aiwestou (dual nominative)
aiwestā (nominative plural)
aiwestom (singular vocative)
aiwestou (dual vocative)
aiwestā (plural vocative)
aiwestom (accusative singular)
aiwestou (accusative dual)
aiwestā (accusative plural)
aiwestī (genitive singular)
aiwestous (dual genitive)
aiwestom (genitive plural)
aiwestūi (dative singular)
aiwestobom (dative dual)
aiwestobos (dative plural)
aiwestei (locative singular)
aiwestū (instrumental singular)
aiwestobim (dual instrumental)
aiwestūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oɨs

Old Cornish: huis

Cornish: oos, oys

Old Welsh: ois f (“age”)

Welsh: oes (“age”)

Proto-Brythonic: *oɨd

Old Breton: oit

Middle Breton: oet

Breton: oad

Cornish: ooj

Old Welsh: oit f or m (“time, period”)

Middle Welsh: oet

Welsh: oed (“years old”)

Old Irish: áes

Irish: aois

Manx: eash

Scottish Gaelic: aois

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyw-es-to-, from *h₂eyu- (“age, eternity”).


brusū

brusū (nominative singular)
brusne (dual nominative)
brusnes (nominative plural)
brusū (singular vocative)
brusne (dual vocative)
brusnes (plural vocative)
brusnam (accusative singular)
brusne (accusative dual)
brusnans (accusative plural)
brusnos (genitive singular)
brusnou (dual genitive)
brusnom (genitive plural)
brusnei (dative singular)
brusnobom (dative dual)
brusnobos (dative plural)
brusni (locative singular)
brusne? (instrumental singular)
brusnobim (dual instrumental)
brusnobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bronn (< genitive singular)
Old Breton: bronn
Middle Breton: bronn
Breton: bronn
Cornish: bronn
Middle Welsh: bron

Old Irish: brú

Middle Irish: brú

Scottish Gaelic: brù

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“belly, to swell”); compare with English breast, Proto-Germanic *brunjǭ (“breastplate”), and Proto-Slavic *břȗxo (“belly”). However, also compare Ancient Greek βρύω (brúō, “to be full, bursting”) and Sanskrit भ्रूण (bhrūṇa, “embryo”).


gyemos

gyemos (nominative singular)
gyemou (dual nominative)
gyemoi (nominative plural)
gyeme (singular vocative)
gyemou (dual vocative)
gyemoi (plural vocative)
gyemom (accusative singular)
gyemou (accusative dual)
gyemons (accusative plural)
gyemī (genitive singular)
gyemous (dual genitive)
gyemom (genitive plural)
gyemūi (dative singular)
gyemobom (dative dual)
gyemobos (dative plural)
gyemei (locative singular)
gyemū (instrumental singular)
gyemobim (dual instrumental)
gyemūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: guoiam

Middle Breton: gouaff

Breton: goañv

Old Cornish: goyf

Cornish: gwav

Old Welsh: gaem

Middle Welsh: gayaf, gaeaf

Welsh: gaeaf

Primitive Irish: ᚌᚐᚋᚔ- (gami-, gen.)

Old Irish: gam

Old Irish: gaim

Gaulish: Giamos (personal name)

⇒ Gaulish: giamonios (name of a month) (attested from the Coligny calendar)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (“winter”).


kumbā

kumbā (nominative singular)
kumbai (dual nominative)
kumbās (nominative plural)
kumbā (singular vocative)
kumbai (dual vocative)
kumbās (plural vocative)
kumbam (accusative singular)
kumbai (accusative dual)
kumbāns (accusative plural)
kumbās (genitive singular)
kumbous (dual genitive)
kumbom (genitive plural)
kumbāi (dative singular)
kumbābom (dative dual)
kumbābos (dative plural)
kumbai (locative singular)
kumbābim (dual instrumental)
kumbābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *komm

Breton: komm (“river-bed”)

Cornish: komm

Middle Welsh: cwm

Welsh: cwm

→ English: cwm

→ Old English: cumb (partially)

English: combe, coomb

Gaulish: *kumba

→ Middle Latin: cumba, comba (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kumbʰos, *kumbʰéh₂, either from Proto-Indo-European *kew- (“bend”) or borrowing a from non-Indo-European substrate.
Proposed cognates include Proto-Germanic *kumbaz (“bowl, vat; valley”), Ancient Greek κύμβη (kúmbē, “basin, bowl”), Proto-Albanian *tˢumba (compare Albanian sumbull (“round button, knob”)), Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰumbʰas (“pot”) (compare Avestan 𐬑𐬎𐬨𐬠𐬀 (xumba), Sanskrit कुम्भ (kumbha)).


yestu

yestu (nominative singular)
yestū (dual nominative)
yestwā (nominative plural)
yestu (singular vocative)
yestū (dual vocative)
yestwā (plural vocative)
yestu (accusative singular)
yestū (accusative dual)
yestwā (accusative plural)
yestous (genitive singular)
yestous (dual genitive)
yestowom (genitive plural)
yestou (dative singular)
yestubom (dative dual)
yestubos (dative plural)
yestū (instrumental singular)
yestubim (dual instrumental)
yestubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jas

Middle Welsh: ias

Welsh: ias

Old Irish: es n

Middle Irish: es, ess

From Proto-Indo-European *yes-tu, extended form of *yes-.


ɸetnos

ɸetnos (nominative singular)
ɸetnou (dual nominative)
ɸetnoi (nominative plural)
ɸetne (singular vocative)
ɸetnou (dual vocative)
ɸetnoi (plural vocative)
ɸetnom (accusative singular)
ɸetnou (accusative dual)
ɸetnons (accusative plural)
ɸetnī (genitive singular)
ɸetnous (dual genitive)
ɸetnom (genitive plural)
ɸetnūi (dative singular)
ɸetnobom (dative dual)
ɸetnobos (dative plural)
ɸetnei (locative singular)
ɸetnū (instrumental singular)
ɸetnobim (dual instrumental)
ɸetnūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *edn
Middle Breton: ezn
Breton: evn
Old Cornish: hethen
Middle Cornish: edhyn, ethen
Cornish: edhen
Middle Welsh: edyn
Welsh: edn

Old Irish: én

Irish: éan

Manx: eean

Scottish Gaelic: eun

Gaulish: *etnos

→⇒ Latin: Etnosus


tolkos

tolkos (nominative singular)
tolkou (dual nominative)
tolkoi (nominative plural)
tolke (singular vocative)
tolkou (dual vocative)
tolkoi (plural vocative)
tolkom (accusative singular)
tolkou (accusative dual)
tolkons (accusative plural)
tolkī (genitive singular)
tolkous (dual genitive)
tolkom (genitive plural)
tolkūi (dative singular)
tolkobom (dative dual)
tolkobos (dative plural)
tolkei (locative singular)
tolkū (instrumental singular)
tolkobim (dual instrumental)
tolkūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: tolc, tolg

Irish: tolg

From Proto-Indo-European *tolkos, o-stem form of *telk- (“to thrust, strike”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *telťi (“to pound”), Lithuanian ti̇̀lkti (“to be tame”).


telmis

telmis (nominative singular)
telmī (dual nominative)
telmīs (nominative plural)
telmi (singular vocative)
telmī (dual vocative)
telmīs (plural vocative)
telmim (accusative singular)
telmī (accusative dual)
telmins (accusative plural)
telmeis (genitive singular)
telmyow (dual genitive)
telmyom (genitive plural)
telmei (dative singular)
telmibom (dative dual)
telmibos (dative plural)
telmei (locative singular)
telmī (instrumental singular)
telmibim (dual instrumental)
telmibis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: talmorion

