legeti

legū (active first-person present singular)
legemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
lilxsū (active first-person future singular)
lāga (active first-person preterite singular)
legesi (active present second-person singular)
legetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
lilxsesi (active future second-person singular)
lāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
legeti (active present singular third-person)
legeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
lilxseti (active future singular third-person)
lāge (active preterite singular third-person)
legomosi (active first-person plural present)
legemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lilxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
lāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
legetesi (active plural present second-person)
legestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
lilxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
lāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
legonti (active plural present third-person)
legento (active imperfect plural third-person)
lilxsonti (active future plural third-person)
lāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
lexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
lexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
lege (active imperative second-person singular)
lexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
legetou (active imperative singular third-person)
lexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
legomos (active first-person imperative plural)
lexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
legete (active imperative plural second-person)
lexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
legontou (active imperative plural third-person)
legūr (first-person passive present singular)
lilxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
legetar (passive present second-person singular)
lilxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
legetor (passive present singular third-person)
lilxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
legommor (first-person passive plural present)
lilxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
legedwe (passive plural present second-person)
lilxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
legontor (passive plural present third-person)
lilxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
lexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
lexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
lexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
lexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
lexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
lexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
lextos (nominative singular)
lextou (dual nominative)
lextoi (nominative plural)
lexte (singular vocative)
lextou (dual vocative)
lextoi (plural vocative)
lextom (accusative singular)
lextou (accusative dual)
lextoms (accusative plural)
lextī (genitive singular)
lextous (dual genitive)
lextom (genitive plural)
lextūi (dative singular)
lextobom (dative dual)
lextobos (dative plural)
lextū (instrumental singular)
lextobim (dual instrumental)
lextobis (instrumental plural)
lextā (nominative singular)
lextai (dual nominative)
lextās (nominative plural)
lextā (singular vocative)
lextai (dual vocative)
lextās (plural vocative)
lextam (accusative singular)
lextai (accusative dual)
lextams (accusative plural)
lextās (genitive singular)
lextai (dative singular)
lextābom (dative dual)
lextābos (dative plural)
lextābim (dual instrumental)
lextābis (instrumental plural)
lextom (nominative singular)
lextā (nominative plural)
lextom (singular vocative)
lextā (plural vocative)
lextā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: legaid
Irish: leáigh
Manx: lheie
Scottish Gaelic: leagh

table
From Proto-Indo-European *leg- (“to leak”). This verb was reshaped into a weak ā-verb in Goidelic, but not in Brythonic.


-sagyetor

-sagyūr (first-person passive present singular)
-sagyetar (passive present second-person singular)
-sagyetor (passive present singular third-person)
-sagyommor (first-person passive plural present)
-sagyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
-sagyontor (passive plural present third-person)

Old Irish: -igidir, -igid (non-deponent)
Irish: -igh
Manx: -ee
Scottish Gaelic: -ich

Proto-Brythonic: *-haɣjed

Cornish: -he

Breton: -aat

Welsh: -hau

From the primary verb *sagyeti (“to seek”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g-.


regeti

regū (active first-person present singular)
regemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
regesi (active present second-person singular)
regetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
regeti (active present singular third-person)
regeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
regomosi (active first-person plural present)
regemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
regetesi (active plural present second-person)
regestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
regonti (active plural present third-person)
regento (active imperfect plural third-person)
rege (active imperative second-person singular)
regetou (active imperative singular third-person)
regomos (active first-person imperative plural)
regete (active imperative plural second-person)
regontou (active imperative plural third-person)
regūr (first-person passive present singular)
regetar (passive present second-person singular)
regetor (passive present singular third-person)
regommor (first-person passive plural present)
regedwe (passive plural present second-person)
regontor (passive plural present third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *rreɣɨd

⇒ Old Breton: gurre

Middle Welsh: re

Welsh: rhe

⇒ Old Irish: at·reig, ad·reig
Middle Irish: éirgid
Irish: éirigh
Manx: irree
Scottish Gaelic: èirich

⇒ Old Irish: ad·eirrig, ad·errig
Middle Irish: aithrigid
Irish: athraigh
Manx: arree
Scottish Gaelic: atharraich

Gaulish: reguc

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (to be straightening), the thematic root verb of the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (to straighten). Cognates with Latin rego (“I rule”) and Sanskrit राजति (rā́jati, “to direct; to steer; to rule”).


kʷaryos

kʷaryos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kʷaryou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kʷaryoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kʷarye (masculine singular stem vocative)
kʷaryou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kʷaryūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kʷaryom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kʷaryou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kʷaryoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kʷaryī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kʷaryous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kʷaryom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kʷaryūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kʷaryobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kʷaryobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kʷaryei (locative masculine singular stem)
kʷaryū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kʷaryobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kʷaryūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *pėr

Old Breton:

Breton: per

Old Cornish: per

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: peir

Welsh: pair

desctree

Middle Irish: coire
Irish: coire
Manx: coirrey
Scottish Gaelic: coire

Transalpine Gaulish: parios

q

⇒ Transalpine Gaulish: [Term?] (name of two Celtic tribes in Yorkshire and in the Île-de-France)

→ Latin: Parisii

→ Vulgar Latin: *parium (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥-yos, from *kʷer- (“bowl, vessel”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *hweraz (“kettle”), Sanskrit चरु (carú, “kettle, pot”), Proto-Slavic *čara (“bowl, mug”).


moinis

moynis (nominative singular)
moynī (dual nominative)
moynīs (nominative plural)
moyni (singular vocative)
moynī (dual vocative)
moynīs (plural vocative)
moynim (accusative singular)
moynī (accusative dual)
moynims (accusative plural)
moyneis (genitive singular)
moynyow (dual genitive)
moynyom (genitive plural)
moynei (dative singular)
moynibom (dative dual)
moynibos (dative plural)
moynei (locative singular)
moynī (instrumental singular)
moynibim (dual instrumental)
moynibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *muɨn
Old Breton: moin (“delicate”)
Middle Breton: moen (“thin”)
Breton: moan
Old Cornish: muin (“gracile”)
Middle Welsh: mwyn
Welsh: mwyn

Old Irish: moín (“gift, benefit”)

Irish: maoin

Scottish Gaelic: maoin

From Proto-Indo-European *moynis (compare Latin mūnis (“obliging”), Old English mǣne (“common”)), from *mey- (“to change”).


Sabrinā

Celtic (Insular)
Sabrinā (nominative singular)
Sabrinā (singular vocative)
Sabrinās (genitive singular)
Sabrināi (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *Haβren
Old Welsh: Habren
Welsh: Hafren

→ Old English: Sæfern (r-metathesis)

Middle English: Severne

English: Severn

→ Latin: Sabrina

Late Latin: Sabrina, Saberna, Sæbrina (influenced by Old English form)

Irish: Sabhrainn

Perhaps from *samaros (“summer fallow, fallow land”) + *-īnā.

af

Severn, a river of England and Wales that flows into the Bristol Channel.


kasninā

kasninā (nominative singular)
kasninai (dual nominative)
kasninās (nominative plural)
kasninā (singular vocative)
kasninai (dual vocative)
kasninās (plural vocative)
kasninam (accusative singular)
kasninai (accusative dual)
kasnināms (accusative plural)
kasninās (genitive singular)
kasninous (dual genitive)
kasninom (genitive plural)
kasnināi (dative singular)
kasninābom (dative dual)
kasninābos (dative plural)
kasninai (locative singular)
kasninābim (dual instrumental)
kasninābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: caeninn

Middle Breton: quinghenn

Old Cornish: kenin

Old Welsh: cennin

Welsh: cennin

Old Irish: cainnenn, cainenn

Middle Irish: cainnenn

Irish: cainneann

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kesn- and cognate with Proto-Slavic *česnъ (“garlic”), though the similarity could be incidental. The a-vocalism may indicate a non-IE substrate loanword.


kallī

kallī (nominative singular)
kallī (dual nominative)
kalliyās (nominative plural)
kallī (singular vocative)
kallī (dual vocative)
kalliyās (plural vocative)
kallīm (accusative singular)
kallī (accusative dual)
kallīms (accusative plural)
kallyās (genitive singular)
kallyous (dual genitive)
kallyom (genitive plural)
kallyai (dative singular)
kallyābom (dative dual)
kallyābos (dative plural)
kallyābim (dual instrumental)
kallyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: caill

Irish: coill

Manx: keyll

Scottish Gaelic: coille

Old Breton: celli, cilli

Breton: killi

Old Cornish: kelli

Cornish: kelli

Middle Welsh: celli

Welsh: celli

Uncertain. Maybe a derivative of the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *kl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *kl̥-n-h₂-énti (“to beat”) of Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂-. Other suggestions include from *(s)kelH- (“to cut”), whence Proto-Germanic *skiljaną (“to cut”), or from *kel- (“to drive”), whence Latin callis (“path”).


klamos

klamos (nominative singular)
klamou (dual nominative)
klamoi (nominative plural)
klame (singular vocative)
klamou (dual vocative)
klamoi (plural vocative)
klamom (accusative singular)
klamou (accusative dual)
klamoms (accusative plural)
klamī (genitive singular)
klamous (dual genitive)
klamom (genitive plural)
klamūi (dative singular)
klamobom (dative dual)
klamobos (dative plural)
klamū (instrumental singular)
klamobim (dual instrumental)
klamobis (instrumental plural)
klamā (nominative singular)
klamai (dual nominative)
klamās (nominative plural)
klamā (singular vocative)
klamai (dual vocative)
klamās (plural vocative)
klamam (accusative singular)
klamai (accusative dual)
klamams (accusative plural)
klamās (genitive singular)
klamai (dative singular)
klamābom (dative dual)
klamābos (dative plural)
klamābim (dual instrumental)
klamābis (instrumental plural)
klamom (nominative singular)
klamā (nominative plural)
klamom (singular vocative)
klamā (plural vocative)
klamā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *klaβ̃
Middle Breton: claff
Breton: klañv
Old Cornish: claf
Cornish: klav, kloav
Middle Welsh: claf
Welsh: claf

Old Irish: clam
Middle Irish: clam

Unknown. Probably of non-Indo-European origin due to the a-vocalism. However, MacBain compares Sanskrit क्लान्त (klānta, “exhausted, wearied, fatigued”).


