biggos

biggos (nominative singular)
biggou (dual nominative)
biggoi (nominative plural)
bigge (singular vocative)
biggou (dual vocative)
biggoi (plural vocative)
biggom (accusative singular)
biggou (accusative dual)
biggoms (accusative plural)
biggī (genitive singular)
biggous (dual genitive)
biggom (genitive plural)
biggūi (dative singular)
biggobom (dative dual)
biggobos (dative plural)
biggū (instrumental singular)
biggobim (dual instrumental)
biggobis (instrumental plural)
biggā (nominative singular)
biggai (dual nominative)
biggās (nominative plural)
biggā (singular vocative)
biggai (dual vocative)
biggās (plural vocative)
biggam (accusative singular)
biggai (accusative dual)
biggams (accusative plural)
biggās (genitive singular)
biggai (dative singular)
biggābom (dative dual)
biggābos (dative plural)
biggābim (dual instrumental)
biggābis (instrumental plural)
biggom (nominative singular)
biggā (nominative plural)
biggom (singular vocative)
biggā (plural vocative)
biggā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨx
Middle Breton: bihan
Breton: bihan
Cornish: byghan
Middle Welsh: bych, bach, bychan
Welsh: bach, bychan

Old Irish: bec
Irish: beag
Manx: beg
Scottish Gaelic: beag

Uncertain:

→? Vulgar Latin: *pittus, *piccus (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Matasović, assuming a reconstruction *bekkos, derives this from Proto-Indo-European *bʰég-ko-s, from *bʰeg- (“to break”) + *-kos. Stifter and Hayden, in addition to Jørgensen, have since proposed *biggos.


miskos

miskos (nominative singular)
miskou (dual nominative)
miskoi (nominative plural)
miske (singular vocative)
miskou (dual vocative)
miskoi (plural vocative)
miskom (accusative singular)
miskou (accusative dual)
miskoms (accusative plural)
miskī (genitive singular)
miskous (dual genitive)
miskom (genitive plural)
miskūi (dative singular)
miskobom (dative dual)
miskobos (dative plural)
miskū (instrumental singular)
miskobim (dual instrumental)
miskobis (instrumental plural)
miskā (nominative singular)
miskai (dual nominative)
miskās (nominative plural)
miskā (singular vocative)
miskai (dual vocative)
miskās (plural vocative)
miskam (accusative singular)
miskai (accusative dual)
miskams (accusative plural)
miskās (genitive singular)
miskai (dative singular)
miskābom (dative dual)
miskābos (dative plural)
miskābim (dual instrumental)
miskābis (instrumental plural)
miskom (nominative singular)
miskā (nominative plural)
miskom (singular vocative)
miskā (plural vocative)
miskā (accusative plural)

Welsh: cymysg (“mixed”)

desctree

Old Irish: mesc (“confused, drunk”), mescc
Irish: measc
Scottish Gaelic: measg

desc

→⇒ Latin: Orgenomesquī (name of a Cantabrian tribe, literally “slaughter-drunk”)

From Proto-Indo-European *miḱsḱéti (“to mix”), from *meyḱ-.


gleiwos

gleiwos (nominative singular)
gleiwou (dual nominative)
gleiwoi (nominative plural)
gleiwe (singular vocative)
gleiwou (dual vocative)
gleiwoi (plural vocative)
gleiwom (accusative singular)
gleiwou (accusative dual)
gleiwoms (accusative plural)
gleiwī (genitive singular)
gleiwous (dual genitive)
gleiwom (genitive plural)
gleiwūi (dative singular)
gleiwobom (dative dual)
gleiwobos (dative plural)
gleiwū (instrumental singular)
gleiwobim (dual instrumental)
gleiwobis (instrumental plural)
gleiwā (nominative singular)
gleiwai (dual nominative)
gleiwās (nominative plural)
gleiwā (singular vocative)
gleiwai (dual vocative)
gleiwās (plural vocative)
gleiwam (accusative singular)
gleiwai (accusative dual)
gleiwams (accusative plural)
gleiwās (genitive singular)
gleiwai (dative singular)
gleiwābom (dative dual)
gleiwābos (dative plural)
gleiwābim (dual instrumental)
gleiwābis (instrumental plural)
gleiwom (nominative singular)
gleiwā (nominative plural)
gleiwom (singular vocative)
gleiwā (plural vocative)
gleiwā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gluɨw
Old Breton: gloeu
Breton: gloev
Cornish: gluw
Old Welsh: gloiu
Middle Welsh: gloyw, gloew, gloev
Welsh: gloyw

Old Irish: glé
Irish: glé
Scottish Gaelic: glè

→ Latin: Glēvum

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to shine”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *gliwēną (“to shine, glitter”) (compare Old Norse gljá), Proto-Germanic *glīmaną (“to shine”) (compare English gleam), Ancient Greek χλιαίνω (khliaínō, “warm”).


glastos

glastos (nominative singular)
glastou (dual nominative)
glastoi (nominative plural)
glaste (singular vocative)
glastou (dual vocative)
glastoi (plural vocative)
glastom (accusative singular)
glastou (accusative dual)
glastoms (accusative plural)
glastī (genitive singular)
glastous (dual genitive)
glastom (genitive plural)
glastūi (dative singular)
glastobom (dative dual)
glastobos (dative plural)
glastū (instrumental singular)
glastobim (dual instrumental)
glastobis (instrumental plural)
glastā (nominative singular)
glastai (dual nominative)
glastās (nominative plural)
glastā (singular vocative)
glastai (dual vocative)
glastās (plural vocative)
glastam (accusative singular)
glastai (accusative dual)
glastams (accusative plural)
glastās (genitive singular)
glastai (dative singular)
glastābom (dative dual)
glastābos (dative plural)
glastābim (dual instrumental)
glastābis (instrumental plural)
glastom (nominative singular)
glastā (nominative plural)
glastom (singular vocative)
glastā (plural vocative)
glastā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *glas
Middle Breton: glas
Breton: glas
Middle Cornish: glas
Cornish: glas
Old Welsh: glas
Middle Welsh: glas
Welsh: glas

Old Irish: glas
Irish: glas
Manx: glass
Scottish Gaelic: glas

Gaulish: *glastom

→ Latin: glastum (“woad”)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃stós, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).


wissos

wissos (nominative singular)
wissou (dual nominative)
wissoi (nominative plural)
wisse (singular vocative)
wissou (dual vocative)
wissoi (plural vocative)
wissom (accusative singular)
wissou (accusative dual)
wissoms (accusative plural)
wissī (genitive singular)
wissous (dual genitive)
wissom (genitive plural)
wissūi (dative singular)
wissobom (dative dual)
wissobos (dative plural)
wissū (instrumental singular)
wissobim (dual instrumental)
wissobis (instrumental plural)
wissā (nominative singular)
wissai (dual nominative)
wissās (nominative plural)
wissā (singular vocative)
wissai (dual vocative)
wissās (plural vocative)
wissam (accusative singular)
wissai (accusative dual)
wissams (accusative plural)
wissās (genitive singular)
wissai (dative singular)
wissābom (dative dual)
wissābos (dative plural)
wissābim (dual instrumental)
wissābis (instrumental plural)
wissom (nominative singular)
wissā (nominative plural)
wissom (singular vocative)
wissā (plural vocative)
wissā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: ·fess


glouros

gelos (nominative singular)
gelou (dual nominative)
geloi (nominative plural)
gele (singular vocative)
gelou (dual vocative)
geloi (plural vocative)
gelom (accusative singular)
gelou (accusative dual)
geloms (accusative plural)
gelī (genitive singular)
gelous (dual genitive)
gelom (genitive plural)
gelūi (dative singular)
gelobom (dative dual)
gelobos (dative plural)
gelū (instrumental singular)
gelobim (dual instrumental)
gelobis (instrumental plural)
gelā (nominative singular)
gelai (dual nominative)
gelās (nominative plural)
gelā (singular vocative)
gelai (dual vocative)
gelās (plural vocative)
gelam (accusative singular)
gelai (accusative dual)
gelams (accusative plural)
gelās (genitive singular)
gelai (dative singular)
gelābom (dative dual)
gelābos (dative plural)
gelābim (dual instrumental)
gelābis (instrumental plural)
gelom (nominative singular)
gelā (nominative plural)
gelom (singular vocative)
gelā (plural vocative)
gelā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *glʉr

Old Breton: -glur

Welsh: -glur

Old Irish: glór (also glúair (i-stem))

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰlowHr-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₂- (“to shine”).


weidus

weidus (nominative singular)
weidū (dual nominative)
weidowes (nominative plural)
weidu (singular vocative)
weidū (dual vocative)
weidūs (plural vocative)
weidum (accusative singular)
weidū (accusative dual)
weidums (accusative plural)
weidous (genitive singular)
weidous (dual genitive)
weidowom (genitive plural)
weidou (dative singular)
weidubom (dative dual)
weidubos (dative plural)
weidū (instrumental singular)
weidubim (dual instrumental)
weidubis (instrumental plural)
weidu (nominative singular)
weidwā (nominative plural)
weidwā (plural vocative)
weidu (accusative singular)
weidwā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: fíad

Irish: fia

Manx: feeaih

Scottish Gaelic: fiadh

Proto-Brythonic: *guɨð

Old Breton: guoid, guoed

Middle Breton: goez

Breton: gouez

Middle Welsh: gwyð

Welsh: gŵydd

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Guɨðel

Breton: Gouezel

Cornish: Goedhel, Godhal

Old Welsh: Guoidel

Middle Welsh: Gwyðyl, Guoiðel

Welsh: Gwyddel

desctree

→ Old Irish: Goídel
Middle Irish: Goídel, Gaídel
Irish: Gaoidheal, Gael
Manx: Gael
Scottish Gaelic: Gàidheal, earlier also Gaoidheal

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁- (“wood, wilderness”).


kowwaris

kowwaris (nominative singular)
kowwarī (dual nominative)
kowwarīs (nominative plural)
kowwari (singular vocative)
kowwarī (dual vocative)
kowwarīs (plural vocative)
kowwarim (accusative singular)
kowwarī (accusative dual)
kowwarims (accusative plural)
kowwareis (genitive singular)
kowwaryou (dual genitive)
kowwaryom (genitive plural)
kowwarei (dative singular)
kowwaribom (dative dual)
kowwaribos (dative plural)
kowwarī (instrumental singular)
kowwaribim (dual instrumental)
kowwaribis (instrumental plural)
kowwari (nominative singular)
kowwaryā (nominative plural)
kowwaryā (plural vocative)
kowwari (accusative singular)
kowwaryā (accusative plural)
kowwarois (genitive singular)
kowwarois (dual genitive)
kowwarē (dative singular)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *küwėr
Old Welsh: couer
Middle Welsh: kyweir, cyweir
Welsh: cywair

Old Irish: cóir, coair, coïr
Middle Irish: cóir
Irish: cóir
Scottish Gaelic: còir
Manx: cair

Matasović believes this to be from *kom- (“with”) + a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to heed”).


kliyos

kliyos (nominative singular)
kliyou (dual nominative)
kliyoi (nominative plural)
kliye (singular vocative)
kliyou (dual vocative)
kliyoi (plural vocative)
kliyom (accusative singular)
kliyou (accusative dual)
kliyoms (accusative plural)
kliyī (genitive singular)
kliyous (dual genitive)
kliyom (genitive plural)
kliyūi (dative singular)
kliyobom (dative dual)
kliyobos (dative plural)
kliyū (instrumental singular)
kliyobim (dual instrumental)
kliyobis (instrumental plural)
kliyā (nominative singular)
kliyai (dual nominative)
kliyās (nominative plural)
kliyā (singular vocative)
kliyai (dual vocative)
kliyās (plural vocative)
kliyam (accusative singular)
kliyai (accusative dual)
kliyams (accusative plural)
kliyās (genitive singular)
kliyai (dative singular)
kliyābom (dative dual)
kliyābos (dative plural)
kliyābim (dual instrumental)
kliyābis (instrumental plural)
kliyom (nominative singular)
kliyā (nominative plural)
kliyom (singular vocative)
kliyā (plural vocative)
kliyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kleð

Breton: kleiz

Cornish: cleth

Welsh: cledd

Old Irish: clé
Middle Irish: clé
Irish: clé
Scottish Gaelic: clì
Manx: clee

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰 (hleiduma, “left”), and Latin clīvius (“inauspicious”). The left direction was considered a taboo and all Indo-European words meaning "left" come from words meaning "bent" or "crooked" as a result.


weiros

weiros (nominative singular)
weirou (dual nominative)
weiroi (nominative plural)
weire (singular vocative)
weirou (dual vocative)
weiroi (plural vocative)
weirom (accusative singular)
weirou (accusative dual)
weiroms (accusative plural)
weirī (genitive singular)
weirous (dual genitive)
weirom (genitive plural)
weirūi (dative singular)
weirobom (dative dual)
weirobos (dative plural)
weirū (instrumental singular)
weirobim (dual instrumental)
weirobis (instrumental plural)
weirā (nominative singular)
weirai (dual nominative)
weirās (nominative plural)
weirā (singular vocative)
weirai (dual vocative)
weirās (plural vocative)
weiram (accusative singular)
weirai (accusative dual)
weirams (accusative plural)
weirās (genitive singular)
weirai (dative singular)
weirābom (dative dual)
weirābos (dative plural)
weirābim (dual instrumental)
weirābis (instrumental plural)
weirom (nominative singular)
weirā (nominative plural)
weirom (singular vocative)
weirā (plural vocative)
weirā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwuɨr

