-kʷe

Old Irish: -ch-

Celtiberian: -kue

Lepontic: 𐌐𐌄 (pe)

From Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Latin -que and Ancient Greek τε (te).

owis ekʷoikʷe


agrom

agrom (nominative singular)
agrou (dual nominative)
agrā (nominative plural)
agrom (singular vocative)
agrou (dual vocative)
agrā (plural vocative)
agrom (accusative singular)
agrou (accusative dual)
agrā (accusative plural)
agrī (genitive singular)
agrous (dual genitive)
agrom (genitive plural)
agrūi (dative singular)
agrobom (dative dual)
agrobos (dative plural)
agrei (locative singular)
agrū (instrumental singular)
agrobim (dual instrumental)
agrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aɨr
Old Breton: air
Old Cornish: hair
Old Welsh: hair
Middle Welsh: aer

Old Irish: ár
Irish: ár
Manx: haar
Scottish Gaelic: àr

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro-, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaⁱδī, “hunt”).


amban

amban (nominative singular)
ambane? (dual nominative)
ambana (nominative plural)
amban (singular vocative)
ambane? (dual vocative)
ambana (plural vocative)
amban (accusative singular)
ambane? (accusative dual)
ambana (accusative plural)
ambens (genitive singular)
ambenous? (dual genitive)
ambenom (genitive plural)
ambenē (dative singular)
ambembom (dative dual)
ambembos (dative plural)
amben (locative singular)
ambeni (locative singular)
ambenē (instrumental singular)
ambembim (dual instrumental)
ambembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton:

Middle Breton: amanen

Breton: amanenn, amann

Old Cornish: amanen

Middle Cornish:

Cornish: manyn

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: ymenyn

Welsh: ymenyn

Old Irish: imb
Irish: im
Manx: eeym
Scottish Gaelic: ìm

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷen- (compare Latin unguen (“grease”), Old High German ancho (“butter”)), from *h₃engʷ- (“anoint”).


gdū

gdū (nominative singular)
gdone? (dual nominative)
gdones (nominative plural)
gdū (singular vocative)
gdone? (dual vocative)
gdones (plural vocative)
gdonam (accusative singular)
gdone? (accusative dual)
gdonams (accusative plural)
gdonos (genitive singular)
gdonows? (dual genitive)
gdonom (genitive plural)
gdonei (dative singular)
gdombom (dative dual)
gdombos (dative plural)
gdon (locative singular)
gdoni (locative singular)
gdonei (instrumental singular)
gdombim (dual instrumental)
gdombis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: dú


duxtīr

duxtīr (nominative singular)
duxtere (dual nominative)
duxteres (nominative plural)
duxter (singular vocative)
duxtere (dual vocative)
duxteres (plural vocative)
duxteram (accusative singular)
duxtere (accusative dual)
duxterams (accusative plural)
duxtros (genitive singular)
duxtrous (dual genitive)
duxtrom (genitive plural)
duxtrē (dative singular)
duxtarbom (dative dual)
duxtarbos (dative plural)
duxtri (locative singular)
duxtrē (instrumental singular)
duxtarbim (dual instrumental)
duxtarbis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: Der-, Dar- (elements of personal names, such as Darinill, Dechtir)

Celtiberian: tuateros (genitive singular)

Gaulish: duxtīr

From Pre-Celtic *dʰuktḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr.


grānom

grānom (nominative singular)
grānou (dual nominative)
grānā (nominative plural)
grānom (singular vocative)
grānou (dual vocative)
grānā (plural vocative)
grānom (accusative singular)
grānou (accusative dual)
grānā (accusative plural)
grānī (genitive singular)
grānous (dual genitive)
grānom (genitive plural)
grānūi (dative singular)
grānobom (dative dual)
grānobos (dative plural)
grānei (locative singular)
grānū (instrumental singular)
grānobim (dual instrumental)
grānūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *grọn
Breton: greun
Cornish: greun
Welsh: grawn

Old Irish: grán

Irish: grán

Scottish Gaelic: gràn


klowos

klowos (neuter nominative singular)
klowese? (dual neuter nominative)
klowesa (neuter nominative plural)
klowos (neuter singular vocative)
klowese? (dual neuter vocative)
klowesa (neuter plural vocative)
klowos (accusative neuter singular)
klowese? (accusative dual neuter)
klowesa (accusative neuter plural)
klowesos (genitive neuter singular)
klowesous? (dual genitive neuter)
klowesom (genitive neuter plural)
klowesē (dative neuter singular)
klowesbom (dative dual neuter)
klowesbos (dative neuter plural)
klowesi (locative neuter singular)
klowesē (instrumental neuter singular)
klowesbim (dual instrumental neuter)
klowesbis (instrumental neuter plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: klev

Cornish: klew

Welsh: clyw

Old Irish: clú
Irish: clú
Scottish Gaelic: cliù


swesūr

swesūr (nominative singular)
swesre (dual nominative)
swesres (nominative plural)
swesūr (singular vocative)
swesre (dual vocative)
swesres (plural vocative)
swesram (accusative singular)
swesre (accusative dual)
swesrams (accusative plural)
swesros (genitive singular)
swesrou (dual genitive)
swesrom (genitive plural)
swesrei (dative singular)
swesrobom (dative dual)
swesrobos (dative plural)
swesri (locative singular)
swesre? (instrumental singular)
swesrobim (dual instrumental)
swesrobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwehir
Old Breton: guoer
Middle Breton: hoer
Breton: c'hoar
Old Cornish: huir
Cornish: hwoer
Middle Welsh: chwaer
Welsh: chwaer

Old Irish: siur
Irish: siúr
Manx: shuyr
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: piuthar (back-formed from lenited form fiur, phiur)

Gaulish: suiorebe (instrumental plural)


swexs

Brythonic: *hwex
Breton: c'hwec'h
Cornish: whegh
Welsh: chwech

Old Irish: sé

Irish: sé

Manx: shey

Scottish Gaelic: sia


kʷenkʷe

Brythonic: *pɨmp
Old Breton: pemp
Middle Breton: pemp
Breton: pemp
Cornish: pymp
Old Welsh: pimp
Middle Welsh: pymp
Welsh: pump

Old Irish: cóic

Irish: cúig

Manx: queig

Scottish Gaelic: còig

Gaulish: pempe


ɸatīr

ɸatīr (nominative singular)
ɸatere (dual nominative)
ɸateres (nominative plural)
ɸater (singular vocative)
ɸatere (dual vocative)
ɸateres (plural vocative)
ɸateram (accusative singular)
ɸatere (accusative dual)
ɸaterams (accusative plural)
ɸatros (genitive singular)
ɸatrous (dual genitive)
ɸatrom (genitive plural)
ɸatrē (dative singular)
ɸatarbom (dative dual)
ɸatarbos (dative plural)
ɸatri (locative singular)
ɸatrē (instrumental singular)
ɸatarbim (dual instrumental)
ɸatarbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: -atr

Old Irish: athair, athir
Irish: athair
Manx: ayr
→ English: ayr
Scottish Gaelic: athair

desc

Gaulish: *atir (nominative), ater (vocative)


brātīr

brātīr (nominative singular)
brātere (dual nominative)
brāteres (nominative plural)
brāter (singular vocative)
brātere (dual vocative)
brāteres (plural vocative)
brāteram (accusative singular)
brātere (accusative dual)
brāterams (accusative plural)
brātros (genitive singular)
brātrous (dual genitive)
brātrom (genitive plural)
brātrē (dative singular)
brātarbom (dative dual)
brātarbos (dative plural)
brātri (locative singular)
brātrē (instrumental singular)
brātarbim (dual instrumental)
brātarbis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brọdr
Old Breton: brotr
Middle Breton: breuzr
Breton: breur
Old Welsh: braut
Welsh: brawd
Cornish: broder

Old Irish: bráthair

Irish: bráthair

Manx: braar

Scottish Gaelic: bràthair

Gaulish: *bratir


toutā

toutā (nominative singular)
toutai (dual nominative)
toutās (nominative plural)
toutā (singular vocative)
toutai (dual vocative)
toutās (plural vocative)
toutam (accusative singular)
toutai (accusative dual)
toutāms (accusative plural)
toutās (genitive singular)
toutous (dual genitive)
toutom (genitive plural)
toutāi (dative singular)
toutābom (dative dual)
toutābos (dative plural)
toutai (locative singular)
toutābim (dual instrumental)
toutābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *tʉd
Middle Breton: tut
Breton: tud
Cornish: tus
Middle Welsh: tut
Welsh: tud

Old Irish: túath

Irish: tuath

Scots Gaelic: tuath

Gaulish: touta, teuta


nemos

nemos (neuter nominative singular)
nemese? (dual neuter nominative)
nemesa (neuter nominative plural)
nemos (neuter singular vocative)
nemese? (dual neuter vocative)
nemesa (neuter plural vocative)
nemos (accusative neuter singular)
nemese? (accusative dual neuter)
nemesa (accusative neuter plural)
nemesos (genitive neuter singular)
nemesous? (dual genitive neuter)
nemesom (genitive neuter plural)
nemesē (dative neuter singular)
nemesbom (dative dual neuter)
nemesbos (dative neuter plural)
nemesi (locative neuter singular)
nemesē (instrumental neuter singular)
nemesbim (dual instrumental neuter)
nemesbis (instrumental neuter plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *neβ̃
Old Breton: nem
Middle Breton: neff
Breton: neñv
Old Cornish: nef
Cornish: nev
Old Welsh: nem
Middle Welsh: nef
Welsh: nef

Old Irish: nem
Irish: neamh
Manx: niau
Scottish Gaelic: nèamh


dekam

Proto-Brythonic: *deg
Old Breton: dec
Middle Breton: dek
Breton: dek
Cornish: deg
Cumbric:
→ English: dick
Middle Welsh: deg
Welsh: deg

Old Irish: deich
Irish: deich
Manx: jeih
Scottish Gaelic: deich


oxtū

Proto-Brythonic: *üiθ
Old Breton: eith
Middle Breton: eiz
Breton: eizh
Cornish: eth
Old Welsh: oith
Middle Welsh: wyth
Welsh: wyth

Old Irish: ocht
Irish: ocht
Manx: hoght
Scottish Gaelic: ochd

Gaulish: oxtu


mātīr

mātīr (nominative singular)
mātere (dual nominative)
māteres (nominative plural)
māter (singular vocative)
mātere (dual vocative)
māteres (plural vocative)
māteram (accusative singular)
mātere (accusative dual)
māterams (accusative plural)
mātros (genitive singular)
mātrous (dual genitive)
mātrom (genitive plural)
mātrē (dative singular)
mātarbom (dative dual)
mātarbos (dative plural)
mātri (locative singular)
mātrē (instrumental singular)
mātarbim (dual instrumental)
mātarbis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Welsh: modrydaf (“queen bee”) (from *modr + bydaf (“beehive”))

Old Irish: máthir
Irish: máthair
Manx: moir
Scottish Gaelic: màthair

Celtiberian: matrubos (dative plural)

Gaulish: matir

mọdreb

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *mātrikʷā (“maternal aunt”) or, alternatively, *mātrokʷī


ekʷos

ekʷos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ekʷou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ekʷoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ekʷe (masculine singular stem vocative)
ekʷou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ekūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ekʷom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ekʷou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ekoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ekʷī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ekʷous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ekʷom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ekūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ekʷobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ekʷobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ekʷei (locative masculine singular stem)
ekū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ekʷobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ekʷūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *eb
Old Breton: eb
Breton: keneb (“mare in foal”), ebeul (“colt, foal”)
Old Welsh: eb
Middle Welsh: ep, ebawl (“colt, foal”)
Welsh: cyfeb (“mare in foal”), ebol (“colt, foal”), ebran (“fodder, stover”)

Primitive Irish: *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas)

Old Irish: ech

Middle Irish: ech

Irish: each

Manx: agh, eagh

Scottish Gaelic: each

Gaulish: epos

Celtiberian: ekua-


abū

abū (nominative singular)
abone? (dual nominative)
abones (nominative plural)
abū (singular vocative)
abone? (dual vocative)
abones (plural vocative)
abonam (accusative singular)
abone? (accusative dual)
abonams (accusative plural)
abonos (genitive singular)
abonows? (dual genitive)
abonom (genitive plural)
abonei (dative singular)
abombom (dative dual)
abombos (dative plural)
abon (locative singular)
aboni (locative singular)
abonei (instrumental singular)
abombim (dual instrumental)
abombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aβon
Middle Breton: auon
Breton: aven
Cornish: avon
Middle Welsh: afon
Welsh: afon
→ English: Avon
→ Scots: A'an

Old Irish: aub, ab, ob, oub
Middle Irish: ab, aband, abann
Irish: abha, abhainn
Manx: awin
Scottish Gaelic: abhainn

→ Latin: Avus
Portuguese: Ave

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-h₃ō ~ *h₂p-h₃nés, from *h₂ep- (“water”).