Middle Breton: talm

Breton: talm

Middle Welsh: telm

Middle Irish: teilm

Irish: tailm

From earlier *telksmis, from Proto-Indo-European *telksmis, from *telk- (“to thrust, strike”) + *sem- (“together, one”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *telťi (“to pound”), Lithuanian ti̇̀lkti (“to be tame”).


kankā

kankā (nominative singular)
kankai (dual nominative)
kankās (nominative plural)
kankā (singular vocative)
kankai (dual vocative)
kankās (plural vocative)
kankam (accusative singular)
kankai (accusative dual)
kankāns (accusative plural)
kankās (genitive singular)
kankous (dual genitive)
kankom (genitive plural)
kankāi (dative singular)
kankābom (dative dual)
kankābos (dative plural)
kankai (locative singular)
kankābim (dual instrumental)
kankābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: géc
Irish: géag
Scottish Gaelic: geug

*kankus (u-stem)

Middle Welsh: keinc

Welsh: cainc

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱank- (“branch”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐍉𐌷𐌰 (hōha, “plough”), Lithuanian šakà (“branch”), Old East Slavic соха (soxa, “stake, club, brace, plough”), Old Armenian ցախ (cʻax, “branch, twig”), Sanskrit शाखा (śā́khā), Persian شاخ (šâx, “branch”).


kanxtus

kanxtus (nominative singular)
kanxtū (dual nominative)
kanxtowes (nominative plural)
kanxtu (singular vocative)
kanxtū (dual vocative)
kanxtūs (plural vocative)
kanxtum (accusative singular)
kanxtū (accusative dual)
kanxtuns (accusative plural)
kanxtous (genitive singular)
kanxtous (dual genitive)
kanxtowom (genitive plural)
kanxtou (dative singular)
kanxtubom (dative dual)
kanxtubos (dative plural)
kanxtū (instrumental singular)
kanxtubim (dual instrumental)
kanxtubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: cécht

Irish: céachta

Manx: keeaght

→⇒? Latin: cectōria

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱank-tus, from *ḱank- (“branch”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐍉𐌷𐌰 (hōha, “plough”), Lithuanian šakà (“branch”), Old East Slavic соха (soxa, “stake, club, brace, plough”), Old Armenian ցախ (cʻax, “branch, twig”), Sanskrit शाखा (śā́khā), Persian شاخ (šâx, “branch”).


miskos

miskos (nominative singular)
miskou (dual nominative)
miskoi (nominative plural)
miske (singular vocative)
miskou (dual vocative)
miskoi (plural vocative)
miskom (accusative singular)
miskou (accusative dual)
miskons (accusative plural)
miskī (genitive singular)
miskous (dual genitive)
miskom (genitive plural)
miskūi (dative singular)
miskobom (dative dual)
miskobos (dative plural)
miskei (locative singular)
miskū (instrumental singular)
miskobim (dual instrumental)
miskūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨsk, *kɨm-mɨsk

desc

Breton: kemmesk, quemmesq (“mixture, complication”), mesk, mesq (“mixture”)

Cornish: kemmysk (“mixture”)

Middle Welsh: mysgi (“trouble, confusion”)

Welsh: cymysgfa (“mixture, confusion”)

Old Irish: cummasc (“mixture, disturbance”)

Irish: cumasc

From Proto-Indo-European *miḱsḱéti (“to mix”), from *meyḱ-.


truxsos

truxsos (nominative singular)
truxsou (dual nominative)
truxsoi (nominative plural)
truxse (singular vocative)
truxsou (dual vocative)
truxsoi (plural vocative)
truxsom (accusative singular)
truxsou (accusative dual)
truxsons (accusative plural)
truxsī (genitive singular)
truxsous (dual genitive)
truxsom (genitive plural)
truxsūi (dative singular)
truxsobom (dative dual)
truxsobos (dative plural)
truxsei (locative singular)
truxsū (instrumental singular)
truxsobim (dual instrumental)
truxsūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trux

Old Breton: truch

Breton: trouc'h, troc'h (“a cut”)

Old Cornish: trech (“a cut off piece”)

Cornish: trogh (“broken”)

Middle Welsh: trwch (“broken, wounded”)

Welsh: trwch

*truxs (s-stem)

Old Irish: trú (“doomed person”)

Middle Irish: trú

From r-metathesis of Proto-Indo-European *turḱ-s-os, suffixed s-stem of *twerḱ- (“to cut off”).


yorkos

yorkos (nominative singular)
yorkou (dual nominative)
yorkoi (nominative plural)
yorke (singular vocative)
yorkou (dual vocative)
yorkoi (plural vocative)
yorkom (accusative singular)
yorkou (accusative dual)
yorkons (accusative plural)
yorkī (genitive singular)
yorkous (dual genitive)
yorkom (genitive plural)
yorkūi (dative singular)
yorkobom (dative dual)
yorkobos (dative plural)
yorkei (locative singular)
yorkū (instrumental singular)
yorkobim (dual instrumental)
yorkūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *jorx
Old Breton: iorch
Middle Breton: yourch
Breton: yourc'h
Old Cornish: yorch
Cornish: yorgh
Middle Welsh: iwrch

Gaulish: iorkos

From Proto-Indo-European *york- (compare Ancient Greek ζόρξ (zórx)).


luxtus

luxtus (nominative singular)
luxtū (dual nominative)
luxtowes (nominative plural)
luxtu (singular vocative)
luxtū (dual vocative)
luxtūs (plural vocative)
luxtum (accusative singular)
luxtū (accusative dual)
luxtuns (accusative plural)
luxtous (genitive singular)
luxtous (dual genitive)
luxtowom (genitive plural)
luxtou (dative singular)
luxtubom (dative dual)
luxtubos (dative plural)
luxtū (instrumental singular)
luxtubim (dual instrumental)
luxtubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: loit

Old Cornish: leid

Old Welsh: luidt, luith, tluith

Middle Welsh: luith

Middle Welsh: llwyth

Old Irish: lucht
Irish: lucht
Manx: lught
Scottish Gaelic: luchd

Gaulish: luxtos (gen. sg.)

Unknown.
Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to fracture, break”) (see Sanskrit रुजति (rujati)). However, many Celticists like Delamarre, Irslinger and Matasović express skepticism of a semantic connection to that root.


sterā

sterā (nominative singular)
sterai (dual nominative)
sterās (nominative plural)
sterā (singular vocative)
sterai (dual vocative)
sterās (plural vocative)
steram (accusative singular)
sterai (accusative dual)
sterāns (accusative plural)
sterās (genitive singular)
sterous (dual genitive)
sterom (genitive plural)
sterāi (dative singular)
sterābom (dative dual)
sterābos (dative plural)
sterai (locative singular)
sterābim (dual instrumental)
sterābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ster pl
Old Breton: *ster
Middle Breton: ster
Breton: ster
Old Cornish: *ster
Middle Cornish: ster, steyr
Cornish: ster
Old Welsh: *ser
Middle Welsh: ser, syr
Welsh: sêr

Old Irish: ser (hapax)

⇒ Gaulish: *Đirona

→ Latin: Sirona

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”).


mratom

mratom (nominative singular)
mratou (dual nominative)
mratā (nominative plural)
mratom (singular vocative)
mratou (dual vocative)
mratā (plural vocative)
mratom (accusative singular)
mratou (accusative dual)
mratā (accusative plural)
mratī (genitive singular)
mratous (dual genitive)
mratom (genitive plural)
mratūi (dative singular)
mratobom (dative dual)
mratobos (dative plural)
mratei (locative singular)
mratū (instrumental singular)
mratobim (dual instrumental)
mratūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brad
Old Breton: brat
Middle Breton: barat
Breton: barad
Middle Cornish: bras
Cornish: bras
Middle Welsh: brat, brad
Welsh: brad

