menus

menus (nominative singular)
menū (dual nominative)
menowes (nominative plural)
menu (singular vocative)
menū (dual vocative)
menūs (plural vocative)
menum (accusative singular)
menū (accusative dual)
menums (accusative plural)
manous (genitive singular)
manous (dual genitive)
manowom (genitive plural)
manou (dative singular)
manubom (dative dual)
manubos (dative plural)
manū (instrumental singular)
manubim (dual instrumental)
manubis (instrumental plural)
menu (nominative singular)
menwā (nominative plural)
menwā (plural vocative)
menu (accusative singular)
menwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Old Welsh: dimanuo (3sg. pres. subj.)

Middle Welsh: divanw

Welsh: difenwi

Old Irish: menb

Middle Irish: menb

Scottish Gaelic: meanbh

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“small”)


altos

berxtos (nominative singular)
berxtou (dual nominative)
berxtoi (nominative plural)
berxte (singular vocative)
berxtou (dual vocative)
berxtoi (plural vocative)
berxtom (accusative singular)
berxtou (accusative dual)
berxtoms (accusative plural)
berxtī (genitive singular)
berxtous (dual genitive)
berxtom (genitive plural)
berxtūi (dative singular)
berxtobom (dative dual)
berxtobos (dative plural)
berxtū (instrumental singular)
berxtobim (dual instrumental)
berxtobis (instrumental plural)
berxtā (nominative singular)
berxtai (dual nominative)
berxtās (nominative plural)
berxtā (singular vocative)
berxtai (dual vocative)
berxtās (plural vocative)
berxtam (accusative singular)
berxtai (accusative dual)
berxtams (accusative plural)
berxtās (genitive singular)
berxtai (dative singular)
berxtābom (dative dual)
berxtābos (dative plural)
berxtābim (dual instrumental)
berxtābis (instrumental plural)
berxtom (nominative singular)
berxtā (nominative plural)
berxtom (singular vocative)
berxtā (plural vocative)
berxtā (accusative plural)

past participle of *aleti (“to nourish”): nourished, fostered


tullos

tullos (nominative singular)
tullou (dual nominative)
tulloi (nominative plural)
tulle (singular vocative)
tullou (dual vocative)
tulloi (plural vocative)
tullom (accusative singular)
tullou (accusative dual)
tulloms (accusative plural)
tullī (genitive singular)
tullous (dual genitive)
tullom (genitive plural)
tullūi (dative singular)
tullobom (dative dual)
tullobos (dative plural)
tullū (instrumental singular)
tullobim (dual instrumental)
tullobis (instrumental plural)
tullā (nominative singular)
tullai (dual nominative)
tullās (nominative plural)
tullā (singular vocative)
tullai (dual vocative)
tullās (plural vocative)
tullam (accusative singular)
tullai (accusative dual)
tullams (accusative plural)
tullās (genitive singular)
tullai (dative singular)
tullābom (dative dual)
tullābos (dative plural)
tullābim (dual instrumental)
tullābis (instrumental plural)
tullom (nominative singular)
tullā (nominative plural)
tullom (singular vocative)
tullā (plural vocative)
tullā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: tull (“foramen”)

Middle Breton: toull

Breton: toull (“hole”)

Cornish: toll, tol

Middle Welsh: twll

Welsh: twll (“hole”)

Old Irish: toll

Irish: toll

Celtiberian:

→ Galician: tol

→ Spanish: tollo

Perhaps from earlier *tux-slo-, from Proto-Indo-European *tuk-slo-, from the root *tewk- (“to push, press (into), beat; to pierce, perforate”), an extended form of *(s)tew-. However, the attested Celtic reflexes show no trace of the presumed *x.


burros

burros (nominative singular)
burrou (dual nominative)
burroi (nominative plural)
burre (singular vocative)
burrou (dual vocative)
burroi (plural vocative)
burrom (accusative singular)
burrou (accusative dual)
burroms (accusative plural)
burrī (genitive singular)
burrous (dual genitive)
burrom (genitive plural)
burrūi (dative singular)
burrobom (dative dual)
burrobos (dative plural)
burrū (instrumental singular)
burrobim (dual instrumental)
burrobis (instrumental plural)
burrā (nominative singular)
burrai (dual nominative)
burrās (nominative plural)
burrā (singular vocative)
burrai (dual vocative)
burrās (plural vocative)
burram (accusative singular)
burrai (accusative dual)
burrams (accusative plural)
burrās (genitive singular)
burrai (dative singular)
burrābom (dative dual)
burrābos (dative plural)
burrābim (dual instrumental)
burrābis (instrumental plural)
burrom (nominative singular)
burrā (nominative plural)
burrom (singular vocative)
burrā (plural vocative)
burrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *burr

Old Cornish: bor

Middle Welsh: bwrr

Middle Irish: borr

Matasović entertains a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil”) suffixed with *-rós (Caland adjective suffix). Such a derivation would proceed as *bʰruh₁-rós > *bʰru-rós (Dybo's law shortening) > *bruros > *burros (metathesis).


karos

karos (nominative singular)
karou (dual nominative)
karoi (nominative plural)
kare (singular vocative)
karou (dual vocative)
karoi (plural vocative)
karom (accusative singular)
karou (accusative dual)
karoms (accusative plural)
karī (genitive singular)
karous (dual genitive)
karom (genitive plural)
karūi (dative singular)
karobom (dative dual)
karobos (dative plural)
karū (instrumental singular)
karobim (dual instrumental)
karobis (instrumental plural)
karā (nominative singular)
karai (dual nominative)
karās (nominative plural)
karā (singular vocative)
karai (dual vocative)
karās (plural vocative)
karam (accusative singular)
karai (accusative dual)
karams (accusative plural)
karās (genitive singular)
karai (dative singular)
karābom (dative dual)
karābos (dative plural)
karābim (dual instrumental)
karābis (instrumental plural)
karom (nominative singular)
karā (nominative plural)
karom (singular vocative)
karā (plural vocative)
karā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: *karos

⇒ Gaulish: *Karos (personal name)

→ Latin: Carus

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂-ró-s, from *keh₂- (“to desire”) + *-rós. Cognate with Proto-Italic *kāros (“dear”), Latvian kārs (“lustful, desirous”), Proto-Germanic *hōraz (“adulterer”).


meros

meros (nominative singular)
merou (dual nominative)
meroi (nominative plural)
mere (singular vocative)
merou (dual vocative)
meroi (plural vocative)
merom (accusative singular)
merou (accusative dual)
meroms (accusative plural)
merī (genitive singular)
merous (dual genitive)
merom (genitive plural)
merūi (dative singular)
merobom (dative dual)
merobos (dative plural)
merū (instrumental singular)
merobim (dual instrumental)
merobis (instrumental plural)
merā (nominative singular)
merai (dual nominative)
merās (nominative plural)
merā (singular vocative)
merai (dual vocative)
merās (plural vocative)
meram (accusative singular)
merai (accusative dual)
merams (accusative plural)
merās (genitive singular)
merai (dative singular)
merābom (dative dual)
merābos (dative plural)
merābim (dual instrumental)
merābis (instrumental plural)
merom (nominative singular)
merā (nominative plural)
merom (singular vocative)
merā (plural vocative)
merā (accusative plural)

Brittonic:

desc

suffixed with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">-edig</i>

⇒ Middle Welsh: meredig (suffixed with -edig)

Middle Irish: mer

Irish: mear

Gaulish: *meros

→⇒ Latin: Atimeria

→⇒ Latin: Calemerus

→⇒ Latin: Dumerius

→⇒ Latin: Esmerius

→⇒ Latin: Mereus

→⇒ Latin: Merobaudes

→⇒ Latin: Merocles

→⇒ Latin: Mereus

→⇒ Latin: Merogaisus

→⇒ Latin: Mereus

Possibly related to Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “slow; foolish, stupid”),, from a root Proto-Indo-European *merh₂- (“to delay”); a derivation from this root can be justified given the known semantic pathway of deriving words for mental disabilities from words meaning "slow" or "delayed". However, for unknown reasons, Zair is uncomfortable with relating this root to the Ancient Greek word.


alyos

alyos (nominative singular)
alyou (dual nominative)
alyoi (nominative plural)
alye (singular vocative)
alyou (dual vocative)
alyoi (plural vocative)
alyom (accusative singular)
alyou (accusative dual)
alyoms (accusative plural)
alyī (genitive singular)
alyous (dual genitive)
alyom (genitive plural)
alyūi (dative singular)
alyobom (dative dual)
alyobos (dative plural)
alyū (instrumental singular)
alyobim (dual instrumental)
alyobis (instrumental plural)
alyā (nominative singular)
alyai (dual nominative)
alyās (nominative plural)
alyā (singular vocative)
alyai (dual vocative)
alyās (plural vocative)
alyam (accusative singular)
alyai (accusative dual)
alyams (accusative plural)
alyās (genitive singular)
alyai (dative singular)
alyābom (dative dual)
alyābos (dative plural)
alyābim (dual instrumental)
alyābis (instrumental plural)
alyom (nominative singular)
alyā (nominative plural)
alyom (singular vocative)
alyā (plural vocative)
alyā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ėl
Middle Breton: eil
Cornish: eyl
Middle Welsh: eil
Welsh: ail

Old Irish: aile
Middle Irish: aile, oile, eile
Irish: eile
Manx: elley
Scottish Gaelic: eile

Gaulish: allos, alos

Lepontic: 𐌀𐌋𐌉𐌏𐌔 (alios)


dagos

dagos (nominative singular)
dagou (dual nominative)
dagoi (nominative plural)
dage (singular vocative)
dagou (dual vocative)
dagoi (plural vocative)
dagom (accusative singular)
dagou (accusative dual)
dagoms (accusative plural)
dagī (genitive singular)
dagous (dual genitive)
dagom (genitive plural)
dagūi (dative singular)
dagobom (dative dual)
dagobos (dative plural)
dagū (instrumental singular)
dagobim (dual instrumental)
dagobis (instrumental plural)
dagā (nominative singular)
dagai (dual nominative)
dagās (nominative plural)
dagā (singular vocative)
dagai (dual vocative)
dagās (plural vocative)
dagam (accusative singular)
dagai (accusative dual)
dagams (accusative plural)
dagās (genitive singular)
dagai (dative singular)
dagābom (dative dual)
dagābos (dative plural)
dagābim (dual instrumental)
dagābis (instrumental plural)
dagom (nominative singular)
dagā (nominative plural)
dagom (singular vocative)
dagā (plural vocative)
dagā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *daɣ (attested in the Bath curse tablets as an-dagin (“worthless”, accusative singular feminine)).

Breton: da

Cornish: dâ

Middle Welsh: da

Welsh: da

Old Irish: dag-
Irish: dea-, deagh- (superseded), deá- (Cois Fharraige)
Scottish Gaelic: deagh

Gaulish: dagos

Unknown. None of the proposed etymologies is plausible (compare ταχύς (takhús, “fast”), tækur (“acceptable”).


senos

head

*senos (comparative *senyūs, superlative *senisamos)

senyūs (comparative)
senisamos (superlative)
senos (nominative singular)
senou (dual nominative)
senoi (nominative plural)
sene (singular vocative)
senou (dual vocative)
senoi (plural vocative)
senom (accusative singular)
senou (accusative dual)
senoms (accusative plural)
senī (genitive singular)
senous (dual genitive)
senom (genitive plural)
senūi (dative singular)
senobom (dative dual)
senobos (dative plural)
senū (instrumental singular)
senobim (dual instrumental)
senobis (instrumental plural)
senā (nominative singular)
senai (dual nominative)
senās (nominative plural)
senā (singular vocative)
senai (dual vocative)
senās (plural vocative)
senam (accusative singular)
senai (accusative dual)
senams (accusative plural)
senās (genitive singular)
senai (dative singular)
senābom (dative dual)
senābos (dative plural)
senābim (dual instrumental)
senābis (instrumental plural)
senom (nominative singular)
senā (nominative plural)
senom (singular vocative)
senā (plural vocative)
senā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hen
Breton: hen
Cornish: hen
Welsh: hen

Old Irish: sen

Irish: sean

Manx: shenn

Scottish Gaelic: sean

Gaulish: *senos

Gaulish: *Senones

→ Latin: Senones

Galatian: sen-, sin-


tegus

tegus (nominative singular)
tegū (dual nominative)
tegowes (nominative plural)
tegu (singular vocative)
tegū (dual vocative)
tegūs (plural vocative)
tegum (accusative singular)
tegū (accusative dual)
tegums (accusative plural)
tegous (genitive singular)
tegous (dual genitive)
tegowom (genitive plural)
tegou (dative singular)
tegubom (dative dual)
tegubos (dative plural)
tegū (instrumental singular)
tegubim (dual instrumental)
tegubis (instrumental plural)
tegu (nominative singular)
tegwā (nominative plural)
tegwā (plural vocative)
tegu (accusative singular)
tegwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *teɣ
Middle Breton: teo, teu
Cornish: tew
Old Welsh: teu
Middle Welsh: tew
Welsh: tew

Old Irish: tiug
Irish: tiubh
Manx: çhiu
Scottish Gaelic: tiugh


legus

head

*legus (comparative *lagyūs, superlative *lagisamos)

lagyūs (comparative)
lagisamos (superlative)
legos (nominative singular)
legou (dual nominative)
legoi (nominative plural)
lege (singular vocative)
legou (dual vocative)
legoi (plural vocative)
legom (accusative singular)
legou (accusative dual)
legoms (accusative plural)
legī (genitive singular)
legous (dual genitive)
legom (genitive plural)
legūi (dative singular)
legobom (dative dual)
legobos (dative plural)
legū (instrumental singular)
legobim (dual instrumental)
legobis (instrumental plural)
legā (nominative singular)
legai (dual nominative)
legās (nominative plural)
legā (singular vocative)
legai (dual vocative)
legās (plural vocative)
legam (accusative singular)
legai (accusative dual)
legams (accusative plural)
legās (genitive singular)
legai (dative singular)
legābom (dative dual)
legābos (dative plural)
legābim (dual instrumental)
legābis (instrumental plural)
legom (nominative singular)
legā (nominative plural)
legom (singular vocative)
legā (plural vocative)
legā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llaɣw
Old Breton: lau
Middle Breton: lau
Breton: law
Middle Welsh: llaw