ɸlānos

ɸlānos (nominative singular)
ɸlānou (dual nominative)
ɸlānoi (nominative plural)
ɸlāne (singular vocative)
ɸlānou (dual vocative)
ɸlānoi (plural vocative)
ɸlānom (accusative singular)
ɸlānou (accusative dual)
ɸlānoms (accusative plural)
ɸlānī (genitive singular)
ɸlānous (dual genitive)
ɸlānom (genitive plural)
ɸlānūi (dative singular)
ɸlānobom (dative dual)
ɸlānobos (dative plural)
ɸlānū (instrumental singular)
ɸlānobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlānobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlānā (nominative singular)
ɸlānai (dual nominative)
ɸlānās (nominative plural)
ɸlānā (singular vocative)
ɸlānai (dual vocative)
ɸlānās (plural vocative)
ɸlānam (accusative singular)
ɸlānai (accusative dual)
ɸlānams (accusative plural)
ɸlānās (genitive singular)
ɸlānai (dative singular)
ɸlānābom (dative dual)
ɸlānābos (dative plural)
ɸlānābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlānābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlānom (nominative singular)
ɸlānā (nominative plural)
ɸlānom (singular vocative)
ɸlānā (plural vocative)
ɸlānā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llọn
Old Breton: dacrlon
Middle Breton: leun
Breton: leun
Cornish: luen, leun
Middle Welsh: llawn
Welsh: llawn

Old Irish: lán

Irish: lán

Manx: lane

Scottish Gaelic: làn


kantom

Proto-Brythonic: *kant
Old Breton: cant
Middle Breton: kant
Breton: kant
Cornish: cans
Old Welsh: cant
Middle Welsh: cant
Welsh: cant

Old Irish: cét
Irish: céad
Manx: keead
Scottish Gaelic: ceud

Gaulish: *canta

Gallo: cantë

Angevin: cante


nowyos

nowyos (nominative singular)
nowyou (dual nominative)
nowyoi (nominative plural)
nowye (singular vocative)
nowyou (dual vocative)
nowyoi (plural vocative)
nowyom (accusative singular)
nowyou (accusative dual)
nowyoms (accusative plural)
nowyī (genitive singular)
nowyous (dual genitive)
nowyom (genitive plural)
nowyūi (dative singular)
nowyobom (dative dual)
nowyobos (dative plural)
nowyū (instrumental singular)
nowyobim (dual instrumental)
nowyobis (instrumental plural)
nowyā (nominative singular)
nowyai (dual nominative)
nowyās (nominative plural)
nowyā (singular vocative)
nowyai (dual vocative)
nowyās (plural vocative)
nowyam (accusative singular)
nowyai (accusative dual)
nowyams (accusative plural)
nowyās (genitive singular)
nowyai (dative singular)
nowyābom (dative dual)
nowyābos (dative plural)
nowyābim (dual instrumental)
nowyābis (instrumental plural)
nowyom (nominative singular)
nowyā (nominative plural)
nowyom (singular vocative)
nowyā (plural vocative)
nowyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nöwɨð

Breton: nevez

Cornish: newyth

Old Welsh: neguid

Middle Welsh: newyð

Welsh: newydd

Old Irish: nuae, nue, naue; nóe
Middle Irish: núa
Irish: nua
Manx: noa
Scottish Gaelic: nuadh

Gaulish: *novios (in many Roman place names)

Celtiberian:

→ Galician: Noia (place name)

From Proto-Indo-European *néwos, *néwyos.


wiros

wiros (masculine nominative singular stem)
wirou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wiroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wire (masculine singular stem vocative)
wirou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wirūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wirom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wirou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wiroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wirī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wirous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wirom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wirūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wirobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wirobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wirei (locative masculine singular stem)
wirū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wirobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wirūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic: *gwur
Middle Breton: *gur
Breton: gour
Old Cornish: uir
Cornish: gour
Old Welsh: gur
Middle Welsh: gwr
Welsh: gŵr

Primitive Irish: *ᚃᚔᚏᚐᚄ (*viras)
Old Irish: fer
Middle Irish: fer
Irish: fear
Manx: fer
Scottish Gaelic: fear

Gaulish: *wiros

Celtiberian: [Term?] (UIROS)


rīxs

rīxs (nominative singular)
rīge (dual nominative)
rīges (nominative plural)
rīxs (singular vocative)
rīge (dual vocative)
rīges (plural vocative)
rīgam (accusative singular)
rīge (accusative dual)
rīgams (accusative plural)
rīgos (genitive singular)
rīgou (dual genitive)
rīgom (genitive plural)
rīgei (dative singular)
rīgobom (dative dual)
rīgobos (dative plural)
rīgi (locative singular)
rīge? (instrumental singular)
rīgobim (dual instrumental)
rīgobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rriɣ
Old Welsh: ri, rig
Middle Welsh: ri
Welsh: rhi
Old Breton: ri

Primitive Irish: ᚏᚔᚌᚐᚄ (rigas) (genitive)

Old Irish: rí
Middle Irish: rí
Irish: rí
Manx: ree
Scottish Gaelic: rìgh

Celtiberian: reikis

Gaulish: *rīx

→ Proto-Germanic: *rīks (see there for further descendants)


noxs

noxts (nominative singular)
noxte (dual nominative)
noxtes (nominative plural)
noxts (singular vocative)
noxte (dual vocative)
noxtes (plural vocative)
noxtam (accusative singular)
noxte (accusative dual)
noxtams (accusative plural)
noxtos (genitive singular)
noxtou (dual genitive)
noxtom (genitive plural)
noxtei (dative singular)
noxtobom (dative dual)
noxtobos (dative plural)
noxti (locative singular)
noxte? (instrumental singular)
noxtobim (dual instrumental)
noxtobis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: nox

Proto-Brythonic: *henoɨθMiddle Breton: hanoezBreton: henoazhMiddle Cornish: hanethOld Welsh: henoidMiddle Welsh: henoWelsh: heno

Old Irish: innochtIrish: anochtManx: noghtScottish Gaelic: a-nochd


kʷetwores

kʷetesres (feminine)
kʷetwores (nominative plural)
kʷetwores (plural vocative)
kʷetworams (accusative plural)
kʷeturiyom (genitive plural)
kʷeturibom (dative plural)
kʷeturibim (instrumental plural)
kʷetesres (nominative plural)
kʷetesres (plural vocative)
kʷetesrams (accusative plural)
kʷetesriyom (genitive plural)
kʷetesribom (dative plural)
kʷetesribim (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *pedwar
Old Breton: petguar
Middle Breton: peuar
Breton: pevar
Cornish: peswar, peder
Old Welsh: petguar
Middle Welsh: pedwar
Welsh: pedwar

Old Irish: cethair, cetheoir f

Irish: ceathair

Manx: kiare

Scottish Gaelic: ceithir


duwo

dwei (feminine)
duwo (dual nominative)
duwo (dual vocative)
duwo (accusative dual)
duwo (dual genitive)
duwo (dative dual)
duwo (dual instrumental)
dwei (dual nominative)
dwei (dual vocative)
dwei (accusative dual)
dwiyou (dual genitive)
dwibom (dative dual)
dwibim (dual instrumental)

Proto-Brythonic: *dow
Breton: daou
Cornish: dew
Welsh: dau

Old Irish: dá
Irish: dhá, dá, a dó
Manx: daa
Scottish Gaelic: dà, dhà

From Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ due to Lindeman’s Law.


medyos

medyos (nominative singular)
medyou (dual nominative)
medyoi (nominative plural)
medye (singular vocative)
medyou (dual vocative)
medyoi (plural vocative)
medyom (accusative singular)
medyou (accusative dual)
medyoms (accusative plural)
medyī (genitive singular)
medyous (dual genitive)
medyom (genitive plural)
medyūi (dative singular)
medyobom (dative dual)
medyobos (dative plural)
medyū (instrumental singular)
medyobim (dual instrumental)
medyobis (instrumental plural)
medyā (nominative singular)
medyai (dual nominative)
medyās (nominative plural)
medyā (singular vocative)
medyai (dual vocative)
medyās (plural vocative)
medyam (accusative singular)
medyai (accusative dual)
medyams (accusative plural)
medyās (genitive singular)
medyai (dative singular)
medyābom (dative dual)
medyābos (dative plural)
medyābim (dual instrumental)
medyābis (instrumental plural)
medyom (nominative singular)
medyā (nominative plural)
medyom (singular vocative)
medyā (plural vocative)
medyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: med (“mid-summer (period)”)

Old Irish: mide

Middle Irish: mide

Irish: mí

Gaulish: *medios (as in Mediolanum)


makʷos

makʷos (masculine nominative singular stem)
makʷou (dual masculine nominative stem)
makʷoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
makʷe (masculine singular stem vocative)
makʷou (dual masculine stem vocative)
makūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
makʷom (accusative masculine singular stem)
makʷou (accusative dual masculine stem)
makoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
makʷī (genitive masculine singular stem)
makʷous (dual genitive masculine stem)
makʷom (genitive masculine plural stem)
makūi (dative masculine singular stem)
makʷobom (dative dual masculine stem)
makʷobos (dative masculine plural stem)
makʷei (locative masculine singular stem)
makū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
makʷobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
makʷūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *mab
Old Breton: map, mab
Middle Breton: mab
Breton: mab
Old Cornish: mab, map
Cornish: mab
Old Welsh: map
Middle Welsh: map
Welsh: mab

Gaulish: mapos

Primitive Irish: ᚋᚐᚊᚔ (maqi, genitive), ᚋᚐᚊᚊᚔ (maqqi), ᚋᚐᚊ (maq), ᚋᚐᚉᚉᚔ (macci)
Old Irish: macc (genitive singular maiccᴸ, meicc)
Middle Irish: mac
Irish: mac
Manx: mac
Scottish Gaelic: mac

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱwos, from *meh₂ḱ- (“to raise, grow”). Compare Latin macer (“lean, thin”), Ancient Greek μακρός (makrós, “long, tall”), Proto-Germanic *magraz (“lean, meager”).


bereti

berū (active first-person present singular)
beremam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibrāsū (active first-person future singular)
biram (active first-person preterite singular)
beresi (active present second-person singular)
beretās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
birs (active preterite second-person singular)
bereti (active present singular third-person)
bereto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibrāseti (active future singular third-person)
birt (active preterite singular third-person)
beromosi (active first-person plural present)
beremo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
birme (active first-person plural preterite)
beretesi (active plural present second-person)
berestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
birte (active plural preterite second-person)
beronti (active plural present third-person)
berento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
birant (active plural preterite third-person)
berasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
berasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
bere (active imperative second-person singular)
beraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
beretou (active imperative singular third-person)
berasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
beromos (active first-person imperative plural)
berasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
berete (active imperative plural second-person)
berasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
berontou (active imperative plural third-person)
berūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
beretar (passive present second-person singular)
bibrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
beretor (passive present singular third-person)
bibrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
berommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
beredwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
berontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
berasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
berasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
berasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
berasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
berasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
berasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
britos (nominative singular)
britou (dual nominative)
britoi (nominative plural)
brite (singular vocative)
britou (dual vocative)
britoi (plural vocative)
britom (accusative singular)
britou (accusative dual)
britoms (accusative plural)
britī (genitive singular)
britous (dual genitive)
britom (genitive plural)
britūi (dative singular)
britobom (dative dual)
britobos (dative plural)
britū (instrumental singular)
britobim (dual instrumental)
britobis (instrumental plural)
britā (nominative singular)
britai (dual nominative)
britās (nominative plural)
britā (singular vocative)
britai (dual vocative)
britās (plural vocative)
britam (accusative singular)
britai (accusative dual)
britams (accusative plural)
britās (genitive singular)
britai (dative singular)
britābom (dative dual)
britābos (dative plural)
britābim (dual instrumental)
britābis (instrumental plural)
britom (nominative singular)
britā (nominative plural)
britom (singular vocative)
britā (plural vocative)
britā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bėrɨd
Middle Welsh: beru
Middle Breton: beraff
Breton: berañ

