ɸarextus

ɸarextus (nominative singular)
ɸarextū (dual nominative)
ɸarextowes (nominative plural)
ɸarextu (singular vocative)
ɸarextū (dual vocative)
ɸarextūs (plural vocative)
ɸarextum (accusative singular)
ɸarextū (accusative dual)
ɸarextuns (accusative plural)
ɸarextous (genitive singular)
ɸarextous (dual genitive)
ɸarextowom (genitive plural)
ɸarextou (dative singular)
ɸarextubom (dative dual)
ɸarextubos (dative plural)
ɸarextū (instrumental singular)
ɸarextubim (dual instrumental)
ɸarextubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Breton: areizh (“diatribe”) (Peurunvan spelling), areih (attestations with Vannetais debuccalization written)

Cornish: areth (“lecture, speech”)

Middle Welsh: areith (“speech, address, utterance”)

Welsh: araith

Old Irish: airecht (“assembly”)

Irish: oireacht

Unknown. Matasović, and Pyysalo after him, believe that the term contains the prefix *ɸare-. Zair on the other hand still believes the identity of the prefix to be unclear. Lindeman on the other hand outright denies the existence of any prefixation on this term. However, everyone agrees that the word contains the suffix *-tus.
The palatalization in Goidelic is unexpected; a form **aracht would be expected (see also canaid < *kaneti). Reconstructing *ɸarixtus would yield the Goidelic forms directly but lead to Welsh **eirith and the like due to i-affection, necessitating a reconstruction *ɸarixtā so that the i-affection is blocked by a previous a-affection. In fact, Stifter (personal communication) thinks that *ɸarixtā may have yielded the Goidelic forms too, given how its case-forms are mainly attested in late manuscripts whose scribes were unable to distinguish e.g. -ae (genitive singular of ā-stems) and -a (genitive singular of u-stems) since they had merged in later scribes' speech.
There are multiple theories on the underlying root's identity.
* Zair mentions a theory by Vendryes where the term is related to Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”).
* Lindeman derives this term from a k-extension of Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁- (“to reckon”). He also identifies this extension in Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”) and Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rahnjan, “to reckon, count”).
* Matasović makes a connection with Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵ- (“to say”).
* Pyysalo admits that Matasović's derivation is valid, but offers an alternative connection to Avestan 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬑𐬀 (viiāxa, “gathering, meeting”), for which he reconstructs *HekH- (note that Pyysalo does not believe in three laryngeals, he only believes in one laryngeal pronounced like *h₂; in turn he also believes in the existence of *a and an array of a-diphthongs).


mergī

mergī (nominative singular)
mergī (singular vocative)
mergīm (accusative singular)
mergyās (genitive singular)
mergyai (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *merɣ

desc

Middle Breton: (with irregular -gl suffix) mercl, mergl

Breton: mergl

Old Irish: meirc

Irish: meirg

Scottish Gaelic: meirg

Manx: mergey, mergid

From Proto-Indo-European *merǵ- (“to be wet, withered”). Cognate with Middle High German murc (“withered”), Russian моро́з (moróz, “frost”) and Albanian mardhë (“frost”).


ouxsanatā

ouxsanatā (nominative singular)
ouxsanatai (dual nominative)
ouxsanatās (nominative plural)
ouxsanatā (singular vocative)
ouxsanatai (dual vocative)
ouxsanatās (plural vocative)
ouxsanatam (accusative singular)
ouxsanatai (accusative dual)
ouxsanatāns (accusative plural)
ouxsanatās (genitive singular)
ouxsanatous (dual genitive)
ouxsanatom (genitive plural)
ouxsanatāi (dative singular)
ouxsanatābom (dative dual)
ouxsanatābos (dative plural)
ouxsanatai (locative singular)
ouxsanatābim (dual instrumental)
ouxsanatābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉxanad

Middle Breton: huanat

Breton: huanad

Middle Welsh: ucheneid, ychenaid

Welsh: uchenaid, ochenaid

Old Irish: osnad

Middle Irish: osnad

Irish: osna

Scottish Gaelic: osna

Manx: osney

From *(o)uxs- + *ana- (originally "to breathe") + *-tā (verbal noun suffix), literally “up-breath”.


dedmis

dedmis (nominative singular)
dedmī (dual nominative)
dedmīs (nominative plural)
dedmi (singular vocative)
dedmī (dual vocative)
dedmīs (plural vocative)
dedmim (accusative singular)
dedmī (accusative dual)
dedmins (accusative plural)
dedmeis (genitive singular)
dedmyow (dual genitive)
dedmyom (genitive plural)
dedmei (dative singular)
dedmibom (dative dual)
dedmibos (dative plural)
dedmei (locative singular)
dedmī (instrumental singular)
dedmibim (dual instrumental)
dedmibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *deðβ̃

Middle Welsh: dedyf

Welsh: deddf

Middle Irish: deidmea (gen. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰe-dʰh₁-m-is, a reduplicated formation from *dʰeh₁- (“to do”).

defod

Middle Welsh: devaud, deuawt, deuaut, deuawd, defawt; Welsh


atinowom

atinowom (nominative singular)
atinowou (dual nominative)
atinowā (nominative plural)
atinowom (singular vocative)
atinowou (dual vocative)
atinowā (plural vocative)
atinowom (accusative singular)
atinowou (accusative dual)
atinowā (accusative plural)
atinowī (genitive singular)
atinowous (dual genitive)
atinowom (genitive plural)
atinowūi (dative singular)
atinowobom (dative dual)
atinowobos (dative plural)
atinowei (locative singular)
atinowū (instrumental singular)
atinowobim (dual instrumental)
atinowūis (instrumental plural)

From *ati- (“re-”) + *now- (“to nod”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix). Verbal noun of *ati-noweti "to entrust", whence Old Irish ad·noí.


dīreiyom

dīreiyom (nominative singular)
dīreiyou (dual nominative)
dīreiyā (nominative plural)
dīreiyom (singular vocative)
dīreiyou (dual vocative)
dīreiyā (plural vocative)
dīreiyom (accusative singular)
dīreiyou (accusative dual)
dīreiyā (accusative plural)
dīreiyī (genitive singular)
dīreiyous (dual genitive)
dīreiyom (genitive plural)
dīreiyūi (dative singular)
dīreiyobom (dative dual)
dīreiyobos (dative plural)
dīreiyei (locative singular)
dīreiyū (instrumental singular)
dīreiyobim (dual instrumental)
dīreiyūis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: diruy, dyruy, dyrwy

Welsh: dirwy

Old Irish: díre

Middle Irish: díre

From *dī- + *rei- (“to sell”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix).


korkyos

korkyos (nominative singular)
korkyou (dual nominative)
korkyoi (nominative plural)
korkye (singular vocative)
korkyou (dual vocative)
korkyoi (plural vocative)
korkyom (accusative singular)
korkyou (accusative dual)
korkyons (accusative plural)
korkyī (genitive singular)
korkyous (dual genitive)
korkyom (genitive plural)
korkyūi (dative singular)
korkyobom (dative dual)
korkyobos (dative plural)
korkyei (locative singular)
korkyū (instrumental singular)
korkyobim (dual instrumental)
korkyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *körx

Middle Breton: kerch

Breton: kerc'h

Old Cornish: keirch

Cornish: kergh

Middle Welsh: ceirch, keirch, keyrc

Welsh: ceirch

Middle Irish: corca

Irish: coirce

Scottish Gaelic: coirce

Manx: corkey

Unknown. Matasović assumes it may have been borrowed from an unidentifiable substrate language. De Bernardo Stempel alternatively derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer(h₁)-.


yutos

yutos (nominative singular)
yutou (dual nominative)
yutoi (nominative plural)
yute (singular vocative)
yutou (dual vocative)
yutoi (plural vocative)
yutom (accusative singular)
yutou (accusative dual)
yutons (accusative plural)
yutī (genitive singular)
yutous (dual genitive)
yutom (genitive plural)
yutūi (dative singular)
yutobom (dative dual)
yutobos (dative plural)
yutei (locative singular)
yutū (instrumental singular)
yutobim (dual instrumental)
yutūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jud

Middle Breton: yot

Breton: yod

Old Cornish: iot

Cornish: yos

Old Welsh: iot

Middle Welsh: iwt, yut

Welsh: uwd, iwd

desc

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">íth</i> (“fat, grease”)

Old Irish: íth (influenced by íth (“fat, grease”))

Gaulish: *iottā

Latin: iotta (Gallo-Latin)

Connected by Pokorny to Latin iūs (“soup, broth”), from Proto-Indo-European *yéwHs (“soup”).


samalis

samalis (nominative singular)
samalī (dual nominative)
samalīs (nominative plural)
samali (singular vocative)
samalī (dual vocative)
samalīs (plural vocative)
samalim (accusative singular)
samalī (accusative dual)
samalins (accusative plural)
samaleis (genitive singular)
samalyow (dual genitive)
samalyom (genitive plural)
samalei (dative singular)
samalibom (dative dual)
samalibos (dative plural)
samalei (locative singular)
samalī (instrumental singular)
samalibim (dual instrumental)
samalibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *haβ̃al
Middle Breton: hanual
Breton: hañval
Cornish: haval
Middle Welsh: haual, haval
Welsh: hafal

Old Irish: samail
Irish: samhail
Scottish Gaelic: samhla

From Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₂-lo-, from *sem- (“together, one”). A similar formation also underlies Latin similis.


sladyā

sladyā (nominative singular)
sladyai (dual nominative)
sladyās (nominative plural)
sladyā (singular vocative)
sladyai (dual vocative)
sladyās (plural vocative)
sladyam (accusative singular)
sladyai (accusative dual)
sladyāns (accusative plural)
sladyās (genitive singular)
sladyous (dual genitive)
sladyom (genitive plural)
sladyāi (dative singular)
sladyābom (dative dual)
sladyābos (dative plural)
sladyai (locative singular)
sladyābim (dual instrumental)
sladyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llað

Breton: lazh

Middle Welsh: lladd

Welsh: lladd

Old Irish: slaide

From *slad- (“to strike, slay”) + *-yā (verbal noun suffix).


biwotūts

biwotūts (nominative singular)
biwotūte (dual nominative)
biwotūtes (nominative plural)
biwotūts (singular vocative)
biwotūte (dual vocative)
biwotūtes (plural vocative)
biwotūtam (accusative singular)
biwotūte (accusative dual)
biwotūtans (accusative plural)
biwotūtos (genitive singular)
biwotūtou (dual genitive)
biwotūtom (genitive plural)
biwotūtei (dative singular)
biwotūtobom (dative dual)
biwotūtobos (dative plural)
biwotūti (locative singular)
biwotūte? (instrumental singular)
biwotūtobim (dual instrumental)
biwotūtobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨwöd

Middle Welsh: bywyt

Welsh: bywyd

desctree

Old Irish: bethu, beothu, bethad
Middle Irish: betha
Irish: beatha
Manx: bea
Scottish Gaelic: beatha

From *biwos (“alive”) + *-tūts (suffix deriving abstracts from adjectives).


kulɸom

kulɸom (nominative singular)
kulɸou (dual nominative)
kulɸā (nominative plural)
kulɸom (singular vocative)
kulɸou (dual vocative)
kulɸā (plural vocative)
kulɸom (accusative singular)
kulɸou (accusative dual)
kulɸā (accusative plural)
kulɸī (genitive singular)
kulɸous (dual genitive)
kulɸom (genitive plural)
kulɸūi (dative singular)
kulɸobom (dative dual)
kulɸobos (dative plural)
kulɸei (locative singular)
kulɸū (instrumental singular)
kulɸobim (dual instrumental)
kulɸūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kul

Old Breton: col

Middle Welsh: cwl, kwl, cul

Welsh: cŵl

desctree

Old Irish: col
Irish: col
Scottish Gaelic: col (“incest”)

Unclear; it has been compared with Latin culpa (“blame, guilt, crime”), and *ɸ may be reconstructed if the comparison is valid. It has also alternatively been compared to Latin scelus (“crime, criminal”), but the -u- is harder to explain that way.


stillom

stillom (nominative singular)
stillou (dual nominative)
stillā (nominative plural)
stillom (singular vocative)
stillou (dual vocative)
stillā (plural vocative)
stillom (accusative singular)
stillou (accusative dual)
stillā (accusative plural)
stillī (genitive singular)
stillous (dual genitive)
stillom (genitive plural)
stillūi (dative singular)
stillobom (dative dual)
stillobos (dative plural)
stillei (locative singular)
stillū (instrumental singular)
stillobim (dual instrumental)
stillūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *sɨll

Breton: sell

Welsh: syll

Old Irish: sell (“iris, eye, glance”)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr-lo-, from *h₂stḗr (“star”). Compare Latin stēlla (“star”) for the formation. For the semantic evolution, compare Old Irish súil (“eye”) from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”).
Pedersen previously compared this word to Ancient Greek στίλβω (stílbō, “to shine”), but Schrijver rejects this comparison since -lb- does not regularly give -ll- in Celtic.


skāxslom

skāxslom (nominative singular)
skāxslou (dual nominative)
skāxslā (nominative plural)
skāxslom (singular vocative)
skāxslou (dual vocative)
skāxslā (plural vocative)
skāxslom (accusative singular)
skāxslou (accusative dual)
skāxslā (accusative plural)
skāxslī (genitive singular)
skāxslous (dual genitive)
skāxslom (genitive plural)
skāxslūi (dative singular)
skāxslobom (dative dual)
skāxslobos (dative plural)
skāxslei (locative singular)
skāxslū (instrumental singular)
skāxslobim (dual instrumental)
skāxslūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *skọl