Old Irish: lagu, laugu, laigiu

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁léngʰus ~ *h₁ln̥gʷʰéws.


gelos

gelos (nominative singular)
gelou (dual nominative)
geloi (nominative plural)
gele (singular vocative)
gelou (dual vocative)
geloi (plural vocative)
gelom (accusative singular)
gelou (accusative dual)
geloms (accusative plural)
gelī (genitive singular)
gelous (dual genitive)
gelom (genitive plural)
gelūi (dative singular)
gelobom (dative dual)
gelobos (dative plural)
gelū (instrumental singular)
gelobim (dual instrumental)
gelobis (instrumental plural)
gelā (nominative singular)
gelai (dual nominative)
gelās (nominative plural)
gelā (singular vocative)
gelai (dual vocative)
gelās (plural vocative)
gelam (accusative singular)
gelai (accusative dual)
gelams (accusative plural)
gelās (genitive singular)
gelai (dative singular)
gelābom (dative dual)
gelābos (dative plural)
gelābim (dual instrumental)
gelābis (instrumental plural)
gelom (nominative singular)
gelā (nominative plural)
gelom (singular vocative)
gelā (plural vocative)
gelā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: gel
Irish: geal
Manx: gial
Scottish Gaelic: geal

Gaulish: *gelā

→ Gaulish: gelasonem (“cotton-weed”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃os, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to shine”).


reginis

reginis (nominative singular)
reginī (dual nominative)
reginīs (nominative plural)
regini (singular vocative)
reginī (dual vocative)
reginīs (plural vocative)
reginim (accusative singular)
reginī (accusative dual)
reginims (accusative plural)
regineis (genitive singular)
reginyou (dual genitive)
reginyom (genitive plural)
reginei (dative singular)
reginibom (dative dual)
reginibos (dative plural)
reginī (instrumental singular)
reginibim (dual instrumental)
reginibis (instrumental plural)
regini (nominative singular)
reginyā (nominative plural)
reginyā (plural vocative)
regini (accusative singular)
reginyā (accusative plural)
reginois (genitive singular)
reginois (dual genitive)
reginē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨɣɨn

Middle Welsh: rein

Welsh: rhain

⇒ Old Welsh: Regin (as a tribal name)

Old Irish: rigin

Classical Gaelic: righin

Irish: righin

Manx: reen

Scottish Gaelic: righinn

A derivative of *regeti (“to stretch”) originally meaning "stretched".


sanis

sanis (nominative singular)
sanī (dual nominative)
sanīs (nominative plural)
sani (singular vocative)
sanī (dual vocative)
sanīs (plural vocative)
sanim (accusative singular)
sanī (accusative dual)
sanims (accusative plural)
saneis (genitive singular)
sanyou (dual genitive)
sanyom (genitive plural)
sanei (dative singular)
sanibom (dative dual)
sanibos (dative plural)
sanī (instrumental singular)
sanibim (dual instrumental)
sanibis (instrumental plural)
sani (nominative singular)
sanyā (nominative plural)
sanyā (plural vocative)
sani (accusative singular)
sanyā (accusative plural)
sanois (genitive singular)
sanois (dual genitive)
sanē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: han

⇒ Middle Breton: ahanoff (“from me”)

⇒ Cornish: ohanaw (“from him”)

Old Welsh: han

Welsh: hân

Old Welsh: hanaud (“from him”)

Middle Welsh: ohanaw

Old Irish: sain

From Proto-Indo-European *senH- (“without”); cognate with Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutar, “away, aside”), Latin sine (“without”), Proto-Germanic *sundraz (“separated”).


dubus

dubus (nominative singular)
dubū (dual nominative)
dubowes (nominative plural)
dubu (singular vocative)
dubū (dual vocative)
dubūs (plural vocative)
dubum (accusative singular)
dubū (accusative dual)
dubums (accusative plural)
dubous (genitive singular)
dubous (dual genitive)
dubowom (genitive plural)
dubou (dative singular)
dububom (dative dual)
dububos (dative plural)
dubū (instrumental singular)
dububim (dual instrumental)
dububis (instrumental plural)
dubu (nominative singular)
dubwā (nominative plural)
dubwā (plural vocative)
dubu (accusative singular)
dubwā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *duβ
Breton: du
Cornish: du
Welsh: du

Old Irish: dub

Irish: dubh

Manx: doo

Scottish Gaelic: dubh

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“black”). Cognate with English deaf.


esus

esus (nominative singular)
esū (dual nominative)
esowes (nominative plural)
esu (singular vocative)
esū (dual vocative)
esūs (plural vocative)
esum (accusative singular)
esū (accusative dual)
esums (accusative plural)
esous (genitive singular)
esous (dual genitive)
esowom (genitive plural)
esou (dative singular)
esubom (dative dual)
esubos (dative plural)
esū (instrumental singular)
esubim (dual instrumental)
esubis (instrumental plural)
esu (nominative singular)
eswā (nominative plural)
eswā (plural vocative)
esu (accusative singular)
eswā (accusative plural)


matis

matis (nominative singular)
matī (dual nominative)
matīs (nominative plural)
mati (singular vocative)
matī (dual vocative)
matīs (plural vocative)
matim (accusative singular)
matī (accusative dual)
matims (accusative plural)
mateis (genitive singular)
matyou (dual genitive)
matyom (genitive plural)
matei (dative singular)
matibom (dative dual)
matibos (dative plural)
matī (instrumental singular)
matibim (dual instrumental)
matibis (instrumental plural)
mati (nominative singular)
matyā (nominative plural)
matyā (plural vocative)
mati (accusative singular)
matyā (accusative plural)
matois (genitive singular)
matois (dual genitive)
matē (dative singular)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mad
Middle Breton: mat
Breton: mad
Cornish: mas
Middle Welsh: mad
Welsh: mad

Old Irish: maith, maid
Irish: maith
Manx: mie
Scottish Gaelic: math

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂tis (“ripe, good”), from *meh₂- (“to ripen, to mature”). Cognate with Latin mānis, mānus (“good”), mātūrus (“mature”), Mātūta (“goddess Dawn”).

inh

math

Proto-Celtic: *matus m (“bear”); Old Irish


windos

windos (nominative singular)
windou (dual nominative)
windoi (nominative plural)
winde (singular vocative)
windou (dual vocative)
windoi (plural vocative)
windom (accusative singular)
windou (accusative dual)
windoms (accusative plural)
windī (genitive singular)
windous (dual genitive)
windom (genitive plural)
windūi (dative singular)
windobom (dative dual)
windobos (dative plural)
windū (instrumental singular)
windobim (dual instrumental)
windobis (instrumental plural)
windā (nominative singular)
windai (dual nominative)
windās (nominative plural)
windā (singular vocative)
windai (dual vocative)
windās (plural vocative)
windam (accusative singular)
windai (accusative dual)
windams (accusative plural)
windās (genitive singular)
windai (dative singular)
windābom (dative dual)
windābos (dative plural)
windābim (dual instrumental)
windābis (instrumental plural)
windom (nominative singular)
windā (nominative plural)
windom (singular vocative)
windā (plural vocative)
windā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨnn
Old Breton: guinn
Middle Breton: guinn
Breton: gwenn
Old Cornish: guyn
Cornish: gwen
Middle Welsh: gwynn
Welsh: gwyn

Old Irish: finn, find
Irish: fionn
Manx: fynn
Scottish Gaelic: fionn

Gaulish: *windos

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *windo-, nasal infix of Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”). However, Matasovic refrains from assigning any etymology, only giving French vandoise (“dace, cub”) (itself perhaps a Gaulish borrowing) as a cognate.


meinos

meinos (nominative singular)
meinou (dual nominative)
meinoi (nominative plural)
meine (singular vocative)
meinou (dual vocative)
meinoi (plural vocative)
meinom (accusative singular)
meinou (accusative dual)
meinoms (accusative plural)
meinī (genitive singular)
meinous (dual genitive)
meinom (genitive plural)
meinūi (dative singular)
meinobom (dative dual)
meinobos (dative plural)
meinū (instrumental singular)
meinobim (dual instrumental)
meinobis (instrumental plural)
meinā (nominative singular)
meinai (dual nominative)
meinās (nominative plural)
meinā (singular vocative)
meinai (dual vocative)
meinās (plural vocative)
meinam (accusative singular)
meinai (accusative dual)
meinams (accusative plural)
meinās (genitive singular)
meinai (dative singular)
meinābom (dative dual)
meinābos (dative plural)
meinābim (dual instrumental)
meinābis (instrumental plural)
meinom (nominative singular)
meinā (nominative plural)
meinom (singular vocative)
meinā (plural vocative)
meinā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *muɨn (“mild, gentle”)

Old Breton: moin (“delicate”)

Middle Breton: moen (“thin”)

Breton: moan

Old Cornish: muin (“gracile”)

Middle Welsh: mwyn

Welsh: mwyn (“mild, gentle”)

Gaulish: *mēnos

⇒ Gaulish: Menos, Mena

→⇒ Latin: Menilus

→⇒ Latin: Meniō

→⇒ Latin: Dacumēna

→⇒ Latin: Sumēna

French: Sumène

Occitan: Sumena

From Proto-Indo-European *meyh₁- (“mild, soft”), whence also Latin mītis, Lithuanian meilė, and Sanskrit मयस् (mayas). See also Proto-Celtic *mīnis from the same root, but with different root ablaut and suffixation.


medyos

medyos (nominative singular)
medyou (dual nominative)
medyoi (nominative plural)
medye (singular vocative)
medyou (dual vocative)
medyoi (plural vocative)
medyom (accusative singular)
medyou (accusative dual)
medyoms (accusative plural)
medyī (genitive singular)
medyous (dual genitive)
medyom (genitive plural)
medyūi (dative singular)
medyobom (dative dual)
medyobos (dative plural)
medyū (instrumental singular)
medyobim (dual instrumental)
medyobis (instrumental plural)
medyā (nominative singular)
medyai (dual nominative)
medyās (nominative plural)
medyā (singular vocative)
medyai (dual vocative)
medyās (plural vocative)
medyam (accusative singular)
medyai (accusative dual)
medyams (accusative plural)
medyās (genitive singular)
medyai (dative singular)
medyābom (dative dual)
medyābos (dative plural)
medyābim (dual instrumental)
medyābis (instrumental plural)
medyom (nominative singular)
medyā (nominative plural)
medyom (singular vocative)
medyā (plural vocative)
medyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: med (“mid-summer (period)”)

Old Irish: mide

Middle Irish: mide

Irish: mí

Gaulish: *medios (as in Mediolanum)


nowyos

nowyos (nominative singular)
nowyou (dual nominative)
nowyoi (nominative plural)
nowye (singular vocative)
nowyou (dual vocative)
nowyoi (plural vocative)
nowyom (accusative singular)
nowyou (accusative dual)
nowyoms (accusative plural)
nowyī (genitive singular)
nowyous (dual genitive)
nowyom (genitive plural)
nowyūi (dative singular)
nowyobom (dative dual)
nowyobos (dative plural)
nowyū (instrumental singular)
nowyobim (dual instrumental)
nowyobis (instrumental plural)
nowyā (nominative singular)
nowyai (dual nominative)
nowyās (nominative plural)
nowyā (singular vocative)
nowyai (dual vocative)
nowyās (plural vocative)
nowyam (accusative singular)
nowyai (accusative dual)
nowyams (accusative plural)
nowyās (genitive singular)
nowyai (dative singular)
nowyābom (dative dual)
nowyābos (dative plural)
nowyābim (dual instrumental)
nowyābis (instrumental plural)
nowyom (nominative singular)
nowyā (nominative plural)
nowyom (singular vocative)
nowyā (plural vocative)
nowyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nöwɨð

Breton: nevez

Cornish: newyth

Old Welsh: neguid

Middle Welsh: newyð

Welsh: newydd

desctree

Old Irish: nuae, nue, naue, nóe
Middle Irish: núa
Irish: nua
Manx: noa
Scottish Gaelic: nuadh

Gaulish: *novios (in many Roman place names)

Celtiberian:

→ Galician: Noia (place name)

From Proto-Indo-European *néwos, *néwyos.


roudos

roudos (nominative singular)
roudou (dual nominative)
roudoi (nominative plural)
roude (singular vocative)
roudou (dual vocative)
roudoi (plural vocative)
roudom (accusative singular)
roudou (accusative dual)
roudoms (accusative plural)
roudī (genitive singular)
roudous (dual genitive)
roudom (genitive plural)
roudūi (dative singular)
roudobom (dative dual)
roudobos (dative plural)
roudū (instrumental singular)
roudobim (dual instrumental)
roudobis (instrumental plural)
roudā (nominative singular)
roudai (dual nominative)
roudās (nominative plural)
roudā (singular vocative)
roudai (dual vocative)
roudās (plural vocative)
roudam (accusative singular)
roudai (accusative dual)
roudams (accusative plural)
roudās (genitive singular)
roudai (dative singular)
roudābom (dative dual)
roudābos (dative plural)
roudābim (dual instrumental)
roudābis (instrumental plural)
roudom (nominative singular)
roudā (nominative plural)
roudom (singular vocative)
roudā (plural vocative)
roudā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrʉð
Breton: ruz
Cornish: rudh
Welsh: rhudd

Old Irish: rúad
Irish: rua
Manx: ruy
Scottish Gaelic: ruadh

Gaulish: roudos


bānos

bānos (nominative singular)
bānou (dual nominative)
bānoi (nominative plural)
bāne (singular vocative)
bānou (dual vocative)
bānoi (plural vocative)
bānom (accusative singular)
bānou (accusative dual)
bānoms (accusative plural)
bānī (genitive singular)
bānous (dual genitive)
bānom (genitive plural)
bānūi (dative singular)
bānobom (dative dual)
bānobos (dative plural)
bānū (instrumental singular)
bānobim (dual instrumental)
bānobis (instrumental plural)
bānā (nominative singular)
bānai (dual nominative)
bānās (nominative plural)
bānā (singular vocative)
bānai (dual vocative)
bānās (plural vocative)
bānam (accusative singular)
bānai (accusative dual)
bānams (accusative plural)
bānās (genitive singular)
bānai (dative singular)
bānābom (dative dual)
bānābos (dative plural)
bānābim (dual instrumental)
bānābis (instrumental plural)
bānom (nominative singular)
bānā (nominative plural)
bānom (singular vocative)
bānā (plural vocative)
bānā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: bán

Irish: bán

Manx: bane

Scottish Gaelic: bàn

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”).