Old Irish: beirid
Middle Irish: beirid
Irish: beir
Manx: behr
Scottish Gaelic: beir


druwits

druwiss (nominative singular)
druwide (dual nominative)
druwides (nominative plural)
druwiss (singular vocative)
druwide (dual vocative)
druwides (plural vocative)
druwidam (accusative singular)
druwide (accusative dual)
druwidams (accusative plural)
druwidos (genitive singular)
druwidou (dual genitive)
druwidom (genitive plural)
druwidei (dative singular)
druwidobom (dative dual)
druwidobos (dative plural)
druwidi (locative singular)
druwide? (instrumental singular)
druwidobim (dual instrumental)
druwidobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *drüw
Old Cornish: druw
Middle Welsh: dryw
Welsh: dryw
→ Old English: drȳ (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: druí
Irish: draoi
⇒ Manx: druaight (via druídecht)
Scottish Gaelic: draoidh

desc

Gaulish: *druwits, druwides (nominative plural)

→ Ancient Greek: δρυΐδαι (druḯdai, nominative plural)

→ Late Latin: Druidae

→ Latin: Druidēs (nom.pl.) (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally taken to be from *daru (“oak”) (from from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”)) + *wid-, the root of *windeti (“to know, to see”), thus meaning ‘oak-knower’ or ‘tree-knower’. Since 1960s the first part is often derived from Proto-Indo-European *drew- (“firm, solid, hard”), thus meaning ‘one with solid knowledge, great sage’. The connection with ‘oak’ is doubtful both on phonological and historical grounds (Pliny the Elder being the only ancient author drawing the connection, and proposing a folk etymology of the Celtic word as borrowed from Ancient Greek δρῦς (drûs, “oak tree”)). The first element being an intensifying adverbial modifier of the second element also fits better with other similar compounds preserved in Old Irish: suí (“wise man, sage”) < *suwits (“good knower”), duí (“idiot, fool”) < *duwits (“bad knower”), ainb (“ignorant”) < *anwits (“not knower”).


bānos

bānos (nominative singular)
bānou (dual nominative)
bānoi (nominative plural)
bāne (singular vocative)
bānou (dual vocative)
bānoi (plural vocative)
bānom (accusative singular)
bānou (accusative dual)
bānoms (accusative plural)
bānī (genitive singular)
bānous (dual genitive)
bānom (genitive plural)
bānūi (dative singular)
bānobom (dative dual)
bānobos (dative plural)
bānū (instrumental singular)
bānobim (dual instrumental)
bānobis (instrumental plural)
bānā (nominative singular)
bānai (dual nominative)
bānās (nominative plural)
bānā (singular vocative)
bānai (dual vocative)
bānās (plural vocative)
bānam (accusative singular)
bānai (accusative dual)
bānams (accusative plural)
bānās (genitive singular)
bānai (dative singular)
bānābom (dative dual)
bānābos (dative plural)
bānābim (dual instrumental)
bānābis (instrumental plural)
bānom (nominative singular)
bānā (nominative plural)
bānom (singular vocative)
bānā (plural vocative)
bānā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: bán

Irish: bán

Manx: bane

Scottish Gaelic: bàn

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”).


roudos

roudos (nominative singular)
roudou (dual nominative)
roudoi (nominative plural)
roude (singular vocative)
roudou (dual vocative)
roudoi (plural vocative)
roudom (accusative singular)
roudou (accusative dual)
roudoms (accusative plural)
roudī (genitive singular)
roudous (dual genitive)
roudom (genitive plural)
roudūi (dative singular)
roudobom (dative dual)
roudobos (dative plural)
roudū (instrumental singular)
roudobim (dual instrumental)
roudobis (instrumental plural)
roudā (nominative singular)
roudai (dual nominative)
roudās (nominative plural)
roudā (singular vocative)
roudai (dual vocative)
roudās (plural vocative)
roudam (accusative singular)
roudai (accusative dual)
roudams (accusative plural)
roudās (genitive singular)
roudai (dative singular)
roudābom (dative dual)
roudābos (dative plural)
roudābim (dual instrumental)
roudābis (instrumental plural)
roudom (nominative singular)
roudā (nominative plural)
roudom (singular vocative)
roudā (plural vocative)
roudā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *rrʉð
Breton: ruz
Cornish: rudh
Welsh: rhudd

Old Irish: rúad
Irish: rua
Manx: ruy
Scottish Gaelic: ruadh

Gaulish: roudos


dūnom

dūnom (nominative singular)
dūnou (dual nominative)
dūnā (nominative plural)
dūnom (singular vocative)
dūnou (dual vocative)
dūnā (plural vocative)
dūnom (accusative singular)
dūnou (accusative dual)
dūnā (accusative plural)
dūnī (genitive singular)
dūnous (dual genitive)
dūnom (genitive plural)
dūnūi (dative singular)
dūnobom (dative dual)
dūnobos (dative plural)
dūnei (locative singular)
dūnū (instrumental singular)
dūnobim (dual instrumental)
dūnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *din
Old Breton: din
Breton: din
Cornish: din
Old Welsh: din
Middle Welsh: din
Welsh: din

Old Irish: dún

Irish: dún

Manx: doon

Scottish Gaelic: dùn

Gaulish: *dūnon
→⇒ Latin: Arialdūnum
→⇒ Latin: Augustodūnum
Old French: Ostun
Middle French: Austun, Authun
French: Autun
→ English: Autun
→⇒ Latin: Brannodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Caesarodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Campodūnum
Medieval Latin: Campidona
→ Middle High German: Kemptun
German: Kempten
→⇒ Latin: Camulodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Eburodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Melodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Minnodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Moridūnum
→⇒ Latin: Noviodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Sedūnum
→⇒ Latin: Segodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Singidūnum
→⇒ Latin: Uxellodūnum
→⇒ Latin: Virodūnum

→ Proto-Germanic: *tūną (“enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (see there for further descendants)

desc

→? Proto-Germanic: *dūnǭ (“sandhill, dune”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-nós (“lasting, durable”), from *dewh₂- (“to last”) + *-nós, or from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuHno-, of unclear origin, but possibly related to Latin fūnus (“burial”), if this originally meant “burial mound”.


mīns

mīns (nominative singular)
mīnse (dual nominative)
mīnses (nominative plural)
mīns (singular vocative)
mīnse (dual vocative)
mīnses (plural vocative)
mīnsam (accusative singular)
mīnse (accusative dual)
mīnsams (accusative plural)
mīnsos (genitive singular)
mīnsou (dual genitive)
mīnsom (genitive plural)
mīnsei (dative singular)
mīnsobom (dative dual)
mīnsobos (dative plural)
mīnsi (locative singular)
mīnse? (instrumental singular)
mīnsobim (dual instrumental)
mīnsobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mis

Breton: miz

Cornish: mis

Welsh: mis

Old Irish: mí

Irish: mí

Manx: mee

Scottish Gaelic: mìos

desc

read as <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-gau">miđ</i>, implying a tense /s/

Gaulish: mid (read as miđ, implying a tense /s/)

From Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (“month, moon”).


māros

māros (nominative singular)
mārou (dual nominative)
māroi (nominative plural)
māre (singular vocative)
mārou (dual vocative)
māroi (plural vocative)
mārom (accusative singular)
mārou (accusative dual)
māroms (accusative plural)
mārī (genitive singular)
mārous (dual genitive)
mārom (genitive plural)
mārūi (dative singular)
mārobom (dative dual)
mārobos (dative plural)
mārū (instrumental singular)
mārobim (dual instrumental)
mārobis (instrumental plural)
mārā (nominative singular)
mārai (dual nominative)
mārās (nominative plural)
mārā (singular vocative)
mārai (dual vocative)
mārās (plural vocative)
māram (accusative singular)
mārai (accusative dual)
mārams (accusative plural)
mārās (genitive singular)
mārai (dative singular)
mārābom (dative dual)
mārābos (dative plural)
mārābim (dual instrumental)
mārābis (instrumental plural)
mārom (nominative singular)
mārā (nominative plural)
mārom (singular vocative)
mārā (plural vocative)
mārā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mọr
Old Breton: mor
Breton: meur
Old Cornish: maur
Middle Cornish: mur
Cornish: meur
Old Welsh: maur
Middle Welsh: mawr
Welsh: mawr

Old Irish: mór, máar, már, -mar
Irish: mór
Manx: mooar
Scottish Gaelic: mòr
Irish: -mhar
Scottish Gaelic: -mhor
Manx: -r, -yr

Gaulish: maros

⇒ Gaulish: Danomaros (personal name)

Lepontic: 𐌌𐌀𐌓𐌖𐌉 (marui)

desc

→? Byzantine Greek: μάραον (máraon, “sweet chestnut”, literally “great one”)

→ Italian: marrone (“chestnut; chestnut-colored”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *moh₁ros (“great”), o-grade from the root *meh₁- (“to measure”). Cognate with Ancient Greek -μωρος (-mōros, “mighty”), Proto-Germanic *mērijaz (“renowned, famous, great”), Old Church Slavonic мѣръ (měrŭ, “great”). Unrelated to Romanian mare.

cog

mui

*māyūs (comparative (irregular)); Breton

mò

Old Irish: mó, moü, moä; Scottish Gaelic


ɸēskos

ɸēskos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ɸēskou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ɸēskoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ɸēske (masculine singular stem vocative)
ɸēskou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ɸēskūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ɸēskom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ɸēskou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ɸēskoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ɸēskī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ɸēskous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ɸēskom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ɸēskūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ɸēskobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ɸēskobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ɸēskei (locative masculine singular stem)
ɸēskū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ɸēskobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ɸēskūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *uɨsk

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *Uɨsk

Old Irish: íasc

Irish: iasc

Manx: eeast

Scottish Gaelic: iasg

From Proto-Indo-European *peysk-. Cognate with Latin piscis, Proto-Germanic *fiskaz.


towissākos

towissākos (nominative singular)
towissākou (dual nominative)
towissākoi (nominative plural)
towissāke (singular vocative)
towissākou (dual vocative)
towissākoi (plural vocative)
towissākom (accusative singular)
towissākou (accusative dual)
towissākoms (accusative plural)
towissākī (genitive singular)
towissākous (dual genitive)
towissākom (genitive plural)
towissākūi (dative singular)
towissākobom (dative dual)
towissākobos (dative plural)
towissākū (instrumental singular)
towissākobim (dual instrumental)
towissākobis (instrumental plural)
towissākā (nominative singular)
towissākai (dual nominative)
towissākās (nominative plural)
towissākā (singular vocative)
towissākai (dual vocative)
towissākās (plural vocative)
towissākam (accusative singular)
towissākai (accusative dual)
towissākams (accusative plural)
towissākās (genitive singular)
towissākai (dative singular)
towissākābom (dative dual)
towissākābos (dative plural)
towissākābim (dual instrumental)
towissākābis (instrumental plural)
towissākom (nominative singular)
towissākā (nominative plural)
towissākom (singular vocative)
towissākā (plural vocative)
towissākā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *towɨssọg
Old Breton: toguisoc
Middle Welsh: tywyssawc (“prince”)
Welsh: tywysog

