ɸelus

ɸleis (comparative)
ɸelus (nominative singular)
ɸelū (dual nominative)
ɸelowes (nominative plural)
ɸelu (singular vocative)
ɸelū (dual vocative)
ɸelūs (plural vocative)
ɸelum (accusative singular)
ɸelū (accusative dual)
ɸelums (accusative plural)
ɸelous (genitive singular)
ɸelous (dual genitive)
ɸelowom (genitive plural)
ɸelou (dative singular)
ɸelubom (dative dual)
ɸelubos (dative plural)
ɸelū (instrumental singular)
ɸelubim (dual instrumental)
ɸelubis (instrumental plural)
ɸelu (nominative singular)
ɸelwā (nominative plural)
ɸelwā (plural vocative)
ɸelu (accusative singular)
ɸelwā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: il, hil
Irish: il
Manx: yl

>? Gaulish: *elu-

⇒ Gaulish: *elu-ētu-ios (“[having] much territory”, bahuvrihi compound)

→ Latin: Helvētii, Helvētius

From Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us. Cognate to Ancient Greek πολύς (polús), Proto-Germanic *felu and Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Húš.


kubros

kubros (nominative singular)
kubrou (dual nominative)
kubroi (nominative plural)
kubre (singular vocative)
kubrou (dual vocative)
kubroi (plural vocative)
kubrom (accusative singular)
kubrou (accusative dual)
kubroms (accusative plural)
kubrī (genitive singular)
kubrous (dual genitive)
kubrom (genitive plural)
kubrūi (dative singular)
kubrobom (dative dual)
kubrobos (dative plural)
kubrū (instrumental singular)
kubrobim (dual instrumental)
kubrobis (instrumental plural)
kubrā (nominative singular)
kubrai (dual nominative)
kubrās (nominative plural)
kubrā (singular vocative)
kubrai (dual vocative)
kubrās (plural vocative)
kubram (accusative singular)
kubrai (accusative dual)
kubrams (accusative plural)
kubrās (genitive singular)
kubrai (dative singular)
kubrābom (dative dual)
kubrābos (dative plural)
kubrābim (dual instrumental)
kubrābis (instrumental plural)
kubrom (nominative singular)
kubrā (nominative plural)
kubrom (singular vocative)
kubrā (plural vocative)
kubrā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: cobar (compounding element)

Gaulish: *cobros

→ Latin: Coura

→⇒ Latin: Cobrium

Occitan: Cuèbri

→ French: Cuébris

→⇒ Latin: Couria

→⇒ Latin: Cobromara

→⇒ Latin: Cobrovomarus

→⇒ Latin: Cobrovius

→⇒ Latin: Cobrovillus

→⇒ Latin: Cobronia

→⇒ Latin: Cobrici (gen. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *kup-rós, from *kwep-, whence also Latin cupiō (“to wish”), Proto-Slavic *kypěti (“to boil”) and Sanskrit कुप्यति (kupyati).


dīākus

dīākus (nominative singular)
dīākū (dual nominative)
dīākowes (nominative plural)
dīāku (singular vocative)
dīākū (dual vocative)
dīākūs (plural vocative)
dīākum (accusative singular)
dīākū (accusative dual)
dīākums (accusative plural)
dīākous (genitive singular)
dīākous (dual genitive)
dīākowom (genitive plural)
dīākou (dative singular)
dīākubom (dative dual)
dīākubos (dative plural)
dīākū (instrumental singular)
dīākubim (dual instrumental)
dīākubis (instrumental plural)
dīāku (nominative singular)
dīākwā (nominative plural)
dīākwā (plural vocative)
dīāku (accusative singular)
dīākwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *diọg

Old Breton: diochi

Middle Breton: dieuc

Breton: dieg

Old Cornish: dioc

Middle Cornish: dyek

Cornish: diek

Old Welsh: diauc

Middle Welsh: diawc

Welsh: diog

Gaulish: *diācus

→ Latin: Diacus

From *dī- (privative prefix) + *ākus (“swift, speedy”) (whence also Welsh awg and Latin Ācus, a rendering of a Gaulish name), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *HéHḱus (“swift, quick”).
Further Indo-European cognates of the root include Latin ōcior, Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús), and Sanskrit आशु (āśu).


kʷrītos

kʷrītos (nominative singular)
kʷrītou (dual nominative)
kʷrītoi (nominative plural)
kʷrīte (singular vocative)
kʷrītou (dual vocative)
kʷrītoi (plural vocative)
kʷrītom (accusative singular)
kʷrītou (accusative dual)
kʷrītoms (accusative plural)
kʷrītī (genitive singular)
kʷrītous (dual genitive)
kʷrītom (genitive plural)
kʷrītūi (dative singular)
kʷrītobom (dative dual)
kʷrītobos (dative plural)
kʷrītū (instrumental singular)
kʷrītobim (dual instrumental)
kʷrītobis (instrumental plural)
kʷrītā (nominative singular)
kʷrītai (dual nominative)
kʷrītās (nominative plural)
kʷrītā (singular vocative)
kʷrītai (dual vocative)
kʷrītās (plural vocative)
kʷrītam (accusative singular)
kʷrītai (accusative dual)
kʷrītams (accusative plural)
kʷrītās (genitive singular)
kʷrītai (dative singular)
kʷrītābom (dative dual)
kʷrītābos (dative plural)
kʷrītābim (dual instrumental)
kʷrītābis (instrumental plural)
kʷrītom (nominative singular)
kʷrītā (nominative plural)
kʷrītom (singular vocative)
kʷrītā (plural vocative)
kʷrītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *prid

desc

Middle Welsh: prid (“dear, costly; mortgage, pledge”)

Welsh: prid

Old Irish: críth (archaic)

⇒ Gaulish: tiopritom

Past participle of *kʷrināti (“to buy”).


nessamos

nessamos (nominative singular)
nessamou (dual nominative)
nessamoi (nominative plural)
nessame (singular vocative)
nessamou (dual vocative)
nessamoi (plural vocative)
nessamom (accusative singular)
nessamou (accusative dual)
nessamoms (accusative plural)
nessamī (genitive singular)
nessamous (dual genitive)
nessamom (genitive plural)
nessamūi (dative singular)
nessamobom (dative dual)
nessamobos (dative plural)
nessamū (instrumental singular)
nessamobim (dual instrumental)
nessamobis (instrumental plural)
nessamā (nominative singular)
nessamai (dual nominative)
nessamās (nominative plural)
nessamā (singular vocative)
nessamai (dual vocative)
nessamās (plural vocative)
nessamam (accusative singular)
nessamai (accusative dual)
nessamams (accusative plural)
nessamās (genitive singular)
nessamai (dative singular)
nessamābom (dative dual)
nessamābos (dative plural)
nessamābim (dual instrumental)
nessamābis (instrumental plural)
nessamom (nominative singular)
nessamā (nominative plural)
nessamom (singular vocative)
nessamā (plural vocative)
nessamā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nesaβ̃

Old Breton: nesham

Breton: nesañ

Old Cornish: nesheuin

Middle Cornish: nessa

Cornish: nessa

Middle Welsh: nessaf

Welsh: nesaf

Old Irish: nessam

Gaulish: neđđamon (genitive plural)

See the related comparative *nessais for etymology.


melissos

melissos (nominative singular)
melissou (dual nominative)
melissoi (nominative plural)
melisse (singular vocative)
melissou (dual vocative)
melissoi (plural vocative)
melissom (accusative singular)
melissou (accusative dual)
melissoms (accusative plural)
melissī (genitive singular)
melissous (dual genitive)
melissom (genitive plural)
melissūi (dative singular)
melissobom (dative dual)
melissobos (dative plural)
melissū (instrumental singular)
melissobim (dual instrumental)
melissobis (instrumental plural)
melissā (nominative singular)
melissai (dual nominative)
melissās (nominative plural)
melissā (singular vocative)
melissai (dual vocative)
melissās (plural vocative)
melissam (accusative singular)
melissai (accusative dual)
melissams (accusative plural)
melissās (genitive singular)
melissai (dative singular)
melissābom (dative dual)
melissābos (dative plural)
melissābim (dual instrumental)
melissābis (instrumental plural)
melissom (nominative singular)
melissā (nominative plural)
melissom (singular vocative)
melissā (plural vocative)
melissā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨlɨs m, *meles f

