starnati

starnami (active first-person present singular)
starnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sistrāsū (active first-person future singular)
stiram (active first-person preterite singular)
starnasi (active present second-person singular)
starnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sistrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
stirs (active preterite second-person singular)
starnati (active present singular third-person)
starnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
sistrāseti (active future singular third-person)
stirt (active preterite singular third-person)
starnamosi (active first-person plural present)
starnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sistrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
stirme (active first-person plural preterite)
starnatesi (active plural present second-person)
starnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sistrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
stirte (active plural preterite second-person)
starnanti (active plural present third-person)
starnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
sistrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
stirant (active plural preterite third-person)
sterasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sterasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
starna (active imperative second-person singular)
steraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
starnatou (active imperative singular third-person)
sterasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
starnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
sterasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
starnate (active imperative plural second-person)
sterasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
starnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
starnar (first-person passive present singular)
sistrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
starnatar (passive present second-person singular)
sistrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
starnator (passive present singular third-person)
sistrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
starnammor (first-person passive plural present)
sistrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
starnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
sistrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
starnantor (passive plural present third-person)
sistrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sterasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sterasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sterasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sterasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sterasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sterasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
strātos (nominative singular)
strātou (dual nominative)
strātoi (nominative plural)
strāte (singular vocative)
strātou (dual vocative)
strātoi (plural vocative)
strātom (accusative singular)
strātou (accusative dual)
strātoms (accusative plural)
strātī (genitive singular)
strātous (dual genitive)
strātom (genitive plural)
strātūi (dative singular)
strātobom (dative dual)
strātobos (dative plural)
strātū (instrumental singular)
strātobim (dual instrumental)
strātobis (instrumental plural)
strātā (nominative singular)
strātai (dual nominative)
strātās (nominative plural)
strātā (singular vocative)
strātai (dual vocative)
strātās (plural vocative)
strātam (accusative singular)
strātai (accusative dual)
strātams (accusative plural)
strātās (genitive singular)
strātai (dative singular)
strātābom (dative dual)
strātābos (dative plural)
strātābim (dual instrumental)
strātābis (instrumental plural)
strātom (nominative singular)
strātā (nominative plural)
strātom (singular vocative)
strātā (plural vocative)
strātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: sarnu

→ English: sarn (possibly)

Old Irish: sernaid
Irish: searn

From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread”).
See also Sanskrit आस्तॄ (āstṝ, “spread”), Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (stər^ənāⁱti, “spread, extend”), Ancient Greek στόρνυμι (stórnumi, “scatter”), στρατός (stratós, “army, people, body of men”), Old Church Slavonic прострѣти (prostrěti, “stretch, expand”), просторъ (prostorŭ, “spaciousness”), Old English strewian (English strew), Old Norse strá.


anketi

ankū (active first-person present singular)
ankemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
īnxsū (active first-person future singular)
ānka (active first-person preterite singular)
ankesi (active present second-person singular)
anketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
īnxsesi (active future second-person singular)
ānkas? (active preterite second-person singular)
anketi (active present singular third-person)
anketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
īnxseti (active future singular third-person)
ānke (active preterite singular third-person)
ankomosi (active first-person plural present)
ankemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
īnxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ānkmo (active first-person plural preterite)
anketesi (active plural present second-person)
ankestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
īnxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ānxte (active plural preterite second-person)
ankonti (active plural present third-person)
ankento (active imperfect plural third-person)
īnxsonti (active future plural third-person)
ānkars (active plural preterite third-person)
anxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
anxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
anke (active imperative second-person singular)
anxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
anketou (active imperative singular third-person)
anxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ankomos (active first-person imperative plural)
anxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ankete (active imperative plural second-person)
anxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ankontou (active imperative plural third-person)
ankūr (first-person passive present singular)
īnxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
anketar (passive present second-person singular)
īnxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
anketor (passive present singular third-person)
īnxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ankommor (first-person passive plural present)
īnxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ankedwe (passive plural present second-person)
īnxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ankontor (passive plural present third-person)
īnxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
anxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
anxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
anxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
anxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
anxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
anxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
anxtos (nominative singular)
anxtou (dual nominative)
anxtoi (nominative plural)
anxte (singular vocative)
anxtou (dual vocative)
anxtoi (plural vocative)
anxtom (accusative singular)
anxtou (accusative dual)
anxtoms (accusative plural)
anxtī (genitive singular)
anxtous (dual genitive)
anxtom (genitive plural)
anxtūi (dative singular)
anxtobom (dative dual)
anxtobos (dative plural)
anxtū (instrumental singular)
anxtobim (dual instrumental)
anxtobis (instrumental plural)
anxtā (nominative singular)
anxtai (dual nominative)
anxtās (nominative plural)
anxtā (singular vocative)
anxtai (dual vocative)
anxtās (plural vocative)
anxtam (accusative singular)
anxtai (accusative dual)
anxtams (accusative plural)
anxtās (genitive singular)
anxtai (dative singular)
anxtābom (dative dual)
anxtābos (dative plural)
anxtābim (dual instrumental)
anxtābis (instrumental plural)
anxtom (nominative singular)
anxtā (nominative plural)
anxtom (singular vocative)
anxtā (plural vocative)
anxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėnkɨd

desc

Middle Welsh: engi (“to escape, give birth, produce”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to bend”).

do·futhracair

*de-uɸo-tri-ānk- (preterite formation); Old Irish


rigeti

rigū (active first-person present singular)
rigemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ririxsū (active first-person future singular)
reraiga (active first-person preterite singular)
rigesi (active present second-person singular)
rigetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ririxsesi (active future second-person singular)
reraigas? (active preterite second-person singular)
rigeti (active present singular third-person)
rigeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
ririxseti (active future singular third-person)
reraige (active preterite singular third-person)
rigomosi (active first-person plural present)
rigemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ririxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
reraigmo (active first-person plural preterite)
rigetesi (active plural present second-person)
rigestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ririxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
reraixte (active plural preterite second-person)
rigonti (active plural present third-person)
rigento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ririxsonti (active future plural third-person)
reraigars (active plural preterite third-person)
rēxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
rēxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
rige (active imperative second-person singular)
rēxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
rigetou (active imperative singular third-person)
rēxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rigomos (active first-person imperative plural)
rēxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rigete (active imperative plural second-person)
rēxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rigontou (active imperative plural third-person)
rigūr (first-person passive present singular)
ririxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
rigetar (passive present second-person singular)
ririxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
rigetor (passive present singular third-person)
ririxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
rigommor (first-person passive plural present)
ririxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
rigedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ririxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
rigontor (passive plural present third-person)
ririxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
rēxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
rēxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
rēxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
rēxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
rēxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
rēxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
rixtos (nominative singular)
rixtou (dual nominative)
rixtoi (nominative plural)
rixte (singular vocative)
rixtou (dual vocative)
rixtoi (plural vocative)
rixtom (accusative singular)
rixtou (accusative dual)
rixtoms (accusative plural)
rixtī (genitive singular)
rixtous (dual genitive)
rixtom (genitive plural)
rixtūi (dative singular)
rixtobom (dative dual)
rixtobos (dative plural)
rixtū (instrumental singular)
rixtobim (dual instrumental)
rixtobis (instrumental plural)
rixtā (nominative singular)
rixtai (dual nominative)
rixtās (nominative plural)
rixtā (singular vocative)
rixtai (dual vocative)
rixtās (plural vocative)
rixtam (accusative singular)
rixtai (accusative dual)
rixtams (accusative plural)
rixtās (genitive singular)
rixtai (dative singular)
rixtābom (dative dual)
rixtābos (dative plural)
rixtābim (dual instrumental)
rixtābis (instrumental plural)
rixtom (nominative singular)
rixtā (nominative plural)
rixtom (singular vocative)
rixtā (plural vocative)
rixtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: rigid
Middle Irish: rigid

Gaulish: regu

Unsorted formations

Middle Breton: aere

Breton: a-ere (“bound by”, prep.)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hriǵ-é-ti, from *Hreyǵ- (“to bind”) + *-éti.


towto-

towtos (nominative singular)
towtou (dual nominative)
towtoi (nominative plural)
towte (singular vocative)
towtou (dual vocative)
towtoi (plural vocative)
towtom (accusative singular)
towtou (accusative dual)
towtoms (accusative plural)
towtī (genitive singular)
towtous (dual genitive)
towtom (genitive plural)
towtūi (dative singular)
towtobom (dative dual)
towtobos (dative plural)
towtū (instrumental singular)
towtobim (dual instrumental)
towtobis (instrumental plural)
towtā (nominative singular)
towtai (dual nominative)
towtās (nominative plural)
towtā (singular vocative)
towtai (dual vocative)
towtās (plural vocative)
towtam (accusative singular)
towtai (accusative dual)
towtams (accusative plural)
towtās (genitive singular)
towtai (dative singular)
towtābom (dative dual)
towtābos (dative plural)
towtābim (dual instrumental)
towtābis (instrumental plural)
towtom (nominative singular)
towtā (nominative plural)
towtom (singular vocative)
towtā (plural vocative)
towtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: tut (“favorable, good”), tuthe (“kind of demon”) (possibly)

desctree

Old Irish: túaid
Irish: thuaidh
Manx: twoaie
Scottish Gaelic: tuath

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tewH- (“to look favorably, protect, observe”), see also Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸 (þiuþ, “good thing”), Latin tueor (“I gaze”), Proto-Germanic *þiudijaz (“kind, good, friendly”).
The reason for the diverged meaning in Brythonic of "good, favorable" from "left, north" in Gaelic is unclear; possibly due to some sort of taboo replacement.


yarā

yarā (nominative singular)
yarai (dual nominative)
yarās (nominative plural)
yarā (singular vocative)
yarai (dual vocative)
yarās (plural vocative)
yaram (accusative singular)
yarai (accusative dual)
yarāms (accusative plural)
yarās (genitive singular)
yarous (dual genitive)
yarom (genitive plural)
yarāi (dative singular)
yarābom (dative dual)
yarābos (dative plural)
yarai (locative singular)
yarābim (dual instrumental)
yarābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: yar

