sūdyā

sūdyā (nominative singular)
sūdyai (dual nominative)
sūdyās (nominative plural)
sūdyā (singular vocative)
sūdyai (dual vocative)
sūdyās (plural vocative)
sūdyam (accusative singular)
sūdyai (accusative dual)
sūdyāms (accusative plural)
sūdyās (genitive singular)
sūdyous (dual genitive)
sūdyom (genitive plural)
sūdyāi (dative singular)
sūdyābom (dative dual)
sūdyābos (dative plural)
sūdyai (locative singular)
sūdyābim (dual instrumental)
sūdyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: súide

Irish: súiche

Manx: sooie

Scottish Gaelic: sùith

Gaulish: *sūdiā

→ Catalan: sutge

→ French: suie

→⇒ Latin: *sūdiclum (British Latin)

Breton: huzil

Middle Welsh: huddygl

Welsh: huddygl

Oft-considered cognates include Lithuanian súodžiai, Proto-Slavic *saďa, and most controversially Proto-Germanic *sōtą, all meaning "soot". For these three, Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *seh₃wd- as their common root, independent of *sed- (“to sit”) from which the Germanic word was traditionally derived. The Celtic would require a metathesis of *-h₃w- to *-uh₃- in this root.
The Germanic word in particular requires what Kroonen calls "Mahlow's law", where long vowels in open syllables caused a following -w- to be lost in Germanic, for Matasović's etymology to work. Kroonen does not deal with Proto-Germanic *sōtą in his dictionary.


ɸroweros

ɸroweros (nominative singular)
ɸrowerou (dual nominative)
ɸroweroi (nominative plural)
ɸrowere (singular vocative)
ɸrowerou (dual vocative)
ɸroweroi (plural vocative)
ɸrowerom (accusative singular)
ɸrowerou (accusative dual)
ɸroweroms (accusative plural)
ɸrowerī (genitive singular)
ɸrowerous (dual genitive)
ɸrowerom (genitive plural)
ɸrowerūi (dative singular)
ɸrowerobom (dative dual)
ɸrowerobos (dative plural)
ɸrowerū (instrumental singular)
ɸrowerobim (dual instrumental)
ɸrowerobis (instrumental plural)
ɸrowerā (nominative singular)
ɸrowerai (dual nominative)
ɸrowerās (nominative plural)
ɸrowerā (singular vocative)
ɸrowerai (dual vocative)
ɸrowerās (plural vocative)
ɸroweram (accusative singular)
ɸrowerai (accusative dual)
ɸrowerams (accusative plural)
ɸrowerās (genitive singular)
ɸrowerai (dative singular)
ɸrowerābom (dative dual)
ɸrowerābos (dative plural)
ɸrowerābim (dual instrumental)
ɸrowerābis (instrumental plural)
ɸrowerom (nominative singular)
ɸrowerā (nominative plural)
ɸrowerom (singular vocative)
ɸrowerā (plural vocative)
ɸrowerā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llower

Middle Cornish: lower, lowr

Cornish: lowr

Middle Welsh: llawer

Welsh: llawer

desctree

Old Irish: lour, roar; loor, lór
Middle Irish: lór
Irish: leor
Manx: liooar
Scottish Gaelic: leòr

Of disputed reconstruction. The two possibilities are outlined by Schrijver as follows:
* *ɸroweros has no further extra-Celtic etymology, but can be connected to the root of Old Irish fo·fera (“to prepare”).
* *laweros has been connected to from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“benefit, prize”), to be compared to Ancient Greek λᾱρός (lārós, “tasty”).


adrīmā

adrīmā (nominative singular)
adrīmai (dual nominative)
adrīmās (nominative plural)
adrīmā (singular vocative)
adrīmai (dual vocative)
adrīmās (plural vocative)
adrīmam (accusative singular)
adrīmai (accusative dual)
adrīmāms (accusative plural)
adrīmās (genitive singular)
adrīmous (dual genitive)
adrīmom (genitive plural)
adrīmāi (dative singular)
adrīmābom (dative dual)
adrīmābos (dative plural)
adrīmai (locative singular)
adrīmābim (dual instrumental)
adrīmābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėðriβ̃

desc

⇒ Old Breton: eirimotor (verb, passive 3sg.)

Middle Welsh: eirif, eiryf, eyryw

Welsh: eirif

desctree

Old Irish: áram, áirem, árem
Middle Irish: áirem
Irish: áireamh
Manx: earroo
Scottish Gaelic: àireamh
⇒ Middle Irish: comáirem
Irish: comhaireamh


ɸaremertom

ɸaremertom (nominative singular)
ɸaremertou (dual nominative)
ɸaremertā (nominative plural)
ɸaremertom (singular vocative)
ɸaremertou (dual vocative)
ɸaremertā (plural vocative)
ɸaremertom (accusative singular)
ɸaremertou (accusative dual)
ɸaremertā (accusative plural)
ɸaremertī (genitive singular)
ɸaremertous (dual genitive)
ɸaremertom (genitive plural)
ɸaremertūi (dative singular)
ɸaremertobom (dative dual)
ɸaremertobos (dative plural)
ɸaremertei (locative singular)
ɸaremertū (instrumental singular)
ɸaremertobim (dual instrumental)
ɸaremertūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *armerθ

Middle Breton: armerhein

Breton: armerzh

Middle Welsh: armerth

Welsh: armerth (obsolete)

Old Irish: airmert

From *ɸare- + Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to allot”) + *-tom (verbal noun suffix), according to Vendryes.
Schumacher prefers *ɸare- + *eni- + *ber- + *-tom.


tekos

tekos (nominative singular)
tekou (dual nominative)
tekoi (nominative plural)
teke (singular vocative)
tekou (dual vocative)
tekoi (plural vocative)
tekom (accusative singular)
tekou (accusative dual)
tekoms (accusative plural)
tekī (genitive singular)
tekous (dual genitive)
tekom (genitive plural)
tekūi (dative singular)
tekobom (dative dual)
tekobos (dative plural)
tekū (instrumental singular)
tekobim (dual instrumental)
tekobis (instrumental plural)
tekā (nominative singular)
tekai (dual nominative)
tekās (nominative plural)
tekā (singular vocative)
tekai (dual vocative)
tekās (plural vocative)
tekam (accusative singular)
tekai (accusative dual)
tekams (accusative plural)
tekās (genitive singular)
tekai (dative singular)
tekābom (dative dual)
tekābos (dative plural)
tekābim (dual instrumental)
tekābis (instrumental plural)
tekom (nominative singular)
tekā (nominative plural)
tekom (singular vocative)
tekā (plural vocative)
tekā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *teg

Old Cornish: teg

Middle Cornish: tek

Cornish: teg

Middle Welsh: teg, tec

Welsh: teg

étig

*an-tekos (literally “un-fair”); Old Irish


trougokaros

trougokaros (nominative singular)
trougokarou (dual nominative)
trougokaroi (nominative plural)
trougokare (singular vocative)
trougokarou (dual vocative)
trougokaroi (plural vocative)
trougokarom (accusative singular)
trougokarou (accusative dual)
trougokaroms (accusative plural)
trougokarī (genitive singular)
trougokarous (dual genitive)
trougokarom (genitive plural)
trougokarūi (dative singular)
trougokarobom (dative dual)
trougokarobos (dative plural)
trougokarū (instrumental singular)
trougokarobim (dual instrumental)
trougokarobis (instrumental plural)
trougokarā (nominative singular)
trougokarai (dual nominative)
trougokarās (nominative plural)
trougokarā (singular vocative)
trougokarai (dual vocative)
trougokarās (plural vocative)
trougokaram (accusative singular)
trougokarai (accusative dual)
trougokarams (accusative plural)
trougokarās (genitive singular)
trougokarai (dative singular)
trougokarābom (dative dual)
trougokarābos (dative plural)
trougokarābim (dual instrumental)
trougokarābis (instrumental plural)
trougokarom (nominative singular)
trougokarā (nominative plural)
trougokarom (singular vocative)
trougokarā (plural vocative)
trougokarā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *trʉɣgar

Middle Welsh: trugar

Old Irish: trócar

From *trougos (“miserable, pitiful”) + *karos (“loving”), literally “loving the pitiful”.

Old Irish: trócaireIrish: trócaireManx: trocairScottish Gaelic: tròcair


ognos

ognos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ognou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ognoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ogne (masculine singular stem vocative)
ognou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ognūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ognom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ognou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ognoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ognī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ognous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ognom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ognūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ognobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ognobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ognei (locative masculine singular stem)
ognū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ognobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ognūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *oɣn

Middle Breton: oen

Breton: oan

Cornish: on

Middle Welsh: oen

Welsh: oen

Old Irish: úan

Middle Irish: úan

Irish: uan

Manx: eayn

Scottish Gaelic: uan

Often connected with Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷnós (“lamb”) but there are multiple phonetic difficulties.
* The initial *o instead of *a is unexpected. Often, influence from *owis (“sheep”) is cited.
* The labiovelar must have been delabialized on the way to Celtic, or else **abnos would have resulted. The delabialization is often assumed to be regular by many scholars without citing another example, while Matasović assumes dissimilation from a byform *owi-gʷnos > *owi-gnos.


gdesi

Proto-Brythonic: *deh

Middle Breton: dech

Breton: dec'h

Old Cornish: doy

Cornish: de

Middle Welsh: doe

Welsh: ddoe

Old Irish: indé, indhé

Middle Irish: indé, inné

Irish: inné

Manx: jea

Scottish Gaelic: an-dè

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyés-i, locative singular of *dʰǵʰyés (“yesterday”).


dubwiyom

dubwiyom (nominative singular)
dubwiyou (dual nominative)
dubwiyā (nominative plural)
dubwiyom (singular vocative)
dubwiyou (dual vocative)
dubwiyā (plural vocative)
dubwiyom (accusative singular)
dubwiyou (accusative dual)
dubwiyā (accusative plural)
dubwiyī (genitive singular)
dubwiyous (dual genitive)
dubwiyom (genitive plural)
dubwiyūi (dative singular)
dubwiyobom (dative dual)
dubwiyobos (dative plural)
dubwiyei (locative singular)
dubwiyū (instrumental singular)
dubwiyobim (dual instrumental)
dubwiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *düβɨð

Middle Welsh: dyuit, diuyd

Old Irish: dubae
Irish: dubha

From *dus- (“bad”) + *buyeti (“to exist”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix).


gʷoros

gʷoros (masculine nominative singular stem)
gʷorou (dual masculine nominative stem)
gʷoroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
gʷore (masculine singular stem vocative)
gʷorou (dual masculine stem vocative)
gʷorūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
gʷorom (accusative masculine singular stem)
gʷorou (accusative dual masculine stem)
gʷoroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
gʷorī (genitive masculine singular stem)
gʷorous (dual genitive masculine stem)
gʷorom (genitive masculine plural stem)
gʷorūi (dative masculine singular stem)
gʷorobom (dative dual masculine stem)
gʷorobos (dative masculine plural stem)
gʷorei (locative masculine singular stem)
gʷorū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
gʷorobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
gʷorūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwor

Middle Breton: gor

Welsh: gôr

Middle Irish: gor

Irish: gor

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰóros (“warming, inflammation”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


sliyeti

sliyū (active first-person present singular)
sliyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sislāsū (active first-person future singular)
sliyesi (active present second-person singular)
sliyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sislāsesi (active future second-person singular)
sliyeti (active present singular third-person)
sliyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sislāseti (active future singular third-person)
sliyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sliyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sislāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sliyetesi (active plural present second-person)
sliyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sislāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sliyonti (active plural present third-person)
sliyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sislāsonti (active future plural third-person)
sliye (active imperative second-person singular)
sliyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sliyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sliyete (active imperative plural second-person)
sliyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sliyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sislāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sliyetar (passive present second-person singular)
sislāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sliyetor (passive present singular third-person)
sislāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sliyommor (first-person passive plural present)
sislāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sliyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sislāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sliyontor (passive plural present third-person)
sislāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
?os (nominative singular)
?ou (dual nominative)
?oi (nominative plural)
?e (singular vocative)
?ou (dual vocative)
?oi (plural vocative)
?om (accusative singular)
?ou (accusative dual)
?oms (accusative plural)
?ī (genitive singular)
?ous (dual genitive)
?om (genitive plural)
?ūi (dative singular)
?obom (dative dual)
?obos (dative plural)
?ū (instrumental singular)
?obim (dual instrumental)
?obis (instrumental plural)
?ā (nominative singular)
?ai (dual nominative)
?ās (nominative plural)
?ā (singular vocative)
?ai (dual vocative)
?ās (plural vocative)
?am (accusative singular)
?ai (accusative dual)
?ams (accusative plural)
?ās (genitive singular)
?ai (dative singular)
?ābom (dative dual)
?ābos (dative plural)
?ābim (dual instrumental)
?ābis (instrumental plural)
?om (nominative singular)
?ā (nominative plural)
?om (singular vocative)
?ā (plural vocative)
?ā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *sl̥h₁-yé-ti, with laryngeal loss, from *selh₁- (“to take”) + *-yéti. Cognate with English sell and Latin cōnsulō (“to seek counsel from, deliberate”).

cog

dellezañv

Middle Breton: dellezaff (“to earn”); Breton


klētā

klētā (nominative singular)
klētai (dual nominative)
klētās (nominative plural)
klētā (singular vocative)
klētai (dual vocative)
klētās (plural vocative)
klētam (accusative singular)
klētai (accusative dual)
klētāms (accusative plural)
klētās (genitive singular)
klētous (dual genitive)
klētom (genitive plural)
klētāi (dative singular)
klētābom (dative dual)
klētābos (dative plural)
klētai (locative singular)
klētābim (dual instrumental)
klētābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: *clēta (“trellis, hurdle”)

→ Early Medieval Latin: clēta (see there for further descendants)

→ Basque: gereta

Middle Irish: clíath

Irish: cliath

Scottish Gaelic: cliath

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kluɨd
Middle Breton: klouet
Old Cornish: cluit
Middle Welsh: clwyt
Welsh: clwyd

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱleytéh₂ (“something leaning”).


enīkʷom

enīkʷom (nominative singular)
enīkʷou (dual nominative)
enīkʷā (nominative plural)
enīkʷom (singular vocative)
enīkʷou (dual vocative)
enīkʷā (plural vocative)
enīkʷom (accusative singular)
enīkʷou (accusative dual)
enīkʷā (accusative plural)
enīkʷī (genitive singular)
enīkʷous (dual genitive)
enīkʷom (genitive plural)
enīkūi (dative singular)
enīkʷobom (dative dual)
enīkʷobos (dative plural)
enīkʷei (locative singular)
enīkū (instrumental singular)
enīkʷobim (dual instrumental)
enīkʷūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *eneb
Old Breton: enep
Old Cornish: eneb
Cornish: enep
Old Welsh: enep

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa) (in the personal name ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐᚌᚂᚐᚄ (ineqaglas))

Old Irish: enech, enach; einech
Middle Irish: enech, einech, ainech
Irish: oineach, eineach

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”) + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye, seeing”). The exact shape of the compound is difficult to reconstruct due to various phonetic irregularities in Celtic.
One possible reconstruction for the compound formation is *h₁éni-h₃kʷ-, which leads to *enīkʷ-. However:
* Both Old Irish enech and the Brittonic forms fail to show raising or fronting of the initial vowel except in the Old Irish dative plural form inchaib and the Primitive Irish combining form ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa).
* Brittonic -e- for the second vowel indicates the *-ī- must have been shortened somehow on the way to Brittonic. The lowering to -e- can then be accounted for by assuming derivation from the plural/collective *enīkʷā (note that Old Irish enech is a plurale tantum).
To get around these phonetic problems, *enekʷom can be reconstructed instead, with a derivation *h₁én-h₃ekʷ-, which brings its own host of morphological and phonetic problems:
* Primitive Irish ᚔᚅᚓᚊᚐ (ineqa) and Old Irish inchaib would thus have no phonetic source for intiial in-, since there is no high vowel ahead to raise original en- in Matasović's reconstruction.
* Compound formations usually have their second member in the zero grade, not the e-grade, in Indo-European.
* The proposed vowel-harmonization of *enokʷom to *enekʷom is unprecedented in Celtic.


gʷoni

gʷoni (nominative singular)
gʷonī (dual nominative)
gʷonyā (nominative plural)
gʷoni (singular vocative)
gʷonī (dual vocative)
gʷonyā (plural vocative)
gʷoni (accusative singular)
gʷonī (accusative dual)
gʷonyā (accusative plural)
gʷonois (genitive singular)
gʷonois (dual genitive)
gʷonyom (genitive plural)
gʷonei (dative singular)
gʷonibom (dative dual)
gʷonibos (dative plural)
gʷonei (locative singular)
gʷonī (instrumental singular)
gʷonibim (dual instrumental)
gʷonibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwan (“blow, strike”)

Welsh: gwân

Old Irish: guin
Middle Irish: guin f
Irish: goin
Scottish Gaelic: goin
Manx: guinn

Related to *gʷaneti. This o-grade i-stem (with the Indo-European o-grade deverbal nominal suffix *-is) is the only one of its kind in Celtic.


rādos

rādos (masculine nominative singular stem)
rādou (dual masculine nominative stem)
rādoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
rāde (masculine singular stem vocative)
rādou (dual masculine stem vocative)
rādūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
rādom (accusative masculine singular stem)
rādou (accusative dual masculine stem)
rādoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
rādī (genitive masculine singular stem)
rādous (dual genitive masculine stem)
rādom (genitive masculine plural stem)
rādūi (dative masculine singular stem)
rādobom (dative dual masculine stem)
rādobos (dative masculine plural stem)
rādei (locative masculine singular stem)
rādū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
rādobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
rādūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: rád
Irish: rá
Scottish Gaelic: ràdh

From *rādīti + *-os (verbal noun suffix for o-grade causative verbs).


-gusom

-gusom (nominative singular)
-gusou (dual nominative)
-gusā (nominative plural)
-gusom (singular vocative)
-gusou (dual vocative)
-gusā (plural vocative)
-gusom (accusative singular)
-gusou (accusative dual)
-gusā (accusative plural)
-gusī (genitive singular)
-gusous (dual genitive)
-gusom (genitive plural)
-gusūi (dative singular)
-gusobom (dative dual)
-gusobos (dative plural)
-gusei (locative singular)
-gusū (instrumental singular)
-gusobim (dual instrumental)
-gusūis (instrumental plural)


uɸorgusom

uɸorgusom (nominative singular)
uɸorgusou (dual nominative)
uɸorgusā (nominative plural)
uɸorgusom (singular vocative)
uɸorgusou (dual vocative)
uɸorgusā (plural vocative)
uɸorgusom (accusative singular)
uɸorgusou (accusative dual)
uɸorgusā (accusative plural)
uɸorgusī (genitive singular)
uɸorgusous (dual genitive)
uɸorgusom (genitive plural)
uɸorgusūi (dative singular)
uɸorgusobom (dative dual)
uɸorgusobos (dative plural)
uɸorgusei (locative singular)
uɸorgusū (instrumental singular)
uɸorgusobim (dual instrumental)
uɸorgusūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gworɣuw

Middle Welsh: goreu

Welsh: gorau

Old Irish: forgu, forggu, forgo

From *uɸer- (“over-”) + *-gusom (“choice”).


-iyā

-iyā (nominative singular)
-iyai (dual nominative)
-iyās (nominative plural)
-iyā (singular vocative)
-iyai (dual vocative)
-iyās (plural vocative)
-iyam (accusative singular)
-iyai (accusative dual)
-iyāms (accusative plural)
-iyās (genitive singular)
-iyous (dual genitive)
-iyom (genitive plural)
-iyāi (dative singular)
-iyābom (dative dual)
-iyābos (dative plural)
-iyai (locative singular)
-iyābim (dual instrumental)
-iyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-eð

Cornish: -edh

Middle Welsh: -eð

Welsh: -edd

Old Irish: -e
Irish: -e

From Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂, cognate to Latin -ia and Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā).

trougokaros (“merciful”) + *-iyā → *trougokariyā (“mercy”)


-mā

-mā (nominative singular)
-mai (dual nominative)
-mās (nominative plural)
-mā (singular vocative)
-mai (dual vocative)
-mās (plural vocative)
-mam (accusative singular)
-mai (accusative dual)
-māms (accusative plural)
-mās (genitive singular)
-mous (dual genitive)
-mom (genitive plural)
-māi (dative singular)
-mābom (dative dual)
-mābos (dative plural)
-mai (locative singular)
-mābim (dual instrumental)
-mābis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *-iβ̃, *-aβ̃, *-oβ̃, *-ọβ̃ (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Irish: -em, -am (after a broad consonant)
Irish: -amh
Scottish Gaelic: -amh

From Proto-Indo-European *-meh₂. Other apparent appearances of this suffix elsewhere in Indo-European include:
* Ancient Greek φήμη (phḗmē) and Latin fāma, both of these from *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”).
* Ancient Greek τιμή (timḗ), from *kʷey- (“to pay”).
The first verbal noun with this suffix was likely *kreddīmā (“belief”).

Forms verbal nouns to miscellaneous weak verbs with suffixed *-ī-.