Breton: milis

Middle Welsh: melys, melis (with irregular vocalism)

Welsh: melys, melus

desctree

Old Irish: milis (with change to i-stems)
Irish: milis
Manx: millish
Scottish Gaelic: milis

Gaulish: *meliđđos

desc

→⇒ Latin: Meliđđus, Meliđđius, Melissus, Melissa, Meliđđatius, Comeliđđus

From Proto-Indo-European *mélit (“honey”) + *-tós (adjectival suffix).


yekkos

yakkos (nominative singular)
yakkou (dual nominative)
yakkoi (nominative plural)
yakke (singular vocative)
yakkou (dual vocative)
yakkoi (plural vocative)
yakkom (accusative singular)
yakkou (accusative dual)
yakkoms (accusative plural)
yakkī (genitive singular)
yakkous (dual genitive)
yakkom (genitive plural)
yakkūi (dative singular)
yakkobom (dative dual)
yakkobos (dative plural)
yakkū (instrumental singular)
yakkobim (dual instrumental)
yakkobis (instrumental plural)
yakkā (nominative singular)
yakkai (dual nominative)
yakkās (nominative plural)
yakkā (singular vocative)
yakkai (dual vocative)
yakkās (plural vocative)
yakkam (accusative singular)
yakkai (accusative dual)
yakkams (accusative plural)
yakkās (genitive singular)
yakkai (dative singular)
yakkābom (dative dual)
yakkābos (dative plural)
yakkābim (dual instrumental)
yakkābis (instrumental plural)
yakkom (nominative singular)
yakkā (nominative plural)
yakkom (singular vocative)
yakkā (plural vocative)
yakkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jax

Old Breton: iac

Middle Breton: yach

Breton: yac'h

Middle Welsh: iach

Welsh: iach

Old Cornish: iach

Middle Cornish: yagh

Cornish: yagh

Gaulish: *iaccos

→ Latin: Iaccus

Etymology and reconstruction are difficult, not only due to the geminate -kk-, but also due to the inconsistent vowel between Old Irish ícc and the other Celtic words. All etymologies struggle with at least one of these two problems. A small catalogue of etymologies include:
* Attempting to relate to Ancient Greek ἄκος (ákos, “cure, medicine”) and Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀐𐀴𐀪𐀊𐀂 (a-ke-ti-ri-ja-i), 𐀊𐀐𐀳𐀩 (ja-ke-te-re, “healers”) is possible but phonologically difficult.
* Schrijver offers an alternative in setting up *yet-kos, from *yet- (“to position oneself”).
* Stifter offers the possibility of derivation from *yek- (“to say”), with the necessary assumption of cures and good health being perceived as being delivered by magical words of power.

cog

híccIrish: íocManx: eeckScottish Gaelic: ìoc


ɸolnos

ɸolnos (nominative singular)
ɸolnou (dual nominative)
ɸolnoi (nominative plural)
ɸolne (singular vocative)
ɸolnou (dual vocative)
ɸolnoi (plural vocative)
ɸolnom (accusative singular)
ɸolnou (accusative dual)
ɸolnoms (accusative plural)
ɸolnī (genitive singular)
ɸolnous (dual genitive)
ɸolnom (genitive plural)
ɸolnūi (dative singular)
ɸolnobom (dative dual)
ɸolnobos (dative plural)
ɸolnū (instrumental singular)
ɸolnobim (dual instrumental)
ɸolnobis (instrumental plural)
ɸolnā (nominative singular)
ɸolnai (dual nominative)
ɸolnās (nominative plural)
ɸolnā (singular vocative)
ɸolnai (dual vocative)
ɸolnās (plural vocative)
ɸolnam (accusative singular)
ɸolnai (accusative dual)
ɸolnams (accusative plural)
ɸolnās (genitive singular)
ɸolnai (dative singular)
ɸolnābom (dative dual)
ɸolnābos (dative plural)
ɸolnābim (dual instrumental)
ɸolnābis (instrumental plural)
ɸolnom (nominative singular)
ɸolnā (nominative plural)
ɸolnom (singular vocative)
ɸolnā (plural vocative)
ɸolnā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: oll
Irish: oll

desc

Gaulish: ollon (neut. nom. sg.) (attested in Chamalières)

Possibly a *-nós adjective from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-, but the appearance of the o-grade is odd (but paralleled in Ancient Greek πολύς (polús)) and the root *pleh₁- already had a *-nós adjective, namely *pl̥h₁nós, inherited into Celtic as *ɸlānos.


kʷekyos

kʷekyos (nominative singular)
kʷekyou (dual nominative)
kʷekyoi (nominative plural)
kʷekye (singular vocative)
kʷekyou (dual vocative)
kʷekyoi (plural vocative)
kʷekyom (accusative singular)
kʷekyou (accusative dual)
kʷekyoms (accusative plural)
kʷekyī (genitive singular)
kʷekyous (dual genitive)
kʷekyom (genitive plural)
kʷekyūi (dative singular)
kʷekyobom (dative dual)
kʷekyobos (dative plural)
kʷekyū (instrumental singular)
kʷekyobim (dual instrumental)
kʷekyobis (instrumental plural)
kʷekyā (nominative singular)
kʷekyai (dual nominative)
kʷekyās (nominative plural)
kʷekyā (singular vocative)
kʷekyai (dual vocative)
kʷekyās (plural vocative)
kʷekyam (accusative singular)
kʷekyai (accusative dual)
kʷekyams (accusative plural)
kʷekyās (genitive singular)
kʷekyai (dative singular)
kʷekyābom (dative dual)
kʷekyābos (dative plural)
kʷekyābim (dual instrumental)
kʷekyābis (instrumental plural)
kʷekyom (nominative singular)
kʷekyā (nominative plural)
kʷekyom (singular vocative)
kʷekyā (plural vocative)
kʷekyā (accusative plural)

Classical Gaelic: cich (only in Early Modern era glosses)

Connected since Delamarre to Sanskrit शक् (śak, “to be able”), reconstructing a putative Proto-Indo-European *kʷekʷ-, albeit requiring that Sanskrit dissimilate the first labiovelar into a palatovelar. However, Germanicists sought to claim that Sanskrit root as related to Proto-Germanic *hagaz (“capable”), which cannot be reconciled with the Celtic forms.


rinnos

rinnos (nominative singular)
rinnou (dual nominative)
rinnoi (nominative plural)
rinne (singular vocative)
rinnou (dual vocative)
rinnoi (plural vocative)
rinnom (accusative singular)
rinnou (accusative dual)
rinnoms (accusative plural)
rinnī (genitive singular)
rinnous (dual genitive)
rinnom (genitive plural)
rinnūi (dative singular)
rinnobom (dative dual)
rinnobos (dative plural)
rinnū (instrumental singular)
rinnobim (dual instrumental)
rinnobis (instrumental plural)
rinnā (nominative singular)
rinnai (dual nominative)
rinnās (nominative plural)
rinnā (singular vocative)
rinnai (dual vocative)
rinnās (plural vocative)
rinnam (accusative singular)
rinnai (accusative dual)
rinnams (accusative plural)
rinnās (genitive singular)
rinnai (dative singular)
rinnābom (dative dual)
rinnābos (dative plural)
rinnābim (dual instrumental)
rinnābis (instrumental plural)
rinnom (nominative singular)
rinnā (nominative plural)
rinnom (singular vocative)
rinnā (plural vocative)
rinnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨnn

Middle Welsh: rynn, rhyn

Welsh: rhyn (“hard, rigid”)

Middle Irish: renn (“swift”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH-, but the source of the geminate -nn- is obscure. The easiest way to account for it is to presume that *-nós was suffixed to the present plural stem of a nasal present *h₃ri-né-H-ti.


kottos

kottos (nominative singular)
kottou (dual nominative)
kottoi (nominative plural)
kotte (singular vocative)
kottou (dual vocative)
kottoi (plural vocative)
kottom (accusative singular)
kottou (accusative dual)
kottoms (accusative plural)
kottī (genitive singular)
kottous (dual genitive)
kottom (genitive plural)
kottūi (dative singular)
kottobom (dative dual)
kottobos (dative plural)
kottū (instrumental singular)
kottobim (dual instrumental)
kottobis (instrumental plural)
kottā (nominative singular)
kottai (dual nominative)
kottās (nominative plural)
kottā (singular vocative)
kottai (dual vocative)
kottās (plural vocative)
kottam (accusative singular)
kottai (accusative dual)
kottams (accusative plural)
kottās (genitive singular)
kottai (dative singular)
kottābom (dative dual)
kottābos (dative plural)
kottābim (dual instrumental)
kottābis (instrumental plural)
kottom (nominative singular)
kottā (nominative plural)
kottom (singular vocative)
kottā (plural vocative)
kottā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koθ

Old Breton: coth

Middle Breton: coz

Breton: kozh

Old Cornish: coth

Middle Cornish: coth

Cornish: koth, coth

Gaulish: *cottos

⇒ Gaulish: 𐌄𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌄𐌊𐌏𐌕𐌉 (gen. sg.)