Primitive Irish: ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (tovisaci)

Old Irish: toísech
Irish: taoiseach, Taoiseach
→ English: Taoiseach
Scottish Gaelic: tòiseach


salā

salā (nominative singular)
salai (dual nominative)
salās (nominative plural)
salā (singular vocative)
salai (dual vocative)
salās (plural vocative)
salam (accusative singular)
salai (accusative dual)
salāms (accusative plural)
salās (genitive singular)
salous (dual genitive)
salom (genitive plural)
salāi (dative singular)
salābom (dative dual)
salābos (dative plural)
salai (locative singular)
salābim (dual instrumental)
salābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: halou

Old Irish: sal

Irish: sail

Sometimes derived from *seh₂l- (“salt”), but Matasović finds this dubious on semantic grouds. Has also been connected with Latin salīva, but this is not wholly convincing either. Matasović notes a possible cognate in Proto-Germanic *salwaz, whence Old English salu.


gaisos

gaisos (masculine nominative singular stem)
gaisou (dual masculine nominative stem)
gaisoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
gaise (masculine singular stem vocative)
gaisou (dual masculine stem vocative)
gaisūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
gaisom (accusative masculine singular stem)
gaisou (accusative dual masculine stem)
gaisoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
gaisī (genitive masculine singular stem)
gaisous (dual genitive masculine stem)
gaisom (genitive masculine plural stem)
gaisūi (dative masculine singular stem)
gaisobom (dative dual masculine stem)
gaisobos (dative masculine plural stem)
gaisei (locative masculine singular stem)
gaisū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
gaisobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
gaisūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *goɨw

Middle Cornish: gyw, giu, gew

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *godɣoɨw

Middle Welsh: gotoyw, gottoev

Old Irish: gae

Irish: ga

Gaulish: *gaisos

→ Latin: gaesum (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Gaulish: *Ariogaisos (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz (given the diphthong *ai instead of the expected *oi), which itself is derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to throw, impel”). Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (héṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).


bitus

bitus (nominative singular)
bitū (dual nominative)
bitowes (nominative plural)
bitu (singular vocative)
bitū (dual vocative)
bitūs (plural vocative)
bitum (accusative singular)
bitū (accusative dual)
bitums (accusative plural)
bitous (genitive singular)
bitous (dual genitive)
bitowom (genitive plural)
bitou (dative singular)
bitubom (dative dual)
bitubos (dative plural)
bitū (instrumental singular)
bitubim (dual instrumental)
bitubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨd
Old Breton: bit, bet
Breton: bed
Old Cornish: bit, bys
Cornish: bys, bes
Old Welsh: bid
Middle Welsh: byd
Welsh: byd

Gaulish: Biturīges

→ Latin: Bituriges

French: Bourges, Berry

Goidelic:

Old Irish: bith
Irish: bith
→? Middle Welsh: byth
Welsh: byth

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃-tus (“life”). Cognate with Latin vita.


bardos

bardos (masculine nominative singular stem)
bardou (dual masculine nominative stem)
bardoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
barde (masculine singular stem vocative)
bardou (dual masculine stem vocative)
bardūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
bardom (accusative masculine singular stem)
bardou (accusative dual masculine stem)
bardoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
bardī (genitive masculine singular stem)
bardous (dual genitive masculine stem)
bardom (genitive masculine plural stem)
bardūi (dative masculine singular stem)
bardobom (dative dual masculine stem)
bardobos (dative masculine plural stem)
bardei (locative masculine singular stem)
bardū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
bardobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
bardūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *barð
Middle Breton: barz
Breton: barzh
Old Cornish: barth
Cornish: bardh
Middle Welsh: bardd
Welsh: bardd

Old Irish: bard
Irish: bard
Manx: bard
Scottish Gaelic: bàrd
→ English: bard

→ Latin: bardus
→ French: barde
→ Esperanto: bardo
→ Finnish: bardi
→ German: Barde
→ Galician: bardo
→ Hungarian: bárd
→ Italian: bardo
→ Portuguese: bardo
→ Spanish: bardo

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-dʰh₁o- (“praise-maker”), from *gʷerH- (“to approve, praise”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, make”), with a loss of the laryngeal in *gʷerH-.


selgā

selgā (nominative singular)
selgai (dual nominative)
selgās (nominative plural)
selgā (singular vocative)
selgai (dual vocative)
selgās (plural vocative)
selgam (accusative singular)
selgai (accusative dual)
selgāms (accusative plural)
selgās (genitive singular)
selgous (dual genitive)
selgom (genitive plural)
selgāi (dative singular)
selgābom (dative dual)
selgābos (dative plural)
selgai (locative singular)
selgābim (dual instrumental)
selgābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: selg
Irish: seilg
Scottish Gaelic: sealg
Manx: shelg

From *selgati (“to hunt”), from Proto-Indo-European *selǵ- (“to send away, set loose”). Cognate with Ancient Greek λαγάσαι (lagásai, “to set free”) and Sanskrit सृजति (sṛjáti, “sets loose”).


su-

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hu-
Old Breton: ho-, hu-
Breton: he-
Middle Cornish: he-, hy-
Old Welsh: hi-, hu-
Middle Welsh: hy-, hu-
Welsh: hy-

Old Irish: so-

Irish: so-

Manx: so-

Scottish Gaelic: so-

Gaulish: su-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (“good”).


dus-

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: dy-

Welsh: dy-

Goidelic:

Old Irish: do-, du-

Irish: do-


abūl

abūl (nominative singular)
abale (dual nominative)
abala (nominative plural)
abūl (singular vocative)
abale (dual vocative)
abala (plural vocative)
abūl (accusative singular)
abale (accusative dual)
abala (accusative plural)
abalos (genitive singular)
abalou (dual genitive)
abalom (genitive plural)
abalē (dative singular)
abalobom (dative dual)
abalobos (dative plural)
abali (locative singular)
abale? (instrumental singular)
abalobim (dual instrumental)
abalobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aβal
Old Breton: abal
Middle Breton: aval
Breton: aval
Cornish: aval
Middle Welsh: afal
Welsh: afal

Old Irish: ubull
Middle Irish: uball
Irish: úll
Manx: ooyl
Scottish Gaelic: ubhal

Gaulish: *abalo-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *aplaz and Proto-Balto-Slavic *āˀbōl.


Brigantī

brigantī (nominative singular)
brigantī (singular vocative)
brigantīm (accusative singular)
brigantyās (genitive singular)
brigantyai (dative singular)

Old Irish: Brigit
Irish: Bríd
Manx: Breeshey
Scottish Gaelic: Brìghde, Brìde

→ Latin: Brigantium/Brigantia

Brigantia, Brigid, Bride (name and goddess)


brixs

brixs (nominative singular)
brige (dual nominative)
briges (nominative plural)
brixs (singular vocative)
brige (dual vocative)
briges (plural vocative)
brigam (accusative singular)
brige (accusative dual)
brigams (accusative plural)
brigos (genitive singular)
brigou (dual genitive)
brigom (genitive plural)
brigei (dative singular)
brigobom (dative dual)
brigobos (dative plural)
brigi (locative singular)
brige? (instrumental singular)
brigobim (dual instrumental)
brigobis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: brí
Irish: brí
Scottish Gaelic: bre

Gaulish: *brignā (in toponyms)

→ Vulgar Latin: *brigna (see there for further descendants)

→ Ligurian: bric

→ Italian: bricco

→ Piedmontese: brich

Hispano-Celtic: -bris (“hill-fort”) (in toponyms)

→ Galician: -bre (in toponyms)

From *bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és (“something high up, fortified”), whence also *brigā.


ordos

ordos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ordou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ordoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
orde (masculine singular stem vocative)
ordou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ordūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ordom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ordou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ordoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ordī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ordous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ordom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ordūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ordobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ordobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ordei (locative masculine singular stem)
ordū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ordobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ordūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *orð

Old Breton: ord

Breton: orz

Old Welsh: ord

Middle Welsh: orð

Welsh: gordd

Old Irish: ord

Irish: ord

→ Latin: Ordovices

Possibly from earlier *orxdo-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erg-dʰh₁o-, composed of *h₃erg- (“to perish”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do”). Also compare Old Armenian ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”), from a different root.


eni-

Old Irish: in-


beros

beros (masculine nominative singular stem)
berou (dual masculine nominative stem)
beroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
bere (masculine singular stem vocative)
berou (dual masculine stem vocative)
berūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
berom (accusative masculine singular stem)
berou (accusative dual masculine stem)
beroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
berī (genitive masculine singular stem)
berous (dual genitive masculine stem)
berom (genitive masculine plural stem)
berūi (dative masculine singular stem)
berobom (dative dual masculine stem)
berobos (dative masculine plural stem)
berei (locative masculine singular stem)
berū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
berobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
berūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

From *bereti (“to carry, bear; flow”) + *-os.

commar

*komberos (“confluence (of rivers)”) (+ *kom-); Old Irish


loku

loku (nominative singular)
lokū (dual nominative)
lokwā (nominative plural)
loku (singular vocative)
lokū (dual vocative)
lokwā (plural vocative)
loku (accusative singular)
lokū (accusative dual)
lokwā (accusative plural)
lokous (genitive singular)
lokous (dual genitive)
lokowom (genitive plural)
lokou (dative singular)
lokubom (dative dual)
lokubos (dative plural)
lokū (instrumental singular)
lokubim (dual instrumental)
lokubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: loch
Irish: loch
→ English: lough
→ Yola: Lough
Manx: logh
Scottish Gaelic: loch
→ Middle English: lough, loch, louche; luh
English: lough, loch
Scots: loch

>? Welsh: llwch

>? Breton: loc’h

>? Cornish: logh


toutyos

towtyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
towtyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
towtyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
towtye (masculine singular stem vocative)
towtyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
towtyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
towtyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
towtyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
towtyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
towtyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
towtyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
towtyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
towtyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
towtyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
towtyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
towtyei (locative masculine singular stem)
towtyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
towtyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
towtyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Gaulish: tooutious (Greek spelling)


karwos

karwos (masculine nominative singular stem)
karwou (dual masculine nominative stem)
karwoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
karwe (masculine singular stem vocative)
karwou (dual masculine stem vocative)
karwūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
karwom (accusative masculine singular stem)
karwou (accusative dual masculine stem)
karwoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
karwī (genitive masculine singular stem)
karwous (dual genitive masculine stem)
karwom (genitive masculine plural stem)
karwūi (dative masculine singular stem)
karwobom (dative dual masculine stem)
karwobos (dative masculine plural stem)
karwei (locative masculine singular stem)
karwū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
karwobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
karwūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *karw
Middle Breton: caro, qaro
Breton: karv
Old Cornish: karow
Cornish: karow
Old Welsh: caru
Middle Welsh: carw
Welsh: carw

Gaulish: caruus, carvos

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂wós, from the root *ḱerh₂- (“horn”). Cognate to Latin cervus (“deer”).


ameti

amū (active first-person present singular)
amemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
amesi (active present second-person singular)
ametās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ameti (active present singular third-person)
ameto (active imperfect singular third-person)
amomosi (active first-person plural present)
amemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ametesi (active plural present second-person)
amestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
amonti (active plural present third-person)
amento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ame (active imperative second-person singular)
ametou (active imperative singular third-person)
amomos (active first-person imperative plural)
amete (active imperative plural second-person)
amontou (active imperative plural third-person)
amūr (first-person passive present singular)
ametar (passive present second-person singular)
ametor (passive present singular third-person)
amommor (first-person passive plural present)
amedwe (passive plural present second-person)
amontor (passive plural present third-person)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂em(H)- (“to pour”), whence also Ancient Greek ἀμάομαι (amáomai, “to draw milk”) and Old Armenian ամամ (amam, “to fill, pour out”).


