kurmi

kurmi (nominative singular)
kurmī (dual nominative)
kurmyā (nominative plural)
kurmi (singular vocative)
kurmī (dual vocative)
kurmyā (plural vocative)
kurmi (accusative singular)
kurmī (accusative dual)
kurmyā (accusative plural)
kurmois (genitive singular)
kurmois (dual genitive)
kurmyom (genitive plural)
kurmei (dative singular)
kurmibom (dative dual)
kurmibos (dative plural)
kurmei (locative singular)
kurmī (instrumental singular)
kurmibim (dual instrumental)
kurmibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kurβ̃

Middle Breton: coref

Breton: korev

Old Cornish: coruf

Middle Cornish: coref

Cornish: korev

Old Welsh: curum

Middle Welsh: cwrwf

Welsh: cwrw

Proto-Brythonic: *kürβ̃ėsi

desctree

Old Irish: cuirm
Irish: coirm
Scottish Gaelic: cuirm

desc

Gaulish: curmi, curmí, κόρμα (kórma), κούρμι (koúrmi)

q

⇒ Gaulish: *kurmēsyā (+ *-ēsyā, apparently with /m/ > /β̃ ~ w̃/ mutation)

desc

→ Latin: cervēsa, cervēsia, cervisa, cervisia [77–79 CE] (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly cognate with Latin cremor (“thick juice made by boiling grain”), Sanskrit करम्भ (karambha, “barley porridge, soup, mixture”), Russian корм (korm, “food”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kremH- (“to burn”).


tarankyos

tarankyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
tarankyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
tarankyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
tarankye (masculine singular stem vocative)
tarankyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
tarankyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
tarankyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
tarankyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
tarankyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
tarankyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
tarankyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
tarankyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
tarankyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
tarankyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
tarankyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
tarankyei (locative masculine singular stem)
tarankyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
tarankyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
tarankyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Middle Irish: tairnge
Irish: tairne
Scottish Gaelic: tàirnge, tàirng, tarrang, tarrag

Gaulish: *tarankā

→ Vulgar Latin: *taranca (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to drill, rub”).

der

nail (“spike-shaped metal fastener used for joining wood or similar materials”)


tarwos

tarwos (masculine nominative singular stem)
tarwou (dual masculine nominative stem)
tarwoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
tarwe (masculine singular stem vocative)
tarwou (dual masculine stem vocative)
tarwūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
tarwom (accusative masculine singular stem)
tarwou (accusative dual masculine stem)
tarwoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
tarwī (genitive masculine singular stem)
tarwous (dual genitive masculine stem)
tarwom (genitive masculine plural stem)
tarwūi (dative masculine singular stem)
tarwobom (dative dual masculine stem)
tarwobos (dative masculine plural stem)
tarwei (locative masculine singular stem)
tarwū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
tarwobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
tarwūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *tarw
Old Breton: taruu
Middle Breton: taru
Breton: tarw, tarv
Old Cornish: tarow
Cornish: tarow
Middle Welsh: tarw
Welsh: tarw

Old Irish: tarb
Irish: tarbh
Manx: tarroo
Scottish Gaelic: tarbh
→ Old Norse: tarfr
Faroese: tarvur m
Icelandic: tarfur m

Gaulish: taruos

From an early form *tawros, with metathesis of -wr- to -rw-; from Proto-Indo-European *táwros (“wild bull, aurochs”).


-īnos

-īnos (nominative singular)
-īnou (dual nominative)
-īnoi (nominative plural)
-īne (singular vocative)
-īnou (dual vocative)
-īnoi (plural vocative)
-īnom (accusative singular)
-īnou (accusative dual)
-īnoms (accusative plural)
-īnī (genitive singular)
-īnous (dual genitive)
-īnom (genitive plural)
-īnūi (dative singular)
-īnobom (dative dual)
-īnobos (dative plural)
-īnū (instrumental singular)
-īnobim (dual instrumental)
-īnobis (instrumental plural)
-īnā (nominative singular)
-īnai (dual nominative)
-īnās (nominative plural)
-īnā (singular vocative)
-īnai (dual vocative)
-īnās (plural vocative)
-īnam (accusative singular)
-īnai (accusative dual)
-īnams (accusative plural)
-īnās (genitive singular)
-īnai (dative singular)
-īnābom (dative dual)
-īnābos (dative plural)
-īnābim (dual instrumental)
-īnābis (instrumental plural)
-īnom (nominative singular)
-īnā (nominative plural)
-īnom (singular vocative)
-īnā (plural vocative)
-īnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-in

Welsh: -in

Of or pertaining to; -ine; usually indicates a relationship of position, possession, or origin.