→ Latin: Cottus, Cotta

→⇒ Latin: Cottius, Cotthius

→⇒ Latin: Cottilus, Cottula

Unknown, leading to Henry, Delamarre, Matasović etc. to contemplate non-Indo-European origin.


koilos

koilos (nominative singular)
koilou (dual nominative)
koiloi (nominative plural)
koile (singular vocative)
koilou (dual vocative)
koiloi (plural vocative)
koilom (accusative singular)
koilou (accusative dual)
koiloms (accusative plural)
koilī (genitive singular)
koilous (dual genitive)
koilom (genitive plural)
koilūi (dative singular)
koilobom (dative dual)
koilobos (dative plural)
koilū (instrumental singular)
koilobim (dual instrumental)
koilobis (instrumental plural)
koilā (nominative singular)
koilai (dual nominative)
koilās (nominative plural)
koilā (singular vocative)
koilai (dual vocative)
koilās (plural vocative)
koilam (accusative singular)
koilai (accusative dual)
koilams (accusative plural)
koilās (genitive singular)
koilai (dative singular)
koilābom (dative dual)
koilābos (dative plural)
koilābim (dual instrumental)
koilābis (instrumental plural)
koilom (nominative singular)
koilā (nominative plural)
koilom (singular vocative)
koilā (plural vocative)
koilā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉl
Cornish: cul
Welsh: cul

Old Irish: coíl, cóel
Middle Irish: cáel
Irish: caol
Manx: keyl
Scottish Gaelic: caol
→ English: kyle
⇒ Middle Irish: cáelach
⇒ Middle Irish: *cáelas
Irish: caolas
Manx: keyllys
Scottish Gaelic: caolas

Gaulish: Coili (gen. sg.)

→⇒ Latin: Coilanus

Unknown. Pokorny offers a connection to Latvian kails (“bare”), but Delamarre and Matasović identify this comparison as semantically dubious.


mlixtis

mlixtis (nominative singular)
mlixtī (dual nominative)
mlixtīs (nominative plural)
mlixti (singular vocative)
mlixtī (dual vocative)
mlixtīs (plural vocative)
mlixtim (accusative singular)
mlixtī (accusative dual)
mlixtims (accusative plural)
mlixteis (genitive singular)
mlixtyou (dual genitive)
mlixtyom (genitive plural)
mlixtei (dative singular)
mlixtibom (dative dual)
mlixtibos (dative plural)
mlixtī (instrumental singular)
mlixtibim (dual instrumental)
mlixtibis (instrumental plural)
mlixti (nominative singular)
mlixtyā (nominative plural)
mlixtyā (plural vocative)
mlixti (accusative singular)
mlixtyā (accusative plural)
mlixtois (genitive singular)
mlixtois (dual genitive)
mlixtē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *bliθ

Middle Welsh: blith

Welsh: blith

Old Irish: mlicht

Middle Irish: blicht

Irish: bleacht


mīnis

mīnis (nominative singular)
mīnī (dual nominative)
mīnīs (nominative plural)
mīni (singular vocative)
mīnī (dual vocative)
mīnīs (plural vocative)
mīnim (accusative singular)
mīnī (accusative dual)
mīnims (accusative plural)
mīneis (genitive singular)
mīnyou (dual genitive)
mīnyom (genitive plural)
mīnei (dative singular)
mīnibom (dative dual)
mīnibos (dative plural)
mīnī (instrumental singular)
mīnibim (dual instrumental)
mīnibis (instrumental plural)
mīni (nominative singular)
mīnyā (nominative plural)
mīnyā (plural vocative)
mīni (accusative singular)
mīnyā (accusative plural)
mīnois (genitive singular)
mīnois (dual genitive)
mīnē (dative singular)

Old Irish: mín

Middle Irish: mín

Irish: mín

Gaulish: *minios

→ Latin: Minius, Minnius

→⇒ Latin: Adminius

→⇒ Latin: Cominius

→⇒ Latin: Minicius, Minicia

→⇒ Latin: Minuso

→⇒ Latin: Minna

→⇒ Latin: Viminus

→⇒ Latin: Viminacium

→⇒ Latin: Viminavus

French: Vimeu

→⇒ Latin: Vimina

French: Visme

→ German: Wümme

From Proto-Indo-European *meyh₁- (“mild, soft”), whence also Latin mītis, Lithuanian meilė, and Sanskrit मयस् (mayas).


wrītos

wrītos (nominative singular)
wrītou (dual nominative)
wrītoi (nominative plural)
wrīte (singular vocative)
wrītou (dual vocative)
wrītoi (plural vocative)
wrītom (accusative singular)
wrītou (accusative dual)
wrītoms (accusative plural)
wrītī (genitive singular)
wrītous (dual genitive)
wrītom (genitive plural)
wrītūi (dative singular)
wrītobom (dative dual)
wrītobos (dative plural)
wrītū (instrumental singular)
wrītobim (dual instrumental)
wrītobis (instrumental plural)
wrītā (nominative singular)
wrītai (dual nominative)
wrītās (nominative plural)
wrītā (singular vocative)
wrītai (dual vocative)
wrītās (plural vocative)
wrītam (accusative singular)
wrītai (accusative dual)
wrītams (accusative plural)
wrītās (genitive singular)
wrītai (dative singular)
wrītābom (dative dual)
wrītābos (dative plural)
wrītābim (dual instrumental)
wrītābis (instrumental plural)
wrītom (nominative singular)
wrītā (nominative plural)
wrītom (singular vocative)
wrītā (plural vocative)
wrītā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: fríth

Gaulish: *uritos

desc

⇒ Gaulish: Ουριττακος

⇒ Gaulish: Ουριττακος

→ Latin: Ruittacus

→⇒ Latin: Ateuritus, Ateurita

→⇒ Latin: Vritto

Past participle of *wourū (“(s)he found”).