moltos

moltos (masculine nominative singular stem)
moltou (dual masculine nominative stem)
moltoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
molte (masculine singular stem vocative)
moltou (dual masculine stem vocative)
moltūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
moltom (accusative masculine singular stem)
moltou (accusative dual masculine stem)
moltoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
moltī (genitive masculine singular stem)
moltous (dual genitive masculine stem)
moltom (genitive masculine plural stem)
moltūi (dative masculine singular stem)
moltobom (dative dual masculine stem)
moltobos (dative masculine plural stem)
moltei (locative masculine singular stem)
moltū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
moltobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
moltūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mollt
Middle Breton: mout, maout
Breton: maout
Cornish: mols
Middle Welsh: mollt
Welsh: mollt

Old Irish: molt
Irish: molt
Manx: mohlt
Scottish Gaelic: mult

Gaulish: *multon-
→ Medieval Latin: moltō, multō, montō, muttō, mutō (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Multiple theories exist.
* Pokorny derived this from *melh₂- (“to crush”), the semantic distance resolvable under the assumption that castration was done with a crushing method.
* Matasović, unsatisfied with previous theories, assumes a borrowing from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


ɸlitanos

head

*ɸlitanos (comparative *ɸletais, superlative *ɸletisamos)

ɸletais (comparative)
ɸletisamos (superlative)
ɸlitanos (nominative singular)
ɸlitanou (dual nominative)
ɸlitanoi (nominative plural)
ɸlitane (singular vocative)
ɸlitanou (dual vocative)
ɸlitanoi (plural vocative)
ɸlitanom (accusative singular)
ɸlitanou (accusative dual)
ɸlitanoms (accusative plural)
ɸlitanī (genitive singular)
ɸlitanous (dual genitive)
ɸlitanom (genitive plural)
ɸlitanūi (dative singular)
ɸlitanobom (dative dual)
ɸlitanobos (dative plural)
ɸlitanū (instrumental singular)
ɸlitanobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlitanobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlitanā (nominative singular)
ɸlitanai (dual nominative)
ɸlitanās (nominative plural)
ɸlitanā (singular vocative)
ɸlitanai (dual vocative)
ɸlitanās (plural vocative)
ɸlitanam (accusative singular)
ɸlitanai (accusative dual)
ɸlitanams (accusative plural)
ɸlitanās (genitive singular)
ɸlitanai (dative singular)
ɸlitanābom (dative dual)
ɸlitanābos (dative plural)
ɸlitanābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlitanābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlitanom (nominative singular)
ɸlitanā (nominative plural)
ɸlitanom (singular vocative)
ɸlitanā (plural vocative)
ɸlitanā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨdan
Old Breton: litan
Breton: ledan
Cornish: ledan
Middle Welsh: llydan
Welsh: llydan

Old Irish: lethan
Irish: leathan
Manx: lhean
Scottish Gaelic: leathann

Gaulish: Litana

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂enós, from *pleth₂-.


mīlom

mīlom (nominative singular)
mīlou (dual nominative)
mīlā (nominative plural)
mīlom (singular vocative)
mīlou (dual vocative)
mīlā (plural vocative)
mīlom (accusative singular)
mīlou (accusative dual)
mīlā (accusative plural)
mīlī (genitive singular)
mīlous (dual genitive)
mīlom (genitive plural)
mīlūi (dative singular)
mīlobom (dative dual)
mīlobos (dative plural)
mīlei (locative singular)
mīlū (instrumental singular)
mīlobim (dual instrumental)
mīlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mil
Middle Breton: mil
Breton: mil
Old Cornish: mil
Middle Cornish: mil, myl
Cornish: mil
Middle Welsh: mil
Welsh: mil

Old Irish: míl

Irish: míol

Manx: meeyl

Scottish Gaelic: mial

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₁l- (“small animal”). Compare Dutch maal (“calf”), Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “sheep”).


tīros

tīros (neuter nominative singular)
tīrese? (dual neuter nominative)
tīresa (neuter nominative plural)
tīros (neuter singular vocative)
tīrese? (dual neuter vocative)
tīresa (neuter plural vocative)
tīros (accusative neuter singular)
tīrese? (accusative dual neuter)
tīresa (accusative neuter plural)
tīresos (genitive neuter singular)
tīresous? (dual genitive neuter)
tīresom (genitive neuter plural)
tīresē (dative neuter singular)
tīresbom (dative dual neuter)
tīresbos (dative neuter plural)
tīresi (locative neuter singular)
tīresē (instrumental neuter singular)
tīresbim (dual instrumental neuter)
tīresbis (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *tir
Middle Breton: tir
Breton: tir
Old Cornish: tir
Cornish: tir
Old Welsh: tir
Middle Welsh: tir
Welsh: tir

Old Irish: tír
Irish: tír
Manx: çheer
Scottish Gaelic: tìr

From Proto-Indo-European *tērs-os or *tḗrs, from *ters- (“dry”). Cognate with Oscan 𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔 (teras), Latin terra (“dry land”).


barros

barros (masculine nominative singular stem)
barrou (dual masculine nominative stem)
barroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
barre (masculine singular stem vocative)
barrou (dual masculine stem vocative)
barrūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
barrom (accusative masculine singular stem)
barrou (accusative dual masculine stem)
barroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
barrī (genitive masculine singular stem)
barrous (dual genitive masculine stem)
barrom (genitive masculine plural stem)
barrūi (dative masculine singular stem)
barrobom (dative dual masculine stem)
barrobos (dative masculine plural stem)
barrei (locative masculine singular stem)
barrū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
barrobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
barrūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: barr

Middle Breton: barr

Cornish: bar

Middle Welsh: barr

Old Irish: barr

Gaulish: Cunobarrus

From earlier *barsos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥s-ó-s, from *bʰers- (“point, top, tip”).


mailos

mailos (nominative singular)
mailou (dual nominative)
mailoi (nominative plural)
maile (singular vocative)
mailou (dual vocative)
mailoi (plural vocative)
mailom (accusative singular)
mailou (accusative dual)
mailoms (accusative plural)
mailī (genitive singular)
mailous (dual genitive)
mailom (genitive plural)
mailūi (dative singular)
mailobom (dative dual)
mailobos (dative plural)
mailū (instrumental singular)
mailobim (dual instrumental)
mailobis (instrumental plural)
mailā (nominative singular)
mailai (dual nominative)
mailās (nominative plural)
mailā (singular vocative)
mailai (dual vocative)
mailās (plural vocative)
mailam (accusative singular)
mailai (accusative dual)
mailams (accusative plural)
mailās (genitive singular)
mailai (dative singular)
mailābom (dative dual)
mailābos (dative plural)
mailābim (dual instrumental)
mailābis (instrumental plural)
mailom (nominative singular)
mailā (nominative plural)
mailom (singular vocative)
mailā (plural vocative)
mailā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *moɨl

Middle Breton: moel

Breton: moal

Cornish: môl

Old Welsh: mail

Middle Welsh: moel

Welsh: moel

Old Irish: máel
Irish: maol, maoil
Manx: meayl
Scottish Gaelic: maol

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚋᚐᚔᚂᚐᚌᚅᚔ (mailagni)

Uncertain. A connection with Proto-Germanic *maitaną (“cut”) has been made, but is not certain. Also compare Proto-Slavic *mělъkъ (“shallow, narrow”), Irish maoth (“tender”).


angʷīnā

angʷīnā (nominative singular)
angʷīnai (dual nominative)
angʷīnās (nominative plural)
angʷīnā (singular vocative)
angʷīnai (dual vocative)
angʷīnās (plural vocative)
angʷīnam (accusative singular)
angʷīnai (accusative dual)
angʷīnāms (accusative plural)
angʷīnās (genitive singular)
angʷīnous (dual genitive)
angʷīnom (genitive plural)
angʷīnāi (dative singular)
angʷīnābom (dative dual)
angʷīnābos (dative plural)
angʷīnai (locative singular)
angʷīnābim (dual instrumental)
angʷīnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėɣwin

Old Breton: eguin

Middle Breton: euin

Breton: ivin, ewin, iwin

Old Cornish: euuin

Cornish: ewyn

Old Welsh: eguin

Middle Welsh: ewin

Welsh: ewin

Old Irish: inga, ingen

Irish: ionga

Manx: ingin

Scottish Gaelic: ionga

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃n̥gʰu-, from *h₃negʰ-.

nail (thin, horny plate on fingers and toes)


aidu

aidu (nominative singular)
aidū (dual nominative)
aidwā (nominative plural)
aidu (singular vocative)
aidū (dual vocative)
aidwā (plural vocative)
aidu (accusative singular)
aidū (accusative dual)
aidwā (accusative plural)
aidous (genitive singular)
aidous (dual genitive)
aidowom (genitive plural)
aidou (dative singular)
aidubom (dative dual)
aidubos (dative plural)
aidū (instrumental singular)
aidubim (dual instrumental)
aidubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oɨð

Middle Breton: oaz

desc

Middle Welsh: aið (with unexplained diphthong ai-)

Old Irish: áed

desctree

Old Irish: Áed
Irish: Aodh
Scottish Gaelic: Aodh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“fire”).


-tlom

-tlom (nominative singular)
-tlou (dual nominative)
-tlā (nominative plural)
-tlom (singular vocative)
-tlou (dual vocative)
-tlā (plural vocative)
-tlom (accusative singular)
-tlou (accusative dual)
-tlā (accusative plural)
-tlī (genitive singular)
-tlous (dual genitive)
-tlom (genitive plural)
-tlūi (dative singular)
-tlobom (dative dual)
-tlobos (dative plural)
-tlei (locative singular)
-tlū (instrumental singular)
-tlobim (dual instrumental)
-tlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-tl, *-dl and *-θl

Gaulish: *-tlon

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


mrogis

mrogis (nominative singular)
mrogī (dual nominative)
mrogīs (nominative plural)
mrogi (singular vocative)
mrogī (dual vocative)
mrogīs (plural vocative)
mrogim (accusative singular)
mrogī (accusative dual)
mrogims (accusative plural)
mrogeis (genitive singular)
mrogyow (dual genitive)
mrogyom (genitive plural)
mrogei (dative singular)
mrogibom (dative dual)
mrogibos (dative plural)
mrogei (locative singular)
mrogī (instrumental singular)
mrogibim (dual instrumental)
mrogibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *broɣ
Old Breton: bro
Middle Breton: bro
Breton: bro
Cornish: bro
Middle Welsh: bro
Welsh: bro

Old Irish: mruig
Middle Irish: bruig, brug
Irish: brugh

Gaulish: *brogis, *-brogīs

→ Latin: brogi-, -broges

⇒? Gaulish: *brogilos

→ Italian: brolo

→ Old French: bruil

French: breuil

→? Old High German: brüel

Cimbrian: bröol

→ Venetian: broło

From Proto-Indo-European *morǵ- (“frontier, border”). Cognate with Latin margo (“border, edge”), Proto-Germanic *markō (“border, region”), Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀 (mar^əza, “frontier”).


owis

owis (nominative singular)
owī (dual nominative)
owīs (nominative plural)
owi (singular vocative)
owī (dual vocative)
owīs (plural vocative)
owim (accusative singular)
owī (accusative dual)
owims (accusative plural)
oweis (genitive singular)
owyow (dual genitive)
owyom (genitive plural)
owei (dative singular)
owibom (dative dual)
owibos (dative plural)
owei (locative singular)
owī (instrumental singular)
owibim (dual instrumental)
owibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: oí


woltākos

woltākos (nominative singular)
woltākou (dual nominative)
woltākoi (nominative plural)
woltāke (singular vocative)
woltākou (dual vocative)
woltākoi (plural vocative)
woltākom (accusative singular)
woltākou (accusative dual)
woltākoms (accusative plural)
woltākī (genitive singular)
woltākous (dual genitive)
woltākom (genitive plural)
woltākūi (dative singular)
woltākobom (dative dual)
woltākobos (dative plural)
woltākū (instrumental singular)
woltākobim (dual instrumental)
woltākobis (instrumental plural)
woltākā (nominative singular)
woltākai (dual nominative)
woltākās (nominative plural)
woltākā (singular vocative)
woltākai (dual vocative)
woltākās (plural vocative)
woltākam (accusative singular)
woltākai (accusative dual)
woltākams (accusative plural)
woltākās (genitive singular)
woltākai (dative singular)
woltākābom (dative dual)
woltākābos (dative plural)
woltākābim (dual instrumental)
woltākābis (instrumental plural)
woltākom (nominative singular)
woltākā (nominative plural)
woltākom (singular vocative)
woltākā (plural vocative)
woltākā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwolltọg
Breton: gwalteg
Welsh: gwalltog