Middle Welsh: gwyr

Welsh: gŵyr

Middle Breton: goar

Breton: gwar (“curved”)

Middle Irish: fiar

Irish: fiar

Scottish Gaelic: fiar

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁iros (“turned, twisted”), from *weh₁y- (“to twist, wrap”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *wīraz (“wire”).


strutis

strutis (nominative singular)
strutī (dual nominative)
strutīs (nominative plural)
struti (singular vocative)
strutī (dual vocative)
strutīs (plural vocative)
strutim (accusative singular)
strutī (accusative dual)
strutims (accusative plural)
struteis (genitive singular)
strutyou (dual genitive)
strutyom (genitive plural)
strutei (dative singular)
strutibom (dative dual)
strutibos (dative plural)
strutī (instrumental singular)
strutibim (dual instrumental)
strutibis (instrumental plural)
struti (nominative singular)
strutyā (nominative plural)
strutyā (plural vocative)
struti (accusative singular)
strutyā (accusative plural)
strutois (genitive singular)
strutois (dual genitive)
strutē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *strud

Old Breton: strot

Old Welsh: strutiu pl

Old Irish: sruith (“old, venerable”)

Irish: sruith

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *stru-tis, from *stru- (“gray-haired, old”). Only Balto-Slavic cognates are known, such as Polish stryj (“uncle”).


bodaros

bodaros (nominative singular)
bodarou (dual nominative)
bodaroi (nominative plural)
bodare (singular vocative)
bodarou (dual vocative)
bodaroi (plural vocative)
bodarom (accusative singular)
bodarou (accusative dual)
bodaroms (accusative plural)
bodarī (genitive singular)
bodarous (dual genitive)
bodarom (genitive plural)
bodarūi (dative singular)
bodarobom (dative dual)
bodarobos (dative plural)
bodarū (instrumental singular)
bodarobim (dual instrumental)
bodarobis (instrumental plural)
bodarā (nominative singular)
bodarai (dual nominative)
bodarās (nominative plural)
bodarā (singular vocative)
bodarai (dual vocative)
bodarās (plural vocative)
bodaram (accusative singular)
bodarai (accusative dual)
bodarams (accusative plural)
bodarās (genitive singular)
bodarai (dative singular)
bodarābom (dative dual)
bodarābos (dative plural)
bodarābim (dual instrumental)
bodarābis (instrumental plural)
bodarom (nominative singular)
bodarā (nominative plural)
bodarom (singular vocative)
bodarā (plural vocative)
bodarā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *boðar
Breton: bouzar
Cornish: bodhar
Welsh: byddar

Old Irish: bodar
Irish: bodhar
Manx: bouyr
Scottish Gaelic: bodhar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰHrós (“deaf”). Cognate to Sanskrit बधिर (badhirá).


bodyos

bodyos (nominative singular)
bodyou (dual nominative)
bodyoi (nominative plural)
bodye (singular vocative)
bodyou (dual vocative)
bodyoi (plural vocative)
bodyom (accusative singular)
bodyou (accusative dual)
bodyoms (accusative plural)
bodyī (genitive singular)
bodyous (dual genitive)
bodyom (genitive plural)
bodyūi (dative singular)
bodyobom (dative dual)
bodyobos (dative plural)
bodyū (instrumental singular)
bodyobim (dual instrumental)
bodyobis (instrumental plural)
bodyā (nominative singular)
bodyai (dual nominative)
bodyās (nominative plural)
bodyā (singular vocative)
bodyai (dual vocative)
bodyās (plural vocative)
bodyam (accusative singular)
bodyai (accusative dual)
bodyams (accusative plural)
bodyās (genitive singular)
bodyai (dative singular)
bodyābom (dative dual)
bodyābos (dative plural)
bodyābim (dual instrumental)
bodyābis (instrumental plural)
bodyom (nominative singular)
bodyā (nominative plural)
bodyom (singular vocative)
bodyā (plural vocative)
bodyā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: buide, boide
Irish: buí
Manx: buigh, bwee
Scottish Gaelic: buidhe

Gaulish: *bodios, *badios

→ Latin: Baius

⇒ Gaulish: *Bodiocasses

→ Latin: Baiocasses, Bodiocasses

French: Bayeux

From Proto-Indo-European *bodyos (“yellow”). Cognate with Latin badius.


tigus

tigus (nominative singular)
tigū (dual nominative)
tigowes (nominative plural)
tigu (singular vocative)
tigū (dual vocative)
tigūs (plural vocative)
tigum (accusative singular)
tigū (accusative dual)
tigums (accusative plural)
tigous (genitive singular)
tigous (dual genitive)
tigowom (genitive plural)
tigou (dative singular)
tigubom (dative dual)
tigubos (dative plural)
tigū (instrumental singular)
tigubim (dual instrumental)
tigubis (instrumental plural)
tigu (nominative singular)
tigwā (nominative plural)
tigwā (plural vocative)
tigu (accusative singular)
tigwā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: tiug- (“last”)

Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru derives this from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to sting”).


ɸarederkos

ɸarederkos (nominative singular)
ɸarederkou (dual nominative)
ɸarederkoi (nominative plural)
ɸarederke (singular vocative)
ɸarederkou (dual vocative)
ɸarederkoi (plural vocative)
ɸarederkom (accusative singular)
ɸarederkou (accusative dual)
ɸarederkoms (accusative plural)
ɸarederkī (genitive singular)
ɸarederkous (dual genitive)
ɸarederkom (genitive plural)
ɸarederkūi (dative singular)
ɸarederkobom (dative dual)
ɸarederkobos (dative plural)
ɸarederkū (instrumental singular)
ɸarederkobim (dual instrumental)
ɸarederkobis (instrumental plural)
ɸarederkā (nominative singular)
ɸarederkai (dual nominative)
ɸarederkās (nominative plural)
ɸarederkā (singular vocative)
ɸarederkai (dual vocative)
ɸarederkās (plural vocative)
ɸarederkam (accusative singular)
ɸarederkai (accusative dual)
ɸarederkams (accusative plural)
ɸarederkās (genitive singular)
ɸarederkai (dative singular)
ɸarederkābom (dative dual)
ɸarederkābos (dative plural)
ɸarederkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸarederkābis (instrumental plural)
ɸarederkom (nominative singular)
ɸarederkā (nominative plural)
ɸarederkom (singular vocative)
ɸarederkā (plural vocative)
ɸarederkā (accusative plural)

From *ɸare (“in front of”) + *derkos (“to see”), which is from *derḱ- (“to see”).

compound

ardderchog

magnificent, excellent, eminent, famous, noble


ougros

ougros (nominative singular)
ougrou (dual nominative)
ougroi (nominative plural)
ougre (singular vocative)
ougrou (dual vocative)
ougroi (plural vocative)
ougrom (accusative singular)
ougrou (accusative dual)
ougroms (accusative plural)
ougrī (genitive singular)
ougrous (dual genitive)
ougrom (genitive plural)
ougrūi (dative singular)
ougrobom (dative dual)
ougrobos (dative plural)
ougrū (instrumental singular)
ougrobim (dual instrumental)
ougrobis (instrumental plural)
ougrā (nominative singular)
ougrai (dual nominative)
ougrās (nominative plural)
ougrā (singular vocative)
ougrai (dual vocative)
ougrās (plural vocative)
ougram (accusative singular)
ougrai (accusative dual)
ougrams (accusative plural)
ougrās (genitive singular)
ougrai (dative singular)
ougrābom (dative dual)
ougrābos (dative plural)
ougrābim (dual instrumental)
ougrābis (instrumental plural)
ougrom (nominative singular)
ougrā (nominative plural)
ougrom (singular vocative)
ougrā (plural vocative)
ougrā (accusative plural)

Brythonic:

Welsh: oer

Cornish: oor

desctree

Old Irish: úar
Irish: fuar
Manx: feayr
Scottish Gaelic: fuar

⇒ Gaulish: Ogronnios

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewǵ- (“cold”). Cognate with Lithuanian aušti (“to cool”) and Old Armenian ոյծ (oyc, “cold”).

óchtIrish: fuachtScottish Gaelic: fuachdManx: feayght


bragnos

bragnos (nominative singular)
bragnou (dual nominative)
bragnoi (nominative plural)
bragne (singular vocative)
bragnou (dual vocative)
bragnoi (plural vocative)
bragnom (accusative singular)
bragnou (accusative dual)
bragnoms (accusative plural)
bragnī (genitive singular)
bragnous (dual genitive)
bragnom (genitive plural)
bragnūi (dative singular)
bragnobom (dative dual)
bragnobos (dative plural)
bragnū (instrumental singular)
bragnobim (dual instrumental)
bragnobis (instrumental plural)
bragnā (nominative singular)
bragnai (dual nominative)
bragnās (nominative plural)
bragnā (singular vocative)
bragnai (dual vocative)
bragnās (plural vocative)
bragnam (accusative singular)
bragnai (accusative dual)
bragnams (accusative plural)
bragnās (genitive singular)
bragnai (dative singular)
bragnābom (dative dual)
bragnābos (dative plural)
bragnābim (dual instrumental)
bragnābis (instrumental plural)
bragnom (nominative singular)
bragnā (nominative plural)
bragnom (singular vocative)
bragnā (plural vocative)
bragnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *braɨn
Middle Breton: brein
Breton: brein
Middle Welsh: braen
Welsh: braen

Old Irish: brén
Irish: bréan
Manx: breinn
Scottish Gaelic: breun

Gaulish: brennos

→ Vulgar Latin: *brennos

Padanian:

Ligurian: brénno, bréno

→? Neapolitan: vrenna

Piedmontese: brenn, brënn, brent

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: bren

Old French: bren, bran, brent, brin
⇒ French: berner
→ Middle English: bran, branne, bren
English: bran
Yola: bran
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: bren

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: breno (Ribagorçan)

Old Catalan: breny

Occitan: bren


tanawyos

tanauyos (nominative singular)
tanauyou (dual nominative)
tanauyoi (nominative plural)
tanauye (singular vocative)
tanauyou (dual vocative)
tanauyoi (plural vocative)
tanauyom (accusative singular)
tanauyou (accusative dual)
tanauyoms (accusative plural)
tanauyī (genitive singular)
tanauyous (dual genitive)
tanauyom (genitive plural)
tanauyūi (dative singular)
tanauyobom (dative dual)
tanauyobos (dative plural)
tanauyū (instrumental singular)
tanauyobim (dual instrumental)
tanauyobis (instrumental plural)
tanauyā (nominative singular)
tanauyai (dual nominative)
tanauyās (nominative plural)
tanauyā (singular vocative)
tanauyai (dual vocative)
tanauyās (plural vocative)
tanauyam (accusative singular)
tanauyai (accusative dual)
tanauyams (accusative plural)
tanauyās (genitive singular)
tanauyai (dative singular)
tanauyābom (dative dual)
tanauyābos (dative plural)
tanauyābim (dual instrumental)
tanauyābis (instrumental plural)
tanauyom (nominative singular)
tanauyā (nominative plural)
tanauyom (singular vocative)
tanauyā (plural vocative)
tanauyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tėnėw
Middle Breton: tanau, tanow
Breton: tanav
Old Cornish: tenewen
Cornish: tanaw
Old Welsh: teneu
Middle Welsh: teneu
Welsh: tenau

Old Irish: tanae
⇒ Irish: tanaí
Manx: thanney
Scottish Gaelic: tana


ardwos

ardwos (nominative singular)
ardwou (dual nominative)
ardwoi (nominative plural)
ardwe (singular vocative)
ardwou (dual vocative)
ardwoi (plural vocative)
ardwom (accusative singular)
ardwou (accusative dual)
ardwoms (accusative plural)
ardwī (genitive singular)
ardwous (dual genitive)
ardwom (genitive plural)
ardwūi (dative singular)
ardwobom (dative dual)
ardwobos (dative plural)
ardwū (instrumental singular)
ardwobim (dual instrumental)
ardwobis (instrumental plural)
ardwā (nominative singular)
ardwai (dual nominative)
ardwās (nominative plural)
ardwā (singular vocative)
ardwai (dual vocative)
ardwās (plural vocative)
ardwam (accusative singular)
ardwai (accusative dual)
ardwams (accusative plural)
ardwās (genitive singular)
ardwai (dative singular)
ardwābom (dative dual)
ardwābos (dative plural)
ardwābim (dual instrumental)
ardwābis (instrumental plural)
ardwom (nominative singular)
ardwā (nominative plural)
ardwom (singular vocative)
ardwā (plural vocative)
ardwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *arð

Middle Welsh: arð

Welsh: ardd

Cornish: ardh, arth

Old Breton: ard, art

Breton: arz

Old Irish: ard
Irish: ard
Manx: ard
Scottish Gaelic: àrd

Gaulish: Arduenna (place name)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós. Cognate with Latin arduus.


dergos

dergos (nominative singular)
dergou (dual nominative)
dergoi (nominative plural)
derge (singular vocative)
dergou (dual vocative)
dergoi (plural vocative)
dergom (accusative singular)
dergou (accusative dual)
dergoms (accusative plural)
dergī (genitive singular)
dergous (dual genitive)
dergom (genitive plural)
dergūi (dative singular)
dergobom (dative dual)
dergobos (dative plural)
dergū (instrumental singular)
dergobim (dual instrumental)
dergobis (instrumental plural)
dergā (nominative singular)
dergai (dual nominative)
dergās (nominative plural)
dergā (singular vocative)
dergai (dual vocative)
dergās (plural vocative)
dergam (accusative singular)
dergai (accusative dual)
dergams (accusative plural)
dergās (genitive singular)
dergai (dative singular)
dergābom (dative dual)
dergābos (dative plural)
dergābim (dual instrumental)
dergābis (instrumental plural)
dergom (nominative singular)
dergā (nominative plural)
dergom (singular vocative)
dergā (plural vocative)
dergā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: derg