-yā

-yā (nominative singular)
-yai (dual nominative)
-yās (nominative plural)
-yā (singular vocative)
-yai (dual vocative)
-yās (plural vocative)
-yam (accusative singular)
-yai (accusative dual)
-yāms (accusative plural)
-yās (genitive singular)
-yous (dual genitive)
-yom (genitive plural)
-yāi (dative singular)
-yābom (dative dual)
-yābos (dative plural)
-yai (locative singular)
-yābim (dual instrumental)
-yābis (instrumental plural)

weg- (“to weave”) + *-yā → *wegyā (“weaving”)

slad- (“to strike”) + *-yā → *sladyā (“strike”)


uɸormentom

uɸormentom (nominative singular)
uɸormentou (dual nominative)
uɸormentā (nominative plural)
uɸormentom (singular vocative)
uɸormentou (dual vocative)
uɸormentā (plural vocative)
uɸormentom (accusative singular)
uɸormentou (accusative dual)
uɸormentā (accusative plural)
uɸormentī (genitive singular)
uɸormentous (dual genitive)
uɸormentom (genitive plural)
uɸormentūi (dative singular)
uɸormentobom (dative dual)
uɸormentobos (dative plural)
uɸormentei (locative singular)
uɸormentū (instrumental singular)
uɸormentobim (dual instrumental)
uɸormentūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: gourvenn

Middle Welsh: gorvynt

Welsh: gorfynt

Old Irish: format
Irish: formad
Scottish Gaelic: farmad


-mentom

-mentom (nominative singular)
-mentou (dual nominative)
-mentā (nominative plural)
-mentom (singular vocative)
-mentou (dual vocative)
-mentā (plural vocative)
-mentom (accusative singular)
-mentou (accusative dual)
-mentā (accusative plural)
-mentī (genitive singular)
-mentous (dual genitive)
-mentom (genitive plural)
-mentūi (dative singular)
-mentobom (dative dual)
-mentobos (dative plural)
-mentei (locative singular)
-mentū (instrumental singular)
-mentobim (dual instrumental)
-mentūis (instrumental plural)

From *manyetor (“to think, remember”) + *-tom (verbal noun suffix).

af

Forms verbal nouns relating to thought or memory.

dermetIrish: dearmadManx: jarroodScottish Gaelic: dearmad


tixtā

tixtā (nominative singular)
tixtai (dual nominative)
tixtās (nominative plural)
tixtā (singular vocative)
tixtai (dual vocative)
tixtās (plural vocative)
tixtam (accusative singular)
tixtai (accusative dual)
tixtāms (accusative plural)
tixtās (genitive singular)
tixtous (dual genitive)
tixtom (genitive plural)
tixtāi (dative singular)
tixtābom (dative dual)
tixtābos (dative plural)
tixtai (locative singular)
tixtābim (dual instrumental)
tixtābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: teith

Middle Welsh: teith

Welsh: taith

desctree

Old Irish: techt (see there for further derived terms)
Middle Irish: techt
Irish: teacht
Scottish Gaelic: teachd


wostos

wostos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wostou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wostoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
woste (masculine singular stem vocative)
wostou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wostūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wostom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wostou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wostoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wostī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wostous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wostom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wostūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wostobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wostobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wostei (locative masculine singular stem)
wostū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wostobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wostūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwas (“abode”)

desc

Old Irish: foss (“being stationary, at rest”)

Classical Gaelic: fos

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wos-tos, from *h₂wes- (“to dwell”). Related to *woseti (“to spend the night”) and *westā (“staying the night”).
Matasović, opting for a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wóstu (more specifically, the alternative reconstruction *wéh₂stu), reconstructs *wastu. His derivation suffers greatly from the fact that no evidence of u-stem inflection exists in Celtic.


lugyom

lugyom (nominative singular)
lugyou (dual nominative)
lugyā (nominative plural)
lugyom (singular vocative)
lugyou (dual vocative)
lugyā (plural vocative)
lugyom (accusative singular)
lugyou (accusative dual)
lugyā (accusative plural)
lugyī (genitive singular)
lugyous (dual genitive)
lugyom (genitive plural)
lugyūi (dative singular)
lugyobom (dative dual)
lugyobos (dative plural)
lugyei (locative singular)
lugyū (instrumental singular)
lugyobim (dual instrumental)
lugyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɣ (with unexplained umlaut or lack thereof between Welsh and Southwestern Brittonic)

⇒ Old Breton: dilu

Middle Welsh: llw

Welsh: llw

Old Irish: lugae

From the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *h₂lewgʰ- suffixed with *-yom (verbal noun suffix).


-tā

-tā (nominative singular)
-tai (dual nominative)
-tās (nominative plural)
-tā (singular vocative)
-tai (dual vocative)
-tās (plural vocative)
-tam (accusative singular)
-tai (accusative dual)
-tāms (accusative plural)
-tās (genitive singular)
-tous (dual genitive)
-tom (genitive plural)
-tāi (dative singular)
-tābom (dative dual)
-tābos (dative plural)
-tai (locative singular)
-tābim (dual instrumental)
-tābis (instrumental plural)

teig- (“to go”) + *-tā → *tixtā (“going”)

Creates verbal nouns or abstracts from verbal roots.


lorgā

lorgā (nominative singular)
lorgai (dual nominative)
lorgās (nominative plural)
lorgā (singular vocative)
lorgai (dual vocative)
lorgās (plural vocative)
lorgam (accusative singular)
lorgai (accusative dual)
lorgāms (accusative plural)
lorgās (genitive singular)
lorgous (dual genitive)
lorgom (genitive plural)
lorgāi (dative singular)
lorgābom (dative dual)
lorgābos (dative plural)
lorgai (locative singular)
lorgābim (dual instrumental)
lorgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llorɣ

Breton: lorc'henn (“shaft”), lorc'h (“vanity”)

Old Cornish: lorch (“baculus”)

Cornish: lorgh

Middle Welsh: llwry, llory, llyry

desctree

Old Irish: lorg (“club, staff, stick”)
Irish: lorg
Scottish Gaelic: lorg

Old Norse lurkr (“club”) (source of Swedish lurk (“lout, boor”)) is related, but it could be a borrowing from Celtic. If so, the Celtic is without Indo-European cognates, and could be ultimately borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.
Pokorny, however, derives both from Proto-Indo-European *lorgā- (“club, stick”), also comparing regional German Lorg, Lork (“mythical giant”)


Anawogenos

Anawogenos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Anawogenou (dual masculine nominative stem)
Anawogenoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
Anawogene (masculine singular stem vocative)
Anawogenou (dual masculine stem vocative)
Anawogenūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
Anawogenom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Anawogenou (accusative dual masculine stem)
Anawogenoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
Anawogenī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Anawogenous (dual genitive masculine stem)
Anawogenom (genitive masculine plural stem)
Anawogenūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Anawogenobos (dative masculine plural stem)
Anawogenei (locative masculine singular stem)
Anawogenū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
Anawogenūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *Anʉɣen

Old Breton: Anaugen, Anugen

Gaulish: *Anaogenos

→ Latin: Anaogenus

From *anawos (“wealth”) + *-genos (“-born”, personal name element).


uɸologos

uɸologos (masculine nominative singular stem)
uɸologou (dual masculine nominative stem)
uɸologoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
uɸologe (masculine singular stem vocative)
uɸologou (dual masculine stem vocative)
uɸologūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
uɸologom (accusative masculine singular stem)
uɸologou (accusative dual masculine stem)
uɸologoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
uɸologī (genitive masculine singular stem)
uɸologous (dual genitive masculine stem)
uɸologom (genitive masculine plural stem)
uɸologūi (dative masculine singular stem)
uɸologobom (dative dual masculine stem)
uɸologobos (dative masculine plural stem)
uɸologei (locative masculine singular stem)
uɸologū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
uɸologobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
uɸologūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoloɣ

Breton: golo (“cover”)

Middle Welsh: golo (noun)

Old Irish: folach

Middle Irish: folach

Irish: folach

Scottish Gaelic: falach

Manx: follagh

From *uɸologīti + *-os (verbal noun suffix for causative verbs).


logīti

logeyū (active first-person present singular)
logīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
logīsi (active present second-person singular)
logītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
logīti (active present singular third-person)
logīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
logeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
logīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
logītesi (active plural present second-person)
logīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
logeyonti (active plural present third-person)
logīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
logī (active imperative second-person singular)
logītou (active imperative singular third-person)
logeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
logīte (active imperative plural second-person)
logeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
logeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
logītar (passive present second-person singular)
logītor (passive present singular third-person)
logeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
logīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
logeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
logetos (nominative singular)
logetou (dual nominative)
logetoi (nominative plural)
logete (singular vocative)
logetou (dual vocative)
logetoi (plural vocative)
logetom (accusative singular)
logetou (accusative dual)
logetoms (accusative plural)
logetī (genitive singular)
logetous (dual genitive)
logetom (genitive plural)
logetūi (dative singular)
logetobom (dative dual)
logetobos (dative plural)
logetū (instrumental singular)
logetobim (dual instrumental)
logetobis (instrumental plural)
logetā (nominative singular)
logetai (dual nominative)
logetās (nominative plural)
logetā (singular vocative)
logetai (dual vocative)
logetās (plural vocative)
logetam (accusative singular)
logetai (accusative dual)
logetams (accusative plural)
logetās (genitive singular)
logetai (dative singular)
logetābom (dative dual)
logetābos (dative plural)
logetābim (dual instrumental)
logetābis (instrumental plural)
logetom (nominative singular)
logetā (nominative plural)
logetom (singular vocative)
logetā (plural vocative)
logetā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *logʰéyeti, causative verb formed to the root *legʰ- (“to lie (physically)”).


atiskʷom

atiskʷom (nominative singular)
atiskʷou (dual nominative)
atiskʷā (nominative plural)
atiskʷom (singular vocative)
atiskʷou (dual vocative)
atiskʷā (plural vocative)
atiskʷom (accusative singular)
atiskʷou (accusative dual)
atiskʷā (accusative plural)
atiskʷī (genitive singular)
atiskʷous (dual genitive)
atiskʷom (genitive plural)
atiskūi (dative singular)
atiskʷobom (dative dual)
atiskʷobos (dative plural)
atiskʷei (locative singular)
atiskū (instrumental singular)
atiskʷobim (dual instrumental)
atiskʷūis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *adheb (reformed to e-grade by analogy to the verb)

Middle Welsh: atteb

Welsh: ateb

desctree

Old Irish: aithesc
Irish: aitheasc
Scottish Gaelic: aitheasg

From *ati- (“re-”) + *sekʷeti (“to say”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix for prefixed verbs).


uɸologīti

uɸologeyū (active first-person present singular)
uɸologīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
uɸologīsi (active present second-person singular)
uɸologītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
uɸologīti (active present singular third-person)
uɸologīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
uɸologeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
uɸologīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
uɸologītesi (active plural present second-person)
uɸologīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
uɸologeyonti (active plural present third-person)
uɸologīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
uɸologī (active imperative second-person singular)
uɸologītou (active imperative singular third-person)
uɸologeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
uɸologīte (active imperative plural second-person)
uɸologeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
uɸologeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
uɸologītar (passive present second-person singular)
uɸologītor (passive present singular third-person)
uɸologeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
uɸologīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
uɸologeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
uɸologetos (nominative singular)
uɸologetou (dual nominative)
uɸologetoi (nominative plural)
uɸologete (singular vocative)
uɸologetou (dual vocative)
uɸologetoi (plural vocative)
uɸologetom (accusative singular)
uɸologetou (accusative dual)
uɸologetoms (accusative plural)
uɸologetī (genitive singular)
uɸologetous (dual genitive)
uɸologetom (genitive plural)
uɸologetūi (dative singular)
uɸologetobom (dative dual)
uɸologetobos (dative plural)
uɸologetū (instrumental singular)
uɸologetobim (dual instrumental)
uɸologetobis (instrumental plural)
uɸologetā (nominative singular)
uɸologetai (dual nominative)
uɸologetās (nominative plural)
uɸologetā (singular vocative)
uɸologetai (dual vocative)
uɸologetās (plural vocative)
uɸologetam (accusative singular)
uɸologetai (accusative dual)
uɸologetams (accusative plural)
uɸologetās (genitive singular)
uɸologetai (dative singular)
uɸologetābom (dative dual)
uɸologetābos (dative plural)
uɸologetābim (dual instrumental)
uɸologetābis (instrumental plural)
uɸologetom (nominative singular)
uɸologetā (nominative plural)
uɸologetom (singular vocative)
uɸologetā (plural vocative)
uɸologetā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: goloiñ

Middle Welsh: golo (verb)

Old Irish: fo·luigi

Middle Irish: foilgid

Scottish Gaelic: falaich

Manx: follagh

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *logīti (“to lay”).


kladyā

kladyā (nominative singular)
kladyai (dual nominative)
kladyās (nominative plural)
kladyā (singular vocative)
kladyai (dual vocative)
kladyās (plural vocative)
kladyam (accusative singular)
kladyai (accusative dual)
kladyāms (accusative plural)
kladyās (genitive singular)
kladyous (dual genitive)
kladyom (genitive plural)
kladyāi (dative singular)
kladyābom (dative dual)
kladyābos (dative plural)
kladyai (locative singular)
kladyābim (dual instrumental)
kladyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: claide

Middle Irish: claide

From *kladeti (“to dig”) + *-yā (verbal noun suffix).