Old Cornish: yar
Cornish: yar

Old Welsh: iar

Middle Welsh: yar

Welsh: iâr

⇒? Middle Irish: eirín, eiréne

Irish: eireog

Scottish Gaelic: eireag

Gaulish: Iaros (placename)

Perhaps from earlier *ɸiɸeros, from a Proto-Indo-European root *pip- that would also be the source of Latin pīpiō (“to chirp”) and Sanskrit पिप्पका (pippakā, “kind of bird”). Ultimately of imitative origin either way.

onomatopoeic

imitative


tungeti

tungū (active first-person present singular)
tungemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
tituxsū (active first-person future singular)
tetoka (active first-person preterite singular)
tungesi (active present second-person singular)
tungetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
tituxsesi (active future second-person singular)
tetokas? (active preterite second-person singular)
tungeti (active present singular third-person)
tungeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
tituxseti (active future singular third-person)
tetoke (active preterite singular third-person)
tungomosi (active first-person plural present)
tungemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
tituxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
tetokmo (active first-person plural preterite)
tungetesi (active plural present second-person)
tungestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
tituxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
tetoxte (active plural preterite second-person)
tungonti (active plural present third-person)
tungento (active imperfect plural third-person)
tituxsonti (active future plural third-person)
tetokars (active plural preterite third-person)
touxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
touxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
tunge (active imperative second-person singular)
touxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
tungetou (active imperative singular third-person)
touxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
tungomos (active first-person imperative plural)
touxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
tungete (active imperative plural second-person)
touxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
tungontou (active imperative plural third-person)
tungūr (first-person passive present singular)
tituxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
tungetar (passive present second-person singular)
tituxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
tungetor (passive present singular third-person)
tituxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
tungommor (first-person passive plural present)
tituxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
tungedwe (passive plural present second-person)
tituxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
tungontor (passive plural present third-person)
tituxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
touxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
touxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
touxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
touxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
touxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
touxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
tuxtos (nominative singular)
tuxtou (dual nominative)
tuxtoi (nominative plural)
tuxte (singular vocative)
tuxtou (dual vocative)
tuxtoi (plural vocative)
tuxtom (accusative singular)
tuxtou (accusative dual)
tuxtoms (accusative plural)
tuxtī (genitive singular)
tuxtous (dual genitive)
tuxtom (genitive plural)
tuxtūi (dative singular)
tuxtobom (dative dual)
tuxtobos (dative plural)
tuxtū (instrumental singular)
tuxtobim (dual instrumental)
tuxtobis (instrumental plural)
tuxtā (nominative singular)
tuxtai (dual nominative)
tuxtās (nominative plural)
tuxtā (singular vocative)
tuxtai (dual vocative)
tuxtās (plural vocative)
tuxtam (accusative singular)
tuxtai (accusative dual)
tuxtams (accusative plural)
tuxtās (genitive singular)
tuxtai (dative singular)
tuxtābom (dative dual)
tuxtābos (dative plural)
tuxtābim (dual instrumental)
tuxtābis (instrumental plural)
tuxtom (nominative singular)
tuxtā (nominative plural)
tuxtom (singular vocative)
tuxtā (plural vocative)
tuxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: toeaff, touet

Breton: touiñ

Cornish: tia

Middle Welsh: tyngu

Welsh: tyngu

Old Irish: tongaid

>? Gaulish: toncsiiontio (3p.fut.rel.)

A verb infamous for its complicated origin. There are two major theories on its origin:
* A modern theory derives the verb from a suppletive conflation of a nasal-infix present *lungeti from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lewgʰ- (“to announce”) and a preterite derived from *tek- (“to reach out, receive with one's hands”). The initial t- outside the present would thus come from analogy with the preterite. This theory dismisses a connection with Gaulish toncsiiontio.
* An older, more traditional theory supposed descent from Proto-Indo-European *th₂négti (“to touch, grasp; to take”), ne-infixed verb from the root *teh₂g- (“to touch; to take”), with semantic divergence (i.e. to “take (an oath)”); compare Latin tangō (“(I) touch”), especially in the figurative meanings “affect; enchant”, Proto-Germanic *þakkōną (“to touch lightly”) and Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”, ptcp.). The o-grade in Old Irish however would be unexplained.

cog

fristoing

*writ-tungeti (“to counter-swear”); Old Irish


weskʷeros

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉxer
Old Cornish: *uher
⇒ Old Cornish: gurthuher
Cornish: gorthugher
Middle Welsh: ucher

Old Irish: fescor
Irish: feascar
Manx: fastyr
Scottish Gaelic: feasgar


ɸalnati

ɸalnami (active first-person present singular)
ɸalnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸiblāsū (active first-person future singular)
ɸalnasi (active present second-person singular)
ɸalnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸiblāsesi (active future second-person singular)
ɸalnati (active present singular third-person)
ɸalnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸiblāseti (active future singular third-person)
ɸalnamosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸalnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸiblāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ɸalnatesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸalnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸiblāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ɸalnanti (active plural present third-person)
ɸalnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸiblāsonti (active future plural third-person)
ɸelū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ɸelesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸalna (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸeleti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸalnatou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸelomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ɸalnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸeletesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸalnate (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸelonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸalnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸalnar (first-person passive present singular)
ɸiblāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ɸalnatar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸiblāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ɸalnator (passive present singular third-person)
ɸiblāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ɸalnammor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸiblāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ɸalnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸiblāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ɸalnantor (passive plural present third-person)
ɸiblāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ɸelūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ɸeletar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸeletor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸelommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ɸeledwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸelontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸlatos (nominative singular)
ɸlatou (dual nominative)
ɸlatoi (nominative plural)
ɸlate (singular vocative)
ɸlatou (dual vocative)
ɸlatoi (plural vocative)
ɸlatom (accusative singular)
ɸlatou (accusative dual)
ɸlatoms (accusative plural)
ɸlatī (genitive singular)
ɸlatous (dual genitive)
ɸlatom (genitive plural)
ɸlatūi (dative singular)
ɸlatobom (dative dual)
ɸlatobos (dative plural)
ɸlatū (instrumental singular)
ɸlatobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlatobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlatā (nominative singular)
ɸlatai (dual nominative)
ɸlatās (nominative plural)
ɸlatā (singular vocative)
ɸlatai (dual vocative)
ɸlatās (plural vocative)
ɸlatam (accusative singular)
ɸlatai (accusative dual)
ɸlatams (accusative plural)
ɸlatās (genitive singular)
ɸlatai (dative singular)
ɸlatābom (dative dual)
ɸlatābos (dative plural)
ɸlatābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlatābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlatom (nominative singular)
ɸlatā (nominative plural)
ɸlatom (singular vocative)
ɸlatā (plural vocative)
ɸlatā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

q

among other inflected forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="kw">mos</i> (“to go”)

Cornish: ylliv (among other inflected forms of mos (“to go”))

among other literary inflected forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">mynd</i> (“to go”)

Welsh: elwyf (among other literary inflected forms of mynd (“to go”))

Old Irish: ·ella (lost outside of compounds)

From a nasal-infix present *pl̥néh₂ti ~ pl̥nh₂énti, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to approach”). Cognate with Latin pellō (“to drive”).


sindainoxtē

From *sindai (“this”) + *noxtē (“night”).

Proto-Brythonic: *henoɨθMiddle Breton: hanoezBreton: henoazhMiddle Cornish: hanethOld Welsh: henoidMiddle Welsh: henoWelsh: heno

Old Irish: innochtIrish: anochtManx: noghtScottish Gaelic: a-nochd


aglos

aglos (masculine nominative singular stem)
aglou (dual masculine nominative stem)
agloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
agle (masculine singular stem vocative)
aglou (dual masculine stem vocative)
aglūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
aglom (accusative masculine singular stem)
aglou (accusative dual masculine stem)
agloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
aglī (genitive masculine singular stem)
aglous (dual genitive masculine stem)
aglom (genitive masculine plural stem)
aglūi (dative masculine singular stem)
aglobom (dative dual masculine stem)
aglobos (dative masculine plural stem)
aglei (locative masculine singular stem)
aglū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
aglobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
aglūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: ael

Old Irish: ál

Irish: ál

According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵʰ- (“cow”), see also Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬍 (azī), Old Armenian եզն (ezn), Old Irish ag (“cow”). Matasovic compares *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), though with a semantic gap.


welsos

welsos (masculine nominative singular stem)
welsou (dual masculine nominative stem)
welsoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
welse (masculine singular stem vocative)
welsou (dual masculine stem vocative)
welsūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
welsom (accusative masculine singular stem)
welsou (accusative dual masculine stem)
welsoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
welsī (genitive masculine singular stem)
welsous (dual genitive masculine stem)
welsom (genitive masculine plural stem)
welsūi (dative masculine singular stem)
welsobom (dative dual masculine stem)
welsobos (dative masculine plural stem)
welsei (locative masculine singular stem)
welsū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
welsobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
welsūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goall

Breton: gwall

Cornish: gwall

Middle Welsh: guall

Welsh: gwall

Old Irish: fell

Middle Irish: fell

Irish: feall

Scottish Gaelic: feall

Manx: foall

From Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)welh₁(bʰ)-, from *wel- (“to deceive”), see also Lithuanian vilti (“to deceive, cheat”).


karnos

karnos (masculine nominative singular stem)
karnou (dual masculine nominative stem)
karnoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
karne (masculine singular stem vocative)
karnou (dual masculine stem vocative)
karnūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
karnom (accusative masculine singular stem)
karnou (accusative dual masculine stem)
karnoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
karnī (genitive masculine singular stem)
karnous (dual genitive masculine stem)
karnom (genitive masculine plural stem)
karnūi (dative masculine singular stem)
karnobom (dative dual masculine stem)
karnobos (dative masculine plural stem)
karnei (locative masculine singular stem)
karnū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
karnobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
karnūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *karn