ɸlānos

ɸlānos (nominative singular)
ɸlānou (dual nominative)
ɸlānoi (nominative plural)
ɸlāne (singular vocative)
ɸlānou (dual vocative)
ɸlānoi (plural vocative)
ɸlānom (accusative singular)
ɸlānou (accusative dual)
ɸlānoms (accusative plural)
ɸlānī (genitive singular)
ɸlānous (dual genitive)
ɸlānom (genitive plural)
ɸlānūi (dative singular)
ɸlānobom (dative dual)
ɸlānobos (dative plural)
ɸlānū (instrumental singular)
ɸlānobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlānobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlānā (nominative singular)
ɸlānai (dual nominative)
ɸlānās (nominative plural)
ɸlānā (singular vocative)
ɸlānai (dual vocative)
ɸlānās (plural vocative)
ɸlānam (accusative singular)
ɸlānai (accusative dual)
ɸlānams (accusative plural)
ɸlānās (genitive singular)
ɸlānai (dative singular)
ɸlānābom (dative dual)
ɸlānābos (dative plural)
ɸlānābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlānābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlānom (nominative singular)
ɸlānā (nominative plural)
ɸlānom (singular vocative)
ɸlānā (plural vocative)
ɸlānā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llọn
Old Breton: dacrlon
Middle Breton: leun
Breton: leun
Cornish: luen, leun
Middle Welsh: llawn
Welsh: llawn

Old Irish: lán

Irish: lán

Manx: lane

Scottish Gaelic: làn


māros

māros (nominative singular)
mārou (dual nominative)
māroi (nominative plural)
māre (singular vocative)
mārou (dual vocative)
māroi (plural vocative)
mārom (accusative singular)
mārou (accusative dual)
māroms (accusative plural)
mārī (genitive singular)
mārous (dual genitive)
mārom (genitive plural)
mārūi (dative singular)
mārobom (dative dual)
mārobos (dative plural)
mārū (instrumental singular)
mārobim (dual instrumental)
mārobis (instrumental plural)
mārā (nominative singular)
mārai (dual nominative)
mārās (nominative plural)
mārā (singular vocative)
mārai (dual vocative)
mārās (plural vocative)
māram (accusative singular)
mārai (accusative dual)
mārams (accusative plural)
mārās (genitive singular)
mārai (dative singular)
mārābom (dative dual)
mārābos (dative plural)
mārābim (dual instrumental)
mārābis (instrumental plural)
mārom (nominative singular)
mārā (nominative plural)
mārom (singular vocative)
mārā (plural vocative)
mārā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mọr
Old Breton: mor
Breton: meur
Old Cornish: maur
Middle Cornish: mur
Cornish: meur
Old Welsh: maur
Middle Welsh: mawr
Welsh: mawr

Old Irish: mór, máar, már, -mar
Irish: mór
Manx: mooar
Scottish Gaelic: mòr
Irish: -mhar
Scottish Gaelic: -mhor
Manx: -r, -yr

Gaulish: maros

⇒ Gaulish: Danomaros (personal name)

Lepontic: 𐌌𐌀𐌓𐌖𐌉 (marui)

desc

→? Byzantine Greek: μάραον (máraon, “sweet chestnut”, literally “great one”)

→ Italian: marrone (“chestnut; chestnut-colored”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *moh₁ros (“great”), o-grade from the root *meh₁- (“to measure”). Cognate with Ancient Greek -μωρος (-mōros, “mighty”), Proto-Germanic *mērijaz (“renowned, famous, great”), Old Church Slavonic мѣръ (měrŭ, “great”). Unrelated to Romanian mare.

cog

mui

*māyūs (comparative (irregular)); Breton

mò

Old Irish: mó, moü, moä; Scottish Gaelic


towissākos

towissākos (nominative singular)
towissākou (dual nominative)
towissākoi (nominative plural)
towissāke (singular vocative)
towissākou (dual vocative)
towissākoi (plural vocative)
towissākom (accusative singular)
towissākou (accusative dual)
towissākoms (accusative plural)
towissākī (genitive singular)
towissākous (dual genitive)
towissākom (genitive plural)
towissākūi (dative singular)
towissākobom (dative dual)
towissākobos (dative plural)
towissākū (instrumental singular)
towissākobim (dual instrumental)
towissākobis (instrumental plural)
towissākā (nominative singular)
towissākai (dual nominative)
towissākās (nominative plural)
towissākā (singular vocative)
towissākai (dual vocative)
towissākās (plural vocative)
towissākam (accusative singular)
towissākai (accusative dual)
towissākams (accusative plural)
towissākās (genitive singular)
towissākai (dative singular)
towissākābom (dative dual)
towissākābos (dative plural)
towissākābim (dual instrumental)
towissākābis (instrumental plural)
towissākom (nominative singular)
towissākā (nominative plural)
towissākom (singular vocative)
towissākā (plural vocative)
towissākā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *towɨssọg
Old Breton: toguisoc
Middle Welsh: tywyssawc (“prince”)
Welsh: tywysog

Primitive Irish: ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (tovisaci)

Old Irish: toísech
Irish: taoiseach, Taoiseach
→ English: Taoiseach
Scottish Gaelic: tòiseach
Manx: toshiagh


ɸlitanos

head

*ɸlitanos (comparative *ɸletais, superlative *ɸletisamos)

ɸletais (comparative)
ɸletisamos (superlative)
ɸlitanos (nominative singular)
ɸlitanou (dual nominative)
ɸlitanoi (nominative plural)
ɸlitane (singular vocative)
ɸlitanou (dual vocative)
ɸlitanoi (plural vocative)
ɸlitanom (accusative singular)
ɸlitanou (accusative dual)
ɸlitanoms (accusative plural)
ɸlitanī (genitive singular)
ɸlitanous (dual genitive)
ɸlitanom (genitive plural)
ɸlitanūi (dative singular)
ɸlitanobom (dative dual)
ɸlitanobos (dative plural)
ɸlitanū (instrumental singular)
ɸlitanobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlitanobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlitanā (nominative singular)
ɸlitanai (dual nominative)
ɸlitanās (nominative plural)
ɸlitanā (singular vocative)
ɸlitanai (dual vocative)
ɸlitanās (plural vocative)
ɸlitanam (accusative singular)
ɸlitanai (accusative dual)
ɸlitanams (accusative plural)
ɸlitanās (genitive singular)
ɸlitanai (dative singular)
ɸlitanābom (dative dual)
ɸlitanābos (dative plural)
ɸlitanābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlitanābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlitanom (nominative singular)
ɸlitanā (nominative plural)
ɸlitanom (singular vocative)
ɸlitanā (plural vocative)
ɸlitanā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨdan
Old Breton: litan
Breton: ledan
Cornish: ledan
Middle Welsh: llydan
Welsh: llydan

Old Irish: lethan
Irish: leathan
Manx: lhean
Scottish Gaelic: leathann

Gaulish: Litana

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂enós, from *pleth₂-.


mailos

mailos (nominative singular)
mailou (dual nominative)
mailoi (nominative plural)
maile (singular vocative)
mailou (dual vocative)
mailoi (plural vocative)
mailom (accusative singular)
mailou (accusative dual)
mailoms (accusative plural)
mailī (genitive singular)
mailous (dual genitive)
mailom (genitive plural)
mailūi (dative singular)
mailobom (dative dual)
mailobos (dative plural)
mailū (instrumental singular)
mailobim (dual instrumental)
mailobis (instrumental plural)
mailā (nominative singular)
mailai (dual nominative)
mailās (nominative plural)
mailā (singular vocative)
mailai (dual vocative)
mailās (plural vocative)
mailam (accusative singular)
mailai (accusative dual)
mailams (accusative plural)
mailās (genitive singular)
mailai (dative singular)
mailābom (dative dual)
mailābos (dative plural)
mailābim (dual instrumental)
mailābis (instrumental plural)
mailom (nominative singular)
mailā (nominative plural)
mailom (singular vocative)
mailā (plural vocative)
mailā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *moɨl

Middle Breton: moel

Breton: moal

Cornish: môl

Old Welsh: mail

Middle Welsh: moel

Welsh: moel

Old Irish: máel
Irish: maol, maoil
Manx: meayl
Scottish Gaelic: maol

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚋᚐᚔᚂᚐᚌᚅᚔ (mailagni)

Uncertain. A connection with Proto-Germanic *maitaną (“cut”) has been made, but is not certain. Also compare Proto-Slavic *mělъkъ (“shallow, narrow”), Irish maoth (“tender”).


woltākos

woltākos (nominative singular)
woltākou (dual nominative)
woltākoi (nominative plural)
woltāke (singular vocative)
woltākou (dual vocative)
woltākoi (plural vocative)
woltākom (accusative singular)
woltākou (accusative dual)
woltākoms (accusative plural)
woltākī (genitive singular)
woltākous (dual genitive)
woltākom (genitive plural)
woltākūi (dative singular)
woltākobom (dative dual)
woltākobos (dative plural)
woltākū (instrumental singular)
woltākobim (dual instrumental)
woltākobis (instrumental plural)
woltākā (nominative singular)
woltākai (dual nominative)
woltākās (nominative plural)
woltākā (singular vocative)
woltākai (dual vocative)
woltākās (plural vocative)
woltākam (accusative singular)
woltākai (accusative dual)
woltākams (accusative plural)
woltākās (genitive singular)
woltākai (dative singular)
woltākābom (dative dual)
woltākābos (dative plural)
woltākābim (dual instrumental)
woltākābis (instrumental plural)
woltākom (nominative singular)
woltākā (nominative plural)
woltākom (singular vocative)
woltākā (plural vocative)
woltākā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwolltọg
Breton: gwalteg
Welsh: gwalltog

Old Irish: foltach

Irish: foltach

Manx: foltagh

Scottish Gaelic: faltach


kaikos

kaykos (nominative singular)
kaykou (dual nominative)
kaykoi (nominative plural)
kayke (singular vocative)
kaykou (dual vocative)
kaykoi (plural vocative)
kaykom (accusative singular)
kaykou (accusative dual)
kaykoms (accusative plural)
kaykī (genitive singular)
kaykous (dual genitive)
kaykom (genitive plural)
kaykūi (dative singular)
kaykobom (dative dual)
kaykobos (dative plural)
kaykū (instrumental singular)
kaykobim (dual instrumental)
kaykobis (instrumental plural)
kaykā (nominative singular)
kaykai (dual nominative)
kaykās (nominative plural)
kaykā (singular vocative)
kaykai (dual vocative)
kaykās (plural vocative)
kaykam (accusative singular)
kaykai (accusative dual)
kaykams (accusative plural)
kaykās (genitive singular)
kaykai (dative singular)
kaykābom (dative dual)
kaykābos (dative plural)
kaykābim (dual instrumental)
kaykābis (instrumental plural)
kaykom (nominative singular)
kaykā (nominative plural)
kaykom (singular vocative)
kaykā (plural vocative)
kaykā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koɨg
Old Cornish: cuic
Cornish: koeg
Middle Welsh: coeg
Welsh: coeg

Old Irish: cáech
Irish: caoch
Manx: kyagh
Scottish Gaelic: caoch

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ikos (“one-eyed, blind”).


buggos

buggos (nominative singular)
buggou (dual nominative)
buggoi (nominative plural)
bugge (singular vocative)
buggou (dual vocative)
buggoi (plural vocative)
buggom (accusative singular)
buggou (accusative dual)
buggoms (accusative plural)
buggī (genitive singular)
buggous (dual genitive)
buggom (genitive plural)
buggūi (dative singular)
buggobom (dative dual)
buggobos (dative plural)
buggū (instrumental singular)
buggobim (dual instrumental)
buggobis (instrumental plural)
buggā (nominative singular)
buggai (dual nominative)
buggās (nominative plural)
buggā (singular vocative)
buggai (dual vocative)
buggās (plural vocative)
buggam (accusative singular)
buggai (accusative dual)
buggams (accusative plural)
buggās (genitive singular)
buggai (dative singular)
buggābom (dative dual)
buggābos (dative plural)
buggābim (dual instrumental)
buggābis (instrumental plural)
buggom (nominative singular)
buggā (nominative plural)
buggom (singular vocative)
buggā (plural vocative)
buggā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: boc

Irish: bog

→ Old Breton: buc

Middle Breton: boug

Breton: bouk, boug

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”). If so, cognate with Proto-Germanic *beuganą (“to bend”), Sanskrit भुजति (bhujati, “to bend”). Matasović considers this dubious due to the unexpected gemination.