Old Irish: mrath
Middle Irish: brath
Irish: brath
Scottish Gaelic: brath


taistos

taistos (nominative singular)
taistou (dual nominative)
taistoi (nominative plural)
taiste (singular vocative)
taistou (dual vocative)
taistoi (plural vocative)
taistom (accusative singular)
taistou (accusative dual)
taistons (accusative plural)
taistī (genitive singular)
taistous (dual genitive)
taistom (genitive plural)
taistūi (dative singular)
taistobom (dative dual)
taistobos (dative plural)
taistei (locative singular)
taistū (instrumental singular)
taistobim (dual instrumental)
taistūis (instrumental plural)
taistom (nominative singular)
taistou (dual nominative)
taistā (nominative plural)
taistom (singular vocative)
taistou (dual vocative)
taistā (plural vocative)
taistom (accusative singular)
taistou (accusative dual)
taistā (accusative plural)
taistī (genitive singular)
taistous (dual genitive)
taistom (genitive plural)
taistūi (dative singular)
taistobom (dative dual)
taistobos (dative plural)
taistei (locative singular)
taistū (instrumental singular)
taistobim (dual instrumental)
taistūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *toɨs
Middle Breton: toas
Breton: toas, toaz
Cornish: toos
Middle Welsh: toes
Welsh: toes

Old Irish: taís
Middle Irish: tóes, táes
Irish: taos
Scottish Gaelic: taois
Manx: teayst

Cognate to Proto-Slavic *těsto and Old High German theismo, deismo. See the Proto-Slavic entry for more.


gablā

gablā (nominative singular)
gablai (dual nominative)
gablās (nominative plural)
gablā (singular vocative)
gablai (dual vocative)
gablās (plural vocative)
gablam (accusative singular)
gablai (accusative dual)
gablāns (accusative plural)
gablās (genitive singular)
gablous (dual genitive)
gablom (genitive plural)
gablāi (dative singular)
gablābom (dative dual)
gablābos (dative plural)
gablai (locative singular)
gablābim (dual instrumental)
gablābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gaβl
Old Breton: gabl
Breton: gaol
Cornish: gowl
Middle Welsh: gafl
Welsh: gafl
⇒ Welsh: Yr Eifl (from the dual form *h(ɨ/e)nn ɣėβl < *sindī gablī < *sindai gablai)

Old Irish: gabul
Irish: gabhal
Manx: goal
Scottish Gaelic: gobhal

Gaulish: gabalos, gablos

→ Old French: gable

French: gâble, jable

→ English: gable

→ Spanish: jable

→ Galician: xabre

→ Proto-West Germanic: *gabulu (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: gabalus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰh̥₁bʰ-leh₂, likely from *gʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, take”) (though Matasovic admits the possibility of a substrate borrowing).


gʷeltā

gʷeltā (nominative singular)
gʷeltai (dual nominative)
gʷeltās (nominative plural)
gʷeltā (singular vocative)
gʷeltai (dual vocative)
gʷeltās (plural vocative)
gʷeltam (accusative singular)
gʷeltai (accusative dual)
gʷeltāns (accusative plural)
gʷeltās (genitive singular)
gʷeltous (dual genitive)
gʷeltom (genitive plural)
gʷeltāi (dative singular)
gʷeltābom (dative dual)
gʷeltābos (dative plural)
gʷeltai (locative singular)
gʷeltābim (dual instrumental)
gʷeltābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwellt
Old Breton: guelt
Breton: gwelt, geot
Cornish: gwels
Middle Welsh: gwellt
Welsh: gwellt

Old Irish: gelt

Irish: geilt (“grazing”)

⇒ Middle Irish: ingelt

Irish: innilt


blātus

blātus (nominative singular)
blātū (dual nominative)
blātowes (nominative plural)
blātu (singular vocative)
blātū (dual vocative)
blātūs (plural vocative)
blātum (accusative singular)
blātū (accusative dual)
blātuns (accusative plural)
blātous (genitive singular)
blātous (dual genitive)
blātowom (genitive plural)
blātou (dative singular)
blātubom (dative dual)
blātubos (dative plural)
blātū (instrumental singular)
blātubim (dual instrumental)
blātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *blọd

Old Breton: bloduu

Middle Breton: bleuzff

Breton: bleuñv

Old Cornish: blodon

Cornish: bleujen

Middle Welsh: blawt

Welsh: blawd, blodyn

Gaulish: *blātōnā, blātunā, Blātumagos

→ Medieval Latin: blādōna

Italian: belladonna (through folk etymological reanalysis)

Old Irish: bláth

Irish: bláth

Manx: blaa

Scottish Gaelic: blàth

From earlier *bʰléh₃tus ~ *bʰl̥h₃téw-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-.


lowatrom

lowatrom (nominative singular)
lowatrou (dual nominative)
lowatrā (nominative plural)
lowatrom (singular vocative)
lowatrou (dual vocative)
lowatrā (plural vocative)
lowatrom (accusative singular)
lowatrou (accusative dual)
lowatrā (accusative plural)
lowatrī (genitive singular)
lowatrous (dual genitive)
lowatrom (genitive plural)
lowatrūi (dative singular)
lowatrobom (dative dual)
lowatrobos (dative plural)
lowatrei (locative singular)
lowatrū (instrumental singular)
lowatrobim (dual instrumental)
lowatrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llowadr
Old Breton:
Middle Breton: lovazr
Breton: laouer

Old Irish: loathar, lóthar

Gaulish: lautron (from earlier *lawatron)

Gaulish: *Lautrā

French: Lure

⇒ Gaulish: *Lautraton

→ Latin: Laudradum

French: Lorrez-le-Bocage

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Galician: Ludro, Ludrio

desc

→ Latin: Lavatrae (“a Roman fort at Bowes”)

From Proto-Indo-European *lówh₃trom, from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *lauþrą and Ancient Greek λουτρόν (loutrón).


wissus

wissus (nominative singular)
wissū (dual nominative)
wissowes (nominative plural)
wissu (singular vocative)
wissū (dual vocative)
wissūs (plural vocative)
wissum (accusative singular)
wissū (accusative dual)
wissuns (accusative plural)
wissous (genitive singular)
wissous (dual genitive)
wissowom (genitive plural)
wissou (dative singular)
wissubom (dative dual)
wissubos (dative plural)
wissū (instrumental singular)
wissubim (dual instrumental)
wissubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨs
Welsh: gwŷs

desctree

Old Irish: fius, fiuss
Middle Irish: fis, fiss
Irish: fios
Manx: fys
Scottish Gaelic: fios

From Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd-.


orbyom

orbyom (nominative singular)
orbyou (dual nominative)
orbyā (nominative plural)
orbyom (singular vocative)
orbyou (dual vocative)
orbyā (plural vocative)
orbyom (accusative singular)
orbyou (accusative dual)
orbyā (accusative plural)
orbyī (genitive singular)
orbyous (dual genitive)
orbyom (genitive plural)
orbyūi (dative singular)
orbyobom (dative dual)
orbyobos (dative plural)
orbyei (locative singular)
orbyū (instrumental singular)
orbyobim (dual instrumental)
orbyūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: orbbae, orbae, orpe
Middle Irish: forba
Irish: forba

⇒ Old Irish: comarbbae, comarbae, comarpe
Middle Irish: comarba, comarpa, comorba
Irish: comharba, cómharba (superseded)
→ English: coarb