(s)kīttos

kīttos (nominative singular)
skīttos (nominative singular)
kīttou (dual nominative)
skīttou (dual nominative)
kīttoi (nominative plural)
skīttoi (nominative plural)
kītte (singular vocative)
skītte (singular vocative)
kīttou (dual vocative)
skīttou (dual vocative)
kīttoi (plural vocative)
skīttoi (plural vocative)
kīttom (accusative singular)
skīttom (accusative singular)
kīttou (accusative dual)
skīttou (accusative dual)
kīttoms (accusative plural)
skīttoms (accusative plural)
kīttī (genitive singular)
skīttī (genitive singular)
kīttous (dual genitive)
skīttous (dual genitive)
kīttom (genitive plural)
skīttom (genitive plural)
kīttūi (dative singular)
skīttūi (dative singular)
kīttobom (dative dual)
skīttobom (dative dual)
kīttobos (dative plural)
skīttobos (dative plural)
kīttū (instrumental singular)
skīttū (instrumental singular)
kīttobim (dual instrumental)
skīttobim (dual instrumental)
kīttobis (instrumental plural)
skīttobis (instrumental plural)
kīttā (nominative singular)
skīttā (nominative singular)
kīttai (dual nominative)
skīttai (dual nominative)
kīttās (nominative plural)
skīttās (nominative plural)
kīttā (singular vocative)
skīttā (singular vocative)
kīttai (dual vocative)
skīttai (dual vocative)
kīttās (plural vocative)
skīttās (plural vocative)
kīttam (accusative singular)
skīttam (accusative singular)
kīttai (accusative dual)
skīttai (accusative dual)
kīttams (accusative plural)
skīttams (accusative plural)
kīttās (genitive singular)
skīttās (genitive singular)
kīttai (dative singular)
skīttai (dative singular)
kīttābom (dative dual)
skīttābom (dative dual)
kīttābos (dative plural)
skīttābos (dative plural)
kīttābim (dual instrumental)
skīttābim (dual instrumental)
kīttābis (instrumental plural)
skīttābis (instrumental plural)
kīttom (nominative singular)
skīttom (nominative singular)
kīttā (nominative plural)
skīttā (nominative plural)
kīttom (singular vocative)
skīttom (singular vocative)
kīttā (plural vocative)
skīttā (plural vocative)
kīttā (accusative plural)
skīttā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: cittach

Irish: ciotach

Scottish Gaelic: ciotach

Manx: kyttagh

Middle Welsh: chwith

Welsh: chwith

From Proto-Indo-European *skh₂ey- (“left”). Cognate with Latin scaevus (“left, clumsy”), Ancient Greek σκαιός (skaiós, “left, unlucky, awkward”).


drūtos

drūtos (nominative singular)
drūtou (dual nominative)
drūtoi (nominative plural)
drūte (singular vocative)
drūtou (dual vocative)
drūtoi (plural vocative)
drūtom (accusative singular)
drūtou (accusative dual)
drūtoms (accusative plural)
drūtī (genitive singular)
drūtous (dual genitive)
drūtom (genitive plural)
drūtūi (dative singular)
drūtobom (dative dual)
drūtobos (dative plural)
drūtū (instrumental singular)
drūtobim (dual instrumental)
drūtobis (instrumental plural)
drūtā (nominative singular)
drūtai (dual nominative)
drūtās (nominative plural)
drūtā (singular vocative)
drūtai (dual vocative)
drūtās (plural vocative)
drūtam (accusative singular)
drūtai (accusative dual)
drūtams (accusative plural)
drūtās (genitive singular)
drūtai (dative singular)
drūtābom (dative dual)
drūtābos (dative plural)
drūtābim (dual instrumental)
drūtābis (instrumental plural)
drūtom (nominative singular)
drūtā (nominative plural)
drūtom (singular vocative)
drūtā (plural vocative)
drūtā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: Trutiknos

→ Gallo-Latin: *drudos

Middle Irish: drúth

Middle Welsh: drut

Welsh: drud

Unknown; the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree; firm”) is doubtful. The u of the Welsh word is unexpected, as Proto-Celtic *ū becomes *i in Proto-Brythonic and i in Welsh (compare Proto-Celtic *dūnom > Welsh din). It is possible the Welsh word was influenced by Gaulish or Goidelic, or is a loanword from one of them.


sanestos

sanestos (masculine nominative singular stem)
sanestou (dual masculine nominative stem)
sanestoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
saneste (masculine singular stem vocative)
sanestou (dual masculine stem vocative)
sanestūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
sanestom (accusative masculine singular stem)
sanestou (accusative dual masculine stem)
sanestoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
sanestī (genitive masculine singular stem)
sanestous (dual genitive masculine stem)
sanestom (genitive masculine plural stem)
sanestūi (dative masculine singular stem)
sanestobom (dative dual masculine stem)
sanestobos (dative masculine plural stem)
sanestei (locative masculine singular stem)
sanestū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
sanestobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
sanestūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *hanes

Cornish: hanas, hanys (“sigh”)

Middle Welsh: hanes

Welsh: hanes

Middle Irish: sanas, sanais

Irish: sanas

Manx: sannish

Scottish Gaelic: sanas

Of unclear origin. The usual comparison to Proto-Celtic *swannati (from Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”)) is formally very unlikely, as proto-Celtic *sw- regularly corresponds to chw- in Welsh, yet the Welsh descendant of this root features an h- instead. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sn-Hes-to- (“wisdom of the elders, ancient lore”) (which would semantically shift to "advice" > "whisper"), from *sénos (“old”); however, this is semantically bold and makes an assumption that "advice" was the original meaning.


wāris

wāris (nominative singular)
wārī (dual nominative)
wārīs (nominative plural)
wāri (singular vocative)
wārī (dual vocative)
wārīs (plural vocative)
wārim (accusative singular)
wārī (accusative dual)
wārims (accusative plural)
wāreis (genitive singular)
wāryow (dual genitive)
wāryom (genitive plural)
wārei (dative singular)
wāribom (dative dual)
wāribos (dative plural)
wārei (locative singular)
wārī (instrumental singular)
wāribim (dual instrumental)
wāribis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: fáir

Welsh: gwawr

From Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).


wesākos

wesākos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wesākou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wesākoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wesāke (masculine singular stem vocative)
wesākou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wesākūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wesākom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wesākou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wesākoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wesākī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wesākous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wesākom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wesākūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wesākobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wesākobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wesākei (locative masculine singular stem)
wesākū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wesākobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wesākūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: fiach, fíach (“raven”)

Irish: fiach

Manx: feeagh

Scottish Gaelic: fitheach

desc

Middle Welsh: gwyach (“grebe, Podiceps”)

Welsh: gwyach

Unknown. Possibly borrowed or derived from a non-Indo-European substrate. Welsh gwyach (f) points to a geminate form, *wesakkos. Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to consume, feast, eat”).


yalom

iālom (nominative singular)
iālou (dual nominative)
iālā (nominative plural)
iālom (singular vocative)
iālou (dual vocative)
iālā (plural vocative)
iālom (accusative singular)
iālou (accusative dual)
iālā (accusative plural)
iālī (genitive singular)
iālous (dual genitive)
iālom (genitive plural)
iālūi (dative singular)
iālobom (dative dual)
iālobos (dative plural)
iālei (locative singular)
iālū (instrumental singular)
iālobim (dual instrumental)
iālūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Welsh: ial

Welsh: iâl

Pictish:

→ English: Yell

Gaulish: *ialum

→ *Eburoialum, *Vernoialum, *Nantoialum (toponyms)

From Pre-Celtic *ih̥₁-l-eh₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁-. Related to Russian я́ловый (jálovyj, “barren”), Latvian jēls (“raw, uncooked”), English idle.


serrā

serrā (nominative singular)
serrai (dual nominative)
serrās (nominative plural)
serrā (singular vocative)
serrai (dual vocative)
serrās (plural vocative)
serram (accusative singular)
serrai (accusative dual)
serrāms (accusative plural)
serrās (genitive singular)
serrous (dual genitive)
serrom (genitive plural)
serrāi (dative singular)
serrābom (dative dual)
serrābos (dative plural)
serrai (locative singular)
serrābim (dual instrumental)
serrābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: serr

Middle Irish: serr

Scottish Gaelic: seàrr

Old Welsh: serr

Welsh: ser

Gaulish: serra

Old French:

French: Syrah, serine

→? Latin: serra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *serp- (“sickle, cut”).


omiyom

omiyom (nominative singular)
omiyou (dual nominative)
omiyā (nominative plural)
omiyom (singular vocative)
omiyou (dual vocative)
omiyā (plural vocative)
omiyom (accusative singular)
omiyou (accusative dual)
omiyā (accusative plural)
omiyī (genitive singular)
omiyous (dual genitive)
omiyom (genitive plural)
omiyūi (dative singular)
omiyobom (dative dual)
omiyobos (dative plural)
omiyei (locative singular)
omiyū (instrumental singular)
omiyobim (dual instrumental)
omiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *öβ̃ɨð

Old Welsh: emid

Middle Welsh: euyð

Welsh: efydd

desctree

Old Irish: umae, humae
Middle Irish: uma
Irish: umha
Scottish Gaelic: umha
Manx: ooha

Perhaps from Proto-Celtic *omos (“raw”) however, the semantic connection is hard to establish.


omos

omos (nominative singular)
omou (dual nominative)
omoi (nominative plural)
ome (singular vocative)
omou (dual vocative)
omoi (plural vocative)
omom (accusative singular)
omou (accusative dual)
omoms (accusative plural)
omī (genitive singular)
omous (dual genitive)
omom (genitive plural)
omūi (dative singular)
omobom (dative dual)
omobos (dative plural)
omū (instrumental singular)
omobim (dual instrumental)
omobis (instrumental plural)
omā (nominative singular)
omai (dual nominative)
omās (nominative plural)
omā (singular vocative)
omai (dual vocative)
omās (plural vocative)
omam (accusative singular)
omai (accusative dual)
omams (accusative plural)
omās (genitive singular)
omai (dative singular)
omābom (dative dual)
omābos (dative plural)
omābim (dual instrumental)
omābis (instrumental plural)
omom (nominative singular)
omā (nominative plural)
omom (singular vocative)
omā (plural vocative)
omā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oβ̃

Welsh: of

Old Irish: om
Middle Irish: om
Irish: amh
Scottish Gaelic: amh
Manx: aw


sālos

sālos (masculine nominative singular stem)
sālou (dual masculine nominative stem)
sāloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
sāle (masculine singular stem vocative)
sālou (dual masculine stem vocative)
sālūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
sālom (accusative masculine singular stem)
sālou (accusative dual masculine stem)
sāloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
sālī (genitive masculine singular stem)
sālous (dual genitive masculine stem)
sālom (genitive masculine plural stem)
sālūi (dative masculine singular stem)
sālobom (dative dual masculine stem)
sālobos (dative masculine plural stem)
sālei (locative masculine singular stem)
sālū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
sālobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
sālūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *hal

Breton: hal

Welsh: hâl

Old Irish: sál, sáile
Irish: sáile
Scottish Gaelic: sàl

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂l- (“salt”).


salēnos

salanos (masculine nominative singular stem)
salanou (dual masculine nominative stem)
salanoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
salane (masculine singular stem vocative)
salanou (dual masculine stem vocative)
salanūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
salanom (accusative masculine singular stem)
salanou (accusative dual masculine stem)
salanoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
salanī (genitive masculine singular stem)
salanous (dual genitive masculine stem)
salanom (genitive masculine plural stem)
salanūi (dative masculine singular stem)
salanobom (dative dual masculine stem)
salanobos (dative masculine plural stem)
salanei (locative masculine singular stem)
salanū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
salanobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
salanūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *haluɨn
Middle Breton: halon
Breton: halen
Old Cornish: haloin
Middle Cornish: halan, halen
Middle Welsh: halwyn, halaen, halen
Welsh: halen

Old Irish: salann

Irish: salann

Manx: sollan

Scottish Gaelic: salann

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (“salt”).