ɸarausyos

ɸarausyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ɸarausyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ɸarausyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ɸarausye (masculine singular stem vocative)
ɸarausyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ɸarausyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ɸarausyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ɸarausyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ɸarausyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ɸarausyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ɸarausyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ɸarausyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ɸarausyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ɸarausyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ɸarausyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ɸarausyei (locative masculine singular stem)
ɸarausyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ɸarausyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ɸarausyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: arae

Middle Irish: ara

Irish: ara

Gaulish: *Arausios

⇒ Gaulish: *Arausiodūnom

→ Latin: Rausidonem (acc.sg.)

desc

French: Rhodon (“town name in Loir-et-Cher”)

⇒ Gaulish: *Arausiū

→ Latin: Arausiō

→⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *Arausing-

→ French: Orange

From *ɸare- (“before”) + *ausos (“ear”) + *-yos, literally “before the ears”.


argyos

argyos (nominative singular)
argyou (dual nominative)
argyoi (nominative plural)
argye (singular vocative)
argyou (dual vocative)
argyoi (plural vocative)
argyom (accusative singular)
argyou (accusative dual)
argyoms (accusative plural)
argyī (genitive singular)
argyous (dual genitive)
argyom (genitive plural)
argyūi (dative singular)
argyobom (dative dual)
argyobos (dative plural)
argyū (instrumental singular)
argyobim (dual instrumental)
argyobis (instrumental plural)
argyā (nominative singular)
argyai (dual nominative)
argyās (nominative plural)
argyā (singular vocative)
argyai (dual vocative)
argyās (plural vocative)
argyam (accusative singular)
argyai (accusative dual)
argyams (accusative plural)
argyās (genitive singular)
argyai (dative singular)
argyābom (dative dual)
argyābos (dative plural)
argyābim (dual instrumental)
argyābis (instrumental plural)
argyom (nominative singular)
argyā (nominative plural)
argyom (singular vocative)
argyā (plural vocative)
argyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėrɣ (“snow”)

Breton: erc'h

Cornish: ergh

Welsh: eira

Gaulish: *argios

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiā (river name)

→ Latin: Aregia

French: Ariège

⇒ Gaulish: *Argiotalus

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“white”).


ɸētu

ɸētu (nominative singular)
ɸētū (dual nominative)
ɸētwā (nominative plural)
ɸētu (singular vocative)
ɸētū (dual vocative)
ɸētwā (plural vocative)
ɸētu (accusative singular)
ɸētū (accusative dual)
ɸētwā (accusative plural)
ɸētous (genitive singular)
ɸētous (dual genitive)
ɸētowom (genitive plural)
ɸētou (dative singular)
ɸētubom (dative dual)
ɸētubos (dative plural)
ɸētū (instrumental singular)
ɸētubim (dual instrumental)
ɸētubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: íath

Gaulish: *ētu

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *elvētios (“[having] much territory”, bahuvrihi compound)

→ Latin: Helvētii, Helvētius


kubros

kubros (nominative singular)
kubrou (dual nominative)
kubroi (nominative plural)
kubre (singular vocative)
kubrou (dual vocative)
kubroi (plural vocative)
kubrom (accusative singular)
kubrou (accusative dual)
kubroms (accusative plural)
kubrī (genitive singular)
kubrous (dual genitive)
kubrom (genitive plural)
kubrūi (dative singular)
kubrobom (dative dual)
kubrobos (dative plural)
kubrū (instrumental singular)
kubrobim (dual instrumental)
kubrobis (instrumental plural)
kubrā (nominative singular)
kubrai (dual nominative)
kubrās (nominative plural)
kubrā (singular vocative)
kubrai (dual vocative)
kubrās (plural vocative)
kubram (accusative singular)
kubrai (accusative dual)
kubrams (accusative plural)
kubrās (genitive singular)
kubrai (dative singular)
kubrābom (dative dual)
kubrābos (dative plural)
kubrābim (dual instrumental)
kubrābis (instrumental plural)
kubrom (nominative singular)
kubrā (nominative plural)
kubrom (singular vocative)
kubrā (plural vocative)
kubrā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: cobar (compounding element)

Gaulish: *cobros

→ Latin: Coura

→⇒ Latin: Cobrium

Occitan: Cuèbri

→ French: Cuébris

→⇒ Latin: Couria

→⇒ Latin: Cobromara

→⇒ Latin: Cobrovomarus

→⇒ Latin: Cobrovius

→⇒ Latin: Cobrovillus

→⇒ Latin: Cobronia

→⇒ Latin: Cobrici (gen. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *kup-rós, from *kwep-, whence also Latin cupiō (“to wish”), Proto-Slavic *kypěti (“to boil”) and Sanskrit कुप्यति (kupyati).


Oinogustus

Oinogustus (nominative singular)
Oinogustu (singular vocative)
Oinogustum (accusative singular)
Oinogustous (genitive singular)
Oinogustou (dative singular)
Oinogustū (instrumental singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *Ʉnɣust

Old Welsh: Ungust

Middle Welsh: Unwst

desctree

Old Irish: Oíngus
Middle Irish: Oéngus, Aengus
Irish: Aonghas
Manx: Anghus
Scottish Gaelic: Aonghas, Aonghus
→ English: Angus

From *oinos (“one”) + *gustus (“excellence, force”).


ɸelus

ɸleis (comparative)
ɸelus (nominative singular)
ɸelū (dual nominative)
ɸelowes (nominative plural)
ɸelu (singular vocative)
ɸelū (dual vocative)
ɸelūs (plural vocative)
ɸelum (accusative singular)
ɸelū (accusative dual)
ɸelums (accusative plural)
ɸelous (genitive singular)
ɸelous (dual genitive)
ɸelowom (genitive plural)
ɸelou (dative singular)
ɸelubom (dative dual)
ɸelubos (dative plural)
ɸelū (instrumental singular)
ɸelubim (dual instrumental)
ɸelubis (instrumental plural)
ɸelu (nominative singular)
ɸelwā (nominative plural)
ɸelwā (plural vocative)
ɸelu (accusative singular)
ɸelwā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: il, hil
Irish: il
Manx: yl

>? Gaulish: *elu-

desc

⇒ Gaulish: *elu-ētu-ios (“[having] much territory”, bahuvrihi compound)

→ Latin: Helvētii, Helvētius

From Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us. Cognate to Ancient Greek πολύς (polús), Proto-Germanic *felu and Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Húš.


dīākus

dīākus (nominative singular)
dīākū (dual nominative)
dīākowes (nominative plural)
dīāku (singular vocative)
dīākū (dual vocative)
dīākūs (plural vocative)
dīākum (accusative singular)
dīākū (accusative dual)
dīākums (accusative plural)
dīākous (genitive singular)
dīākous (dual genitive)
dīākowom (genitive plural)
dīākou (dative singular)
dīākubom (dative dual)
dīākubos (dative plural)
dīākū (instrumental singular)
dīākubim (dual instrumental)
dīākubis (instrumental plural)
dīāku (nominative singular)
dīākwā (nominative plural)
dīākwā (plural vocative)
dīāku (accusative singular)
dīākwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *diọg

Old Breton: diochi

Middle Breton: dieuc

Breton: dieg

Old Cornish: dioc

Middle Cornish: dyek

Cornish: diek

Old Welsh: diauc

Middle Welsh: diawc

Welsh: diog

Gaulish: *diācus

→ Latin: Diacus

From *dī- (privative prefix) + *ākus (“swift, speedy”) (whence also Welsh awg and Latin Ācus, a rendering of a Gaulish name), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *HéHḱus (“swift, quick”).
Further Indo-European cognates of the root include Latin ōcior, Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús), and Sanskrit आशु (āśu).


kʷast-

Proto-Brythonic: *pas

Middle Breton: pas

Breton: paz

Cornish: pas

Middle Welsh: pas

Welsh: pas

Goidelic:

⇒ Classical Gaelic: casachtach

⇒ Irish: casacht

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: casachd

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: casad

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”) suffixed with either *-tós or *-tus.


uɸogaisos

uɸogaisos (masculine nominative singular stem)
uɸogaisou (dual masculine nominative stem)
uɸogaisoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
uɸogaise (masculine singular stem vocative)
uɸogaisou (dual masculine stem vocative)
uɸogaisūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
uɸogaisom (accusative masculine singular stem)
uɸogaisou (accusative dual masculine stem)
uɸogaisoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
uɸogaisī (genitive masculine singular stem)
uɸogaisous (dual genitive masculine stem)
uɸogaisom (genitive masculine plural stem)
uɸogaisūi (dative masculine singular stem)
uɸogaisobom (dative dual masculine stem)
uɸogaisobos (dative masculine plural stem)
uɸogaisei (locative masculine singular stem)
uɸogaisū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
uɸogaisobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
uɸogaisūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoɣoɨw

Old Breton: guugoiou

Middle Breton: goa

Breton: goaf

Old Cornish: hoch-wuyu

Middle Cornish: gu

Cornish: guw

Middle Welsh: gwaew

Welsh: gwayw

Old Irish: fogae

Middle Irish: foga

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *gaisos (“spear”), literally “under-spear”.


mlastos

Proto-Brythonic: *blas m

Middle Breton: blas, blaz

desc

Breton: blas (“taste, tastiness; (bad) smell”)

Middle Cornish: blas

Cornish: blas

Middle Welsh: blas

Welsh: blas (“taste, flavor”)

desctree

Old Irish: mlas ? (“taste”)
Middle Irish: blas
Irish: blas
Manx: blass
Scottish Gaelic: blas

Uncertain; possibly cognate Czech mlsati (“to lick”), Russian молса́ть (molsátʹ, “to suck”), Polish pomłoski (“tidbit”), presuming a Proto-Indo-European *mels- root, however, the expected outcome of *ml̥s-tó-s would be *malstos, requiring liquid metathesis, or, perhaps, a special rule, to arrive at *mlastos.


klokkos

klokkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
klokkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
klokkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
klokke (masculine singular stem vocative)
klokkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
klokkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
klokkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
klokkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
klokkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
klokkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
klokkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
klokkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
klokkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
klokkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
klokkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
klokkei (locative masculine singular stem)
klokkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
klokkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
klokkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *klox