ulkos

head

*ulkos (comparative *messos, superlative *messamos)

messos (comparative)
messamos (superlative)
ulkos (nominative singular)
ulkou (dual nominative)
ulkoi (nominative plural)
ulke (singular vocative)
ulkou (dual vocative)
ulkoi (plural vocative)
ulkom (accusative singular)
ulkou (accusative dual)
ulkoms (accusative plural)
ulkī (genitive singular)
ulkous (dual genitive)
ulkom (genitive plural)
ulkūi (dative singular)
ulkobom (dative dual)
ulkobos (dative plural)
ulkū (instrumental singular)
ulkobim (dual instrumental)
ulkobis (instrumental plural)
ulkā (nominative singular)
ulkai (dual nominative)
ulkās (nominative plural)
ulkā (singular vocative)
ulkai (dual vocative)
ulkās (plural vocative)
ulkam (accusative singular)
ulkai (accusative dual)
ulkams (accusative plural)
ulkās (genitive singular)
ulkai (dative singular)
ulkābom (dative dual)
ulkābos (dative plural)
ulkābim (dual instrumental)
ulkābis (instrumental plural)
ulkom (nominative singular)
ulkā (nominative plural)
ulkom (singular vocative)
ulkā (plural vocative)
ulkā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: olc
Irish: olc
Manx: olk
Scottish Gaelic: olc

Lepontic: 𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔 (ulkos)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-, compare Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz (“bad, evil”), Latin ulcus (“wound, sore”), Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound, ulcer”), Sanskrit अर्श (arśa, “hemorrhoids”).
Alternatively, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”), though both the phonology and the semantics are difficult. In this case, it should be reconstructed *ulkʷos.

cog

ulkʷos

if the etymology from the Proto-Indo-European word for ‘wolf’ is correct


birros

birros (nominative singular)
birrou (dual nominative)
birroi (nominative plural)
birre (singular vocative)
birrou (dual vocative)
birroi (plural vocative)
birrom (accusative singular)
birrou (accusative dual)
birroms (accusative plural)
birrī (genitive singular)
birrous (dual genitive)
birrom (genitive plural)
birrūi (dative singular)
birrobom (dative dual)
birrobos (dative plural)
birrū (instrumental singular)
birrobim (dual instrumental)
birrobis (instrumental plural)
birrā (nominative singular)
birrai (dual nominative)
birrās (nominative plural)
birrā (singular vocative)
birrai (dual vocative)
birrās (plural vocative)
birram (accusative singular)
birrai (accusative dual)
birrams (accusative plural)
birrās (genitive singular)
birrai (dative singular)
birrābom (dative dual)
birrābos (dative plural)
birrābim (dual instrumental)
birrābis (instrumental plural)
birrom (nominative singular)
birrā (nominative plural)
birrom (singular vocative)
birrā (plural vocative)
birrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *bɨrr
Old Breton: berr
Middle Breton: berr
Breton: berr
Cornish: berr
Middle Welsh: byrr
Welsh: byr

Old Irish: berr

Gaulish: *birros

→ Latin: birrus (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: βίρρος (bírrhos)

Unknown. According to Matasović, likely a substrate word.


boudīkos

boudīkos (nominative singular)
boudīkou (dual nominative)
boudīkoi (nominative plural)
boudīke (singular vocative)
boudīkou (dual vocative)
boudīkoi (plural vocative)
boudīkom (accusative singular)
boudīkou (accusative dual)
boudīkoms (accusative plural)
boudīkī (genitive singular)
boudīkous (dual genitive)
boudīkom (genitive plural)
boudīkūi (dative singular)
boudīkobom (dative dual)
boudīkobos (dative plural)
boudīkū (instrumental singular)
boudīkobim (dual instrumental)
boudīkobis (instrumental plural)
boudīkā (nominative singular)
boudīkai (dual nominative)
boudīkās (nominative plural)
boudīkā (singular vocative)
boudīkai (dual vocative)
boudīkās (plural vocative)
boudīkam (accusative singular)
boudīkai (accusative dual)
boudīkams (accusative plural)
boudīkās (genitive singular)
boudīkai (dative singular)
boudīkābom (dative dual)
boudīkābos (dative plural)
boudīkābim (dual instrumental)
boudīkābis (instrumental plural)
boudīkom (nominative singular)
boudīkā (nominative plural)
boudīkom (singular vocative)
boudīkā (plural vocative)
boudīkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉðig

Welsh: buddig, buddug

Old Irish: búadach

Scottish Gaelic: buaidheach

From *boudi (“booty, victory”) + *-ākos.


kaxtos

kaxtos (nominative singular)
kaxtou (dual nominative)
kaxtoi (nominative plural)
kaxte (singular vocative)
kaxtou (dual vocative)
kaxtoi (plural vocative)
kaxtom (accusative singular)
kaxtou (accusative dual)
kaxtoms (accusative plural)
kaxtī (genitive singular)
kaxtous (dual genitive)
kaxtom (genitive plural)
kaxtūi (dative singular)
kaxtobom (dative dual)
kaxtobos (dative plural)
kaxtū (instrumental singular)
kaxtobim (dual instrumental)
kaxtobis (instrumental plural)
kaxtā (nominative singular)
kaxtai (dual nominative)
kaxtās (nominative plural)
kaxtā (singular vocative)
kaxtai (dual vocative)
kaxtās (plural vocative)
kaxtam (accusative singular)
kaxtai (accusative dual)
kaxtams (accusative plural)
kaxtās (genitive singular)
kaxtai (dative singular)
kaxtābom (dative dual)
kaxtābos (dative plural)
kaxtābim (dual instrumental)
kaxtābis (instrumental plural)
kaxtom (nominative singular)
kaxtā (nominative plural)
kaxtom (singular vocative)
kaxtā (plural vocative)
kaxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨθ
Breton: kaezh
Cornish: keth
Welsh: caeth

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ptós (“grabbed”).


gurmos

gurmos (nominative singular)
gurmou (dual nominative)
gurmoi (nominative plural)
gurme (singular vocative)
gurmou (dual vocative)
gurmoi (plural vocative)
gurmom (accusative singular)
gurmou (accusative dual)
gurmoms (accusative plural)
gurmī (genitive singular)
gurmous (dual genitive)
gurmom (genitive plural)
gurmūi (dative singular)
gurmobom (dative dual)
gurmobos (dative plural)
gurmū (instrumental singular)
gurmobim (dual instrumental)
gurmobis (instrumental plural)
gurmā (nominative singular)
gurmai (dual nominative)
gurmās (nominative plural)
gurmā (singular vocative)
gurmai (dual vocative)
gurmās (plural vocative)
gurmam (accusative singular)
gurmai (accusative dual)
gurmams (accusative plural)
gurmās (genitive singular)
gurmai (dative singular)
gurmābom (dative dual)
gurmābos (dative plural)
gurmābim (dual instrumental)
gurmābis (instrumental plural)
gurmom (nominative singular)
gurmā (nominative plural)
gurmom (singular vocative)
gurmā (plural vocative)
gurmā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *gurm
Old Breton: Uurm-haelon (literally “with dark brows”)
Cornish: gorm
Welsh: gwrm

Middle Irish: gorm

Irish: gorm

Manx: gorrym

Scottish Gaelic: gorm

Unknown; presumably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate source since there are no cognates outside Celtic.


dubnos

dubnos (nominative singular)
dubnou (dual nominative)
dubnoi (nominative plural)
dubne (singular vocative)
dubnou (dual vocative)
dubnoi (plural vocative)
dubnom (accusative singular)
dubnou (accusative dual)
dubnoms (accusative plural)
dubnī (genitive singular)
dubnous (dual genitive)
dubnom (genitive plural)
dubnūi (dative singular)
dubnobom (dative dual)
dubnobos (dative plural)
dubnū (instrumental singular)
dubnobim (dual instrumental)
dubnobis (instrumental plural)
dubnā (nominative singular)
dubnai (dual nominative)
dubnās (nominative plural)
dubnā (singular vocative)
dubnai (dual vocative)
dubnās (plural vocative)
dubnam (accusative singular)
dubnai (accusative dual)
dubnams (accusative plural)
dubnās (genitive singular)
dubnai (dative singular)
dubnābom (dative dual)
dubnābos (dative plural)
dubnābim (dual instrumental)
dubnābis (instrumental plural)
dubnom (nominative singular)
dubnā (nominative plural)
dubnom (singular vocative)
dubnā (plural vocative)
dubnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *duβn
Middle Breton: doun
Breton: don
Cornish: down
Middle Welsh: dwvyn
Welsh: dwfn

Old Irish: domain, doimin

Irish: domhain

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós (“deep, hollow”).


messos

messos (nominative singular)
messou (dual nominative)
messoi (nominative plural)
messe (singular vocative)
messou (dual vocative)
messoi (plural vocative)
messom (accusative singular)
messou (accusative dual)
messoms (accusative plural)
messī (genitive singular)
messous (dual genitive)
messom (genitive plural)
messūi (dative singular)
messobom (dative dual)
messobos (dative plural)
messū (instrumental singular)
messobim (dual instrumental)
messobis (instrumental plural)
messā (nominative singular)
messai (dual nominative)
messās (nominative plural)
messā (singular vocative)
messai (dual vocative)
messās (plural vocative)
messam (accusative singular)
messai (accusative dual)
messams (accusative plural)
messās (genitive singular)
messai (dative singular)
messābom (dative dual)
messābos (dative plural)
messābim (dual instrumental)
messābis (instrumental plural)
messom (nominative singular)
messā (nominative plural)
messom (singular vocative)
messā (plural vocative)
messā (accusative plural)

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: messa
Irish: measa
Scottish Gaelic: miosa
Manx: messey


ankos

ankos (nominative singular)
ankou (dual nominative)
ankoi (nominative plural)
anke (singular vocative)
ankou (dual vocative)
ankoi (plural vocative)
ankom (accusative singular)
ankou (accusative dual)
ankoms (accusative plural)
ankī (genitive singular)
ankous (dual genitive)
ankom (genitive plural)
ankūi (dative singular)
ankobom (dative dual)
ankobos (dative plural)
ankū (instrumental singular)
ankobim (dual instrumental)
ankobis (instrumental plural)
ankā (nominative singular)
ankai (dual nominative)
ankās (nominative plural)
ankā (singular vocative)
ankai (dual vocative)
ankās (plural vocative)
ankam (accusative singular)
ankai (accusative dual)
ankams (accusative plural)
ankās (genitive singular)
ankai (dative singular)
ankābom (dative dual)
ankābos (dative plural)
ankābim (dual instrumental)
ankābis (instrumental plural)
ankom (nominative singular)
ankā (nominative plural)
ankom (singular vocative)
ankā (plural vocative)
ankā (accusative plural)

Middle Welsh: crauanc

Welsh: crafanc

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enkos, *h₂n̥kos (“a turn, bend”), from *h₂enk- (“curve, bend”).


amɸlabros

amɸlabros (nominative singular)
amɸlabrou (dual nominative)
amɸlabroi (nominative plural)
amɸlabre (singular vocative)
amɸlabrou (dual vocative)
amɸlabroi (plural vocative)
amɸlabrom (accusative singular)
amɸlabrou (accusative dual)
amɸlabroms (accusative plural)
amɸlabrī (genitive singular)
amɸlabrous (dual genitive)
amɸlabrom (genitive plural)
amɸlabrūi (dative singular)
amɸlabrobom (dative dual)
amɸlabrobos (dative plural)
amɸlabrū (instrumental singular)
amɸlabrobim (dual instrumental)
amɸlabrobis (instrumental plural)
amɸlabrā (nominative singular)
amɸlabrai (dual nominative)
amɸlabrās (nominative plural)
amɸlabrā (singular vocative)
amɸlabrai (dual vocative)
amɸlabrās (plural vocative)
amɸlabram (accusative singular)
amɸlabrai (accusative dual)
amɸlabrams (accusative plural)
amɸlabrās (genitive singular)
amɸlabrai (dative singular)
amɸlabrābom (dative dual)
amɸlabrābos (dative plural)
amɸlabrābim (dual instrumental)
amɸlabrābis (instrumental plural)
amɸlabrom (nominative singular)
amɸlabrā (nominative plural)
amɸlabrom (singular vocative)
amɸlabrā (plural vocative)
amɸlabrā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *aβ̃laβar
Breton: amlavar
Old Cornish: aflauar
Middle Cornish: omlavar
Middle Welsh: aflauar
Welsh: aflafar

Old Irish: amlabar
Irish: amhlabhar

From *an- (“un-”) + *ɸlabros (“talkative”).


gnātos

gnātos (nominative singular)
gnātou (dual nominative)
gnātoi (nominative plural)
gnāte (singular vocative)
gnātou (dual vocative)
gnātoi (plural vocative)
gnātom (accusative singular)
gnātou (accusative dual)
gnātoms (accusative plural)
gnātī (genitive singular)
gnātous (dual genitive)
gnātom (genitive plural)
gnātūi (dative singular)
gnātobom (dative dual)
gnātobos (dative plural)
gnātū (instrumental singular)
gnātobim (dual instrumental)
gnātobis (instrumental plural)
gnātā (nominative singular)
gnātai (dual nominative)
gnātās (nominative plural)
gnātā (singular vocative)
gnātai (dual vocative)
gnātās (plural vocative)
gnātam (accusative singular)
gnātai (accusative dual)
gnātams (accusative plural)
gnātās (genitive singular)
gnātai (dative singular)
gnātābom (dative dual)
gnātābos (dative plural)
gnātābim (dual instrumental)
gnātābis (instrumental plural)
gnātom (nominative singular)
gnātā (nominative plural)
gnātom (singular vocative)
gnātā (plural vocative)
gnātā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *gnọd
Old Breton: gnot
Middle Welsh: gnawt
Welsh: gnawd