antom

antom (nominative singular)
antou (dual nominative)
antā (nominative plural)
antom (singular vocative)
antou (dual vocative)
antā (plural vocative)
antom (accusative singular)
antou (accusative dual)
antā (accusative plural)
antī (genitive singular)
antous (dual genitive)
antom (genitive plural)
antūi (dative singular)
antobom (dative dual)
antobos (dative plural)
antei (locative singular)
antū (instrumental singular)
antobim (dual instrumental)
antūis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: anton, Antobroges


anextlom

anextlom (nominative singular)
anextlou (dual nominative)
anextlā (nominative plural)
anextlom (singular vocative)
anextlou (dual vocative)
anextlā (plural vocative)
anextlom (accusative singular)
anextlou (accusative dual)
anextlā (accusative plural)
anextlī (genitive singular)
anextlous (dual genitive)
anextlom (genitive plural)
anextlūi (dative singular)
anextlobom (dative dual)
anextlobos (dative plural)
anextlei (locative singular)
anextlū (instrumental singular)
anextlobim (dual instrumental)
anextlūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: anacol, anacul
Middle Irish: anacal
Irish: anacal

⇒ Gaulish: *Anextlomaros

→ Latin: Anextlomarus


rowesyā

rowesyā (nominative singular)
rowesyai (dual nominative)
rowesyās (nominative plural)
rowesyā (singular vocative)
rowesyai (dual vocative)
rowesyās (plural vocative)
rowesyam (accusative singular)
rowesyai (accusative dual)
rowesyāms (accusative plural)
rowesyās (genitive singular)
rowesyous (dual genitive)
rowesyom (genitive plural)
rowesyāi (dative singular)
rowesyābom (dative dual)
rowesyābos (dative plural)
rowesyai (locative singular)
rowesyābim (dual instrumental)
rowesyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: róe

From Proto-Indo-European *rewh₁os (“open space”). Cognate with Latin rus (“countryside; country”) and Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵- (rauuah-, “open space”).


wertyā

wertyā (nominative singular)
wertyai (dual nominative)
wertyās (nominative plural)
wertyā (singular vocative)
wertyai (dual vocative)
wertyās (plural vocative)
wertyam (accusative singular)
wertyai (accusative dual)
wertyāms (accusative plural)
wertyās (genitive singular)
wertyous (dual genitive)
wertyom (genitive plural)
wertyāi (dative singular)
wertyābom (dative dual)
wertyābos (dative plural)
wertyai (locative singular)
wertyābim (dual instrumental)
wertyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: fertae

From Proto-Indo-European *Hwer- (“to cover, close”).


ɸratom

ɸratom (nominative singular)
ɸratou (dual nominative)
ɸratā (nominative plural)
ɸratom (singular vocative)
ɸratou (dual vocative)
ɸratā (plural vocative)
ɸratom (accusative singular)
ɸratou (accusative dual)
ɸratā (accusative plural)
ɸratī (genitive singular)
ɸratous (dual genitive)
ɸratom (genitive plural)
ɸratūi (dative singular)
ɸratobom (dative dual)
ɸratobos (dative plural)
ɸratei (locative singular)
ɸratū (instrumental singular)
ɸratobim (dual instrumental)
ɸratūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrad

Old Welsh: rat

Middle Welsh: rat

Welsh: rhad

Cornish: ras

desctree

Old Irish: rath, rad, rat
Middle Irish: rath
Irish: rath


briwā

briwā (nominative singular)
briwai (dual nominative)
briwās (nominative plural)
briwā (singular vocative)
briwai (dual vocative)
briwās (plural vocative)
briwam (accusative singular)
briwai (accusative dual)
briwāms (accusative plural)
briwās (genitive singular)
briwous (dual genitive)
briwom (genitive plural)
briwāi (dative singular)
briwābom (dative dual)
briwābos (dative plural)
briwai (locative singular)
briwābim (dual instrumental)
briwābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: briua

desc

Lepontic: 𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌉𐌀𐌌 (pruiam, “funerary construction”)

From to Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁w-o, perhaps from *bʰrewh₁-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *brugjǭ (English bridge, German Brücke).


ɸlitawī

ɸlitawī (nominative singular)
ɸlitawī (dual nominative)
ɸlitawiyās (nominative plural)
ɸlitawī (singular vocative)
ɸlitawī (dual vocative)
ɸlitawiyās (plural vocative)
ɸlitawīm (accusative singular)
ɸlitawī (accusative dual)
ɸlitawīms (accusative plural)
ɸlitawyās (genitive singular)
ɸlitawyous (dual genitive)
ɸlitawyom (genitive plural)
ɸlitawyai (dative singular)
ɸlitawyābom (dative dual)
ɸlitawyābos (dative plural)
ɸlitawyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlitawyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *Llɨdaw (“mainland Europe; Brittany”)
Old Breton: Letau
Breton: Ledav
→ French: Létavie
Cornish: Lesow
Old Welsh: Litau
Welsh: Llydaw
→ Old English: *Lidwīc
Old English: Lidwīccas, Lidwīcingas (“Bretons”)

Gaulish: *litawi

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂éwih₂ (“country”) from *pléth₂us (“flat, broad”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī) and Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī).

cog

Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī)


dusnos

dusnos (nominative singular)
dusnou (dual nominative)
dusnoi (nominative plural)
dusne (singular vocative)
dusnou (dual vocative)
dusnoi (plural vocative)
dusnom (accusative singular)
dusnou (accusative dual)
dusnoms (accusative plural)
dusnī (genitive singular)
dusnous (dual genitive)
dusnom (genitive plural)
dusnūi (dative singular)
dusnobom (dative dual)
dusnobos (dative plural)
dusnū (instrumental singular)
dusnobim (dual instrumental)
dusnobis (instrumental plural)
dusnā (nominative singular)
dusnai (dual nominative)
dusnās (nominative plural)
dusnā (singular vocative)
dusnai (dual vocative)
dusnās (plural vocative)
dusnam (accusative singular)
dusnai (accusative dual)
dusnams (accusative plural)
dusnās (genitive singular)
dusnai (dative singular)
dusnābom (dative dual)
dusnābos (dative plural)
dusnābim (dual instrumental)
dusnābis (instrumental plural)
dusnom (nominative singular)
dusnā (nominative plural)
dusnom (singular vocative)
dusnā (plural vocative)
dusnā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: donn

Irish: donn

Manx: dhone

Scottish Gaelic: donn

Middle Welsh: dwnn

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-, further to *dʰewh₂-. Cognate Latin fuscus and Old English dox.


ɸolkā

ɸolkā (nominative singular)
ɸolkai (dual nominative)
ɸolkās (nominative plural)
ɸolkā (singular vocative)
ɸolkai (dual vocative)
ɸolkās (plural vocative)
ɸolkam (accusative singular)
ɸolkai (accusative dual)
ɸolkāms (accusative plural)
ɸolkās (genitive singular)
ɸolkous (dual genitive)
ɸolkom (genitive plural)
ɸolkāi (dative singular)
ɸolkābom (dative dual)
ɸolkābos (dative plural)
ɸolkai (locative singular)
ɸolkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸolkābis (instrumental plural)

→ Galician: olga

Gaulish: *olca

→ Latin: olca

From Proto-Indo-European *polḱeh₂ (“plowed field”). Cognate with Old High German felga and Russian полоса (polosa).


boudi

boudi (nominative singular)
boudī (dual nominative)
boudyā (nominative plural)
boudi (singular vocative)
boudī (dual vocative)
boudyā (plural vocative)
boudi (accusative singular)
boudī (accusative dual)
boudyā (accusative plural)
boudois (genitive singular)
boudois (dual genitive)
boudyom (genitive plural)
boudei (dative singular)
boudibom (dative dual)
boudibos (dative plural)
boudei (locative singular)
boudī (instrumental singular)
boudibim (dual instrumental)
boudibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉð m

Old Breton: bud

Breton: buz

Cornish: budh

Middle Welsh: buð

Welsh: budd

Old Irish: búaid n, boid (archaic)

Irish: bua

Scottish Gaelic: buaidh

Manx: booie

Gaulish: *boudi

⇒ Gaulish: *Boudilātis

→ Latin: Boudilatis

→? Old Dutch: *būti (or ← Germanic *biūtjaną) (see there for further descendants)

→? Vulgar Latin: *boudinus (or *būtinus ← Frankish)

desctree

Old French: butin (“spoils, plunder”), botin
Middle French: butin
French: butin
→ Breton: butin
→ Catalan: botí
→ Middle English: bottyne, botye, buty
English: booty, bootyn (archaic)

Italian: bottino (“spoils, plunder”)

q

a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*hildi</i> (“battle”)

→⇒ Latin: Baudihillia, Boudihillia (theonym) (a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-West Germanic *hildi (“battle”))

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷóh₁udʰ-i ~ *gʷuh₁dʰ-éy-s, from dʰe-present *gʷéh₁u-dʰe-ti, from *gʷeh₁w- (“to increase, gain”), cognate with Proto-Iranian *fragaHwah (“profit, gain”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *gáuˀtei (“to obtain, gain”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-, a root potentially shared with the Germanic cognates if they are not borrowed, perhaps the same root as *bʰewd- (“to strike”) (cf. Proto-Germanic *bautaną, Proto-Celtic *bibud- (“guilty; culprit”)).


moniyos

moniyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
moniyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
moniyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
moniye (masculine singular stem vocative)
moniyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
moniyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
moniyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
moniyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
moniyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
moniyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
moniyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
moniyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
moniyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
moniyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
moniyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
moniyei (locative masculine singular stem)
moniyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
moniyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
moniyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mönɨð (“mountain”)
Old Breton: monid
Breton: menez
Old Cornish: menit
Cornish: menydh
Middle Welsh: mynyð
Welsh: mynydd
→ Middle Irish: moned, monad (found only in Scottish toponyms)
Scottish Gaelic: monadh

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to stand out, to tower”). Cognate with Latin mons and Old Norse mœnir.


kattos

kattos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kattou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kattoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
katte (masculine singular stem vocative)
kattou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kattūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kattom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kattou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kattoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kattī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kattous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kattom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kattūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kattobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kattobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kattei (locative masculine singular stem)
kattū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kattobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kattūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: catt
Irish: cat
Manx: kayt
Scottish Gaelic: cat
⇒ Middle Irish: caittín

Gaulish: *cattos

desc

→ Latin: Cattos, Cattus, Catta, Cattosa, Catto, Cattius

Assumed to be a loanword from Latin cattus or Proto-Germanic *kattuz (see the entry cat for further etymology).