Middle Breton: (Pen) karn

Breton: karn

Cornish: carn

desc

Middle Welsh: carn, carnau, cernydd, cerni

Old Irish: carn

Scottish Gaelic: càrn

Gaulish: *karnitu, Carnuntum

Perhaps related to *karwos (“stag, deer”) and *karno- (“hoof, horn”), all from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head, top, horn”).


gargos

gargos (nominative singular)
gargou (dual nominative)
gargoi (nominative plural)
garge (singular vocative)
gargou (dual vocative)
gargoi (plural vocative)
gargom (accusative singular)
gargou (accusative dual)
gargoms (accusative plural)
gargī (genitive singular)
gargous (dual genitive)
gargom (genitive plural)
gargūi (dative singular)
gargobom (dative dual)
gargobos (dative plural)
gargū (instrumental singular)
gargobim (dual instrumental)
gargobis (instrumental plural)
gargā (nominative singular)
gargai (dual nominative)
gargās (nominative plural)
gargā (singular vocative)
gargai (dual vocative)
gargās (plural vocative)
gargam (accusative singular)
gargai (accusative dual)
gargams (accusative plural)
gargās (genitive singular)
gargai (dative singular)
gargābom (dative dual)
gargābos (dative plural)
gargābim (dual instrumental)
gargābis (instrumental plural)
gargom (nominative singular)
gargā (nominative plural)
gargom (singular vocative)
gargā (plural vocative)
gargā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: garg, gargg

Irish: garg

Scottish Gaelic: garg

Gaulish: Gargenus (placename)

Likely of expressive/onomatopoeic origin. Compared to Proto-Slavic *groza (“horror”), Ancient Greek γοργός (gorgós, “rough, frightsome”), Old Armenian կարծր (karcr, “hard”), which could be related or just similarities.

onomatopoeic

expressive


brugnos

brugnos (masculine nominative singular stem)
brugnou (dual masculine nominative stem)
brugnoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
brugne (masculine singular stem vocative)
brugnou (dual masculine stem vocative)
brugnūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
brugnom (accusative masculine singular stem)
brugnou (accusative dual masculine stem)
brugnoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
brugnī (genitive masculine singular stem)
brugnous (dual genitive masculine stem)
brugnom (genitive masculine plural stem)
brugnūi (dative masculine singular stem)
brugnobom (dative dual masculine stem)
brugnobos (dative masculine plural stem)
brugnei (locative masculine singular stem)
brugnū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
brugnobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
brugnūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *bruɨn

Middle Welsh: brwyn

Welsh: brwyn

desctree

Old Irish: brón
Irish: brón
Scottish Gaelic: bròn

Uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷruHǵʰ-nó-, from the root *gʷrewHǵʰ- (“to bite”) + *-nós, though the laryngeal makes this problematic; alternatively from *bʰreg- (“to break”).


nixtos

Brill Publishers
James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)

Proto-Brythonic: *niθ

Old Irish: *necht

q

⇒ Old Irish: cruthnecht, cruithnecht (possibly + cruth (“form”) or Cruithen (“Pict”))

Irish: cruithneacht

Manx: curnaght

Scottish Gaelic: cruithneachd

From Proto-Indo-European *nik-tó-s, from *neyk- (“to winnow”) + *-tós.


tondā

tondā (nominative singular)
tondai (dual nominative)
tondās (nominative plural)
tondā (singular vocative)
tondai (dual vocative)
tondās (plural vocative)
tondam (accusative singular)
tondai (accusative dual)
tondāms (accusative plural)
tondās (genitive singular)
tondous (dual genitive)
tondom (genitive plural)
tondāi (dative singular)
tondābom (dative dual)
tondābos (dative plural)
tondai (locative singular)
tondābim (dual instrumental)
tondābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: tonnenn

Middle Breton: tonenn

Breton: tonnenn

Middle Welsh: tonn, tonnen

desctree

Old Irish: tonn, tond
Middle Irish: tonn
Irish: tonn
Manx: tonn
Scottish Gaelic: tonn

Gaulish: *tondā

→ Latin: tunna, tonna
Catalan: tona, tonya
Old French: tonne
French: tonne
→ English: tonne
Old French: tonel
Galician: tonel, tonelada
Portuguese: tonel, tonelada
Spanish: tonel, tonelada
→ Proto-West Germanic: *tunnā, *tonnā, *tunnu (see there for further descendants)

>? Gallaecian:

Old Galician-Portuguese: tona
Galician: tona
Portuguese: tona

From Proto-Indo-European *tend- (“to cut off”), similar to Latin tondeo.


auberos

awberos (nominative singular)
awberou (dual nominative)
awberoi (nominative plural)
awbere (singular vocative)
awberou (dual vocative)
awberoi (plural vocative)
awberom (accusative singular)
awberou (accusative dual)
awberoms (accusative plural)
awberī (genitive singular)
awberous (dual genitive)
awberom (genitive plural)
awberūi (dative singular)
awberobom (dative dual)
awberobos (dative plural)
awberū (instrumental singular)
awberobim (dual instrumental)
awberobis (instrumental plural)
awberā (nominative singular)
awberai (dual nominative)
awberās (nominative plural)
awberā (singular vocative)
awberai (dual vocative)
awberās (plural vocative)
awberam (accusative singular)
awberai (accusative dual)
awberams (accusative plural)
awberās (genitive singular)
awberai (dative singular)
awberābom (dative dual)
awberābos (dative plural)
awberābim (dual instrumental)
awberābis (instrumental plural)
awberom (nominative singular)
awberā (nominative plural)
awberom (singular vocative)
awberā (plural vocative)
awberā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ọβer

Middle Welsh: ofer

Breton: euver

Welsh: ofer

Old Irish: óbar, úabar

Middle Irish: úabar

Irish: uabhar

Scottish Gaelic: uabhar


souyos

souyos (nominative singular)
souyou (dual nominative)
souyoi (nominative plural)
souye (singular vocative)
souyou (dual vocative)
souyoi (plural vocative)
souyom (accusative singular)
souyou (accusative dual)
souyoms (accusative plural)
souyī (genitive singular)
souyous (dual genitive)
souyom (genitive plural)
souyūi (dative singular)
souyobom (dative dual)
souyobos (dative plural)
souyū (instrumental singular)
souyobim (dual instrumental)
souyobis (instrumental plural)
souyā (nominative singular)
souyai (dual nominative)
souyās (nominative plural)
souyā (singular vocative)
souyai (dual vocative)
souyās (plural vocative)
souyam (accusative singular)
souyai (accusative dual)
souyams (accusative plural)
souyās (genitive singular)
souyai (dative singular)
souyābom (dative dual)
souyābos (dative plural)
souyābim (dual instrumental)
souyābis (instrumental plural)
souyom (nominative singular)
souyā (nominative plural)
souyom (singular vocative)
souyā (plural vocative)
souyā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *sewyós (“left (handed)”).

assow

*assouyā f, *assouyos m (+ *ad- (“to, at, towards”))


bedom

bedom (nominative singular)
bedou (dual nominative)
bedā (nominative plural)
bedom (singular vocative)
bedou (dual vocative)
bedā (plural vocative)
bedom (accusative singular)
bedou (accusative dual)
bedā (accusative plural)
bedī (genitive singular)
bedous (dual genitive)
bedom (genitive plural)
bedūi (dative singular)
bedobom (dative dual)
bedobos (dative plural)
bedei (locative singular)
bedū (instrumental singular)
bedobim (dual instrumental)
bedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *beð

Middle Breton: bez

Breton: bez

Cornish: beth

Middle Welsh: bedd

Welsh: bedd

Gaulish: *bedom

→ Old French: bied, bié

French: bief

desc

→ Ligurian: beu (Genoese dialect), beyu (Taggia dialect)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to dig”).


slunketi

slunkū (active first-person present singular)
slunkemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
slunkesi (active present second-person singular)
slunketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
slunketi (active present singular third-person)
slunketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
slunkomosi (active first-person plural present)
slunkemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
slunketesi (active plural present second-person)
slunkestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
slunkonti (active plural present third-person)
slunkento (active imperfect plural third-person)
slunke (active imperative second-person singular)
slunketou (active imperative singular third-person)
slunkomos (active first-person imperative plural)
slunkete (active imperative plural second-person)
slunkontou (active imperative plural third-person)
slunkūr (first-person passive present singular)
slunketar (passive present second-person singular)
slunketor (passive present singular third-person)
slunkommor (first-person passive plural present)
slunkedwe (passive plural present second-person)
slunkontor (passive plural present third-person)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: ro-luncas

Breton: louncaff

Middle Welsh: llyncu

Welsh: llyncu

desctree

Old Irish: sluicid
Irish: slog, sloig
→ Yola: slug

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)lewg- *(s)lewk-, see also Dutch slokken, German schlucken, Ancient Greek λύζω (lúzō).


suweti

suwū (active first-person present singular)
suwemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
siswāsū (active first-person future singular)
sesowa (active first-person preterite singular)
suwesi (active present second-person singular)
suwetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
siswāsesi (active future second-person singular)
sesowas? (active preterite second-person singular)
suweti (active present singular third-person)
suweto (active imperfect singular third-person)
siswāseti (active future singular third-person)
sesowe (active preterite singular third-person)
suwomosi (active first-person plural present)
suwemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
siswāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sesowmo (active first-person plural preterite)
suwetesi (active plural present second-person)
suwestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
siswāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sesowe (active plural preterite second-person)
suwonti (active plural present third-person)
suwento (active imperfect plural third-person)
siswāsonti (active future plural third-person)
sesowars (active plural preterite third-person)
sowasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sowasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
suwe (active imperative second-person singular)
sowaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
suwetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sowasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
suwomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sowasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
suwete (active imperative plural second-person)
sowasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
suwontou (active imperative plural third-person)
suwūr (first-person passive present singular)
siswāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
suwetar (passive present second-person singular)
siswāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
suwetor (passive present singular third-person)
siswāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
suwommor (first-person passive plural present)
siswāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
suwedwe (passive plural present second-person)
siswāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
suwontor (passive plural present third-person)
siswāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sowasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sowasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sowasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sowasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sowasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sowasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
sūtos (nominative singular)
sūtou (dual nominative)
sūtoi (nominative plural)
sūte (singular vocative)
sūtou (dual vocative)
sūtoi (plural vocative)
sūtom (accusative singular)
sūtou (accusative dual)
sūtoms (accusative plural)
sūtī (genitive singular)
sūtous (dual genitive)
sūtom (genitive plural)
sūtūi (dative singular)
sūtobom (dative dual)
sūtobos (dative plural)
sūtū (instrumental singular)
sūtobim (dual instrumental)
sūtobis (instrumental plural)
sūtā (nominative singular)
sūtai (dual nominative)
sūtās (nominative plural)
sūtā (singular vocative)
sūtai (dual vocative)
sūtās (plural vocative)
sūtam (accusative singular)
sūtai (accusative dual)
sūtams (accusative plural)
sūtās (genitive singular)
sūtai (dative singular)
sūtābom (dative dual)
sūtābos (dative plural)
sūtābim (dual instrumental)
sūtābis (instrumental plural)
sūtom (nominative singular)
sūtā (nominative plural)
sūtom (singular vocative)
sūtā (plural vocative)
sūtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: soïd
Irish: sóigh