Old Irish: gnáth

Irish: gnáth

Scottish Gaelic: gnàth


angnātos

angnātos (nominative singular)
angnātou (dual nominative)
angnātoi (nominative plural)
angnāte (singular vocative)
angnātou (dual vocative)
angnātoi (plural vocative)
angnātom (accusative singular)
angnātou (accusative dual)
angnātoms (accusative plural)
angnātī (genitive singular)
angnātous (dual genitive)
angnātom (genitive plural)
angnātūi (dative singular)
angnātobom (dative dual)
angnātobos (dative plural)
angnātū (instrumental singular)
angnātobim (dual instrumental)
angnātobis (instrumental plural)
angnātā (nominative singular)
angnātai (dual nominative)
angnātās (nominative plural)
angnātā (singular vocative)
angnātai (dual vocative)
angnātās (plural vocative)
angnātam (accusative singular)
angnātai (accusative dual)
angnātams (accusative plural)
angnātās (genitive singular)
angnātai (dative singular)
angnātābom (dative dual)
angnātābos (dative plural)
angnātābim (dual instrumental)
angnātābis (instrumental plural)
angnātom (nominative singular)
angnātā (nominative plural)
angnātom (singular vocative)
angnātā (plural vocative)
angnātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: annawd, anynaut, anynawt

Welsh: angnawd, annawd

Old Irish: ingnad, ingnáth

Irish: ionadh

From *an- + *gnātos. Compare Latin ignotus, of identical formation.


drukos

drukos (nominative singular)
drukou (dual nominative)
drukoi (nominative plural)
druke (singular vocative)
drukou (dual vocative)
drukoi (plural vocative)
drukom (accusative singular)
drukou (accusative dual)
drukoms (accusative plural)
drukī (genitive singular)
drukous (dual genitive)
drukom (genitive plural)
drukūi (dative singular)
drukobom (dative dual)
drukobos (dative plural)
drukū (instrumental singular)
drukobim (dual instrumental)
drukobis (instrumental plural)
drukā (nominative singular)
drukai (dual nominative)
drukās (nominative plural)
drukā (singular vocative)
drukai (dual vocative)
drukās (plural vocative)
drukam (accusative singular)
drukai (accusative dual)
drukams (accusative plural)
drukās (genitive singular)
drukai (dative singular)
drukābom (dative dual)
drukābos (dative plural)
drukābim (dual instrumental)
drukābis (instrumental plural)
drukom (nominative singular)
drukā (nominative plural)
drukom (singular vocative)
drukā (plural vocative)
drukā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *drug
Breton: drouk
Cornish: drug, drog
Middle Welsh: drwc
Welsh: drwg

Old Irish: droch
Irish: droch-, droch
Manx: drogh
Scottish Gaelic: droch

Unknown; one possibility is that it could be from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”), with the voiceless -k- originating in a root noun *dʰréwgʰ-s (“falsehood”) (pronounced *dʰrewks, compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰrúkš).


swādus

swādus (nominative singular)
swādū (dual nominative)
swādowes (nominative plural)
swādu (singular vocative)
swādū (dual vocative)
swādūs (plural vocative)
swādum (accusative singular)
swādū (accusative dual)
swādums (accusative plural)
swādous (genitive singular)
swādous (dual genitive)
swādowom (genitive plural)
swādou (dative singular)
swādubom (dative dual)
swādubos (dative plural)
swādū (instrumental singular)
swādubim (dual instrumental)
swādubis (instrumental plural)
swādu (nominative singular)
swādwā (nominative plural)
swādwā (plural vocative)
swādu (accusative singular)
swādwā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: suados, suadus


loukos

lowkos (nominative singular)
lowkou (dual nominative)
lowkoi (nominative plural)
lowke (singular vocative)
lowkou (dual vocative)
lowkoi (plural vocative)
lowkom (accusative singular)
lowkou (accusative dual)
lowkoms (accusative plural)
lowkī (genitive singular)
lowkous (dual genitive)
lowkom (genitive plural)
lowkūi (dative singular)
lowkobom (dative dual)
lowkobos (dative plural)
lowkū (instrumental singular)
lowkobim (dual instrumental)
lowkobis (instrumental plural)
lowkā (nominative singular)
lowkai (dual nominative)
lowkās (nominative plural)
lowkā (singular vocative)
lowkai (dual vocative)
lowkās (plural vocative)
lowkam (accusative singular)
lowkai (accusative dual)
lowkams (accusative plural)
lowkās (genitive singular)
lowkai (dative singular)
lowkābom (dative dual)
lowkābos (dative plural)
lowkābim (dual instrumental)
lowkābis (instrumental plural)
lowkom (nominative singular)
lowkā (nominative plural)
lowkom (singular vocative)
lowkā (plural vocative)
lowkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉg

Middle Welsh: lluc

Welsh: llug m (“eyesight, perception”)

Middle Irish: lóch (“bright”), lúach

Gaulish: Leucus

From Proto-Indo-European *lewkós, from *lewk-.


akros

akros (nominative singular)
akrou (dual nominative)
akroi (nominative plural)
akre (singular vocative)
akrou (dual vocative)
akroi (plural vocative)
akrom (accusative singular)
akrou (accusative dual)
akroms (accusative plural)
akrī (genitive singular)
akrous (dual genitive)
akrom (genitive plural)
akrūi (dative singular)
akrobom (dative dual)
akrobos (dative plural)
akrū (instrumental singular)
akrobim (dual instrumental)
akrobis (instrumental plural)
akrā (nominative singular)
akrai (dual nominative)
akrās (nominative plural)
akrā (singular vocative)
akrai (dual vocative)
akrās (plural vocative)
akram (accusative singular)
akrai (accusative dual)
akrams (accusative plural)
akrās (genitive singular)
akrai (dative singular)
akrābom (dative dual)
akrābos (dative plural)
akrābim (dual instrumental)
akrābis (instrumental plural)
akrom (nominative singular)
akrā (nominative plural)
akrom (singular vocative)
akrā (plural vocative)
akrā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: ér

Gaulish: *axros

⇒ Gaulish: *Axrotalus


laxsaros

laxsaros (nominative singular)
laxsarou (dual nominative)
laxsaroi (nominative plural)
laxsare (singular vocative)
laxsarou (dual vocative)
laxsaroi (plural vocative)
laxsarom (accusative singular)
laxsarou (accusative dual)
laxsaroms (accusative plural)
laxsarī (genitive singular)
laxsarous (dual genitive)
laxsarom (genitive plural)
laxsarūi (dative singular)
laxsarobom (dative dual)
laxsarobos (dative plural)
laxsarū (instrumental singular)
laxsarobim (dual instrumental)
laxsarobis (instrumental plural)
laxsarā (nominative singular)
laxsarai (dual nominative)
laxsarās (nominative plural)
laxsarā (singular vocative)
laxsarai (dual vocative)
laxsarās (plural vocative)
laxsaram (accusative singular)
laxsarai (accusative dual)
laxsarams (accusative plural)
laxsarās (genitive singular)
laxsarai (dative singular)
laxsarābom (dative dual)
laxsarābos (dative plural)
laxsarābim (dual instrumental)
laxsarābis (instrumental plural)
laxsarom (nominative singular)
laxsarā (nominative plural)
laxsarom (singular vocative)
laxsarā (plural vocative)
laxsarā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: llachar

Old Irish: lassar

From Proto-Indo-European *lh₂ps-, from *leh₂p- (“to shine”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (lāpzi, “glows”), Ancient Greek λάμπω (lámpō, “to shine”) (whence English lamp), Old Prussian lopis (“flame”).


wīros

wīros (nominative singular)
wīrou (dual nominative)
wīroi (nominative plural)
wīre (singular vocative)
wīrou (dual vocative)
wīroi (plural vocative)
wīrom (accusative singular)
wīrou (accusative dual)
wīroms (accusative plural)
wīrī (genitive singular)
wīrous (dual genitive)
wīrom (genitive plural)
wīrūi (dative singular)
wīrobom (dative dual)
wīrobos (dative plural)
wīrū (instrumental singular)
wīrobim (dual instrumental)
wīrobis (instrumental plural)
wīrā (nominative singular)
wīrai (dual nominative)
wīrās (nominative plural)
wīrā (singular vocative)
wīrai (dual vocative)
wīrās (plural vocative)
wīram (accusative singular)
wīrai (accusative dual)
wīrams (accusative plural)
wīrās (genitive singular)
wīrai (dative singular)
wīrābom (dative dual)
wīrābos (dative plural)
wīrābim (dual instrumental)
wīrābis (instrumental plural)
wīrom (nominative singular)
wīrā (nominative plural)
wīrom (singular vocative)
wīrā (plural vocative)
wīrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwir
Old Breton: guir
Breton: gwir
Old Cornish: guir
Middle Cornish: gwyr
Cornish: gwir
Middle Welsh: gwir
Welsh: gwir

Old Irish: fír
Irish: fíor
Manx: feer
Scottish Gaelic: fìor

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros, from *weh₁- (“true”).


ouxselos

head

*ouxselos (comparative *ouxsais, superlative *ouxsamos)

ouxsais (comparative)
ouxsamos (superlative)
ouxselos (nominative singular)
ouxselou (dual nominative)
ouxseloi (nominative plural)
ouxsele (singular vocative)
ouxselou (dual vocative)
ouxseloi (plural vocative)
ouxselom (accusative singular)
ouxselou (accusative dual)
ouxseloms (accusative plural)
ouxselī (genitive singular)
ouxselous (dual genitive)
ouxselom (genitive plural)
ouxselūi (dative singular)
ouxselobom (dative dual)
ouxselobos (dative plural)
ouxselū (instrumental singular)
ouxselobim (dual instrumental)
ouxselobis (instrumental plural)
ouxselā (nominative singular)
ouxselai (dual nominative)
ouxselās (nominative plural)
ouxselā (singular vocative)
ouxselai (dual vocative)
ouxselās (plural vocative)
ouxselam (accusative singular)
ouxselai (accusative dual)
ouxselams (accusative plural)
ouxselās (genitive singular)
ouxselai (dative singular)
ouxselābom (dative dual)
ouxselābos (dative plural)
ouxselābim (dual instrumental)
ouxselābis (instrumental plural)
ouxselom (nominative singular)
ouxselā (nominative plural)
ouxselom (singular vocative)
ouxselā (plural vocative)
ouxselā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉxel

Breton: uhel

Cornish: huhel

Middle Welsh: uchel

Welsh: uchel

Old Irish: úasal

Irish: uasal

Manx: ooasle

Scottish Gaelic: uasal

Gaulish: *uxelos

→ Latin: Uxellodūnum

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὕψος (húpsos, “height”).


klitos

klitos (nominative singular)
klitou (dual nominative)
klitoi (nominative plural)
klite (singular vocative)
klitou (dual vocative)
klitoi (plural vocative)
klitom (accusative singular)
klitou (accusative dual)
klitoms (accusative plural)
klitī (genitive singular)
klitous (dual genitive)
klitom (genitive plural)
klitūi (dative singular)
klitobom (dative dual)
klitobos (dative plural)
klitū (instrumental singular)
klitobim (dual instrumental)
klitobis (instrumental plural)
klitā (nominative singular)
klitai (dual nominative)
klitās (nominative plural)
klitā (singular vocative)
klitai (dual vocative)
klitās (plural vocative)
klitam (accusative singular)
klitai (accusative dual)
klitams (accusative plural)
klitās (genitive singular)
klitai (dative singular)
klitābom (dative dual)
klitābos (dative plural)
klitābim (dual instrumental)
klitābis (instrumental plural)
klitom (nominative singular)
klitā (nominative plural)
klitom (singular vocative)
klitā (plural vocative)
klitā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *klɨd
Middle Welsh: clyd
Welsh: clyd

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱli-tós (“covered, sheltered”), from *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”) + *-tós.


noxtos

noxtos (nominative singular)
noxtou (dual nominative)
noxtoi (nominative plural)
noxte (singular vocative)
noxtou (dual vocative)
noxtoi (plural vocative)
noxtom (accusative singular)
noxtou (accusative dual)
noxtoms (accusative plural)
noxtī (genitive singular)
noxtous (dual genitive)
noxtom (genitive plural)
noxtūi (dative singular)
noxtobom (dative dual)
noxtobos (dative plural)
noxtū (instrumental singular)
noxtobim (dual instrumental)
noxtobis (instrumental plural)
noxtā (nominative singular)
noxtai (dual nominative)
noxtās (nominative plural)
noxtā (singular vocative)
noxtai (dual vocative)
noxtās (plural vocative)
noxtam (accusative singular)
noxtai (accusative dual)
noxtams (accusative plural)
noxtās (genitive singular)
noxtai (dative singular)
noxtābom (dative dual)
noxtābos (dative plural)
noxtābim (dual instrumental)
noxtābis (instrumental plural)
noxtom (nominative singular)
noxtā (nominative plural)
noxtom (singular vocative)
noxtā (plural vocative)
noxtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *noɨθ
Old Breton: noit
Middle Breton: noaz
Breton: noazh
Cornish: noth
Middle Welsh: noeth
Welsh: noeth