ɸenos

ɸenos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ɸenou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ɸenoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ɸene (masculine singular stem vocative)
ɸenou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ɸenūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ɸenom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ɸenou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ɸenoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ɸenī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ɸenous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ɸenom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ɸenūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ɸenobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ɸenobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ɸenei (locative masculine singular stem)
ɸenū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ɸenobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ɸenūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: enwyn (“buttermilk”)

Middle Irish: en (“water”)

Gaulish: anam (“swamp, marsh”) (accusative singular), *Enos (“River Inn”)

→ Latin: Aenus

→ German: Inn

From Proto-Indo-European *pen- (“moist; wet; mud; swamp; water”). Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹 (fani).


neros

neros (masculine nominative singular stem)
nerou (dual masculine nominative stem)
neroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
nere (masculine singular stem vocative)
nerou (dual masculine stem vocative)
nerūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
nerom (accusative masculine singular stem)
nerou (accusative dual masculine stem)
neroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
nerī (genitive masculine singular stem)
nerous (dual genitive masculine stem)
nerom (genitive masculine plural stem)
nerūi (dative masculine singular stem)
nerobom (dative dual masculine stem)
nerobos (dative masculine plural stem)
nerei (locative masculine singular stem)
nerū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
nerobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
nerūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *ner

Middle Welsh: ner (“chief, hero”)

Welsh: nêr

Celtiberian: *Neroi (“Neri”) (ethnonym)

→ Latin: Neri

>? Old Irish: ner (“boar”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr (“man”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀνήρ (anḗr) and Latin Nerō.


olīnā

olīnā (nominative singular)
olīnai (dual nominative)
olīnās (nominative plural)
olīnā (singular vocative)
olīnai (dual vocative)
olīnās (plural vocative)
olīnam (accusative singular)
olīnai (accusative dual)
olīnāms (accusative plural)
olīnās (genitive singular)
olīnous (dual genitive)
olīnom (genitive plural)
olīnāi (dative singular)
olīnābom (dative dual)
olīnābos (dative plural)
olīnai (locative singular)
olīnābim (dual instrumental)
olīnābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: elin

Breton: elin

Cornish: elyn, elin

Old Welsh: elinou (plural)

Welsh: elin

Goidelic:

Old Irish: uilen

Irish: uillinn

Manx: uillin

Scottish Gaelic: uileann

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l- (“to bow, to bend; elbow”). Cognate with Latin ulna and Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (aleina).


kanxsman

kanxsman (nominative singular)
kanxsmane? (dual nominative)
kanxsmana (nominative plural)
kanxsman (singular vocative)
kanxsmane? (dual vocative)
kanxsmana (plural vocative)
kanxsman (accusative singular)
kanxsmane? (accusative dual)
kanxsmana (accusative plural)
kanxsmens (genitive singular)
kanxsmenous? (dual genitive)
kanxsmenom (genitive plural)
kanxsmenē (dative singular)
kanxsmembom (dative dual)
kanxsmembos (dative plural)
kanxsmen (locative singular)
kanxsmeni (locative singular)
kanxsmenē (instrumental singular)
kanxsmembim (dual instrumental)
kanxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kam

Middle Breton: cam

Cornish: cam

Old Welsh: cemmein

Welsh: cam

Celtiberian: kamanom (possibly)

Gaulish: *kamman

Early Medieval Latin: cammīnus (see there for further descendants)

Old Irish: céimm

Irish: céim

Manx: keim

Scottish Gaelic: ceum

Related to *kengeti (“to step”) + *-sman.


nemetom

nemētom (nominative singular)
nemētou (dual nominative)
nemētā (nominative plural)
nemētom (singular vocative)
nemētou (dual vocative)
nemētā (plural vocative)
nemētom (accusative singular)
nemētou (accusative dual)
nemētā (accusative plural)
nemētī (genitive singular)
nemētous (dual genitive)
nemētom (genitive plural)
nemētūi (dative singular)
nemētobom (dative dual)
nemētobos (dative plural)
nemētei (locative singular)
nemētū (instrumental singular)
nemētobim (dual instrumental)
nemētūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *neβ̃ed

Old Breton: -nimet

Middle Breton: neved (“sanctuary”)

Breton: neñved

Old Welsh: -nivet

Middle Welsh: nyuet

Welsh: nyfed (“sacred grove”)

Gaulish: νεμητον

→ Latin: Nemetum

desc

⇒ Latin: Augustonemetum (“Clermont-Ferrand”) (place-name)

⇒ Latin: Nemetodurum (place-name)

French: Nanterre

→ Latin: Vernemetis

desctree

Old Irish: nemed, neimed
Irish: neimheadh

Hispano-Celtic:

→⇒ Latin: Nemetobriga (place-name)

→ Galician: Nendos (place-name)

From Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to distribute”).


imbetom

imbetom (nominative singular)
imbetou (dual nominative)
imbetā (nominative plural)
imbetom (singular vocative)
imbetou (dual vocative)
imbetā (plural vocative)
imbetom (accusative singular)
imbetou (accusative dual)
imbetā (accusative plural)
imbetī (genitive singular)
imbetous (dual genitive)
imbetom (genitive plural)
imbetūi (dative singular)
imbetobom (dative dual)
imbetobos (dative plural)
imbetei (locative singular)
imbetū (instrumental singular)
imbetobim (dual instrumental)
imbetūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Welsh: immet

Gaulish: *Imbetyos, *Imbetos (Personal names)

→ Latin: Imbetius, Imbetus

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: imbed, imbad
Irish: iomad
Scottish Gaelic: iomadh


atiliyeti

atiliyū (active first-person present singular)
atiliyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
atiliyesi (active present second-person singular)
atiliyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
atiliyeti (active present singular third-person)
atiliyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
atiliyomosi (active first-person plural present)
atiliyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
atiliyetesi (active plural present second-person)
atiliyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
atiliyonti (active plural present third-person)
atiliyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
atiliye (active imperative second-person singular)
atiliyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
atiliyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
atiliyete (active imperative plural second-person)
atiliyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
atiliyūr (first-person passive present singular)
atiliyetar (passive present second-person singular)
atiliyetor (passive present singular third-person)
atiliyommor (first-person passive plural present)
atiliyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
atiliyontor (passive plural present third-person)

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: edlynu (“to smear, daub”)

Goidelic:

desc

Old Irish: adlen (“adheres to, follows”)


koimos

koimos (nominative singular)
koimou (dual nominative)
koimoi (nominative plural)
koime (singular vocative)
koimou (dual vocative)
koimoi (plural vocative)
koimom (accusative singular)
koimou (accusative dual)
koimoms (accusative plural)
koimī (genitive singular)
koimous (dual genitive)
koimom (genitive plural)
koimūi (dative singular)
koimobom (dative dual)
koimobos (dative plural)
koimū (instrumental singular)
koimobim (dual instrumental)
koimobis (instrumental plural)
koimā (nominative singular)
koimai (dual nominative)
koimās (nominative plural)
koimā (singular vocative)
koimai (dual vocative)
koimās (plural vocative)
koimam (accusative singular)
koimai (accusative dual)
koimams (accusative plural)
koimās (genitive singular)
koimai (dative singular)
koimābom (dative dual)
koimābos (dative plural)
koimābim (dual instrumental)
koimābis (instrumental plural)
koimom (nominative singular)
koimā (nominative plural)
koimom (singular vocative)
koimā (plural vocative)
koimā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kʉβ̃

Old Breton: cum

Middle Breton: cunff, cuff

Breton: kuñv

Cornish: kuv, cueff

Middle Welsh: ku

Welsh: cu

Old Irish: cóem

Irish: caomh

Scottish Gaelic: caomh

Gaulish: Coemo

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóymos (“of the home, belonging to the family”) (compare English home and Lithuanian káimas (“village, countryside”)), from *ḱey-.


Φerkunyos

Φerkunyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Φerkunye (masculine singular stem vocative)
Φerkunyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Φerkunyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Φerkunyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Φerkunyei (locative masculine singular stem)
Φerkunyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

Gaulish: *Erkunyos

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀρκύνια (Arkúnia), Ὀρκύνιος (Orkúnios)

→ Latin: Hercynia

From Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“oak”).


wētis

wētis (nominative singular)
wētī (dual nominative)
wētīs (nominative plural)
wēti (singular vocative)
wētī (dual vocative)
wētīs (plural vocative)
wētim (accusative singular)
wētī (accusative dual)
wētims (accusative plural)
wēteis (genitive singular)
wētyow (dual genitive)
wētyom (genitive plural)
wētei (dative singular)
wētibom (dative dual)
wētibos (dative plural)
wētei (locative singular)
wētī (instrumental singular)
wētibim (dual instrumental)
wētibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: gueden

Breton: gwedenn

Old Cornish: guiden

Middle Cornish: gusen

Middle Welsh: gwyden, gwden

Middle Irish: féith

Irish: féith


linnā

linnā (nominative singular)
linnai (dual nominative)
linnās (nominative plural)
linnā (singular vocative)
linnai (dual vocative)
linnās (plural vocative)
linnam (accusative singular)
linnai (accusative dual)
linnāms (accusative plural)
linnās (genitive singular)
linnous (dual genitive)
linnom (genitive plural)
linnāi (dative singular)
linnābom (dative dual)
linnābos (dative plural)
linnai (locative singular)
linnābim (dual instrumental)
linnābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llenn
Old Breton: lenn
Breton: lenn
Old Cornish: len
Cornish: len
Old Welsh: lenn
Middle Welsh: llen
Welsh: llen

Old Irish: lenn

Gaulish: *linnā (“mantle”)

→ Latin: linnā

From Proto-Indo-European *linom (“flax”) plus an unknown suffix, maybe Proto-Indo-European *-sneh₂ (“Used to form nouns denoting an object”) as one of the suffixes suggested by Matasović. The original Proto-Indo-European word doesn’t seem to be confined to a single form; Proto-Celtic, for example, has two versions, one with the long /i/ and another with its short counterpart. See Latin līnum, Proto-Germanic *līną for more information.


līnom

līnom (nominative singular)
līnou (dual nominative)
līnā (nominative plural)
līnom (singular vocative)
līnou (dual vocative)
līnā (plural vocative)
līnom (accusative singular)
līnou (accusative dual)
līnā (accusative plural)
līnī (genitive singular)
līnous (dual genitive)
līnom (genitive plural)
līnūi (dative singular)
līnobom (dative dual)
līnobos (dative plural)
līnei (locative singular)
līnū (instrumental singular)
līnobim (dual instrumental)
līnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llin
Middle Breton: lin
Cornish: lyn
Welsh: llin

Old Irish: lín (“flax”)
Irish: líon (“flax”)
Scottish Gaelic: lìon (“net”)

table
From Proto-Indo-European *līnom (“flax”). Matasović derives the word from Latin līnum (“flax”). See *linnā (“veil, cloak”).


līnom

Proto-Brythonic: *llin
Middle Breton: lin
Cornish: lyn
Middle Welsh: llin

Old Irish: lín (“full number”)
Irish: líon (“full number”)

table
From Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to flow”). Compare Old Irish díle and Welsh dillydd, and see *liyeti (“to flow”) for more cognates.


slēbos

slēbos (neuter nominative singular)
slēbese? (dual neuter nominative)
slēbesa (neuter nominative plural)
slēbos (neuter singular vocative)
slēbese? (dual neuter vocative)
slēbesa (neuter plural vocative)
slēbos (accusative neuter singular)
slēbese? (accusative dual neuter)
slēbesa (accusative neuter plural)
slēbesos (genitive neuter singular)
slēbesous? (dual genitive neuter)
slēbesom (genitive neuter plural)
slēbesē (dative neuter singular)
slēbesbom (dative dual neuter)
slēbesbos (dative neuter plural)
slēbesi (locative neuter singular)
slēbesē (instrumental neuter singular)
slēbesbim (dual instrumental neuter)
slēbesbis (instrumental neuter plural)

Matasović proposes that the term comes from Proto-Indo-European *sley-bʰo-, with the root as Proto-Indo-European *sley- (“to smear”), so the meaning would have been 'slippery surface, slope'. He concludes, however, that the semantic connection is weak. MacBain suggests Proto-Indo-European *slewb(ʰ)- (“to slip, glide”), the root of Proto-Germanic *sleupaną (“to slink, creep”).