From Proto-Indo-European *sewh₁-. Cognate to Sanskrit सुवति (suvati).


kʷākʷos

kʷākʷos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kʷākʷou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kʷākʷoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kʷākʷe (masculine singular stem vocative)
kʷākʷou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kʷākūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kʷākʷom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kʷākʷou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kʷākoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kʷākʷī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kʷākʷous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kʷākʷom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kʷākūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kʷākʷobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kʷākʷobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kʷākʷei (locative masculine singular stem)
kʷākū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kʷākʷobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kʷākʷūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Matasović is indecisive between two etymological possibilities:
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷo-h₃kʷ-os, a compound of *kʷos (“what”) and *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”), literally "what you see".
* From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂-kʷos, a dvandva compound of feminine *kʷeh₂ and masculine *kʷos (“what”). This etymology is endorsed by Stüber.


kʷākʷos

kʷākʷos (nominative singular)
kʷākʷou (dual nominative)
kʷākʷoi (nominative plural)
kʷākʷe (singular vocative)
kʷākʷou (dual vocative)
kʷākʷoi (plural vocative)
kʷākʷom (accusative singular)
kʷākʷou (accusative dual)
kʷākʷoms (accusative plural)
kʷākʷī (genitive singular)
kʷākʷous (dual genitive)
kʷākʷom (genitive plural)
kʷākūi (dative singular)
kʷākʷobom (dative dual)
kʷākʷobos (dative plural)
kʷākū (instrumental singular)
kʷākʷobim (dual instrumental)
kʷākʷobis (instrumental plural)
kʷākʷā (nominative singular)
kʷākʷai (dual nominative)
kʷākʷās (nominative plural)
kʷākʷā (singular vocative)
kʷākʷai (dual vocative)
kʷākʷās (plural vocative)
kʷākʷam (accusative singular)
kʷākʷai (accusative dual)
kʷākʷams (accusative plural)
kʷākʷās (genitive singular)
kʷākʷai (dative singular)
kʷākʷābom (dative dual)
kʷākʷābos (dative plural)
kʷākʷābim (dual instrumental)
kʷākʷābis (instrumental plural)
kʷākʷom (nominative singular)
kʷākʷā (nominative plural)
kʷākʷom (singular vocative)
kʷākʷā (plural vocative)
kʷākʷā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: pọb

Old Breton: pop

Middle Breton: pep

Breton: pep

Cornish: pob, peub

Old Welsh: paup

Middle Welsh: pawb

Welsh: pob

Old Irish: cách, cach

Middle Irish: cách, cach

Irish: gach

Manx: dagh

Scottish Gaelic: gach, càch


kentusedom

kentusedom (nominative singular)
kentusedou (dual nominative)
kentusedā (nominative plural)
kentusedom (singular vocative)
kentusedou (dual vocative)
kentusedā (plural vocative)
kentusedom (accusative singular)
kentusedou (accusative dual)
kentusedā (accusative plural)
kentusedī (genitive singular)
kentusedous (dual genitive)
kentusedom (genitive plural)
kentusedūi (dative singular)
kentusedobom (dative dual)
kentusedobos (dative plural)
kentusedei (locative singular)
kentusedū (instrumental singular)
kentusedobim (dual instrumental)
kentusedūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kɨntüheð

Middle Welsh: cyntedd

Welsh: cyntedd (“porch”)

Old Irish: cétad

Middle Irish: cétad

From *kentu- (“first”) + *sed- (“to sit”) + *-om.


liyants

liyants (nominative singular)
liyante (dual nominative)
liyantes (nominative plural)
liyants (singular vocative)
liyante (dual vocative)
liyantes (plural vocative)
liyantam (accusative singular)
liyante (accusative dual)
liyantams (accusative plural)
liyantos (genitive singular)
liyantou (dual genitive)
liyantom (genitive plural)
liyantei (dative singular)
liyantobom (dative dual)
liyantobos (dative plural)
liyanti (locative singular)
liyante? (instrumental singular)
liyantobim (dual instrumental)
liyantobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: lliant

Welsh: lliant

Old Irish: liae, lie
Middle Irish: lía

Present participle-like formation from *liyeti (“to flow”).


towissus

towissus (nominative singular)
towissū (dual nominative)
towissowes (nominative plural)
towissu (singular vocative)
towissū (dual vocative)
towissūs (plural vocative)
towissum (accusative singular)
towissū (accusative dual)
towissums (accusative plural)
towissous (genitive singular)
towissous (dual genitive)
towissowom (genitive plural)
towissou (dative singular)
towissubom (dative dual)
towissubos (dative plural)
towissū (instrumental singular)
towissubim (dual instrumental)
towissubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *togwɨs

Middle Welsh: tywys

Welsh: tywys

desctree

Old Irish: tús, tuus
Irish: tús
Scottish Gaelic: tùs

From *to- (“to, towards”) + *wissus (“knowledge”).


garwos

garwos (nominative singular)
garwou (dual nominative)
garwoi (nominative plural)
garwe (singular vocative)
garwou (dual vocative)
garwoi (plural vocative)
garwom (accusative singular)
garwou (accusative dual)
garwoms (accusative plural)
garwī (genitive singular)
garwous (dual genitive)
garwom (genitive plural)
garwūi (dative singular)
garwobom (dative dual)
garwobos (dative plural)
garwū (instrumental singular)
garwobim (dual instrumental)
garwobis (instrumental plural)
garwā (nominative singular)
garwai (dual nominative)
garwās (nominative plural)
garwā (singular vocative)
garwai (dual vocative)
garwās (plural vocative)
garwam (accusative singular)
garwai (accusative dual)
garwams (accusative plural)
garwās (genitive singular)
garwai (dative singular)
garwābom (dative dual)
garwābos (dative plural)
garwābim (dual instrumental)
garwābis (instrumental plural)
garwom (nominative singular)
garwā (nominative plural)
garwom (singular vocative)
garwā (plural vocative)
garwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: garu

Breton: garw

Cornish: garow

Middle Welsh: garw

Welsh: garw

Old Irish: garb

Irish: garbh

Scottish Gaelic: garbh

According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”), but Matasović dismisses this as "improbable," instead calling it an "expressive" development of Proto-Indo-European *ǵ-ʰr-wo- related to *gargos (“rough, fierce”).

onomatopoeic

expressive


kʷiseti

kʷisū (active first-person present singular)
kʷisemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kʷikʷisū (active first-person future singular)
kʷikʷoisa (active first-person preterite singular)
kʷisesi (active present second-person singular)
kʷisetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kʷikʷisesi (active future second-person singular)
kʷikʷoisas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kʷiseti (active present singular third-person)
kʷiseto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kʷikʷiseti (active future singular third-person)
kʷikʷoise (active preterite singular third-person)
kʷisomosi (active first-person plural present)
kʷisemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kʷikʷisomosi (active first-person future plural)
kʷikʷoismo (active first-person plural preterite)
kʷisetesi (active plural present second-person)
kʷisestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kʷikʷisetesi (active future plural second-person)
kʷikʷoise (active plural preterite second-person)
kʷisonti (active plural present third-person)
kʷisento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kʷikʷisonti (active future plural third-person)
kʷikʷoisars (active plural preterite third-person)
kʷeissū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kʷeissesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷise (active imperative second-person singular)
kʷeisseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷisetou (active imperative singular third-person)
kʷeissomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kʷisomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kʷeissetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷisete (active imperative plural second-person)
kʷeissonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷisontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kʷisūr (first-person passive present singular)
kʷikʷisūr (first-person future passive singular)
kʷisetar (passive present second-person singular)
kʷikʷisetar (future passive second-person singular)
kʷisetor (passive present singular third-person)
kʷikʷisetor (future passive singular third-person)
kʷisommor (first-person passive plural present)
kʷikʷisommor (first-person future passive plural)
kʷisedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kʷikʷisedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kʷisontor (passive plural present third-person)
kʷikʷisontor (future passive plural third-person)
kʷeissūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kʷeissetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷeissetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷeissommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kʷeissedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷeissontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷistos (nominative singular)
kʷistou (dual nominative)
kʷistoi (nominative plural)
kʷiste (singular vocative)
kʷistou (dual vocative)
kʷistoi (plural vocative)
kʷistom (accusative singular)
kʷistou (accusative dual)
kʷistoms (accusative plural)
kʷistī (genitive singular)
kʷistous (dual genitive)
kʷistom (genitive plural)
kʷistūi (dative singular)
kʷistobom (dative dual)
kʷistobos (dative plural)
kʷistū (instrumental singular)
kʷistobim (dual instrumental)
kʷistobis (instrumental plural)
kʷistā (nominative singular)
kʷistai (dual nominative)
kʷistās (nominative plural)
kʷistā (singular vocative)
kʷistai (dual vocative)
kʷistās (plural vocative)
kʷistam (accusative singular)
kʷistai (accusative dual)
kʷistams (accusative plural)
kʷistās (genitive singular)
kʷistai (dative singular)
kʷistābom (dative dual)
kʷistābos (dative plural)
kʷistābim (dual instrumental)
kʷistābis (instrumental plural)
kʷistom (nominative singular)
kʷistā (nominative plural)
kʷistom (singular vocative)
kʷistā (plural vocative)
kʷistā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: pissiumi (1sg. future)