ɸerkos

ɸerkos (nominative singular)
ɸerkou (dual nominative)
ɸerkoi (nominative plural)
ɸerke (singular vocative)
ɸerkou (dual vocative)
ɸerkoi (plural vocative)
ɸerkom (accusative singular)
ɸerkou (accusative dual)
ɸerkoms (accusative plural)
ɸerkī (genitive singular)
ɸerkous (dual genitive)
ɸerkom (genitive plural)
ɸerkūi (dative singular)
ɸerkobom (dative dual)
ɸerkobos (dative plural)
ɸerkū (instrumental singular)
ɸerkobim (dual instrumental)
ɸerkobis (instrumental plural)
ɸerkā (nominative singular)
ɸerkai (dual nominative)
ɸerkās (nominative plural)
ɸerkā (singular vocative)
ɸerkai (dual vocative)
ɸerkās (plural vocative)
ɸerkam (accusative singular)
ɸerkai (accusative dual)
ɸerkams (accusative plural)
ɸerkās (genitive singular)
ɸerkai (dative singular)
ɸerkābom (dative dual)
ɸerkābos (dative plural)
ɸerkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸerkābis (instrumental plural)
ɸerkom (nominative singular)
ɸerkā (nominative plural)
ɸerkom (singular vocative)
ɸerkā (plural vocative)
ɸerkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *erx

Middle Welsh: erch

Welsh: (obsolete) erch

Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (erca)

Middle Irish: erc (“speckled; speckled animal”)

Irish: earc (“lizard”)

Scottish Gaelic: earc (“speckled animal”)

From Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“speckled, coloured”).


lexsowiyos

lexsowiyos (nominative singular)
lexsowiyou (dual nominative)
lexsowiyoi (nominative plural)
lexsowiye (singular vocative)
lexsowiyou (dual vocative)
lexsowiyoi (plural vocative)
lexsowiyom (accusative singular)
lexsowiyou (accusative dual)
lexsowiyoms (accusative plural)
lexsowiyī (genitive singular)
lexsowiyous (dual genitive)
lexsowiyom (genitive plural)
lexsowiyūi (dative singular)
lexsowiyobom (dative dual)
lexsowiyobos (dative plural)
lexsowiyū (instrumental singular)
lexsowiyobim (dual instrumental)
lexsowiyobis (instrumental plural)
lexsowiyā (nominative singular)
lexsowiyai (dual nominative)
lexsowiyās (nominative plural)
lexsowiyā (singular vocative)
lexsowiyai (dual vocative)
lexsowiyās (plural vocative)
lexsowiyam (accusative singular)
lexsowiyai (accusative dual)
lexsowiyams (accusative plural)
lexsowiyās (genitive singular)
lexsowiyai (dative singular)
lexsowiyābom (dative dual)
lexsowiyābos (dative plural)
lexsowiyābim (dual instrumental)
lexsowiyābis (instrumental plural)
lexsowiyom (nominative singular)
lexsowiyā (nominative plural)
lexsowiyom (singular vocative)
lexsowiyā (plural vocative)
lexsowiyā (accusative plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *llexweð

Middle Welsh: llechued

Welsh: llechwedd

desc

→ Latin: (from a Gaulish source) Lexoviī

French: Lisieux

From a basal adjective *lexsus further suffixed with *-iyos. See *loskos for further etymology.


loskos

loskos (nominative singular)
loskou (dual nominative)
loskoi (nominative plural)
loske (singular vocative)
loskou (dual vocative)
loskoi (plural vocative)
loskom (accusative singular)
loskou (accusative dual)
loskoms (accusative plural)
loskī (genitive singular)
loskous (dual genitive)
loskom (genitive plural)
loskūi (dative singular)
loskobom (dative dual)
loskobos (dative plural)
loskū (instrumental singular)
loskobim (dual instrumental)
loskobis (instrumental plural)
loskā (nominative singular)
loskai (dual nominative)
loskās (nominative plural)
loskā (singular vocative)
loskai (dual vocative)
loskās (plural vocative)
loskam (accusative singular)
loskai (accusative dual)
loskams (accusative plural)
loskās (genitive singular)
loskai (dative singular)
loskābom (dative dual)
loskābos (dative plural)
loskābim (dual instrumental)
loskābis (instrumental plural)
loskom (nominative singular)
loskā (nominative plural)
loskom (singular vocative)
loskā (plural vocative)
loskā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: losc

Middle Irish: losc

Gaulish: *loxsos, *loscos

→ Latin: Loscus, Lossa

French: Losse

Occitan: Lòssa

Usually related to Ancient Greek λοξός (loxós, “slanting”).


ouxteros

ouxteros (nominative singular)
ouxterou (dual nominative)
ouxteroi (nominative plural)
ouxtere (singular vocative)
ouxterou (dual vocative)
ouxteroi (plural vocative)
ouxterom (accusative singular)
ouxterou (accusative dual)
ouxteroms (accusative plural)
ouxterī (genitive singular)
ouxterous (dual genitive)
ouxterom (genitive plural)
ouxterūi (dative singular)
ouxterobom (dative dual)
ouxterobos (dative plural)
ouxterū (instrumental singular)
ouxterobim (dual instrumental)
ouxterobis (instrumental plural)
ouxterā (nominative singular)
ouxterai (dual nominative)
ouxterās (nominative plural)
ouxterā (singular vocative)
ouxterai (dual vocative)
ouxterās (plural vocative)
ouxteram (accusative singular)
ouxterai (accusative dual)
ouxterams (accusative plural)
ouxterās (genitive singular)
ouxterai (dative singular)
ouxterābom (dative dual)
ouxterābos (dative plural)
ouxterābim (dual instrumental)
ouxterābis (instrumental plural)
ouxterom (nominative singular)
ouxterā (nominative plural)
ouxterom (singular vocative)
ouxterā (plural vocative)
ouxterā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉθr

Middle Welsh: uthyr, uthir, uthr (“terrifying, terrific”)

Welsh: uthr

desctree

Old Irish: óchtar, úachtar
Irish: uachtar
Manx: eaghtyr
Scottish Gaelic: uachdar
⇒ Middle Irish: úachtarán
Irish: uachtarán
Manx: eaghtyrane
Scottish Gaelic: uachdaran

From *(o)uxs- (“up”) + *-teros, albeit with the prefix-final -s- absent.


itos

itos (nominative singular)
itou (dual nominative)
itoi (nominative plural)
ite (singular vocative)
itou (dual vocative)
itoi (plural vocative)
itom (accusative singular)
itou (accusative dual)
itoms (accusative plural)
itī (genitive singular)
itous (dual genitive)
itom (genitive plural)
itūi (dative singular)
itobom (dative dual)
itobos (dative plural)
itū (instrumental singular)
itobim (dual instrumental)
itobis (instrumental plural)
itā (nominative singular)
itai (dual nominative)
itās (nominative plural)
itā (singular vocative)
itai (dual vocative)
itās (plural vocative)
itam (accusative singular)
itai (accusative dual)
itams (accusative plural)
itās (genitive singular)
itai (dative singular)
itābom (dative dual)
itābos (dative plural)
itābim (dual instrumental)
itābis (instrumental plural)
itom (nominative singular)
itā (nominative plural)
itom (singular vocative)
itā (plural vocative)
itā (accusative plural)

desc

impersonal preterite of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">téit</i> (“to go”)

Old Irish: ethae (impersonal preterite of téit (“to go”))

⇒ Old Irish: ad·etha

⇒ Old Irish: do·etha

⇒ Old Irish: tremi·etha

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁itós, from the root *h₁ey- (“to go”).


ɸloutos

ɸloutos (nominative singular)
ɸloutou (dual nominative)
ɸloutoi (nominative plural)
ɸloute (singular vocative)
ɸloutou (dual vocative)
ɸloutoi (plural vocative)
ɸloutom (accusative singular)
ɸloutou (accusative dual)
ɸloutoms (accusative plural)
ɸloutī (genitive singular)
ɸloutous (dual genitive)
ɸloutom (genitive plural)
ɸloutūi (dative singular)
ɸloutobom (dative dual)
ɸloutobos (dative plural)
ɸloutū (instrumental singular)
ɸloutobim (dual instrumental)
ɸloutobis (instrumental plural)
ɸloutā (nominative singular)
ɸloutai (dual nominative)
ɸloutās (nominative plural)
ɸloutā (singular vocative)
ɸloutai (dual vocative)
ɸloutās (plural vocative)
ɸloutam (accusative singular)
ɸloutai (accusative dual)
ɸloutams (accusative plural)
ɸloutās (genitive singular)
ɸloutai (dative singular)
ɸloutābom (dative dual)
ɸloutābos (dative plural)
ɸloutābim (dual instrumental)
ɸloutābis (instrumental plural)
ɸloutom (nominative singular)
ɸloutā (nominative plural)
ɸloutom (singular vocative)
ɸloutā (plural vocative)
ɸloutā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: lúath (“quick, swift”)
Irish: luath
Scottish Gaelic: luath

From Proto-Indo-European *plów-tos, from *plew- (“to flow”). An exact cognate appears in Ancient Greek πλοῦτος (ploûtos, “wealth”).