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃orbʰyom, from *h₃erbʰ- (“inheritance”). Cognate with Proto-Norse ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ (arbija), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌹 (arbi).


bundos

bundos (nominative singular)
bundou (dual nominative)
bundoi (nominative plural)
bunde (singular vocative)
bundou (dual vocative)
bundoi (plural vocative)
bundom (accusative singular)
bundou (accusative dual)
bundons (accusative plural)
bundī (genitive singular)
bundous (dual genitive)
bundom (genitive plural)
bundūi (dative singular)
bundobom (dative dual)
bundobos (dative plural)
bundei (locative singular)
bundū (instrumental singular)
bundobim (dual instrumental)
bundūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: *bond

Middle Irish: bond, bonn

Irish: bonn

Scottish Gaelic: bonn

⇒ Gaulish: *bundā

→ French: bonde (“plug”)

→ Galician: bandón (“bung”)

→ Occitan: bonda (“marshland”)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn, with metathesis.


widwā

widwā (nominative singular)
widwai (dual nominative)
widwās (nominative plural)
widwā (singular vocative)
widwai (dual vocative)
widwās (plural vocative)
widwam (accusative singular)
widwai (accusative dual)
widwāns (accusative plural)
widwās (genitive singular)
widwous (dual genitive)
widwom (genitive plural)
widwāi (dative singular)
widwābom (dative dual)
widwābos (dative plural)
widwai (locative singular)
widwābim (dual instrumental)
widwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweðw
Old Cornish: guedeu
Cornish: gwedhow
Middle Welsh: gweðw, gwyðw
Welsh: gweddw

Old Irish: fedb
Irish: feadhbh (obsolete)


smerus

smerus (nominative singular)
smerū (dual nominative)
smerowes (nominative plural)
smeru (singular vocative)
smerū (dual vocative)
smerūs (plural vocative)
smerum (accusative singular)
smerū (accusative dual)
smeruns (accusative plural)
smerous (genitive singular)
smerous (dual genitive)
smerowom (genitive plural)
smerou (dative singular)
smerubom (dative dual)
smerubos (dative plural)
smerū (instrumental singular)
smerubim (dual instrumental)
smerubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *mer
Breton: mel (“marrow”)
Cornish: mer
Welsh: mêr

Old Irish: smiur

Middle Irish: smir

Irish: smior

Manx: smuirr

Scottish Gaelic: smior


srutu

srutu (nominative singular)
srutū (dual nominative)
srutwā (nominative plural)
srutu (singular vocative)
srutū (dual vocative)
srutwā (plural vocative)
srutu (accusative singular)
srutū (accusative dual)
srutwā (accusative plural)
srutous (genitive singular)
srutous (dual genitive)
srutowom (genitive plural)
srutou (dative singular)
srutubom (dative dual)
srutubos (dative plural)
srutū (instrumental singular)
srutubim (dual instrumental)
srutubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *frud
Old Breton: frut
Breton: froud
Old Cornish: frot
Cornish: fros
Middle Welsh: ffrwt
Welsh: ffrwd

Old Irish: sruth
Irish: sruth
Manx: stroo
Scottish Gaelic: sruth


skātu

skātu (nominative singular)
skātū (dual nominative)
skātwā (nominative plural)
skātu (singular vocative)
skātū (dual vocative)
skātwā (plural vocative)
skātu (accusative singular)
skātū (accusative dual)
skātwā (accusative plural)
skātous (genitive singular)
skātous (dual genitive)
skātowom (genitive plural)
skātou (dative singular)
skātubom (dative dual)
skātubos (dative plural)
skātū (instrumental singular)
skātubim (dual instrumental)
skātubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *skọd
Breton: skeud
Old Cornish: scod
Cornish: skeus
Middle Welsh: ysgawt
Welsh: ysgod

Old Irish: scáth
Irish: scáth
Manx: scaa
Scottish Gaelic: sgàth
⇒ Middle Irish: scáthán
Irish: scáthán

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *sḱeh₃-tu- (either masculine or neuter), from the root *(s)ḱeh₃-. Matasovic erroneously neglects that Old Irish scáth partly declines as a u-stem, a type of inflection which is also clearly seen in Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skadus). Further cognates include Old English sċeadu, Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos), and Sanskrit छत्त्र (chattra).


krowos

krowos (nominative singular)
krowou (dual nominative)
krowoi (nominative plural)
krowe (singular vocative)
krowou (dual vocative)
krowoi (plural vocative)
krowom (accusative singular)
krowou (accusative dual)
krowons (accusative plural)
krowī (genitive singular)
krowous (dual genitive)
krowom (genitive plural)
krowūi (dative singular)
krowobom (dative dual)
krowobos (dative plural)
krowei (locative singular)
krowū (instrumental singular)
krowobim (dual instrumental)
krowūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: crú (“blood”)
Irish: cró

A thematicization of *krūs, from Proto-Indo-European *kréwh₂s.


klutom

klutom (nominative singular)
klutou (dual nominative)
klutā (nominative plural)
klutom (singular vocative)
klutou (dual vocative)
klutā (plural vocative)
klutom (accusative singular)
klutou (accusative dual)
klutā (accusative plural)
klutī (genitive singular)
klutous (dual genitive)
klutom (genitive plural)
klutūi (dative singular)
klutobom (dative dual)
klutobos (dative plural)
klutei (locative singular)
klutū (instrumental singular)
klutobim (dual instrumental)
klutūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *klod

Middle Breton: clot

Breton: klod

Middle Cornish: clos

Middle Welsh: clod, clot, klod

Welsh: clod

Old Irish: cloth
Middle Irish: cloth
Irish: cloth
Scottish Gaelic: clòth

Gaulish: *kluton, *klouton

⇒ Gaulish: *Cloutios

→ Latin: Cloutius

>? Celtiberian: *kolouton

⇒ Celtiberian: Koloutios

A nominalization of Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós (“famous”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


knūs

knūs (nominative singular)
knuwe (dual nominative)
knuwes (nominative plural)
knūs (singular vocative)
knuwe (dual vocative)
knuwes (plural vocative)
knuwam (accusative singular)
knuwe (accusative dual)
knuwans (accusative plural)
knuwos (genitive singular)
knuwou (dual genitive)
knuwom (genitive plural)
knuwei (dative singular)
knuwobom (dative dual)
knuwobos (dative plural)
knuwi (locative singular)
knuwe? (instrumental singular)
knuwobim (dual instrumental)
knuwobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *know pl
Old Breton: cnou
Middle Breton: cnou
Breton: kraou, kraoñ
Cornish: know
Middle Welsh: kneu
Welsh: cnau

Old Irish: cnú
Irish: cnó
Manx: cro
Scottish Gaelic: cnò

From a hypothetical Pre-Celtic *knuHs, which in view of the vacillating consonantism in Germanic and Latin (from *knuds and *knuks respectively) is probably a post-PIE loanword from a European substrate language. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hnuts, Latin nux.


tangʷāts

tangʷāts (nominative singular)
tangʷāte (dual nominative)
tangʷātes (nominative plural)
tangʷāts (singular vocative)
tangʷāte (dual vocative)
tangʷātes (plural vocative)
tangʷātam (accusative singular)
tangʷāte (accusative dual)
tangʷātans (accusative plural)
tangʷātos (genitive singular)
tangʷātou (dual genitive)
tangʷātom (genitive plural)
tangʷātei (dative singular)
tangʷātobom (dative dual)
tangʷātobos (dative plural)
tangʷāti (locative singular)
tangʷāte? (instrumental singular)
tangʷātobim (dual instrumental)
tangʷātobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tavọd