Middle Welsh: ysgawl

Old Irish: scál

Middle Irish: scál

From Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move, stir”), whence also *skokīti (“to move, stir”). Since O'Brien, Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌷𐍃𐌻 (skōhsl, “demon”) has been held as cognate.


taxslos

taxslos (nominative singular)
taxslou (dual nominative)
taxsloi (nominative plural)
taxsle (singular vocative)
taxslou (dual vocative)
taxsloi (plural vocative)
taxslom (accusative singular)
taxslou (accusative dual)
taxslons (accusative plural)
taxslī (genitive singular)
taxslous (dual genitive)
taxslom (genitive plural)
taxslūi (dative singular)
taxslobom (dative dual)
taxslobos (dative plural)
taxslei (locative singular)
taxslū (instrumental singular)
taxslobim (dual instrumental)
taxslūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: tál

Irish: tál

From Proto-Indo-European *tḱslos, from *teḱ- (“to create, hew”). The formation is comparable to Proto-Germanic *þehsulǭ (“axe”) and Proto-Slavic *tesla (“adze”). The -a- was originally regularly inserted in Italo-Celtic to break up initial clusters of four consonants.


stledman

stledman (nominative singular)
stledman (singular vocative)
stledman (accusative singular)
stledmens (genitive singular)
stledmenei (dative singular)
stledmen (locative singular)
stledmeni (locative singular)
stledmenei (instrumental singular)

Old Breton: stledm (“venom, pus”)

Old Irish: sleidm (“spit”)

Unknown, but contains the verbal noun suffix *-man. Attempting to relate to Breton staot (“urine”) struggles to explain the medial -d-.


beisman

beisman (nominative singular)
beismane? (dual nominative)
beismana (nominative plural)
beisman (singular vocative)
beismane? (dual vocative)
beismana (plural vocative)
beisman (accusative singular)
beismane? (accusative dual)
beismana (accusative plural)
beismens (genitive singular)
beismenous? (dual genitive)
beismenom (genitive plural)
beismenei (dative singular)
beismembom (dative dual)
beismembos (dative plural)
beismen (locative singular)
beismeni (locative singular)
beismenei (instrumental singular)
beismembim (dual instrumental)
beismembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *buɨmm

Middle Breton: boemm

desc

Breton: boem (“strip of land, something astonishing or shocking”)

Cornish: bomm

desctree

Old Irish: béim, béimm
Irish: béim
Scottish Gaelic: beum

From *bē- (“strike”) + *-sman (action noun suffix).


srouman

srouman (nominative singular)
sroumane? (dual nominative)
sroumana (nominative plural)
srouman (singular vocative)
sroumane? (dual vocative)
sroumana (plural vocative)
srouman (accusative singular)
sroumane? (accusative dual)
sroumana (accusative plural)
sroumens (genitive singular)
sroumenous? (dual genitive)
sroumenom (genitive plural)
sroumenei (dative singular)
sroumembom (dative dual)
sroumembos (dative plural)
sroumen (locative singular)
sroumeni (locative singular)
sroumenei (instrumental singular)
sroumembim (dual instrumental)
sroumembis (instrumental plural)

desc

if not instead read as Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">serum</i>

Old Breton: strum (if not instead read as Latin serum)

Old Irish: srúaim

From Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow, stream”) + *-man.


togyā

togyā (nominative singular)
togyai (dual nominative)
togyās (nominative plural)
togyā (singular vocative)
togyai (dual vocative)
togyās (plural vocative)
togyam (accusative singular)
togyai (accusative dual)
togyāns (accusative plural)
togyās (genitive singular)
togyous (dual genitive)
togyom (genitive plural)
togyāi (dative singular)
togyābom (dative dual)
togyābos (dative plural)
togyai (locative singular)
togyābim (dual instrumental)
togyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: tugae, tuige
Middle Irish: tuga
Irish: tuí (“thatch”)
Scottish Gaelic: tugha (“thatch”)
Manx: thoo, too

Celtiberian: togia

From *tog- (“covering”) + *-yā (action noun suffix), ultimately from the root Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”).


komaltyos

komaltyos (nominative singular)
komaltyou (dual nominative)
komaltyoi (nominative plural)
komaltye (singular vocative)
komaltyou (dual vocative)
komaltyoi (plural vocative)
komaltyom (accusative singular)
komaltyou (accusative dual)
komaltyons (accusative plural)
komaltyī (genitive singular)
komaltyous (dual genitive)
komaltyom (genitive plural)
komaltyūi (dative singular)
komaltyobom (dative dual)
komaltyobos (dative plural)
komaltyei (locative singular)
komaltyū (instrumental singular)
komaltyobim (dual instrumental)
komaltyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃ėlt

Old Cornish: chevals (“joint”)

Cornish: kevals (“joint”)

desc

Middle Welsh: kyueillt, kyfeillt, cyfaillt

Welsh: cyfaill (“friend”)

Old Irish: comaltae

Middle Irish: comalta

Irish: comhalta

From *kom- (“together”) + *al- (“to foster”) + *-tyos (past passive participle suffix).


ɸatar

ɸatar (nominative singular)
ɸatane (dual nominative)
ɸatana (nominative plural)
ɸatar (singular vocative)
ɸatane (dual vocative)
ɸatana (plural vocative)
ɸatar (accusative singular)
ɸatane (accusative dual)
ɸatana (accusative plural)
ɸatanos (genitive singular)
ɸatanou (dual genitive)
ɸatanom (genitive plural)
ɸatanei (dative singular)
ɸatanobom (dative dual)
ɸatanobos (dative plural)
ɸatani (locative singular)
ɸatane? (instrumental singular)
ɸatanobim (dual instrumental)
ɸatanobis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

⇒ Old Breton: attanoc

Old Welsh: atar

Middle Welsh: adar

Welsh: adar

From Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ (“wing”), retaining the old r/n stem alternation between the nominative and the oblique cases.


ɸoros

ɸoros (nominative singular)
ɸorou (dual nominative)
ɸoroi (nominative plural)
ɸore (singular vocative)
ɸorou (dual vocative)
ɸoroi (plural vocative)
ɸorom (accusative singular)
ɸorou (accusative dual)
ɸorons (accusative plural)
ɸorī (genitive singular)
ɸorous (dual genitive)
ɸorom (genitive plural)
ɸorūi (dative singular)
ɸorobom (dative dual)
ɸorobos (dative plural)
ɸorei (locative singular)
ɸorū (instrumental singular)
ɸorobim (dual instrumental)
ɸorūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *or

Old Breton: orion pl

Breton: or

Cornish: or

Old Welsh: or

Middle Welsh: or

Welsh: ôr

Old Irish: or

Middle Irish: or

Manx: oirr

From Proto-Indo-European *póros, from *per- (“to pass through”) + *-os (thematic result noun suffix).


ɸroboudom

ɸroboudom (nominative singular)
ɸroboudou (dual nominative)
ɸroboudā (nominative plural)
ɸroboudom (singular vocative)
ɸroboudou (dual vocative)
ɸroboudā (plural vocative)
ɸroboudom (accusative singular)
ɸroboudou (accusative dual)
ɸroboudā (accusative plural)
ɸroboudī (genitive singular)
ɸroboudous (dual genitive)
ɸroboudom (genitive plural)
ɸroboudūi (dative singular)
ɸroboudobom (dative dual)
ɸroboudobos (dative plural)
ɸroboudei (locative singular)
ɸroboudū (instrumental singular)
ɸroboudobim (dual instrumental)
ɸroboudūis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: rybud, rybut

Welsh: rhybudd

Old Irish: robud

Irish: rabhadh

Manx: raaue

Scottish Gaelic: rabhadh

From *ɸro- + *boud-. Likely also suffixed with verbal noun suffix *-om.


odbos

odbos (nominative singular)
odbou (dual nominative)
odboi (nominative plural)
odbe (singular vocative)
odbou (dual vocative)
odboi (plural vocative)
odbom (accusative singular)
odbou (accusative dual)
odbons (accusative plural)
odbī (genitive singular)
odbous (dual genitive)
odbom (genitive plural)
odbūi (dative singular)
odbobom (dative dual)
odbobos (dative plural)
odbei (locative singular)
odbū (instrumental singular)
odbobim (dual instrumental)
odbūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oðβ

Welsh: oddf m

Old Irish: odb m

Irish: fadhb f

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *h₃éd(s)gʷ-o-s (“knot”), and cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hádᶻgas (“knot (in a tree); branch”). The PIE root is further suggested to be connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₃ósdos (“branch”) through metathesis, perhaps ultimately deriving from *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).


longā

longā (nominative singular)
longai (dual nominative)
longās (nominative plural)
longā (singular vocative)
longai (dual vocative)
longās (plural vocative)
longam (accusative singular)
longai (accusative dual)
longāns (accusative plural)
longās (genitive singular)
longous (dual genitive)
longom (genitive plural)
longāi (dative singular)
longābom (dative dual)
longābos (dative plural)
longai (locative singular)
longābim (dual instrumental)
longābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llong

Welsh: llong

Old Breton: locou

Old Irish: long

Gaulish: Longaticum (“Nauportus”)

Traditionally considered a borrowing from Latin (navis) longa (“long ship”); note the Gaulish name for the Roman town Nauportus, Longaticum.
However, Matasovic and McCone are skeptical of the word being a Latin borrowing, and take it as an inherited Celtic word, with Matasovic putting the origin as unknown and leaving it open.


ārū

ārū (nominative singular)
arene (dual nominative)
arenes (nominative plural)
ārū (singular vocative)
arene (dual vocative)
arenes (plural vocative)
arenam (accusative singular)
arene (accusative dual)
arenans (accusative plural)
arenos (genitive singular)
arenou (dual genitive)
arenom (genitive plural)
arenei (dative singular)
arenobom (dative dual)
arenobos (dative plural)
areni (locative singular)
arene? (instrumental singular)
arenobim (dual instrumental)
arenobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aren
Middle Welsh: arenn
Welsh: aren

Old Irish: áru

A word of unclear reconstruction, with Brittonic and Goidelic cognates disagreeing on virtually every aspect from initial vowel length to suffixation. There are two main schools of thought:
* Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₂r-ō ~ *h₂h₂r̥-nés, from *h₂eh₂r- (“kidney”). This would relate the word with Latin rēn (“kidney”). Matasović is forced to posit a root-ablauting declension paradigm to account for the differing vowel lengths in Brittonic and Goidelic.
* Stüber instead reconstructs *agrinā, which neatly accounts for the differing vowel lengths (the Goidelic long vowel would simply arise from compensatory lengthening as *-g- was lost). Stüber assumes that the n-stem inflection in Old Irish was secondarily acquired. She relates the Celtic words with *agrinyos (“sloe”) and Proto-Germanic *akraną (“tree fruit”).
Matasović dismisses Stüber's etymology as semantically nonsensical, but compare English kidney bean for how kidneys may be semantically compared to plant matter. On the other hand, Zair criticizes the ablaut Matasović employs to relate the Goidelic, Brittonic and Latin words as morphologically special pleading, and endorses Stüber.


dānus

dānus (nominative singular)
dānū (dual nominative)
dānowes (nominative plural)
dānu (singular vocative)
dānū (dual vocative)
dānūs (plural vocative)
dānum (accusative singular)
dānū (accusative dual)
dānuns (accusative plural)
dānous (genitive singular)
dānous (dual genitive)
dānowom (genitive plural)
dānou (dative singular)
dānubom (dative dual)
dānubos (dative plural)
dānū (instrumental singular)
dānubim (dual instrumental)
dānubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dọn

Middle Welsh: dawn

Welsh: dawn

Old Irish: dán

Middle Irish: dán

Irish: dán

Manx: daan

Scottish Gaelic: dàn

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₃n-u-s ~ *dh₃n-éw-s, from *dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥-s (“gift”) + *-us.


swelos

swelos (nominative singular)
swelou (dual nominative)
sweloi (nominative plural)
swele (singular vocative)
swelou (dual vocative)
sweloi (plural vocative)
swelom (accusative singular)
swelou (accusative dual)
swelons (accusative plural)
swelī (genitive singular)
swelous (dual genitive)
swelom (genitive plural)
swelūi (dative singular)
swelobom (dative dual)
swelobos (dative plural)
swelei (locative singular)
swelū (instrumental singular)
swelobim (dual instrumental)
swelūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwel

Breton: hoalat (“to attract, charm”)

Middle Welsh: chwyl

Welsh: chwŷl

desctree

Old Irish: sel
Middle Irish: sel
Irish: seal
Manx: shayll
Scottish Gaelic: seal (“while”)
⇒ Middle Irish: dessel
Irish: deiseal
→ English: deiseal, deisal, deasil, deisul, deshil
Scottish Gaelic: deiseil
⇒ Middle Irish: túaithbel
Irish: tuathal
Scottish Gaelic: tuathal

Unknown. Matasović dismisses a connection to Proto-Germanic *swellaną (“to swell”), declaring their semantics incompatible. He also notes the similar-sounding root Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn”), which is an almost perfect match with the Celtic root except for the initial *s-. If these roots are connected, an s-mobile must be posited, but no other evidence of this is known in other Indo-European languages.