Middle Breton: cloch

Breton: kloc'h

Old Cornish: kloch

Middle Welsh: cloch

Welsh: cloch

Old Irish: clocc

Medieval Latin: clocca
Padanian:
Emilian: ciòca
Ligurian: cioca
Lombard: ciòca
Piedmontese: ciòca
Northern Gallo-Romance:
Bourguignon: cloiche
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: cloque
Franco-Provençal: clloche ; cllocha, hllocha, c'hocha, tllocha (Valdôtain)
Old French: cloche
Middle French: cloche
French: cloche
→ English: cloche
→ Esperanto: kloŝo
→ Italian: cloche
→ Polish: klosz
Old Northern French: cloque
French: cloque
→ Middle English: cloke
English: cloak
Norman: clioche
Picard: cloque
→ Proto-West Germanic: *klokkā (see there for further descendants)

onomatopoeic

imitative


saltrom

saltrom (nominative singular)
saltrou (dual nominative)
saltrā (nominative plural)
saltrom (singular vocative)
saltrou (dual vocative)
saltrā (plural vocative)
saltrom (accusative singular)
saltrou (accusative dual)
saltrā (accusative plural)
saltrī (genitive singular)
saltrous (dual genitive)
saltrom (genitive plural)
saltrūi (dative singular)
saltrobom (dative dual)
saltrobos (dative plural)
saltrei (locative singular)
saltrū (instrumental singular)
saltrobim (dual instrumental)
saltrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *salθr

Middle Breton: sautr, saotr (“dirty”)

Breton: saotr (“dirty”)

Middle Welsh: sathr, sathyr

From *sel- (“to jump”) + *-trom, but the -a- is unexplained.


saltrāti

saltrāmi (active first-person present singular)
saltrāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
saltrāsi (active present second-person singular)
saltrātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
saltrāti (active present singular third-person)
saltrāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
saltrāmosi (active first-person plural present)
saltrāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
saltrātesi (active plural present second-person)
saltrāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
saltrānti (active plural present third-person)
saltrānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
saltrā (active imperative second-person singular)
saltrātou (active imperative singular third-person)
saltrāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
saltrāte (active imperative plural second-person)
saltrāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
saltrār (first-person passive present singular)
saltrātar (passive present second-person singular)
saltrātor (passive present singular third-person)
saltrāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
saltrādwe (passive plural present second-person)
saltrāntor (passive plural present third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *salθrọd

Middle Breton: sautraff

Breton: saotrañ

Middle Welsh: sathru

Welsh: sathru

Old Irish: saltraid

Middle Irish: saltraid

From *saltrom (“trampling”) + *-āti (denominative suffix).


gʷonos

gʷonos (masculine nominative singular stem)
gʷonou (dual masculine nominative stem)
gʷonoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
gʷone (masculine singular stem vocative)
gʷonou (dual masculine stem vocative)
gʷonūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
gʷonom (accusative masculine singular stem)
gʷonou (accusative dual masculine stem)
gʷonoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
gʷonī (genitive masculine singular stem)
gʷonous (dual genitive masculine stem)
gʷonom (genitive masculine plural stem)
gʷonūi (dative masculine singular stem)
gʷonobom (dative dual masculine stem)
gʷonobos (dative masculine plural stem)
gʷonei (locative masculine singular stem)
gʷonū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
gʷonobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
gʷonūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰónos, derived from the root *gʷʰen- (“to strike down”).


Tazgogʷonos

Tazgogʷonos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Tazgogʷonou (dual masculine nominative stem)
Tazgogʷonoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
Tazgogʷone (masculine singular stem vocative)
Tazgogʷonou (dual masculine stem vocative)
Tazgogʷonūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
Tazgogʷonom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Tazgogʷonou (accusative dual masculine stem)
Tazgogʷonoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
Tazgogʷonī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Tazgogʷonous (dual genitive masculine stem)
Tazgogʷonom (genitive masculine plural stem)
Tazgogʷonūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Tazgogʷonobom (dative dual masculine stem)
Tazgogʷonobos (dative masculine plural stem)
Tazgogʷonei (locative masculine singular stem)
Tazgogʷonū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
Tazgogʷonobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
Tazgogʷonūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: Tasciouanos (attested in coinage), *Tėxwan (late form)

Old Welsh: Teuhant, Teuhuant, Tecmant

Gaulish: *Tascouanos

→ Latin: Tascouanus

From *taskos (“badger”) + *gʷonos (“slaughter”).


magotaxtā

magotaxtā (nominative singular)
magotaxtai (dual nominative)
magotaxtās (nominative plural)
magotaxtā (singular vocative)
magotaxtai (dual vocative)
magotaxtās (plural vocative)
magotaxtam (accusative singular)
magotaxtai (accusative dual)
magotaxtāms (accusative plural)
magotaxtās (genitive singular)
magotaxtous (dual genitive)
magotaxtom (genitive plural)
magotaxtāi (dative singular)
magotaxtābom (dative dual)
magotaxtābos (dative plural)
magotaxtai (locative singular)
magotaxtābim (dual instrumental)
magotaxtābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maxdaɨθ

Breton: matez (“female servant”)

Old Cornish: mahtheid

Middle Cornish: maghteth, maghtyth

Cornish: maithes

Middle Welsh: machteith, machdaith

Old Irish: macdacht

Middle Irish: macdacht, maccdacht

Best related to Proto-Germanic *magaþs (“girl”).


tlustus

tlustus (nominative singular)
tlustū (dual nominative)
tlustowes (nominative plural)
tlustu (singular vocative)
tlustū (dual vocative)
tlustūs (plural vocative)
tlustum (accusative singular)
tlustū (accusative dual)
tlustums (accusative plural)
tlustous (genitive singular)
tlustous (dual genitive)
tlustowom (genitive plural)
tlustou (dative singular)
tlustubom (dative dual)
tlustubos (dative plural)
tlustū (instrumental singular)
tlustubim (dual instrumental)
tlustubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tlus

Middle Welsh: tlws, tlus

Welsh: tlws

Middle Irish: tlus

Of uncertain etymology.
* Vendryes relates this to *tlinati (“to take away”), by which this word would be broken down into *tl-u-stus.
* Matasović attempts to relate this to Latin locus (“place”) by reconstructing *tloxstus, which is complicated by the vowel of Welsh tlws, forcing him to assume that the Welsh word was borrowed from Irish.


kʷrītos

kʷrītos (nominative singular)
kʷrītou (dual nominative)
kʷrītoi (nominative plural)
kʷrīte (singular vocative)
kʷrītou (dual vocative)
kʷrītoi (plural vocative)
kʷrītom (accusative singular)
kʷrītou (accusative dual)
kʷrītoms (accusative plural)
kʷrītī (genitive singular)
kʷrītous (dual genitive)
kʷrītom (genitive plural)
kʷrītūi (dative singular)
kʷrītobom (dative dual)
kʷrītobos (dative plural)
kʷrītū (instrumental singular)
kʷrītobim (dual instrumental)
kʷrītobis (instrumental plural)
kʷrītā (nominative singular)
kʷrītai (dual nominative)
kʷrītās (nominative plural)
kʷrītā (singular vocative)
kʷrītai (dual vocative)
kʷrītās (plural vocative)
kʷrītam (accusative singular)
kʷrītai (accusative dual)
kʷrītams (accusative plural)
kʷrītās (genitive singular)
kʷrītai (dative singular)
kʷrītābom (dative dual)
kʷrītābos (dative plural)
kʷrītābim (dual instrumental)
kʷrītābis (instrumental plural)
kʷrītom (nominative singular)
kʷrītā (nominative plural)
kʷrītom (singular vocative)
kʷrītā (plural vocative)
kʷrītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *prid

desc

Middle Welsh: prid (“dear, costly; mortgage, pledge”)

Welsh: prid

Old Irish: críth (archaic)

⇒ Gaulish: tiopritom

Past participle of *kʷrināti (“to buy”).


nessamos

nessamos (nominative singular)
nessamou (dual nominative)
nessamoi (nominative plural)
nessame (singular vocative)
nessamou (dual vocative)
nessamoi (plural vocative)
nessamom (accusative singular)
nessamou (accusative dual)
nessamoms (accusative plural)
nessamī (genitive singular)
nessamous (dual genitive)
nessamom (genitive plural)
nessamūi (dative singular)
nessamobom (dative dual)
nessamobos (dative plural)
nessamū (instrumental singular)
nessamobim (dual instrumental)
nessamobis (instrumental plural)
nessamā (nominative singular)
nessamai (dual nominative)
nessamās (nominative plural)
nessamā (singular vocative)
nessamai (dual vocative)
nessamās (plural vocative)
nessamam (accusative singular)
nessamai (accusative dual)
nessamams (accusative plural)
nessamās (genitive singular)
nessamai (dative singular)
nessamābom (dative dual)
nessamābos (dative plural)
nessamābim (dual instrumental)
nessamābis (instrumental plural)
nessamom (nominative singular)
nessamā (nominative plural)
nessamom (singular vocative)
nessamā (plural vocative)
nessamā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nesaβ̃

Old Breton: nesham

Breton: nesañ

Old Cornish: nesheuin

Middle Cornish: nessa

Cornish: nessa

Middle Welsh: nessaf

Welsh: nesaf

Old Irish: nessam

Gaulish: neđđamon (genitive plural)

See the related comparative *nessais for etymology.


melissos

melissos (nominative singular)
melissou (dual nominative)
melissoi (nominative plural)
melisse (singular vocative)
melissou (dual vocative)
melissoi (plural vocative)
melissom (accusative singular)
melissou (accusative dual)
melissoms (accusative plural)
melissī (genitive singular)
melissous (dual genitive)
melissom (genitive plural)
melissūi (dative singular)
melissobom (dative dual)
melissobos (dative plural)
melissū (instrumental singular)
melissobim (dual instrumental)
melissobis (instrumental plural)
melissā (nominative singular)
melissai (dual nominative)
melissās (nominative plural)
melissā (singular vocative)
melissai (dual vocative)
melissās (plural vocative)
melissam (accusative singular)
melissai (accusative dual)
melissams (accusative plural)
melissās (genitive singular)
melissai (dative singular)
melissābom (dative dual)
melissābos (dative plural)
melissābim (dual instrumental)
melissābis (instrumental plural)
melissom (nominative singular)
melissā (nominative plural)
melissom (singular vocative)
melissā (plural vocative)
melissā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨlɨs m, *meles f

Breton: milis

Middle Welsh: melys, melis (with irregular vocalism)

Welsh: melys, melus

desctree

Old Irish: milis (with change to i-stems)
Irish: milis
Manx: millish
Scottish Gaelic: milis

Gaulish: *meliđđos

desc

→⇒ Latin: Meliđđus, Meliđđius, Melissus, Melissa, Meliđđatius, Comeliđđus

From Proto-Indo-European *mélit (“honey”) + *-tós (adjectival suffix).