cog

slébIrish: sliabhManx: slieauScottish Gaelic: sliabh


skrībbāti

skrībbāmi (active first-person present singular)
skrībbāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
skrībbāsi (active present second-person singular)
skrībbātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
skrībbāti (active present singular third-person)
skrībbāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
skrībbāmosi (active first-person plural present)
skrībbāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
skrībbātesi (active plural present second-person)
skrībbāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
skrībbānti (active plural present third-person)
skrībbānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
skrībbā (active imperative second-person singular)
skrībbātou (active imperative singular third-person)
skrībbāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
skrībbāte (active imperative plural second-person)
skrībbāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
skrībbār (first-person passive present singular)
skrībbātar (passive present second-person singular)
skrībbātor (passive present singular third-person)
skrībbāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
skrībbādwe (passive plural present second-person)
skrībbāntor (passive plural present third-person)

Middle Irish: scrípaid

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *skreybʰ-.


messamos

messamos (nominative singular)
messamou (dual nominative)
messamoi (nominative plural)
messame (singular vocative)
messamou (dual vocative)
messamoi (plural vocative)
messamom (accusative singular)
messamou (accusative dual)
messamoms (accusative plural)
messamī (genitive singular)
messamous (dual genitive)
messamom (genitive plural)
messamūi (dative singular)
messamobom (dative dual)
messamobos (dative plural)
messamū (instrumental singular)
messamobim (dual instrumental)
messamobis (instrumental plural)
messamā (nominative singular)
messamai (dual nominative)
messamās (nominative plural)
messamā (singular vocative)
messamai (dual vocative)
messamās (plural vocative)
messamam (accusative singular)
messamai (accusative dual)
messamams (accusative plural)
messamās (genitive singular)
messamai (dative singular)
messamābom (dative dual)
messamābos (dative plural)
messamābim (dual instrumental)
messamābis (instrumental plural)
messamom (nominative singular)
messamā (nominative plural)
messamom (singular vocative)
messamā (plural vocative)
messamā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: messamobi (Instrumental plural)

Old Irish: mesam


knawī

knawī (nominative singular)
knawī (dual nominative)
knawiyās (nominative plural)
knawī (singular vocative)
knawī (dual vocative)
knawiyās (plural vocative)
knawīm (accusative singular)
knawī (accusative dual)
knawīms (accusative plural)
knawyās (genitive singular)
knawyous (dual genitive)
knawyom (genitive plural)
knawyai (dative singular)
knawyābom (dative dual)
knawyābos (dative plural)
knawyābim (dual instrumental)
knawyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: kneau, cnev

Breton: knew

Cornish: kneu

Middle Welsh: cnaif

Middle Welsh: cnu, cnuf (<*knowos)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: cnaí

Possibly connected to *knāyeti (“to bite, chew”), but Zair finds this connection difficult unless *knawī was formed before the root adopted its "bite" meaning.


wergā

wergā (nominative singular)
wergai (dual nominative)
wergās (nominative plural)
wergā (singular vocative)
wergai (dual vocative)
wergās (plural vocative)
wergam (accusative singular)
wergai (accusative dual)
wergāms (accusative plural)
wergās (genitive singular)
wergous (dual genitive)
wergom (genitive plural)
wergāi (dative singular)
wergābom (dative dual)
wergābos (dative plural)
wergai (locative singular)
wergābim (dual instrumental)
wergābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: ferg, ferc, fergg
Middle Irish: ferg
Irish: fearg
Manx: ferg
Scottish Gaelic: fearg

Likely related to Ancient Greek ὀργή (orgḗ, “passion, anger, wrath”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵéh₂, from the root *werǵ- (“to make”).

cog

fairggaeIrish: farraigeManx: faarkeyScottish Gaelic: fairge


knāyeti

knāyū (active first-person present singular)
knāyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
knāyesi (active present second-person singular)
knāyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
knāyeti (active present singular third-person)
knāyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
knāyomosi (active first-person plural present)
knāyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
knāyetesi (active plural present second-person)
knāyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
knāyonti (active plural present third-person)
knāyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
knāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
knāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
knāye (active imperative second-person singular)
knāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
knāyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
knāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
knāyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
knāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
knāyete (active imperative plural second-person)
knāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
knāyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
knāyūr (first-person passive present singular)
knāyetar (passive present second-person singular)
knāyetor (passive present singular third-person)
knāyommor (first-person passive plural present)
knāyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
knāyontor (passive plural present third-person)
knāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
knāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
knāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
knāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
knāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
knāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cnoi, cny (Present, 3rd singular)

Welsh: cnoi

Goidelic:

Middle Irish: cnaid

⇒ Old Irish: imm·cná

desctree

⇒ Old Irish: con·cná
Middle Irish: con·cnaí, cocnaid
Irish: cogain
Scottish Gaelic: cagainn
Manx: caigney (verbal noun)

From Proto-Indo-European *kneh₂- (“to bite, to gnaw”).


klusīti

kluseyū (active first-person present singular)
klusīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
klusīsi (active present second-person singular)
klusītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
klusīti (active present singular third-person)
klusīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kluseyomosi (active first-person plural present)
klusīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
klusītesi (active plural present second-person)
klusīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kluseyonti (active plural present third-person)
klusīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
klusī (active imperative second-person singular)
klusītou (active imperative singular third-person)
kluseyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
klusīte (active imperative plural second-person)
kluseyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kluseyūr (first-person passive present singular)
klusītar (passive present second-person singular)
klusītor (passive present singular third-person)
kluseyommor (first-person passive plural present)
klusīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
kluseyontor (passive plural present third-person)
klustos (nominative singular)
klustou (dual nominative)
klustoi (nominative plural)
kluste (singular vocative)
klustou (dual vocative)
klustoi (plural vocative)
klustom (accusative singular)
klustou (accusative dual)
klustoms (accusative plural)
klustī (genitive singular)
klustous (dual genitive)
klustom (genitive plural)
klustūi (dative singular)
klustobom (dative dual)
klustobos (dative plural)
klustū (instrumental singular)
klustobim (dual instrumental)
klustobis (instrumental plural)
klustā (nominative singular)
klustai (dual nominative)
klustās (nominative plural)
klustā (singular vocative)
klustai (dual vocative)
klustās (plural vocative)
klustam (accusative singular)
klustai (accusative dual)
klustams (accusative plural)
klustās (genitive singular)
klustai (dative singular)
klustābom (dative dual)
klustābos (dative plural)
klustābim (dual instrumental)
klustābis (instrumental plural)
klustom (nominative singular)
klustā (nominative plural)
klustom (singular vocative)
klustā (plural vocative)
klustā (accusative plural)

Brithonic:

Middle Breton: clevet

Breton: klevet

Cornish: klywes

Middle Welsh: clywet, clybot

Welsh: clywed, clybod

Gaulish: cluiou (1st pers. sg. pres.)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlush₁yéti (“to be hearing”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlews- (“to hear”).


wregeti

wregū (active first-person present singular)
wregemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
wiwrixsū (active first-person future singular)
wrīgam (active first-person preterite singular)
wregesi (active present second-person singular)
wregetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
wiwrixsesi (active future second-person singular)
wrīxs (active preterite second-person singular)
wregeti (active present singular third-person)
wregeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
wiwrixseti (active future singular third-person)
wrīxt (active preterite singular third-person)
wregomosi (active first-person plural present)
wregemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
wiwrixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
wrīgme (active first-person plural preterite)
wregetesi (active plural present second-person)
wregestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
wiwrixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
wrīxte (active plural preterite second-person)
wregonti (active plural present third-person)
wregento (active imperfect plural third-person)
wiwrixsonti (active future plural third-person)
wrīgant (active plural preterite third-person)
wrexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
wrexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
wrege (active imperative second-person singular)
wrexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
wregetou (active imperative singular third-person)
wrexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
wregomos (active first-person imperative plural)
wrexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
wregete (active imperative plural second-person)
wrexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
wregontou (active imperative plural third-person)
wregūr (first-person passive present singular)
wiwrixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
wregetar (passive present second-person singular)
wiwrixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
wregetor (passive present singular third-person)
wiwrixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
wregommor (first-person passive plural present)
wiwrixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
wregedwe (passive plural present second-person)
wiwrixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
wregontor (passive plural present third-person)
wiwrixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
wrexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
wrexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
wrexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
wrexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
wrexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
wrexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
wrixtos (nominative singular)
wrixtou (dual nominative)
wrixtoi (nominative plural)
wrixte (singular vocative)
wrixtou (dual vocative)
wrixtoi (plural vocative)
wrixtom (accusative singular)
wrixtou (accusative dual)
wrixtoms (accusative plural)
wrixtī (genitive singular)
wrixtous (dual genitive)
wrixtom (genitive plural)
wrixtūi (dative singular)
wrixtobom (dative dual)
wrixtobos (dative plural)
wrixtū (instrumental singular)
wrixtobim (dual instrumental)
wrixtobis (instrumental plural)
wrixtā (nominative singular)
wrixtai (dual nominative)
wrixtās (nominative plural)
wrixtā (singular vocative)
wrixtai (dual vocative)
wrixtās (plural vocative)
wrixtam (accusative singular)
wrixtai (accusative dual)
wrixtams (accusative plural)
wrixtās (genitive singular)
wrixtai (dative singular)
wrixtābom (dative dual)
wrixtābos (dative plural)
wrixtābim (dual instrumental)
wrixtābis (instrumental plural)
wrixtom (nominative singular)
wrixtā (nominative plural)
wrixtom (singular vocative)
wrixtā (plural vocative)
wrixtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwrėɣɨd
Breton: gran, grez, gra
Cornish: gwrav, gwredh, gwra
Pictish: ᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈ (urract, third-person singular preterite)
Middle Welsh: gwneuthur
Welsh: gwneud

From Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to work”).


klinutor

klinur (first-person passive present singular)
kikluwasūr (first-person future passive singular)
klinutar (passive present second-person singular)
kikluwasetar (future passive second-person singular)
klinutor (passive present singular third-person)
kikluwasetor (future passive singular third-person)
klinummor (first-person passive plural present)
kikluwasommor (first-person future passive plural)
klinudwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikluwasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
klinuntor (passive plural present third-person)
kikluwasontor (future passive plural third-person)
klowūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
klowetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
klowetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
klowommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
klowedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
klowontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kuklowa (active first-person preterite singular)
kuklowas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kuklowe (active preterite singular third-person)
kuklowmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kuklowe (active plural preterite second-person)
kuklowars (active plural preterite third-person)
klutos (nominative singular)
klutou (dual nominative)
klutoi (nominative plural)
klute (singular vocative)
klutou (dual vocative)
klutoi (plural vocative)
klutom (accusative singular)
klutou (accusative dual)
klutoms (accusative plural)
klutī (genitive singular)
klutous (dual genitive)
klutom (genitive plural)
klutūi (dative singular)
klutobom (dative dual)
klutobos (dative plural)
klutū (instrumental singular)
klutobim (dual instrumental)
klutobis (instrumental plural)
klutā (nominative singular)
klutai (dual nominative)
klutās (nominative plural)
klutā (singular vocative)
klutai (dual vocative)
klutās (plural vocative)
klutam (accusative singular)
klutai (accusative dual)
klutams (accusative plural)
klutās (genitive singular)
klutai (dative singular)
klutābom (dative dual)
klutābos (dative plural)
klutābim (dual instrumental)
klutābis (instrumental plural)
klutom (nominative singular)
klutā (nominative plural)
klutom (singular vocative)
klutā (plural vocative)
klutā (accusative plural)