Irish: dearg

Manx: jiarg

Scottish Gaelic: dearg

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg-os, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (“to dim, darken”); compare Old English deorc (“dark”) and Tocharian A tärkär, Tocharian B tarkär (“cloud”).
Akin to Lithuanian drėgti (“to get damp, wet”) and possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic *dárˀgāˀ (“bad weather”).


menekkis

menekkis (nominative singular)
menekkī (dual nominative)
menekkīs (nominative plural)
menekki (singular vocative)
menekkī (dual vocative)
menekkīs (plural vocative)
menekkim (accusative singular)
menekkī (accusative dual)
menekkims (accusative plural)
menekkeis (genitive singular)
menekkyou (dual genitive)
menekkyom (genitive plural)
menekkei (dative singular)
menekkibom (dative dual)
menekkibos (dative plural)
menekkī (instrumental singular)
menekkibim (dual instrumental)
menekkibis (instrumental plural)
menekki (nominative singular)
menekkyā (nominative plural)
menekkyā (plural vocative)
menekki (accusative singular)
menekkyā (accusative plural)
menekkois (genitive singular)
menekkois (dual genitive)
menekkē (dative singular)

Hispano-Celtic:⇒mincosegaeicis

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: mynych

desctree

Old Irish: menic
Middle Irish: menic, meinic
Irish: minic
Scottish Gaelic: minig
Manx: mennick

Cognate with Proto-Germanic *managaz and Proto-Slavic *mъnogъ, all of which could have been a late Indo-European borrowing from a northwest European substrate.


angus

angus (nominative singular)
angū (dual nominative)
angowes (nominative plural)
angu (singular vocative)
angū (dual vocative)
angūs (plural vocative)
angum (accusative singular)
angū (accusative dual)
angums (accusative plural)
angous (genitive singular)
angous (dual genitive)
angowom (genitive plural)
angou (dative singular)
angubom (dative dual)
angubos (dative plural)
angū (instrumental singular)
angubim (dual instrumental)
angubis (instrumental plural)
angu (nominative singular)
angwā (nominative plural)
angwā (plural vocative)
angu (accusative singular)
angwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: enc

Middle Breton: encq

Breton: enk

Middle Welsh: ing

komangus

with, together; see there for further descendants


klamos

klamos (nominative singular)
klamou (dual nominative)
klamoi (nominative plural)
klame (singular vocative)
klamou (dual vocative)
klamoi (plural vocative)
klamom (accusative singular)
klamou (accusative dual)
klamoms (accusative plural)
klamī (genitive singular)
klamous (dual genitive)
klamom (genitive plural)
klamūi (dative singular)
klamobom (dative dual)
klamobos (dative plural)
klamū (instrumental singular)
klamobim (dual instrumental)
klamobis (instrumental plural)
klamā (nominative singular)
klamai (dual nominative)
klamās (nominative plural)
klamā (singular vocative)
klamai (dual vocative)
klamās (plural vocative)
klamam (accusative singular)
klamai (accusative dual)
klamams (accusative plural)
klamās (genitive singular)
klamai (dative singular)
klamābom (dative dual)
klamābos (dative plural)
klamābim (dual instrumental)
klamābis (instrumental plural)
klamom (nominative singular)
klamā (nominative plural)
klamom (singular vocative)
klamā (plural vocative)
klamā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *klaβ̃
Middle Breton: claff
Breton: klañv
Old Cornish: claf
Cornish: klav, kloav
Middle Welsh: claf
Welsh: claf

Old Irish: clam
Middle Irish: clam

Unknown. Probably of non-Indo-European origin due to the a-vocalism. However, MacBain compares Sanskrit क्लान्त (klānta, “exhausted, wearied, fatigued”).


(s)kīttos

kīttos (nominative singular)
skīttos (nominative singular)
kīttou (dual nominative)
skīttou (dual nominative)
kīttoi (nominative plural)
skīttoi (nominative plural)
kītte (singular vocative)
skītte (singular vocative)
kīttou (dual vocative)
skīttou (dual vocative)
kīttoi (plural vocative)
skīttoi (plural vocative)
kīttom (accusative singular)
skīttom (accusative singular)
kīttou (accusative dual)
skīttou (accusative dual)
kīttoms (accusative plural)
skīttoms (accusative plural)
kīttī (genitive singular)
skīttī (genitive singular)
kīttous (dual genitive)
skīttous (dual genitive)
kīttom (genitive plural)
skīttom (genitive plural)
kīttūi (dative singular)
skīttūi (dative singular)
kīttobom (dative dual)
skīttobom (dative dual)
kīttobos (dative plural)
skīttobos (dative plural)
kīttū (instrumental singular)
skīttū (instrumental singular)
kīttobim (dual instrumental)
skīttobim (dual instrumental)
kīttobis (instrumental plural)
skīttobis (instrumental plural)
kīttā (nominative singular)
skīttā (nominative singular)
kīttai (dual nominative)
skīttai (dual nominative)
kīttās (nominative plural)
skīttās (nominative plural)
kīttā (singular vocative)
skīttā (singular vocative)
kīttai (dual vocative)
skīttai (dual vocative)
kīttās (plural vocative)
skīttās (plural vocative)
kīttam (accusative singular)
skīttam (accusative singular)
kīttai (accusative dual)
skīttai (accusative dual)
kīttams (accusative plural)
skīttams (accusative plural)
kīttās (genitive singular)
skīttās (genitive singular)
kīttai (dative singular)
skīttai (dative singular)
kīttābom (dative dual)
skīttābom (dative dual)
kīttābos (dative plural)
skīttābos (dative plural)
kīttābim (dual instrumental)
skīttābim (dual instrumental)
kīttābis (instrumental plural)
skīttābis (instrumental plural)
kīttom (nominative singular)
skīttom (nominative singular)
kīttā (nominative plural)
skīttā (nominative plural)
kīttom (singular vocative)
skīttom (singular vocative)
kīttā (plural vocative)
skīttā (plural vocative)
kīttā (accusative plural)
skīttā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: cittach

Irish: ciotach

Scottish Gaelic: ciotach

Manx: kyttagh

Middle Welsh: chwith

Welsh: chwith

From Proto-Indo-European *skh₂ey- (“left”). Cognate with Latin scaevus (“left, clumsy”), Ancient Greek σκαιός (skaiós, “left, unlucky, awkward”).


drūtos

drūtos (nominative singular)
drūtou (dual nominative)
drūtoi (nominative plural)
drūte (singular vocative)
drūtou (dual vocative)
drūtoi (plural vocative)
drūtom (accusative singular)
drūtou (accusative dual)
drūtoms (accusative plural)
drūtī (genitive singular)
drūtous (dual genitive)
drūtom (genitive plural)
drūtūi (dative singular)
drūtobom (dative dual)
drūtobos (dative plural)
drūtū (instrumental singular)
drūtobim (dual instrumental)
drūtobis (instrumental plural)
drūtā (nominative singular)
drūtai (dual nominative)
drūtās (nominative plural)
drūtā (singular vocative)
drūtai (dual vocative)
drūtās (plural vocative)
drūtam (accusative singular)
drūtai (accusative dual)
drūtams (accusative plural)
drūtās (genitive singular)
drūtai (dative singular)
drūtābom (dative dual)
drūtābos (dative plural)
drūtābim (dual instrumental)
drūtābis (instrumental plural)
drūtom (nominative singular)
drūtā (nominative plural)
drūtom (singular vocative)
drūtā (plural vocative)
drūtā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: Trutiknos

→ Gallo-Latin: *drudos

Middle Irish: drúth

Middle Welsh: drut

Welsh: drud

Unknown; the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree; firm”) is doubtful. The u of the Welsh word is unexpected, as Proto-Celtic *ū becomes *i in Proto-Brythonic and i in Welsh (compare Proto-Celtic *dūnom > Welsh din). It is possible the Welsh word was influenced by Gaulish or Goidelic, or is a loanword from one of them.


omos

omos (nominative singular)
omou (dual nominative)
omoi (nominative plural)
ome (singular vocative)
omou (dual vocative)
omoi (plural vocative)
omom (accusative singular)
omou (accusative dual)
omoms (accusative plural)
omī (genitive singular)
omous (dual genitive)
omom (genitive plural)
omūi (dative singular)
omobom (dative dual)
omobos (dative plural)
omū (instrumental singular)
omobim (dual instrumental)
omobis (instrumental plural)
omā (nominative singular)
omai (dual nominative)
omās (nominative plural)
omā (singular vocative)
omai (dual vocative)
omās (plural vocative)
omam (accusative singular)
omai (accusative dual)
omams (accusative plural)
omās (genitive singular)
omai (dative singular)
omābom (dative dual)
omābos (dative plural)
omābim (dual instrumental)
omābis (instrumental plural)
omom (nominative singular)
omā (nominative plural)
omom (singular vocative)
omā (plural vocative)
omā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oβ̃

Welsh: of

desctree

Old Irish: om
Middle Irish: om
Irish: amh
Scottish Gaelic: amh
Manx: aw


dusnos

dusnos (nominative singular)
dusnou (dual nominative)
dusnoi (nominative plural)
dusne (singular vocative)
dusnou (dual vocative)
dusnoi (plural vocative)
dusnom (accusative singular)
dusnou (accusative dual)
dusnoms (accusative plural)
dusnī (genitive singular)
dusnous (dual genitive)
dusnom (genitive plural)
dusnūi (dative singular)
dusnobom (dative dual)
dusnobos (dative plural)
dusnū (instrumental singular)
dusnobim (dual instrumental)
dusnobis (instrumental plural)
dusnā (nominative singular)
dusnai (dual nominative)
dusnās (nominative plural)
dusnā (singular vocative)
dusnai (dual vocative)
dusnās (plural vocative)
dusnam (accusative singular)
dusnai (accusative dual)
dusnams (accusative plural)
dusnās (genitive singular)
dusnai (dative singular)
dusnābom (dative dual)
dusnābos (dative plural)
dusnābim (dual instrumental)
dusnābis (instrumental plural)
dusnom (nominative singular)
dusnā (nominative plural)
dusnom (singular vocative)
dusnā (plural vocative)
dusnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dunn

Middle Welsh: dwnn

Old Irish: donn

Irish: donn

Manx: dhone

Scottish Gaelic: donn

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-, further to *dʰewh₂-. Cognate Latin fuscus and Old English dox.


koimos

koimos (nominative singular)
koimou (dual nominative)
koimoi (nominative plural)
koime (singular vocative)
koimou (dual vocative)
koimoi (plural vocative)
koimom (accusative singular)
koimou (accusative dual)
koimoms (accusative plural)
koimī (genitive singular)
koimous (dual genitive)
koimom (genitive plural)
koimūi (dative singular)
koimobom (dative dual)
koimobos (dative plural)
koimū (instrumental singular)
koimobim (dual instrumental)
koimobis (instrumental plural)
koimā (nominative singular)
koimai (dual nominative)
koimās (nominative plural)
koimā (singular vocative)
koimai (dual vocative)
koimās (plural vocative)
koimam (accusative singular)
koimai (accusative dual)
koimams (accusative plural)
koimās (genitive singular)
koimai (dative singular)
koimābom (dative dual)
koimābos (dative plural)
koimābim (dual instrumental)
koimābis (instrumental plural)
koimom (nominative singular)
koimā (nominative plural)
koimom (singular vocative)
koimā (plural vocative)
koimā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉβ̃

Old Breton: cum

Middle Breton: cunff, cuff

Breton: kuñv

Cornish: kuv, cueff

Middle Welsh: ku

Welsh: cu

Old Irish: cóem

Irish: caomh

Scottish Gaelic: caomh

Gaulish: Coemo

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóymos (“of the home, belonging to the family”) (compare English home and Lithuanian káimas (“village, countryside”)), from *ḱey-.


messamos

messamos (nominative singular)
messamou (dual nominative)
messamoi (nominative plural)
messame (singular vocative)
messamou (dual vocative)
messamoi (plural vocative)
messamom (accusative singular)
messamou (accusative dual)
messamoms (accusative plural)
messamī (genitive singular)
messamous (dual genitive)
messamom (genitive plural)
messamūi (dative singular)
messamobom (dative dual)
messamobos (dative plural)
messamū (instrumental singular)
messamobim (dual instrumental)
messamobis (instrumental plural)
messamā (nominative singular)
messamai (dual nominative)
messamās (nominative plural)
messamā (singular vocative)
messamai (dual vocative)
messamās (plural vocative)
messamam (accusative singular)
messamai (accusative dual)
messamams (accusative plural)
messamās (genitive singular)
messamai (dative singular)
messamābom (dative dual)
messamābos (dative plural)
messamābim (dual instrumental)
messamābis (instrumental plural)
messamom (nominative singular)
messamā (nominative plural)
messamom (singular vocative)
messamā (plural vocative)
messamā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: messamobi (Instrumental plural)