ɸitulandā

ɸitulandā (nominative singular)
ɸitulandai (dual nominative)
ɸitulandās (nominative plural)
ɸitulandā (singular vocative)
ɸitulandai (dual vocative)
ɸitulandās (plural vocative)
ɸitulandam (accusative singular)
ɸitulandai (accusative dual)
ɸitulandāms (accusative plural)
ɸitulandās (genitive singular)
ɸitulandous (dual genitive)
ɸitulandom (genitive plural)
ɸitulandāi (dative singular)
ɸitulandābom (dative dual)
ɸitulandābos (dative plural)
ɸitulandai (locative singular)
ɸitulandābim (dual instrumental)
ɸitulandābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨdlann

Old Welsh: itlann

Middle Welsh: ydlan, ytlan

Welsh: ydlan

Old Irish: ithland

Middle Irish: ithlann, ithla, ithlu

Irish: iothlainn

Scottish Gaelic: iodhlann

Manx: uhllin

From *ɸitu (“grain”) + *landā (“area, space”).


kʷritus

kʷritus (nominative singular)
kʷritū (dual nominative)
kʷritowes (nominative plural)
kʷritu (singular vocative)
kʷritū (dual vocative)
kʷritūs (plural vocative)
kʷritum (accusative singular)
kʷritū (accusative dual)
kʷritums (accusative plural)
kʷritous (genitive singular)
kʷritous (dual genitive)
kʷritowom (genitive plural)
kʷritou (dative singular)
kʷritubom (dative dual)
kʷritubos (dative plural)
kʷritū (instrumental singular)
kʷritubim (dual instrumental)
kʷritubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *prɨd

Old Cornish: prit

Middle Cornish: prys

Middle Breton: pret

Breton: pred

Middle Welsh: pryd, pryt

Welsh: pryd (“form, time”)

desctree

Old Irish: cruth (“form”), crud
Irish: cruth
Manx: croo
Scottish Gaelic: cruth

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- + *-tus.


gʷerets

gʷerets (nominative singular)
gʷerets (singular vocative)
gʷeretam (accusative singular)
gʷeretos (genitive singular)
gʷeretei (dative singular)
gʷereti (locative singular)
gʷerete? (instrumental singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwer

Middle Welsh: gwer

Welsh: gwêr

Middle Irish: geir

Irish: geir

Manx: geirr

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“to heat, warm”), but Matasović stuggles to understand the semantics of such a derivation.


sɸelgā

sɸelgā (nominative singular)
sɸelgai (dual nominative)
sɸelgās (nominative plural)
sɸelgā (singular vocative)
sɸelgai (dual vocative)
sɸelgās (plural vocative)
sɸelgam (accusative singular)
sɸelgai (accusative dual)
sɸelgāms (accusative plural)
sɸelgās (genitive singular)
sɸelgous (dual genitive)
sɸelgom (genitive plural)
sɸelgāi (dative singular)
sɸelgābom (dative dual)
sɸelgābos (dative plural)
sɸelgai (locative singular)
sɸelgābim (dual instrumental)
sɸelgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: felch

Breton: felc'h

Middle Irish: selg (“spleen”)

Classical Gaelic: sealg (“spleen”)

Generally related to Ancient Greek σπλήν (splḗn), Latin liēn, Sanskrit प्लीहन् (plīhán) Lithuanian blužnis, Proto-Slavic *selzenь, Old Armenian փայծաղն (pʻaycałn), and Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬥- (spər^əzan-), but a Proto-Indo-European root is hard to determine due irregular sound correspondences (presumed due to taboo).


makkos

makkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
makkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
makkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
makke (masculine singular stem vocative)
makkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
makkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
makkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
makkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
makkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
makkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
makkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
makkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
makkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
makkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
makkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
makkei (locative masculine singular stem)
makkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
makkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
makkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *max

Old Breton: meic pl

Middle Welsh: mach

Welsh: mach

Old Irish: macc (“surety”)

Uncertain. Stifter reconstructs *magʰ-kos, derived from the root *magʰ- (“to be able”).


yekkos

yakkos (nominative singular)
yakkou (dual nominative)
yakkoi (nominative plural)
yakke (singular vocative)
yakkou (dual vocative)
yakkoi (plural vocative)
yakkom (accusative singular)
yakkou (accusative dual)
yakkoms (accusative plural)
yakkī (genitive singular)
yakkous (dual genitive)
yakkom (genitive plural)
yakkūi (dative singular)
yakkobom (dative dual)
yakkobos (dative plural)
yakkū (instrumental singular)
yakkobim (dual instrumental)
yakkobis (instrumental plural)
yakkā (nominative singular)
yakkai (dual nominative)
yakkās (nominative plural)
yakkā (singular vocative)
yakkai (dual vocative)
yakkās (plural vocative)
yakkam (accusative singular)
yakkai (accusative dual)
yakkams (accusative plural)
yakkās (genitive singular)
yakkai (dative singular)
yakkābom (dative dual)
yakkābos (dative plural)
yakkābim (dual instrumental)
yakkābis (instrumental plural)
yakkom (nominative singular)
yakkā (nominative plural)
yakkom (singular vocative)
yakkā (plural vocative)
yakkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jax

Old Breton: iac

Middle Breton: yach

Breton: yac'h

Middle Welsh: iach

Welsh: iach

Old Cornish: iach

Middle Cornish: yagh

Cornish: yagh

Gaulish: *iaccos

→ Latin: Iaccus

Etymology and reconstruction are difficult, not only due to the geminate -kk-, but also due to the inconsistent vowel between Old Irish ícc and the other Celtic words. All etymologies struggle with at least one of these two problems. A small catalogue of etymologies include:
* Attempting to relate to Ancient Greek ἄκος (ákos, “cure, medicine”) and Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀐𐀴𐀪𐀊𐀂 (a-ke-ti-ri-ja-i), 𐀊𐀐𐀳𐀩 (ja-ke-te-re, “healers”) is possible but phonologically difficult.
* Schrijver offers an alternative in setting up *yet-kos, from *yet- (“to position oneself”).
* Stifter offers the possibility of derivation from *yek- (“to say”), with the necessary assumption of cures and good health being perceived as being delivered by magical words of power.

cog

híccIrish: íocManx: eeckScottish Gaelic: ìoc


ɸolnos

ɸolnos (nominative singular)
ɸolnou (dual nominative)
ɸolnoi (nominative plural)
ɸolne (singular vocative)
ɸolnou (dual vocative)
ɸolnoi (plural vocative)
ɸolnom (accusative singular)
ɸolnou (accusative dual)
ɸolnoms (accusative plural)
ɸolnī (genitive singular)
ɸolnous (dual genitive)
ɸolnom (genitive plural)
ɸolnūi (dative singular)
ɸolnobom (dative dual)
ɸolnobos (dative plural)
ɸolnū (instrumental singular)
ɸolnobim (dual instrumental)
ɸolnobis (instrumental plural)
ɸolnā (nominative singular)
ɸolnai (dual nominative)
ɸolnās (nominative plural)
ɸolnā (singular vocative)
ɸolnai (dual vocative)
ɸolnās (plural vocative)
ɸolnam (accusative singular)
ɸolnai (accusative dual)
ɸolnams (accusative plural)
ɸolnās (genitive singular)
ɸolnai (dative singular)
ɸolnābom (dative dual)
ɸolnābos (dative plural)
ɸolnābim (dual instrumental)
ɸolnābis (instrumental plural)
ɸolnom (nominative singular)
ɸolnā (nominative plural)
ɸolnom (singular vocative)
ɸolnā (plural vocative)
ɸolnā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: oll
Irish: oll

desc

Gaulish: ollon (neut. nom. sg.) (attested in Chamalières)

Possibly a *-nós adjective from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-, but the appearance of the o-grade is odd (but paralleled in Ancient Greek πολύς (polús)) and the root *pleh₁- already had a *-nós adjective, namely *pl̥h₁nós, inherited into Celtic as *ɸlānos.


Kʷekyā

Kʷekyā (nominative singular)
Kʷekyās (nominative plural)
Kʷekyā (singular vocative)
Kʷekyās (plural vocative)
Kʷekyās (genitive singular)
Kʷekyāi (dative singular)

Primitive Irish: ᚊᚓᚉᚔᚐ (qecia), ᚊᚓᚉᚓᚐ (qecea)

Gaulish: Peccia (with affectionate gemination)

Feminine of the putative adjective *kʷekyos (“courageous”).


kʷekyos

kʷekyos (nominative singular)
kʷekyou (dual nominative)
kʷekyoi (nominative plural)
kʷekye (singular vocative)
kʷekyou (dual vocative)
kʷekyoi (plural vocative)
kʷekyom (accusative singular)
kʷekyou (accusative dual)
kʷekyoms (accusative plural)
kʷekyī (genitive singular)
kʷekyous (dual genitive)
kʷekyom (genitive plural)
kʷekyūi (dative singular)
kʷekyobom (dative dual)
kʷekyobos (dative plural)
kʷekyū (instrumental singular)
kʷekyobim (dual instrumental)
kʷekyobis (instrumental plural)
kʷekyā (nominative singular)
kʷekyai (dual nominative)
kʷekyās (nominative plural)
kʷekyā (singular vocative)
kʷekyai (dual vocative)
kʷekyās (plural vocative)
kʷekyam (accusative singular)
kʷekyai (accusative dual)
kʷekyams (accusative plural)
kʷekyās (genitive singular)
kʷekyai (dative singular)
kʷekyābom (dative dual)
kʷekyābos (dative plural)
kʷekyābim (dual instrumental)
kʷekyābis (instrumental plural)
kʷekyom (nominative singular)
kʷekyā (nominative plural)
kʷekyom (singular vocative)
kʷekyā (plural vocative)
kʷekyā (accusative plural)

Classical Gaelic: cich (only in Early Modern era glosses)

Connected since Delamarre to Sanskrit शक् (śak, “to be able”), reconstructing a putative Proto-Indo-European *kʷekʷ-, albeit requiring that Sanskrit dissimilate the first labiovelar into a palatovelar. However, Germanicists sought to claim that Sanskrit root as related to Proto-Germanic *hagaz (“capable”), which cannot be reconciled with the Celtic forms.


wrigants

wrigants (nominative singular)
wrigante (dual nominative)
wrigantes (nominative plural)
wrigants (singular vocative)
wrigante (dual vocative)
wrigantes (plural vocative)
wrigantam (accusative singular)
wrigante (accusative dual)
wrigantams (accusative plural)
wrigantos (genitive singular)
wrigantou (dual genitive)
wrigantom (genitive plural)
wrigantei (dative singular)
wrigantobom (dative dual)
wrigantobos (dative plural)
wriganti (locative singular)
wrigante? (instrumental singular)
wrigantobim (dual instrumental)
wrigantobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwreɣ

Middle Breton: gruech (with devoicing due to secondary strengthening)

Breton: gwrec'h

Middle Welsh: gwre

Welsh: gwreinyn, gwraint

Middle Irish: frige

→ Latin: (Gallo-Latin) brigantēs

Unknown, leading to Matasović to presume substrate borrowing.


rinnos

rinnos (nominative singular)
rinnou (dual nominative)
rinnoi (nominative plural)
rinne (singular vocative)
rinnou (dual vocative)
rinnoi (plural vocative)
rinnom (accusative singular)
rinnou (accusative dual)
rinnoms (accusative plural)
rinnī (genitive singular)
rinnous (dual genitive)
rinnom (genitive plural)
rinnūi (dative singular)
rinnobom (dative dual)
rinnobos (dative plural)
rinnū (instrumental singular)
rinnobim (dual instrumental)
rinnobis (instrumental plural)
rinnā (nominative singular)
rinnai (dual nominative)
rinnās (nominative plural)
rinnā (singular vocative)
rinnai (dual vocative)
rinnās (plural vocative)
rinnam (accusative singular)
rinnai (accusative dual)
rinnams (accusative plural)
rinnās (genitive singular)
rinnai (dative singular)
rinnābom (dative dual)
rinnābos (dative plural)
rinnābim (dual instrumental)
rinnābis (instrumental plural)
rinnom (nominative singular)
rinnā (nominative plural)
rinnom (singular vocative)
rinnā (plural vocative)
rinnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨnn

Middle Welsh: rynn, rhyn

Welsh: rhyn (“hard, rigid”)

Middle Irish: renn (“swift”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH-, but the source of the geminate -nn- is obscure. The easiest way to account for it is to presume that *-nós was suffixed to the present plural stem of a nasal present *h₃ri-né-H-ti.