⇒ Old Irish: ro·cluinethar
Irish: cluin
Manx: cluin
Scottish Gaelic: cluinn


koldom

koldom (nominative singular)
koldou (dual nominative)
koldā (nominative plural)
koldom (singular vocative)
koldou (dual vocative)
koldā (plural vocative)
koldom (accusative singular)
koldou (accusative dual)
koldā (accusative plural)
koldī (genitive singular)
koldous (dual genitive)
koldom (genitive plural)
koldūi (dative singular)
koldobom (dative dual)
koldobos (dative plural)
koldei (locative singular)
koldū (instrumental singular)
koldobim (dual instrumental)
koldūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: coll (“loss”)

Breton: koll (“loss”)

Old Cornish: colled (“loss”)

desc

Middle Welsh: coll m (“loss”), coll (“lost”, adj)

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: coll n (“destruction”)
Middle Irish: coll, call m, coill, caill f
Scottish Gaelic: coll m (“destruction”)
Irish: caill f (“loss”)

From *kelh₂- (“to break”) + *-som, *-nom, or *-dom. Maybe cognate with Proto-Germanic *haltaz (“limping”).


wergos

wergos (nominative singular)
wergou (dual nominative)
wergoi (nominative plural)
werge (singular vocative)
wergou (dual vocative)
wergoi (plural vocative)
wergom (accusative singular)
wergou (accusative dual)
wergoms (accusative plural)
wergī (genitive singular)
wergous (dual genitive)
wergom (genitive plural)
wergūi (dative singular)
wergobom (dative dual)
wergobos (dative plural)
wergū (instrumental singular)
wergobim (dual instrumental)
wergobis (instrumental plural)
wergā (nominative singular)
wergai (dual nominative)
wergās (nominative plural)
wergā (singular vocative)
wergai (dual vocative)
wergās (plural vocative)
wergam (accusative singular)
wergai (accusative dual)
wergams (accusative plural)
wergās (genitive singular)
wergai (dative singular)
wergābom (dative dual)
wergābos (dative plural)
wergābim (dual instrumental)
wergābis (instrumental plural)
wergom (nominative singular)
wergā (nominative plural)
wergom (singular vocative)
wergā (plural vocative)
wergā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwerɣ

Old Breton: guerg

Middle Welsh: gwery

⇒ Gaulish: *wergobretos (“magistrate”)

→ Latin: vergobretus

From Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to make”).


knukkos

knukkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
knukkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
knukkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
knukke (masculine singular stem vocative)
knukkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
knukkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
knukkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
knukkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
knukkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
knukkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
knukkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
knukkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
knukkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
knukkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
knukkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
knukkei (locative masculine singular stem)
knukkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
knukkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
knukkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *knox

Old Breton: cnoch

Middle Breton: knech

Breton: krec'h

Middle Welsh: cnwch

Welsh: cnwch, clwch

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: cnocc
Irish: cnoc
Manx: cronk
⇒ Middle Irish: cnocán
Scottish Gaelic: cnoc
→ Welsh: cnwc

→ Welsh: cnwc

Apparently cognate with Proto-Germanic *hnakkô (“the back of the neck; nape”), of uncertain further origin, but both are traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kneg- or *knek-. It is sometimes suggested that the Germanic cognate is borrowed from Celtic (cf. especially German Hunke (“hillock”)). Alternatively, Kroonen argues for an inherited basis of the geminate cluster in the Germanic term, and that consequently the Celtic is more likely borrowed from Germanic. Compare Tocharian A kñuk (“neck”).


bistis

bistis (nominative singular)
bistī (dual nominative)
bistīs (nominative plural)
bisti (singular vocative)
bistī (dual vocative)
bistīs (plural vocative)
bistim (accusative singular)
bistī (accusative dual)
bistims (accusative plural)
bisteis (genitive singular)
bistyow (dual genitive)
bistyom (genitive plural)
bistei (dative singular)
bistibom (dative dual)
bistibos (dative plural)
bistei (locative singular)
bistī (instrumental singular)
bistibim (dual instrumental)
bistibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: biz, bis

⇒ Breton: bizou (“ring”)

→ French: bijou (see there for further descendants)

Old Cornish: bis, bes

Middle Welsh: bys

Middle Irish: bissib (dative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷist- (“twig, finger”). Cognate with Old Norse kvistr (“branch”) and perhaps Albanian gisht (“finger”).


brassos

brassos (nominative singular)
brassou (dual nominative)
brassoi (nominative plural)
brasse (singular vocative)
brassou (dual vocative)
brassoi (plural vocative)
brassom (accusative singular)
brassou (accusative dual)
brassoms (accusative plural)
brassī (genitive singular)
brassous (dual genitive)
brassom (genitive plural)
brassūi (dative singular)
brassobom (dative dual)
brassobos (dative plural)
brassū (instrumental singular)
brassobim (dual instrumental)
brassobis (instrumental plural)
brassā (nominative singular)
brassai (dual nominative)
brassās (nominative plural)
brassā (singular vocative)
brassai (dual vocative)
brassās (plural vocative)
brassam (accusative singular)
brassai (accusative dual)
brassams (accusative plural)
brassās (genitive singular)
brassai (dative singular)
brassābom (dative dual)
brassābos (dative plural)
brassābim (dual instrumental)
brassābis (instrumental plural)
brassom (nominative singular)
brassā (nominative plural)
brassom (singular vocative)
brassā (plural vocative)
brassā (accusative plural)

Brythonic:

Cornish: brâs, broas

Middle Welsh: bras

Welsh: bras

Middle Breton: braz, bras

Goidelic:

Old Irish: bras

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷrod-to-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷred-. Cognate with Latin grossus (“fat”).


brāwū

brāwū (nominative singular)
brāwone? (dual nominative)
brāwones (nominative plural)
brāwū (singular vocative)
brāwone? (dual vocative)
brāwones (plural vocative)
brāwonam (accusative singular)
brāwone? (accusative dual)
brāwonams (accusative plural)
brāwonos (genitive singular)
brāwonows? (dual genitive)
brāwonom (genitive plural)
brāwonei (dative singular)
brāwombom (dative dual)
brāwombos (dative plural)
brāwon (locative singular)
brāwoni (locative singular)
brāwonei (instrumental singular)
brāwombim (dual instrumental)
brāwombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brọw sg, *brọwan pl

Middle Breton: brou, breau, breo

Breton: brev

Old Cornish: brou

Cornish: brou

Middle Welsh: breuan, brewan

Welsh: breuan

→ Latin: Brovonacis, Braboniaco

desctree

Old Irish: brao, bráu, broo
Middle Irish: bró
Irish: bró
Scottish Gaelic: brà

Gaulish: *brawon

→ Ancient Greek: Βραῦον (Braûon)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“quern, millstone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”).


blāwos

blāwos (nominative singular)
blāwou (dual nominative)
blāwoi (nominative plural)
blāwe (singular vocative)
blāwou (dual vocative)
blāwoi (plural vocative)
blāwom (accusative singular)
blāwou (accusative dual)
blāwoms (accusative plural)
blāwī (genitive singular)
blāwous (dual genitive)
blāwom (genitive plural)
blāwūi (dative singular)
blāwobom (dative dual)
blāwobos (dative plural)
blāwū (instrumental singular)
blāwobim (dual instrumental)
blāwobis (instrumental plural)
blāwā (nominative singular)
blāwai (dual nominative)
blāwās (nominative plural)
blāwā (singular vocative)
blāwai (dual vocative)
blāwās (plural vocative)
blāwam (accusative singular)
blāwai (accusative dual)
blāwams (accusative plural)
blāwās (genitive singular)
blāwai (dative singular)
blāwābom (dative dual)
blāwābos (dative plural)
blāwābim (dual instrumental)
blāwābis (instrumental plural)
blāwom (nominative singular)
blāwā (nominative plural)
blāwom (singular vocative)
blāwā (plural vocative)
blāwā (accusative plural)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: blá

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₂- (“yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-. Cognate with Latin flavus.


brātus

brātus (nominative singular)
brātū (dual nominative)
brātowes (nominative plural)
brātu (singular vocative)
brātū (dual vocative)
brātūs (plural vocative)
brātum (accusative singular)
brātū (accusative dual)
brātums (accusative plural)
brātous (genitive singular)
brātous (dual genitive)
brātowom (genitive plural)
brātou (dative singular)
brātubom (dative dual)
brātubos (dative plural)
brātū (instrumental singular)
brātubim (dual instrumental)
brātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: breut

Breton: breud

Cornish: breus

Old Welsh: braut

Welsh: brawd

desctree

Old Irish: bráth
Middle Irish: bráth
Scottish Gaelic: bràth

Gaulish: bratou (dative)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥Htus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to express approval; praise”). Cognate with Latin gratus.


elanī

elanī (nominative singular)
elanī (dual nominative)
elaniyās (nominative plural)
elanī (singular vocative)
elanī (dual vocative)
elaniyās (plural vocative)
elanīm (accusative singular)
elanī (accusative dual)
elanīms (accusative plural)
elanyās (genitive singular)
elanyous (dual genitive)
elanyom (genitive plural)
elanyai (dative singular)
elanyābom (dative dual)
elanyābos (dative plural)
elanyābim (dual instrumental)
elanyābis (instrumental plural)

Middle Welsh: elein, elain

Welsh: elain


elantī

elantī (nominative singular)
elantī (dual nominative)
elantiyās (nominative plural)
elantī (singular vocative)
elantī (dual vocative)
elantiyās (plural vocative)
elantīm (accusative singular)
elantī (accusative dual)
elantīms (accusative plural)
elantyās (genitive singular)
elantyous (dual genitive)
elantyom (genitive plural)
elantyai (dative singular)
elantyābom (dative dual)
elantyābos (dative plural)
elantyābim (dual instrumental)
elantyābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: Elantia

Old Irish: elit, ailit

Middle Irish: ailit

Scottish Gaelic: eilid

Irish: eilit


mlātos

mlātos (masculine nominative singular stem)
mlātou (dual masculine nominative stem)
mlātoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
mlāte (masculine singular stem vocative)
mlātou (dual masculine stem vocative)
mlātūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
mlātom (accusative masculine singular stem)
mlātou (accusative dual masculine stem)
mlātoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
mlātī (genitive masculine singular stem)
mlātous (dual genitive masculine stem)
mlātom (genitive masculine plural stem)
mlātūi (dative masculine singular stem)
mlātobom (dative dual masculine stem)
mlātobos (dative masculine plural stem)
mlātei (locative masculine singular stem)
mlātū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
mlātobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
mlātūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *blọd

Old Breton: blot

Breton: bleud

Old Cornish: blot

Old Welsh: blawd

Welsh: blawd

desctree

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*blātus</i> (“flower”)

Gaulish: *blatos (conflated with *blātus (“flower”))

From Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₂-tó-s, from *melh₂- (“to crush, grind”) + *-tós.