adkʷiseti

adkʷisū (active first-person present singular)
adkʷisemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
adkʷikʷisū (active first-person future singular)
adkʷikʷoisa (active first-person preterite singular)
adkʷisesi (active present second-person singular)
adkʷisetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
adkʷikʷisesi (active future second-person singular)
adkʷikʷoisas? (active preterite second-person singular)
adkʷiseti (active present singular third-person)
adkʷiseto (active imperfect singular third-person)
adkʷikʷiseti (active future singular third-person)
adkʷikʷoise (active preterite singular third-person)
adkʷisomosi (active first-person plural present)
adkʷisemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
adkʷikʷisomosi (active first-person future plural)
adkʷikʷoismo (active first-person plural preterite)
adkʷisetesi (active plural present second-person)
adkʷisestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
adkʷikʷisetesi (active future plural second-person)
adkʷikʷoise (active plural preterite second-person)
adkʷisonti (active plural present third-person)
adkʷisento (active imperfect plural third-person)
adkʷikʷisonti (active future plural third-person)
adkʷikʷoisars (active plural preterite third-person)
adkʷeissū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
adkʷeissesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
adkʷise (active imperative second-person singular)
adkʷeisseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
adkʷisetou (active imperative singular third-person)
adkʷeissomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
adkʷisomos (active first-person imperative plural)
adkʷeissetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
adkʷisete (active imperative plural second-person)
adkʷeissonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
adkʷisontou (active imperative plural third-person)
adkʷisūr (first-person passive present singular)
adkʷikʷisūr (first-person future passive singular)
adkʷisetar (passive present second-person singular)
adkʷikʷisetar (future passive second-person singular)
adkʷisetor (passive present singular third-person)
adkʷikʷisetor (future passive singular third-person)
adkʷisommor (first-person passive plural present)
adkʷikʷisommor (first-person future passive plural)
adkʷisedwe (passive plural present second-person)
adkʷikʷisedwe (future passive plural second-person)
adkʷisontor (passive plural present third-person)
adkʷikʷisontor (future passive plural third-person)
adkʷeissūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
adkʷeissetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
adkʷeissetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
adkʷeissommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
adkʷeissedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
adkʷeissontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
adkʷistos (nominative singular)
adkʷistou (dual nominative)
adkʷistoi (nominative plural)
adkʷiste (singular vocative)
adkʷistou (dual vocative)
adkʷistoi (plural vocative)
adkʷistom (accusative singular)
adkʷistou (accusative dual)
adkʷistoms (accusative plural)
adkʷistī (genitive singular)
adkʷistous (dual genitive)
adkʷistom (genitive plural)
adkʷistūi (dative singular)
adkʷistobom (dative dual)
adkʷistobos (dative plural)
adkʷistū (instrumental singular)
adkʷistobim (dual instrumental)
adkʷistobis (instrumental plural)
adkʷistā (nominative singular)
adkʷistai (dual nominative)
adkʷistās (nominative plural)
adkʷistā (singular vocative)
adkʷistai (dual vocative)
adkʷistās (plural vocative)
adkʷistam (accusative singular)
adkʷistai (accusative dual)
adkʷistams (accusative plural)
adkʷistās (genitive singular)
adkʷistai (dative singular)
adkʷistābom (dative dual)
adkʷistābos (dative plural)
adkʷistābim (dual instrumental)
adkʷistābis (instrumental plural)
adkʷistom (nominative singular)
adkʷistā (nominative plural)
adkʷistom (singular vocative)
adkʷistā (plural vocative)
adkʷistā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: ad·cí, ad·cíi
Irish: feic, chí
Manx: faik
Scottish Gaelic: faic, chì

Gaulish: appisetu (3sg. imperative)


agrinyos

agrinyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
agrinyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
agrinyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
agrinye (masculine singular stem vocative)
agrinyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
agrinyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
agrinyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
agrinyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
agrinyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
agrinyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
agrinyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
agrinyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
agrinyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
agrinyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
agrinyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
agrinyei (locative masculine singular stem)
agrinyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
agrinyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
agrinyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Primitive Irish:

Old Irish: áirne

Irish: airne (“sloe, gland”)

Manx: airn (“sloe, bullace”)

desc

Scottish Gaelic: àirne (“sloe, blackthorn”)

Brythonic: ("plum")

Welsh: eirin

Breton: irin

Hispano-Iberian:

→? Catalan: aranyó (“sloe”)

→? Spanish: arañón (“sloe”)

→? Occitan: agreno, aranhon, aragnou, agragnou (“sloe”)

→? Proto-Basque: *araN

Basque: aran

From a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“berry”), similar in form to Proto-Germanic *akraną (“small fruit of a tree”). Cognate with Tocharian B oko (“fruit”), English acorn, Lithuanian uoga (“berry”), etc.


nāunyā

nāunyā (nominative singular)
nāunyai (dual nominative)
nāunyās (nominative plural)
nāunyā (singular vocative)
nāunyai (dual vocative)
nāunyās (plural vocative)
nāunyam (accusative singular)
nāunyai (accusative dual)
nāunyāms (accusative plural)
nāunyās (genitive singular)
nāunyous (dual genitive)
nāunyom (genitive plural)
nāunyāi (dative singular)
nāunyābom (dative dual)
nāunyābos (dative plural)
nāunyai (locative singular)
nāunyābim (dual instrumental)
nāunyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: newyn (“hunger”)

desc

Welsh: newyn (“hunger, starvation, famine”)

Breton: naoun (“hunger, starvation, famine”)

Goidelic:

Old Irish: núna, naunae

From Proto-Indo-European *nowh₂ny-eh₂-, from *neh₂w- (“to die, lack”). Cognate with Tocharian A nwām (“sick”), Tocharian B naut- (“to die”), etc.


slattā

slattā (nominative singular)
slattai (dual nominative)
slattās (nominative plural)
slattā (singular vocative)
slattai (dual vocative)
slattās (plural vocative)
slattam (accusative singular)
slattai (accusative dual)
slattāms (accusative plural)
slattās (genitive singular)
slattous (dual genitive)
slattom (genitive plural)
slattāi (dative singular)
slattābom (dative dual)
slattābos (dative plural)
slattai (locative singular)
slattābim (dual instrumental)
slattābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llaθ
Old Breton: lath
Breton: lazh
Cornish: lath
Welsh: llath

Old Irish: slat

Middle Irish: slat

Irish: slat

Scottish Gaelic: slat

Possibly loaned from a substrate language of northwestern Europe, hinted by the geminate and a-vocalism. This substrate could also have been the source of Proto-Germanic *lattō (“plank, board”), but with loss of initial *s-. Perhaps related to the root of *sladyeti (“to slay, hit”) (compare Proto-Germanic *slahaną); similar sense development can be found in Serbo-Croatian šibati (“to flog, whip”) > šiba (“rod, switch”).


betuyā

betuyā (nominative singular)
betuyai (dual nominative)
betuyās (nominative plural)
betuyā (singular vocative)
betuyai (dual vocative)
betuyās (plural vocative)
betuyam (accusative singular)
betuyai (accusative dual)
betuyāms (accusative plural)
betuyās (genitive singular)
betuyous (dual genitive)
betuyom (genitive plural)
betuyāi (dative singular)
betuyābom (dative dual)
betuyābos (dative plural)
betuyai (locative singular)
betuyābim (dual instrumental)
betuyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bedu
Middle Breton: bezu
Middle Welsh: bedwen sg
Welsh: bedw

Old Irish: beithe m
Middle Irish: beith f
Irish: beith
Manx: beih
Scottish Gaelic: beith

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷétw-ih₂ ~ *gʷtu-yéh₂, from *gʷétu (“resin”) + *-ih₂.


ɸreswos

ɸreswos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ɸreswou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ɸreswoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ɸreswe (masculine singular stem vocative)
ɸreswou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ɸreswūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ɸreswom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ɸreswou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ɸreswoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ɸreswī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ɸreswous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ɸreswom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ɸreswūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ɸreswobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ɸreswobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ɸreswei (locative masculine singular stem)
ɸreswū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ɸreswobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ɸreswūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic:

Breton: rev

Cornish: rew

Welsh: rhew

From Proto-Indo-European *prews-, with metathesis of *-ws- to *-sw-.


budīnā

budinā (nominative singular)
budinai (dual nominative)
budinās (nominative plural)
budinā (singular vocative)
budinai (dual vocative)
budinās (plural vocative)
budinam (accusative singular)
budinai (accusative dual)
budināms (accusative plural)
budinās (genitive singular)
budinous (dual genitive)
budinom (genitive plural)
budināi (dative singular)
budinābom (dative dual)
budinābos (dative plural)
budinai (locative singular)
budinābim (dual instrumental)
budinābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *büðin

Old Breton: bodin

Middle Welsh: byddin

Welsh: byddin

Old Irish: buiden
Irish: buíon

Gaulish: budīnā

→ Late Latin: bodina (“frontier”), Budenicus (theonym)

Perhaps from the same source as *boudi (“victory, booty”).


uɸosistamus

uɸosistamus (nominative singular)
uɸosistamū (dual nominative)
uɸosistamowes (nominative plural)
uɸosistamu (singular vocative)
uɸosistamū (dual vocative)
uɸosistamūs (plural vocative)
uɸosistamum (accusative singular)
uɸosistamū (accusative dual)
uɸosistamums (accusative plural)
uɸosistamous (genitive singular)
uɸosistamous (dual genitive)
uɸosistamowom (genitive plural)
uɸosistamou (dative singular)
uɸosistamubom (dative dual)
uɸosistamubos (dative plural)
uɸosistamū (instrumental singular)
uɸosistamubim (dual instrumental)
uɸosistamubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: gwaesaf

desctree

Old Irish: fóesam, foísam
Middle Irish: fáesam
Irish: faoiseamh (“relief”)


sāwūl

sāwūl (nominative singular)
sūle (dual nominative)
sūla (nominative plural)
sāwūl (singular vocative)
sūle (dual vocative)
sūla (plural vocative)
sāwūl (accusative singular)
sūle (accusative dual)
sūla (accusative plural)
sūlos (genitive singular)
sūlou (dual genitive)
sūlom (genitive plural)
sūlē (dative singular)
sūlobom (dative dual)
sūlobos (dative plural)
sūli (locative singular)
sūle? (instrumental singular)
sūlobim (dual instrumental)
sūlobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *họwl (from nominative singular)