Old Irish: foltach

Irish: foltach

Manx: foltagh

Scottish Gaelic: faltach


woltos

woltos (masculine nominative singular stem)
woltou (dual masculine nominative stem)
woltoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wolte (masculine singular stem vocative)
woltou (dual masculine stem vocative)
woltūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
woltom (accusative masculine singular stem)
woltou (accusative dual masculine stem)
woltoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
woltī (genitive masculine singular stem)
woltous (dual genitive masculine stem)
woltom (genitive masculine plural stem)
woltūi (dative masculine singular stem)
woltobom (dative dual masculine stem)
woltobos (dative masculine plural stem)
woltei (locative masculine singular stem)
woltū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
woltobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
woltūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwollt
Old Breton: guolt
Old Cornish: gols
Cornish: gols
Welsh: gwallt

Old Irish: folt
Irish: folt
Manx: folt
Scottish Gaelic: falt

Gaulish: uolto-, *woltos

From Proto-Indo-European *woltos (“hair”), perhaps an extension of *h₂welh₁- (“hair; wool”). Compare with English wold, Proto-Slavic *volsъ (“hair”), Lithuanian váltis (“oat awn”), Serbo-Croatian vlȃt (“ear (of wheat)”), Ancient Greek λάσιος (lásios, “hairy”).


kridyom

kridyom (nominative singular)
kridyou (dual nominative)
kridyā (nominative plural)
kridyom (singular vocative)
kridyou (dual vocative)
kridyā (plural vocative)
kridyom (accusative singular)
kridyou (accusative dual)
kridyā (accusative plural)
kridyī (genitive singular)
kridyous (dual genitive)
kridyom (genitive plural)
kridyūi (dative singular)
kridyobom (dative dual)
kridyobos (dative plural)
kridyei (locative singular)
kridyū (instrumental singular)
kridyobim (dual instrumental)
kridyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *krėð

Middle Breton: kreis

Breton: kreiz

Cornish: kres

Welsh: craidd

Old Irish: cride

Irish: croí

Manx: cree

Scottish Gaelic: cridhe

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥d-, weak stem of *ḱḗr.


nizdos

nisdos (masculine nominative singular stem)
nisdou (dual masculine nominative stem)
nisdoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
nisde (masculine singular stem vocative)
nisdou (dual masculine stem vocative)
nisdūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
nisdom (accusative masculine singular stem)
nisdou (accusative dual masculine stem)
nisdoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
nisdī (genitive masculine singular stem)
nisdous (dual genitive masculine stem)
nisdom (genitive masculine plural stem)
nisdūi (dative masculine singular stem)
nisdobom (dative dual masculine stem)
nisdobos (dative masculine plural stem)
nisdei (locative masculine singular stem)
nisdū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
nisdobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
nisdūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *nɨθ
Middle Breton: nez
Breton: neizh, nezh
Old Cornish: neid
Middle Cornish: nyth
Cornish: neyth
Middle Welsh: nyth
Welsh: nyth

Old Irish: net
Irish: nead
Scottish Gaelic: nead
Manx: edd (“nest”)


kaikos

kaykos (nominative singular)
kaykou (dual nominative)
kaykoi (nominative plural)
kayke (singular vocative)
kaykou (dual vocative)
kaykoi (plural vocative)
kaykom (accusative singular)
kaykou (accusative dual)
kaykoms (accusative plural)
kaykī (genitive singular)
kaykous (dual genitive)
kaykom (genitive plural)
kaykūi (dative singular)
kaykobom (dative dual)
kaykobos (dative plural)
kaykū (instrumental singular)
kaykobim (dual instrumental)
kaykobis (instrumental plural)
kaykā (nominative singular)
kaykai (dual nominative)
kaykās (nominative plural)
kaykā (singular vocative)
kaykai (dual vocative)
kaykās (plural vocative)
kaykam (accusative singular)
kaykai (accusative dual)
kaykams (accusative plural)
kaykās (genitive singular)
kaykai (dative singular)
kaykābom (dative dual)
kaykābos (dative plural)
kaykābim (dual instrumental)
kaykābis (instrumental plural)
kaykom (nominative singular)
kaykā (nominative plural)
kaykom (singular vocative)
kaykā (plural vocative)
kaykā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koɨg
Old Cornish: cuic
Cornish: koeg
Middle Welsh: coeg
Welsh: coeg

Old Irish: cáech
Irish: caoch
Manx: kyagh
Scottish Gaelic: caoch

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ikos (“one-eyed, blind”).


-atis

-atis (nominative singular)
-atī (dual nominative)
-atīs (nominative plural)
-ati (singular vocative)
-atī (dual vocative)
-atīs (plural vocative)
-atim (accusative singular)
-atī (accusative dual)
-atims (accusative plural)
-ateis (genitive singular)
-atyow (dual genitive)
-atyom (genitive plural)
-atei (dative singular)
-atibom (dative dual)
-atibos (dative plural)
-atei (locative singular)
-atī (instrumental singular)
-atibim (dual instrumental)
-atibis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: -atis

From Proto-Indo-European *-tis (abstract suffix), with the -a- being extracted from laryngeal-final roots. That abstract suffix doubling as an agent suffix is not unheard of in Indo-European.


bekkos

bekkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
bekkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
bekkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
bekke (masculine singular stem vocative)
bekkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
bekkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
bekkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
bekkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
bekkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
bekkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
bekkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
bekkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
bekkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
bekkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
bekkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
bekkei (locative masculine singular stem)
bekkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
bekkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
bekkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *bek

Middle Breton: bec

Breton: bek, beg

Gaulish: *bekkos

→ Latin: beccus (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly of "expressive" origin, or perhaps related to Proto-Celtic *bakkos (“hook, curved stick”), the latter possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bak- (“peg, club”).

onomatopoeic

expressive


ambaxtos

ambaxtos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ambaxtou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ambaxtoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ambaxte (masculine singular stem vocative)
ambaxtou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ambaxtūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ambaxtom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ambaxtou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ambaxtoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ambaxtī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ambaxtous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ambaxtom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ambaxtūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ambaxtobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ambaxtobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ambaxtei (locative masculine singular stem)
ambaxtū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ambaxtobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ambaxtūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ammaɨθ
Old Breton: ambaith
Cornish: ammeth
Middle Welsh: amaeth
Welsh: amaeth

Old Irish: amos, amsach (perhaps borrowed from Brythonic)

Irish: amhas

Gaulish: ambaxtos
→ Latin: ambactus, ambaxtus (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Germanic: *ambahtaz (see there for further descendants)

From *ambi- (“around”) + *ageti (“to drive”) + *-tos.


brokkos

brokkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
brokkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
brokkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
brokke (masculine singular stem vocative)
brokkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
brokkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
brokkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
brokkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
brokkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
brokkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
brokkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
brokkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
brokkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
brokkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
brokkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
brokkei (locative masculine singular stem)
brokkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
brokkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
brokkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brox
Middle Breton: broc'h
Breton: broc'h
Old Cornish: broch
Cornish: brogh
Middle Welsh: broch
Welsh: broch

desc

Primitive Irish: ᚁᚏᚑᚉᚔ (broci, genitive)

desctree

Middle Irish: brocc
Irish: broc
Manx: brock
Scottish Gaelic: broc

Gaulish: broko-, *brokkos

→ Latin: broccus (“buck-teeth”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old English: brocc, broc
Middle English: brok
English: brock

Unknown. Possible cognate with Old High German braccho (“sniffer dog”), for which see Middle English rache.


bolgos

bolgos (masculine nominative singular stem)
bolgou (dual masculine nominative stem)
bolgoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
bolge (masculine singular stem vocative)
bolgou (dual masculine stem vocative)
bolgūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
bolgom (accusative masculine singular stem)
bolgou (accusative dual masculine stem)
bolgoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
bolgī (genitive masculine singular stem)
bolgous (dual genitive masculine stem)
bolgom (genitive masculine plural stem)
bolgūi (dative masculine singular stem)
bolgobom (dative dual masculine stem)
bolgobos (dative masculine plural stem)
bolgei (locative masculine singular stem)
bolgū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
bolgobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
bolgūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *bolɣ
Middle Breton: bolc'h
Breton: bolc'h
Cornish: bolgh
Middle Welsh: boly, boliau, byly
Welsh: bol, bola

Old Irish: bolg
Irish: bolg
→⇒ Yola: wurgheere (< bhoilg)
Manx: bolg
⇒ Scottish Gaelic: bolgan
⇒ Middle Irish: saigetbolc

Gaulish: *bolgā

→ Medieval Latin: bulga
→ Old French: bouge, boulge, bolge (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰólǵʰ-o-s (“skin bag, bolster”), from *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”).


udenskyos

udenskyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
udenskyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
udenskyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
udenskye (masculine singular stem vocative)
udenskyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
udenskyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
udenskyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
udenskyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
udenskyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
udenskyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
udenskyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
udenskyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
udenskyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
udenskyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
udenskyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
udenskyei (locative masculine singular stem)
udenskyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
udenskyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
udenskyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Old Irish: uisce
Irish: uisce, uisge (obsolete)
→ English: whiskey
Manx: ushtey
Scottish Gaelic: uisge
→ English: whisky

From a suffixed form of Proto-Indo-European *udén-, the oblique stem of *wódr̥ (“water”).


kʷezdis

kʷezdis (nominative singular)
kʷezdī (dual nominative)
kʷezdīs (nominative plural)
kʷezdi (singular vocative)
kʷezdī (dual vocative)
kʷezdīs (plural vocative)
kʷezdim (accusative singular)
kʷezdī (accusative dual)
kʷezdims (accusative plural)
kʷezdeis (genitive singular)
kʷezdyow (dual genitive)
kʷezdyom (genitive plural)
kʷezdei (dative singular)
kʷezdibom (dative dual)
kʷezdibos (dative plural)
kʷezdei (locative singular)
kʷezdī (instrumental singular)
kʷezdibim (dual instrumental)
kʷezdibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *peθ
Middle Breton: pez
Breton: pezh
Cornish: peth, pyth
Old Welsh: ped
Middle Welsh: peth
Welsh: peth

Old Irish: cuit
Middle Irish: cuit
Irish: cuid
Manx: cooid
Scottish Gaelic: cuid

Pictish: *ᚚᚔᚈ (pit)

Gaulish: *pettyā

→ Latin: pettia (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; possibly borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate source as no Indo-European cognates appear to exist.


kagyom

kagyom (nominative singular)
kagyou (dual nominative)
kagyā (nominative plural)
kagyom (singular vocative)
kagyou (dual vocative)
kagyā (plural vocative)
kagyom (accusative singular)
kagyou (accusative dual)
kagyā (accusative plural)
kagyī (genitive singular)
kagyous (dual genitive)
kagyom (genitive plural)
kagyūi (dative singular)
kagyobom (dative dual)
kagyobos (dative plural)
kagyei (locative singular)
kagyū (instrumental singular)
kagyobim (dual instrumental)
kagyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨ

Old Breton: cai

Middle Breton: quae

Breton: kae

Cornish: ke

Middle Welsh: kay, kae

Welsh: cae

desc

Gaulish: cagiíon (attested on the Cajarc tile)

→ Medieval Latin: caium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (“enclosure”).