mlātis

mlātis (nominative singular)
mlātī (dual nominative)
mlātīs (nominative plural)
mlāti (singular vocative)
mlātī (dual vocative)
mlātīs (plural vocative)
mlātim (accusative singular)
mlātī (accusative dual)
mlātims (accusative plural)
mlātēs (genitive singular)
mlātyou (dual genitive)
mlātyom (genitive plural)
mlātē (dative singular)
mlātibom (dative dual)
mlātibos (dative plural)
mlātī (instrumental singular)
mlātibim (dual instrumental)
mlātibis (instrumental plural)
mlāti (nominative singular)
mlātyā (nominative plural)
mlātyā (plural vocative)
mlāti (accusative singular)
mlātyā (accusative plural)
mlātois (genitive singular)
mlātois (dual genitive)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: blot

Breton: bleud

Old Cornish: blot

Old Welsh: blawd

Old Irish: mláith, bláith

Irish: bláith

Scottish Gaelic: blàth

Gaulish: *blatis

From Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₂-ti-s ~ *ml̥h₁-téy-s, from *melh₂- (“to crush, grind”) + *-tis.


wegnyā

wegnyā (nominative singular)
wegnyai (dual nominative)
wegnyās (nominative plural)
wegnyā (singular vocative)
wegnyai (dual vocative)
wegnyās (plural vocative)
wegnyam (accusative singular)
wegnyai (accusative dual)
wegnyāms (accusative plural)
wegnyās (genitive singular)
wegnyous (dual genitive)
wegnyom (genitive plural)
wegnyāi (dative singular)
wegnyābom (dative dual)
wegnyābos (dative plural)
wegnyai (locative singular)
wegnyābim (dual instrumental)
wegnyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: fénae


waidā

waidā (nominative singular)
waidai (dual nominative)
waidās (nominative plural)
waidā (singular vocative)
waidai (dual vocative)
waidās (plural vocative)
waidam (accusative singular)
waidai (accusative dual)
waidāms (accusative plural)
waidās (genitive singular)
waidous (dual genitive)
waidom (genitive plural)
waidāi (dative singular)
waidābom (dative dual)
waidābos (dative plural)
waidai (locative singular)
waidābim (dual instrumental)
waidābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoɨð

Middle Welsh: gwaed

Welsh: gwaedd

Old Irish: fáed, faíd

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wai (“woe!”).


wātus

wātus (nominative singular)
wātū (dual nominative)
wātowes (nominative plural)
wātu (singular vocative)
wātū (dual vocative)
wātūs (plural vocative)
wātum (accusative singular)
wātū (accusative dual)
wātums (accusative plural)
wātous (genitive singular)
wātous (dual genitive)
wātowom (genitive plural)
wātou (dative singular)
wātubom (dative dual)
wātubos (dative plural)
wātū (instrumental singular)
wātubim (dual instrumental)
wātubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwawd

Welsh: gwawd

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: fáth
Irish: fáth
Manx: fa
Scottish Gaelic: fàth

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“excited, inspired”).


wegyā

wegyā (nominative singular)
wegyai (dual nominative)
wegyās (nominative plural)
wegyā (singular vocative)
wegyai (dual vocative)
wegyās (plural vocative)
wegyam (accusative singular)
wegyai (accusative dual)
wegyāms (accusative plural)
wegyās (genitive singular)
wegyous (dual genitive)
wegyom (genitive plural)
wegyāi (dative singular)
wegyābom (dative dual)
wegyābos (dative plural)
wegyai (locative singular)
wegyābim (dual instrumental)
wegyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweɣ

Middle Breton: gueg

Breton: gwiad

Cornish: gwi, gwias

Middle Welsh: gwe

Welsh: gwe

Old Irish: fige

From *weg- (“to weave”). + *-yā (verbal noun suffix).


wāstos

wāstos (nominative singular)
wāstou (dual nominative)
wāstoi (nominative plural)
wāste (singular vocative)
wāstou (dual vocative)
wāstoi (plural vocative)
wāstom (accusative singular)
wāstou (accusative dual)
wāstoms (accusative plural)
wāstī (genitive singular)
wāstous (dual genitive)
wāstom (genitive plural)
wāstūi (dative singular)
wāstobom (dative dual)
wāstobos (dative plural)
wāstū (instrumental singular)
wāstobim (dual instrumental)
wāstobis (instrumental plural)
wāstā (nominative singular)
wāstai (dual nominative)
wāstās (nominative plural)
wāstā (singular vocative)
wāstai (dual vocative)
wāstās (plural vocative)
wāstam (accusative singular)
wāstai (accusative dual)
wāstams (accusative plural)
wāstās (genitive singular)
wāstai (dative singular)
wāstābom (dative dual)
wāstābos (dative plural)
wāstābim (dual instrumental)
wāstābis (instrumental plural)
wāstom (nominative singular)
wāstā (nominative plural)
wāstom (singular vocative)
wāstā (plural vocative)
wāstā (accusative plural)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: fás, fásach

Irish: fás, fásach, fásaigh

Scottish Gaelic: fàs, fàsach, fàsaich

Manx: faase

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to leave, abandon, give out”).


wātis

wātis (nominative singular)
wātī (dual nominative)
wātīs (nominative plural)
wāti (singular vocative)
wātī (dual vocative)
wātīs (plural vocative)
wātim (accusative singular)
wātī (accusative dual)
wātims (accusative plural)
wāteis (genitive singular)
wātyow (dual genitive)
wātyom (genitive plural)
wātei (dative singular)
wātibom (dative dual)
wātibos (dative plural)
wātei (locative singular)
wātī (instrumental singular)
wātibim (dual instrumental)
wātibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwọd

Middle Welsh: gwawt

Welsh: gwawd

Gaulish: uatis (attested as οὐάτεις by Strabo)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: fáith, fáid
Irish: fáidh

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“excited, inspired”). Cognate with Latin vātēs.


wēdos

wēdos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wēdou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wēdoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wēde (masculine singular stem vocative)
wēdou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wēdūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wēdom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wēdou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wēdoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wēdī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wēdous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wēdom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wēdūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wēdobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wēdobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wēdei (locative masculine singular stem)
wēdū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wēdobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wēdūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: gued

Middle Breton: goez

Breton: gouez

Middle Welsh: gwydd

Welsh: gŵydd

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: fíad
Irish: fia
Manx: feeaih
Scottish Gaelic: fiadh

From Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”).


wailos

wailos (nominative singular)
wailou (dual nominative)
wailoi (nominative plural)
waile (singular vocative)
wailou (dual vocative)
wailoi (plural vocative)
wailom (accusative singular)
wailou (accusative dual)
wailoms (accusative plural)
wailī (genitive singular)
wailous (dual genitive)
wailom (genitive plural)
wailūi (dative singular)
wailobom (dative dual)
wailobos (dative plural)
wailū (instrumental singular)
wailobim (dual instrumental)
wailobis (instrumental plural)
wailā (nominative singular)
wailai (dual nominative)
wailās (nominative plural)
wailā (singular vocative)
wailai (dual vocative)
wailās (plural vocative)
wailam (accusative singular)
wailai (accusative dual)
wailams (accusative plural)
wailās (genitive singular)
wailai (dative singular)
wailābom (dative dual)
wailābos (dative plural)
wailābim (dual instrumental)
wailābis (instrumental plural)
wailom (nominative singular)
wailā (nominative plural)
wailom (singular vocative)
wailā (plural vocative)
wailā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: gail

Middle Welsh: gwael

Welsh: gwael

>? Gaulish: Vailo

table
 PIE word
 *wáy
Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wai (“woe!”) + *-los.


wailos

wailos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wailou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wailoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
waile (masculine singular stem vocative)
wailou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wailūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wailom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wailou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wailoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wailī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wailous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wailom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wailūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wailobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wailobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wailei (locative masculine singular stem)
wailū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wailobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wailūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Middle Irish: fáel
Irish: faol
Scottish Gaelic: faol

table
 PIE word
 *wáy
From Proto-Indo-European *waylos (“wolf”). Ultimately from the same combination of root and suffix as the above etymology, though more archaic.


wēnā

wēnā (nominative singular)
wēnai (dual nominative)
wēnās (nominative plural)
wēnā (singular vocative)
wēnai (dual vocative)
wēnās (plural vocative)
wēnam (accusative singular)
wēnai (accusative dual)
wēnāms (accusative plural)
wēnās (genitive singular)
wēnous (dual genitive)
wēnom (genitive plural)
wēnāi (dative singular)
wēnābom (dative dual)
wēnābos (dative plural)
wēnai (locative singular)
wēnābim (dual instrumental)
wēnābis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: fían

Irish: fiann

From Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue”).


wentā

wentā (nominative singular)
wentai (dual nominative)
wentās (nominative plural)
wentā (singular vocative)
wentai (dual vocative)
wentās (plural vocative)
wentam (accusative singular)
wentai (accusative dual)
wentāms (accusative plural)
wentās (genitive singular)
wentous (dual genitive)
wentom (genitive plural)
wentāi (dative singular)
wentābom (dative dual)
wentābos (dative plural)
wentai (locative singular)
wentābim (dual instrumental)
wentābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cadwent (“battlefield”)

→ Latin: Venta (possibly)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wen- (“place, location (?)”). cognate with Ancient Greek εὐνή (eunḗ, “bed”).


wendom

wendom (nominative singular)
wendou (dual nominative)
wendā (nominative plural)
wendom (singular vocative)
wendou (dual vocative)
wendā (plural vocative)
wendom (accusative singular)
wendou (accusative dual)
wendā (accusative plural)
wendī (genitive singular)
wendous (dual genitive)
wendom (genitive plural)
wendūi (dative singular)
wendobom (dative dual)
wendobos (dative plural)
wendei (locative singular)
wendū (instrumental singular)
wendobim (dual instrumental)
wendūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: find

From Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“hair”). cognate with Ancient Greek ἴονθος (íonthos) and Old High German wintbrāwa (“eyelash”).


wensos

wensos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wensou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wensoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wense (masculine singular stem vocative)
wensou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wensūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wensom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wensou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wensoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wensī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wensous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wensom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wensūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wensobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wensobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wensei (locative masculine singular stem)
wensū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wensobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wensūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Middle Irish: fés

From Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ-s- (“hair”). Cognate with Old Prussian wanso (“first beard”) and Russian ус (us, “mustache”) (from Proto-Slavic *ǫsъ).