Old Breton: houl

Middle Breton: heul

Breton: heol

Middle Welsh: heul, haul

Welsh: haul

desctree

Old Irish: súil (“eye”) (from oblique stem)
Irish: súil
Manx: sooill
Scottish Gaelic: sùil

>? Gaulish: Sulis

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥.


ambirādos

ambirādos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ambirādou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ambirādoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ambirāde (masculine singular stem vocative)
ambirādou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ambirādūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ambirādom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ambirādou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ambirādoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ambirādī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ambirādous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ambirādom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ambirādūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ambirādobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ambirādobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ambirādei (locative masculine singular stem)
ambirādū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ambirādobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ambirādūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: amraud

Middle Welsh: amraud, amraut

Welsh: amrawdd

Old Irish: imrád

Middle Irish: imrád

Scottish Gaelic: iomradh


medyetor

medyūr (first-person passive present singular)
medyetar (passive present second-person singular)
medyetor (passive present singular third-person)
medyommor (first-person passive plural present)
medyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
medyontor (passive plural present third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėðɨd
Old Cornish: medhes
Middle Welsh: meðu
Welsh: meddu

Old Irish: midithir

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure; give advice”)


dīgalā

dīgalā (nominative singular)
dīgalai (dual nominative)
dīgalās (nominative plural)
dīgalā (singular vocative)
dīgalai (dual vocative)
dīgalās (plural vocative)
dīgalam (accusative singular)
dīgalai (accusative dual)
dīgalāms (accusative plural)
dīgalās (genitive singular)
dīgalous (dual genitive)
dīgalom (genitive plural)
dīgalāi (dative singular)
dīgalābom (dative dual)
dīgalābos (dative plural)
dīgalai (locative singular)
dīgalābim (dual instrumental)
dīgalābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *diɣal

Cornish: dyal

Old Welsh: digal

Middle Welsh: dial

Welsh: dial

desctree

Old Irish: dígal
Irish: díoghail
Manx: jeeyl
Scottish Gaelic: dìoghail


swīswīs

Old Irish: sib
Irish: sibh
Manx: shiu
Scottish Gaelic: sibh

Middle Welsh: chwichwi

Welsh: chwychwi, chychwi, chwchwi


kasnī

kasnī (nominative singular)
kasnī (dual nominative)
kasniyās (nominative plural)
kasnī (singular vocative)
kasnī (dual vocative)
kasniyās (plural vocative)
kasnīm (accusative singular)
kasnī (accusative dual)
kasnīms (accusative plural)
kasnyās (genitive singular)
kasnyous (dual genitive)
kasnyom (genitive plural)
kasnyai (dative singular)
kasnyābom (dative dual)
kasnyābos (dative plural)
kasnyābim (dual instrumental)
kasnyābis (instrumental plural)

Feminine ī-stem derivation of Proto-Indo-European *ḱas- with a nasal suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *hesô (“hare”), Sanskrit शश (śaśa, “hare, rabbit”), and Latin cānus (“grey”).


kariyos

kariyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kariyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kariyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kariye (masculine singular stem vocative)
kariyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kariyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kariyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kariyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kariyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kariyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kariyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kariyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kariyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kariyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kariyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kariyei (locative masculine singular stem)
kariyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kariyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kariyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėrɨ

Old Breton: kereon pl

Middle Breton: quere

Breton: kere, kereer, kereour

Old Cornish: chereor

Cornish: quere, keryor, keryer

Middle Welsh: crydd (< *kėrɨð)

Welsh: crydd

Old Irish: *cair

⇒ Old Irish: cairem (+ -em)

Uncertain; suggested to be cognate with Ancient Greek κρηπίς (krēpís, “man's high boot, half-boot”), Proto-Germanic *hrifilingaz (“shoe”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *kúrˀpāˀ (“shoe”), however reconstructing an underlying Indo-European form is problematic and is likely a substrate Wanderwort.


madyeti

madyū (active first-person present singular)
madyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mimatsū (active first-person future singular)
memāda (active first-person preterite singular)
madyesi (active present second-person singular)
madyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mimatsesi (active future second-person singular)
memādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
madyeti (active present singular third-person)
madyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
mimatseti (active future singular third-person)
memāde (active preterite singular third-person)
madyomosi (active first-person plural present)
madyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mimatsomosi (active first-person future plural)
memādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
madyetesi (active plural present second-person)
madyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mimatsetesi (active future plural second-person)
memāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
madyonti (active plural present third-person)
madyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
mimatsonti (active future plural third-person)
memādars (active plural preterite third-person)
mātsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
mātsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
madye (active imperative second-person singular)
mātseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
madyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
mātsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
madyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
mātsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
madyete (active imperative plural second-person)
mātsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
madyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
madyūr (first-person passive present singular)
mimatsūr (first-person future passive singular)
madyetar (passive present second-person singular)
mimatsetar (future passive second-person singular)
madyetor (passive present singular third-person)
mimatsetor (future passive singular third-person)
madyommor (first-person passive plural present)
mimatsommor (first-person future passive plural)
madyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
mimatsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
madyontor (passive plural present third-person)
mimatsontor (future passive plural third-person)
mātsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
mātsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
mātsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
mātsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
mātsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
mātsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
massos (nominative singular)
massou (dual nominative)
massoi (nominative plural)
masse (singular vocative)
massou (dual vocative)
massoi (plural vocative)
massom (accusative singular)
massou (accusative dual)
massoms (accusative plural)
massī (genitive singular)
massous (dual genitive)
massom (genitive plural)
massūi (dative singular)
massobom (dative dual)
massobos (dative plural)
massū (instrumental singular)
massobim (dual instrumental)
massobis (instrumental plural)
massā (nominative singular)
massai (dual nominative)
massās (nominative plural)
massā (singular vocative)
massai (dual vocative)
massās (plural vocative)
massam (accusative singular)
massai (accusative dual)
massams (accusative plural)
massās (genitive singular)
massai (dative singular)
massābom (dative dual)
massābos (dative plural)
massābim (dual instrumental)
massābis (instrumental plural)
massom (nominative singular)
massā (nominative plural)
massom (singular vocative)
massā (plural vocative)
massā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *maiðɨd

Middle Breton: mezaff

Breton: mezan

Middle Welsh: maeddu

Welsh: maeddu

desctree

Old Irish: maidid
Irish: maígh, maidhm (denominal re-formation from the verbal noun)

Possibly from (and formally derivable from) Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to be wet, moist”), though the semantic connection is weak; the evolution could have been from describing the bursting of streams and torrents to the more general use of breaking and bursting. Similar sense development is found in Serbo-Croatian prsnuti (“to explode, blow up”) and prskati (“to sprinkle, squirt, water”).


annketi

annkū (active first-person present singular)
annkemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
īnxsū (active first-person future singular)
ānonka (active first-person preterite singular)
annkesi (active present second-person singular)
annketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
īnxsesi (active future second-person singular)
ānonkas? (active preterite second-person singular)
annketi (active present singular third-person)
annketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
īnxseti (active future singular third-person)
ānonke (active preterite singular third-person)
annkomosi (active first-person plural present)
annkemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
īnxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ānonkmo (active first-person plural preterite)
annketesi (active plural present second-person)
annkestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
īnxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ānonxte (active plural preterite second-person)
annkonti (active plural present third-person)
annkento (active imperfect plural third-person)
īnxsonti (active future plural third-person)
ānonkars (active plural preterite third-person)
īnxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
īnxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
annke (active imperative second-person singular)
īnxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
annketou (active imperative singular third-person)
īnxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
annkomos (active first-person imperative plural)
īnxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
annkete (active imperative plural second-person)
īnxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
annkontou (active imperative plural third-person)
annkūr (first-person passive present singular)
īnxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
annketar (passive present second-person singular)
īnxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
annketor (passive present singular third-person)
īnxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
annkommor (first-person passive plural present)
īnxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
annkedwe (passive plural present second-person)
īnxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
annkontor (passive plural present third-person)
īnxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
īnxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
īnxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
īnxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
īnxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
īnxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
īnxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
anxtos (nominative singular)
anxtou (dual nominative)
anxtoi (nominative plural)
anxte (singular vocative)
anxtou (dual vocative)
anxtoi (plural vocative)
anxtom (accusative singular)
anxtou (accusative dual)
anxtoms (accusative plural)
anxtī (genitive singular)
anxtous (dual genitive)
anxtom (genitive plural)
anxtūi (dative singular)
anxtobom (dative dual)
anxtobos (dative plural)
anxtū (instrumental singular)
anxtobim (dual instrumental)
anxtobis (instrumental plural)
anxtā (nominative singular)
anxtai (dual nominative)
anxtās (nominative plural)
anxtā (singular vocative)
anxtai (dual vocative)
anxtās (plural vocative)
anxtam (accusative singular)
anxtai (accusative dual)
anxtams (accusative plural)
anxtās (genitive singular)
anxtai (dative singular)
anxtābom (dative dual)
anxtābos (dative plural)
anxtābim (dual instrumental)
anxtābis (instrumental plural)
anxtom (nominative singular)
anxtā (nominative plural)
anxtom (singular vocative)
anxtā (plural vocative)
anxtā (accusative plural)

desc

Old Irish: ·icc (in various derived verbs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”).
One of the most controversial terms in Proto-Celtic to reconstruct, only outmatched by *essi in controversy. The main problem comes from the vowel of Old Irish ·icc, whose presence of i- is irregular, since all possible initials ank-, enk- and ink- all normally become éc- in Old Irish.
The mainstream reconstruction, *annketi, was introduced by Peter Schrijver in the 1990s and has remained the most popular theory since. It places faith in the assumption that *annk- would result in a different outcome in the daughter languages to that of *ank-. Kim McCone, rejecting the now-mainstream reconstruction, has attempted to position Middle Irish con·téici (“to freeze”) as counterevidence by reconstructing *tannketi for it, comparing the verb to Sanskrit तनक्ति (tanakti, “to coagulate”). However, EDPC points out that a pre-Irish denominal formation *tankīti is enough to beget con·téici, removing the supposed counterevidence.