ānniyos

ānniyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ānniyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ānniyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ānniye (masculine singular stem vocative)
ānniyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ānniyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ānniyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ānniyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ānniyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ānniyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ānniyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ānniyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ānniyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ānniyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ānniyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ānniyei (locative masculine singular stem)
ānniyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ānniyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ānniyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: áinne

Irish: fáinne

→ English: phony, phoney

Manx: fainey

Scottish Gaelic: fàinne

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂n- (“ring”). Cognate with Latin ānus (“ring, anus”) and Old Armenian անուր (anur, “ring, necklace”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₃s- (“belt, girdle”); compare Ancient Greek ζώνη (zṓnē), Old Church Slavonic (по)ꙗсъ ((po)jasŭ), Lithuanian júosta.


buggos

buggos (nominative singular)
buggou (dual nominative)
buggoi (nominative plural)
bugge (singular vocative)
buggou (dual vocative)
buggoi (plural vocative)
buggom (accusative singular)
buggou (accusative dual)
buggoms (accusative plural)
buggī (genitive singular)
buggous (dual genitive)
buggom (genitive plural)
buggūi (dative singular)
buggobom (dative dual)
buggobos (dative plural)
buggū (instrumental singular)
buggobim (dual instrumental)
buggobis (instrumental plural)
buggā (nominative singular)
buggai (dual nominative)
buggās (nominative plural)
buggā (singular vocative)
buggai (dual vocative)
buggās (plural vocative)
buggam (accusative singular)
buggai (accusative dual)
buggams (accusative plural)
buggās (genitive singular)
buggai (dative singular)
buggābom (dative dual)
buggābos (dative plural)
buggābim (dual instrumental)
buggābis (instrumental plural)
buggom (nominative singular)
buggā (nominative plural)
buggom (singular vocative)
buggā (plural vocative)
buggā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: boc

Irish: bog

→ Old Breton: buc

Middle Breton: boug

Breton: bouk, boug

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”). If so, cognate with Proto-Germanic *beuganą (“to bend”), Sanskrit भुजति (bhujati, “to bend”). Matasović considers this dubious due to the unexpected gemination.


benā

benā (nominative singular)
bnai? (dual nominative)
bnās (nominative plural)
benā (singular vocative)
bnai? (dual vocative)
bnās (plural vocative)
benam (accusative singular)
bnai? (accusative dual)
bnams (accusative plural)
bnās (genitive singular)
bnous (dual genitive)
banom (genitive plural)
bnāi (dative singular)
bnābom (dative dual)
bnābos (dative plural)
bnai (locative singular)
bnābim (dual instrumental)
bnābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *ben
Old Breton: ban- (in ban-leu, ban-doiuis)
Middle Breton: e-ben
Breton: e-ben
Old Cornish: benen
Cornish: ben, benyn
Old Welsh: ben
Welsh: benyw, menyw

Old Irish: ben
Middle Irish: ben
Irish: bean
Manx: ben
Scottish Gaelic: bean
⇒ Middle Irish: benagán

Gaulish: benā, bnanom (genitive plural)

A re-formation of *ben (directly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn < *gʷenh₂) as a feminine ā-stem.


argantom

argantom (nominative singular)
argantou (dual nominative)
argantā (nominative plural)
argantom (singular vocative)
argantou (dual vocative)
argantā (plural vocative)
argantom (accusative singular)
argantou (accusative dual)
argantā (accusative plural)
argantī (genitive singular)
argantous (dual genitive)
argantom (genitive plural)
argantūi (dative singular)
argantobom (dative dual)
argantobos (dative plural)
argantei (locative singular)
argantū (instrumental singular)
argantobim (dual instrumental)
argantūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *arɣant
Old Breton: argant
Middle Breton: archant
Breton: arc'hant
Cornish: arghans
Old Welsh: argant
Middle Welsh: ariant
Welsh: arian

Old Irish: argat

Irish: airgead

Manx: argid

Scottish Gaelic: airgead

Gaulish: arganto-, *arganton

Celtiberian: arkanta, arkato-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (“silver”), from *h₂erǵ- (“white, brilliant”). Cognate with Latin argentum (“silver”), Sanskrit रजत (rajata, “silver”), Old Armenian արծաթ (arcatʻ, “silver”).


karros

karros (masculine nominative singular stem)
karrou (dual masculine nominative stem)
karroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
karre (masculine singular stem vocative)
karrou (dual masculine stem vocative)
karrūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
karrom (accusative masculine singular stem)
karrou (accusative dual masculine stem)
karroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
karrī (genitive masculine singular stem)
karrous (dual genitive masculine stem)
karrom (genitive masculine plural stem)
karrūi (dative masculine singular stem)
karrobom (dative dual masculine stem)
karrobos (dative masculine plural stem)
karrei (locative masculine singular stem)
karrū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
karrobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
karrūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic: *karr
Old Breton: carr
Middle Breton: carr
Breton: karr
Cornish: karr
Middle Welsh: carr
Welsh: car

Old Irish: carr

Gaulish: karró-, *karros

→ Latin: carrus, carra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós, from *ḱers- (“to run”).


karbantos

karbantos (masculine nominative singular stem)
karbantou (dual masculine nominative stem)
karbantoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
karbante (masculine singular stem vocative)
karbantou (dual masculine stem vocative)
karbantūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
karbantom (accusative masculine singular stem)
karbantou (accusative dual masculine stem)
karbantoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
karbantī (genitive masculine singular stem)
karbantous (dual genitive masculine stem)
karbantom (genitive masculine plural stem)
karbantūi (dative masculine singular stem)
karbantobom (dative dual masculine stem)
karbantobos (dative masculine plural stem)
karbantei (locative masculine singular stem)
karbantū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
karbantobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
karbantūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: carpat
Irish: carbad
Scottish Gaelic: carbad
→ Old Breton: cerpit
Breton: calvez
→ Cornish: cerpit
→ Welsh: cerbyd

Gaulish: *karbanton

→ Ancient Greek: καρβαντός (karbantós)

→ Latin: carpentum (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Gaulish: *Karbanyā

→ Latin: Carbantia

Uncertain; possibly related to *korbos (“wagon; basket”), (whence Old Irish corb (“wagon”)), though its irregular *k-bʰ root shape and a-vocalism probably point to a substrate language borrowing. Perhaps cognate with Latin corbis (“wicker-basket”) Proto-Germanic *hrepaz (“basket”) (Old Norse hrip, Old High German ref), Lithuanian krẽpšas (“basket”), kar̃bas (“basket”), Russian короб (korob, “container”).


slougos

slougos (masculine nominative singular stem)
slougou (dual masculine nominative stem)
slougoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
slouge (masculine singular stem vocative)
slougou (dual masculine stem vocative)
slougūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
slougom (accusative masculine singular stem)
slougou (accusative dual masculine stem)
slougoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
slougī (genitive masculine singular stem)
slougous (dual genitive masculine stem)
slougom (genitive masculine plural stem)
slougūi (dative masculine singular stem)
slougobom (dative dual masculine stem)
slougobos (dative masculine plural stem)
slougei (locative masculine singular stem)
slougū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
slougobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
slougūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉɣ
Old Breton: *lu (in toponyms)
Breton: lu
Old Cornish: luu
Cornish: lu
Middle Welsh: llu
Welsh: llu

Old Irish: slóg, slúag
Middle Irish: slúagh
Irish: slua, sluagh (superseded)
→ English: slew
Scottish Gaelic: sluagh
Manx: sleih

Gaulish: *slugi

From Proto-Indo-European *slowgʰos, *slowgos (“entourage”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sluga (“servant”) (compare Old Church Slavonic слоуга (sluga)), Lithuanian slaugà (“servitude”).


īsarnom

īsarnom (nominative singular)
īsarnou (dual nominative)
īsarnā (nominative plural)
īsarnom (singular vocative)
īsarnou (dual vocative)
īsarnā (plural vocative)
īsarnom (accusative singular)
īsarnou (accusative dual)
īsarnā (accusative plural)
īsarnī (genitive singular)
īsarnous (dual genitive)
īsarnom (genitive plural)
īsarnūi (dative singular)
īsarnobom (dative dual)
īsarnobos (dative plural)
īsarnei (locative singular)
īsarnū (instrumental singular)
īsarnobim (dual instrumental)
īsarnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hijarn (< *hiarno- < *iharno- by metathesis)

Old Breton: hoiarn

Middle Breton: houarnn

Breton: houarn

Old Cornish: hoern

Cornish: horn

Middle Welsh: haearn

Welsh: haearn

Old Irish: íarn

Irish: iarann

Manx: yiarn

Scottish Gaelic: iarann

Gaulish: Isarnus (proper name)

→ Proto-Germanic: *īsarną (see there for further descendants)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēsh₂r̥no- (“bloody, red”), from *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), but the long ē (which regularly became ī in Proto-Celtic) is unexplained. A connection with *ish₂ros (“supernatural, holy”) (compare Ancient Greek ἱερός (hierós, “supernatural, holy”), Sanskrit इषिर (iṣira, “refreshing”)) is also possible, though here too the long ī (which is confirmed by the Proto-Germanic loanword *īsarną) is unexplained.


uɸostos

uɸostos (masculine nominative singular stem)
uɸostou (dual masculine nominative stem)
uɸostoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
uɸoste (masculine singular stem vocative)
uɸostou (dual masculine stem vocative)
uɸostūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
uɸostom (accusative masculine singular stem)
uɸostou (accusative dual masculine stem)
uɸostoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
uɸostī (genitive masculine singular stem)
uɸostous (dual genitive masculine stem)
uɸostom (genitive masculine plural stem)
uɸostūi (dative masculine singular stem)
uɸostobom (dative dual masculine stem)
uɸostobos (dative masculine plural stem)
uɸostei (locative masculine singular stem)
uɸostū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
uɸostobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
uɸostūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwass

Middle Breton: uuas, guas

Breton: gwaz

Cumbric: gos

Old Cornish: guas

Cornish: gwas

Old Welsh: guas

Middle Welsh: gwas

Welsh: gwas

Old Irish: foss

Scottish Gaelic: fasdadh

Gaulish: *wassos

→ Late Latin: vassus

⇒ Medieval Latin: vassallus (see there for further descendants)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-ó-s (“standing beneath”), from *upó (“under”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-ós (“agent suffix”). Matasović, however, is confused at how the -o- in *uɸo- became -a- in Gaulish and Brythonic. However, Schrijver believes that in Brythonic, sequences of *wo regularly split into *wa and *wo depending on whether the *w was lenited; in this case, the vowel in the Brythonic descendants would be generalized from the lenited form. The Gaulish conversion of *wo to ua is regular.


bandā

bandā (nominative singular)
bandai (dual nominative)
bandās (nominative plural)
bandā (singular vocative)
bandai (dual vocative)
bandās (plural vocative)
bandam (accusative singular)
bandai (accusative dual)
bandāms (accusative plural)
bandās (genitive singular)
bandous (dual genitive)
bandom (genitive plural)
bandāi (dative singular)
bandābom (dative dual)
bandābos (dative plural)
bandai (locative singular)
bandābim (dual instrumental)
bandābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *bann
Middle Breton: ban
Breton: bann
Cornish: ban
Middle Welsh: bann
Welsh: ban

Old Irish: benn

Irish: beann, binn

Manx: beinn

Scottish Gaelic: beann

Gaulish: benn-, *bannā

Old Occitan:

Catalan: banya; banyut

Occitan: bana

Galician: beán

From Proto-Indo-European *bn̥dʰéh₂, from zero-grade form of *bendʰ- (“pin, point”). Cognate with Old English pinn (“pin, peg, bolt”).


baskis

baskis (nominative singular)
baskī (dual nominative)
baskīs (nominative plural)
baski (singular vocative)
baskī (dual vocative)
baskīs (plural vocative)
baskim (accusative singular)
baskī (accusative dual)
baskims (accusative plural)
baskeis (genitive singular)
baskyow (dual genitive)
baskyom (genitive plural)
baskei (dative singular)
baskibom (dative dual)
baskibos (dative plural)
baskei (locative singular)
baskī (instrumental singular)
baskibim (dual instrumental)
baskibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: bech

Breton: bec'h

Middle Welsh: beich

Welsh: baich

Cornish: begh

desc

→ Late Latin: bascauda (“kettle, table-vessel”)