Old Irish: mesam


wergos

wergos (nominative singular)
wergou (dual nominative)
wergoi (nominative plural)
werge (singular vocative)
wergou (dual vocative)
wergoi (plural vocative)
wergom (accusative singular)
wergou (accusative dual)
wergoms (accusative plural)
wergī (genitive singular)
wergous (dual genitive)
wergom (genitive plural)
wergūi (dative singular)
wergobom (dative dual)
wergobos (dative plural)
wergū (instrumental singular)
wergobim (dual instrumental)
wergobis (instrumental plural)
wergā (nominative singular)
wergai (dual nominative)
wergās (nominative plural)
wergā (singular vocative)
wergai (dual vocative)
wergās (plural vocative)
wergam (accusative singular)
wergai (accusative dual)
wergams (accusative plural)
wergās (genitive singular)
wergai (dative singular)
wergābom (dative dual)
wergābos (dative plural)
wergābim (dual instrumental)
wergābis (instrumental plural)
wergom (nominative singular)
wergā (nominative plural)
wergom (singular vocative)
wergā (plural vocative)
wergā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwerɣ

Old Breton: guerg

Middle Welsh: gwery

⇒ Gaulish: *wergobretos (“magistrate”)

→ Latin: vergobretus

From Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to make”).


brassos

brassos (nominative singular)
brassou (dual nominative)
brassoi (nominative plural)
brasse (singular vocative)
brassou (dual vocative)
brassoi (plural vocative)
brassom (accusative singular)
brassou (accusative dual)
brassoms (accusative plural)
brassī (genitive singular)
brassous (dual genitive)
brassom (genitive plural)
brassūi (dative singular)
brassobom (dative dual)
brassobos (dative plural)
brassū (instrumental singular)
brassobim (dual instrumental)
brassobis (instrumental plural)
brassā (nominative singular)
brassai (dual nominative)
brassās (nominative plural)
brassā (singular vocative)
brassai (dual vocative)
brassās (plural vocative)
brassam (accusative singular)
brassai (accusative dual)
brassams (accusative plural)
brassās (genitive singular)
brassai (dative singular)
brassābom (dative dual)
brassābos (dative plural)
brassābim (dual instrumental)
brassābis (instrumental plural)
brassom (nominative singular)
brassā (nominative plural)
brassom (singular vocative)
brassā (plural vocative)
brassā (accusative plural)

Brythonic:

Cornish: bras, brâs, broas

Middle Welsh: bras

Welsh: bras

Middle Breton: braz, bras

Goidelic:

Old Irish: bras

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷrod-to-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷred-. Cognate with Latin grossus (“fat”).


blāwos

blāwos (nominative singular)
blāwou (dual nominative)
blāwoi (nominative plural)
blāwe (singular vocative)
blāwou (dual vocative)
blāwoi (plural vocative)
blāwom (accusative singular)
blāwou (accusative dual)
blāwoms (accusative plural)
blāwī (genitive singular)
blāwous (dual genitive)
blāwom (genitive plural)
blāwūi (dative singular)
blāwobom (dative dual)
blāwobos (dative plural)
blāwū (instrumental singular)
blāwobim (dual instrumental)
blāwobis (instrumental plural)
blāwā (nominative singular)
blāwai (dual nominative)
blāwās (nominative plural)
blāwā (singular vocative)
blāwai (dual vocative)
blāwās (plural vocative)
blāwam (accusative singular)
blāwai (accusative dual)
blāwams (accusative plural)
blāwās (genitive singular)
blāwai (dative singular)
blāwābom (dative dual)
blāwābos (dative plural)
blāwābim (dual instrumental)
blāwābis (instrumental plural)
blāwom (nominative singular)
blāwā (nominative plural)
blāwom (singular vocative)
blāwā (plural vocative)
blāwā (accusative plural)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: blá

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₂- (“yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-. Cognate with Latin flavus.


mlātis

mlātis (nominative singular)
mlātī (dual nominative)
mlātīs (nominative plural)
mlāti (singular vocative)
mlātī (dual vocative)
mlātīs (plural vocative)
mlātim (accusative singular)
mlātī (accusative dual)
mlātims (accusative plural)
mlāteis (genitive singular)
mlātyou (dual genitive)
mlātyom (genitive plural)
mlātei (dative singular)
mlātibom (dative dual)
mlātibos (dative plural)
mlātī (instrumental singular)
mlātibim (dual instrumental)
mlātibis (instrumental plural)
mlāti (nominative singular)
mlātyā (nominative plural)
mlātyā (plural vocative)
mlāti (accusative singular)
mlātyā (accusative plural)
mlātois (genitive singular)
mlātois (dual genitive)
mlātē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: blot

Breton: bleud

Old Cornish: blot

Old Welsh: blawd

Old Irish: mláith, bláith

Irish: bláith

Scottish Gaelic: blàth

Manx: blah

Gaulish: *blatis

From Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₂-ti-s ~ *ml̥h₁-téy-s, from *melh₂- (“to crush, grind”) + *-tis.


wāstos

wāstos (nominative singular)
wāstou (dual nominative)
wāstoi (nominative plural)
wāste (singular vocative)
wāstou (dual vocative)
wāstoi (plural vocative)
wāstom (accusative singular)
wāstou (accusative dual)
wāstoms (accusative plural)
wāstī (genitive singular)
wāstous (dual genitive)
wāstom (genitive plural)
wāstūi (dative singular)
wāstobom (dative dual)
wāstobos (dative plural)
wāstū (instrumental singular)
wāstobim (dual instrumental)
wāstobis (instrumental plural)
wāstā (nominative singular)
wāstai (dual nominative)
wāstās (nominative plural)
wāstā (singular vocative)
wāstai (dual vocative)
wāstās (plural vocative)
wāstam (accusative singular)
wāstai (accusative dual)
wāstams (accusative plural)
wāstās (genitive singular)
wāstai (dative singular)
wāstābom (dative dual)
wāstābos (dative plural)
wāstābim (dual instrumental)
wāstābis (instrumental plural)
wāstom (nominative singular)
wāstā (nominative plural)
wāstom (singular vocative)
wāstā (plural vocative)
wāstā (accusative plural)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: fás, fásach

Irish: fás, fásach, fásaigh

Scottish Gaelic: fàs, fàsach, fàsaich

Manx: faase

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to leave, abandon, give out”).


wailos

wailos (nominative singular)
wailou (dual nominative)
wailoi (nominative plural)
waile (singular vocative)
wailou (dual vocative)
wailoi (plural vocative)
wailom (accusative singular)
wailou (accusative dual)
wailoms (accusative plural)
wailī (genitive singular)
wailous (dual genitive)
wailom (genitive plural)
wailūi (dative singular)
wailobom (dative dual)
wailobos (dative plural)
wailū (instrumental singular)
wailobim (dual instrumental)
wailobis (instrumental plural)
wailā (nominative singular)
wailai (dual nominative)
wailās (nominative plural)
wailā (singular vocative)
wailai (dual vocative)
wailās (plural vocative)
wailam (accusative singular)
wailai (accusative dual)
wailams (accusative plural)
wailās (genitive singular)
wailai (dative singular)
wailābom (dative dual)
wailābos (dative plural)
wailābim (dual instrumental)
wailābis (instrumental plural)
wailom (nominative singular)
wailā (nominative plural)
wailom (singular vocative)
wailā (plural vocative)
wailā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: gail

Middle Welsh: gwael

Welsh: gwael

>? Gaulish: Vailo

PIE word
 *wáy
Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wai (“woe!”) + *-los. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *upo-ped-lo-s, from *ped- (“to walk; to fall”).


wellos

wellos (nominative singular)
wellou (dual nominative)
welloi (nominative plural)
welle (singular vocative)
wellou (dual vocative)
welloi (plural vocative)
wellom (accusative singular)
wellou (accusative dual)
welloms (accusative plural)
wellī (genitive singular)
wellous (dual genitive)
wellom (genitive plural)
wellūi (dative singular)
wellobom (dative dual)
wellobos (dative plural)
wellū (instrumental singular)
wellobim (dual instrumental)
wellobis (instrumental plural)
wellā (nominative singular)
wellai (dual nominative)
wellās (nominative plural)
wellā (singular vocative)
wellai (dual vocative)
wellās (plural vocative)
wellam (accusative singular)
wellai (accusative dual)
wellams (accusative plural)
wellās (genitive singular)
wellai (dative singular)
wellābom (dative dual)
wellābos (dative plural)
wellābim (dual instrumental)
wellābis (instrumental plural)
wellom (nominative singular)
wellā (nominative plural)
wellom (singular vocative)
wellā (plural vocative)
wellā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: guell

Breton: gwell

Cornish: gwell

Middle Welsh: gwell

Welsh: gwell (“better, preferable”)

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”).


weilos

weilos (nominative singular)
weilou (dual nominative)
weiloi (nominative plural)
weile (singular vocative)
weilou (dual vocative)
weiloi (plural vocative)
weilom (accusative singular)
weilou (accusative dual)
weiloms (accusative plural)
weilī (genitive singular)
weilous (dual genitive)
weilom (genitive plural)
weilūi (dative singular)
weilobom (dative dual)
weilobos (dative plural)
weilū (instrumental singular)
weilobim (dual instrumental)
weilobis (instrumental plural)
weilā (nominative singular)
weilai (dual nominative)
weilās (nominative plural)
weilā (singular vocative)
weilai (dual vocative)
weilās (plural vocative)
weilam (accusative singular)
weilai (accusative dual)
weilams (accusative plural)
weilās (genitive singular)
weilai (dative singular)
weilābom (dative dual)
weilābos (dative plural)
weilābim (dual instrumental)
weilābis (instrumental plural)
weilom (nominative singular)
weilā (nominative plural)
weilom (singular vocative)
weilā (plural vocative)
weilā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwyl

Welsh: gŵyl

Old Irish: fíal

Middle Irish: fíal

Irish: fial

Scottish Gaelic: fial

Manx: feoilt

Along with *weiliyā (“modesty”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wey- (“turn”), *wāg- (“to be bent”), which could be related to Latin vagus (“wandering, strolling”).


sāmos

sāmos (nominative singular)
sāmou (dual nominative)
sāmoi (nominative plural)
sāme (singular vocative)
sāmou (dual vocative)
sāmoi (plural vocative)
sāmom (accusative singular)
sāmou (accusative dual)
sāmoms (accusative plural)
sāmī (genitive singular)
sāmous (dual genitive)
sāmom (genitive plural)
sāmūi (dative singular)
sāmobom (dative dual)
sāmobos (dative plural)
sāmū (instrumental singular)
sāmobim (dual instrumental)
sāmobis (instrumental plural)
sāmā (nominative singular)
sāmai (dual nominative)
sāmās (nominative plural)
sāmā (singular vocative)
sāmai (dual vocative)
sāmās (plural vocative)
sāmam (accusative singular)
sāmai (accusative dual)
sāmams (accusative plural)
sāmās (genitive singular)
sāmai (dative singular)
sāmābom (dative dual)
sāmābos (dative plural)
sāmābim (dual instrumental)
sāmābis (instrumental plural)
sāmom (nominative singular)
sāmā (nominative plural)
sāmom (singular vocative)
sāmā (plural vocative)
sāmā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: sám

Irish: sámh

Scottish Gaelic: samh

From Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“same”).


sɸeimis

sɸeimis (nominative singular)
sɸeimī (dual nominative)
sɸeimīs (nominative plural)
sɸeimi (singular vocative)
sɸeimī (dual vocative)
sɸeimīs (plural vocative)
sɸeimim (accusative singular)
sɸeimī (accusative dual)
sɸeimims (accusative plural)
sɸeimeis (genitive singular)
sɸeimyou (dual genitive)
sɸeimyom (genitive plural)
sɸeimei (dative singular)
sɸeimibom (dative dual)
sɸeimibos (dative plural)
sɸeimī (instrumental singular)
sɸeimibim (dual instrumental)
sɸeimibis (instrumental plural)
sɸeimi (nominative singular)
sɸeimyā (nominative plural)
sɸeimyā (plural vocative)
sɸeimi (accusative singular)
sɸeimyā (accusative plural)
sɸeimois (genitive singular)
sɸeimois (dual genitive)
sɸeimē (dative singular)

Old Irish: séim

Irish: séimh

⇒ Irish: séimhigh

Scottish Gaelic: sèimh

From Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“thin”).


balkos

balkos (nominative singular)
balkou (dual nominative)
balkoi (nominative plural)
balke (singular vocative)
balkou (dual vocative)
balkoi (plural vocative)
balkom (accusative singular)
balkou (accusative dual)
balkoms (accusative plural)
balkī (genitive singular)
balkous (dual genitive)
balkom (genitive plural)
balkūi (dative singular)
balkobom (dative dual)
balkobos (dative plural)
balkū (instrumental singular)
balkobim (dual instrumental)
balkobis (instrumental plural)
balkā (nominative singular)
balkai (dual nominative)
balkās (nominative plural)
balkā (singular vocative)
balkai (dual vocative)
balkās (plural vocative)
balkam (accusative singular)
balkai (accusative dual)
balkams (accusative plural)
balkās (genitive singular)
balkai (dative singular)
balkābom (dative dual)
balkābos (dative plural)
balkābim (dual instrumental)
balkābis (instrumental plural)
balkom (nominative singular)
balkā (nominative plural)
balkom (singular vocative)
balkā (plural vocative)
balkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: balch

Breton: balc'h

Cornish: balgh

Old Irish: balc

→ Vulgar Latin: balca

Catalan: balca

Occitan: balca, bauca

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to swell”). Cognate Proto-Germanic *balþaz.


wesus

wesus (nominative singular)
wesū (dual nominative)
wesowes (nominative plural)
wesu (singular vocative)
wesū (dual vocative)
wesūs (plural vocative)
wesum (accusative singular)
wesū (accusative dual)
wesums (accusative plural)
wesous (genitive singular)
wesous (dual genitive)
wesowom (genitive plural)
wesou (dative singular)
wesubom (dative dual)
wesubos (dative plural)
wesū (instrumental singular)
wesubim (dual instrumental)
wesubis (instrumental plural)
wesu (nominative singular)
weswā (nominative plural)
weswā (plural vocative)
wesu (accusative singular)
weswā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwiw

Old Breton: uuiu

Middle Breton: wiw

Old Cornish: guiu

Cornish: guiu

Middle Welsh: wiw

Welsh: gwiw

desctree

Old Irish: fíu, fiu, fiú
Irish: fiú
Manx: feeu
Scottish Gaelic: fiù

Old Irish: feib (dat.)