Middle Breton: teaut, teut

Breton: teod

Old Cornish: tauot

Cornish: taves, tavas

Middle Welsh: tauaut

Welsh: tafod

Old Irish: tengae
Irish: teanga
Manx: çhengey
Scottish Gaelic: teanga

From earlier *dangʷāts, from an extended Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂-t-s, from *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. The change of d to t has not been satisfactorily explained.


gansis

gansis (nominative singular)
gansī (dual nominative)
gansīs (nominative plural)
gansi (singular vocative)
gansī (dual vocative)
gansīs (plural vocative)
gansim (accusative singular)
gansī (accusative dual)
gansins (accusative plural)
ganseis (genitive singular)
gansyow (dual genitive)
gansyom (genitive plural)
gansei (dative singular)
gansibom (dative dual)
gansibos (dative plural)
gansei (locative singular)
gansī (instrumental singular)
gansibim (dual instrumental)
gansibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: géiss

gathfannIrish: gafannScottish Gaelic: gafann


meblā

meblā (nominative singular)
meblai (dual nominative)
meblās (nominative plural)
meblā (singular vocative)
meblai (dual vocative)
meblās (plural vocative)
meblam (accusative singular)
meblai (accusative dual)
meblāns (accusative plural)
meblās (genitive singular)
meblous (dual genitive)
meblom (genitive plural)
meblāi (dative singular)
meblābom (dative dual)
meblābos (dative plural)
meblai (locative singular)
meblābim (dual instrumental)
meblābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *meβl
⇒ Old Breton: meplaom
Cornish: mewl
Middle Welsh: meuyl
Welsh: mefl

Old Irish: mebul
Irish: meabhal
Scottish Gaelic: meabhal

From Proto-Indo-European *mebʰ- (“to blame”); compare Ancient Greek μέμφομαι (mémphomai) and Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌼𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bimampjan).


bledyos

bledyos (nominative singular)
bledyou (dual nominative)
bledyoi (nominative plural)
bledye (singular vocative)
bledyou (dual vocative)
bledyoi (plural vocative)
bledyom (accusative singular)
bledyou (accusative dual)
bledyons (accusative plural)
bledyī (genitive singular)
bledyous (dual genitive)
bledyom (genitive plural)
bledyūi (dative singular)
bledyobom (dative dual)
bledyobos (dative plural)
bledyei (locative singular)
bledyū (instrumental singular)
bledyobim (dual instrumental)
bledyūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *blėð
Old Breton: bleid
Middle Breton: bleiz
Breton: bleiz
Old Cornish: bleit
Cornish: bleydh
Middle Welsh: bleidd
Welsh: blaidd

*bledā

Old Irish: bled

Unknown. Probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


tartus

tartus (nominative singular)
tartū (dual nominative)
tartowes (nominative plural)
tartu (singular vocative)
tartū (dual vocative)
tartūs (plural vocative)
tartum (accusative singular)
tartū (accusative dual)
tartuns (accusative plural)
tartous (genitive singular)
tartous (dual genitive)
tartowom (genitive plural)
tartou (dative singular)
tartubom (dative dual)
tartubos (dative plural)
tartū (instrumental singular)
tartubim (dual instrumental)
tartubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tarθ

Middle Welsh: tarth (“vapour”)

Welsh: tarth (“mist, fog”)

Old Irish: tart (“thirst”)

desc

Irish: tart (“thirst, dryness, drought”)

Scottish Gaelic: tart (“thirst, drought”)

Manx: taart (“thirst”)

From Proto-Indo-European *térstus, from Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þurstuz (“thirst”).


ɸrikā

ɸrikā (nominative singular)
ɸrikai (dual nominative)
ɸrikās (nominative plural)
ɸrikā (singular vocative)
ɸrikai (dual vocative)
ɸrikās (plural vocative)
ɸrikam (accusative singular)
ɸrikai (accusative dual)
ɸrikāns (accusative plural)
ɸrikās (genitive singular)
ɸrikous (dual genitive)
ɸrikom (genitive plural)
ɸrikāi (dative singular)
ɸrikābom (dative dual)
ɸrikābos (dative plural)
ɸrikai (locative singular)
ɸrikābim (dual instrumental)
ɸrikābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨx
Old Breton: rec
Middle Breton: rec
Breton: re
Middle Welsh: rych, rhych
Welsh: rhych

Old Irish: etrech

Middle Irish: etarche, etrige

Irish: eitre

Gaulish: *rikā

→ Late Latin: riga

Catalan: rec, rega

Old French: roie

French: raie

Provençal: rega

Galician: rego

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥keh₂ (“furrow”), from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *furhs (“furrow”), Latin porca (“ridge, balk”), Lithuanian prapar̃šas (“ditch”), and Sanskrit पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”).


ɸrostos

ɸrostos (nominative singular)
ɸrostou (dual nominative)
ɸrostoi (nominative plural)
ɸroste (singular vocative)
ɸrostou (dual vocative)
ɸrostoi (plural vocative)
ɸrostom (accusative singular)
ɸrostou (accusative dual)
ɸrostons (accusative plural)
ɸrostī (genitive singular)
ɸrostous (dual genitive)
ɸrostom (genitive plural)
ɸrostūi (dative singular)
ɸrostobom (dative dual)
ɸrostobos (dative plural)
ɸrostei (locative singular)
ɸrostū (instrumental singular)
ɸrostobim (dual instrumental)
ɸrostūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rros
Middle Breton: ros
Cornish: ros
Middle Welsh: ros
Welsh: rhos
Cumbric: *ros

Old Irish: ros
Irish: ros (“wood”)
Scottish Gaelic: ros (“promontory”)

From Proto-Indo-European *pró-sth₂-os, a derivative of *steh₂- (“to stand”), the overall semantics being "something standing ahead". The same construction as Sanskrit प्रस्थ (prastha, “plateau”), but probably coined separately in the two languages.

Noun used in the daughter languages to refer to various protruding natural landforms, including:


maginos

maginos (nominative singular)
maginou (dual nominative)
maginoi (nominative plural)
magine (singular vocative)
maginou (dual vocative)
maginoi (plural vocative)
maginom (accusative singular)
maginou (accusative dual)
maginons (accusative plural)
maginī (genitive singular)
maginous (dual genitive)
maginom (genitive plural)
maginūi (dative singular)
maginobom (dative dual)
maginobos (dative plural)
maginei (locative singular)
maginū (instrumental singular)
maginobim (dual instrumental)
maginūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maɣɨn
Cornish: men
Old Breton: main
Middle Breton: men
Breton: maen (see there for further descendants)
Old Welsh:
Middle Welsh: maen
Welsh: maen

Old Irish: magen

Possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *m̥ǵh₂- (“big, great”). Compare *magos (“field”) and Sanskrit मही (mahī, “earth”, literally “the great one”) for similar semantic developments from the same root.


maglos

maglos (nominative singular)
maglou (dual nominative)
magloi (nominative plural)
magle (singular vocative)
maglou (dual vocative)
magloi (plural vocative)
maglom (accusative singular)
maglou (accusative dual)
maglons (accusative plural)
maglī (genitive singular)
maglous (dual genitive)
maglom (genitive plural)
maglūi (dative singular)
maglobom (dative dual)
maglobos (dative plural)
maglei (locative singular)
maglū (instrumental singular)
maglobim (dual instrumental)
maglūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *maɣl
Middle Welsh: mael

Primitive Irish: *ᚋᚐᚌᚂᚔ (*magli)
Old Irish: mál

Gaulish: magalos, maglus

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *mikilaz, Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas).