Old Irish: nocht
Irish: nocht
Scottish Gaelic: nochd


ɸriyos

ɸriyos (nominative singular)
ɸriyou (dual nominative)
ɸriyoi (nominative plural)
ɸriye (singular vocative)
ɸriyou (dual vocative)
ɸriyoi (plural vocative)
ɸriyom (accusative singular)
ɸriyou (accusative dual)
ɸriyoms (accusative plural)
ɸriyī (genitive singular)
ɸriyous (dual genitive)
ɸriyom (genitive plural)
ɸriyūi (dative singular)
ɸriyobom (dative dual)
ɸriyobos (dative plural)
ɸriyū (instrumental singular)
ɸriyobim (dual instrumental)
ɸriyobis (instrumental plural)
ɸriyā (nominative singular)
ɸriyai (dual nominative)
ɸriyās (nominative plural)
ɸriyā (singular vocative)
ɸriyai (dual vocative)
ɸriyās (plural vocative)
ɸriyam (accusative singular)
ɸriyai (accusative dual)
ɸriyams (accusative plural)
ɸriyās (genitive singular)
ɸriyai (dative singular)
ɸriyābom (dative dual)
ɸriyābos (dative plural)
ɸriyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸriyābis (instrumental plural)
ɸriyom (nominative singular)
ɸriyā (nominative plural)
ɸriyom (singular vocative)
ɸriyā (plural vocative)
ɸriyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨð
Old Breton: rid
Old Cornish: rid
Cornish: rydh
Welsh: rhydd

From Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“dear, free”).


kʷoxtos

kʷoxtos (nominative singular)
kʷoxtou (dual nominative)
kʷoxtoi (nominative plural)
kʷoxte (singular vocative)
kʷoxtou (dual vocative)
kʷoxtoi (plural vocative)
kʷoxtom (accusative singular)
kʷoxtou (accusative dual)
kʷoxtoms (accusative plural)
kʷoxtī (genitive singular)
kʷoxtous (dual genitive)
kʷoxtom (genitive plural)
kʷoxtūi (dative singular)
kʷoxtobom (dative dual)
kʷoxtobos (dative plural)
kʷoxtū (instrumental singular)
kʷoxtobim (dual instrumental)
kʷoxtobis (instrumental plural)
kʷoxtā (nominative singular)
kʷoxtai (dual nominative)
kʷoxtās (nominative plural)
kʷoxtā (singular vocative)
kʷoxtai (dual vocative)
kʷoxtās (plural vocative)
kʷoxtam (accusative singular)
kʷoxtai (accusative dual)
kʷoxtams (accusative plural)
kʷoxtās (genitive singular)
kʷoxtai (dative singular)
kʷoxtābom (dative dual)
kʷoxtābos (dative plural)
kʷoxtābim (dual instrumental)
kʷoxtābis (instrumental plural)
kʷoxtom (nominative singular)
kʷoxtā (nominative plural)
kʷoxtom (singular vocative)
kʷoxtā (plural vocative)
kʷoxtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *poɨθ
Middle Breton: poaz
Breton: poazh
Middle Cornish: poth
Cornish: pooth
Middle Welsh: poeth
Welsh: poeth

From Proto-Indo-European *pokʷ-tó-s, from *pekʷ- (“to cook”). Effectively the past participle of *kʷokʷeti (“to cook”).


exsoβnos

exsobnos (nominative singular)
exsobnou (dual nominative)
exsobnoi (nominative plural)
exsobne (singular vocative)
exsobnou (dual vocative)
exsobnoi (plural vocative)
exsobnom (accusative singular)
exsobnou (accusative dual)
exsobnoms (accusative plural)
exsobnī (genitive singular)
exsobnous (dual genitive)
exsobnom (genitive plural)
exsobnūi (dative singular)
exsobnobom (dative dual)
exsobnobos (dative plural)
exsobnū (instrumental singular)
exsobnobim (dual instrumental)
exsobnobis (instrumental plural)
exsobnā (nominative singular)
exsobnai (dual nominative)
exsobnās (nominative plural)
exsobnā (singular vocative)
exsobnai (dual vocative)
exsobnās (plural vocative)
exsobnam (accusative singular)
exsobnai (accusative dual)
exsobnams (accusative plural)
exsobnās (genitive singular)
exsobnai (dative singular)
exsobnābom (dative dual)
exsobnābos (dative plural)
exsobnābim (dual instrumental)
exsobnābis (instrumental plural)
exsobnom (nominative singular)
exsobnā (nominative plural)
exsobnom (singular vocative)
exsobnā (plural vocative)
exsobnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *exoβn
Middle Breton: ehaffn
Middle Welsh: ehouyn
Welsh: eofn

desc

Old Irish: esamain, esámain, esomain, essamain, essamin, hesamain

Gaulish: *exsoβnos

→ Latin: Exobnos, Exobna, Exsobinno, Exomnus, Exomna, Exsomnus, Exomnius, Exomniacus (placename)

From *exs- (“out of, from”) + *oβnos (“fear”).


berxtos

berxtos (nominative singular)
berxtou (dual nominative)
berxtoi (nominative plural)
berxte (singular vocative)
berxtou (dual vocative)
berxtoi (plural vocative)
berxtom (accusative singular)
berxtou (accusative dual)
berxtoms (accusative plural)
berxtī (genitive singular)
berxtous (dual genitive)
berxtom (genitive plural)
berxtūi (dative singular)
berxtobom (dative dual)
berxtobos (dative plural)
berxtū (instrumental singular)
berxtobim (dual instrumental)
berxtobis (instrumental plural)
berxtā (nominative singular)
berxtai (dual nominative)
berxtās (nominative plural)
berxtā (singular vocative)
berxtai (dual vocative)
berxtās (plural vocative)
berxtam (accusative singular)
berxtai (accusative dual)
berxtams (accusative plural)
berxtās (genitive singular)
berxtai (dative singular)
berxtābom (dative dual)
berxtābos (dative plural)
berxtābim (dual instrumental)
berxtābis (instrumental plural)
berxtom (nominative singular)
berxtā (nominative plural)
berxtom (singular vocative)
berxtā (plural vocative)
berxtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *berθ
Middle Breton: berz
Breton: berzh
Middle Welsh: berth
Welsh: berth

Old Irish: *bertach (+ -ach)

Old Irish: Flaithbertach (+ flaith (“lordship”))

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer(H)ǵ-tó-s, from *bʰerHǵ- (“to shine”) + *-tós. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *berhtaz.


mrixtos

mrixtos (nominative singular)
mrixtou (dual nominative)
mrixtoi (nominative plural)
mrixte (singular vocative)
mrixtou (dual vocative)
mrixtoi (plural vocative)
mrixtom (accusative singular)
mrixtou (accusative dual)
mrixtoms (accusative plural)
mrixtī (genitive singular)
mrixtous (dual genitive)
mrixtom (genitive plural)
mrixtūi (dative singular)
mrixtobom (dative dual)
mrixtobos (dative plural)
mrixtū (instrumental singular)
mrixtobim (dual instrumental)
mrixtobis (instrumental plural)
mrixtā (nominative singular)
mrixtai (dual nominative)
mrixtās (nominative plural)
mrixtā (singular vocative)
mrixtai (dual vocative)
mrixtās (plural vocative)
mrixtam (accusative singular)
mrixtai (accusative dual)
mrixtams (accusative plural)
mrixtās (genitive singular)
mrixtai (dative singular)
mrixtābom (dative dual)
mrixtābos (dative plural)
mrixtābim (dual instrumental)
mrixtābis (instrumental plural)
mrixtom (nominative singular)
mrixtā (nominative plural)
mrixtom (singular vocative)
mrixtā (plural vocative)
mrixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *briθ

Middle Breton: briz

Breton: brizh

Cornish: brith, bryth, bruit

Old Welsh: brith

Welsh: brith

Old Irish: mrecht

From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥gʷ-tó-s, from *mergʷ- (“dark, coloured”) + *-tós. Cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓μορβός (amorbós, “dark”), Old Norse myrkr (“dark”), Lithuanian márgas (“variegated, colorful”).


dallos

dallos (nominative singular)
dallou (dual nominative)
dalloi (nominative plural)
dalle (singular vocative)
dallou (dual vocative)
dalloi (plural vocative)
dallom (accusative singular)
dallou (accusative dual)
dalloms (accusative plural)
dallī (genitive singular)
dallous (dual genitive)
dallom (genitive plural)
dallūi (dative singular)
dallobom (dative dual)
dallobos (dative plural)
dallū (instrumental singular)
dallobim (dual instrumental)
dallobis (instrumental plural)
dallā (nominative singular)
dallai (dual nominative)
dallās (nominative plural)
dallā (singular vocative)
dallai (dual vocative)
dallās (plural vocative)
dallam (accusative singular)
dallai (accusative dual)
dallams (accusative plural)
dallās (genitive singular)
dallai (dative singular)
dallābom (dative dual)
dallābos (dative plural)
dallābim (dual instrumental)
dallābis (instrumental plural)
dallom (nominative singular)
dallā (nominative plural)
dallom (singular vocative)
dallā (plural vocative)
dallā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *dall
Old Breton: dall
Middle Breton: dall
Breton: dall
Old Cornish: dal
Cornish: dall
Middle Welsh: dall
Welsh: dall

Old Irish: dall

Irish: dall

Scottish Gaelic: dall

Gaulish: *dallos

→⇒ Latin: Dallō

→⇒ Latin: Tridallus

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwl̥no-, from *dʰwolno (“to dim, make obscure”). See also Proto-Germanic *dwalaz (“stunned, confused”).


wlikʷos

wlikʷos (nominative singular)
wlikʷou (dual nominative)
wlikʷoi (nominative plural)
wlikʷe (singular vocative)
wlikʷou (dual vocative)
wlikʷoi (plural vocative)
wlikʷom (accusative singular)
wlikʷou (accusative dual)
wlikʷoms (accusative plural)
wlikʷī (genitive singular)
wlikʷous (dual genitive)
wlikʷom (genitive plural)
wlikūi (dative singular)
wlikʷobom (dative dual)
wlikʷobos (dative plural)
wlikū (instrumental singular)
wlikʷobim (dual instrumental)
wlikʷobis (instrumental plural)
wlikʷā (nominative singular)
wlikʷai (dual nominative)
wlikʷās (nominative plural)
wlikʷā (singular vocative)
wlikʷai (dual vocative)
wlikʷās (plural vocative)
wlikʷam (accusative singular)
wlikʷai (accusative dual)
wlikʷams (accusative plural)
wlikʷās (genitive singular)
wlikʷai (dative singular)
wlikʷābom (dative dual)
wlikʷābos (dative plural)
wlikʷābim (dual instrumental)
wlikʷābis (instrumental plural)
wlikʷom (nominative singular)
wlikʷā (nominative plural)
wlikʷom (singular vocative)
wlikʷā (plural vocative)
wlikʷā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwlɨb
Old Breton: gulip
Middle Breton: gloeb, glueb
Breton: gwleb
Cornish: gleb, glyb
Old Welsh: gulip
Middle Welsh: gulip, gwlyp
Welsh: gwlyb

Old Irish: fliuch
Irish: fliuch
Manx: fliugh
Scottish Gaelic: fliuch

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gwliθ
Middle Breton: gluiz
Breton: glizh
Cornish: gluth
Middle Welsh: gwlith
Welsh: gwlith

Disputed.
* Matasović derives this from Proto-Indo-European *welk- (“wet, damp”) with a suffix *-wo-.
* Others instead derive this from Proto-Indo-European *wleykʷ- (“moist, to wet”).

der

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


glanos

glanos (nominative singular)
glanou (dual nominative)
glanoi (nominative plural)
glane (singular vocative)
glanou (dual vocative)
glanoi (plural vocative)
glanom (accusative singular)
glanou (accusative dual)
glanoms (accusative plural)
glanī (genitive singular)
glanous (dual genitive)
glanom (genitive plural)
glanūi (dative singular)
glanobom (dative dual)
glanobos (dative plural)
glanū (instrumental singular)
glanobim (dual instrumental)
glanobis (instrumental plural)
glanā (nominative singular)
glanai (dual nominative)
glanās (nominative plural)
glanā (singular vocative)
glanai (dual vocative)
glanās (plural vocative)
glanam (accusative singular)
glanai (accusative dual)
glanams (accusative plural)
glanās (genitive singular)
glanai (dative singular)
glanābom (dative dual)
glanābos (dative plural)
glanābim (dual instrumental)
glanābis (instrumental plural)
glanom (nominative singular)
glanā (nominative plural)
glanom (singular vocative)
glanā (plural vocative)
glanā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *glan
Old Breton: glan
Middle Breton: glan
Breton: glan
Cornish: glan
Middle Welsh: glan
Welsh: glân

Old Irish: glan

Irish: glan

Scottish Gaelic: glan

Manx: glen

Gaulish: Glanis (hydronym), (Matrebo) Glaneikabo (theonym)

→ French: Gland (placename)

→? French: glaner

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃-nó-s, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”), though semantically difficult to explain.


yuwankos

yuwankos (nominative singular)
yuwankou (dual nominative)
yuwankoi (nominative plural)
yuwanke (singular vocative)
yuwankou (dual vocative)
yuwankoi (plural vocative)
yuwankom (accusative singular)
yuwankou (accusative dual)
yuwankoms (accusative plural)
yuwankī (genitive singular)
yuwankous (dual genitive)
yuwankom (genitive plural)
yuwankūi (dative singular)
yuwankobom (dative dual)
yuwankobos (dative plural)
yuwankū (instrumental singular)
yuwankobim (dual instrumental)
yuwankobis (instrumental plural)
yuwankā (nominative singular)
yuwankai (dual nominative)
yuwankās (nominative plural)
yuwankā (singular vocative)
yuwankai (dual vocative)
yuwankās (plural vocative)
yuwankam (accusative singular)
yuwankai (accusative dual)
yuwankams (accusative plural)
yuwankās (genitive singular)
yuwankai (dative singular)
yuwankābom (dative dual)
yuwankābos (dative plural)
yuwankābim (dual instrumental)
yuwankābis (instrumental plural)
yuwankom (nominative singular)
yuwankā (nominative plural)
yuwankom (singular vocative)
yuwankā (plural vocative)
yuwankā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jowank
Middle Breton: youanc
Breton: yowank, yaouank
Old Cornish: iouenc
Middle Cornish: yowynk, yonk
Cornish: yowynk, yonk
Middle Welsh: ieuanc
Welsh: ieuanc, iefanc, ifanc

Old Irish: óc, oäc, oëc (early)
Irish: óg
Manx: aeg
Scottish Gaelic: òg

Gaulish: Iouinca


sīros

seis (comparative)
sīros (nominative singular)
sīrou (dual nominative)
sīroi (nominative plural)
sīre (singular vocative)
sīrou (dual vocative)
sīroi (plural vocative)
sīrom (accusative singular)
sīrou (accusative dual)
sīroms (accusative plural)
sīrī (genitive singular)
sīrous (dual genitive)
sīrom (genitive plural)
sīrūi (dative singular)
sīrobom (dative dual)
sīrobos (dative plural)
sīrū (instrumental singular)
sīrobim (dual instrumental)
sīrobis (instrumental plural)
sīrā (nominative singular)
sīrai (dual nominative)
sīrās (nominative plural)
sīrā (singular vocative)
sīrai (dual vocative)
sīrās (plural vocative)
sīram (accusative singular)
sīrai (accusative dual)
sīrams (accusative plural)
sīrās (genitive singular)
sīrai (dative singular)
sīrābom (dative dual)
sīrābos (dative plural)
sīrābim (dual instrumental)
sīrābis (instrumental plural)
sīrom (nominative singular)
sīrā (nominative plural)
sīrom (singular vocative)
sīrā (plural vocative)
sīrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hir
Middle Breton: hir
Breton: hir
Breton: maen-hir
→ French: menhir
Cornish: hir, hyr
Old Welsh: hir
Middle Welsh: hir
Welsh: hir

Old Irish: sír

Irish: síor

Manx: sheer-

Scottish Gaelic: sìor

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₁-ró-s, from *seh₁- (“long, lasting”) + *-rós. Cognate with Latin sērus (“late”).