wegyeti

wegyū (active first-person present singular)
wegyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
wiuxsū (active first-person future singular)
wāga (active first-person preterite singular)
wegyesi (active present second-person singular)
wegyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
wiuxsesi (active future second-person singular)
wāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
wegyeti (active present singular third-person)
wegyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
wiuxseti (active future singular third-person)
wāge (active preterite singular third-person)
wegyomosi (active first-person plural present)
wegyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
wiuxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
wāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
wegyetesi (active plural present second-person)
wegyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
wiuxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
wāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
wegyonti (active plural present third-person)
wegyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
wiuxsonti (active future plural third-person)
wāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
wexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
wexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
wegye (active imperative second-person singular)
wexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
wegyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
wexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
wegyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
wexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
wegyete (active imperative plural second-person)
wexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
wegyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
wegyūr (first-person passive present singular)
wiuxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
wegyetar (passive present second-person singular)
wiuxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
wegyetor (passive present singular third-person)
wiuxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
wegyommor (first-person passive plural present)
wiuxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
wegyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
wiuxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
wegyontor (passive plural present third-person)
wiuxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
wexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
wexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
wexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
wexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
wexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
wexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
wextos (nominative singular)
wextou (dual nominative)
wextoi (nominative plural)
wexte (singular vocative)
wextou (dual vocative)
wextoi (plural vocative)
wextom (accusative singular)
wextou (accusative dual)
wextoms (accusative plural)
wextī (genitive singular)
wextous (dual genitive)
wextom (genitive plural)
wextūi (dative singular)
wextobom (dative dual)
wextobos (dative plural)
wextū (instrumental singular)
wextobim (dual instrumental)
wextobis (instrumental plural)
wextā (nominative singular)
wextai (dual nominative)
wextās (nominative plural)
wextā (singular vocative)
wextai (dual vocative)
wextās (plural vocative)
wextam (accusative singular)
wextai (accusative dual)
wextams (accusative plural)
wextās (genitive singular)
wextai (dative singular)
wextābom (dative dual)
wextābos (dative plural)
wextābim (dual instrumental)
wextābis (instrumental plural)
wextom (nominative singular)
wextā (nominative plural)
wextom (singular vocative)
wextā (plural vocative)
wextā (accusative plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: gweaff

Breton: gweañ

Cornish: gwia

Middle Welsh: gwëu

Welsh: gweu

Goidelic:

Old Irish: figid

Irish: figh

Manx: fee

Scottish Gaelic: figh

From Proto-Indo-European *wég-ye-ti (“to spin, weave”). Cognate with Sanskrit वागरा (vāgarā, “snare”), Latin vēlum (“cloth, sail”), English wick.

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

goreu

?Proto-Brythonic: *gwor-wāɣe (“did”, 3sg. preterite of *gwrėɣɨd); Middle Welsh


Wenikaros

Wenikaros (masculine nominative singular stem)
Wenikarom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Wenikarūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Wenikarei (locative masculine singular stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: Guncar

Middle Breton: Guengar

Old Irish: Finchar

Gaulish: *Wenikaros

→ Latin: Venicarus

From *wenyā (“family, kindred”) + *-karos (“loving”).


wellos

wellos (nominative singular)
wellou (dual nominative)
welloi (nominative plural)
welle (singular vocative)
wellou (dual vocative)
welloi (plural vocative)
wellom (accusative singular)
wellou (accusative dual)
welloms (accusative plural)
wellī (genitive singular)
wellous (dual genitive)
wellom (genitive plural)
wellūi (dative singular)
wellobom (dative dual)
wellobos (dative plural)
wellū (instrumental singular)
wellobim (dual instrumental)
wellobis (instrumental plural)
wellā (nominative singular)
wellai (dual nominative)
wellās (nominative plural)
wellā (singular vocative)
wellai (dual vocative)
wellās (plural vocative)
wellam (accusative singular)
wellai (accusative dual)
wellams (accusative plural)
wellās (genitive singular)
wellai (dative singular)
wellābom (dative dual)
wellābos (dative plural)
wellābim (dual instrumental)
wellābis (instrumental plural)
wellom (nominative singular)
wellā (nominative plural)
wellom (singular vocative)
wellā (plural vocative)
wellā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: guell

Breton: gwell

Cornish: gwell

Middle Welsh: gwell

Welsh: gwell (“better, preferable”)

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”).


wenkāti

wenkāmi (active first-person present singular)
wenkāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
wenkāsi (active present second-person singular)
wenkātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
wenkāti (active present singular third-person)
wenkāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
wenkāmosi (active first-person plural present)
wenkāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
wenkātesi (active plural present second-person)
wenkāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
wenkānti (active plural present third-person)
wenkānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
wenkā (active imperative second-person singular)
wenkātou (active imperative singular third-person)
wenkāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
wenkāte (active imperative plural second-person)
wenkāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
wenkār (first-person passive present singular)
wenkātar (passive present second-person singular)
wenkātor (passive present singular third-person)
wenkāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
wenkādwe (passive plural present second-person)
wenkāntor (passive plural present third-person)

Middle Irish: feccaid

From Proto-Indo-European *wenk- (“to bend”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *wanhaz (“bent, crooked, twisted”).


weleti

welū (active first-person present singular)
welemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
welesi (active present second-person singular)
weletās (active imperfect second-person singular)
weleti (active present singular third-person)
weleto (active imperfect singular third-person)
welomosi (active first-person plural present)
welemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
weletesi (active plural present second-person)
welestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
welonti (active plural present third-person)
welento (active imperfect plural third-person)
wele (active imperative second-person singular)
weletou (active imperative singular third-person)
welomos (active first-person imperative plural)
welete (active imperative plural second-person)
welontou (active imperative plural third-person)
welūr (first-person passive present singular)
weletar (passive present second-person singular)
weletor (passive present singular third-person)
welommor (first-person passive plural present)
weledwe (passive plural present second-person)
welontor (passive plural present third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwelɨd

Breton: gwelet

Cornish: gweles

Middle Welsh: gwelet

Welsh: gweled, gweld

Old Irish: fil (“there is”)

Irish: fuil

Scottish Gaelic: bheil

From Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”).


wekʷos

wekʷos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wekʷou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wekʷoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wekʷe (masculine singular stem vocative)
wekʷou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wekūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wekʷom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wekʷou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wekoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wekʷī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wekʷous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wekʷom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wekūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wekʷobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wekʷobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wekʷei (locative masculine singular stem)
wekū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wekʷobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wekʷūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goap

Welsh: gwep

Primitive Irish: ᚃᚓᚊᚏᚓᚊ (veqreq)

Gaulish: Uepos (personal name)

From Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak, to sound out”).


wenyā

wenyā (nominative singular)
wenyai (dual nominative)
wenyās (nominative plural)
wenyā (singular vocative)
wenyai (dual vocative)
wenyās (plural vocative)
wenyam (accusative singular)
wenyai (accusative dual)
wenyāms (accusative plural)
wenyās (genitive singular)
wenyous (dual genitive)
wenyom (genitive plural)
wenyāi (dative singular)
wenyābom (dative dual)
wenyābos (dative plural)
wenyai (locative singular)
wenyābim (dual instrumental)
wenyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

⇒ Old Breton: coguenou

Middle Breton: gouen, gouenn

Breton: gouenn

Gaulish: *Wenetoi (“Veneti”)

→ Latin: Veneti

French: Vannes

Old Irish: fine

Irish: fine

Lepontic: 𐌅𐌄𐌍𐌉𐌀 (venia)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“desire”). cognate with Proto-Germanic *winiz (“friend”) and Latin Venus.


wēlos

wēlos (nominative singular)
wēlou (dual nominative)
wēloi (nominative plural)
wēle (singular vocative)
wēlou (dual vocative)
wēloi (plural vocative)
wēlom (accusative singular)
wēlou (accusative dual)
wēloms (accusative plural)
wēlī (genitive singular)
wēlous (dual genitive)
wēlom (genitive plural)
wēlūi (dative singular)
wēlobom (dative dual)
wēlobos (dative plural)
wēlū (instrumental singular)
wēlobim (dual instrumental)
wēlobis (instrumental plural)
wēlā (nominative singular)
wēlai (dual nominative)
wēlās (nominative plural)
wēlā (singular vocative)
wēlai (dual vocative)
wēlās (plural vocative)
wēlam (accusative singular)
wēlai (accusative dual)
wēlams (accusative plural)
wēlās (genitive singular)
wēlai (dative singular)
wēlābom (dative dual)
wēlābos (dative plural)
wēlābim (dual instrumental)
wēlābis (instrumental plural)
wēlom (nominative singular)
wēlā (nominative plural)
wēlom (singular vocative)
wēlā (plural vocative)
wēlā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwyl

Welsh: gŵyl

Old Irish: fíal

Middle Irish: fíal

Irish: fial

Scottish Gaelic: fial

Manx: feoilt

Along with *wēliyā (“modesty”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wey- (“turn”), *wāg- (“to be bent”), which could be related to Latin vagus (“wandering, strolling”).


sātis

sātis (nominative singular)
sātī (dual nominative)
sātīs (nominative plural)
sāti (singular vocative)
sātī (dual vocative)
sātīs (plural vocative)
sātim (accusative singular)
sātī (accusative dual)
sātims (accusative plural)
sāteis (genitive singular)
sātyow (dual genitive)
sātyom (genitive plural)
sātei (dative singular)
sātibom (dative dual)
sātibos (dative plural)
sātei (locative singular)
sātī (instrumental singular)
sātibim (dual instrumental)
sātibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: sáth, sáith

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate, satisfy”).


samonis

samonis (nominative singular)
samonī (dual nominative)
samonīs (nominative plural)
samoni (singular vocative)
samonī (dual vocative)
samonīs (plural vocative)
samonim (accusative singular)
samonī (accusative dual)
samonims (accusative plural)
samoneis (genitive singular)
samonyow (dual genitive)
samonyom (genitive plural)
samonei (dative singular)
samonibom (dative dual)
samonibos (dative plural)
samonei (locative singular)
samonī (instrumental singular)
samonibim (dual instrumental)
samonibis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: samon- (<Coligny calendar)

Old Irish: samain

From Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).

assembly, (feast of the) first month of the year


sāmos

sāmos (nominative singular)
sāmou (dual nominative)
sāmoi (nominative plural)
sāme (singular vocative)
sāmou (dual vocative)
sāmoi (plural vocative)
sāmom (accusative singular)
sāmou (accusative dual)
sāmoms (accusative plural)
sāmī (genitive singular)
sāmous (dual genitive)
sāmom (genitive plural)
sāmūi (dative singular)
sāmobom (dative dual)
sāmobos (dative plural)
sāmū (instrumental singular)
sāmobim (dual instrumental)
sāmobis (instrumental plural)
sāmā (nominative singular)
sāmai (dual nominative)
sāmās (nominative plural)
sāmā (singular vocative)
sāmai (dual vocative)
sāmās (plural vocative)
sāmam (accusative singular)
sāmai (accusative dual)
sāmams (accusative plural)
sāmās (genitive singular)
sāmai (dative singular)
sāmābom (dative dual)
sāmābos (dative plural)
sāmābim (dual instrumental)
sāmābis (instrumental plural)
sāmom (nominative singular)
sāmā (nominative plural)
sāmom (singular vocative)
sāmā (plural vocative)
sāmā (accusative plural)

Middle Irish: sám

Irish: sámh

Scottish Gaelic: samh

From Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“same”).


sāssāti

sāssāmi (active first-person present singular)
sāssāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sāssāsi (active present second-person singular)
sāssātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sāssāti (active present singular third-person)
sāssāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sāssāmosi (active first-person plural present)
sāssāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sāssātesi (active plural present second-person)
sāssāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sāssānti (active plural present third-person)
sāssānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
sāssā (active imperative second-person singular)
sāssātou (active imperative singular third-person)
sāssāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
sāssāte (active imperative plural second-person)
sāssāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
sāssār (first-person passive present singular)
sāssātar (passive present second-person singular)
sāssātor (passive present singular third-person)
sāssāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
sāssādwe (passive plural present second-person)
sāssāntor (passive plural present third-person)

Old Irish: sásaid