noncog

Proto-Brythonic: *kuβ̃oɨθOld Cornish: chefuidOld Welsh: comoidMiddle Welsh: kyuoethWelsh: cyfoeth

Proto-Brythonic: *kuβ̃oɨθọgOld Cornish: chefuidocMiddle Welsh: kyuoethawcWelsh: cyfoethog


banwos

banwos (masculine nominative singular stem)
banwou (dual masculine nominative stem)
banwoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
banwe (masculine singular stem vocative)
banwou (dual masculine stem vocative)
banwūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
banwom (accusative masculine singular stem)
banwou (accusative dual masculine stem)
banwoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
banwī (genitive masculine singular stem)
banwous (dual genitive masculine stem)
banwom (genitive masculine plural stem)
banwūi (dative masculine singular stem)
banwobom (dative dual masculine stem)
banwobos (dative masculine plural stem)
banwei (locative masculine singular stem)
banwū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
banwobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
banwūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *banw

Old Breton: ban

Breton: banò, banw

Old Cornish: baneu

Middle Welsh: banw, beinw

Welsh: banw

desctree

Old Irish: banb
Irish: banbh
Manx: bannoo

Gaulish: Banuo, Banuus (found in placenames)

Lacking clear cognates in other Indo-European languages, probably from a non-Indo-European substrate.


kerdeti

kerdū (active first-person present singular)
kerdemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikritsū (active first-person future singular)
karda (active first-person preterite singular)
kerdesi (active present second-person singular)
kerdetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikritsesi (active future second-person singular)
kardas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kerdeti (active present singular third-person)
kerdeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikritseti (active future singular third-person)
karde (active preterite singular third-person)
kerdomosi (active first-person plural present)
kerdemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikritsomosi (active first-person future plural)
kardmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kerdetesi (active plural present second-person)
kerdestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikritsetesi (active future plural second-person)
karsse (active plural preterite second-person)
kerdonti (active plural present third-person)
kerdento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikritsonti (active future plural third-person)
kardars (active plural preterite third-person)
kertsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kertsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kerde (active imperative second-person singular)
kertseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kerdetou (active imperative singular third-person)
kertsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kerdomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kertsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kerdete (active imperative plural second-person)
kertsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kerdontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kerdūr (first-person passive present singular)
kikritsūr (first-person future passive singular)
kerdetar (passive present second-person singular)
kikritsetar (future passive second-person singular)
kerdetor (passive present singular third-person)
kikritsetor (future passive singular third-person)
kerdommor (first-person passive plural present)
kikritsommor (first-person future passive plural)
kerdedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikritsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kerdontor (passive plural present third-person)
kikritsontor (future passive plural third-person)
kertsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kertsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kertsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kertsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kertsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kertsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
krissos (nominative singular)
krissou (dual nominative)
krissoi (nominative plural)
krisse (singular vocative)
krissou (dual vocative)
krissoi (plural vocative)
krissom (accusative singular)
krissou (accusative dual)
krissoms (accusative plural)
krissī (genitive singular)
krissous (dual genitive)
krissom (genitive plural)
krissūi (dative singular)
krissobom (dative dual)
krissobos (dative plural)
krissū (instrumental singular)
krissobim (dual instrumental)
krissobis (instrumental plural)
krissā (nominative singular)
krissai (dual nominative)
krissās (nominative plural)
krissā (singular vocative)
krissai (dual vocative)
krissās (plural vocative)
krissam (accusative singular)
krissai (accusative dual)
krissams (accusative plural)
krissās (genitive singular)
krissai (dative singular)
krissābom (dative dual)
krissābos (dative plural)
krissābim (dual instrumental)
krissābis (instrumental plural)
krissom (nominative singular)
krissā (nominative plural)
krissom (singular vocative)
krissā (plural vocative)
krissā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: querzet

Breton: kerzhet

Cornish: kerdhes

Middle Welsh: kerddet

Welsh: cerdded

From Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“to swing”), often compared to Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “to shake”).


wēdwūs

wēdwūs (nominative singular)
wēduse (dual nominative)
wēduses (nominative plural)
wēdwūs (singular vocative)
wēduse (dual vocative)
wēduses (plural vocative)
wēdusam (accusative singular)
wēduse (accusative dual)
wēdusams (accusative plural)
wēdusos (genitive singular)
wēdusou (dual genitive)
wēdusom (genitive plural)
wēdusei (dative singular)
wēdusobom (dative dual)
wēdusobos (dative plural)
wēdusi (locative singular)
wēduse? (instrumental singular)
wēdusobim (dual instrumental)
wēdusobis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: fíadu

From Proto-Indo-European *weydwōs, from *weyd- (“to know”) + *-wōs (stative participle suffix), literally “who has witnessed”.

af

naíScottish Gaelic: naoidhean⇒ Middle Irish: nóedenánIrish: naíonán⇒ Middle Irish: noídenda


snāti

snāmi (active first-person present singular)
snāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sesnū (active first-person preterite singular)
snāsi (active present second-person singular)
snātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sesnūs (active preterite second-person singular)
snāti (active present singular third-person)
snāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sesnū (active preterite singular third-person)
snāmosi (active first-person plural present)
snāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sesnamo (active first-person plural preterite)
snātesi (active plural present second-person)
snāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sesnate (active plural preterite second-person)
snānti (active plural present third-person)
snānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
sesnars (active plural preterite third-person)
snā (active imperative second-person singular)
snātou (active imperative singular third-person)
snāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
snāte (active imperative plural second-person)
snāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
snār (first-person passive present singular)
snātar (passive present second-person singular)
snātor (passive present singular third-person)
snāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
snādwe (passive plural present second-person)
snāntor (passive plural present third-person)

Old Irish: snaid
Middle Irish: snáid

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to swim”).


snāmus

snāmus (nominative singular)
snāmū (dual nominative)
snāmowes (nominative plural)
snāmu (singular vocative)
snāmū (dual vocative)
snāmūs (plural vocative)
snāmum (accusative singular)
snāmū (accusative dual)
snāmums (accusative plural)
snāmous (genitive singular)
snāmous (dual genitive)
snāmowom (genitive plural)
snāmou (dative singular)
snāmubom (dative dual)
snāmubos (dative plural)
snāmū (instrumental singular)
snāmubim (dual instrumental)
snāmubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hnọβ̃

Middle Welsh: nawf

⇒ Welsh: nofio

Middle Breton: neuff

Breton: neuñv

Old Irish: snám

Irish: snámh

From *snā- + *-mus (verbal noun ending for verbs eventually becoming hiatus verbs in Old Irish).


glāwos

glāwos (masculine nominative singular stem)
glāwou (dual masculine nominative stem)
glāwoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
glāwe (masculine singular stem vocative)
glāwou (dual masculine stem vocative)
glāwūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
glāwom (accusative masculine singular stem)
glāwou (accusative dual masculine stem)
glāwoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
glāwī (genitive masculine singular stem)
glāwous (dual genitive masculine stem)
glāwom (genitive masculine plural stem)
glāwūi (dative masculine singular stem)
glāwobom (dative dual masculine stem)
glāwobos (dative masculine plural stem)
glāwei (locative masculine singular stem)
glāwū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
glāwobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
glāwūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *glọw
Breton: glaou
Cornish: glow
Welsh: glo

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃wós, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“to glow”) + *-wós (adjectival suffix).

af

⇒ Old Irish: rétgluMiddle Irish: rétluIrish: réaltaManx: roltScottish Gaelic: reul


lubros

lubros (nominative singular)
lubrou (dual nominative)
lubroi (nominative plural)
lubre (singular vocative)
lubrou (dual vocative)
lubroi (plural vocative)
lubrom (accusative singular)
lubrou (accusative dual)
lubroms (accusative plural)
lubrī (genitive singular)
lubrous (dual genitive)
lubrom (genitive plural)
lubrūi (dative singular)
lubrobom (dative dual)
lubrobos (dative plural)
lubrū (instrumental singular)
lubrobim (dual instrumental)
lubrobis (instrumental plural)
lubrā (nominative singular)
lubrai (dual nominative)
lubrās (nominative plural)
lubrā (singular vocative)
lubrai (dual vocative)
lubrās (plural vocative)
lubram (accusative singular)
lubrai (accusative dual)
lubrams (accusative plural)
lubrās (genitive singular)
lubrai (dative singular)
lubrābom (dative dual)
lubrābos (dative plural)
lubrābim (dual instrumental)
lubrābis (instrumental plural)
lubrom (nominative singular)
lubrā (nominative plural)
lubrom (singular vocative)
lubrā (plural vocative)
lubrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluβr

Middle Breton: loffr

Breton: lovr

Cornish: lover

Welsh: llwfr

desctree

Old Irish: lobur
Middle Irish: lobar
Irish: lobhar
Scottish Gaelic: lobhar
⇒ Manx: lourane

From Proto-Indo-European *luprós, from *lewp- (“to peel, strip”) + *-rós, whence cognate to Ancient Greek λυπρός (luprós, “distressing, wretched”).