cog

Celtiberian: Konbouto (with l omitted due to defective syllabic orthography)

→ Latin: Complūtum→ English: Complute→ Spanish: Compluto


āgomāros

agomāros (nominative singular)
agomārou (dual nominative)
agomāroi (nominative plural)
agomāre (singular vocative)
agomārou (dual vocative)
agomāroi (plural vocative)
agomārom (accusative singular)
agomārou (accusative dual)
agomāroms (accusative plural)
agomārī (genitive singular)
agomārous (dual genitive)
agomārom (genitive plural)
agomārūi (dative singular)
agomārobom (dative dual)
agomārobos (dative plural)
agomārū (instrumental singular)
agomārobim (dual instrumental)
agomārobis (instrumental plural)
agomārā (nominative singular)
agomārai (dual nominative)
agomārās (nominative plural)
agomārā (singular vocative)
agomārai (dual vocative)
agomārās (plural vocative)
agomāram (accusative singular)
agomārai (accusative dual)
agomārams (accusative plural)
agomārās (genitive singular)
agomārai (dative singular)
agomārābom (dative dual)
agomārābos (dative plural)
agomārābim (dual instrumental)
agomārābis (instrumental plural)
agomārom (nominative singular)
agomārā (nominative plural)
agomārom (singular vocative)
agomārā (plural vocative)
agomārā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: ágmar

Gaulish: *Āgomāros

→ Latin: Āgomārus

From *āgos (“battle, fight”) + *māros (“great”).


keinos

keinos (nominative singular)
keinou (dual nominative)
keinoi (nominative plural)
keine (singular vocative)
keinou (dual vocative)
keinoi (plural vocative)
keinom (accusative singular)
keinou (accusative dual)
keinoms (accusative plural)
keinī (genitive singular)
keinous (dual genitive)
keinom (genitive plural)
keinūi (dative singular)
keinobom (dative dual)
keinobos (dative plural)
keinū (instrumental singular)
keinobim (dual instrumental)
keinobis (instrumental plural)
keinā (nominative singular)
keinai (dual nominative)
keinās (nominative plural)
keinā (singular vocative)
keinai (dual vocative)
keinās (plural vocative)
keinam (accusative singular)
keinai (accusative dual)
keinams (accusative plural)
keinās (genitive singular)
keinai (dative singular)
keinābom (dative dual)
keinābos (dative plural)
keinābim (dual instrumental)
keinābis (instrumental plural)
keinom (nominative singular)
keinā (nominative plural)
keinom (singular vocative)
keinā (plural vocative)
keinā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: cían, cén
Middle Irish: cían
Irish: cian
Scottish Gaelic: cian

Gaulish: *cenos

⇒ Gaulish: *Cenomanoi

→ Latin: Cenomanī

⇒ Gaulish: *Cenouelos

→ Latin: Cenovelus

⇒ Gaulish: *Cenobarbos

→ Latin: Cenobarbus

No etymology given by Delamarre.
The usual derivation takes this as derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest”), but this requires a metathesis in its currently reconstructed form, and this reconstruction cannot accommodate the Gaulish words.


adastos

adastos (nominative singular)
adastou (dual nominative)
adastoi (nominative plural)
adaste (singular vocative)
adastou (dual vocative)
adastoi (plural vocative)
adastom (accusative singular)
adastou (accusative dual)
adastoms (accusative plural)
adastī (genitive singular)
adastous (dual genitive)
adastom (genitive plural)
adastūi (dative singular)
adastobom (dative dual)
adastobos (dative plural)
adastū (instrumental singular)
adastobim (dual instrumental)
adastobis (instrumental plural)
adastā (nominative singular)
adastai (dual nominative)
adastās (nominative plural)
adastā (singular vocative)
adastai (dual vocative)
adastās (plural vocative)
adastam (accusative singular)
adastai (accusative dual)
adastams (accusative plural)
adastās (genitive singular)
adastai (dative singular)
adastābom (dative dual)
adastābos (dative plural)
adastābim (dual instrumental)
adastābis (instrumental plural)
adastom (nominative singular)
adastā (nominative plural)
adastom (singular vocative)
adastā (plural vocative)
adastā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aðas

Old Breton: adas

Middle Welsh: adas

Welsh: addas

Old Irish: adas

From *ad- (“law, custom”) followed by an obscure second element.
* Pedersen thinks the second element -ast- is an incarnation of the common -st- noun formant, but -st- suffixes are generally never adjectival.
* Matasović erroneously reconstructs the ending as -estus. This reconstruction is incorrect because the suffix cannot have had an -e-, as demonstrated by Brittonic suffixal -a-.
* Hamp derives the second element from a Celtic counterpart to Latin astō (“to be present, stand by”).


komadastos

komadastos (nominative singular)
komadastou (dual nominative)
komadastoi (nominative plural)
komadaste (singular vocative)
komadastou (dual vocative)
komadastoi (plural vocative)
komadastom (accusative singular)
komadastou (accusative dual)
komadastoms (accusative plural)
komadastī (genitive singular)
komadastous (dual genitive)
komadastom (genitive plural)
komadastūi (dative singular)
komadastobom (dative dual)
komadastobos (dative plural)
komadastū (instrumental singular)
komadastobim (dual instrumental)
komadastobis (instrumental plural)
komadastā (nominative singular)
komadastai (dual nominative)
komadastās (nominative plural)
komadastā (singular vocative)
komadastai (dual vocative)
komadastās (plural vocative)
komadastam (accusative singular)
komadastai (accusative dual)
komadastams (accusative plural)
komadastās (genitive singular)
komadastai (dative singular)
komadastābom (dative dual)
komadastābos (dative plural)
komadastābim (dual instrumental)
komadastābis (instrumental plural)
komadastom (nominative singular)
komadastā (nominative plural)
komadastom (singular vocative)
komadastā (plural vocative)
komadastā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: camadas

Old Welsh: cimadas

Middle Welsh: kyfadas, kyuadas, kywatas

Welsh: cyfaddas

Old Irish: comadas

Middle Irish: comadas, comdas

Classical Gaelic: comhadhas

From *kom- + *adastos (“suitable, fitting, proper”).


bebudwūts

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨβüð

Old Welsh: bibid

Middle Breton: bevez

Old Irish: bibdu

Middle Irish: bidba

Irish: bíobha

Brill Publishers
D. A. Binchy
Osborn Bergin

Generally recognized as containing *-wōs, the perfect active participle suffix, modified into a dental-stem formation.
For reasons explained in the Reconstruction Notes, the second vowel of this word must have been -u-. This makes Proto-Germanic *bautaną (“to beat”), as linked by the LIV and Matasović via a tentative Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-, an attractive comparison.


kalmiyos

kalmiyos (nominative singular)
kalmiyou (dual nominative)
kalmiyoi (nominative plural)
kalmiye (singular vocative)
kalmiyou (dual vocative)
kalmiyoi (plural vocative)
kalmiyom (accusative singular)
kalmiyou (accusative dual)
kalmiyoms (accusative plural)
kalmiyī (genitive singular)
kalmiyous (dual genitive)
kalmiyom (genitive plural)
kalmiyūi (dative singular)
kalmiyobom (dative dual)
kalmiyobos (dative plural)
kalmiyū (instrumental singular)
kalmiyobim (dual instrumental)
kalmiyobis (instrumental plural)
kalmiyā (nominative singular)
kalmiyai (dual nominative)
kalmiyās (nominative plural)
kalmiyā (singular vocative)
kalmiyai (dual vocative)
kalmiyās (plural vocative)
kalmiyam (accusative singular)
kalmiyai (accusative dual)
kalmiyams (accusative plural)
kalmiyās (genitive singular)
kalmiyai (dative singular)
kalmiyābom (dative dual)
kalmiyābos (dative plural)
kalmiyābim (dual instrumental)
kalmiyābis (instrumental plural)
kalmiyom (nominative singular)
kalmiyā (nominative plural)
kalmiyom (singular vocative)
kalmiyā (plural vocative)
kalmiyā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kėlβ̃ɨð
Old Breton: celmed
Middle Breton: calvez (“carpenter”)
Breton: kalvez (“carpenter”)
Old Welsh: celmed
Middle Welsh: celuit, celwyd
Welsh: celfydd