sworos

sworos (nominative singular)
sworou (dual nominative)
sworoi (nominative plural)
swore (singular vocative)
sworou (dual vocative)
sworoi (plural vocative)
sworom (accusative singular)
sworou (accusative dual)
sworons (accusative plural)
sworī (genitive singular)
sworous (dual genitive)
sworom (genitive plural)
sworūi (dative singular)
sworobom (dative dual)
sworobos (dative plural)
sworei (locative singular)
sworū (instrumental singular)
sworobim (dual instrumental)
sworūis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: hor

Welsh: hôr

Goidelic:

Classical Gaelic: sor, sar

Irish: sor

From Proto-Indo-European *sworós, an o-grade agent noun from *swer- (“to wound”).


braxsman

braxsman (nominative singular)
braxsmane? (dual nominative)
braxsmana (nominative plural)
braxsman (singular vocative)
braxsmane? (dual vocative)
braxsmana (plural vocative)
braxsman (accusative singular)
braxsmane? (accusative dual)
braxsmana (accusative plural)
braxsmens (genitive singular)
braxsmenous? (dual genitive)
braxsmenom (genitive plural)
braxsmenei (dative singular)
braxsmembom (dative dual)
braxsmembos (dative plural)
braxsmen (locative singular)
braxsmeni (locative singular)
braxsmenei (instrumental singular)
braxsmembim (dual instrumental)
braxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bramm

Middle Breton: bramm

Breton: bramm

Middle Cornish: bram

Cornish: bramm, brabm

Middle Welsh: bram

Middle Irish: broimm

Irish: broim

Manx: breim

Scottish Gaelic: bram

From *brag-, a root also seen in *bragyeti (“to fart”), suffixed with *-sman (verbal noun suffix).


sūdyā

sūdyā (nominative singular)
sūdyai (dual nominative)
sūdyās (nominative plural)
sūdyā (singular vocative)
sūdyai (dual vocative)
sūdyās (plural vocative)
sūdyam (accusative singular)
sūdyai (accusative dual)
sūdyāns (accusative plural)
sūdyās (genitive singular)
sūdyous (dual genitive)
sūdyom (genitive plural)
sūdyāi (dative singular)
sūdyābom (dative dual)
sūdyābos (dative plural)
sūdyai (locative singular)
sūdyābim (dual instrumental)
sūdyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: súide

Irish: súiche

Manx: sooie

Scottish Gaelic: sùith

Gaulish: *sūdiā

→ Catalan: sutge

→ French: suie

→⇒ Latin: *sūdiclum (British Latin)

Breton: huzil

Middle Welsh: huddygl

Welsh: huddygl

Oft-considered cognates include Lithuanian súodžiai, Proto-Slavic *saďa, and most controversially Proto-Germanic *sōtą, all meaning "soot". For these three, Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *seh₃wd- as their common root, independent of *sed- (“to sit”) from which the Germanic word was traditionally derived. The Celtic would require a metathesis of *-h₃w- to *-uh₃- in this root.
The Germanic word in particular requires what Kroonen calls "Mahlow's law", where long vowels in open syllables caused a following -w- to be lost in Germanic, for Matasović's etymology to work. Kroonen does not deal with Proto-Germanic *sōtą in his dictionary.


adrīmā

adrīmā (nominative singular)
adrīmai (dual nominative)
adrīmās (nominative plural)
adrīmā (singular vocative)
adrīmai (dual vocative)
adrīmās (plural vocative)
adrīmam (accusative singular)
adrīmai (accusative dual)
adrīmāns (accusative plural)
adrīmās (genitive singular)
adrīmous (dual genitive)
adrīmom (genitive plural)
adrīmāi (dative singular)
adrīmābom (dative dual)
adrīmābos (dative plural)
adrīmai (locative singular)
adrīmābim (dual instrumental)
adrīmābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėðriβ̃

desc

⇒ Old Breton: eirimotor (verb, passive 3sg.)

Middle Welsh: eirif, eiryf, eyryw

Welsh: eirif

desctree

Old Irish: áram, áirem, árem
Middle Irish: áirem
Irish: áireamh
Manx: earroo
Scottish Gaelic: àireamh
⇒ Middle Irish: comáirem
Irish: comhaireamh


ɸaremertom

ɸaremertom (nominative singular)
ɸaremertou (dual nominative)
ɸaremertā (nominative plural)
ɸaremertom (singular vocative)
ɸaremertou (dual vocative)
ɸaremertā (plural vocative)
ɸaremertom (accusative singular)
ɸaremertou (accusative dual)
ɸaremertā (accusative plural)
ɸaremertī (genitive singular)
ɸaremertous (dual genitive)
ɸaremertom (genitive plural)
ɸaremertūi (dative singular)
ɸaremertobom (dative dual)
ɸaremertobos (dative plural)
ɸaremertei (locative singular)
ɸaremertū (instrumental singular)
ɸaremertobim (dual instrumental)
ɸaremertūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *armerθ

Middle Breton: armerhein

Breton: armerzh

Middle Welsh: armerth

Welsh: armerth (obsolete)

Old Irish: airmert

From *ɸare- + Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to allot”) + *-tom (verbal noun suffix), according to Vendryes.
Schumacher prefers *ɸare- + *eni- + *ber- + *-tom.


ognos

ognos (nominative singular)
ognou (dual nominative)
ognoi (nominative plural)
ogne (singular vocative)
ognou (dual vocative)
ognoi (plural vocative)
ognom (accusative singular)
ognou (accusative dual)
ognons (accusative plural)
ognī (genitive singular)
ognous (dual genitive)
ognom (genitive plural)
ognūi (dative singular)
ognobom (dative dual)
ognobos (dative plural)
ognei (locative singular)
ognū (instrumental singular)
ognobim (dual instrumental)
ognūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oɣn

Middle Breton: oen

Breton: oan

Cornish: on

Middle Welsh: oen

Welsh: oen

desctree

Old Irish: úan
Irish: uan
Manx: eayn
Scottish Gaelic: uan

Often connected with Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷnós (“lamb”) but there are multiple phonetic difficulties.
* The initial *o instead of *a is unexpected. Often, influence from *owis (“sheep”) is cited.
* The labiovelar must have been delabialized on the way to Celtic, or else **abnos would have resulted. The delabialization is often assumed to be regular by many scholars without citing another example, while Matasović assumes dissimilation from a byform *owi-gʷnos > *owi-gnos.


dubwiyom

dubwiyom (nominative singular)
dubwiyou (dual nominative)
dubwiyā (nominative plural)
dubwiyom (singular vocative)
dubwiyou (dual vocative)
dubwiyā (plural vocative)
dubwiyom (accusative singular)
dubwiyou (accusative dual)
dubwiyā (accusative plural)
dubwiyī (genitive singular)
dubwiyous (dual genitive)
dubwiyom (genitive plural)
dubwiyūi (dative singular)
dubwiyobom (dative dual)
dubwiyobos (dative plural)
dubwiyei (locative singular)
dubwiyū (instrumental singular)
dubwiyobim (dual instrumental)
dubwiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *düβɨð

Middle Welsh: dyuit, diuyd

Old Irish: dubae
Irish: dubha

From *dus- (“bad”) + *bwiyeti (“to exist”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix).

⇒ Old Irish: Corcu Duibne

Primitive Irish: ᚇᚑᚃᚔᚅᚔᚐ (dovinia), ᚇᚑᚃᚃᚔᚅᚔᚐᚄ (dovvinias) (goddess name)


gʷoros

gʷoros (nominative singular)
gʷorou (dual nominative)
gʷoroi (nominative plural)
gʷore (singular vocative)
gʷorou (dual vocative)
gʷoroi (plural vocative)
gʷorom (accusative singular)
gʷorou (accusative dual)
gʷorons (accusative plural)
gʷorī (genitive singular)
gʷorous (dual genitive)
gʷorom (genitive plural)
gʷorūi (dative singular)
gʷorobom (dative dual)
gʷorobos (dative plural)
gʷorei (locative singular)
gʷorū (instrumental singular)
gʷorobim (dual instrumental)
gʷorūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwor

Middle Breton: gor

Welsh: gôr

Middle Irish: gor

Irish: gor

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰóros (“warming, inflammation”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


kleitā

kleitā (nominative singular)
kleitai (dual nominative)
kleitās (nominative plural)
kleitā (singular vocative)
kleitai (dual vocative)
kleitās (plural vocative)
kleitam (accusative singular)
kleitai (accusative dual)
kleitāns (accusative plural)
kleitās (genitive singular)
kleitous (dual genitive)
kleitom (genitive plural)
kleitāi (dative singular)
kleitābom (dative dual)
kleitābos (dative plural)
kleitai (locative singular)
kleitābim (dual instrumental)
kleitābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: *clēta (“trellis, hurdle”)

→ Early Medieval Latin: clēta (see there for further descendants)

→ Basque: gereta

Middle Irish: clíath

Irish: cliath

Scottish Gaelic: cliath

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kluɨd
Middle Breton: klouet
Old Cornish: cluit
Middle Welsh: clwyt
Welsh: clwyd

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱleytéh₂ (“something leaning”).


enīkʷom

enīkʷom (nominative singular)
enīkʷou (dual nominative)
enīkʷā (nominative plural)
enīkʷom (singular vocative)
enīkʷou (dual vocative)
enīkʷā (plural vocative)
enīkʷom (accusative singular)
enīkʷou (accusative dual)
enīkʷā (accusative plural)
enīkʷī (genitive singular)
enīkʷous (dual genitive)
enīkʷom (genitive plural)
enīkūi (dative singular)
enīkʷobom (dative dual)
enīkʷobos (dative plural)
enīkʷei (locative singular)
enīkū (instrumental singular)
enīkʷobim (dual instrumental)
enīkʷūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *eneb
Old Breton: enep
Middle Breton: enep
Breton: eneb, enep
Old Cornish: eneb
Cornish: enep
Old Welsh: enep
Welsh: wyneb, gwyneb

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa) (in the personal name ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas))

Old Irish: enech, enach, einech
Middle Irish: enech, einech, ainech
Irish: oineach, eineach

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”) + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye, seeing”). The exact shape of the compound is difficult to reconstruct due to various phonetic irregularities in Celtic.
One possible reconstruction for the compound formation is *h₁éni-h₃kʷ-, which leads to *enīkʷ-. However:
* Both Old Irish enech and the Brittonic forms fail to show raising or fronting of the initial vowel except in the Old Irish dative plural form inchaib and the Primitive Irish combining form ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa).
* Brittonic -e- for the second vowel indicates the *-ī- must have been shortened somehow on the way to Brittonic. The lowering to -e- can then be accounted for by assuming derivation from the plural/collective *enīkʷā (note that Old Irish enech is a plurale tantum).
To get around these phonetic problems, *enekʷom can be reconstructed instead, with a derivation *h₁én-h₃ekʷ-, which brings its own host of morphological and phonetic problems:
* Primitive Irish ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa) and Old Irish inchaib would thus have no phonetic source for intiial in-, since there is no high vowel ahead to raise original en- in Matasović's reconstruction.
* Compound formations usually have their second member in the zero grade, not the e-grade, in Indo-European.
* The proposed vowel-harmonization of *enokʷom to *enekʷom is unprecedented in Celtic.


rādos

rādos (nominative singular)
rādou (dual nominative)
rādoi (nominative plural)
rāde (singular vocative)
rādou (dual vocative)
rādoi (plural vocative)
rādom (accusative singular)
rādou (accusative dual)
rādons (accusative plural)
rādī (genitive singular)
rādous (dual genitive)
rādom (genitive plural)
rādūi (dative singular)
rādobom (dative dual)
rādobos (dative plural)
rādei (locative singular)
rādū (instrumental singular)
rādobim (dual instrumental)
rādūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: rád
Irish: rá
Scottish Gaelic: ràdh

From *rādīti + *-os (verbal noun suffix for o-grade causative verbs).


gʷoni

gʷoni (nominative singular)
gʷonī (dual nominative)
gʷonyā (nominative plural)
gʷoni (singular vocative)
gʷonī (dual vocative)
gʷonyā (plural vocative)
gʷoni (accusative singular)
gʷonī (accusative dual)
gʷonyā (accusative plural)
gʷonois (genitive singular)
gʷonois (dual genitive)
gʷonyom (genitive plural)
gʷonei (dative singular)
gʷonibom (dative dual)
gʷonibos (dative plural)
gʷonei (locative singular)
gʷonī (instrumental singular)
gʷonibim (dual instrumental)
gʷonibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwan (“blow, strike”)

Welsh: gwân

desctree

Old Irish: guin
Middle Irish: guin f
Irish: goin
Scottish Gaelic: goin
Manx: guinn

Verbal noun of *gʷaneti. This o-grade i-stem (with the Indo-European o-grade deverbal nominal suffix *-i) would be the only one of its kind in Celtic, which is why Gordon reconstructs zero-grade *gʷani analogous to the present stem *gʷane-.


uɸorgusom

uɸorgusom (nominative singular)
uɸorgusou (dual nominative)
uɸorgusā (nominative plural)
uɸorgusom (singular vocative)
uɸorgusou (dual vocative)
uɸorgusā (plural vocative)
uɸorgusom (accusative singular)
uɸorgusou (accusative dual)
uɸorgusā (accusative plural)
uɸorgusī (genitive singular)
uɸorgusous (dual genitive)
uɸorgusom (genitive plural)
uɸorgusūi (dative singular)
uɸorgusobom (dative dual)
uɸorgusobos (dative plural)
uɸorgusei (locative singular)
uɸorgusū (instrumental singular)
uɸorgusobim (dual instrumental)
uɸorgusūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gworɣuw

