See nessais in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*nes"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *nes"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xbm",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Middle Breton: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Breton: nes"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Breton: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: nes"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oco",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Old Cornish: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cornish: nes"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cnx",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Middle Cornish: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Cornish: nes"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "owl",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Welsh: nes"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: nes"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: nes"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "nessa"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: nessa, nesa, neso, nesso, nessu, nesu\nIrish: neasa\n⇒ Irish: neas\nManx: niessey",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: nessa, nesa, neso, nesso, nessu, nesu\nIrish: neasa\n⇒ Irish: neas\nManx: niessey"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "nessimas"
},
"expansion": "Oscan nessimas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉",
"t": "nearest"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*nessisVmos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *nessisVmos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*názdyas",
"t": "nearer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "नेदीयस्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋 (nazdiiō)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*nésdyos",
"t": "nearer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*swizdeti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *swizdeti",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-sd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-sd-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-zd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *-zd-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "*pettyā"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *pettyā",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "peth"
},
"expansion": "Welsh peth",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "cuid"
},
"expansion": "Irish cuid",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "",
"3": "-đđ-"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish -đđ-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*Hnedʰ-so-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "नहुस्",
"t": "neighbor",
"tr": "náhus"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Disputed, with two major schools of thought. Either way, the superlative *nessamos is cognate with Oscan nessimas and Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”) (which can mechanically be traced to Proto-Italic *nessisVmos).\n* Usually connected with Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”) (Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋 (nazdiiō)), from Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”), from the root *nesd- (“near”).\n** However, Proto-Celtic *swizdeti and *nizdos show that Proto-Indo-European *-sd- becomes Proto-Celtic *-zd-, which in turn becomes /θ/ in Brythonic and /d/ in Goidelic (compare also *kʷezdis becoming Gaulish *pettyā, Welsh peth and Irish cuid). It does not become Gaulish -đđ- and Insular Celtic *-ss-. The Osco-Umbrian cognates are also inconsistent with *-sd-.\n** This problem has a very simple solution; one only has to posit a metathesis in Italic and Celtic from *-sd- to *-ds- > *-ts-, which yields all Italic and Celtic forms straightforwardly.\n** Other solutions to the -ss- problem is to propose an early loss of -i- of the superlative *nezdisamos > *nezdsamos > *nessamos, or to propose that the superlative *nessamos was formed from simple *-tm̥mós in the first place instead of the usual *-isamos. Both of these routes would then require secondary transfer of the consonantism *-ss- from the superlative *nessamos to comparative *nezd(a)is > *ness(a)is.\n* Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so- or *Hnedʰ-to-, from *Hnedʰ- (“to bind”); compare Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”) and नह्यति (náhyati, “to bind”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "*nessais",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/nessais",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nearer, closer"
],
"id": "en-nessais-cel-pro-adv-kQD1d56c",
"links": [
[
"near",
"near"
],
[
"close",
"close"
]
],
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"superlative"
],
"word": "nessamos"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "nessais"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*nes"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *nes"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xbm",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Middle Breton: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Breton: nes"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Breton: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: nes"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oco",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Old Cornish: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cornish: nes"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cnx",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Middle Cornish: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Cornish: nes"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "owl",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Welsh: nes"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: nes"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "nes"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: nes",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: nes"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "nessa"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: nessa, nesa, neso, nesso, nessu, nesu\nIrish: neasa\n⇒ Irish: neas\nManx: niessey",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: nessa, nesa, neso, nesso, nessu, nesu\nIrish: neasa\n⇒ Irish: neas\nManx: niessey"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osc",
"2": "nessimas"
},
"expansion": "Oscan nessimas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉",
"t": "nearest"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*nessisVmos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *nessisVmos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*názdyas",
"t": "nearer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "नेदीयस्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋 (nazdiiō)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*nésdyos",
"t": "nearer"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*swizdeti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *swizdeti",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-sd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-sd-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-zd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *-zd-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "*pettyā"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *pettyā",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "peth"
},
"expansion": "Welsh peth",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "cuid"
},
"expansion": "Irish cuid",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "",
"3": "-đđ-"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish -đđ-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*Hnedʰ-so-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "नहुस्",
"t": "neighbor",
"tr": "náhus"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Disputed, with two major schools of thought. Either way, the superlative *nessamos is cognate with Oscan nessimas and Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”) (which can mechanically be traced to Proto-Italic *nessisVmos).\n* Usually connected with Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”) (Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋 (nazdiiō)), from Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”), from the root *nesd- (“near”).\n** However, Proto-Celtic *swizdeti and *nizdos show that Proto-Indo-European *-sd- becomes Proto-Celtic *-zd-, which in turn becomes /θ/ in Brythonic and /d/ in Goidelic (compare also *kʷezdis becoming Gaulish *pettyā, Welsh peth and Irish cuid). It does not become Gaulish -đđ- and Insular Celtic *-ss-. The Osco-Umbrian cognates are also inconsistent with *-sd-.\n** This problem has a very simple solution; one only has to posit a metathesis in Italic and Celtic from *-sd- to *-ds- > *-ts-, which yields all Italic and Celtic forms straightforwardly.\n** Other solutions to the -ss- problem is to propose an early loss of -i- of the superlative *nezdisamos > *nezdsamos > *nessamos, or to propose that the superlative *nessamos was formed from simple *-tm̥mós in the first place instead of the usual *-isamos. Both of these routes would then require secondary transfer of the consonantism *-ss- from the superlative *nessamos to comparative *nezd(a)is > *ness(a)is.\n* Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so- or *Hnedʰ-to-, from *Hnedʰ- (“to bind”); compare Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”) and नह्यति (náhyati, “to bind”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "*nessais",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/nessais",
"pos": "adv",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"superlative"
],
"word": "nessamos"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic adverbs",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas"
],
"glosses": [
"nearer, closer"
],
"links": [
[
"near",
"near"
],
[
"close",
"close"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "nessais"
}
Download raw JSONL data for nessais meaning in Proto-Celtic (5.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.