Gaulish: *wesus

⇒ Gaulish: *Bellowesus

→ Latin: Bellovesus

⇒ Gaulish: *Segowesus

→ Latin: Segovesus

⇒ Gaulish: *Wesuawos

→ Latin: Vesuavus

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wésus (“excellent”). Sanskrit वसु (vásu) and Luwian 𒉿𒀀𒋗𒍑 (wa-a-šu-uš /wāsus/).


tigernākos

tigernākos (nominative singular)
tigernākou (dual nominative)
tigernākoi (nominative plural)
tigernāke (singular vocative)
tigernākou (dual vocative)
tigernākoi (plural vocative)
tigernākom (accusative singular)
tigernākou (accusative dual)
tigernākoms (accusative plural)
tigernākī (genitive singular)
tigernākous (dual genitive)
tigernākom (genitive plural)
tigernākūi (dative singular)
tigernākobom (dative dual)
tigernākobos (dative plural)
tigernākū (instrumental singular)
tigernākobim (dual instrumental)
tigernākobis (instrumental plural)
tigernākā (nominative singular)
tigernākai (dual nominative)
tigernākās (nominative plural)
tigernākā (singular vocative)
tigernākai (dual vocative)
tigernākās (plural vocative)
tigernākam (accusative singular)
tigernākai (accusative dual)
tigernākams (accusative plural)
tigernākās (genitive singular)
tigernākai (dative singular)
tigernākābom (dative dual)
tigernākābos (dative plural)
tigernākābim (dual instrumental)
tigernākābis (instrumental plural)
tigernākom (nominative singular)
tigernākā (nominative plural)
tigernākom (singular vocative)
tigernākā (plural vocative)
tigernākā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tɨɣernọg
Old Breton: *tiarnoc
Welsh: teyrnog

Old Irish: tigernach

Gaulish: *tigernākos

→ Latin: Tigernacus


winkʷos

winkʷos (nominative singular)
winkʷou (dual nominative)
winkʷoi (nominative plural)
winkʷe (singular vocative)
winkʷou (dual vocative)
winkʷoi (plural vocative)
winkʷom (accusative singular)
winkʷou (accusative dual)
winkʷoms (accusative plural)
winkʷī (genitive singular)
winkʷous (dual genitive)
winkʷom (genitive plural)
winkūi (dative singular)
winkʷobom (dative dual)
winkʷobos (dative plural)
winkū (instrumental singular)
winkʷobim (dual instrumental)
winkʷobis (instrumental plural)
winkʷā (nominative singular)
winkʷai (dual nominative)
winkʷās (nominative plural)
winkʷā (singular vocative)
winkʷai (dual vocative)
winkʷās (plural vocative)
winkʷam (accusative singular)
winkʷai (accusative dual)
winkʷams (accusative plural)
winkʷās (genitive singular)
winkʷai (dative singular)
winkʷābom (dative dual)
winkʷābos (dative plural)
winkʷābim (dual instrumental)
winkʷābis (instrumental plural)
winkʷom (nominative singular)
winkʷā (nominative plural)
winkʷom (singular vocative)
winkʷā (plural vocative)
winkʷā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: gwemp

Middle Welsh: gwymp

Gaulish: *uimpos

Gaulish: uimpi

Unknown. Posssibly from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to desire”).


kassos

kassos (nominative singular)
kassou (dual nominative)
kassoi (nominative plural)
kasse (singular vocative)
kassou (dual vocative)
kassoi (plural vocative)
kassom (accusative singular)
kassou (accusative dual)
kassoms (accusative plural)
kassī (genitive singular)
kassous (dual genitive)
kassom (genitive plural)
kassūi (dative singular)
kassobom (dative dual)
kassobos (dative plural)
kassū (instrumental singular)
kassobim (dual instrumental)
kassobis (instrumental plural)
kassā (nominative singular)
kassai (dual nominative)
kassās (nominative plural)
kassā (singular vocative)
kassai (dual vocative)
kassās (plural vocative)
kassam (accusative singular)
kassai (accusative dual)
kassams (accusative plural)
kassās (genitive singular)
kassai (dative singular)
kassābom (dative dual)
kassābos (dative plural)
kassābim (dual instrumental)
kassābis (instrumental plural)
kassom (nominative singular)
kassā (nominative plural)
kassom (singular vocative)
kassā (plural vocative)
kassā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: cass

Irish: cas

Gaulish: *kassos

⇒ Gaulish: kassanos

Uncertain, as Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to comb”) would yield an expected *ksto; perhaps through an intermediary *kasto-.


tausos

tawsos (nominative singular)
tawsou (dual nominative)
tawsoi (nominative plural)
tawse (singular vocative)
tawsou (dual vocative)
tawsoi (plural vocative)
tawsom (accusative singular)
tawsou (accusative dual)
tawsoms (accusative plural)
tawsī (genitive singular)
tawsous (dual genitive)
tawsom (genitive plural)
tawsūi (dative singular)
tawsobom (dative dual)
tawsobos (dative plural)
tawsū (instrumental singular)
tawsobim (dual instrumental)
tawsobis (instrumental plural)
tawsā (nominative singular)
tawsai (dual nominative)
tawsās (nominative plural)
tawsā (singular vocative)
tawsai (dual vocative)
tawsās (plural vocative)
tawsam (accusative singular)
tawsai (accusative dual)
tawsams (accusative plural)
tawsās (genitive singular)
tawsai (dative singular)
tawsābom (dative dual)
tawsābos (dative plural)
tawsābim (dual instrumental)
tawsābis (instrumental plural)
tawsom (nominative singular)
tawsā (nominative plural)
tawsom (singular vocative)
tawsā (plural vocative)
tawsā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: taw (“silence”)

Welsh: taw

Middle Breton: tao (“silence”)

Breton: taw

Cornish: taw

desctree

Old Irish: tóe, tó, túae
Middle Irish: tóe
⇒ Middle Irish: toíthenach
Irish: taoitheanach

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂ws- (“to be quiet, be still”).


bandis

bandis (nominative singular)
bandī (dual nominative)
bandīs (nominative plural)
bandi (singular vocative)
bandī (dual vocative)
bandīs (plural vocative)
bandim (accusative singular)
bandī (accusative dual)
bandims (accusative plural)
bandeis (genitive singular)
bandyou (dual genitive)
bandyom (genitive plural)
bandei (dative singular)
bandibom (dative dual)
bandibos (dative plural)
bandī (instrumental singular)
bandibim (dual instrumental)
bandibis (instrumental plural)
bandi (nominative singular)
bandyā (nominative plural)
bandyā (plural vocative)
bandi (accusative singular)
bandyā (accusative plural)
bandois (genitive singular)
bandois (dual genitive)
bandē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *bann

Old Breton: bann

Middle Welsh: bann, ban

Old Irish: bind

Irish: binn

Scottish Gaelic: binn

From Proto-Indo-European *bend- (“point, pin”). Cognate with Old English pintel (“penis”). The initial "b" may point to a European substrate language.


brikkos

brikkos (nominative singular)
brikkou (dual nominative)
brikkoi (nominative plural)
brikke (singular vocative)
brikkou (dual vocative)
brikkoi (plural vocative)
brikkom (accusative singular)
brikkou (accusative dual)
brikkoms (accusative plural)
brikkī (genitive singular)
brikkous (dual genitive)
brikkom (genitive plural)
brikkūi (dative singular)
brikkobom (dative dual)
brikkobos (dative plural)
brikkū (instrumental singular)
brikkobim (dual instrumental)
brikkobis (instrumental plural)
brikkā (nominative singular)
brikkai (dual nominative)
brikkās (nominative plural)
brikkā (singular vocative)
brikkai (dual vocative)
brikkās (plural vocative)
brikkam (accusative singular)
brikkai (accusative dual)
brikkams (accusative plural)
brikkās (genitive singular)
brikkai (dative singular)
brikkābom (dative dual)
brikkābos (dative plural)
brikkābim (dual instrumental)
brikkābis (instrumental plural)
brikkom (nominative singular)
brikkā (nominative plural)
brikkom (singular vocative)
brikkā (plural vocative)
brikkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨx

Breton: brec'h (“variola”)

Cornish: brygh

Middle Welsh: brych

Welsh: brych

desctree

Old Irish: brecc
Irish: breac
Manx: breck
Scottish Gaelic: breac

Gaulish: *brikkos, *Brikkos

Latin: briccus, Briccus

French: brèche (Poitevin)

From Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“motley, colored, spotted”).


ɸūros

ɸūros (nominative singular)
ɸūrou (dual nominative)
ɸūroi (nominative plural)
ɸūre (singular vocative)
ɸūrou (dual vocative)
ɸūroi (plural vocative)
ɸūrom (accusative singular)
ɸūrou (accusative dual)
ɸūroms (accusative plural)
ɸūrī (genitive singular)
ɸūrous (dual genitive)
ɸūrom (genitive plural)
ɸūrūi (dative singular)
ɸūrobom (dative dual)
ɸūrobos (dative plural)
ɸūrū (instrumental singular)
ɸūrobim (dual instrumental)
ɸūrobis (instrumental plural)
ɸūrā (nominative singular)
ɸūrai (dual nominative)
ɸūrās (nominative plural)
ɸūrā (singular vocative)
ɸūrai (dual vocative)
ɸūrās (plural vocative)
ɸūram (accusative singular)
ɸūrai (accusative dual)
ɸūrams (accusative plural)
ɸūrās (genitive singular)
ɸūrai (dative singular)
ɸūrābom (dative dual)
ɸūrābos (dative plural)
ɸūrābim (dual instrumental)
ɸūrābis (instrumental plural)
ɸūrom (nominative singular)
ɸūrā (nominative plural)
ɸūrom (singular vocative)
ɸūrā (plural vocative)
ɸūrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ir
Cornish: yr
Welsh: ir

Middle Irish: úr

Irish: úr

Manx: oor

Scottish Gaelic: ùr

From Proto-Indo-European *puHrós, from the root *pewH- (“to be clean, pure”). Cognate with Latin pūrus.


komangus

komangus (nominative singular)
komangū (dual nominative)
komangowes (nominative plural)
komangu (singular vocative)
komangū (dual vocative)
komangūs (plural vocative)
komangum (accusative singular)
komangū (accusative dual)
komangums (accusative plural)
komangous (genitive singular)
komangous (dual genitive)
komangowom (genitive plural)
komangou (dative singular)
komangubom (dative dual)
komangubos (dative plural)
komangū (instrumental singular)
komangubim (dual instrumental)
komangubis (instrumental plural)
komangu (nominative singular)
komangwā (nominative plural)
komangwā (plural vocative)
komangu (accusative singular)
komangwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: kyving

Welsh: cyfyng

Old Irish: cumung
Middle Irish: cumang
Irish: cúng
Manx: coon
Scottish Gaelic: cumhang


lordskākos

glastos (nominative singular)
glastou (dual nominative)
glastoi (nominative plural)
glaste (singular vocative)
glastou (dual vocative)
glastoi (plural vocative)
glastom (accusative singular)
glastou (accusative dual)
glastoms (accusative plural)
glastī (genitive singular)
glastous (dual genitive)
glastom (genitive plural)
glastūi (dative singular)
glastobom (dative dual)
glastobos (dative plural)
glastū (instrumental singular)
glastobim (dual instrumental)
glastobis (instrumental plural)
glastā (nominative singular)
glastai (dual nominative)
glastās (nominative plural)
glastā (singular vocative)
glastai (dual vocative)
glastās (plural vocative)
glastam (accusative singular)
glastai (accusative dual)
glastams (accusative plural)
glastās (genitive singular)
glastai (dative singular)
glastābom (dative dual)
glastābos (dative plural)
glastābim (dual instrumental)
glastābis (instrumental plural)
glastom (nominative singular)
glastā (nominative plural)
glastom (singular vocative)
glastā (plural vocative)
glastā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: lorcach, lurcach

Scottish Gaelic: loirc

From *lordskā, from Proto-Indo-European *lord-sk-eh₂, *lord-sḱ-eh₂, from *lerd- (“crooked”), + *-ākos. Cognate with լորցք (lorcʻkʻ), Greek λορδός (lordós, “bent backward”), Proto-West Germanic *lort (“crooked”).