Middle Welsh: goreu

Welsh: gorau

Old Irish: forgu, forggu, forgo

From *uɸer- (“over-”) + *-gusom (“choice”).


uɸormentom

uɸormentom (nominative singular)
uɸormentou (dual nominative)
uɸormentā (nominative plural)
uɸormentom (singular vocative)
uɸormentou (dual vocative)
uɸormentā (plural vocative)
uɸormentom (accusative singular)
uɸormentou (accusative dual)
uɸormentā (accusative plural)
uɸormentī (genitive singular)
uɸormentous (dual genitive)
uɸormentom (genitive plural)
uɸormentūi (dative singular)
uɸormentobom (dative dual)
uɸormentobos (dative plural)
uɸormentei (locative singular)
uɸormentū (instrumental singular)
uɸormentobim (dual instrumental)
uɸormentūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gworβ̃ɨnt

Breton: gourvenn

Middle Welsh: gorvynt

Welsh: gorfynt

Old Irish: format
Irish: formad
Scottish Gaelic: farmad


tixtā

tixtā (nominative singular)
tixtai (dual nominative)
tixtās (nominative plural)
tixtā (singular vocative)
tixtai (dual vocative)
tixtās (plural vocative)
tixtam (accusative singular)
tixtai (accusative dual)
tixtāns (accusative plural)
tixtās (genitive singular)
tixtous (dual genitive)
tixtom (genitive plural)
tixtāi (dative singular)
tixtābom (dative dual)
tixtābos (dative plural)
tixtai (locative singular)
tixtābim (dual instrumental)
tixtābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: teith

Middle Welsh: teith

Welsh: taith

Old Irish: techt (see there for further derived terms)
Middle Irish: techt
Irish: teacht
Scottish Gaelic: teachd


wostos

wostos (nominative singular)
wostou (dual nominative)
wostoi (nominative plural)
woste (singular vocative)
wostou (dual vocative)
wostoi (plural vocative)
wostom (accusative singular)
wostou (accusative dual)
wostons (accusative plural)
wostī (genitive singular)
wostous (dual genitive)
wostom (genitive plural)
wostūi (dative singular)
wostobom (dative dual)
wostobos (dative plural)
wostei (locative singular)
wostū (instrumental singular)
wostobim (dual instrumental)
wostūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwas (“abode”)

desc

Old Irish: foss (“being stationary, at rest”)

Classical Gaelic: fos

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wos-tos, from *h₂wes- (“to dwell”). Related to *woseti (“to spend the night”) and *westā (“staying the night”).
Matasović, opting for a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wóstu (more specifically, the alternative reconstruction *wéh₂stu), reconstructs *wastu. His derivation suffers greatly from the fact that no evidence of u-stem inflection exists in Celtic.


lugyom

lugyom (nominative singular)
lugyou (dual nominative)
lugyā (nominative plural)
lugyom (singular vocative)
lugyou (dual vocative)
lugyā (plural vocative)
lugyom (accusative singular)
lugyou (accusative dual)
lugyā (accusative plural)
lugyī (genitive singular)
lugyous (dual genitive)
lugyom (genitive plural)
lugyūi (dative singular)
lugyobom (dative dual)
lugyobos (dative plural)
lugyei (locative singular)
lugyū (instrumental singular)
lugyobim (dual instrumental)
lugyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɣ (with unexplained umlaut or lack thereof between Welsh and Southwestern Brittonic)

⇒ Old Breton: dilu

Middle Welsh: llw

Welsh: llw

Old Irish: lugae

From the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *h₂lewgʰ- suffixed with *-yom (verbal noun suffix).


lorgā

lorgā (nominative singular)
lorgai (dual nominative)
lorgās (nominative plural)
lorgā (singular vocative)
lorgai (dual vocative)
lorgās (plural vocative)
lorgam (accusative singular)
lorgai (accusative dual)
lorgāns (accusative plural)
lorgās (genitive singular)
lorgous (dual genitive)
lorgom (genitive plural)
lorgāi (dative singular)
lorgābom (dative dual)
lorgābos (dative plural)
lorgai (locative singular)
lorgābim (dual instrumental)
lorgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llorɣ

Breton: lorc'henn (“shaft”), lorc'h (“vanity”)

Old Cornish: lorch (“baculus”)

Cornish: lorgh

Middle Welsh: llwry, llory, llyry

Welsh: llorf

Old Irish: lorg

Irish: lorg

Scottish Gaelic: lorg

Manx: lorg

Old Norse lurkr (“club”) (source of Swedish lurk (“lout, boor”)) is related, but it could be a borrowing from Celtic. If so, the Celtic is without Indo-European cognates, and could be ultimately borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.
Pokorny, however, derives both from Proto-Indo-European *lorgā- (“club, stick”), also comparing regional German Lorg, Lork (“mythical giant”)


uɸologos

uɸologos (nominative singular)
uɸologou (dual nominative)
uɸologoi (nominative plural)
uɸologe (singular vocative)
uɸologou (dual vocative)
uɸologoi (plural vocative)
uɸologom (accusative singular)
uɸologou (accusative dual)
uɸologons (accusative plural)
uɸologī (genitive singular)
uɸologous (dual genitive)
uɸologom (genitive plural)
uɸologūi (dative singular)
uɸologobom (dative dual)
uɸologobos (dative plural)
uɸologei (locative singular)
uɸologū (instrumental singular)
uɸologobim (dual instrumental)
uɸologūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoloɣ

Breton: golo (“cover”)

Middle Welsh: golo (noun)

Old Irish: folach

Middle Irish: folach

Irish: folach

Scottish Gaelic: falach

Manx: follagh

From *uɸologīti + *-os (verbal noun suffix for causative verbs).


ɸarausyos

ɸarausyos (nominative singular)
ɸarausyou (dual nominative)
ɸarausyoi (nominative plural)
ɸarausye (singular vocative)
ɸarausyou (dual vocative)
ɸarausyoi (plural vocative)
ɸarausyom (accusative singular)
ɸarausyou (accusative dual)
ɸarausyons (accusative plural)
ɸarausyī (genitive singular)
ɸarausyous (dual genitive)
ɸarausyom (genitive plural)
ɸarausyūi (dative singular)
ɸarausyobom (dative dual)
ɸarausyobos (dative plural)
ɸarausyei (locative singular)
ɸarausyū (instrumental singular)
ɸarausyobim (dual instrumental)
ɸarausyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: arae
Middle Irish: ara
Irish: ara (“temple”)

Gaulish: *Arausios

⇒ Gaulish: *Arausiodūnom

→ Latin: Rausidonem (acc.sg.)

desc

French: Rhodon (“town name in Loir-et-Cher”)

⇒ Gaulish: *Arausiū

→ Latin: Arausiō

→⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *Arausing-

→ French: Orange

From *ɸare- (“before”) + *ausos (“ear”) + *-yos, literally “before the ears”.


atiskʷom

atiskʷom (nominative singular)
atiskʷou (dual nominative)
atiskʷā (nominative plural)
atiskʷom (singular vocative)
atiskʷou (dual vocative)
atiskʷā (plural vocative)
atiskʷom (accusative singular)
atiskʷou (accusative dual)
atiskʷā (accusative plural)
atiskʷī (genitive singular)
atiskʷous (dual genitive)
atiskʷom (genitive plural)
atiskūi (dative singular)
atiskʷobom (dative dual)
atiskʷobos (dative plural)
atiskʷei (locative singular)
atiskū (instrumental singular)
atiskʷobim (dual instrumental)
atiskʷūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *adheb (reformed to e-grade by analogy to the verb)

Middle Welsh: atteb

Welsh: ateb

desctree

Old Irish: aithesc
Irish: aitheasc
Scottish Gaelic: aitheasg

From *ati- (“re-”) + *sekʷeti (“to say”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix for prefixed verbs).


kladyā

kladyā (nominative singular)
kladyai (dual nominative)
kladyās (nominative plural)
kladyā (singular vocative)
kladyai (dual vocative)
kladyās (plural vocative)
kladyam (accusative singular)
kladyai (accusative dual)
kladyāns (accusative plural)
kladyās (genitive singular)
kladyous (dual genitive)
kladyom (genitive plural)
kladyāi (dative singular)
kladyābom (dative dual)
kladyābos (dative plural)
kladyai (locative singular)
kladyābim (dual instrumental)
kladyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: claide

Middle Irish: claide

From *kladeti (“to dig”) + *-yā (verbal noun suffix).


uɸogaisos

uɸogaisos (nominative singular)
uɸogaisou (dual nominative)
uɸogaisoi (nominative plural)
uɸogaise (singular vocative)
uɸogaisou (dual vocative)
uɸogaisoi (plural vocative)
uɸogaisom (accusative singular)
uɸogaisou (accusative dual)
uɸogaisons (accusative plural)
uɸogaisī (genitive singular)
uɸogaisous (dual genitive)
uɸogaisom (genitive plural)
uɸogaisūi (dative singular)
uɸogaisobom (dative dual)
uɸogaisobos (dative plural)
uɸogaisei (locative singular)
uɸogaisū (instrumental singular)
uɸogaisobim (dual instrumental)
uɸogaisūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoɣoɨw

Old Breton: guugoiou

Middle Breton: goa

Breton: goaf

Old Cornish: hoch-wuyu

Middle Cornish: gu

Cornish: guw

Middle Welsh: gwaew

Welsh: gwayw

Old Irish: fogae

Middle Irish: foga

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *gaisos (“spear”), literally “under-spear”.


kʷast-

Proto-Brythonic: *pas

Middle Breton: pas

Breton: paz

Cornish: pas

Middle Welsh: pas

Welsh: pas

Goidelic:

⇒ Classical Gaelic: cosachtach

⇒ Irish: casachtach, casacht

⇒ Manx: cassaght

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: casachd, casad

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”) suffixed with either *-tós or *-tus.


mlastos

Proto-Brythonic: *blas m

Middle Breton: blas, blaz

desc

Breton: blas (“taste, tastiness; (bad) smell”)

Middle Cornish: blas

Cornish: blas

Middle Welsh: blas

Welsh: blas (“taste, flavor”)

desctree

Old Irish: mlas ? (“taste”)
Middle Irish: blas
Irish: blas
Manx: blass
Scottish Gaelic: blas

Uncertain; possibly cognate Czech mlsati (“to lick”), Russian молса́ть (molsátʹ, “to suck”), Polish pomłoski (“tidbit”), presuming a Proto-Indo-European *mels- root, however, the expected outcome of *ml̥s-tó-s would be *malstos, requiring liquid metathesis, or, perhaps, a special rule, to arrive at *mlastos.


klokkos

klokkos (nominative singular)
klokkou (dual nominative)
klokkoi (nominative plural)
klokke (singular vocative)
klokkou (dual vocative)
klokkoi (plural vocative)
klokkom (accusative singular)
klokkou (accusative dual)
klokkons (accusative plural)
klokkī (genitive singular)
klokkous (dual genitive)
klokkom (genitive plural)
klokkūi (dative singular)
klokkobom (dative dual)
klokkobos (dative plural)
klokkei (locative singular)
klokkū (instrumental singular)
klokkobim (dual instrumental)
klokkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *klox

Middle Breton: cloch

Breton: kloc'h

Old Cornish: kloch

Middle Welsh: cloch

Welsh: cloch

Old Irish: cloc (see there for further descendants)

onomatopoeic

imitative


saltrom

saltrom (nominative singular)
saltrou (dual nominative)
saltrā (nominative plural)
saltrom (singular vocative)
saltrou (dual vocative)
saltrā (plural vocative)
saltrom (accusative singular)
saltrou (accusative dual)
saltrā (accusative plural)
saltrī (genitive singular)
saltrous (dual genitive)
saltrom (genitive plural)
saltrūi (dative singular)
saltrobom (dative dual)
saltrobos (dative plural)
saltrei (locative singular)
saltrū (instrumental singular)
saltrobim (dual instrumental)
saltrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *salθr

Middle Breton: sautr, saotr (“dirty”)

Breton: saotr (“dirty”)

Middle Welsh: sathr, sathyr

From *sel- (“to jump”) + *-trom, but the -a- is unexplained.


gʷonos

gʷonos (nominative singular)
gʷonou (dual nominative)
gʷonoi (nominative plural)
gʷone (singular vocative)
gʷonou (dual vocative)
gʷonoi (plural vocative)
gʷonom (accusative singular)
gʷonou (accusative dual)
gʷonons (accusative plural)
gʷonī (genitive singular)
gʷonous (dual genitive)
gʷonom (genitive plural)
gʷonūi (dative singular)
gʷonobom (dative dual)
gʷonobos (dative plural)
gʷonei (locative singular)
gʷonū (instrumental singular)
gʷonobim (dual instrumental)
gʷonūis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰonós, derived from the root *gʷʰen- (“to strike down”).


magotaxtā

magotaxtā (nominative singular)
magotaxtai (dual nominative)
magotaxtās (nominative plural)
magotaxtā (singular vocative)
magotaxtai (dual vocative)
magotaxtās (plural vocative)
magotaxtam (accusative singular)
magotaxtai (accusative dual)
magotaxtāns (accusative plural)
magotaxtās (genitive singular)
magotaxtous (dual genitive)
magotaxtom (genitive plural)
magotaxtāi (dative singular)
magotaxtābom (dative dual)
magotaxtābos (dative plural)
magotaxtai (locative singular)
magotaxtābim (dual instrumental)
magotaxtābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maxdaɨθ

Breton: matez (“female servant”)

Old Cornish: mahtheid

Middle Cornish: maghteth, maghtyth

Cornish: maithes

Middle Welsh: machteith, machdaith

Old Irish: macdacht

Middle Irish: macdacht, maccdacht

Best related to Proto-Germanic *magaþs (“girl”).


tlustus

tlustus (nominative singular)
tlustū (dual nominative)
tlustowes (nominative plural)
tlustu (singular vocative)
tlustū (dual vocative)
tlustūs (plural vocative)
tlustum (accusative singular)
tlustū (accusative dual)
tlustuns (accusative plural)
tlustous (genitive singular)
tlustous (dual genitive)
tlustowom (genitive plural)
tlustou (dative singular)
tlustubom (dative dual)
tlustubos (dative plural)
tlustū (instrumental singular)
tlustubim (dual instrumental)
tlustubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tlus

Middle Welsh: tlws, tlus

Welsh: tlws

Middle Irish: tlus

Of uncertain etymology.
* Vendryes relates this to *tlinati (“to take away”), by which this word would be broken down into *tl-u-stus.
* Matasović attempts to relate this to Latin locus (“place”) by reconstructing *tloxstus, which is complicated by the vowel of Welsh tlws, forcing him to assume that the Welsh word was borrowed from Irish.