kamulā

kamulā (nominative singular)
kamulai (dual nominative)
kamulās (nominative plural)
kamulā (singular vocative)
kamulai (dual vocative)
kamulās (plural vocative)
kamulam (accusative singular)
kamulai (accusative dual)
kamulāms (accusative plural)
kamulās (genitive singular)
kamulous (dual genitive)
kamulom (genitive plural)
kamulāi (dative singular)
kamulābom (dative dual)
kamulābos (dative plural)
kamulai (locative singular)
kamulābim (dual instrumental)
kamulābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: cumal
Irish: cumhal

Gaulish: Καμουλα (female given name)

→ Latin: Camula


kamulos

kamulos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kamulou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kamuloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kamule (masculine singular stem vocative)
kamulou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kamulūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kamulom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kamulou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kamuloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kamulī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kamulous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kamulom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kamulūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kamulobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kamulobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kamulei (locative masculine singular stem)
kamulū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kamulobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kamulūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Middle Irish: cumall (“champion”)

Gaulish: *camulos

⇒ Gaulish: Andecamulos

⇒ Gaulish: Camuledu

→ Latin: Camulus, Camalus

→⇒ Latin: Camulorix

→⇒ Latin: Camulaeus

→⇒ Latin: Camulatus

→⇒ Latin: Camulata

→⇒ Latin: Camulinus

→⇒ Latin: Camulixus

→⇒ Latin: Camuloriga

→⇒ Latin: Camulogenus

→⇒ Latin: Camulognata

→⇒ Latin: Camolia

French: Chamouille

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱemh₂- (“to exert oneself, get tired”), a root also appearing in Middle Irish cuma (“trouble”) and Ancient Greek κάμνω (kámnō, “to toil, get tired”).


gritus

gritus (nominative singular)
gritū (dual nominative)
gritowes (nominative plural)
gritu (singular vocative)
gritū (dual vocative)
gritūs (plural vocative)
gritum (accusative singular)
gritū (accusative dual)
gritums (accusative plural)
gritous (genitive singular)
gritous (dual genitive)
gritowom (genitive plural)
gritou (dative singular)
gritubom (dative dual)
gritubos (dative plural)
gritū (instrumental singular)
gritubim (dual instrumental)
gritubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *grɨd

Middle Welsh: gryd

Old Irish: grith

Middle Irish: grith

Contains the suffix *-tus.
Irslinger derives this from Proto-Indo-European *ǵar- (“to shout, call”), but if this root is reocnstructed with a laryngeal like as *ǵeh₂r-, this comparison becomes impossible (*gartus and not *gritus would have resulted).


kottos

kottos (nominative singular)
kottou (dual nominative)
kottoi (nominative plural)
kotte (singular vocative)
kottou (dual vocative)
kottoi (plural vocative)
kottom (accusative singular)
kottou (accusative dual)
kottoms (accusative plural)
kottī (genitive singular)
kottous (dual genitive)
kottom (genitive plural)
kottūi (dative singular)
kottobom (dative dual)
kottobos (dative plural)
kottū (instrumental singular)
kottobim (dual instrumental)
kottobis (instrumental plural)
kottā (nominative singular)
kottai (dual nominative)
kottās (nominative plural)
kottā (singular vocative)
kottai (dual vocative)
kottās (plural vocative)
kottam (accusative singular)
kottai (accusative dual)
kottams (accusative plural)
kottās (genitive singular)
kottai (dative singular)
kottābom (dative dual)
kottābos (dative plural)
kottābim (dual instrumental)
kottābis (instrumental plural)
kottom (nominative singular)
kottā (nominative plural)
kottom (singular vocative)
kottā (plural vocative)
kottā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *koθ

Old Breton: coth

Middle Breton: coz

Breton: kozh

Old Cornish: coth

Middle Cornish: coth

Cornish: koth, coth

Gaulish: *cottos

⇒ Gaulish: 𐌄𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌄𐌊𐌏𐌕𐌉 (gen. sg.)

→ Latin: Cottus, Cotta

→⇒ Latin: Cottius, Cotthius

→⇒ Latin: Cottilus, Cottula

Unknown, leading to Henry, Delamarre, Matasović etc. to contemplate non-Indo-European origin.


koilos

koilos (nominative singular)
koilou (dual nominative)
koiloi (nominative plural)
koile (singular vocative)
koilou (dual vocative)
koiloi (plural vocative)
koilom (accusative singular)
koilou (accusative dual)
koiloms (accusative plural)
koilī (genitive singular)
koilous (dual genitive)
koilom (genitive plural)
koilūi (dative singular)
koilobom (dative dual)
koilobos (dative plural)
koilū (instrumental singular)
koilobim (dual instrumental)
koilobis (instrumental plural)
koilā (nominative singular)
koilai (dual nominative)
koilās (nominative plural)
koilā (singular vocative)
koilai (dual vocative)
koilās (plural vocative)
koilam (accusative singular)
koilai (accusative dual)
koilams (accusative plural)
koilās (genitive singular)
koilai (dative singular)
koilābom (dative dual)
koilābos (dative plural)
koilābim (dual instrumental)
koilābis (instrumental plural)
koilom (nominative singular)
koilā (nominative plural)
koilom (singular vocative)
koilā (plural vocative)
koilā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉl
Cornish: cul
Welsh: cul

Old Irish: coíl, cóel
Middle Irish: cáel
Irish: caol
Manx: keyl
Scottish Gaelic: caol
→ English: kyle
⇒ Middle Irish: cáelach
⇒ Middle Irish: *cáelas
Irish: caolas
Manx: keyllys
Scottish Gaelic: caolas

Gaulish: Coili (gen. sg.)

→⇒ Latin: Coilanus

Unknown. Pokorny offers a connection to Latvian kails (“bare”), but Delamarre and Matasović identify this comparison as semantically dubious.


lexstus

lexstus (nominative singular)
lexstū (dual nominative)
lexstowes (nominative plural)
lexstu (singular vocative)
lexstū (dual vocative)
lexstūs (plural vocative)
lexstum (accusative singular)
lexstū (accusative dual)
lexstums (accusative plural)
lexstous (genitive singular)
lexstous (dual genitive)
lexstowom (genitive plural)
lexstou (dative singular)
lexstubom (dative dual)
lexstubos (dative plural)
lexstū (instrumental singular)
lexstubim (dual instrumental)
lexstubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lles

Old Cornish: les

Old Welsh: les

Middle Welsh: lles

Welsh: lles

Old Irish: less, les
Irish: leas
Manx: lhiass
Scottish Gaelic: leas

Derived by Irslinger from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lék-s-tus (“protection”), from the root *h₂lek- (“to protect”).
An old etymology suggested by Stokes and followed by Pedersen derives the Celtic words from what is now reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”), similar to Proto-Slavic *plodъ (“fruit”). However, the advent of laryngeal theory makes this etymology impossible, and Irslinger criticizes this derivation for having an unclear suffixation process.


uɸoskātu

uɸoskātu (nominative singular)
uɸoskātū (dual nominative)
uɸoskātwā (nominative plural)
uɸoskātu (singular vocative)
uɸoskātū (dual vocative)
uɸoskātwā (plural vocative)
uɸoskātu (accusative singular)
uɸoskātū (accusative dual)
uɸoskātwā (accusative plural)
uɸoskātous (genitive singular)
uɸoskātous (dual genitive)
uɸoskātowom (genitive plural)
uɸoskātou (dative singular)
uɸoskātubom (dative dual)
uɸoskātubos (dative plural)
uɸoskātū (instrumental singular)
uɸoskātubim (dual instrumental)
uɸoskātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoskọd

Old Breton: guascotou pl

Middle Breton: goasquet

Breton: gwasked

Cornish: goskes

Middle Welsh: gwasgawd

Welsh: gwasgod

Old Irish: foscad

desc

Irish: foscadh, fascadh (Galway, Ulster)

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *skātu (“shade, shadow”).


krenxtus

krenxtus (nominative singular)
krenxtū (dual nominative)
krenxtowes (nominative plural)
krenxtu (singular vocative)
krenxtū (dual vocative)
krenxtūs (plural vocative)
krenxtum (accusative singular)
krenxtū (accusative dual)
krenxtums (accusative plural)
krenxtous (genitive singular)
krenxtous (dual genitive)
krenxtowom (genitive plural)
krenxtou (dative singular)
krenxtubom (dative dual)
krenxtubos (dative plural)
krenxtū (instrumental singular)
krenxtubim (dual instrumental)
krenxtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kreɨθ

Old Breton: creithi pl

Middle Breton: creizenn

Breton: kleizhenn

Middle Welsh: creith, creyt

Welsh: craith

Old Irish: crécht

Middle Irish: crécht

Irish: créacht

Scottish Gaelic: creuchd

Unknown; Matasović gives no etymology.
Irslinger notes a few previous old suggestions:
* Pedersen relates this to Lithuanian krekti (“to clot”), present stem kreñk-, but the -n- is a nasal infix, being unhelpful in providing a source for the -n- needed to produce the long vowel in Irish créacht, a noun.
* Lane (1937) relates this to Proto-Germanic *skrinkwaną (“to shrink”).


mlixtus

mlixtus (nominative singular)
mlixtū (dual nominative)
mlixtowes (nominative plural)
mlixtu (singular vocative)
mlixtū (dual vocative)
mlixtūs (plural vocative)
mlixtum (accusative singular)
mlixtū (accusative dual)
mlixtums (accusative plural)
mlixtous (genitive singular)
mlixtous (dual genitive)
mlixtowom (genitive plural)
mlixtou (dative singular)
mlixtubom (dative dual)
mlixtubos (dative plural)
mlixtū (instrumental singular)
mlixtubim (dual instrumental)
mlixtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bliθ

Middle Welsh: blith

Welsh: blith

Middle Irish: blicht (“milk yield”)

Irish: bleacht

From *mligeti (“to milk”) + *-tus (action noun suffix).


mlixtis

mlixtis (nominative singular)
mlixtī (dual nominative)
mlixtīs (nominative plural)
mlixti (singular vocative)
mlixtī (dual vocative)
mlixtīs (plural vocative)
mlixtim (accusative singular)
mlixtī (accusative dual)
mlixtims (accusative plural)
mlixtēs (genitive singular)
mlixtyou (dual genitive)
mlixtyom (genitive plural)
mlixtē (dative singular)
mlixtibom (dative dual)
mlixtibos (dative plural)
mlixtī (instrumental singular)
mlixtibim (dual instrumental)
mlixtibis (instrumental plural)
mlixti (nominative singular)
mlixtyā (nominative plural)
mlixtyā (plural vocative)
mlixti (accusative singular)
mlixtyā (accusative plural)
mlixtois (genitive singular)
mlixtois (dual genitive)

Proto-Brythonic: *bliθ

Middle Welsh: blith

Welsh: blith

Old Irish: mlicht

Middle Irish: blicht

Irish: bleacht


durnos

durnos (masculine nominative singular stem)
durnou (dual masculine nominative stem)
durnoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
durne (masculine singular stem vocative)
durnou (dual masculine stem vocative)
durnūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
durnom (accusative masculine singular stem)
durnou (accusative dual masculine stem)
durnoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
durnī (genitive masculine singular stem)
durnous (dual genitive masculine stem)
durnom (genitive masculine plural stem)
durnūi (dative masculine singular stem)
durnobom (dative dual masculine stem)
durnobos (dative masculine plural stem)
durnei (locative masculine singular stem)
durnū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
durnobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
durnūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: durn

Breton: dourn

Cornish: dorn

Middle Welsh: dwrn

Welsh: dwrn

desctree

Old Irish: dorn
Middle Irish: dorn
Irish: dorn
Scottish Gaelic: dòrn
Manx: doarn

Gaulish: Dago-durnus (placename)

→ Latin: Durnovaria (?)