skamos

skamos (nominative singular)
skamou (dual nominative)
skamoi (nominative plural)
skame (singular vocative)
skamou (dual vocative)
skamoi (plural vocative)
skamom (accusative singular)
skamou (accusative dual)
skamoms (accusative plural)
skamī (genitive singular)
skamous (dual genitive)
skamom (genitive plural)
skamūi (dative singular)
skamobom (dative dual)
skamobos (dative plural)
skamū (instrumental singular)
skamobim (dual instrumental)
skamobis (instrumental plural)
skamā (nominative singular)
skamai (dual nominative)
skamās (nominative plural)
skamā (singular vocative)
skamai (dual vocative)
skamās (plural vocative)
skamam (accusative singular)
skamai (accusative dual)
skamams (accusative plural)
skamās (genitive singular)
skamai (dative singular)
skamābom (dative dual)
skamābos (dative plural)
skamābim (dual instrumental)
skamābis (instrumental plural)
skamom (nominative singular)
skamā (nominative plural)
skamom (singular vocative)
skamā (plural vocative)
skamā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Middle Welsh: ysgafn (“light”), ysgefeint (“lung”)

Welsh: ysgafn (“light”), ysgyfant (“lung”)

Middle Breton: caff, scanff

Breton: skañv (“light”)

Cornish: scaff, schaff

Middle Irish: scam (“lung”) (only attested as plural scaim)

Uncertain, as a-vocalisms are not common. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱem-, same source as Proto-Germanic *skammaz (“short”). Similar semantic connections can be found between "light" and "lungs" in other Indo-European languages, such as Proto-Germanic *lungô (“lung”) being from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“nimble, light”).


leiris

leiris (nominative singular)
leirī (dual nominative)
leirīs (nominative plural)
leiri (singular vocative)
leirī (dual vocative)
leirīs (plural vocative)
leirim (accusative singular)
leirī (accusative dual)
leirims (accusative plural)
leireis (genitive singular)
leiryou (dual genitive)
leiryom (genitive plural)
leirei (dative singular)
leiribom (dative dual)
leiribos (dative plural)
leirī (instrumental singular)
leiribim (dual instrumental)
leiribis (instrumental plural)
leiri (nominative singular)
leiryā (nominative plural)
leiryā (plural vocative)
leiri (accusative singular)
leiryā (accusative plural)
leirois (genitive singular)
leirois (dual genitive)
leirē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨr

Old Breton: loir

Middle Welsh: llwyr

Welsh: llwyr

desctree

Old Irish: léir
Irish: léir
Scottish Gaelic: lèir


kambos

kambos (nominative singular)
kambou (dual nominative)
kamboi (nominative plural)
kambe (singular vocative)
kambou (dual vocative)
kamboi (plural vocative)
kambom (accusative singular)
kambou (accusative dual)
kamboms (accusative plural)
kambī (genitive singular)
kambous (dual genitive)
kambom (genitive plural)
kambūi (dative singular)
kambobom (dative dual)
kambobos (dative plural)
kambū (instrumental singular)
kambobim (dual instrumental)
kambobis (instrumental plural)
kambā (nominative singular)
kambai (dual nominative)
kambās (nominative plural)
kambā (singular vocative)
kambai (dual vocative)
kambās (plural vocative)
kambam (accusative singular)
kambai (accusative dual)
kambams (accusative plural)
kambās (genitive singular)
kambai (dative singular)
kambābom (dative dual)
kambābos (dative plural)
kambābim (dual instrumental)
kambābis (instrumental plural)
kambom (nominative singular)
kambā (nominative plural)
kambom (singular vocative)
kambā (plural vocative)
kambā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kam

Old Breton: camm

Middle Breton: kamm

Breton: kamm

Cornish: kamm

Old Welsh: cam (“evil, wrong”)

Middle Welsh: cam

Welsh: cam

→ English: kam

Old Irish: camm, cam
Irish: cam
Manx: cam
Scottish Gaelic: cam

Gaulish: Cambo, Καμβοδουνον

→ Latin: Campodūnum
Medieval Latin: Campidona
→ Middle High German: Kemptun
German: Kempten

→ Old French: camus

Middle French: camus

French: camus

desc

→ Middle English: camus, camuse, cammus, cammuse, camois, camoise, camoyse

English: camous, camoys

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Galician: camba; ⇒ canga, cambela, cambar

→ Portuguese: camba; ⇒ cambo, cambar, canga

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱh₂embos (“crooked”), probably from the same substrate source as *kh₂em- (“to arch”). Compare Ancient Greek σκαμβός (skambós, “crooked”).


lagisamos

lagisamos (nominative singular)
lagisamou (dual nominative)
lagisamoi (nominative plural)
lagisame (singular vocative)
lagisamou (dual vocative)
lagisamoi (plural vocative)
lagisamom (accusative singular)
lagisamou (accusative dual)
lagisamoms (accusative plural)
lagisamī (genitive singular)
lagisamous (dual genitive)
lagisamom (genitive plural)
lagisamūi (dative singular)
lagisamobom (dative dual)
lagisamobos (dative plural)
lagisamū (instrumental singular)
lagisamobim (dual instrumental)
lagisamobis (instrumental plural)
lagisamā (nominative singular)
lagisamai (dual nominative)
lagisamās (nominative plural)
lagisamā (singular vocative)
lagisamai (dual vocative)
lagisamās (plural vocative)
lagisamam (accusative singular)
lagisamai (accusative dual)
lagisamams (accusative plural)
lagisamās (genitive singular)
lagisamai (dative singular)
lagisamābom (dative dual)
lagisamābos (dative plural)
lagisamābim (dual instrumental)
lagisamābis (instrumental plural)
lagisamom (nominative singular)
lagisamā (nominative plural)
lagisamom (singular vocative)
lagisamā (plural vocative)
lagisamā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llaɣhaβ̃
Old Breton: leham, leiham, laham
Cornish: lyha
Middle Welsh: lleiaf
Welsh: lleiaf, lleia (colloquial)

Old Irish: lugimem, lugam

superlative degree of *legus (“small”): smallest, least


kanis

kanis (nominative singular)
kanī (dual nominative)
kanīs (nominative plural)
kani (singular vocative)
kanī (dual vocative)
kanīs (plural vocative)
kanim (accusative singular)
kanī (accusative dual)
kanims (accusative plural)
kaneis (genitive singular)
kanyou (dual genitive)
kanyom (genitive plural)
kanei (dative singular)
kanibom (dative dual)
kanibos (dative plural)
kanī (instrumental singular)
kanibim (dual instrumental)
kanibis (instrumental plural)
kani (nominative singular)
kanyā (nominative plural)
kanyā (plural vocative)
kani (accusative singular)
kanyā (accusative plural)
kanois (genitive singular)
kanois (dual genitive)
kanē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: quen

Breton: ken

Middle Welsh: cein

Welsh: cain

Old Irish: cain (conflated with modern caín)

Sometimes said to be from *knyo-, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥-i-, from *ken- (“to begin, arise”), but this leaves a wide semantic gap. It could instead be from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


lowenos

lowenos (nominative singular)
lowenou (dual nominative)
lowenoi (nominative plural)
lowene (singular vocative)
lowenou (dual vocative)
lowenoi (plural vocative)
lowenom (accusative singular)
lowenou (accusative dual)
lowenoms (accusative plural)
lowenī (genitive singular)
lowenous (dual genitive)
lowenom (genitive plural)
lowenūi (dative singular)
lowenobom (dative dual)
lowenobos (dative plural)
lowenū (instrumental singular)
lowenobim (dual instrumental)
lowenobis (instrumental plural)
lowenā (nominative singular)
lowenai (dual nominative)
lowenās (nominative plural)
lowenā (singular vocative)
lowenai (dual vocative)
lowenās (plural vocative)
lowenam (accusative singular)
lowenai (accusative dual)
lowenams (accusative plural)
lowenās (genitive singular)
lowenai (dative singular)
lowenābom (dative dual)
lowenābos (dative plural)
lowenābim (dual instrumental)
lowenābis (instrumental plural)
lowenom (nominative singular)
lowenā (nominative plural)
lowenom (singular vocative)
lowenā (plural vocative)
lowenā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llowen
Old Breton: louuen
Middle Breton: louen
Breton: laouen
Old Cornish: louen
Middle Cornish: lowen
Cornish: lowen
Middle Welsh: llawen
Welsh: llawen

Gaulish: *Lawenos

→ Latin: Lavenus

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“gain, benefit”).


towto-

towtos (nominative singular)
towtou (dual nominative)
towtoi (nominative plural)
towte (singular vocative)
towtou (dual vocative)
towtoi (plural vocative)
towtom (accusative singular)
towtou (accusative dual)
towtoms (accusative plural)
towtī (genitive singular)
towtous (dual genitive)
towtom (genitive plural)
towtūi (dative singular)
towtobom (dative dual)
towtobos (dative plural)
towtū (instrumental singular)
towtobim (dual instrumental)
towtobis (instrumental plural)
towtā (nominative singular)
towtai (dual nominative)
towtās (nominative plural)
towtā (singular vocative)
towtai (dual vocative)
towtās (plural vocative)
towtam (accusative singular)
towtai (accusative dual)
towtams (accusative plural)
towtās (genitive singular)
towtai (dative singular)
towtābom (dative dual)
towtābos (dative plural)
towtābim (dual instrumental)
towtābis (instrumental plural)
towtom (nominative singular)
towtā (nominative plural)
towtom (singular vocative)
towtā (plural vocative)
towtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Old Breton: tut (“favorable, good”), tuthe (“kind of demon”) (possibly)

desctree

Old Irish: túaid
Irish: thuaidh
Manx: twoaie
Scottish Gaelic: tuath

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tewH- (“to look favorably, protect, observe”), see also Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸 (þiuþ, “good thing”), Latin tueor (“I gaze”), Proto-Germanic *þiudijaz (“kind, good, friendly”).
The reason for the diverged meaning in Brythonic of "good, favorable" from "left, north" in Gaelic is unclear; possibly due to some sort of taboo replacement.


gargos

gargos (nominative singular)
gargou (dual nominative)
gargoi (nominative plural)
garge (singular vocative)
gargou (dual vocative)
gargoi (plural vocative)
gargom (accusative singular)
gargou (accusative dual)
gargoms (accusative plural)
gargī (genitive singular)
gargous (dual genitive)
gargom (genitive plural)
gargūi (dative singular)
gargobom (dative dual)
gargobos (dative plural)
gargū (instrumental singular)
gargobim (dual instrumental)
gargobis (instrumental plural)
gargā (nominative singular)
gargai (dual nominative)
gargās (nominative plural)
gargā (singular vocative)
gargai (dual vocative)
gargās (plural vocative)
gargam (accusative singular)
gargai (accusative dual)
gargams (accusative plural)
gargās (genitive singular)
gargai (dative singular)
gargābom (dative dual)
gargābos (dative plural)
gargābim (dual instrumental)
gargābis (instrumental plural)
gargom (nominative singular)
gargā (nominative plural)
gargom (singular vocative)
gargā (plural vocative)
gargā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: garg, gargg

Irish: garg

Scottish Gaelic: garg

Manx: garg

Gaulish: Gargenus (placename)

Likely of expressive/onomatopoeic origin. Compared to Proto-Slavic *groza (“horror”), Ancient Greek γοργός (gorgós, “rough, frightsome”), Old Armenian կարծր (karcr, “hard”), which could be related or just similarities.

onomatopoeic

expressive


nixtos

Brill Publishers
James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)

Proto-Brythonic: *niθ

Old Irish: *necht

q

⇒ Old Irish: cruthnecht, cruithnecht (possibly + cruth (“form”) or Cruithen (“Pict”))

Irish: cruithneacht

Manx: curnaght

Scottish Gaelic: cruithneachd

From Proto-Indo-European *nik-tó-s, from *neyk- (“to winnow”) + *-tós.


auberos

awberos (nominative singular)
awberou (dual nominative)
awberoi (nominative plural)
awbere (singular vocative)
awberou (dual vocative)
awberoi (plural vocative)
awberom (accusative singular)
awberou (accusative dual)
awberoms (accusative plural)
awberī (genitive singular)
awberous (dual genitive)
awberom (genitive plural)
awberūi (dative singular)
awberobom (dative dual)
awberobos (dative plural)
awberū (instrumental singular)
awberobim (dual instrumental)
awberobis (instrumental plural)
awberā (nominative singular)
awberai (dual nominative)
awberās (nominative plural)
awberā (singular vocative)
awberai (dual vocative)
awberās (plural vocative)
awberam (accusative singular)
awberai (accusative dual)
awberams (accusative plural)
awberās (genitive singular)
awberai (dative singular)
awberābom (dative dual)
awberābos (dative plural)
awberābim (dual instrumental)
awberābis (instrumental plural)
awberom (nominative singular)
awberā (nominative plural)
awberom (singular vocative)
awberā (plural vocative)
awberā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ọβer

Middle Welsh: ofer

Breton: euver

Welsh: ofer

desctree

Old Irish: úabar, óbar
Middle Irish: úabar
Irish: uabhar
Scottish Gaelic: uabhar

From *au- (“away, off”) + *ber-o- (“to carry”).


souyos

souyos (nominative singular)
souyou (dual nominative)
souyoi (nominative plural)
souye (singular vocative)
souyou (dual vocative)
souyoi (plural vocative)
souyom (accusative singular)
souyou (accusative dual)
souyoms (accusative plural)
souyī (genitive singular)
souyous (dual genitive)
souyom (genitive plural)
souyūi (dative singular)
souyobom (dative dual)
souyobos (dative plural)
souyū (instrumental singular)
souyobim (dual instrumental)
souyobis (instrumental plural)
souyā (nominative singular)
souyai (dual nominative)
souyās (nominative plural)
souyā (singular vocative)
souyai (dual vocative)
souyās (plural vocative)
souyam (accusative singular)
souyai (accusative dual)
souyams (accusative plural)
souyās (genitive singular)
souyai (dative singular)
souyābom (dative dual)
souyābos (dative plural)
souyābim (dual instrumental)
souyābis (instrumental plural)
souyom (nominative singular)
souyā (nominative plural)
souyom (singular vocative)
souyā (plural vocative)
souyā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *sewyós (“left (handed)”).