ɸitulandā

ɸitulandā (nominative singular)
ɸitulandai (dual nominative)
ɸitulandās (nominative plural)
ɸitulandā (singular vocative)
ɸitulandai (dual vocative)
ɸitulandās (plural vocative)
ɸitulandam (accusative singular)
ɸitulandai (accusative dual)
ɸitulandāns (accusative plural)
ɸitulandās (genitive singular)
ɸitulandous (dual genitive)
ɸitulandom (genitive plural)
ɸitulandāi (dative singular)
ɸitulandābom (dative dual)
ɸitulandābos (dative plural)
ɸitulandai (locative singular)
ɸitulandābim (dual instrumental)
ɸitulandābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨdlann

Old Welsh: itlann

Middle Welsh: ydlan, ytlan

Welsh: ydlan

Old Irish: ithland

Middle Irish: ithlann, ithla, ithlu

Irish: iothlainn

Scottish Gaelic: iodhlann

Manx: uhllin

From *ɸitu (“grain”) + *landā (“area, space”).


kʷritus

kʷritus (nominative singular)
kʷritū (dual nominative)
kʷritowes (nominative plural)
kʷritu (singular vocative)
kʷritū (dual vocative)
kʷritūs (plural vocative)
kʷritum (accusative singular)
kʷritū (accusative dual)
kʷrituns (accusative plural)
kʷritous (genitive singular)
kʷritous (dual genitive)
kʷritowom (genitive plural)
kʷritou (dative singular)
kʷritubom (dative dual)
kʷritubos (dative plural)
kʷritū (instrumental singular)
kʷritubim (dual instrumental)
kʷritubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *prɨd

Old Cornish: prit

Middle Cornish: prys

Middle Breton: pret

Breton: pred

Middle Welsh: pryd, pryt

Welsh: pryd (“form, time”)

desctree

Old Irish: cruth (“form”), crud
Irish: cruth
Manx: croo
Scottish Gaelic: cruth

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- + *-tus.


gʷerets

gʷerets (nominative singular)
gʷerets (singular vocative)
gʷeretam (accusative singular)
gʷeretos (genitive singular)
gʷeretei (dative singular)
gʷereti (locative singular)
gʷerete? (instrumental singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwer

Middle Welsh: gwer

Welsh: gwêr

Middle Irish: geir

Irish: geir

Manx: geirr

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“to heat, warm”) (whence also *gʷereti) + *-ets, but Matasović struggles to understand the semantics of such a derivation.


sɸelgā

sɸelgā (nominative singular)
sɸelgai (dual nominative)
sɸelgās (nominative plural)
sɸelgā (singular vocative)
sɸelgai (dual vocative)
sɸelgās (plural vocative)
sɸelgam (accusative singular)
sɸelgai (accusative dual)
sɸelgāns (accusative plural)
sɸelgās (genitive singular)
sɸelgous (dual genitive)
sɸelgom (genitive plural)
sɸelgāi (dative singular)
sɸelgābom (dative dual)
sɸelgābos (dative plural)
sɸelgai (locative singular)
sɸelgābim (dual instrumental)
sɸelgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: felch

Breton: felc'h

Middle Irish: selg (“spleen”)

Classical Gaelic: sealg (“spleen”)

Generally related to Ancient Greek σπλήν (splḗn), Latin liēn, Sanskrit प्लीहन् (plīhán) Lithuanian blužnis, Proto-Slavic *selzenь, Old Armenian փայծաղն (pʻaycałn), and Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬥- (spər^əzan-), but a Proto-Indo-European root is hard to determine due irregular sound correspondences (presumed due to taboo).


makkos

makkos (nominative singular)
makkou (dual nominative)
makkoi (nominative plural)
makke (singular vocative)
makkou (dual vocative)
makkoi (plural vocative)
makkom (accusative singular)
makkou (accusative dual)
makkons (accusative plural)
makkī (genitive singular)
makkous (dual genitive)
makkom (genitive plural)
makkūi (dative singular)
makkobom (dative dual)
makkobos (dative plural)
makkei (locative singular)
makkū (instrumental singular)
makkobim (dual instrumental)
makkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *max

Old Breton: meic pl

Middle Welsh: mach

Welsh: mach

Old Irish: macc (“surety”)

Uncertain. Stifter reconstructs *magʰ-kos, derived from the root *magʰ- (“to be able”).


wrigants

wrigants (nominative singular)
wrigante (dual nominative)
wrigantes (nominative plural)
wrigants (singular vocative)
wrigante (dual vocative)
wrigantes (plural vocative)
wrigantam (accusative singular)
wrigante (accusative dual)
wrigantans (accusative plural)
wrigantos (genitive singular)
wrigantou (dual genitive)
wrigantom (genitive plural)
wrigantei (dative singular)
wrigantobom (dative dual)
wrigantobos (dative plural)
wriganti (locative singular)
wrigante? (instrumental singular)
wrigantobim (dual instrumental)
wrigantobis (instrumental plural)
*wriggant- (alternative)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwreɣ

desc

Middle Breton: gruech (with devoicing due to secondary strengthening)

Breton: gwrec'h

Middle Welsh: gwre

Welsh: gwreinyn, gwraint

Middle Irish: frige (“flesh-worm”), frigde

Irish: fríd

Scottish Gaelic: frìde (“a ringworm”)

→ Latin: (Gallo-Latin) brigantēs

Unknown. Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis (“worm”), but Matasović dismisses the similarity as “probably accidental” and instead suggests a non-Indo-European substrate. Less supported possibilities include Proto-Indo-European *werg- (“to suffer”) and *wreyḱ- (“to bend, twist”).


kamulā

kamulā (nominative singular)
kamulai (dual nominative)
kamulās (nominative plural)
kamulā (singular vocative)
kamulai (dual vocative)
kamulās (plural vocative)
kamulam (accusative singular)
kamulai (accusative dual)
kamulāns (accusative plural)
kamulās (genitive singular)
kamulous (dual genitive)
kamulom (genitive plural)
kamulāi (dative singular)
kamulābom (dative dual)
kamulābos (dative plural)
kamulai (locative singular)
kamulābim (dual instrumental)
kamulābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: cumal
Irish: cumhal

desc

Gaulish: Καμουλα (Kamoula, female given name)

→ Latin: Camula


kamulos

kamulos (nominative singular)
kamulou (dual nominative)
kamuloi (nominative plural)
kamule (singular vocative)
kamulou (dual vocative)
kamuloi (plural vocative)
kamulom (accusative singular)
kamulou (accusative dual)
kamulons (accusative plural)
kamulī (genitive singular)
kamulous (dual genitive)
kamulom (genitive plural)
kamulūi (dative singular)
kamulobom (dative dual)
kamulobos (dative plural)
kamulei (locative singular)
kamulū (instrumental singular)
kamulobim (dual instrumental)
kamulūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: cumall (“champion”)

Gaulish: *camulos

⇒ Gaulish: Andecamulos

⇒ Gaulish: Camuledu

→ Latin: Camulus, Camalus

→⇒ Latin: Camulorix

→⇒ Latin: Camulaeus

→⇒ Latin: Camulatus

→⇒ Latin: Camulata

→⇒ Latin: Camulinus

→⇒ Latin: Camulixus

→⇒ Latin: Camuloriga

→⇒ Latin: Camulogenus

→⇒ Latin: Camulognata

→⇒ Latin: Camolia

French: Chamouille

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱemh₂- (“to exert oneself, get tired”), a root also appearing in Middle Irish cuma (“trouble”) and Ancient Greek κάμνω (kámnō, “to toil, get tired”).


gritus

gritus (nominative singular)
gritū (dual nominative)
gritowes (nominative plural)
gritu (singular vocative)
gritū (dual vocative)
gritūs (plural vocative)
gritum (accusative singular)
gritū (accusative dual)
grituns (accusative plural)
gritous (genitive singular)
gritous (dual genitive)
gritowom (genitive plural)
gritou (dative singular)
gritubom (dative dual)
gritubos (dative plural)
gritū (instrumental singular)
gritubim (dual instrumental)
gritubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *grɨd

Middle Welsh: gryd

Old Irish: grith

Middle Irish: grith

Contains the suffix *-tus.
Irslinger derives this from Proto-Indo-European *ǵar- (“to shout, call”), but if this root is reocnstructed with a laryngeal like as *ǵeh₂r-, this comparison becomes impossible (*gartus and not *gritus would have resulted).


lexstus

lexstus (nominative singular)
lexstū (dual nominative)
lexstowes (nominative plural)
lexstu (singular vocative)
lexstū (dual vocative)
lexstūs (plural vocative)
lexstum (accusative singular)
lexstū (accusative dual)
lexstuns (accusative plural)
lexstous (genitive singular)
lexstous (dual genitive)
lexstowom (genitive plural)
lexstou (dative singular)
lexstubom (dative dual)
lexstubos (dative plural)
lexstū (instrumental singular)
lexstubim (dual instrumental)
lexstubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lles

Old Cornish: les

Old Welsh: les

Middle Welsh: lles

Welsh: lles

desctree

Old Irish: less, les
Irish: leas
Manx: lhiass
Scottish Gaelic: leas

Derived by Irslinger from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lék-s-tus (“protection”), from the root *h₂lek- (“to protect”).
An old etymology suggested by Stokes and followed by Pedersen derives the Celtic words from what is now reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”), similar to Proto-Slavic *plodъ (“fruit”). However, the advent of laryngeal theory makes this etymology impossible, and Irslinger criticizes this derivation for having an unclear suffixation process.


uɸoskātu

uɸoskātu (nominative singular)
uɸoskātū (dual nominative)
uɸoskātwā (nominative plural)
uɸoskātu (singular vocative)
uɸoskātū (dual vocative)
uɸoskātwā (plural vocative)
uɸoskātu (accusative singular)
uɸoskātū (accusative dual)
uɸoskātwā (accusative plural)
uɸoskātous (genitive singular)
uɸoskātous (dual genitive)
uɸoskātowom (genitive plural)
uɸoskātou (dative singular)
uɸoskātubom (dative dual)
uɸoskātubos (dative plural)
uɸoskātū (instrumental singular)
uɸoskātubim (dual instrumental)
uɸoskātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoskọd

Old Breton: guascotou pl

Middle Breton: goasquet

Breton: gwasked

Cornish: goskes

Middle Welsh: gwasgawt

Welsh: gwasgod

Old Irish: foscad
Irish: foscadh, fascadh (Galway, Ulster)
Manx: fastee
Scottish Gaelic: fasgadh

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *skātu (“shade, shadow”).


krenxtus

krenxtus (nominative singular)
krenxtū (dual nominative)
krenxtowes (nominative plural)
krenxtu (singular vocative)
krenxtū (dual vocative)
krenxtūs (plural vocative)
krenxtum (accusative singular)
krenxtū (accusative dual)
krenxtuns (accusative plural)
krenxtous (genitive singular)
krenxtous (dual genitive)
krenxtowom (genitive plural)
krenxtou (dative singular)
krenxtubom (dative dual)
krenxtubos (dative plural)
krenxtū (instrumental singular)
krenxtubim (dual instrumental)
krenxtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kreɨθ

Old Breton: creithi pl

Middle Breton: creizenn

Breton: kleizhenn

Middle Welsh: creith, creyt

Welsh: craith

Old Irish: crécht

Middle Irish: crécht

Irish: créacht

Scottish Gaelic: creuchd

Unknown; Matasović gives no etymology.
Irslinger notes a few previous old suggestions:
* Pedersen relates this to Lithuanian krekti (“to clot”), present stem kreñk-, but the -n- is a nasal infix, being unhelpful in providing a source for the -n- needed to produce the long vowel in Irish créacht, a noun.
* Lane (1937) relates this to Proto-Germanic *skrinkwaną (“to shrink”).


durnos

durnos (nominative singular)
durnou (dual nominative)
durnoi (nominative plural)
durne (singular vocative)
durnou (dual vocative)
durnoi (plural vocative)
durnom (accusative singular)
durnou (accusative dual)
durnons (accusative plural)
durnī (genitive singular)
durnous (dual genitive)
durnom (genitive plural)
durnūi (dative singular)
durnobom (dative dual)
durnobos (dative plural)
durnei (locative singular)
durnū (instrumental singular)
durnobim (dual instrumental)
durnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *durn

Old Breton: durn

Breton: dorn

Cornish: dorn

Middle Welsh: dwrn

Welsh: dwrn

desctree

Old Irish: dorn
Middle Irish: dorn
Irish: dorn
Scottish Gaelic: dòrn
Manx: doarn

Gaulish: Dago-durnus (placename)

→ Latin: Durnovaria (?)