glūnos

glūnos (nominative singular)
glūnese? (dual nominative)
glūnesa (nominative plural)
glūnos (singular vocative)
glūnese? (dual vocative)
glūnesa (plural vocative)
glūnos (accusative singular)
glūnese? (accusative dual)
glūnesa (accusative plural)
glūnesos (genitive singular)
glūnesous? (dual genitive)
glūnesom (genitive plural)
glūnesei (dative singular)
glūnesbom (dative dual)
glūnesbos (dative plural)
glūnesi (locative singular)
glūnesei (instrumental singular)
glūnesbim (dual instrumental)
glūnesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *glin
Breton: glin
Cornish: glin
Welsh: glin

Old Irish: glún
Irish: glúin
Manx: glioon
Scottish Gaelic: glùin

Dissimilated from earlier *gnūn-, *gnūnos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Compare with Albanian gju for a similar development.


klounis

klounis (nominative singular)
klounī (dual nominative)
klounīs (nominative plural)
klouni (singular vocative)
klounī (dual vocative)
klounīs (plural vocative)
klounim (accusative singular)
klounī (accusative dual)
klounins (accusative plural)
klouneis (genitive singular)
klounyow (dual genitive)
klounyom (genitive plural)
klounei (dative singular)
klounibom (dative dual)
klounibos (dative plural)
klounei (locative singular)
klounī (instrumental singular)
klounibim (dual instrumental)
klounibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *klʉn

Old Welsh: clun

desc

Middle Welsh: clun (“meadow, moor; brake; brushwood”)

Old Irish: clúain

Irish: cluain
→ English: Cloyne

Scottish Gaelic: cluain

→ English: Cluny

Celtiberian: *klounia (placename)

→ Latin: Clunia

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlopni-, from *ḱlep- (“wet, swampy”), see also Czech slota and Slovak slota (“rainy weather”), Lithuanian šlapias (“wet”), Ancient Greek κλέπας (klépas).


damniyom

damnyom (nominative singular)
damnyou (dual nominative)
damnyā (nominative plural)
damnyom (singular vocative)
damnyou (dual vocative)
damnyā (plural vocative)
damnyom (accusative singular)
damnyou (accusative dual)
damnyā (accusative plural)
damnyī (genitive singular)
damnyous (dual genitive)
damnyom (genitive plural)
damnyūi (dative singular)
damnyobom (dative dual)
damnyobos (dative plural)
damnyei (locative singular)
damnyū (instrumental singular)
damnyobim (dual instrumental)
damnyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dėβ̃nɨð sg, *daβ̃neð pl

Middle Breton: daffnez, danfuez (from the plural)

Breton: danvez

Cornish: defnydh, devnydh

Middle Welsh: defnyd

Welsh: defnydd

Old Irish: damnae

Middle Irish: damna

Irish: damhna

Scottish Gaelic: damhna

From Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build (up)”). Schrijver specifies a by-form *dm-nóm (“building material”), with another suffix added; this suffix could be cognate to Latin -eus, which forms material adjectives.


eburos

eburos (nominative singular)
eburou (dual nominative)
eburoi (nominative plural)
ebure (singular vocative)
eburou (dual vocative)
eburoi (plural vocative)
eburom (accusative singular)
eburou (accusative dual)
eburons (accusative plural)
eburī (genitive singular)
eburous (dual genitive)
eburom (genitive plural)
eburūi (dative singular)
eburobom (dative dual)
eburobos (dative plural)
eburei (locative singular)
eburū (instrumental singular)
eburobim (dual instrumental)
eburūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *eβur
Middle Breton: heuor, euor
Breton: evor (“alder buckthorn”)
Cornish: evor (“hogweed”)
Middle Welsh: efwr, ewr
Welsh: efwr (“hogweed, cow parsnip”)

Old Irish: ibar
Irish: iúr, iobhar (obsolete), úr
Manx: euar
Scottish Gaelic: iubhar

Gaulish: eburo-

→⇒ Latin: Eburobriga

→⇒ Latin: Eburodūnum

→⇒? Latin: Eburōnes

→⇒ Latin: Eboracum

→⇒ Latin: Eburiacum

French Évry, Ivry, Ivrey

Hispano-Celtic:

→⇒ Latin: Eburobrittium

→⇒ Latin: Ebronanto

→ Latin: Ebora
Old Galician-Portuguese: Evora
Portuguese: Évora

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ebʰros (“yew”). Cognate with German Eberesche, Albanian bërshen.


ambostā

ambostā (nominative singular)
ambostai (dual nominative)
ambostās (nominative plural)
ambostā (singular vocative)
ambostai (dual vocative)
ambostās (plural vocative)
ambostam (accusative singular)
ambostai (accusative dual)
ambostāns (accusative plural)
ambostās (genitive singular)
ambostous (dual genitive)
ambostom (genitive plural)
ambostāi (dative singular)
ambostābom (dative dual)
ambostābos (dative plural)
ambostai (locative singular)
ambostābim (dual instrumental)
ambostābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: *ambostā

→ Vulgar Latin: *ambosta (see there for further descendants)


yātus

yātus (nominative singular)
yātū (dual nominative)
yātowes (nominative plural)
yātu (singular vocative)
yātū (dual vocative)
yātūs (plural vocative)
yātum (accusative singular)
yātū (accusative dual)
yātuns (accusative plural)
yātous (genitive singular)
yātous (dual genitive)
yātowom (genitive plural)
yātou (dative singular)
yātubom (dative dual)
yātubos (dative plural)
yātū (instrumental singular)
yātubim (dual instrumental)
yātubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: áth

Irish: áth

Manx: aah

Scottish Gaelic: àth

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to go”).


aryos

aryos (nominative singular)
aryou (dual nominative)
aryoi (nominative plural)
arye (singular vocative)
aryou (dual vocative)
aryoi (plural vocative)
aryom (accusative singular)
aryou (accusative dual)
aryons (accusative plural)
aryī (genitive singular)
aryous (dual genitive)
aryom (genitive plural)
aryūi (dative singular)
aryobom (dative dual)
aryobos (dative plural)
aryei (locative singular)
aryū (instrumental singular)
aryobim (dual instrumental)
aryūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: aire

Irish: aire

Gaulish: arios

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éry-o-s (“host”), perhaps from an original *yo-stem. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *arjaz (“distinguished, esteemed”), Sanskrit आर्य (ārya, “kind, hospitable”).


iwos

iwos (nominative singular)
iwou (dual nominative)
iwoi (nominative plural)
iwe (singular vocative)
iwou (dual vocative)
iwoi (plural vocative)
iwom (accusative singular)
iwou (accusative dual)
iwons (accusative plural)
iwī (genitive singular)
iwous (dual genitive)
iwom (genitive plural)
iwūi (dative singular)
iwobom (dative dual)
iwobos (dative plural)
iwei (locative singular)
iwū (instrumental singular)
iwobim (dual instrumental)
iwūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨwī pl, *ɨwɨnā (collective)

Breton: ivin (collective)

Old Cornish: hiuin

Cornish: ewin (collective)

Welsh: yw pl

Gaulish: *iwos

→? French: if (possibly)

Old Irish: eó

Irish: eo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw- (“yew”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *īhwaz (“yew”), Latin ūva (“grape”), Ancient Greek ὄα (óa, “service tree”), Lithuanian ievà (“bird cherry”), Russian и́ва (íva, “willow”).