Probably loaned from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Pokorny, however, compares Latvian dūre (“fist”).


mligeti

mligū (active first-person present singular)
mligemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
malga (active first-person preterite singular)
mligesi (active present second-person singular)
mligetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
malgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
mligeti (active present singular third-person)
mligeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
malge (active preterite singular third-person)
mligomosi (active first-person plural present)
mligemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
malgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
mligetesi (active plural present second-person)
mligestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
malxte (active plural preterite second-person)
mligonti (active plural present third-person)
mligento (active imperfect plural third-person)
malgars (active plural preterite third-person)
melxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
melxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mlige (active imperative second-person singular)
melxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
mligetou (active imperative singular third-person)
melxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
mligomos (active first-person imperative plural)
melxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
mligete (active imperative plural second-person)
melxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
mligontou (active imperative plural third-person)
mligūr (first-person passive present singular)
mligetar (passive present second-person singular)
mligetor (passive present singular third-person)
mligommor (first-person passive plural present)
mligedwe (passive plural present second-person)
mligontor (passive plural present third-person)
melxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
melxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
melxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
melxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
melxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
melxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
mlixtos (nominative singular)
mlixtou (dual nominative)
mlixtoi (nominative plural)
mlixte (singular vocative)
mlixtou (dual vocative)
mlixtoi (plural vocative)
mlixtom (accusative singular)
mlixtou (accusative dual)
mlixtoms (accusative plural)
mlixtī (genitive singular)
mlixtous (dual genitive)
mlixtom (genitive plural)
mlixtūi (dative singular)
mlixtobom (dative dual)
mlixtobos (dative plural)
mlixtū (instrumental singular)
mlixtobim (dual instrumental)
mlixtobis (instrumental plural)
mlixtā (nominative singular)
mlixtai (dual nominative)
mlixtās (nominative plural)
mlixtā (singular vocative)
mlixtai (dual vocative)
mlixtās (plural vocative)
mlixtam (accusative singular)
mlixtai (accusative dual)
mlixtams (accusative plural)
mlixtās (genitive singular)
mlixtai (dative singular)
mlixtābom (dative dual)
mlixtābos (dative plural)
mlixtābim (dual instrumental)
mlixtābis (instrumental plural)
mlixtom (nominative singular)
mlixtā (nominative plural)
mlixtom (singular vocative)
mlixtā (plural vocative)
mlixtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: mligid

Middle Irish: bligid

Thematicization of Proto-Indo-European *h₂mélǵ-ti ~ *h₂ml̥ǵ-énti, an athematic root present from the root *h₂melǵ-.


nāwā

nāwā (nominative singular)
nāwai (dual nominative)
nāwās (nominative plural)
nāwā (singular vocative)
nāwai (dual vocative)
nāwās (plural vocative)
nāwam (accusative singular)
nāwai (accusative dual)
nāwāms (accusative plural)
nāwās (genitive singular)
nāwous (dual genitive)
nāwom (genitive plural)
nāwāi (dative singular)
nāwābom (dative dual)
nāwābos (dative plural)
nāwai (locative singular)
nāwābim (dual instrumental)
nāwābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: nau
Middle Irish: nó, nóe
Irish: nae

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“boat”), albeit with a shift to the *ā-stems.


mēnos

mēnos (nominative singular)
mēnou (dual nominative)
mēnoi (nominative plural)
mēne (singular vocative)
mēnou (dual vocative)
mēnoi (plural vocative)
mēnom (accusative singular)
mēnou (accusative dual)
mēnoms (accusative plural)
mēnī (genitive singular)
mēnous (dual genitive)
mēnom (genitive plural)
mēnūi (dative singular)
mēnobom (dative dual)
mēnobos (dative plural)
mēnū (instrumental singular)
mēnobim (dual instrumental)
mēnobis (instrumental plural)
mēnā (nominative singular)
mēnai (dual nominative)
mēnās (nominative plural)
mēnā (singular vocative)
mēnai (dual vocative)
mēnās (plural vocative)
mēnam (accusative singular)
mēnai (accusative dual)
mēnams (accusative plural)
mēnās (genitive singular)
mēnai (dative singular)
mēnābom (dative dual)
mēnābos (dative plural)
mēnābim (dual instrumental)
mēnābis (instrumental plural)
mēnom (nominative singular)
mēnā (nominative plural)
mēnom (singular vocative)
mēnā (plural vocative)
mēnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *muɨn (“mild, gentle”)

Old Breton: moin (“delicate”)

Middle Breton: moen (“thin”)

Breton: moan

Old Cornish: muin (“gracile”)

Middle Welsh: mwyn

Welsh: mwyn (“mild, gentle”)

Gaulish: *mēnos

⇒ Gaulish: Menos, Mena

→⇒ Latin: Menilus

→⇒ Latin: Meniō

→⇒ Latin: Dacumēna

→⇒ Latin: Sumēna

French: Sumène

Occitan: Sumena

From Proto-Indo-European *meyh₁- (“mild, soft”), whence also Latin mītis, Lithuanian meilė, and Sanskrit मयस् (mayas). See also Proto-Celtic *mīnis from the same root, but with different root ablaut and suffixation.


dwīnowVts

dwīnowūts (nominative singular)
dwīnowote (dual nominative)
dwīnowotes (nominative plural)
dwīnowūts (singular vocative)
dwīnowote (dual vocative)
dwīnowotes (plural vocative)
dwīnowotam (accusative singular)
dwīnowote (accusative dual)
dwīnowotams (accusative plural)
dwīnowotos (genitive singular)
dwīnowotou (dual genitive)
dwīnowotom (genitive plural)
dwīnowotei (dative singular)
dwīnowotobom (dative dual)
dwīnowotobos (dative plural)
dwīnowoti (locative singular)
dwīnowote? (instrumental singular)
dwīnowotobim (dual instrumental)
dwīnowotobis (instrumental plural)
dwīnowets (nominative singular)
dwīnowete (dual nominative)
dwīnowetes (nominative plural)
dwīnowets (singular vocative)
dwīnowete (dual vocative)
dwīnowetes (plural vocative)
dwīnowetam (accusative singular)
dwīnowete (accusative dual)
dwīnowetams (accusative plural)
dwīnowetos (genitive singular)
dwīnowetou (dual genitive)
dwīnowetom (genitive plural)
dwīnowetei (dative singular)
dwīnowetobom (dative dual)
dwīnowetobos (dative plural)
dwīnoweti (locative singular)
dwīnowete? (instrumental singular)
dwīnowetobim (dual instrumental)
dwīnowetobis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Old Cornish: deneuoit

desc

Middle Welsh: dynauet, dynaguet, dinavet, dinawet, dinewyt

Welsh: dyniawed, dynawed, dyniewed

Old Irish: dínu

Two possibilities exist:
* According to Schumacher, from a compound Proto-Indo-European *dw-iHno-wet-s from the root of *dwóh₁ (“two”) and the root *wet- (“year”) meaning "two-year-old".
* Alternatively, if *dīnunts is reconstructed instead, it can be related to Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle”), whence also *dinīti (“to suckle”).


mīnis

mīnis (nominative singular)
mīnī (dual nominative)
mīnīs (nominative plural)
mīni (singular vocative)
mīnī (dual vocative)
mīnīs (plural vocative)
mīnim (accusative singular)
mīnī (accusative dual)
mīnims (accusative plural)
mīnēs (genitive singular)
mīnyou (dual genitive)
mīnyom (genitive plural)
mīnē (dative singular)
mīnibom (dative dual)
mīnibos (dative plural)
mīnī (instrumental singular)
mīnibim (dual instrumental)
mīnibis (instrumental plural)
mīni (nominative singular)
mīnyā (nominative plural)
mīnyā (plural vocative)
mīni (accusative singular)
mīnyā (accusative plural)
mīnois (genitive singular)
mīnois (dual genitive)

Old Irish: mín

Middle Irish: mín

Irish: mín

Gaulish: *minios

→ Latin: Minius, Minnius

→⇒ Latin: Adminius

→⇒ Latin: Cominius

→⇒ Latin: Minicius, Minicia

→⇒ Latin: Minuso

→⇒ Latin: Minna

→⇒ Latin: Viminus

→⇒ Latin: Viminacium

→⇒ Latin: Viminavus

French: Vimeu

→⇒ Latin: Vimina

French: Visme

→ German: Wümme

From Proto-Indo-European *meyh₁- (“mild, soft”), whence also Latin mītis, Lithuanian meilė, and Sanskrit मयस् (mayas).


onkos

onkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
onkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
onkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
onke (masculine singular stem vocative)
onkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
onkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
onkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
onkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
onkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
onkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
onkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
onkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
onkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
onkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
onkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
onkei (locative masculine singular stem)
onkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
onkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
onkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *unk

Middle Welsh: wng, wg, ug

desctree

Old Irish: oc, ac
Middle Irish: oc
Irish: ag
Manx: ec
Scottish Gaelic: aig

If Matasović is right in relating this to *annketi (“to reach”), this would be from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ-, albeit with the vowel in the wrong spot (analogical to the verb?).


orgenā

orgenā (nominative singular)
orgenai (dual nominative)
orgenās (nominative plural)
orgenā (singular vocative)
orgenai (dual vocative)
orgenās (plural vocative)
orgenam (accusative singular)
orgenai (accusative dual)
orgenāms (accusative plural)
orgenās (genitive singular)
orgenous (dual genitive)
orgenom (genitive plural)
orgenāi (dative singular)
orgenābom (dative dual)
orgenābos (dative plural)
orgenai (locative singular)
orgenābim (dual instrumental)
orgenābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: orcun
Middle Irish: orcan, organ, argan
Irish: argain

→⇒ Latin: Orgeno (Gaulish theonym)

desc

→⇒ Latin: Orgenomesquī (name of a Cantabrian tribe, literally “drunk on slaughter”)

From a feminine substantivization of a *-nós verbal adjective built to the present stem *orge/o- of *orgeti.


Ogmiyos

Ogmiyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Ogmiyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
Ogmiyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
Ogmiyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
Ogmiyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
Ogmiyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Ogmiyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
Ogmiyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
Ogmiyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
Ogmiyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
Ogmiyobos (dative masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *Öɣβ̃ɨð

Old Welsh: Oumid

Middle Welsh: Efydd (legendary brother of Gwydion and Gilfaethwy)

Middle Irish: Ogma

Irish: Oghma

Gaulish: Ogmios

From *ogmos (“path, orbit, furrow”) + *-iyos (relational adjective suffix).


ogmos

ogmos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ogmou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ogmoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ogme (masculine singular stem vocative)
ogmou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ogmūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ogmom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ogmou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ogmoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ogmī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ogmous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ogmom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ogmūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ogmobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ogmobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ogmei (locative masculine singular stem)
ogmū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ogmobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ogmūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: ogum

Middle Irish: ogam

Irish: ogham

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂óǵmos, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄγμος (ógmos) and Sanskrit अज्म (ajma).