der

assow

*assouyā f, *assouyos m (+ *ad- (“to, at, towards”))


garwos

garwos (nominative singular)
garwou (dual nominative)
garwoi (nominative plural)
garwe (singular vocative)
garwou (dual vocative)
garwoi (plural vocative)
garwom (accusative singular)
garwou (accusative dual)
garwoms (accusative plural)
garwī (genitive singular)
garwous (dual genitive)
garwom (genitive plural)
garwūi (dative singular)
garwobom (dative dual)
garwobos (dative plural)
garwū (instrumental singular)
garwobim (dual instrumental)
garwobis (instrumental plural)
garwā (nominative singular)
garwai (dual nominative)
garwās (nominative plural)
garwā (singular vocative)
garwai (dual vocative)
garwās (plural vocative)
garwam (accusative singular)
garwai (accusative dual)
garwams (accusative plural)
garwās (genitive singular)
garwai (dative singular)
garwābom (dative dual)
garwābos (dative plural)
garwābim (dual instrumental)
garwābis (instrumental plural)
garwom (nominative singular)
garwā (nominative plural)
garwom (singular vocative)
garwā (plural vocative)
garwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *garw

Middle Breton: garu

Breton: garw

Cornish: garow

Middle Welsh: garw

Welsh: garw

Old Irish: garb

Irish: garbh

Scottish Gaelic: garbh

Manx: garroo

According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”), but Matasović dismisses this as "improbable," instead calling it an "expressive" development of Proto-Indo-European *ǵ-ʰr-wo- related to *gargos (“rough, fierce”).

onomatopoeic

expressive


kaletos

kaletos (nominative singular)
kaletou (dual nominative)
kaletoi (nominative plural)
kalete (singular vocative)
kaletou (dual vocative)
kaletoi (plural vocative)
kaletom (accusative singular)
kaletou (accusative dual)
kaletoms (accusative plural)
kaletī (genitive singular)
kaletous (dual genitive)
kaletom (genitive plural)
kaletūi (dative singular)
kaletobom (dative dual)
kaletobos (dative plural)
kaletū (instrumental singular)
kaletobim (dual instrumental)
kaletobis (instrumental plural)
kaletā (nominative singular)
kaletai (dual nominative)
kaletās (nominative plural)
kaletā (singular vocative)
kaletai (dual vocative)
kaletās (plural vocative)
kaletam (accusative singular)
kaletai (accusative dual)
kaletams (accusative plural)
kaletās (genitive singular)
kaletai (dative singular)
kaletābom (dative dual)
kaletābos (dative plural)
kaletābim (dual instrumental)
kaletābis (instrumental plural)
kaletom (nominative singular)
kaletā (nominative plural)
kaletom (singular vocative)
kaletā (plural vocative)
kaletā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaled

Middle Breton: calet, caled

Breton: kaled

Cornish: cales, calas, calys

Middle Welsh: caled

Welsh: caled

desctree

Old Irish: calad
Middle Irish: calad
Irish: caladh

Gaulish: Caleti (ethnonym)

If the original meaning was "frozen" before evolving into "hard," possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlH-eto- (“cold”), related to *kal- (“hard”), see also Proto-Germanic *haliþaz (“hero”), Latin calleo (“I am hardened”). MacBain prefers a connection with Proto-Germanic *halluz (“stone, boulder”), from *(s)kel- (“to cut; hew”).


lubros

lubros (nominative singular)
lubrou (dual nominative)
lubroi (nominative plural)
lubre (singular vocative)
lubrou (dual vocative)
lubroi (plural vocative)
lubrom (accusative singular)
lubrou (accusative dual)
lubroms (accusative plural)
lubrī (genitive singular)
lubrous (dual genitive)
lubrom (genitive plural)
lubrūi (dative singular)
lubrobom (dative dual)
lubrobos (dative plural)
lubrū (instrumental singular)
lubrobim (dual instrumental)
lubrobis (instrumental plural)
lubrā (nominative singular)
lubrai (dual nominative)
lubrās (nominative plural)
lubrā (singular vocative)
lubrai (dual vocative)
lubrās (plural vocative)
lubram (accusative singular)
lubrai (accusative dual)
lubrams (accusative plural)
lubrās (genitive singular)
lubrai (dative singular)
lubrābom (dative dual)
lubrābos (dative plural)
lubrābim (dual instrumental)
lubrābis (instrumental plural)
lubrom (nominative singular)
lubrā (nominative plural)
lubrom (singular vocative)
lubrā (plural vocative)
lubrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluβr

Middle Breton: loffr

Breton: lovr

Cornish: lover

Welsh: llwfr

desctree

Old Irish: lobur
Middle Irish: lobar
Irish: lobhar
Scottish Gaelic: lobhar
⇒ Manx: lourane

From Proto-Indo-European *luprós, from *lewp- (“to peel, strip”) + *-rós, whence cognate to Ancient Greek λυπρός (luprós, “distressing, wretched”).


sukaros

sukaros (nominative singular)
sukarou (dual nominative)
sukaroi (nominative plural)
sukare (singular vocative)
sukarou (dual vocative)
sukaroi (plural vocative)
sukarom (accusative singular)
sukarou (accusative dual)
sukaroms (accusative plural)
sukarī (genitive singular)
sukarous (dual genitive)
sukarom (genitive plural)
sukarūi (dative singular)
sukarobom (dative dual)
sukarobos (dative plural)
sukarū (instrumental singular)
sukarobim (dual instrumental)
sukarobis (instrumental plural)
sukarā (nominative singular)
sukarai (dual nominative)
sukarās (nominative plural)
sukarā (singular vocative)
sukarai (dual vocative)
sukarās (plural vocative)
sukaram (accusative singular)
sukarai (accusative dual)
sukarams (accusative plural)
sukarās (genitive singular)
sukarai (dative singular)
sukarābom (dative dual)
sukarābos (dative plural)
sukarābim (dual instrumental)
sukarābis (instrumental plural)
sukarom (nominative singular)
sukarā (nominative plural)
sukarom (singular vocative)
sukarā (plural vocative)
sukarā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hugar

desc

⇒ Old Breton: Gurhugar, Haelhucar, Haelhocar (personal names)

Breton: hegar

Middle Cornish: hegar

Cornish: hegar

Middle Welsh: hygar

Welsh: hygar

Gaulish: *Sucaros

→ Latin: Sucarus


nessais

Proto-Brythonic: *nes

Middle Breton: nes

Breton: nes

Old Cornish: nes

Middle Cornish: nes

Old Welsh: nes

Middle Welsh: nes

Welsh: nes

desctree

Old Irish: nessa
Irish: neasa
⇒ Irish: neas
Manx: niessey

From Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so- or *Hnedʰ-to-, from *Hnedʰ- (“to bind”); compare Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”) and नह्यति (náhyati, “to bind”).
The superlative *nessamos is cognate with Oscan nessimas and Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”).
A different etymology is given by Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, which connects it with Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”) (Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋 (nazdiiō)), from Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”), from the root *nesd- (“near”). However, Proto-Celtic *swizdeti and *nizdos show that Proto-Indo-European *-sd- becomes Proto-Celtic *-zd-, which in turn becomes /θ/ in Brythonic and /d/ in Goidelic (compare also *kʷezdis becoming Gaulish *pettyā, Welsh peth and Irish cuid). It does not become Gaulish -ꟈꟈ- and Insular Celtic *-ss-. The Osco-Umbrian cognates are also inconsistent with this hypothesis.


reidis

reidis (nominative singular)
reidī (dual nominative)
reidīs (nominative plural)
reidi (singular vocative)
reidī (dual vocative)
reidīs (plural vocative)
reidim (accusative singular)
reidī (accusative dual)
reidims (accusative plural)
reideis (genitive singular)
reidyou (dual genitive)
reidyom (genitive plural)
reidei (dative singular)
reidibom (dative dual)
reidibos (dative plural)
reidī (instrumental singular)
reidibim (dual instrumental)
reidibis (instrumental plural)
reidi (nominative singular)
reidyā (nominative plural)
reidyā (plural vocative)
reidi (accusative singular)
reidyā (accusative plural)
reidois (genitive singular)
reidois (dual genitive)
reidē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *rruɨð
Old Breton: ruet
Middle Breton: rouez
Breton: rouez (“rare, sparse, transparent”)
Old Welsh: ruid (“empty, vacant”)
Welsh: rhwydd

Old Irish: réid

Middle Irish: réid

Irish: réidh

Scottish Gaelic: rèidh

Manx: rea

Generally held by Celticists as related to *reideti (“to ride”) and also related to Proto-Germanic *raidaz (“ready”).


uɸostatos

uɸostatos (nominative singular)
uɸostatou (dual nominative)
uɸostatoi (nominative plural)
uɸostate (singular vocative)
uɸostatou (dual vocative)
uɸostatoi (plural vocative)
uɸostatom (accusative singular)
uɸostatou (accusative dual)
uɸostatoms (accusative plural)
uɸostatī (genitive singular)
uɸostatous (dual genitive)
uɸostatom (genitive plural)
uɸostatūi (dative singular)
uɸostatobom (dative dual)
uɸostatobos (dative plural)
uɸostatū (instrumental singular)
uɸostatobim (dual instrumental)
uɸostatobis (instrumental plural)
uɸostatā (nominative singular)
uɸostatai (dual nominative)
uɸostatās (nominative plural)
uɸostatā (singular vocative)
uɸostatai (dual vocative)
uɸostatās (plural vocative)
uɸostatam (accusative singular)
uɸostatai (accusative dual)
uɸostatams (accusative plural)
uɸostatās (genitive singular)
uɸostatai (dative singular)
uɸostatābom (dative dual)
uɸostatābos (dative plural)
uɸostatābim (dual instrumental)
uɸostatābis (instrumental plural)
uɸostatom (nominative singular)
uɸostatā (nominative plural)
uɸostatom (singular vocative)
uɸostatā (plural vocative)
uɸostatā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwostad

Old Breton: gwastat

Middle Breton: goustad

Breton: goustad (“softly, slowly”)

Middle Welsh: gwastat, guastat

Welsh: gwastad

Old Irish: fossad

From Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-tós, from *upó + *steh₂- + *-tós. On the surface, contains the prefix *uɸo-.


slimnos

slimnos (nominative singular)
slimnou (dual nominative)
slimnoi (nominative plural)
slimne (singular vocative)
slimnou (dual vocative)
slimnoi (plural vocative)
slimnom (accusative singular)
slimnou (accusative dual)
slimnoms (accusative plural)
slimnī (genitive singular)
slimnous (dual genitive)
slimnom (genitive plural)
slimnūi (dative singular)
slimnobom (dative dual)
slimnobos (dative plural)
slimnū (instrumental singular)
slimnobim (dual instrumental)
slimnobis (instrumental plural)
slimnā (nominative singular)
slimnai (dual nominative)
slimnās (nominative plural)
slimnā (singular vocative)
slimnai (dual vocative)
slimnās (plural vocative)
slimnam (accusative singular)
slimnai (accusative dual)
slimnams (accusative plural)
slimnās (genitive singular)
slimnai (dative singular)
slimnābom (dative dual)
slimnābos (dative plural)
slimnābim (dual instrumental)
slimnābis (instrumental plural)
slimnom (nominative singular)
slimnā (nominative plural)
slimnom (singular vocative)
slimnā (plural vocative)
slimnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨβ̃n

Old Breton: limn

Breton: levn

desc

⇒ Middle Breton: dileffn (“hard”, literally “dis-smooth”)

⇒ Old Welsh: limnint (3pl present)

Middle Welsh: llyfyn

Welsh: llyfn

Old Irish: slemon

Irish: sleamhain

Scottish Gaelic: sleamhainn

Manx: shliawin

Matasović compares with Latin līmō (“to polish”) and Old High German slīmen (“to polish”). Others have compared to Proto-Germanic *slīmą (“slime”), Latvian slienas (“saliva”), and Proto-Slavic *slina (“saliva”). For these a root *sleyH- or *sleh₁y- can be reconstructed.


madauyos

madauyos (nominative singular)
madauyou (dual nominative)
madauyoi (nominative plural)
madauye (singular vocative)
madauyou (dual vocative)
madauyoi (plural vocative)
madauyom (accusative singular)
madauyou (accusative dual)
madauyoms (accusative plural)
madauyī (genitive singular)
madauyous (dual genitive)
madauyom (genitive plural)
madauyūi (dative singular)
madauyobom (dative dual)
madauyobos (dative plural)
madauyū (instrumental singular)
madauyobim (dual instrumental)
madauyobis (instrumental plural)
madauyā (nominative singular)
madauyai (dual nominative)
madauyās (nominative plural)
madauyā (singular vocative)
madauyai (dual vocative)
madauyās (plural vocative)
madauyam (accusative singular)
madauyai (accusative dual)
madauyams (accusative plural)
madauyās (genitive singular)
madauyai (dative singular)
madauyābom (dative dual)
madauyābos (dative plural)
madauyābim (dual instrumental)
madauyābis (instrumental plural)
madauyom (nominative singular)
madauyā (nominative plural)
madauyom (singular vocative)
madauyā (plural vocative)
madauyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *madọ

Old Breton: madau

Middle Welsh: madeu

Welsh: madau

desctree

Old Irish: madae
Middle Irish: mada, muda

From unattested adjective *madawos + *-yos, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂dh₂-wó-s, possibly related to *madyeti (“to break”), perhaps from *meh₂d- (“to be wet”).