Probably loaned from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Pokorny, however, compares Latvian dūre (“fist”).


mlixtus

mlixtus (nominative singular)
mlixtū (dual nominative)
mlixtowes (nominative plural)
mlixtu (singular vocative)
mlixtū (dual vocative)
mlixtūs (plural vocative)
mlixtum (accusative singular)
mlixtū (accusative dual)
mlixtuns (accusative plural)
mlixtous (genitive singular)
mlixtous (dual genitive)
mlixtowom (genitive plural)
mlixtou (dative singular)
mlixtubom (dative dual)
mlixtubos (dative plural)
mlixtū (instrumental singular)
mlixtubim (dual instrumental)
mlixtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bliθ

Middle Welsh: blith

Welsh: blith

Middle Irish: blicht (“milk yield”)

Irish: bleacht

From *mligeti (“to milk”) + *-tus (action noun suffix).


nāwā

nāwā (nominative singular)
nāwai (dual nominative)
nāwās (nominative plural)
nāwā (singular vocative)
nāwai (dual vocative)
nāwās (plural vocative)
nāwam (accusative singular)
nāwai (accusative dual)
nāwāns (accusative plural)
nāwās (genitive singular)
nāwous (dual genitive)
nāwom (genitive plural)
nāwāi (dative singular)
nāwābom (dative dual)
nāwābos (dative plural)
nāwai (locative singular)
nāwābim (dual instrumental)
nāwābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: nau
Middle Irish: nó, nóe
Irish: nae

Celtiberian: *nāuā (“valley”)

→⇒ Latin: Cadarnavaegium

Spanish: Navahermosa (calqued)

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“boat”), albeit with a shift to the *ā-stems.


dwīnowVts

dwīnowūts (nominative singular)
dwīnowote (dual nominative)
dwīnowotes (nominative plural)
dwīnowūts (singular vocative)
dwīnowote (dual vocative)
dwīnowotes (plural vocative)
dwīnowotam (accusative singular)
dwīnowote (accusative dual)
dwīnowotans (accusative plural)
dwīnowotos (genitive singular)
dwīnowotou (dual genitive)
dwīnowotom (genitive plural)
dwīnowotei (dative singular)
dwīnowotobom (dative dual)
dwīnowotobos (dative plural)
dwīnowoti (locative singular)
dwīnowote? (instrumental singular)
dwīnowotobim (dual instrumental)
dwīnowotobis (instrumental plural)
dwīnowets (nominative singular)
dwīnowete (dual nominative)
dwīnowetes (nominative plural)
dwīnowets (singular vocative)
dwīnowete (dual vocative)
dwīnowetes (plural vocative)
dwīnowetam (accusative singular)
dwīnowete (accusative dual)
dwīnowetans (accusative plural)
dwīnowetos (genitive singular)
dwīnowetou (dual genitive)
dwīnowetom (genitive plural)
dwīnowetei (dative singular)
dwīnowetobom (dative dual)
dwīnowetobos (dative plural)
dwīnoweti (locative singular)
dwīnowete? (instrumental singular)
dwīnowetobim (dual instrumental)
dwīnowetobis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Old Cornish: deneuoit

desc

Middle Welsh: dynauet, dynaguet, dinavet, dinawet, dinewyt

Welsh: dyniawed, dynawed, dyniewed

Old Irish: dínu

Two possibilities exist:
* According to Schumacher, from a compound Proto-Indo-European *dw-iHno-wet-s from the root of *dwóh₁ (“two”) and the root *wet- (“year”) meaning "two-year-old".
* Alternatively, if *dīnunts is reconstructed instead, it can be related to Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle”), whence also *dinīti (“to suckle”).


onkos

onkos (nominative singular)
onkou (dual nominative)
onkoi (nominative plural)
onke (singular vocative)
onkou (dual vocative)
onkoi (plural vocative)
onkom (accusative singular)
onkou (accusative dual)
onkons (accusative plural)
onkī (genitive singular)
onkous (dual genitive)
onkom (genitive plural)
onkūi (dative singular)
onkobom (dative dual)
onkobos (dative plural)
onkei (locative singular)
onkū (instrumental singular)
onkobim (dual instrumental)
onkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *unk

Middle Welsh: wng, wg, ug

desctree

Old Irish: oc, ac
Middle Irish: oc
Irish: ag
Manx: ec
Scottish Gaelic: aig

If Matasović is right in relating this to *annketi (“to reach”), this would be from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ-, albeit with the vowel in the wrong spot (analogical to the verb?).


orgenā

orgenā (nominative singular)
orgenai (dual nominative)
orgenās (nominative plural)
orgenā (singular vocative)
orgenai (dual vocative)
orgenās (plural vocative)
orgenam (accusative singular)
orgenai (accusative dual)
orgenāns (accusative plural)
orgenās (genitive singular)
orgenous (dual genitive)
orgenom (genitive plural)
orgenāi (dative singular)
orgenābom (dative dual)
orgenābos (dative plural)
orgenai (locative singular)
orgenābim (dual instrumental)
orgenābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: orcun
Middle Irish: orcan, organ, argan
Irish: argain

→⇒ Latin: Orgeno (Gaulish theonym)

desc

→⇒ Latin: Orgenomesquī (name of a Cantabrian tribe, literally “drunk on slaughter”)

From a feminine substantivization of a *-nós verbal adjective built to the present stem *orge/o- of *orgeti.


ogmos

ogmos (nominative singular)
ogmou (dual nominative)
ogmoi (nominative plural)
ogme (singular vocative)
ogmou (dual vocative)
ogmoi (plural vocative)
ogmom (accusative singular)
ogmou (accusative dual)
ogmons (accusative plural)
ogmī (genitive singular)
ogmous (dual genitive)
ogmom (genitive plural)
ogmūi (dative singular)
ogmobom (dative dual)
ogmobos (dative plural)
ogmei (locative singular)
ogmū (instrumental singular)
ogmobim (dual instrumental)
ogmūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: ogum

Middle Irish: ogam

Irish: ogham

→ English: Ogham

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂óǵmos, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄγμος (ógmos) and Sanskrit अज्म (ajma).


beruros

beruros (nominative singular)
berurou (dual nominative)
beruroi (nominative plural)
berure (singular vocative)
berurou (dual vocative)
beruroi (plural vocative)
berurom (accusative singular)
berurou (accusative dual)
berurons (accusative plural)
berurī (genitive singular)
berurous (dual genitive)
berurom (genitive plural)
berurūi (dative singular)
berurobom (dative dual)
berurobos (dative plural)
berurei (locative singular)
berurū (instrumental singular)
berurobim (dual instrumental)
berurūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *berur

Old Breton: beror

Middle Breton: beler

Breton: beler

Old Cornish: beler

Middle Cornish: beler

Cornish: beler (collective), beleren (singulative)

Middle Welsh: berwr, berỽr, berw

Welsh: berwr, berw

Old Irish: birar

Middle Irish: birar, biror, bilar, bilur

Irish: biolar

Manx: burley

Scottish Gaelic: biolair

Gaulish: berulā

→ Latin: berula

Franco-Provençal: berlo

French: berle

→ Spanish: (from a Celtiberian or Gaulish source) berro, berraza

Traditionally taken as a derivative of *berus (“spring, source of water”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, brew”).
Stifter, believing that Classical Gaelic bior was a fanciful neologism back-formed from other words like inber (“river mouth”), instead prefers a direct derivation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₁wr̥ (“spring, source”), more specifically as a vṛddhi derivative which can be rendered as pseudo-PIE *bʰerh₁urós.


komberos

komberos (nominative singular)
komberou (dual nominative)
komberoi (nominative plural)
kombere (singular vocative)
komberou (dual vocative)
komberoi (plural vocative)
komberom (accusative singular)
komberou (accusative dual)
komberons (accusative plural)
komberī (genitive singular)
komberous (dual genitive)
komberom (genitive plural)
komberūi (dative singular)
komberobom (dative dual)
komberobos (dative plural)
komberei (locative singular)
komberū (instrumental singular)
komberobim (dual instrumental)
komberūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: kember

→ French: Quimper

Cornish: kemper

Old Welsh: cimer

Middle Welsh: cimer, kimer

Welsh: cymer

Middle Irish: commar, commor

Irish: cumar

Scottish Gaelic: comar

Gaulish: *comberos

→ Latin: combrus

Old French: combre

desctree

⇒ Old French: encombrer
French: encombrer
→ Middle English: encombren
English: encumber
→ Middle English: combren
English: cumber

Prefixed with *kom-.
Usually related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to brew”), but the absence of -w- cannot be satisfactorily explained if that root is the origin. Stifter dismisses such a connection.

der

soparIrish: tobarManx: tubbyrScottish Gaelic: tobar

A place where river water brews up, such as:


uɸoberā

uɸoberā (nominative singular)
uɸoberai (dual nominative)
uɸoberās (nominative plural)
uɸoberā (singular vocative)
uɸoberai (dual vocative)
uɸoberās (plural vocative)
uɸoberam (accusative singular)
uɸoberai (accusative dual)
uɸoberāns (accusative plural)
uɸoberās (genitive singular)
uɸoberous (dual genitive)
uɸoberom (genitive plural)
uɸoberāi (dative singular)
uɸoberābom (dative dual)
uɸoberābos (dative plural)
uɸoberai (locative singular)
uɸoberābim (dual instrumental)
uɸoberābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoβ̃er

Middle Breton: gouher, gouver

Breton: gouer, gouver

Old Cornish: guuer

Middle Welsh: gouer

Welsh: gofer

Middle Irish: fobar (“well, spring”)

Irish: fobhar

Gaulish: *uabera

desc

→ French: Vaivre, Vavre, Voivre, Vaure, Woëvre, Vabre, Vèvre, Vesvres, Lavaur

→ German: Waber

Prefixed with *uɸo-, see *komberos for further etymology and related terms.


satyos

satyos (nominative singular)
satyou (dual nominative)
satyoi (nominative plural)
satye (singular vocative)
satyou (dual vocative)
satyoi (plural vocative)
satyom (accusative singular)
satyou (accusative dual)
satyons (accusative plural)
satyī (genitive singular)
satyous (dual genitive)
satyom (genitive plural)
satyūi (dative singular)
satyobom (dative dual)
satyobos (dative plural)
satyei (locative singular)
satyū (instrumental singular)
satyobim (dual instrumental)
satyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hėd

Middle Breton: het

Breton: hed

Middle Welsh: heyd, heyt, heid, heit

Welsh: haid

Old Irish: saithe

Middle Irish: saithe

Irish: saithe

Scottish Gaelic: saithe

Matasović notes two possible roots this could be derived from: either Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow”) or Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate”). Derivation from *seh₂- was popularized by Calvert Watkins.


lustā

lustā (nominative singular)
lustai (dual nominative)
lustās (nominative plural)
lustā (singular vocative)
lustai (dual vocative)
lustās (plural vocative)
lustam (accusative singular)
lustai (accusative dual)
lustāns (accusative plural)
lustās (genitive singular)
lustous (dual genitive)
lustom (genitive plural)
lustāi (dative singular)
lustābom (dative dual)
lustābos (dative plural)
lustai (locative singular)
lustābim (dual instrumental)
lustābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llost

Breton: lost

Middle Cornish: lost

Cornish: lost

Middle Welsh: llost

Welsh: llost

Middle Irish: los

Scottish Gaelic: los (“purpose”)

The usual etymology derives this from Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to cut off”) whence also Proto-Germanic *leusaną (“to lose”) and Old Norse ljósta (“to strike”), but Matasović refuses to accept this derivation.


ɸreimos

ɸreimos (nominative singular)
ɸreimou (dual nominative)
ɸreimoi (nominative plural)
ɸreime (singular vocative)
ɸreimou (dual vocative)
ɸreimoi (plural vocative)
ɸreimom (accusative singular)
ɸreimou (accusative dual)
ɸreimons (accusative plural)
ɸreimī (genitive singular)
ɸreimous (dual genitive)
ɸreimom (genitive plural)
ɸreimūi (dative singular)
ɸreimobom (dative dual)
ɸreimobos (dative plural)
ɸreimei (locative singular)
ɸreimū (instrumental singular)
ɸreimobim (dual instrumental)
ɸreimūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rruɨβ̃

Middle Breton: roe

Breton: roue

Old Cornish: ruif, ruy

Middle Welsh: rhwyf, ruif

Welsh: rhwyf

Gaulish: *rēmos

→ Latin: Rēmī (name of a Gaulish tribe)

French: Reims

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *préy (“before, at”).