Middle Irish: calma (“brave, strong”)

Irish: calma

Scottish Gaelic: calma


gragnis

gragis (nominative singular)
gragī (dual nominative)
gragīs (nominative plural)
gragi (singular vocative)
gragī (dual vocative)
gragīs (plural vocative)
gragim (accusative singular)
gragī (accusative dual)
gragims (accusative plural)
grageis (genitive singular)
gragyou (dual genitive)
gragyom (genitive plural)
gragei (dative singular)
gragibom (dative dual)
gragibos (dative plural)
gragī (instrumental singular)
gragibim (dual instrumental)
gragibis (instrumental plural)
gragi (nominative singular)
gragyā (nominative plural)
gragyā (plural vocative)
gragi (accusative singular)
gragyā (accusative plural)
gragois (genitive singular)
gragois (dual genitive)
gragē (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *graɨn

Middle Welsh: graen

Welsh: graen

Old Irish: gráin

Middle Irish: gráin

Irish: gráin

Manx: grayn

Scottish Gaelic: gràin

An apparent sound-symbolic word. Similar-sounding words of similar meaning include Proto-Slavic *groza, Ancient Greek γοργός (gorgós, “fierce”), and Proto-Celtic *gargos (“fierce”). All of these may also be sound-symbolic formations.


adgarwos

adgarwos (nominative singular)
adgarwou (dual nominative)
adgarwoi (nominative plural)
adgarwe (singular vocative)
adgarwou (dual vocative)
adgarwoi (plural vocative)
adgarwom (accusative singular)
adgarwou (accusative dual)
adgarwoms (accusative plural)
adgarwī (genitive singular)
adgarwous (dual genitive)
adgarwom (genitive plural)
adgarwūi (dative singular)
adgarwobom (dative dual)
adgarwobos (dative plural)
adgarwū (instrumental singular)
adgarwobim (dual instrumental)
adgarwobis (instrumental plural)
adgarwā (nominative singular)
adgarwai (dual nominative)
adgarwās (nominative plural)
adgarwā (singular vocative)
adgarwai (dual vocative)
adgarwās (plural vocative)
adgarwam (accusative singular)
adgarwai (accusative dual)
adgarwams (accusative plural)
adgarwās (genitive singular)
adgarwai (dative singular)
adgarwābom (dative dual)
adgarwābos (dative plural)
adgarwābim (dual instrumental)
adgarwābis (instrumental plural)
adgarwom (nominative singular)
adgarwā (nominative plural)
adgarwom (singular vocative)
adgarwā (plural vocative)
adgarwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *agarw

Middle Welsh: agarw

Welsh: agarw

Middle Irish: acarb

From *ad- (used here as an intensifier prefix) + *garwos (“rough”)


krumbos

krumbos (nominative singular)
krumbou (dual nominative)
krumboi (nominative plural)
krumbe (singular vocative)
krumbou (dual vocative)
krumboi (plural vocative)
krumbom (accusative singular)
krumbou (accusative dual)
krumboms (accusative plural)
krumbī (genitive singular)
krumbous (dual genitive)
krumbom (genitive plural)
krumbūi (dative singular)
krumbobom (dative dual)
krumbobos (dative plural)
krumbū (instrumental singular)
krumbobim (dual instrumental)
krumbobis (instrumental plural)
krumbā (nominative singular)
krumbai (dual nominative)
krumbās (nominative plural)
krumbā (singular vocative)
krumbai (dual vocative)
krumbās (plural vocative)
krumbam (accusative singular)
krumbai (accusative dual)
krumbams (accusative plural)
krumbās (genitive singular)
krumbai (dative singular)
krumbābom (dative dual)
krumbābos (dative plural)
krumbābim (dual instrumental)
krumbābis (instrumental plural)
krumbom (nominative singular)
krumbā (nominative plural)
krumbom (singular vocative)
krumbā (plural vocative)
krumbā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krum

Old Breton: crum

Middle Breton: croum, crom

Breton: kromm

Cornish: crom

Middle Welsh: crwm

Welsh: crwm

Middle Irish: cromm, crom, cromb

Irish: crom

Manx: croym

Scottish Gaelic: crom

Shares a close resemblance to Proto-Germanic *krumbaz with which it is virtually assured there is a loanword relationship. The details of the loaning are unclear, however.


kawyos

kawyos (nominative singular)
kawyou (dual nominative)
kawyoi (nominative plural)
kawye (singular vocative)
kawyou (dual vocative)
kawyoi (plural vocative)
kawyom (accusative singular)
kawyou (accusative dual)
kawyoms (accusative plural)
kawyī (genitive singular)
kawyous (dual genitive)
kawyom (genitive plural)
kawyūi (dative singular)
kawyobom (dative dual)
kawyobos (dative plural)
kawyū (instrumental singular)
kawyobim (dual instrumental)
kawyobis (instrumental plural)
kawyā (nominative singular)
kawyai (dual nominative)
kawyās (nominative plural)
kawyā (singular vocative)
kawyai (dual vocative)
kawyās (plural vocative)
kawyam (accusative singular)
kawyai (accusative dual)
kawyams (accusative plural)
kawyās (genitive singular)
kawyai (dative singular)
kawyābom (dative dual)
kawyābos (dative plural)
kawyābim (dual instrumental)
kawyābis (instrumental plural)
kawyom (nominative singular)
kawyā (nominative plural)
kawyom (singular vocative)
kawyā (plural vocative)
kawyā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kėw
Middle Breton: queu
Breton: kev
Middle Cornish: *kew (see notes)
Middle Welsh: keu
Welsh: cau

Old Irish: caue, cuae

Middle Irish: cúa

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₃w-, reconstructed as such by Zair.
Cognacy with Latin cavus is widely agreed upon. Other than that, Zair and Matasović disagree on virtually everything to do with this word.


luxsmos

luxsmos (nominative singular)
luxsmou (dual nominative)
luxsmoi (nominative plural)
luxsme (singular vocative)
luxsmou (dual vocative)
luxsmoi (plural vocative)
luxsmom (accusative singular)
luxsmou (accusative dual)
luxsmoms (accusative plural)
luxsmī (genitive singular)
luxsmous (dual genitive)
luxsmom (genitive plural)
luxsmūi (dative singular)
luxsmobom (dative dual)
luxsmobos (dative plural)
luxsmū (instrumental singular)
luxsmobim (dual instrumental)
luxsmobis (instrumental plural)
luxsmā (nominative singular)
luxsmai (dual nominative)
luxsmās (nominative plural)
luxsmā (singular vocative)
luxsmai (dual vocative)
luxsmās (plural vocative)
luxsmam (accusative singular)
luxsmai (accusative dual)
luxsmams (accusative plural)
luxsmās (genitive singular)
luxsmai (dative singular)
luxsmābom (dative dual)
luxsmābos (dative plural)
luxsmābim (dual instrumental)
luxsmābis (instrumental plural)
luxsmom (nominative singular)
luxsmā (nominative plural)
luxsmom (singular vocative)
luxsmā (plural vocative)
luxsmā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llum

Middle Welsh: llwm, llum

Welsh: llwm

Old Irish: lomm
Irish: lom
Manx: lhome
Scottish Gaelic: lom

From Proto-Indo-European *lewp- (“to strip, peel”), whence also *lubros (“weak”).


wiwos

wiwos (nominative singular)
wiwou (dual nominative)
wiwoi (nominative plural)
wiwe (singular vocative)
wiwou (dual vocative)
wiwoi (plural vocative)
wiwom (accusative singular)
wiwou (accusative dual)
wiwoms (accusative plural)
wiwī (genitive singular)
wiwous (dual genitive)
wiwom (genitive plural)
wiwūi (dative singular)
wiwobom (dative dual)
wiwobos (dative plural)
wiwū (instrumental singular)
wiwobim (dual instrumental)
wiwobis (instrumental plural)
wiwā (nominative singular)
wiwai (dual nominative)
wiwās (nominative plural)
wiwā (singular vocative)
wiwai (dual vocative)
wiwās (plural vocative)
wiwam (accusative singular)
wiwai (accusative dual)
wiwams (accusative plural)
wiwās (genitive singular)
wiwai (dative singular)
wiwābom (dative dual)
wiwābos (dative plural)
wiwābim (dual instrumental)
wiwābis (instrumental plural)
wiwom (nominative singular)
wiwā (nominative plural)
wiwom (singular vocative)
wiwā (plural vocative)
wiwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨw

Middle Welsh: gwyw, gwiw

Welsh: gwyw

Middle Irish: feo

⇒ Irish: feoigh

From Proto-Indo-European *wih₁-wós, from the root *weyh₁- (“to wither”) + *-wós (deverbal adjective suffix).


trātos

trātos (nominative singular)
trātou (dual nominative)
trātoi (nominative plural)
trāte (singular vocative)
trātou (dual vocative)
trātoi (plural vocative)
trātom (accusative singular)
trātou (accusative dual)
trātoms (accusative plural)
trātī (genitive singular)
trātous (dual genitive)
trātom (genitive plural)
trātūi (dative singular)
trātobom (dative dual)
trātobos (dative plural)
trātū (instrumental singular)
trātobim (dual instrumental)
trātobis (instrumental plural)
trātā (nominative singular)
trātai (dual nominative)
trātās (nominative plural)
trātā (singular vocative)
trātai (dual vocative)
trātās (plural vocative)
trātam (accusative singular)
trātai (accusative dual)
trātams (accusative plural)
trātās (genitive singular)
trātai (dative singular)
trātābom (dative dual)
trātābos (dative plural)
trātābim (dual instrumental)
trātābis (instrumental plural)
trātom (nominative singular)
trātā (nominative plural)
trātom (singular vocative)
trātā (plural vocative)
trātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trọd

Middle Breton: treut (“thin”)

Breton: treut

Middle Welsh: trawd (“weak”) (hapax)

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₁-tó-s, a formation in *-tós from the root *terh₁- (“to drill, pierce”). An exact cognate exists in Ancient Greek τρητός (trētós, “bored through”).


kroudis

kroudis (nominative singular)
kroudī (dual nominative)
kroudīs (nominative plural)
kroudi (singular vocative)
kroudī (dual vocative)
kroudīs (plural vocative)
kroudim (accusative singular)
kroudī (accusative dual)
kroudims (accusative plural)
kroudeis (genitive singular)
kroudyou (dual genitive)
kroudyom (genitive plural)
kroudei (dative singular)
kroudibom (dative dual)
kroudibos (dative plural)
kroudī (instrumental singular)
kroudibim (dual instrumental)
kroudibis (instrumental plural)
kroudi (nominative singular)
kroudyā (nominative plural)
kroudyā (plural vocative)
kroudi (accusative singular)
kroudyā (accusative plural)
kroudois (genitive singular)
kroudois (dual genitive)
kroudē (dative singular)

Old Irish: crúaid

Middle Irish: crúaid

Irish: crua

Manx: creoi

Scottish Gaelic: cruaidh

Gaulish: *crōdios

→ Latin: Crodius (personal name)

→ Catalan: croi

→ Italian: croio (obsolete)

→ Occitan: cròi (“frail, slim, bad”)

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“blood”).


bounos

bounos (nominative singular)
bounou (dual nominative)
bounoi (nominative plural)
boune (singular vocative)
bounou (dual vocative)
bounoi (plural vocative)
bounom (accusative singular)
bounou (accusative dual)
bounoms (accusative plural)
bounī (genitive singular)
bounous (dual genitive)
bounom (genitive plural)
bounūi (dative singular)
bounobom (dative dual)
bounobos (dative plural)
bounū (instrumental singular)
bounobim (dual instrumental)
bounobis (instrumental plural)
bounā (nominative singular)
bounai (dual nominative)
bounās (nominative plural)
bounā (singular vocative)
bounai (dual vocative)
bounās (plural vocative)
bounam (accusative singular)
bounai (accusative dual)
bounams (accusative plural)
bounās (genitive singular)
bounai (dative singular)
bounābom (dative dual)
bounābos (dative plural)
bounābim (dual instrumental)
bounābis (instrumental plural)
bounom (nominative singular)
bounā (nominative plural)
bounom (singular vocative)
bounā (plural vocative)
bounā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉn

desc

Middle Welsh: bun (“maiden, sweetheart”)

Welsh: bun, mun

Old Irish: búan

Middle Irish: búan

Irish: buan

Manx: beayn

Scottish Gaelic: buan

Gaulish: *bounos

→⇒ Latin: Bounis, Bounia, Bonisia, Bonisiacum, Bonoritum, Bonicus

⇒ Gaulish: *bounonios

→? Latin: Bōnonia (place name) (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: Bōnonius (personal name)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be, grow”) with an innovatory non-zero grade.


trougos

trougos (nominative singular)
trougou (dual nominative)
trougoi (nominative plural)
trouge (singular vocative)
trougou (dual vocative)
trougoi (plural vocative)
trougom (accusative singular)
trougou (accusative dual)
trougoms (accusative plural)
trougī (genitive singular)
trougous (dual genitive)
trougom (genitive plural)
trougūi (dative singular)
trougobom (dative dual)
trougobos (dative plural)
trougū (instrumental singular)
trougobim (dual instrumental)
trougobis (instrumental plural)
trougā (nominative singular)
trougai (dual nominative)
trougās (nominative plural)
trougā (singular vocative)
trougai (dual vocative)
trougās (plural vocative)
trougam (accusative singular)
trougai (accusative dual)
trougams (accusative plural)
trougās (genitive singular)
trougai (dative singular)
trougābom (dative dual)
trougābos (dative plural)
trougābim (dual instrumental)
trougābis (instrumental plural)
trougom (nominative singular)
trougā (nominative plural)
trougom (singular vocative)
trougā (plural vocative)
trougā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trʉɣ

Middle Breton: tru

Old Welsh: tru

Middle Welsh: tru

Welsh: tru

Old Irish: trúag, tróg

Middle Irish: trúag, tróg

Irish: trua (adjective)

Manx: treih

Scottish Gaelic: truagh

Uncertain, but relations to Ancient Greek στρεύγομαι (streúgomai, “to be exhausted”) have been postulated.


krīnos

krīnos (nominative singular)
krīnou (dual nominative)
krīnoi (nominative plural)
krīne (singular vocative)
krīnou (dual vocative)
krīnoi (plural vocative)
krīnom (accusative singular)
krīnou (accusative dual)
krīnoms (accusative plural)
krīnī (genitive singular)
krīnous (dual genitive)
krīnom (genitive plural)
krīnūi (dative singular)
krīnobom (dative dual)
krīnobos (dative plural)
krīnū (instrumental singular)
krīnobim (dual instrumental)
krīnobis (instrumental plural)
krīnā (nominative singular)
krīnai (dual nominative)
krīnās (nominative plural)
krīnā (singular vocative)
krīnai (dual vocative)
krīnās (plural vocative)
krīnam (accusative singular)
krīnai (accusative dual)
krīnams (accusative plural)
krīnās (genitive singular)
krīnai (dative singular)
krīnābom (dative dual)
krīnābos (dative plural)
krīnābim (dual instrumental)
krīnābis (instrumental plural)
krīnom (nominative singular)
krīnā (nominative plural)
krīnom (singular vocative)
krīnā (plural vocative)
krīnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krin

Breton: krin (“arid”)

Cornish: krin

Old Welsh: crin

Middle Welsh: crin

Welsh: crin

Old Irish: crín

Middle Irish: crín

Irish: críon

Manx: creen

Scottish Gaelic: crìon

Often connected to a root *kreh₁(y)- (“to sift”), but the alternative reconstruction of that root as *krey- is incompatible with this word due to there being no way to get long *ī from that.


