de in Proto-Celtic

[Show JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▼] [Hide JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▲]

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "swe for many derivatives of *de"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "sindos"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "sondos"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "ne de"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Old Irish",
      "lang_code": "sga"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*de"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *de",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *de.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "particle"
      },
      "expansion": "*de",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Celtic",
  "lang_code": "cel-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/de",
  "pos": "particle",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "dī"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "dū"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "derived": [
        {
          "_dis1": "70 30",
          "sense": "Old Irish",
          "word": "nad"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 30",
          "sense": "Old Irish",
          "word": "nád"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Refers back to something in a previous context, but not directly antecedent to the particle"
      ],
      "id": "en-de-cel-pro-particle-7Ib5Ggba",
      "links": [
        [
          "Peter Schrijver",
          "w:Peter Schrijver"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "9 75 0 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "23 77",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 88",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Celtic particles",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "anaphoric particle"
      ],
      "id": "en-de-cel-pro-particle-qmrcISgM",
      "links": [
        [
          "anaphor",
          "anaphor#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "de"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Celtic lemmas",
    "Proto-Celtic particles",
    "Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Proto-Celtic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "swe for many derivatives of *de"
    },
    {
      "word": "sindos"
    },
    {
      "word": "sondos"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Old Irish",
      "word": "nad"
    },
    {
      "sense": "Old Irish",
      "word": "nád"
    },
    {
      "word": "ne de"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Old Irish",
      "lang_code": "sga"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*de"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *de",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *de.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "particle"
      },
      "expansion": "*de",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Celtic",
  "lang_code": "cel-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/de",
  "pos": "particle",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "dī"
    },
    {
      "word": "dū"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Refers back to something in a previous context, but not directly antecedent to the particle"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Peter Schrijver",
          "w:Peter Schrijver"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "anaphoric particle"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "anaphor",
          "anaphor#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "de"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"de" meaning in Proto-Celtic

Particle