esoxs

esoxs (nominative singular)
esoke (dual nominative)
esokes (nominative plural)
esoxs (singular vocative)
esoke (dual vocative)
esokes (plural vocative)
esokam (accusative singular)
esoke (accusative dual)
esokans (accusative plural)
esokos (genitive singular)
esokou (dual genitive)
esokom (genitive plural)
esokei (dative singular)
esokobom (dative dual)
esokobos (dative plural)
esoki (locative singular)
esoke? (instrumental singular)
esokobim (dual instrumental)
esokobis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: eóIrish: eoScottish Gaelic: eò


eiskyom

eiskyom (nominative singular)
eiskyou (dual nominative)
eiskyā (nominative plural)
eiskyom (singular vocative)
eiskyou (dual vocative)
eiskyā (plural vocative)
eiskyom (accusative singular)
eiskyou (accusative dual)
eiskyā (accusative plural)
eiskyī (genitive singular)
eiskyous (dual genitive)
eiskyom (genitive plural)
eiskyūi (dative singular)
eiskyobom (dative dual)
eiskyobos (dative plural)
eiskyei (locative singular)
eiskyū (instrumental singular)
eiskyobim (dual instrumental)
eiskyūis (instrumental plural)

Matasović derives this from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eysk- (“to shine, glitter”). However, Zair is confused at this etymology, pointing out that the *ē should not have remained as é before the unpalatalized consonant cluster in Old Irish; instead it should have broken into ía.


kīkos

kīkos (nominative singular)
kīkese? (dual nominative)
kīkesa (nominative plural)
kīkos (singular vocative)
kīkese? (dual vocative)
kīkesa (plural vocative)
kīkos (accusative singular)
kīkese? (accusative dual)
kīkesa (accusative plural)
kīkesos (genitive singular)
kīkesous? (dual genitive)
kīkesom (genitive plural)
kīkesei (dative singular)
kīkesbom (dative dual)
kīkesbos (dative plural)
kīkesi (locative singular)
kīkesei (instrumental singular)
kīkesbim (dual instrumental)
kīkesbis (instrumental plural)
*kīkā (alternative)

Assumed to be of expressive/imitative origin, common for female body parts (cf. unrelated English tit, German Zitze (“teat”)).
The masculine gender of the Brythonic forms and potential evidence of the Old Irish daughter form being a neuter s-stem leads Matasović (2009) to propose possibly reconstructing the Proto-Celtic form as an s-stem neuter.

onomatopoeic

imitative

Old Irish: cíchMiddle Irish: cích fIrish: cíochManx: keeaghScottish Gaelic: cìoch


sterkā

sterkā (nominative singular)
sterkai (dual nominative)
sterkās (nominative plural)
sterkā (singular vocative)
sterkai (dual vocative)
sterkās (plural vocative)
sterkam (accusative singular)
sterkai (accusative dual)
sterkāns (accusative plural)
sterkās (genitive singular)
sterkous (dual genitive)
sterkom (genitive plural)
sterkāi (dative singular)
sterkābom (dative dual)
sterkābos (dative plural)
sterkai (locative singular)
sterkābim (dual instrumental)
sterkābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *serx

desc

Breton: serc'h f (“concubine, mistress”)

Welsh: serch m

desctree

Old Irish: serc f
Irish: searc
Scottish Gaelic: seirc

From Proto-Indo-European *sterg- (“to love”). Cognate to Ancient Greek στέργω (stérgō, “to love”). Matasović notes that the disparity of voicing of the final root consonants can be resolved by assuming a back-formation from a consonant stem because the nominative *-xs can be used by both stems in *-k and *-g.


toibos

toybos (nominative singular)
toybou (dual nominative)
toyboi (nominative plural)
toybe (singular vocative)
toybou (dual vocative)
toyboi (plural vocative)
toybom (accusative singular)
toybou (accusative dual)
toybons (accusative plural)
toybī (genitive singular)
toybous (dual genitive)
toybom (genitive plural)
toybūi (dative singular)
toybobom (dative dual)
toybobos (dative plural)
toybei (locative singular)
toybū (instrumental singular)
toybobim (dual instrumental)
toybūis (instrumental plural)

Possibly from an o-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-European *(s)teygʷ- (“flank, side”). Compare Old Armenian թեկն (tʻekn, “shoulder, scapula, back”) and Proto-Slavic *stegno (“thigh, flank”).

cog

toíbIrish: taobhManx: çheuScottish Gaelic: taobh


sounos

sounos (nominative singular)
sounou (dual nominative)
sounoi (nominative plural)
soune (singular vocative)
sounou (dual vocative)
sounoi (plural vocative)
sounom (accusative singular)
sounou (accusative dual)
sounons (accusative plural)
sounī (genitive singular)
sounous (dual genitive)
sounom (genitive plural)
sounūi (dative singular)
sounobom (dative dual)
sounobos (dative plural)
sounei (locative singular)
sounū (instrumental singular)
sounobim (dual instrumental)
sounūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hʉn
Middle Breton: hun
Old Cornish: hun
Middle Cornish: hun
Middle Welsh: hun
Welsh: hun

Old Irish: súan
Irish: suan
Scottish Gaelic: suain
Manx: saveen

Gaulish: *sounos

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *Kissōnyos (“Gaulish deity associated with Mercury”)

→ Latin: Cissonius


brāgants

brāgants (nominative singular)
brāgante (dual nominative)
brāgantes (nominative plural)
brāgants (singular vocative)
brāgante (dual vocative)
brāgantes (plural vocative)
brāgantam (accusative singular)
brāgante (accusative dual)
brāgantans (accusative plural)
brāgantos (genitive singular)
brāgantou (dual genitive)
brāgantom (genitive plural)
brāgantei (dative singular)
brāgantobom (dative dual)
brāgantobos (dative plural)
brāganti (locative singular)
brāgante? (instrumental singular)
brāgantobim (dual instrumental)
brāgantobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: brehant

Old Cornish: briansen, bryansenn

Welsh: breuant

desctree

Old Irish: bráge
Middle Irish: brága
Irish: brá (“captive, hostage”), bráid (“neck, throat”)
Scottish Gaelic: bràigh (“captive, hostage”)

From an element *brāg- + *-ants (body part suffix), the root apparently from *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”) but with an unidentified suffix *-gʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *kragô (“throat, neck”) (see English craw). Compare also Latin gurges (“gulf, bay; whirlpool, eddy”), similarly thought to derive from *gʷerh₃-g(ʰ)-, though its relationship to the words for “throat” is less clear.


dowsants

dowsants (nominative singular)
dowsante (dual nominative)
dowsantes (nominative plural)
dowsants (singular vocative)
dowsante (dual vocative)
dowsantes (plural vocative)
dowsantam (accusative singular)
dowsante (accusative dual)
dowsantans (accusative plural)
dowsantos (genitive singular)
dowsantou (dual genitive)
dowsantom (genitive plural)
dowsantei (dative singular)
dowsantobom (dative dual)
dowsantobos (dative plural)
dowsanti (locative singular)
dowsante? (instrumental singular)
dowsantobim (dual instrumental)
dowsantobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: doe, doé
Middle Irish: dóit
Irish: dóid

From *dows + *-ants (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *dóws (“arm”). Cognate with Sanskrit दोस् (dos, “arm”), Proto-Slavic *pazduxa (“bosom, armpit”).


sleixsantī

slēxsantī (nominative singular)
slēxsantī (dual nominative)
slēxsantiyās (nominative plural)
slēxsantī (singular vocative)
slēxsantī (dual vocative)
slēxsantiyās (plural vocative)
slēxsantīm (accusative singular)
slēxsantī (accusative dual)
slēxsantīns (accusative plural)
slēxsantyās (genitive singular)
slēxsantyous (dual genitive)
slēxsantyom (genitive plural)
slēxsantyai (dative singular)
slēxsantyābom (dative dual)
slēxsantyābos (dative plural)
slēxsantyābim (dual instrumental)
slēxsantyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: sliassait (“shank”)