ɸleitos

ɸleitos (nominative singular)
ɸleitou (dual nominative)
ɸleitoi (nominative plural)
ɸleite (singular vocative)
ɸleitou (dual vocative)
ɸleitoi (plural vocative)
ɸleitom (accusative singular)
ɸleitou (accusative dual)
ɸleitoms (accusative plural)
ɸleitī (genitive singular)
ɸleitous (dual genitive)
ɸleitom (genitive plural)
ɸleitūi (dative singular)
ɸleitobom (dative dual)
ɸleitobos (dative plural)
ɸleitū (instrumental singular)
ɸleitobim (dual instrumental)
ɸleitobis (instrumental plural)
ɸleitā (nominative singular)
ɸleitai (dual nominative)
ɸleitās (nominative plural)
ɸleitā (singular vocative)
ɸleitai (dual vocative)
ɸleitās (plural vocative)
ɸleitam (accusative singular)
ɸleitai (accusative dual)
ɸleitams (accusative plural)
ɸleitās (genitive singular)
ɸleitai (dative singular)
ɸleitābom (dative dual)
ɸleitābos (dative plural)
ɸleitābim (dual instrumental)
ɸleitābis (instrumental plural)
ɸleitom (nominative singular)
ɸleitā (nominative plural)
ɸleitom (singular vocative)
ɸleitā (plural vocative)
ɸleitā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨd
Breton: louet
Cornish: loos
Welsh: llwyd

Old Irish: líath
Irish: liath
Manx: lheeah
Scottish Gaelic: liath

From Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁- (“pale”). Cognate with Latin palleo and English fallow.


swerwos

swerwos (nominative singular)
swerwou (dual nominative)
swerwoi (nominative plural)
swerwe (singular vocative)
swerwou (dual vocative)
swerwoi (plural vocative)
swerwom (accusative singular)
swerwou (accusative dual)
swerwoms (accusative plural)
swerwī (genitive singular)
swerwous (dual genitive)
swerwom (genitive plural)
swerwūi (dative singular)
swerwobom (dative dual)
swerwobos (dative plural)
swerwū (instrumental singular)
swerwobim (dual instrumental)
swerwobis (instrumental plural)
swerwā (nominative singular)
swerwai (dual nominative)
swerwās (nominative plural)
swerwā (singular vocative)
swerwai (dual vocative)
swerwās (plural vocative)
swerwam (accusative singular)
swerwai (accusative dual)
swerwams (accusative plural)
swerwās (genitive singular)
swerwai (dative singular)
swerwābom (dative dual)
swerwābos (dative plural)
swerwābim (dual instrumental)
swerwābis (instrumental plural)
swerwom (nominative singular)
swerwā (nominative plural)
swerwom (singular vocative)
swerwā (plural vocative)
swerwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwerw

Old Breton: hueru

Breton: c'hwerv

Cornish: hwerow

Middle Welsh: chwerw

Welsh: chwerw

Old Irish: serb

Irish: searbh

Scottish Gaelic: searbh

Manx: sharroo

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“ache”).


biwos

biwos (nominative singular)
biwou (dual nominative)
biwoi (nominative plural)
biwe (singular vocative)
biwou (dual vocative)
biwoi (plural vocative)
biwom (accusative singular)
biwou (accusative dual)
biwoms (accusative plural)
biwī (genitive singular)
biwous (dual genitive)
biwom (genitive plural)
biwūi (dative singular)
biwobom (dative dual)
biwobos (dative plural)
biwū (instrumental singular)
biwobim (dual instrumental)
biwobis (instrumental plural)
biwā (nominative singular)
biwai (dual nominative)
biwās (nominative plural)
biwā (singular vocative)
biwai (dual vocative)
biwās (plural vocative)
biwam (accusative singular)
biwai (accusative dual)
biwams (accusative plural)
biwās (genitive singular)
biwai (dative singular)
biwābom (dative dual)
biwābos (dative plural)
biwābim (dual instrumental)
biwābis (instrumental plural)
biwom (nominative singular)
biwā (nominative plural)
biwom (singular vocative)
biwā (plural vocative)
biwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨw
Breton: bev
Cornish: byw, bew
Welsh: byw

Old Irish: béo
Irish: beo
Manx: bio
Scottish Gaelic: beò

desc

⇒ Lepontic: 𐌐𐌉𐌖𐌏𐌍𐌄𐌉 (piuonei, individualized n-stem name)


krundis

krundis (nominative singular)
krundī (dual nominative)
krundīs (nominative plural)
krundi (singular vocative)
krundī (dual vocative)
krundīs (plural vocative)
krundim (accusative singular)
krundī (accusative dual)
krundims (accusative plural)
krundeis (genitive singular)
krundyou (dual genitive)
krundyom (genitive plural)
krundei (dative singular)
krundibom (dative dual)
krundibos (dative plural)
krundī (instrumental singular)
krundibim (dual instrumental)
krundibis (instrumental plural)
krundi (nominative singular)
krundyā (nominative plural)
krundyā (plural vocative)
krundi (accusative singular)
krundyā (accusative plural)
krundois (genitive singular)
krundois (dual genitive)
krundē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *krunn

Breton: krenn

Cornish: krenn

Welsh: crwn

Old Irish: cruind, cruinn

Irish: cruinn

Manx: cruinn

Scottish Gaelic: cruinn

Unknown. Likely borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


dubros

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰrós (“dark”), from *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”).


ɸlabros

ɸlabros (nominative singular)
ɸlabrou (dual nominative)
ɸlabroi (nominative plural)
ɸlabre (singular vocative)
ɸlabrou (dual vocative)
ɸlabroi (plural vocative)
ɸlabrom (accusative singular)
ɸlabrou (accusative dual)
ɸlabroms (accusative plural)
ɸlabrī (genitive singular)
ɸlabrous (dual genitive)
ɸlabrom (genitive plural)
ɸlabrūi (dative singular)
ɸlabrobom (dative dual)
ɸlabrobos (dative plural)
ɸlabrū (instrumental singular)
ɸlabrobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlabrobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlabrā (nominative singular)
ɸlabrai (dual nominative)
ɸlabrās (nominative plural)
ɸlabrā (singular vocative)
ɸlabrai (dual vocative)
ɸlabrās (plural vocative)
ɸlabram (accusative singular)
ɸlabrai (accusative dual)
ɸlabrams (accusative plural)
ɸlabrās (genitive singular)
ɸlabrai (dative singular)
ɸlabrābom (dative dual)
ɸlabrābos (dative plural)
ɸlabrābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlabrābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlabrom (nominative singular)
ɸlabrā (nominative plural)
ɸlabrom (singular vocative)
ɸlabrā (plural vocative)
ɸlabrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llaβar
Old Breton: labar
Breton: lavar
Old Cornish: lauar
Middle Welsh: llauar
Welsh: llafar

Old Irish: labar
Irish: labhar
Scottish Gaelic: labhar

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥b-ró-s, from *pleb- (“to babble”) + *-rós, or perhaps onomatopoeic, compare Ancient Greek βᾰ́ρβᾰρος (bárbaros). Possible cognate with Latin plōrō (“to cry out”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


marwos

marwos (nominative singular)
marwou (dual nominative)
marwoi (nominative plural)
marwe (singular vocative)
marwou (dual vocative)
marwoi (plural vocative)
marwom (accusative singular)
marwou (accusative dual)
marwoms (accusative plural)
marwī (genitive singular)
marwous (dual genitive)
marwom (genitive plural)
marwūi (dative singular)
marwobom (dative dual)
marwobos (dative plural)
marwū (instrumental singular)
marwobim (dual instrumental)
marwobis (instrumental plural)
marwā (nominative singular)
marwai (dual nominative)
marwās (nominative plural)
marwā (singular vocative)
marwai (dual vocative)
marwās (plural vocative)
marwam (accusative singular)
marwai (accusative dual)
marwams (accusative plural)
marwās (genitive singular)
marwai (dative singular)
marwābom (dative dual)
marwābos (dative plural)
marwābim (dual instrumental)
marwābis (instrumental plural)
marwom (nominative singular)
marwā (nominative plural)
marwom (singular vocative)
marwā (plural vocative)
marwā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *marw
Middle Breton: marf, maru
Breton: marv
Cornish: marow
Middle Welsh: marw
Welsh: marw

Old Irish: marb

Irish: marbh

Manx: marroo

Scottish Gaelic: marbh

From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥wós (“dead”), from *mer- (“to die”).


trummos

trummos (nominative singular)
trummou (dual nominative)
trummoi (nominative plural)
trumme (singular vocative)
trummou (dual vocative)
trummoi (plural vocative)
trummom (accusative singular)
trummou (accusative dual)
trummoms (accusative plural)
trummī (genitive singular)
trummous (dual genitive)
trummom (genitive plural)
trummūi (dative singular)
trummobom (dative dual)
trummobos (dative plural)
trummū (instrumental singular)
trummobim (dual instrumental)
trummobis (instrumental plural)
trummā (nominative singular)
trummai (dual nominative)
trummās (nominative plural)
trummā (singular vocative)
trummai (dual vocative)
trummās (plural vocative)
trummam (accusative singular)
trummai (accusative dual)
trummams (accusative plural)
trummās (genitive singular)
trummai (dative singular)
trummābom (dative dual)
trummābos (dative plural)
trummābim (dual instrumental)
trummābis (instrumental plural)
trummom (nominative singular)
trummā (nominative plural)
trummom (singular vocative)
trummā (plural vocative)
trummā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trum
Old Breton: trum
Middle Cornish: trom
Old Welsh: trum
Middle Welsh: trwm
Welsh: trwm

Old Irish: trom

Irish: trom

Manx: trome

Scottish Gaelic: trom

From Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“thrust, press”): either from *trud-smo- or, less probably, from *trud-mo-.


nowametos

nawmetos (nominative singular)
nawmetou (dual nominative)
nawmetoi (nominative plural)
nawmete (singular vocative)
nawmetou (dual vocative)
nawmetoi (plural vocative)
nawmetom (accusative singular)
nawmetou (accusative dual)
nawmetoms (accusative plural)
nawmetī (genitive singular)
nawmetous (dual genitive)
nawmetom (genitive plural)
nawmetūi (dative singular)
nawmetobom (dative dual)
nawmetobos (dative plural)
nawmetū (instrumental singular)
nawmetobim (dual instrumental)
nawmetobis (instrumental plural)
nawmetā (nominative singular)
nawmetai (dual nominative)
nawmetās (nominative plural)
nawmetā (singular vocative)
nawmetai (dual vocative)
nawmetās (plural vocative)
nawmetam (accusative singular)
nawmetai (accusative dual)
nawmetams (accusative plural)
nawmetās (genitive singular)
nawmetai (dative singular)
nawmetābom (dative dual)
nawmetābos (dative plural)
nawmetābim (dual instrumental)
nawmetābis (instrumental plural)
nawmetom (nominative singular)
nawmetā (nominative plural)
nawmetom (singular vocative)
nawmetā (plural vocative)
nawmetā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *nọβ̃ed
Breton: navved
Cornish: nawves, nawhes
Welsh: nawfed

Middle Irish: nómad

Irish: naomhadh, naoú

Gaulish: nametos


sextametos

sextametos (nominative singular)
sextametou (dual nominative)
sextametoi (nominative plural)
sextamete (singular vocative)
sextametou (dual vocative)
sextametoi (plural vocative)
sextametom (accusative singular)
sextametou (accusative dual)
sextametoms (accusative plural)
sextametī (genitive singular)
sextametous (dual genitive)
sextametom (genitive plural)
sextametūi (dative singular)
sextametobom (dative dual)
sextametobos (dative plural)
sextametū (instrumental singular)
sextametobim (dual instrumental)
sextametobis (instrumental plural)
sextametā (nominative singular)
sextametai (dual nominative)
sextametās (nominative plural)
sextametā (singular vocative)
sextametai (dual vocative)
sextametās (plural vocative)
sextametam (accusative singular)
sextametai (accusative dual)
sextametams (accusative plural)
sextametās (genitive singular)
sextametai (dative singular)
sextametābom (dative dual)
sextametābos (dative plural)
sextametābim (dual instrumental)
sextametābis (instrumental plural)
sextametom (nominative singular)
sextametā (nominative plural)
sextametom (singular vocative)
sextametā (plural vocative)
sextametā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *seɨθβ̃ed
Breton: seizhved
Cornish: seythves
Welsh: seithfed