Old French: baschoe, (North) bascat

French: bâche, dial. bâchot, bachou

→ English: basket

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Arabic: فَشْقَار (fašqār, “a heap of sheaves”), فَشْقَر (fašqar)

→ Aragonese: fascal (“a heap of sheaves, a bundle of six sheaves; nautical: a wisp of plaits of raw esparto from which cables are made”), fascar

→ Galician: vascullo (“a bundle of straw; broom”), bascallo, bascullo, vascallo, vasallo

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (“bundle”) or non-Indo-European source. Cognate with Latin fascis (“bundle, faggot”), and perhaps Ancient Greek φάσκωλος (pháskōlos, “leathern bag, sack”), Albanian bashkë (“fleece”).


mēnis

mēnis (nominative singular)
mēnī (dual nominative)
mēnīs (nominative plural)
mēni (singular vocative)
mēnī (dual vocative)
mēnīs (plural vocative)
mēnim (accusative singular)
mēnī (accusative dual)
mēnims (accusative plural)
mēneis (genitive singular)
mēnyow (dual genitive)
mēnyom (genitive plural)
mēnei (dative singular)
mēnibom (dative dual)
mēnibos (dative plural)
mēnei (locative singular)
mēnī (instrumental singular)
mēnibim (dual instrumental)
mēnibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *muɨn
Middle Breton: *men
⇒ Breton: mengleuz (“quarry”)
Cornish: moen
Middle Welsh: mwyn
Welsh: mwyn

Old Irish: méin, mían

Irish: méin, míanach

Gaulish:

→ Late Latin: mina

Old French: myne, mine

Middle French: mine, myne

French: mine

→ Middle English: mine, myne, myn

English: mine

From Proto-Indo-European *mēy(H)nis, from *(s)mēy(H)- (“to cut, hew”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *smiþaz (“smith”).


srognā

srognā (nominative singular)
srognai (dual nominative)
srognās (nominative plural)
srognā (singular vocative)
srognai (dual vocative)
srognās (plural vocative)
srognam (accusative singular)
srognai (accusative dual)
srognāms (accusative plural)
srognās (genitive singular)
srognous (dual genitive)
srognom (genitive plural)
srognāi (dative singular)
srognābom (dative dual)
srognābos (dative plural)
srognai (locative singular)
srognābim (dual instrumental)
srognābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *froɨn
Old Breton: fron
Middle Breton: froan, fron
Breton: froen (“nostril”)
Middle Welsh: ffroen
Welsh: ffroen

Old Irish: srón
Irish: srón
Manx: stroin
Scottish Gaelic: sròn

Gaulish: *srognā
→ Old French: froigner, frogner
→ Middle English: frounen
English: frown
⇒ Old French: enfrogner
→ Catalan: enfurrunyar
→ Galician: enfurruñar
→ Spanish: enfurruñar

>? Proto-Celtic: *trognī-

⇒ Gaulish: trugna

→ French: trogne

→ Vivaro-Alpine: tronha

→ Piedmontese: dorgna, drogno

From Proto-Indo-European *sregʰ- (“snore”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ῥέγχος (rhénkhos, “snoring”), Old Armenian ռունգն (ṙungn, “nose”). See also Ancient Greek ῥύγχος (rhúnkhos, “snout”).


bruseti

brusū (active first-person present singular)
brusemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
brusesi (active present second-person singular)
brusetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bruseti (active present singular third-person)
bruseto (active imperfect singular third-person)
brusomosi (active first-person plural present)
brusemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
brusetesi (active plural present second-person)
brusestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
brusonti (active plural present third-person)
brusento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bruse (active imperative second-person singular)
brusetou (active imperative singular third-person)
brusomos (active first-person imperative plural)
brusete (active imperative plural second-person)
brusontou (active imperative plural third-person)
brusūr (first-person passive present singular)
brusetar (passive present second-person singular)
brusetor (passive present singular third-person)
brusommor (first-person passive plural present)
brusedwe (passive plural present second-person)
brusontor (passive plural present third-person)

Old Irish: bruïd

Gaulish: *brus-

→ Anglo-Norman: bruiser, bruser

→ Middle English: bruisen, brusen (partially)

English: bruise

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to break”). Related to Latin frustum (“bit, scrap”), Proto-Germanic *brausijaną (compare Old English brȳsan, brīesan (“to crush”)), Proto-Albanian *brauša (compare Albanian breshër (“hail”)).


uɸorēdos

uɸorēdos (masculine nominative singular stem)
uɸorēdou (dual masculine nominative stem)
uɸorēdoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
uɸorēde (masculine singular stem vocative)
uɸorēdou (dual masculine stem vocative)
uɸorēdūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
uɸorēdom (accusative masculine singular stem)
uɸorēdou (accusative dual masculine stem)
uɸorēdoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
uɸorēdī (genitive masculine singular stem)
uɸorēdous (dual genitive masculine stem)
uɸorēdom (genitive masculine plural stem)
uɸorēdūi (dative masculine singular stem)
uɸorēdobom (dative dual masculine stem)
uɸorēdobos (dative masculine plural stem)
uɸorēdei (locative masculine singular stem)
uɸorēdū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
uɸorēdobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
uɸorēdūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gworuɨð
Middle Welsh: gorwyð
Welsh: gorwydd

Gaulish: *werēdos

→ Late Latin: verēdus; ⇒ paraverēdus (see there for further descendants)

Hispano-Celtic:

→? Galician: verea (or derived from Late Latin verēdus)

→? Portuguese: vereda (or derived from Late Latin verēdus)

→? Spanish: vereda (or derived from Late Latin verēdus)

From *uɸo- (“under”) + *rēdos (“ride, chariot”), the latter from *rēdeti (“to ride, move”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to ride, move”). Related to Proto-Germanic *rīdaną (“to ride”) (whence English ride).


wlanā

wlanā (nominative singular)
wlanai (dual nominative)
wlanās (nominative plural)
wlanā (singular vocative)
wlanai (dual vocative)
wlanās (plural vocative)
wlanam (accusative singular)
wlanai (accusative dual)
wlanāms (accusative plural)
wlanās (genitive singular)
wlanous (dual genitive)
wlanom (genitive plural)
wlanāi (dative singular)
wlanābom (dative dual)
wlanābos (dative plural)
wlanai (locative singular)
wlanābim (dual instrumental)
wlanābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwlan
Middle Breton: glan, gloan
Breton: gloan
Old Cornish: gluan
Middle Cornish: glan, glawn
Cornish: gwlan
Old Welsh: gulan
Middle Welsh: gwlan
Welsh: gwlân

from sandhi variant <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*ulanā</i>

Old Irish: olann (from sandhi variant *ulanā)
Irish: olann
Scottish Gaelic: olann
Manx: ollan

Gaulish: *wlanā

→ Old French: flaine, floene

→ Old French: flanelle (diminutive)

Norman: flianné

→ Middle English: flaunneol

English: flannel

→ French: flanelle (reborrowing)

→ Catalan: franel·la

→ German: Flanell

→ Italian: flanella

→ Portuguese: flanela

→ Spanish: franela

→ Swedish: flanell

→ Middle English: flanyn


kladiwos

kladiwos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kladiwou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kladiwoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kladiwe (masculine singular stem vocative)
kladiwou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kladiwūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kladiwom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kladiwou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kladiwoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kladiwī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kladiwous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kladiwom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kladiwūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kladiwobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kladiwobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kladiwei (locative masculine singular stem)
kladiwū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kladiwobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kladiwūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: claideb
Middle Irish: claidem
Irish: claíomh, claidheamh
Manx: cliwe
Scottish Gaelic: claidheamh

→ Proto-Brythonic: *klėðɨβ̃

Middle Breton: clezeff

Breton: klezeñv, kleze

Middle Cornish: clethe

Cornish: kledha

Middle Welsh: cledyf

Welsh: cleddyf, cleddydd

Gaulish: *kladyos

→ Latin: gladius (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kladivo

Czech: kladivo

Serbo-Croatian: kladivo

Slovak: kladivo

Slovene: kladivo


bostā

bostā (nominative singular)
bostai (dual nominative)
bostās (nominative plural)
bostā (singular vocative)
bostai (dual vocative)
bostās (plural vocative)
bostam (accusative singular)
bostai (accusative dual)
bostāms (accusative plural)
bostās (genitive singular)
bostous (dual genitive)
bostom (genitive plural)
bostāi (dative singular)
bostābom (dative dual)
bostābos (dative plural)
bostai (locative singular)
bostābim (dual instrumental)
bostābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bos
Middle Breton: boz
Breton: boz
Old Welsh: bos
Middle Welsh: bos
Welsh: bos

Old Irish: bas
Irish: bos, bas
→ Yola: baush, bash
Scottish Gaelic: bas

Gaulish: *bostyā

→ Medieval Latin: bostia (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷosdeh₂, from *gʷésdos (“branch”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *kwastō (compare Old English cwist (“branch”), Old High German questa (“tuft”), Old Norse kvistr (“twig”)), Proto-Slavic *gvozdь (compare Czech hvozd (“forest”), Slovene gòzd (“forest”), Russian гвоздь (gvozdʹ, “nail”)), Proto-Albanian *gazda (compare Albanian gjeth (“leaf”)).


ulkos

head

*ulkos (comparative *messos, superlative *messamos)

messos (comparative)
messamos (superlative)
ulkos (nominative singular)
ulkou (dual nominative)
ulkoi (nominative plural)
ulke (singular vocative)
ulkou (dual vocative)
ulkoi (plural vocative)
ulkom (accusative singular)
ulkou (accusative dual)
ulkoms (accusative plural)
ulkī (genitive singular)
ulkous (dual genitive)
ulkom (genitive plural)
ulkūi (dative singular)
ulkobom (dative dual)
ulkobos (dative plural)
ulkū (instrumental singular)
ulkobim (dual instrumental)
ulkobis (instrumental plural)
ulkā (nominative singular)
ulkai (dual nominative)
ulkās (nominative plural)
ulkā (singular vocative)
ulkai (dual vocative)
ulkās (plural vocative)
ulkam (accusative singular)
ulkai (accusative dual)
ulkams (accusative plural)
ulkās (genitive singular)
ulkai (dative singular)
ulkābom (dative dual)
ulkābos (dative plural)
ulkābim (dual instrumental)
ulkābis (instrumental plural)
ulkom (nominative singular)
ulkā (nominative plural)
ulkom (singular vocative)
ulkā (plural vocative)
ulkā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: olc, olcc, elc
Irish: olc
Manx: olk
Scottish Gaelic: olc

Lepontic: 𐌖𐌋𐌊𐌏𐌔 (ulkos)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-, compare Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz (“bad, evil”), Latin ulcus (“wound, sore”), Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound, ulcer”), Sanskrit अर्श (arśa, “hemorrhoids”).
Alternatively, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”), though both the phonology and the semantics are difficult. In this case, it should be reconstructed *ulkʷos.

cog

ulkʷos

if the etymology from the Proto-Indo-European word for ‘wolf’ is correct


ruskos

ruskos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ruskou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ruskoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ruske (masculine singular stem vocative)
ruskou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ruskūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ruskom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ruskou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ruskoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ruskī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ruskous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ruskom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ruskūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ruskobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ruskobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ruskei (locative masculine singular stem)
ruskū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ruskobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ruskūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrisk

Middle Breton: rusquenn

desc

Breton: rusk (“bark”), ruskenn (“beehive”)

Old Cornish: rusc

Middle Cornish: risc

Cornish: rusk

Middle Welsh: risgl

Welsh: rhisgl, rhisg

Old Irish: rúsc

Irish: rúsc

Manx: roost

Scottish Gaelic: rùsg

Gaulish: rusca

→ Medieval Latin: rusca (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from earlier *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, to stir”). Cognate with Latin runcō (“to grub, weed”), Ancient Greek ὀρύσσω (orússō, “to dig, grub”), Sanskrit लुञ्चति (luñcati, “to pluck”). Related to Irish rúam (“spade, shovel”).