Scottish Gaelic: sliasaid, sliasad

Manx: slheeasid, slheeast

From *sleixs- + *-antī (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pléygʰ-s-, from *(s)pleygʰ- (“to go, move”) (compare Sanskrit: प्लेहते (plehate)). Cognate with Ancient Greek πλιχάς (plikhás, “space between thighs”), πλίσσομαι (plíssomai, “to cross the legs”).


abrants

abrants (nominative singular)
abrante (dual nominative)
abrantes (nominative plural)
abrants (singular vocative)
abrante (dual vocative)
abrantes (plural vocative)
abrantam (accusative singular)
abrante (accusative dual)
abrantans (accusative plural)
abrantos (genitive singular)
abrantou (dual genitive)
abrantom (genitive plural)
abrantei (dative singular)
abrantobom (dative dual)
abrantobos (dative plural)
abranti (locative singular)
abrante? (instrumental singular)
abrantobim (dual instrumental)
abrantobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *abrant
Breton: abrant
Cornish: abrans
Middle Welsh: amrant
Welsh: amrant

Old Irish: abrae m

Scottish Gaelic: abhra

Manx: ferroogh

Irish: fabhra

From *abr- + *-ants (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs. Cognate with Latin frōns (“forhead”).


bussus

bussus (nominative singular)
bussū (dual nominative)
bussowes (nominative plural)
bussu (singular vocative)
bussū (dual vocative)
bussūs (plural vocative)
bussum (accusative singular)
bussū (accusative dual)
bussuns (accusative plural)
bussous (genitive singular)
bussous (dual genitive)
bussowom (genitive plural)
bussou (dative singular)
bussubom (dative dual)
bussubos (dative plural)
bussū (instrumental singular)
bussubim (dual instrumental)
bussubis (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gweβus

Middle Breton: gweus, geux, gueux

Breton: gweuz

Old Cornish: gueus

Middle Welsh: gweus

Welsh: gwefus

Middle Irish: bus (poetic)

Gaulish: *bussus

desc

⇒ Gaulish: bussumāros (epithet of Jupiter)

Uncertain, possibly a sound-symbolic word.


ɸowtus

ɸowtus (nominative singular)
ɸowtū (dual nominative)
ɸowtowes (nominative plural)
ɸowtu (singular vocative)
ɸowtū (dual vocative)
ɸowtūs (plural vocative)
ɸowtum (accusative singular)
ɸowtū (accusative dual)
ɸowtuns (accusative plural)
ɸowtous (genitive singular)
ɸowtous (dual genitive)
ɸowtowom (genitive plural)
ɸowtou (dative singular)
ɸowtubom (dative dual)
ɸowtubos (dative plural)
ɸowtū (instrumental singular)
ɸowtubim (dual instrumental)
ɸowtubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉθ, *ọθ
Middle Breton: euz
Breton: euzh
Cornish: uth, euth
Welsh: uthr

Old Irish: úath
Middle Irish: úath (“horrible thing, horror”)
Irish: uath
Scottish Gaelic: uath
⇒ Middle Irish: úathbás, úathfás
Irish: uafás
Scottish Gaelic: uabhas
Middle Irish: fúath (“hatred”)
Irish: fuath
Scottish Gaelic: fuath
Manx: feoh

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pew-, perhaps related *oβnus (“fear”).


ɸratis

ɸratis (nominative singular)
ɸratī (dual nominative)
ɸratīs (nominative plural)
ɸrati (singular vocative)
ɸratī (dual vocative)
ɸratīs (plural vocative)
ɸratim (accusative singular)
ɸratī (accusative dual)
ɸratins (accusative plural)
ɸrateis (genitive singular)
ɸratyow (dual genitive)
ɸratyom (genitive plural)
ɸratei (dative singular)
ɸratibom (dative dual)
ɸratibos (dative plural)
ɸratei (locative singular)
ɸratī (instrumental singular)
ɸratibim (dual instrumental)
ɸratibis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Breton: raden

Cornish: reden

Welsh: rhedyn

Old Irish: raith

Gaulish: ratis

Matasovic assigns this word to Proto-Indo-European *p(t)erH- (“fern”), but the morphology of that word is controversial. See Proto-Indo-European *p(t)erH- for more.


natrixs

natrixs (nominative singular)
natrike (dual nominative)
natrikes (nominative plural)
natrixs (singular vocative)
natrike (dual vocative)
natrikes (plural vocative)
natrikam (accusative singular)
natrike (accusative dual)
natrikans (accusative plural)
natrikos (genitive singular)
natrikou (dual genitive)
natrikom (genitive plural)
natrikei (dative singular)
natrikobom (dative dual)
natrikobos (dative plural)
natriki (locative singular)
natrike? (instrumental singular)
natrikobim (dual instrumental)
natrikobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: azr

Breton: naer

Old Cornish: nader

Welsh: neidr

Old Irish: nathir
Irish: nathair
Scottish Gaelic: nathair


yantus

yantus (nominative singular)
yantū (dual nominative)
yantowes (nominative plural)
yantu (singular vocative)
yantū (dual vocative)
yantūs (plural vocative)
yantum (accusative singular)
yantū (accusative dual)
yantuns (accusative plural)
yantous (genitive singular)
yantous (dual genitive)
yantowom (genitive plural)
yantou (dative singular)
yantubom (dative dual)
yantubos (dative plural)
yantū (instrumental singular)
yantubim (dual instrumental)
yantubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: ét, ǽt
Irish: éad
Manx: ead
Scottish Gaelic: eud

⇒ Gaulish: Iantumaros/Yantumāros/*Yantumāros

→ Latin: Iantumarus

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kneygʷʰ-, *yet- (“to establish oneself, place firmly”), related to Proto-Germanic *hnīwaną (“to bow”), Latin nitor (“I press forward”), though the semantics of this have been disputed. Or, from Proto-Indo-European *yegʰo- (“to wish, beg, strive, desire”), see also Russian я́рый (járyj, “furious”), Albanian gjah (“hunt”), Ancient Greek ζητέω (zētéō, “to search, seek”), Sanskrit यत्न (yātna, “zeal”)).


dyīus

dyīus (nominative singular)
dyowes (nominative plural)
dyīus (singular vocative)
dyowes (plural vocative)
dyīm (accusative singular)
diyīm (accusative singular)
dyowans (accusative plural)
diwos (genitive singular)
diwom (genitive plural)
diwei (dative singular)
dyubos (dative plural)
dyou (locative singular)
diyou (locative singular)
dyubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *dɨð
Breton: deiz
Cornish: dydh
Old Welsh: did
Middle Welsh: dyð
Welsh: dydd

Old Irish: día
Irish: dia
Manx: jee
Scottish Gaelic: dia
→ Old Norse: díar


skeitos

skeitos (nominative singular)
skeitou (dual nominative)
skeitoi (nominative plural)
skeite (singular vocative)
skeitou (dual vocative)
skeitoi (plural vocative)
skeitom (accusative singular)
skeitou (accusative dual)
skeitons (accusative plural)
skeitī (genitive singular)
skeitous (dual genitive)
skeitom (genitive plural)
skeitūi (dative singular)
skeitobom (dative dual)
skeitobos (dative plural)
skeitei (locative singular)
skeitū (instrumental singular)
skeitobim (dual instrumental)
skeitūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *skuɨd

Breton: skoed

Cornish: skoes

Welsh: ysgwyd

Old Irish: scíath

Irish: sciath

Scottish Gaelic: sgiath

From Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, separate”). Cognate with Latin scūtum, Russian щит (ščit), and Old Church Slavonic щитъ (štitŭ).