Middle Irish: sechtmad
Irish: seachtú

Gaulish: sextametos

Celtiberian: setantu


dekametos

dekametos (nominative singular)
dekametou (dual nominative)
dekametoi (nominative plural)
dekamete (singular vocative)
dekametou (dual vocative)
dekametoi (plural vocative)
dekametom (accusative singular)
dekametou (accusative dual)
dekametoms (accusative plural)
dekametī (genitive singular)
dekametous (dual genitive)
dekametom (genitive plural)
dekametūi (dative singular)
dekametobom (dative dual)
dekametobos (dative plural)
dekametū (instrumental singular)
dekametobim (dual instrumental)
dekametobis (instrumental plural)
dekametā (nominative singular)
dekametai (dual nominative)
dekametās (nominative plural)
dekametā (singular vocative)
dekametai (dual vocative)
dekametās (plural vocative)
dekametam (accusative singular)
dekametai (accusative dual)
dekametams (accusative plural)
dekametās (genitive singular)
dekametai (dative singular)
dekametābom (dative dual)
dekametābos (dative plural)
dekametābim (dual instrumental)
dekametābis (instrumental plural)
dekametom (nominative singular)
dekametā (nominative plural)
dekametom (singular vocative)
dekametā (plural vocative)
dekametā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *degβ̃ed
Breton: dekved
Cornish: degves
Middle Welsh: decuet
Welsh: degfed

Old Irish: dechmad
Irish: deichiú, deachú
Manx: jeihoo
Scottish Gaelic: deicheamh

Celtiberian: [Term?] (dekametam)

Gaulish: decametos, decometos


kentus

kentus (nominative singular)
kentū (dual nominative)
kentowes (nominative plural)
kentu (singular vocative)
kentū (dual vocative)
kentūs (plural vocative)
kentum (accusative singular)
kentū (accusative dual)
kentums (accusative plural)
kentous (genitive singular)
kentous (dual genitive)
kentowom (genitive plural)
kentou (dative singular)
kentubom (dative dual)
kentubos (dative plural)
kentū (instrumental singular)
kentubim (dual instrumental)
kentubis (instrumental plural)
kentu (nominative singular)
kentwā (nominative plural)
kentwā (plural vocative)
kentu (accusative singular)
kentwā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *kɨnt
Breton: kent
Cornish: kyns
Welsh: cynt

Old Irish: cét-
Middle Irish: cét-
Irish: céad
Manx: kied
Scottish Gaelic: ciad

Gaulish: cintus

From Proto-Indo-European *kéntus, from *ken-.


oxtūmetos

oxtūmetos (nominative singular)
oxtūmetou (dual nominative)
oxtūmetoi (nominative plural)
oxtūmete (singular vocative)
oxtūmetou (dual vocative)
oxtūmetoi (plural vocative)
oxtūmetom (accusative singular)
oxtūmetou (accusative dual)
oxtūmetoms (accusative plural)
oxtūmetī (genitive singular)
oxtūmetous (dual genitive)
oxtūmetom (genitive plural)
oxtūmetūi (dative singular)
oxtūmetobom (dative dual)
oxtūmetobos (dative plural)
oxtūmetū (instrumental singular)
oxtūmetobim (dual instrumental)
oxtūmetobis (instrumental plural)
oxtūmetā (nominative singular)
oxtūmetai (dual nominative)
oxtūmetās (nominative plural)
oxtūmetā (singular vocative)
oxtūmetai (dual vocative)
oxtūmetās (plural vocative)
oxtūmetam (accusative singular)
oxtūmetai (accusative dual)
oxtūmetams (accusative plural)
oxtūmetās (genitive singular)
oxtūmetai (dative singular)
oxtūmetābom (dative dual)
oxtūmetābos (dative plural)
oxtūmetābim (dual instrumental)
oxtūmetābis (instrumental plural)
oxtūmetom (nominative singular)
oxtūmetā (nominative plural)
oxtūmetom (singular vocative)
oxtūmetā (plural vocative)
oxtūmetā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *üɨθβ̃ed
Breton: eizhved
Cornish: ethves
Welsh: wythfed

Old Irish: ochtmad
Irish: ochtú
Scottish Gaelic: ochdamh
→ English: ochdamh

Gaulish: oxtumetos


kʷenkʷetos

kʷenkʷetos (nominative singular)
kʷenkʷetou (dual nominative)
kʷenkʷetoi (nominative plural)
kʷenkʷete (singular vocative)
kʷenkʷetou (dual vocative)
kʷenkʷetoi (plural vocative)
kʷenkʷetom (accusative singular)
kʷenkʷetou (accusative dual)
kʷenkʷetoms (accusative plural)
kʷenkʷetī (genitive singular)
kʷenkʷetous (dual genitive)
kʷenkʷetom (genitive plural)
kʷenkʷetūi (dative singular)
kʷenkʷetobom (dative dual)
kʷenkʷetobos (dative plural)
kʷenkʷetū (instrumental singular)
kʷenkʷetobim (dual instrumental)
kʷenkʷetobis (instrumental plural)
kʷenkʷetā (nominative singular)
kʷenkʷetai (dual nominative)
kʷenkʷetās (nominative plural)
kʷenkʷetā (singular vocative)
kʷenkʷetai (dual vocative)
kʷenkʷetās (plural vocative)
kʷenkʷetam (accusative singular)
kʷenkʷetai (accusative dual)
kʷenkʷetams (accusative plural)
kʷenkʷetās (genitive singular)
kʷenkʷetai (dative singular)
kʷenkʷetābom (dative dual)
kʷenkʷetābos (dative plural)
kʷenkʷetābim (dual instrumental)
kʷenkʷetābis (instrumental plural)
kʷenkʷetom (nominative singular)
kʷenkʷetā (nominative plural)
kʷenkʷetom (singular vocative)
kʷenkʷetā (plural vocative)
kʷenkʷetā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *pɨmped
Middle Breton: pempet
Breton: pempet, pempvet
Middle Cornish: pympes
Cornish: pympes, pempes
Old Welsh: pimphet
Middle Welsh: pymhed
Welsh: pumed

Old Irish: cóiced
Middle Irish: cóiced
Irish: cúigiú
Manx: queiggoo
Scottish Gaelic: còigeamh

Gaulish: pinpetos

From Proto-Indo-European *penkʷtos, from *pénkʷe (“five”) + *-tos (“-th”), but with an inserted vowel before the suffix. Equivalent to *kʷenkʷe + *-tos or + *-etos.


kʷetwariyos

kʷetwariyos (nominative singular)
kʷetwariyou (dual nominative)
kʷetwariyoi (nominative plural)
kʷetwariye (singular vocative)
kʷetwariyou (dual vocative)
kʷetwariyoi (plural vocative)
kʷetwariyom (accusative singular)
kʷetwariyou (accusative dual)
kʷetwariyoms (accusative plural)
kʷetwariyī (genitive singular)
kʷetwariyous (dual genitive)
kʷetwariyom (genitive plural)
kʷetwariyūi (dative singular)
kʷetwariyobom (dative dual)
kʷetwariyobos (dative plural)
kʷetwariyū (instrumental singular)
kʷetwariyobim (dual instrumental)
kʷetwariyobis (instrumental plural)
kʷetwariyā (nominative singular)
kʷetwariyai (dual nominative)
kʷetwariyās (nominative plural)
kʷetwariyā (singular vocative)
kʷetwariyai (dual vocative)
kʷetwariyās (plural vocative)
kʷetwariyam (accusative singular)
kʷetwariyai (accusative dual)
kʷetwariyams (accusative plural)
kʷetwariyās (genitive singular)
kʷetwariyai (dative singular)
kʷetwariyābom (dative dual)
kʷetwariyābos (dative plural)
kʷetwariyābim (dual instrumental)
kʷetwariyābis (instrumental plural)
kʷetwariyom (nominative singular)
kʷetwariyā (nominative plural)
kʷetwariyom (singular vocative)
kʷetwariyā (plural vocative)
kʷetwariyā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *pėdwėrɨð
Old Breton: petguare
Middle Breton: peuare, pevare
Breton: pevare
Middle Cornish: pyswere, peswere
Cornish: peswora, pajwora
Old Welsh: petguaret
Middle Welsh: pedweryd
Welsh: pedwerydd

Old Irish: cethramad
Irish: ceathrú
Manx: kerroo, kiarroo
Scottish Gaelic: ceathramh

Gaulish: petuarios

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwr̥yós (“fourth”), from *kʷetwóres + *-yós. Equivalent to *kʷetwores + *-yos.


swexstos

swextos (nominative singular)
swextou (dual nominative)
swextoi (nominative plural)
swexte (singular vocative)
swextou (dual vocative)
swextoi (plural vocative)
swextom (accusative singular)
swextou (accusative dual)
swextoms (accusative plural)
swextī (genitive singular)
swextous (dual genitive)
swextom (genitive plural)
swextūi (dative singular)
swextobom (dative dual)
swextobos (dative plural)
swextū (instrumental singular)
swextobim (dual instrumental)
swextobis (instrumental plural)
swextā (nominative singular)
swextai (dual nominative)
swextās (nominative plural)
swextā (singular vocative)
swextai (dual vocative)
swextās (plural vocative)
swextam (accusative singular)
swextai (accusative dual)
swextams (accusative plural)
swextās (genitive singular)
swextai (dative singular)
swextābom (dative dual)
swextābos (dative plural)
swextābim (dual instrumental)
swextābis (instrumental plural)
swextom (nominative singular)
swextā (nominative plural)
swextom (singular vocative)
swextā (plural vocative)
swextā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *hwexed
Breton: c'houecved
Cornish: whefes
Middle Welsh: chwechet
Welsh: chweched, (dialectal) wechfed

Old Irish: seissed, sessed
Middle Irish: seissed, seised, sesed, sessed
Irish: seiseadh
Scottish Gaelic: seiseadh

Gaulish: suexos

From Proto-Indo-European *swéḱstos, from *swéḱs (“six”) + *-tos (“-th”). Equivalent to *swexs + *-tos.
Insular branches have remodeled the suffix to *-etos.


tritiyos

tritiyos (nominative singular)
tritiyou (dual nominative)
tritiyoi (nominative plural)
tritiye (singular vocative)
tritiyou (dual vocative)
tritiyoi (plural vocative)
tritiyom (accusative singular)
tritiyou (accusative dual)
tritiyoms (accusative plural)
tritiyī (genitive singular)
tritiyous (dual genitive)
tritiyom (genitive plural)
tritiyūi (dative singular)
tritiyobom (dative dual)
tritiyobos (dative plural)
tritiyū (instrumental singular)
tritiyobim (dual instrumental)
tritiyobis (instrumental plural)
tritiyā (nominative singular)
tritiyai (dual nominative)
tritiyās (nominative plural)
tritiyā (singular vocative)
tritiyai (dual vocative)
tritiyās (plural vocative)
tritiyam (accusative singular)
tritiyai (accusative dual)
tritiyams (accusative plural)
tritiyās (genitive singular)
tritiyai (dative singular)
tritiyābom (dative dual)
tritiyābos (dative plural)
tritiyābim (dual instrumental)
tritiyābis (instrumental plural)
tritiyom (nominative singular)
tritiyā (nominative plural)
tritiyom (singular vocative)
tritiyā (plural vocative)
tritiyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trɨdɨð
Middle Breton: trede
Breton: trede
Middle Cornish: trysse, tresse
Old Welsh: tritid
Middle Welsh: trydyd
Welsh: trydydd

Gaulish: tritios

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥tyós (“third”); compare with Latin tertius and Proto-Germanic *þridjô.


dexswos

dexswos (nominative singular)
dexswou (dual nominative)
dexswoi (nominative plural)
dexswe (singular vocative)
dexswou (dual vocative)
dexswoi (plural vocative)
dexswom (accusative singular)
dexswou (accusative dual)
dexswoms (accusative plural)
dexswī (genitive singular)
dexswous (dual genitive)
dexswom (genitive plural)
dexswūi (dative singular)
dexswobom (dative dual)
dexswobos (dative plural)
dexswū (instrumental singular)
dexswobim (dual instrumental)
dexswobis (instrumental plural)
dexswā (nominative singular)
dexswai (dual nominative)
dexswās (nominative plural)
dexswā (singular vocative)
dexswai (dual vocative)
dexswās (plural vocative)
dexswam (accusative singular)
dexswai (accusative dual)
dexswams (accusative plural)
dexswās (genitive singular)
dexswai (dative singular)
dexswābom (dative dual)
dexswābos (dative plural)
dexswābim (dual instrumental)
dexswābis (instrumental plural)
dexswom (nominative singular)
dexswā (nominative plural)
dexswom (singular vocative)
dexswā (plural vocative)
dexswā (accusative plural)

by analogy to <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-bry-pro">*assow</i> (“left”)

Proto-Brythonic: *dexow (by analogy to *assow (“left”))
Old Breton: dehou, deou
Breton: dehou, deheu
Middle Cornish: dehow
Cornish: dyghow, deghow
Middle Welsh: deheu
Welsh: deau

Old Irish: dess
Irish: deas
Manx: jiass
Scottish Gaelic: deas

Gaulish: Dexsiua

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱs(i)-wó-s, from *deḱs- (“right-hand side”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *tehswô, Ancient Greek δεξιός (dexiós).