gʷeltis

gʷeltis (nominative singular)
gʷeltī (dual nominative)
gʷeltīs (nominative plural)
gʷelti (singular vocative)
gʷeltī (dual vocative)
gʷeltīs (plural vocative)
gʷeltim (accusative singular)
gʷeltī (accusative dual)
gʷeltims (accusative plural)
gʷelteis (genitive singular)
gʷeltyou (dual genitive)
gʷeltyom (genitive plural)
gʷeltei (dative singular)
gʷeltibom (dative dual)
gʷeltibos (dative plural)
gʷeltī (instrumental singular)
gʷeltibim (dual instrumental)
gʷeltibis (instrumental plural)
gʷelti (nominative singular)
gʷeltyā (nominative plural)
gʷeltyā (plural vocative)
gʷelti (accusative singular)
gʷeltyā (accusative plural)
gʷeltois (genitive singular)
gʷeltois (dual genitive)
gʷeltē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨlt

Old Breton: gueld-

Breton: gouez

Old Cornish: guill

Cornish: gwyls

Middle Welsh: gwyllt, guyll

Welsh: gwyllt

Middle Irish: geilt

Irish: gealt

A Celtic-Germanic isogloss; see Proto-Germanic *wilþijaz (“wild”).


autītos

autītos (nominative singular)
autītou (dual nominative)
autītoi (nominative plural)
autīte (singular vocative)
autītou (dual vocative)
autītoi (plural vocative)
autītom (accusative singular)
autītou (accusative dual)
autītoms (accusative plural)
autītī (genitive singular)
autītous (dual genitive)
autītom (genitive plural)
autītūi (dative singular)
autītobom (dative dual)
autītobos (dative plural)
autītū (instrumental singular)
autītobim (dual instrumental)
autītobis (instrumental plural)
autītā (nominative singular)
autītai (dual nominative)
autītās (nominative plural)
autītā (singular vocative)
autītai (dual vocative)
autītās (plural vocative)
autītam (accusative singular)
autītai (accusative dual)
autītams (accusative plural)
autītās (genitive singular)
autītai (dative singular)
autītābom (dative dual)
autītābos (dative plural)
autītābim (dual instrumental)
autītābis (instrumental plural)
autītom (nominative singular)
autītā (nominative plural)
autītom (singular vocative)
autītā (plural vocative)
autītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ọdid

Middle Welsh: odit

Welsh: odid

Old Irish: úathad, óthad, úaithed
Irish: uathadh

From *au- + *tītos (past participle of *tinīti (“to melt, disappear”)).

af

past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*tinīti</i> (“to melt, disappear”)


adgostus

head

*adgostus (comparative *nessais, superlative *nessamos)

nessais (comparative)
nessamos (superlative)
adgostus (nominative singular)
adgostū (dual nominative)
adgostowes (nominative plural)
adgostu (singular vocative)
adgostū (dual vocative)
adgostūs (plural vocative)
adgostum (accusative singular)
adgostū (accusative dual)
adgostums (accusative plural)
adgostous (genitive singular)
adgostous (dual genitive)
adgostowom (genitive plural)
adgostou (dative singular)
adgostubom (dative dual)
adgostubos (dative plural)
adgostū (instrumental singular)
adgostubim (dual instrumental)
adgostubis (instrumental plural)
adgostu (nominative singular)
adgostwā (nominative plural)
adgostwā (plural vocative)
adgostu (accusative singular)
adgostwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *agos

Old Breton: ocos

Breton: hogos

Old Cornish: ogos

Middle Welsh: agos

Welsh: agos

desctree

Old Irish: ocus, acus
Middle Irish: ocus, acus
Irish: agus
Manx: as
Scottish Gaelic: agus

From *ad- + Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes- (“hand”), literally “at hand”.


kʷennowindos

kʷennowindos (nominative singular)
kʷennowindou (dual nominative)
kʷennowindoi (nominative plural)
kʷennowinde (singular vocative)
kʷennowindou (dual vocative)
kʷennowindoi (plural vocative)
kʷennowindom (accusative singular)
kʷennowindou (accusative dual)
kʷennowindoms (accusative plural)
kʷennowindī (genitive singular)
kʷennowindous (dual genitive)
kʷennowindom (genitive plural)
kʷennowindūi (dative singular)
kʷennowindobom (dative dual)
kʷennowindobos (dative plural)
kʷennowindū (instrumental singular)
kʷennowindobim (dual instrumental)
kʷennowindobis (instrumental plural)
kʷennowindā (nominative singular)
kʷennowindai (dual nominative)
kʷennowindās (nominative plural)
kʷennowindā (singular vocative)
kʷennowindai (dual vocative)
kʷennowindās (plural vocative)
kʷennowindam (accusative singular)
kʷennowindai (accusative dual)
kʷennowindams (accusative plural)
kʷennowindās (genitive singular)
kʷennowindai (dative singular)
kʷennowindābom (dative dual)
kʷennowindābos (dative plural)
kʷennowindābim (dual instrumental)
kʷennowindābis (instrumental plural)
kʷennowindom (nominative singular)
kʷennowindā (nominative plural)
kʷennowindom (singular vocative)
kʷennowindā (plural vocative)
kʷennowindā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: cenand

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: penwyn

From *kʷennom (“head”) + *windos (“white”).


dīros

dīros (nominative singular)
dīrou (dual nominative)
dīroi (nominative plural)
dīre (singular vocative)
dīrou (dual vocative)
dīroi (plural vocative)
dīrom (accusative singular)
dīrou (accusative dual)
dīroms (accusative plural)
dīrī (genitive singular)
dīrous (dual genitive)
dīrom (genitive plural)
dīrūi (dative singular)
dīrobom (dative dual)
dīrobos (dative plural)
dīrū (instrumental singular)
dīrobim (dual instrumental)
dīrobis (instrumental plural)
dīrā (nominative singular)
dīrai (dual nominative)
dīrās (nominative plural)
dīrā (singular vocative)
dīrai (dual vocative)
dīrās (plural vocative)
dīram (accusative singular)
dīrai (accusative dual)
dīrams (accusative plural)
dīrās (genitive singular)
dīrai (dative singular)
dīrābom (dative dual)
dīrābos (dative plural)
dīrābim (dual instrumental)
dīrābis (instrumental plural)
dīrom (nominative singular)
dīrā (nominative plural)
dīrom (singular vocative)
dīrā (plural vocative)
dīrā (accusative plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: dir

Welsh: dir

Old Irish: dír

LEIA (apud Zair) connects this with Latin dīrus (“dire”), but the commonly accepted etymology of that Latin word (from Proto-Indo-European *dwey- (“to fear”)) precludes such a connection.
Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-ro-s, deriving it from *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, establish”).


ɸroweros

ɸroweros (nominative singular)
ɸrowerou (dual nominative)
ɸroweroi (nominative plural)
ɸrowere (singular vocative)
ɸrowerou (dual vocative)
ɸroweroi (plural vocative)
ɸrowerom (accusative singular)
ɸrowerou (accusative dual)
ɸroweroms (accusative plural)
ɸrowerī (genitive singular)
ɸrowerous (dual genitive)
ɸrowerom (genitive plural)
ɸrowerūi (dative singular)
ɸrowerobom (dative dual)
ɸrowerobos (dative plural)
ɸrowerū (instrumental singular)
ɸrowerobim (dual instrumental)
ɸrowerobis (instrumental plural)
ɸrowerā (nominative singular)
ɸrowerai (dual nominative)
ɸrowerās (nominative plural)
ɸrowerā (singular vocative)
ɸrowerai (dual vocative)
ɸrowerās (plural vocative)
ɸroweram (accusative singular)
ɸrowerai (accusative dual)
ɸrowerams (accusative plural)
ɸrowerās (genitive singular)
ɸrowerai (dative singular)
ɸrowerābom (dative dual)
ɸrowerābos (dative plural)
ɸrowerābim (dual instrumental)
ɸrowerābis (instrumental plural)
ɸrowerom (nominative singular)
ɸrowerā (nominative plural)
ɸrowerom (singular vocative)
ɸrowerā (plural vocative)
ɸrowerā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llower

Middle Cornish: lower, lowr

Cornish: lowr

Middle Welsh: llawer

Welsh: llawer

desctree

Old Irish: lour, roar, loor, lór
Middle Irish: lór
Irish: leor
Manx: liooar
Scottish Gaelic: leòr

Of disputed reconstruction. The two possibilities are outlined by Schrijver as follows:
* *ɸroweros has no further extra-Celtic etymology, but can be connected to the root of Old Irish fo·fera (“to prepare”).
* *laweros has been connected to from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“benefit, prize”), to be compared to Ancient Greek λᾱρός (lārós, “tasty”).


tekos

tekos (nominative singular)
tekou (dual nominative)
tekoi (nominative plural)
teke (singular vocative)
tekou (dual vocative)
tekoi (plural vocative)
tekom (accusative singular)
tekou (accusative dual)
tekoms (accusative plural)
tekī (genitive singular)
tekous (dual genitive)
tekom (genitive plural)
tekūi (dative singular)
tekobom (dative dual)
tekobos (dative plural)
tekū (instrumental singular)
tekobim (dual instrumental)
tekobis (instrumental plural)
tekā (nominative singular)
tekai (dual nominative)
tekās (nominative plural)
tekā (singular vocative)
tekai (dual vocative)
tekās (plural vocative)
tekam (accusative singular)
tekai (accusative dual)
tekams (accusative plural)
tekās (genitive singular)
tekai (dative singular)
tekābom (dative dual)
tekābos (dative plural)
tekābim (dual instrumental)
tekābis (instrumental plural)
tekom (nominative singular)
tekā (nominative plural)
tekom (singular vocative)
tekā (plural vocative)
tekā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *teg

Old Cornish: teg

Middle Cornish: tek

Cornish: teg

Middle Welsh: teg, tec

Welsh: teg

étig

*an-tekos (literally “un-fair”); Old Irish


trougokaros

trougokaros (nominative singular)
trougokarou (dual nominative)
trougokaroi (nominative plural)
trougokare (singular vocative)
trougokarou (dual vocative)
trougokaroi (plural vocative)
trougokarom (accusative singular)
trougokarou (accusative dual)
trougokaroms (accusative plural)
trougokarī (genitive singular)
trougokarous (dual genitive)
trougokarom (genitive plural)
trougokarūi (dative singular)
trougokarobom (dative dual)
trougokarobos (dative plural)
trougokarū (instrumental singular)
trougokarobim (dual instrumental)
trougokarobis (instrumental plural)
trougokarā (nominative singular)
trougokarai (dual nominative)
trougokarās (nominative plural)
trougokarā (singular vocative)
trougokarai (dual vocative)
trougokarās (plural vocative)
trougokaram (accusative singular)
trougokarai (accusative dual)
trougokarams (accusative plural)
trougokarās (genitive singular)
trougokarai (dative singular)
trougokarābom (dative dual)
trougokarābos (dative plural)
trougokarābim (dual instrumental)
trougokarābis (instrumental plural)
trougokarom (nominative singular)
trougokarā (nominative plural)
trougokarom (singular vocative)
trougokarā (plural vocative)
trougokarā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trʉɣgar

Middle Welsh: trugar

Old Irish: trócar

From *trougos (“miserable, pitiful”) + *karos (“loving”), literally “loving the pitiful”.

af

Old Irish: trócaireIrish: trócaireManx: trocairScottish Gaelic: tròcair


argyos

argyos (nominative singular)
argyou (dual nominative)
argyoi (nominative plural)
argye (singular vocative)
argyou (dual vocative)
argyoi (plural vocative)
argyom (accusative singular)
argyou (accusative dual)
argyoms (accusative plural)
argyī (genitive singular)
argyous (dual genitive)
argyom (genitive plural)
argyūi (dative singular)
argyobom (dative dual)
argyobos (dative plural)
argyū (instrumental singular)
argyobim (dual instrumental)
argyobis (instrumental plural)
argyā (nominative singular)
argyai (dual nominative)
argyās (nominative plural)
argyā (singular vocative)
argyai (dual vocative)
argyās (plural vocative)
argyam (accusative singular)
argyai (accusative dual)
argyams (accusative plural)
argyās (genitive singular)
argyai (dative singular)
argyābom (dative dual)
argyābos (dative plural)
argyābim (dual instrumental)
argyābis (instrumental plural)
argyom (nominative singular)
argyā (nominative plural)
argyom (singular vocative)
argyā (plural vocative)
argyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėrɣ (“snow”)

Breton: erc'h

Cornish: ergh

Welsh: eira

Gaulish: *argios

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiā (river name)

→ Latin: Aregia

French: Ariège

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiotalus

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“white”).


ɸeitu

ɸeitu (nominative singular)
ɸeitū (dual nominative)
ɸeitwā (nominative plural)
ɸeitu (singular vocative)
ɸeitū (dual vocative)
ɸeitwā (plural vocative)
ɸeitu (accusative singular)
ɸeitū (accusative dual)
ɸeitwā (accusative plural)
ɸeitous (genitive singular)
ɸeitous (dual genitive)
ɸeitowom (genitive plural)
ɸeitou (dative singular)
ɸeitubom (dative dual)
ɸeitubos (dative plural)
ɸeitū (instrumental singular)
ɸeitubim (dual instrumental)
ɸeitubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: íath

Gaulish: *ētu

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *eluētios (“[having] much territory”, bahuvrihi compound)

→ Latin: Helvētii, Helvētius