kaletos

kaletos (nominative singular)
kaletou (dual nominative)
kaletoi (nominative plural)
kalete (singular vocative)
kaletou (dual vocative)
kaletoi (plural vocative)
kaletom (accusative singular)
kaletou (accusative dual)
kaletoms (accusative plural)
kaletī (genitive singular)
kaletous (dual genitive)
kaletom (genitive plural)
kaletūi (dative singular)
kaletobom (dative dual)
kaletobos (dative plural)
kaletū (instrumental singular)
kaletobim (dual instrumental)
kaletobis (instrumental plural)
kaletā (nominative singular)
kaletai (dual nominative)
kaletās (nominative plural)
kaletā (singular vocative)
kaletai (dual vocative)
kaletās (plural vocative)
kaletam (accusative singular)
kaletai (accusative dual)
kaletams (accusative plural)
kaletās (genitive singular)
kaletai (dative singular)
kaletābom (dative dual)
kaletābos (dative plural)
kaletābim (dual instrumental)
kaletābis (instrumental plural)
kaletom (nominative singular)
kaletā (nominative plural)
kaletom (singular vocative)
kaletā (plural vocative)
kaletā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaled

Middle Breton: calet, caled

Breton: kaled

Cornish: cales, calas, calys

Middle Welsh: caled

Welsh: caled

desctree

Old Irish: calad
Middle Irish: calad
Irish: caladh

Gaulish: Caleti (ethnonym)

If the original meaning was "frozen" before evolving into "hard," possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlH-eto- (“cold”), related to *kal- (“hard”), see also Proto-Germanic *haliþaz (“hero”), Latin calleo (“I am hardened”). MacBain prefers a connection with Proto-Germanic *halluz (“stone, boulder”), from *(s)kel- (“to cut; hew”).


kakkā

kakkā (nominative singular)
kakkai (dual nominative)
kakkās (nominative plural)
kakkā (singular vocative)
kakkai (dual vocative)
kakkās (plural vocative)
kakkam (accusative singular)
kakkai (accusative dual)
kakkāms (accusative plural)
kakkās (genitive singular)
kakkous (dual genitive)
kakkom (genitive plural)
kakkāi (dative singular)
kakkābom (dative dual)
kakkābos (dative plural)
kakkai (locative singular)
kakkābim (dual instrumental)
kakkābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kax
Middle Breton: cauch
Breton: cac'h
Cornish: caugh
Welsh: cach

Old Irish: cacc

Middle Irish: cacc

Irish: cac

From Proto-Indo-European *kakka- (“to shit, defecate”)


krūs

desctree

Old Irish: crú (“blood, wound”)
Irish: cró


dowenis

dowenis (nominative singular)
dowenī (dual nominative)
dowenīs (nominative plural)
doweni (singular vocative)
dowenī (dual vocative)
dowenīs (plural vocative)
dowenim (accusative singular)
dowenī (accusative dual)
dowenims (accusative plural)
doweneis (genitive singular)
dowenyow (dual genitive)
dowenyom (genitive plural)
dowenei (dative singular)
dowenibom (dative dual)
dowenibos (dative plural)
dowenei (locative singular)
dowenī (instrumental singular)
dowenibim (dual instrumental)
dowenibis (instrumental plural)

suppletive plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">duine</i>

Old Irish: doíni (suppletive plural of duine)
Irish: daoine
Manx: deiney
Scottish Gaelic: daoine

Middle Irish: dóen (poetic)

Generally held as a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die”), literally meaning "mortal".


trāgi

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: tre, tre(c'h)

Cornish: trig

Middle Welsh: trei

Welsh: trai

Old Irish: tráig
Irish: trá
Manx: traaie
Scottish Gaelic: tràigh

Often connected to *tregess (“foot”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, run”), but Matasovic disputes this on semantic grounds.


brusnyos

brusnyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
brusnyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
brusnyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
brusnye (masculine singular stem vocative)
brusnyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
brusnyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
brusnyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
brusnyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
brusnyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
brusnyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
brusnyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
brusnyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
brusnyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
brusnyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
brusnyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
brusnyei (locative masculine singular stem)
brusnyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
brusnyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
brusnyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *brünn

Cornish: bren

Middle Welsh: brynn

Welsh: bryn

desctree

Old Irish: bruinne (“breast”)
Middle Irish: bruinne
Irish: broinne

→ Proto-Germanic: *brunjǭ (see there for further descendants)


akkiyā

akkiyā (nominative singular)
akkiyai (dual nominative)
akkiyās (nominative plural)
akkiyā (singular vocative)
akkiyai (dual vocative)
akkiyās (plural vocative)
akkiyam (accusative singular)
akkiyai (accusative dual)
akkiyāms (accusative plural)
akkiyās (genitive singular)
akkiyous (dual genitive)
akkiyom (genitive plural)
akkiyāi (dative singular)
akkiyābom (dative dual)
akkiyābos (dative plural)
akkiyai (locative singular)
akkiyābim (dual instrumental)
akkiyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ax

Old Breton: acom

Old Cornish: ach

Middle Welsh: ach

Welsh: ach (“lineage, near”)

Old Irish: aicce (“proximity, fosterage”)
Irish: aice

Derived from *ad- (“at”), literally “nearness”.


wolsos

wolsos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wolsou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wolsoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wolse (masculine singular stem vocative)
wolsou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wolsūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wolsom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wolsou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wolsoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wolsī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wolsous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wolsom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wolsūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wolsobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wolsobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wolsei (locative masculine singular stem)
wolsū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wolsobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wolsūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goall

Breton: gwall

Cornish: gwall

Middle Welsh: gwall

Welsh: gwall

Gaulish: uolson (accusative singular)


krīkʷā

krīkʷā (nominative singular)
krīkʷai (dual nominative)
krīkʷās (nominative plural)
krīkʷā (singular vocative)
krīkʷai (dual vocative)
krīkʷās (plural vocative)
krīkʷam (accusative singular)
krīkʷai (accusative dual)
krīkʷāms (accusative plural)
krīkʷās (genitive singular)
krīkʷous (dual genitive)
krīkʷom (genitive plural)
krīkʷāi (dative singular)
krīkʷābom (dative dual)
krīkʷābos (dative plural)
krīkʷai (locative singular)
krīkʷābim (dual instrumental)
krīkʷābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: crib (“comb”)

Breton: krib

Cornish: cryb

Old Welsh: crip

Middle Welsh: crib

Welsh: crib (“comb”)

Old Irish: crích

Middle Irish: crích

Irish: crích

Scottish Gaelic: crìoch

From Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“post”), though this would yield an unexpected lengthened earlier form of *krēkʷ-. Or, from *krey- (“to sift, separate”).


kolignos

kolignos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kolignou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kolignoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
koligne (masculine singular stem vocative)
kolignou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kolignūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kolignom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kolignou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kolignoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kolignī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kolignous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kolignom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kolignūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kolignobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kolignobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kolignei (locative masculine singular stem)
kolignū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kolignobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kolignūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *koluɨn

Breton: kolen

Old Cornish: coloin

Cornish: kolen

Welsh: colwyn

Old Irish: cuilén

Irish: coileán

Irish: Coileán

English: Colin

English: Cullane

Manx: quallian

Scottish Gaelic: cuilean

Scottish Gaelic: Cailean

English: Colin

Due to a lack of potential Indo-European comparanda, Matasović concludes that the word was probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


tworkos

tworkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
tworkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
tworkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
tworke (masculine singular stem vocative)
tworkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
tworkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
tworkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
tworkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
tworkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
tworkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
tworkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
tworkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
tworkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
tworkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
tworkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
tworkei (locative masculine singular stem)
tworkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
tworkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
tworkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: torch

Breton: tourc'h

Old Cornish: torch

Middle Welsh: twrch

Welsh: twrch

Old Irish: torc
Irish: torc
Scottish Gaelic: torc

From Proto-Indo-European *tworḱ-ó-s, from *twerḱ- (“to cut”) + *-ós (agent suffix), literally “cutter”.


widubiyom

widubiyom (nominative singular)
widubiyou (dual nominative)
widubiyā (nominative plural)
widubiyom (singular vocative)
widubiyou (dual vocative)
widubiyā (plural vocative)
widubiyom (accusative singular)
widubiyou (accusative dual)
widubiyā (accusative plural)
widubiyī (genitive singular)
widubiyous (dual genitive)
widubiyom (genitive plural)
widubiyūi (dative singular)
widubiyobom (dative dual)
widubiyobos (dative plural)
widubiyei (locative singular)
widubiyū (instrumental singular)
widubiyobim (dual instrumental)
widubiyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: guedom, guodob

Middle Breton: gousifyat, gouzifyad

Old Welsh: uidimm

Middle Welsh: gwddyf

Welsh: gwddi (obsolete)

Old Irish: fidbae

Gaulish: *uidubion

→ Latin: vidubium

French: vouge, voulge

→ English: voulge

Franco-Provençal: vezoig

From *widu- (“wood”) + *bi- (“to strike”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix).


balnīti

balnīmi (active first-person present singular)
balnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
biblāsū (active first-person future singular)
bilam (active first-person preterite singular)
balnīsi (active present second-person singular)
balnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
biblāsesi (active future second-person singular)
bils (active preterite second-person singular)
balnīti (active present singular third-person)
balnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
biblāseti (active future singular third-person)
bilt (active preterite singular third-person)
balnamosi (active first-person plural present)
balnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
biblāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bilme (active first-person plural preterite)
balnatesi (active plural present second-person)
balnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
biblāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bilte (active plural preterite second-person)
balnenti (active plural present third-person)
balnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
biblāsonti (active future plural third-person)
bilant (active plural preterite third-person)
belasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
belasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
balnī (active imperative second-person singular)
belaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
balnītou (active imperative singular third-person)
belasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
balnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
belasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
balnate (active imperative plural second-person)
belasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
balnentou (active imperative plural third-person)
balnīr (first-person passive present singular)
biblāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
balnītar (passive present second-person singular)
biblāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
balnītor (passive present singular third-person)
biblāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
balnammor (first-person passive plural present)
biblāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
balnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
biblāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
balnentor (passive plural present third-person)
biblāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
belasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
belasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
belasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
belasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
belasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
belasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Middle Welsh: ballwyf (1sg. subjunctive)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₁- (“to throw”), with an original meaning "throw (it away)" becoming a euphemism for death in Celtic. The -n-is from the nasal infix *-né-.