komrūnos

komrūnos (nominative singular)
komrūnou (dual nominative)
komrūnoi (nominative plural)
komrūne (singular vocative)
komrūnou (dual vocative)
komrūnoi (plural vocative)
komrūnom (accusative singular)
komrūnou (accusative dual)
komrūnoms (accusative plural)
komrūnī (genitive singular)
komrūnous (dual genitive)
komrūnom (genitive plural)
komrūnūi (dative singular)
komrūnobom (dative dual)
komrūnobos (dative plural)
komrūnū (instrumental singular)
komrūnobim (dual instrumental)
komrūnobis (instrumental plural)
komrūnā (nominative singular)
komrūnai (dual nominative)
komrūnās (nominative plural)
komrūnā (singular vocative)
komrūnai (dual vocative)
komrūnās (plural vocative)
komrūnam (accusative singular)
komrūnai (accusative dual)
komrūnams (accusative plural)
komrūnās (genitive singular)
komrūnai (dative singular)
komrūnābom (dative dual)
komrūnābos (dative plural)
komrūnābim (dual instrumental)
komrūnābis (instrumental plural)
komrūnom (nominative singular)
komrūnā (nominative plural)
komrūnom (singular vocative)
komrūnā (plural vocative)
komrūnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃rin

Middle Breton: queffrin

Middle Welsh: cyfrin

Welsh: cyfrin

Gaulish: *cobrūnos

→ Latin: Cobrūnus, Cobrūna, Courūnus

→⇒ Latin: Cobronia

Adjective formed from *kom- (“together”) + *rūnā (“secret”).


menwīkos

menwīkos (nominative singular)
menwīkou (dual nominative)
menwīkoi (nominative plural)
menwīke (singular vocative)
menwīkou (dual vocative)
menwīkoi (plural vocative)
menwīkom (accusative singular)
menwīkou (accusative dual)
menwīkoms (accusative plural)
menwīkī (genitive singular)
menwīkous (dual genitive)
menwīkom (genitive plural)
menwīkūi (dative singular)
menwīkobom (dative dual)
menwīkobos (dative plural)
menwīkū (instrumental singular)
menwīkobim (dual instrumental)
menwīkobis (instrumental plural)
menwīkā (nominative singular)
menwīkai (dual nominative)
menwīkās (nominative plural)
menwīkā (singular vocative)
menwīkai (dual vocative)
menwīkās (plural vocative)
menwīkam (accusative singular)
menwīkai (accusative dual)
menwīkams (accusative plural)
menwīkās (genitive singular)
menwīkai (dative singular)
menwīkābom (dative dual)
menwīkābos (dative plural)
menwīkābim (dual instrumental)
menwīkābis (instrumental plural)
menwīkom (nominative singular)
menwīkā (nominative plural)
menwīkom (singular vocative)
menwīkā (plural vocative)
menwīkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨnwig

desc

Middle Breton: mynhuiguenn, minuigen sg (“crumb”)

Breton: minvig (“crumbs”)

Middle Irish: menbach


sagros

sagros (nominative singular)
sagrou (dual nominative)
sagroi (nominative plural)
sagre (singular vocative)
sagrou (dual vocative)
sagroi (plural vocative)
sagrom (accusative singular)
sagrou (accusative dual)
sagroms (accusative plural)
sagrī (genitive singular)
sagrous (dual genitive)
sagrom (genitive plural)
sagrūi (dative singular)
sagrobom (dative dual)
sagrobos (dative plural)
sagrū (instrumental singular)
sagrobim (dual instrumental)
sagrobis (instrumental plural)
sagrā (nominative singular)
sagrai (dual nominative)
sagrās (nominative plural)
sagrā (singular vocative)
sagrai (dual vocative)
sagrās (plural vocative)
sagram (accusative singular)
sagrai (accusative dual)
sagrams (accusative plural)
sagrās (genitive singular)
sagrai (dative singular)
sagrābom (dative dual)
sagrābos (dative plural)
sagrābim (dual instrumental)
sagrābis (instrumental plural)
sagrom (nominative singular)
sagrā (nominative plural)
sagrom (singular vocative)
sagrā (plural vocative)
sagrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *haɨr

⇒ Old Breton: Haeruuiu, Haermael

Middle Welsh: haer, hair (“steadfast”)

Welsh: haer

Goidelic:

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚅᚓᚈᚈᚐᚄᚐᚌᚏᚔ (nettasagri), ᚄᚐᚌᚏᚐᚌᚅᚔ (sagragni), ᚄᚐᚌᚐᚏᚓᚈᚈᚑᚄ (sagarettos)

Old Irish: sár (“outrage, insult”), sár- (“strong, excellent”)

Middle Irish: sár, sár-

Classical Gaelic: sár

Irish: sár-

Gaulish: *sagros

→⇒ Latin: Ambisagrus

From Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold”) + *-rós (adjectival suffix).
* Seemingly in an attempt to avoid the prospect of the insertion of an epenthetic *a into the zero grade of the root, Matasović attempts to derive the Goidelic terms from *soǵʰ-s-rós > *sōxs-ros > *sāxsros.
* Gordon points out that Matasović's derivation is uncompelling: there is no explanation for the o-grade of the root, and there are many Primitive Irish inscriptions (and the Gaulish name Ambisagrus) explicitly attesting *sagro- in personal names.


tosagros

tosagros (nominative singular)
tosagrou (dual nominative)
tosagroi (nominative plural)
tosagre (singular vocative)
tosagrou (dual vocative)
tosagroi (plural vocative)
tosagrom (accusative singular)
tosagrou (accusative dual)
tosagroms (accusative plural)
tosagrī (genitive singular)
tosagrous (dual genitive)
tosagrom (genitive plural)
tosagrūi (dative singular)
tosagrobom (dative dual)
tosagrobos (dative plural)
tosagrū (instrumental singular)
tosagrobim (dual instrumental)
tosagrobis (instrumental plural)
tosagrā (nominative singular)
tosagrai (dual nominative)
tosagrās (nominative plural)
tosagrā (singular vocative)
tosagrai (dual vocative)
tosagrās (plural vocative)
tosagram (accusative singular)
tosagrai (accusative dual)
tosagrams (accusative plural)
tosagrās (genitive singular)
tosagrai (dative singular)
tosagrābom (dative dual)
tosagrābos (dative plural)
tosagrābim (dual instrumental)
tosagrābis (instrumental plural)
tosagrom (nominative singular)
tosagrā (nominative plural)
tosagrom (singular vocative)
tosagrā (plural vocative)
tosagrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *taɨr

Breton: (standard spelling) taer, (nonstandard spellings) tear, ter

Middle Welsh: taer

Welsh: taer

Middle Irish: tár (“insult, contempt”)

From *to- + *sagros. The prefixation of *to- to a non-verbal form is peculiar.


yestīnos

yestīnos (nominative singular)
yestīnou (dual nominative)
yestīnoi (nominative plural)
yestīne (singular vocative)
yestīnou (dual vocative)
yestīnoi (plural vocative)
yestīnom (accusative singular)
yestīnou (accusative dual)
yestīnoms (accusative plural)
yestīnī (genitive singular)
yestīnous (dual genitive)
yestīnom (genitive plural)
yestīnūi (dative singular)
yestīnobom (dative dual)
yestīnobos (dative plural)
yestīnū (instrumental singular)
yestīnobim (dual instrumental)
yestīnobis (instrumental plural)
yestīnā (nominative singular)
yestīnai (dual nominative)
yestīnās (nominative plural)
yestīnā (singular vocative)
yestīnai (dual vocative)
yestīnās (plural vocative)
yestīnam (accusative singular)
yestīnai (accusative dual)
yestīnams (accusative plural)
yestīnās (genitive singular)
yestīnai (dative singular)
yestīnābom (dative dual)
yestīnābos (dative plural)
yestīnābim (dual instrumental)
yestīnābis (instrumental plural)
yestīnom (nominative singular)
yestīnā (nominative plural)
yestīnom (singular vocative)
yestīnā (plural vocative)
yestīnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jėsin

⇒ Old Welsh: Taliessin, Taliesin, Talgesin

Middle Welsh: iesin, yessin, iessin

Welsh: iesin

Gaulish: *iestīnos

→ Latin: Iestīnus

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *yes- (“to boil”), but Schrijver is hesistant to accept this due to divergent semantics.