ɸanssā

ɸanssā (nominative singular)
ɸanssai (dual nominative)
ɸanssās (nominative plural)
ɸanssā (singular vocative)
ɸanssai (dual vocative)
ɸanssās (plural vocative)
ɸanssam (accusative singular)
ɸanssai (accusative dual)
ɸanssāns (accusative plural)
ɸanssās (genitive singular)
ɸanssous (dual genitive)
ɸanssom (genitive plural)
ɸanssāi (dative singular)
ɸanssābom (dative dual)
ɸanssābos (dative plural)
ɸanssai (locative singular)
ɸanssābim (dual instrumental)
ɸanssābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: és (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Latin: Ad Ansam (place name in ancient Britain; from a Brittonic source)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out”) by Matasović. Others have suggested a derivation from *pent- (“to pass, path”).


kennos

kennos (nominative singular)
kennou (dual nominative)
kennoi (nominative plural)
kenne (singular vocative)
kennou (dual vocative)
kennoi (plural vocative)
kennom (accusative singular)
kennou (accusative dual)
kennons (accusative plural)
kennī (genitive singular)
kennous (dual genitive)
kennom (genitive plural)
kennūi (dative singular)
kennobom (dative dual)
kennobos (dative plural)
kennei (locative singular)
kennū (instrumental singular)
kennobim (dual instrumental)
kennūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kenn

Old Breton: cennen

Breton: kenn

desc

<i class="Latn mention" lang="mul">Murex</i> snail dye

Old Welsh: ceenn (“Murex snail dye”)

Middle Welsh: cen, ken (“skin, animal scale”)

Welsh: cen

Old Irish: cenn f (“covering”), cenne m

⇒ Irish: scannán (“film”)

May be related to Proto-Germanic *skinþą (“skin, peel”).


branesā

branesā (nominative singular)
branesai (dual nominative)
branesās (nominative plural)
branesā (singular vocative)
branesai (dual vocative)
branesās (plural vocative)
branesam (accusative singular)
branesai (accusative dual)
branesāns (accusative plural)
branesās (genitive singular)
branesous (dual genitive)
branesom (genitive plural)
branesāi (dative singular)
branesābom (dative dual)
branesābos (dative plural)
branesai (locative singular)
branesābim (dual instrumental)
branesābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brėni

⇒ Old Cornish: brenniat (“man on the prow”) (with agent suffix)

Old Welsh: breni

Middle Welsh: breni

Old Irish: braine

Middle Irish: braine

Irish: braine

Uncertain; if the Old Cornish -nn- does not represent a geminate, this word could be a figurative derivative of *branos (“raven”). Vendryes rejects cognacy with Old Norse brandr and Latin frōns.
For the semantics of a bird name being used for a ship part, compare English crow's nest and Latin corvus.


longestā

longestā (nominative singular)
longestai (dual nominative)
longestās (nominative plural)
longestā (singular vocative)
longestai (dual vocative)
longestās (plural vocative)
longestam (accusative singular)
longestai (accusative dual)
longestāns (accusative plural)
longestās (genitive singular)
longestous (dual genitive)
longestom (genitive plural)
longestāi (dative singular)
longestābom (dative dual)
longestābos (dative plural)
longestai (locative singular)
longestābim (dual instrumental)
longestābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llunges

Middle Welsh: llyghes, llynghes

Welsh: llynges

Old Irish: longas (“fleet, exile”)

Middle Irish: loinges

Irish: loingeas

Manx: lhuingys

Scottish Gaelic: loingeas

Derivative of *longā (“boat, vessel”). The apparent antiquity of this word (given its shared presence in both Welsh and Irish) is taken by Stifter as a sign that the base word was unlikely to be borrowed from Latin.


ɸrobert-

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: rebirthi

Middle Breton: reverziou (pl.)

Breton: reverzhi

Middle Welsh: rhyferthi, rhyferthwy

Welsh: rhyferthwy

desctree

Old Irish: robartae
Middle Irish: robarta
Irish: rabharta
Scottish Gaelic: rabhart
Manx: roayrt

Stifter resorts to a derivation from effectively *ɸro- (“before”) + *bereti (“to carry”).


dāmos

dāmos (nominative singular)
dāmou (dual nominative)
dāmoi (nominative plural)
dāme (singular vocative)
dāmou (dual vocative)
dāmoi (plural vocative)
dāmom (accusative singular)
dāmou (accusative dual)
dāmons (accusative plural)
dāmī (genitive singular)
dāmous (dual genitive)
dāmom (genitive plural)
dāmūi (dative singular)
dāmobom (dative dual)
dāmobos (dative plural)
dāmei (locative singular)
dāmū (instrumental singular)
dāmobim (dual instrumental)
dāmūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dọβ̃ (“client, son-in-law”)
Middle Breton: deuff
Breton: deuñv
Old Cornish: dof
Middle Cornish: def, duf
Cornish: deuv
Old Welsh: dauu, daum
Middle Welsh: daw

From Proto-Indo-European *dōm-o-s (“belonging to the house”), a vṛddhi derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dom-o-s, thematized form of *dṓm (“house, home”).


doliskos

doliskos (nominative singular)
doliskou (dual nominative)
doliskoi (nominative plural)
doliske (singular vocative)
doliskou (dual vocative)
doliskoi (plural vocative)
doliskom (accusative singular)
doliskou (accusative dual)
doliskons (accusative plural)
doliskī (genitive singular)
doliskous (dual genitive)
doliskom (genitive plural)
doliskūi (dative singular)
doliskobom (dative dual)
doliskobos (dative plural)
doliskei (locative singular)
doliskū (instrumental singular)
doliskobim (dual instrumental)
doliskūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dölɨsk

desc

Breton: tellesk (with irregular devoicing of the initial consonant)

Middle Welsh: delysc, dilysc

Welsh: delysg

Old Irish: duilesc (normalized), duilix (attested in Laws with metathesis)

Middle Irish: duilesc

Irish: duileasc

→ English: dulse, dilisk

From *dol- (“leaf”) + Proto-Indo-European *-(i)skos.

suf

edible seaweed of the species Palmaria palmata: dulse, dilisk


dolinyā

dolinyā (nominative singular)
dolinyai (dual nominative)
dolinyās (nominative plural)
dolinyā (singular vocative)
dolinyai (dual vocative)
dolinyās (plural vocative)
dolinyam (accusative singular)
dolinyai (accusative dual)
dolinyāns (accusative plural)
dolinyās (genitive singular)
dolinyous (dual genitive)
dolinyom (genitive plural)
dolinyāi (dative singular)
dolinyābom (dative dual)
dolinyābos (dative plural)
dolinyai (locative singular)
dolinyābim (dual instrumental)
dolinyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dölenn

Breton: delenn, delen

Cornish: delen

Middle Welsh: deilen

Welsh: deilen

Old Irish: duilne

desctree

Middle Irish: duille
Irish: duille
Manx: duilley
Scottish Gaelic: duille

From *dol- (“leaves”) + *-inyā (feminine singulative suffix).


boustom

boustom (nominative singular)
boustou (dual nominative)
boustā (nominative plural)
boustom (singular vocative)
boustou (dual vocative)
boustā (plural vocative)
boustom (accusative singular)
boustou (accusative dual)
boustā (accusative plural)
boustī (genitive singular)
boustous (dual genitive)
boustom (genitive plural)
boustūi (dative singular)
boustobom (dative dual)
boustobos (dative plural)
boustei (locative singular)
boustū (instrumental singular)
boustobim (dual instrumental)
boustūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: búas (“wealth”)

Celtiberian: boustom

→ Galician: busto

→? Portuguese: bosta

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷow-sth₂-ó-, from *gʷṓws (“cow”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”). An exact cognate exists in Sanskrit गोष्ठ (goṣṭha, “(animal) stable”).


ɸontā

ɸontā (nominative singular)
ɸontai (dual nominative)
ɸontās (nominative plural)
ɸontā (singular vocative)
ɸontai (dual vocative)
ɸontās (plural vocative)
ɸontam (accusative singular)
ɸontai (accusative dual)
ɸontāns (accusative plural)
ɸontās (genitive singular)
ɸontous (dual genitive)
ɸontom (genitive plural)
ɸontāi (dative singular)
ɸontābom (dative dual)
ɸontābos (dative plural)
ɸontai (locative singular)
ɸontābim (dual instrumental)
ɸontābis (instrumental plural)

desc

compounded with the reflex of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*ɸelus</i> (“many”)

⇒ Gaulish: Eluontiu (dat. sg.) (compounded with the reflex of *ɸelus (“many”))

following Prosper's reading; the word has also been read as the unintelligible <i class="Latn mention" lang="xce">oboi</i>

Celtiberian: otai (dat./loc. sg.) (following Prosper's reading; the word has also been read as the unintelligible oboi)

From Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s (which Prósper reconstructs as *pónteh₂s).


groudos

groudos (nominative singular)
groudese? (dual nominative)
groudesa (nominative plural)
groudos (singular vocative)
groudese? (dual vocative)
groudesa (plural vocative)
groudos (accusative singular)
groudese? (accusative dual)
groudesa (accusative plural)
groudesos (genitive singular)
groudesous? (dual genitive)
groudesom (genitive plural)
groudesei (dative singular)
groudesbom (dative dual)
groudesbos (dative plural)
groudesi (locative singular)
groudesei (instrumental singular)
groudesbim (dual instrumental)
groudesbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *grʉð

Old Cornish: grud

Old Welsh: grudou pl

Middle Welsh: grud, grut

Welsh: grudd

Old Irish: grúad

Middle Irish: grúad

Irish: grua

Manx: gruaie

Scottish Gaelic: gruaidh

Matasović has attempted to compare this word to Old English grēada (“breast, lap”) and Proto-Slavic *grǫdь (“breast”), but he admits that the semantic difference to those is quite awkward.


āwyom

āwyom (nominative singular)
āwyou (dual nominative)
āwyā (nominative plural)
āwyom (singular vocative)
āwyou (dual vocative)
āwyā (plural vocative)
āwyom (accusative singular)
āwyou (accusative dual)
āwyā (accusative plural)
āwyī (genitive singular)
āwyous (dual genitive)
āwyom (genitive plural)
āwyūi (dative singular)
āwyobom (dative dual)
āwyobos (dative plural)
āwyei (locative singular)
āwyū (instrumental singular)
āwyobim (dual instrumental)
āwyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ọi

Middle Breton: uy, vuy, vy

Breton: vi

Old Cornish: uy

Middle Cornish: oy

Cornish: oy

Old Welsh: ui

Middle Welsh: wy

Welsh: wy


reyatrom

riyatrom (nominative singular)
riyatrou (dual nominative)
riyatrā (nominative plural)
riyatrom (singular vocative)
riyatrou (dual vocative)
riyatrā (plural vocative)
riyatrom (accusative singular)
riyatrou (accusative dual)
riyatrā (accusative plural)
riyatrī (genitive singular)
riyatrous (dual genitive)
riyatrom (genitive plural)
riyatrūi (dative singular)
riyatrobom (dative dual)
riyatrobos (dative plural)
riyatrei (locative singular)
riyatrū (instrumental singular)
riyatrobim (dual instrumental)
riyatrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: reatir

Middle Welsh: raeadyr, rayadyr

Welsh: rhaeadr

Old Irish: riathor m, riathar

Middle Irish: riathar

From some form of Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to flow”) + *-trom.


derkom

derkom (nominative singular)
derkou (dual nominative)
derkā (nominative plural)
derkom (singular vocative)
derkou (dual vocative)
derkā (plural vocative)
derkom (accusative singular)
derkou (accusative dual)
derkā (accusative plural)
derkī (genitive singular)
derkous (dual genitive)
derkom (genitive plural)
derkūi (dative singular)
derkobom (dative dual)
derkobos (dative plural)
derkei (locative singular)
derkū (instrumental singular)
derkobim (dual instrumental)
derkūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *derx

desc

Middle Breton: derch (“form, aspect, appearance”)

Breton: derc'h (“beautiful”)

Old Irish: derc

Middle Irish: derc

⇒ Middle Irish: dercaid

Irish: dearc

Scottish Gaelic: dearc

Gaulish: derco (in one reading of a Marcellus of Bordeaux charm), dercom (in another reading)

From Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).


eiglā

ēglā (nominative singular)
ēglai (dual nominative)
ēglās (nominative plural)
ēglā (singular vocative)
ēglai (dual vocative)
ēglās (plural vocative)
ēglam (accusative singular)
ēglai (accusative dual)
ēglāns (accusative plural)
ēglās (genitive singular)
ēglous (dual genitive)
ēglom (genitive plural)
ēglāi (dative singular)
ēglābom (dative dual)
ēglābos (dative plural)
ēglai (locative singular)
ēglābim (dual instrumental)
ēglābis (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: (denominative verbs)

Middle Breton: goelaff, gouelaff

Breton: gouelañ

Middle Cornish: wole, ole

Cornish: ole, (revived) ola

Middle Welsh: wylo

Welsh: wylo

⇒ Middle Irish: éle (“prayer, incantation”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyǵʰ- (“to desire”), formed with the same *-lā suffix that belies *kaglā (yielding Welsh cael (“to get”)), *sāglā (yielding Welsh hawl (“plea, demand, claim”)), and *gabaglā (“taking”).


uɸoreigom

uɸoreigom (nominative singular)
uɸoreigou (dual nominative)
uɸoreigā (nominative plural)
uɸoreigom (singular vocative)
uɸoreigou (dual vocative)
uɸoreigā (plural vocative)
uɸoreigom (accusative singular)
uɸoreigou (accusative dual)
uɸoreigā (accusative plural)
uɸoreigī (genitive singular)
uɸoreigous (dual genitive)
uɸoreigom (genitive plural)
uɸoreigūi (dative singular)
uɸoreigobom (dative dual)
uɸoreigobos (dative plural)
uɸoreigei (locative singular)
uɸoreigū (instrumental singular)
uɸoreigobim (dual instrumental)
uɸoreigūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwaruɨɣ

Middle Cornish: gware, gwary

Middle Welsh: chwarae, chware

Welsh: chwarae

desc

Old Irish: fuirech (reshaped by analogy to prototonic forms of verb)

Middle Irish: fuirech

Irish: fuireach

Scottish Gaelic: fuireach

Manx: fuirriagh

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *-reigom (forms nouns denoting binding).


komreigom

komreigom (nominative singular)
komreigou (dual nominative)
komreigā (nominative plural)
komreigom (singular vocative)
komreigou (dual vocative)
komreigā (plural vocative)
komreigom (accusative singular)
komreigou (accusative dual)
komreigā (accusative plural)
komreigī (genitive singular)
komreigous (dual genitive)
komreigom (genitive plural)
komreigūi (dative singular)
komreigobom (dative dual)
komreigobos (dative plural)
komreigei (locative singular)
komreigū (instrumental singular)
komreigobim (dual instrumental)
komreigūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kuβ̃ruɨɣ
Old Breton: comreg
Breton: kevre
Cornish: kevren
Middle Welsh: kyfreieu
Welsh: cyfrwy

reformed by analogy to the prototonic stem of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">con·rig</i>

Old Irish: cuimrech (reformed by analogy to the prototonic stem of con·rig)
Middle Irish: cuibrech
Irish: cuibhreach

From *kom- (“together”) + *-reigom (forming nouns for binding).


adreigom

adreigom (nominative singular)
adreigou (dual nominative)
adreigā (nominative plural)
adreigom (singular vocative)
adreigou (dual vocative)
adreigā (plural vocative)
adreigom (accusative singular)
adreigou (accusative dual)
adreigā (accusative plural)
adreigī (genitive singular)
adreigous (dual genitive)
adreigom (genitive plural)
adreigūi (dative singular)
adreigobom (dative dual)
adreigobos (dative plural)
adreigei (locative singular)
adreigū (instrumental singular)
adreigobim (dual instrumental)
adreigūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨruɨɣ

Middle Welsh: aerwy

Welsh: aerwy

Breton: ere, aere (“link”)

Old Irish: árach (“bond”)

Irish: árach

desc

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: àrachas (“insurance”)


kʷennoreigom

kʷennoreigom (nominative singular)
kʷennoreigou (dual nominative)
kʷennoreigā (nominative plural)
kʷennoreigom (singular vocative)
kʷennoreigou (dual vocative)
kʷennoreigā (plural vocative)
kʷennoreigom (accusative singular)
kʷennoreigou (accusative dual)
kʷennoreigā (accusative plural)
kʷennoreigī (genitive singular)
kʷennoreigous (dual genitive)
kʷennoreigom (genitive plural)
kʷennoreigūi (dative singular)
kʷennoreigobom (dative dual)
kʷennoreigobos (dative plural)
kʷennoreigei (locative singular)
kʷennoreigū (instrumental singular)
kʷennoreigobim (dual instrumental)
kʷennoreigūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *pennruɨɣ

Middle Welsh: penrwy

Welsh: penrhe, penre

Middle Irish: cendrach

Classical Gaelic: ceannrach

From *kʷennom (“head”) + *-reigom (“binding”).

af

something that binds either a head or a fixture that can be likened to a head


boureigom

boureigom (nominative singular)
boureigou (dual nominative)
boureigā (nominative plural)
boureigom (singular vocative)
boureigou (dual vocative)
boureigā (plural vocative)
boureigom (accusative singular)
boureigou (accusative dual)
boureigā (accusative plural)
boureigī (genitive singular)
boureigous (dual genitive)
boureigom (genitive plural)
boureigūi (dative singular)
boureigobom (dative dual)
boureigobos (dative plural)
boureigei (locative singular)
boureigū (instrumental singular)
boureigobim (dual instrumental)
boureigūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉruɨɣ

Middle Welsh: burwy, buruy

Welsh: burwy

desc

Old Irish: búarach (“cow spancel, early morning”)

Middle Irish: búarach

Irish: buarach

From *bāus (“cow”) + *-reigom (“binding”).


reigā

reigā (nominative singular)
reigai (dual nominative)
reigās (nominative plural)
reigā (singular vocative)
reigai (dual vocative)
reigās (plural vocative)
reigam (accusative singular)
reigai (accusative dual)
reigāns (accusative plural)
reigās (genitive singular)
reigous (dual genitive)
reigom (genitive plural)
reigāi (dative singular)
reigābom (dative dual)
reigābos (dative plural)
reigai (locative singular)
reigābim (dual instrumental)
reigābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rruɨɣ

Welsh: rhwy, rhoi (“chain”)

Old Irish: ríag (“torture”)

A close relative of *rigeti (“to bind, stretch”).


ɸariwessā

ɸariwessā (nominative singular)
ɸariwessai (dual nominative)
ɸariwessās (nominative plural)
ɸariwessā (singular vocative)
ɸariwessai (dual vocative)
ɸariwessās (plural vocative)
ɸariwessam (accusative singular)
ɸariwessai (accusative dual)
ɸariwessāns (accusative plural)
ɸariwessās (genitive singular)
ɸariwessous (dual genitive)
ɸariwessom (genitive plural)
ɸariwessāi (dative singular)
ɸariwessābom (dative dual)
ɸariwessābos (dative plural)
ɸariwessai (locative singular)
ɸariwessābim (dual instrumental)
ɸariwessābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *arwest

Middle Welsh: arwest

Welsh: arwest, arwestr

Old Irish: aires

Middle Irish: iris

Irish: iris (“strap, sling”)

Synchronically decomposable into *ɸare- + *wedeti (“to lead”) + *-tā (verbal noun suffix).


souxtus

souxtus (nominative singular)
souxtū (dual nominative)
souxtowes (nominative plural)
souxtu (singular vocative)
souxtū (dual vocative)
souxtūs (plural vocative)
souxtum (accusative singular)
souxtū (accusative dual)
souxtuns (accusative plural)
souxtous (genitive singular)
souxtous (dual genitive)
souxtowom (genitive plural)
souxtou (dative singular)
souxtubom (dative dual)
souxtubos (dative plural)
souxtū (instrumental singular)
souxtubim (dual instrumental)
souxtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *sʉɨθ

⇒ Old Breton: seitog (“of a potter”)

Old Cornish: seit

Cornish: (obsolete) zeâth

Old Irish: súacht

Middle Irish: súacht

⇒ Irish: (from a diminutive) suacán

desc

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: (from a diminutive) suacan, suachgan, suachdan

Gaulish: souxtu, suxtu (acc. pl.)

Lambert has related this word to English soak, German saugen (“to suck”), Old English sūcan (“to suck”) (whence English suck), and Latin sūgō (“to suck”).


kolgā

kolgā (nominative singular)
kolgai (dual nominative)
kolgās (nominative plural)
kolgā (singular vocative)
kolgai (dual vocative)
kolgās (plural vocative)
kolgam (accusative singular)
kolgai (accusative dual)
kolgāns (accusative plural)
kolgās (genitive singular)
kolgous (dual genitive)
kolgom (genitive plural)
kolgāi (dative singular)
kolgābom (dative dual)
kolgābos (dative plural)
kolgai (locative singular)
kolgābim (dual instrumental)
kolgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kolɣ

Cornish: col (“awn”), kolgh (“spike”)

Middle Welsh: col, coly

Welsh: col, cola

Middle Irish: colg, calg

Irish: colg

Matasović tries to derive this from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂-, but he has no idea what velar suffix could be used to derive the Celtic forms from that root.


widlmā

widlmā (nominative singular)
widlmai (dual nominative)
widlmās (nominative plural)
widlmā (singular vocative)
widlmai (dual vocative)
widlmās (plural vocative)
widlmam (accusative singular)
widlmai (accusative dual)
widlmāns (accusative plural)
widlmās (genitive singular)
widlmous (dual genitive)
widlmom (genitive plural)
widlmāi (dative singular)
widlmābom (dative dual)
widlmābos (dative plural)
widlmai (locative singular)
widlmābim (dual instrumental)
widlmābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: Fedelm (name of a mythological seeress)

Gaulish: uidluias (gen. sg.)

Seemingly some derivative of Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”), but the suffixation is odd.


webrus

webrus gender unattested (canonical)
webrus (nominative singular)
webrū (dual nominative)
webrowes (nominative plural)
webru (singular vocative)
webrū (dual vocative)
webrūs (plural vocative)
webrum (accusative singular)
webrū (accusative dual)
webruns (accusative plural)
webrous (genitive singular)
webrous (dual genitive)
webrowom (genitive plural)
webrou (dative singular)
webrubom (dative dual)
webrubos (dative plural)
webrū (instrumental singular)
webrubim (dual instrumental)
webrubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweβr

Middle Welsh: guefr, gwevr

Welsh: gwefr

Gaulish: *uebrus

→ Latin: Vebrus, Vebrullus

Ουηβρουμαρος

⇒ Gaulish: Ουηβρουμαρος (Ouēbroumaros)

No etymology assigned by Delamarre nor the GPC.
Stifter posits a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰébʰrus with an assumed base meaning "light brown" and dissimilation of the initial consonant. However, that word generally means "beaver" elsewhere in Indo-European and the meaning "beaver" also appears in Celtic as *bibrus.


kelɸurnos

kelɸurnos (nominative singular)
kelɸurnou (dual nominative)
kelɸurnoi (nominative plural)
kelɸurne (singular vocative)
kelɸurnou (dual vocative)
kelɸurnoi (plural vocative)
kelɸurnom (accusative singular)
kelɸurnou (accusative dual)
kelɸurnons (accusative plural)
kelɸurnī (genitive singular)
kelɸurnous (dual genitive)
kelɸurnom (genitive plural)
kelɸurnūi (dative singular)
kelɸurnobom (dative dual)
kelɸurnobos (dative plural)
kelɸurnei (locative singular)
kelɸurnū (instrumental singular)
kelɸurnobim (dual instrumental)
kelɸurnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kelurn

Middle Breton: quelorn

Breton: kelorn

Cornish: kelorn

Old Welsh: cilurnn

Middle Welsh: celwrn, kelwrn, kelurn

Welsh: celwrn

Old Irish: cilorn, cilornn

Middle Irish: cilurn, cilornd, cilarn

Unknown and probably a Wanderwort; similar words appear in Latin calpar and Ancient Greek κάλπις (kálpis). According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *kelp- (“cauldron, jar”), also compared to the British placename Cilurnum.


arkennā

arkennā (nominative singular)
arkennai (dual nominative)
arkennās (nominative plural)
arkennā (singular vocative)
arkennai (dual vocative)
arkennās (plural vocative)
arkennam (accusative singular)
arkennai (accusative dual)
arkennāns (accusative plural)
arkennās (genitive singular)
arkennous (dual genitive)
arkennom (genitive plural)
arkennāi (dative singular)
arkennābom (dative dual)
arkennābos (dative plural)
arkennai (locative singular)
arkennābim (dual instrumental)
arkennābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *arxenn

⇒ Middle Breton: archenaff

Breton: arc'henañ

Welsh: archen

Old Irish: accrann, acrann


louskom

louskom (nominative singular)
louskou (dual nominative)
louskā (nominative plural)
louskom (singular vocative)
louskou (dual vocative)
louskā (plural vocative)
louskom (accusative singular)
louskou (accusative dual)
louskā (accusative plural)
louskī (genitive singular)
louskous (dual genitive)
louskom (genitive plural)
louskūi (dative singular)
louskobom (dative dual)
louskobos (dative plural)
louskei (locative singular)
louskū (instrumental singular)
louskobim (dual instrumental)
louskūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉsk m

Old Breton: luscou pl

Breton: lusk

Middle Welsh: llusc

Welsh: llusg

Old Irish: lúasc

Middle Irish: lúasc

Scottish Gaelic: luasg


kʷarrā

kʷarrā (nominative singular)
kʷarrai (dual nominative)
kʷarrās (nominative plural)
kʷarrā (singular vocative)
kʷarrai (dual vocative)
kʷarrās (plural vocative)
kʷarram (accusative singular)
kʷarrai (accusative dual)
kʷarrāns (accusative plural)
kʷarrās (genitive singular)
kʷarrous (dual genitive)
kʷarrom (genitive plural)
kʷarrāi (dative singular)
kʷarrābom (dative dual)
kʷarrābos (dative plural)
kʷarrai (locative singular)
kʷarrābim (dual instrumental)
kʷarrābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: par

Welsh: pâr (“spear, staff”)

Old Irish: carr (“spear”)

Middle Irish: carr (“spear, peg”)


ɸaltan-

Proto-Brythonic: *ėlltɨn

Old Breton: altin

Middle Breton: autenn

Breton: aotenn

Old Welsh: elinn

Middle Welsh: ellyn

Welsh: ellyn

Old Irish: altan

Middle Irish: altan

Scottish Gaelic: ealtainn

Traditionally derived from a root reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel-, but such a reconstruction has been doubted by LEIA.


satī

satī (nominative singular)
satī (dual nominative)
satiyās (nominative plural)
satī (singular vocative)
satī (dual vocative)
satiyās (plural vocative)
satīm (accusative singular)
satī (accusative dual)
satīns (accusative plural)
satyās (genitive singular)
satyous (dual genitive)
satyom (genitive plural)
satyai (dative singular)
satyābom (dative dual)
satyābos (dative plural)
satyābim (dual instrumental)
satyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *sėd

Middle Welsh: said

Welsh: said

Goidelic:

desc

Scottish Gaelic: saidh (“upright beam, chevron, tang”)

Manx: seiy (“tang”)