brigā

brigā (nominative singular)
brigai (dual nominative)
brigās (nominative plural)
brigā (singular vocative)
brigai (dual vocative)
brigās (plural vocative)
brigam (accusative singular)
brigai (accusative dual)
brigāms (accusative plural)
brigās (genitive singular)
brigous (dual genitive)
brigom (genitive plural)
brigāi (dative singular)
brigābom (dative dual)
brigābos (dative plural)
brigai (locative singular)
brigābim (dual instrumental)
brigābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *breɣ
Middle Cornish: bre
Cornish: bre
Middle Breton: bre
Breton: bre
Middle Welsh: bre
Welsh: bre

Gaulish: *brigā
French: Brie
⇒ French: brie
→ English: brie
→ Esperanto: brio
→⇒ Latin: Eburobriga

→⇒ Latin: Abobriga

→⇒ Latin: Arabriga

→⇒ Latin: Arcobriga

→⇒ Latin: Augustobriga

→⇒ Latin: Caetobriga

→⇒ Latin: Conimbriga

→⇒ Latin: Flaviobriga

→⇒ Latin: Ierabriga

→⇒ Latin: Juliobriga

→⇒ Latin: Lacobriga

→⇒ Latin: Langobriga

→⇒ Latin: Medubriga

→⇒ Latin: Merobriga

→⇒ Latin: Nemetobriga

→⇒ Latin: Nertobriga

→⇒ Latin: Segobriga

→⇒ Latin: Talabriga

→⇒ Latin: Tongobriga

→⇒ Latin: Turobriga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥ǵʰ-éh₂, thematized from *bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és (“something high up, fortified”), whence also *brixs.


-ākos

-ākos (nominative singular)
-ākou (dual nominative)
-ākoi (nominative plural)
-āke (singular vocative)
-ākou (dual vocative)
-ākoi (plural vocative)
-ākom (accusative singular)
-ākou (accusative dual)
-ākoms (accusative plural)
-ākī (genitive singular)
-ākous (dual genitive)
-ākom (genitive plural)
-ākūi (dative singular)
-ākobom (dative dual)
-ākobos (dative plural)
-ākū (instrumental singular)
-ākobim (dual instrumental)
-ākobis (instrumental plural)
-ākā (nominative singular)
-ākai (dual nominative)
-ākās (nominative plural)
-ākā (singular vocative)
-ākai (dual vocative)
-ākās (plural vocative)
-ākam (accusative singular)
-ākai (accusative dual)
-ākams (accusative plural)
-ākās (genitive singular)
-ākai (dative singular)
-ākābom (dative dual)
-ākābos (dative plural)
-ākābim (dual instrumental)
-ākābis (instrumental plural)
-ākom (nominative singular)
-ākā (nominative plural)
-ākom (singular vocative)
-ākā (plural vocative)
-ākā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: -ach
Middle Irish: -ach
Irish: -ach
Manx: -agh
Scottish Gaelic: -ach

From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂- + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos. Cognate with Latin -ācus, -īcus, Ancient Greek -ακός (-akós), -ικός (-ikós), Proto-Germanic *-agaz, Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ, Sanskrit -कस (-kasa), -शस (-śasa).

Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of "involved with, belonging to, having".


-ākos

-ākos (masculine nominative singular stem)
-ākou (dual masculine nominative stem)
-ākoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-āke (masculine singular stem vocative)
-ākou (dual masculine stem vocative)
-ākūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
-ākom (accusative masculine singular stem)
-ākou (accusative dual masculine stem)
-ākoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-ākī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-ākous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-ākom (genitive masculine plural stem)
-ākūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-ākobom (dative dual masculine stem)
-ākobos (dative masculine plural stem)
-ākei (locative masculine singular stem)
-ākū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-ākobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-ākūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ọg
Old Breton: -oc
Middle Breton: -ec
Breton: -ek, -eg
Old Cornish: -oc
Middle Cornish: -ec
Cornish: -ek
Old Welsh: -auc
Middle Welsh: -awc, -awg
Welsh: -og
→ Old Irish: -óc
Irish: -óg
Manx: -ag
Scottish Gaelic: -ag

Substantivisation of the above adjective suffix. Functionally cognate with Proto-Slavic *-akъ.

Forms nouns indicating a person involved with, belonging to or having.


wailannā

wailannā (nominative singular)
wailannai (dual nominative)
wailannās (nominative plural)
wailannā (singular vocative)
wailannai (dual vocative)
wailannās (plural vocative)
wailannam (accusative singular)
wailannai (accusative dual)
wailannāms (accusative plural)
wailannās (genitive singular)
wailannous (dual genitive)
wailannom (genitive plural)
wailannāi (dative singular)
wailannābom (dative dual)
wailannābos (dative plural)
wailannai (locative singular)
wailannābim (dual instrumental)
wailannābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwuɨlann (< *wēlannā)

Old Breton: guilannou (plural)

Middle Breton: goelann

Breton: gouelan

→ Middle French: gaellans, goilant

French: goéland

→ Middle English: gulle

English: gull, seagull

Old Cornish: guilan

Cornish: goelann

Middle Welsh: gwylan

Welsh: gwylan

Goidelic:

Old Irish: foílenn

Middle Irish: faílenn
Irish: faoileán, faoileog
Manx: foillan, foilleig, fooilleig
Scottish Gaelic: faoileann, faoileag

PIE word
 *wáy
Schrijver explains as "the wailer", from Proto-Indo-European *wai. For a similar formation compare *wailos (“wolf”, literally “wailer, howler”). However the suffix is still uncertain. Ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


Komgēstlos

Komgēstlos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Komgēstle (masculine singular stem vocative)
Komgēstlom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Komgēstlī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Komgēstlūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Komgēstlei (locative masculine singular stem)
Komgēstlū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

Gaulish: Congeistlus

Old Irish: Comgell

Irish: Comhghall

From *kom- (“with”) + *gēstlos (“surety, pledge, hostage”).


Boudīkā

Bowdīkā (nominative singular)
Bowdīkā (singular vocative)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *Bʉðig
Breton: Budic
Welsh: Buddug

Gaulish: *Boudīkā

→ Latin: Boudicca, Boadicea

→ English: Boudica

From *boudīkos (“victorious”) (compare Welsh buddug (“victorious”)), from *boudi (“booty, victory”) + *-ākos.


Kengetorīxs

Kengetorīxs (nominative singular)
Kengetorīxs (singular vocative)
Kengetorīgos (genitive singular)
Kengetorīgi (locative singular)

Brythonic:

Latin: Cingetorix

Gaulish: Cingetorix

From *kengets (“warrior”) + *rīxs (“king”).


Kʷennowindos

Kʷennowindos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Kʷennowinde (masculine singular stem vocative)
Kʷennowindom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Kʷennowindī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Kʷennowindūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Kʷennowindei (locative masculine singular stem)
Kʷennowindū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

Old Irish: Cennfinn

Irish: Ceannfhionn

ᚊᚓᚅᚑᚃᚓᚅᚇᚐᚌᚅᚔ

⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚊᚓᚅᚑᚃᚓᚅᚇᚐᚌᚅᚔ (qenovendagni)
Old Irish: Cennfinnán

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: Penven

desc

Πεννοουινδος

Gaulish: Πεννοουινδος (Pennowindos)

Gaulish: *Pennowindos

→ Latin: Penvennum

From *kʷennom (“head”) + *windos (“white”).


Kunowalos

Kunowalos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Kunowalom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Kunowalūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Kunowalei (locative masculine singular stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *Kunowal
Old Breton: Conuual
Old Welsh: Congual, Cingual
Middle Welsh: Cynwal, Gynwal
Welsh: Cynwal
→ Latin: Cunovalī (gen.) [533-566 CE]

desc

Primitive Irish: ᚉᚆᚅᚑᚆᚐᚂᚔ (Cunouali, gen.)

Old Irish: Conall

Irish: Conall

→ English: Connell, Connel

Manx: Conall

Scottish Gaelic: Conall

From *kuno-, stem of *kū (“dog”) + *walos (“prince, chief”).


Wirogustus

Wirogustus (nominative singular)
Wirogustu (singular vocative)
Wirogustum (accusative singular)
Wirogustous (genitive singular)
Wirogustou (dative singular)
Wirogustū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Gwɨroɣust
Old Welsh: Gurgust, Gorust
Welsh: Gwrwst

Pictish: Uurgust

Primitive Irish: ᚃᚓᚏᚌᚑᚄᚑ (vergoso)

Old Irish: Fergus

Irish: Fearghas

Scottish Gaelic: Fearghas

From *wiros (“man”) + *gustus (“excellence, force”).


Kartimandwā

Kartimandwā (nominative singular)
Kartimandwā (singular vocative)
Kartimandwam (accusative singular)
Kartimandwās (genitive singular)
Kartimandwāi (dative singular)
Kartimandwai (locative singular)

Latin: Cartimandua, Cartismandua

From *kartati (“to drive out, expel”) + *mandwos (“pony”).


Korobilyos

Korobilyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Korobilye (masculine singular stem vocative)
Korobilyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Korobilyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Korobilyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Korobilyei (locative masculine singular stem)
Korobilyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

Brythonic:

Brytho-Latin: Carvilius, Carbilius

Gaulish:

Gallo-Latin: Corobilius, Corobilla

Uncertain. Perhaps from *karos (“dear, beloved”) + *belyos (“tree”).


Tankorīxs

Tankorīxs (nominative singular)
Tankorīxs (singular vocative)
Tankorīgos (genitive singular)
Tankorīgi (locative singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Tankoriɣ
→ Brytho-Latin: Tancorix [400-599 CE]

Gaulish: Tankorīx

From *tankos (“peace”) + *rīxs (“king”).


Dagorīxs

Dagorīxs (nominative singular)
Dagorīxs (singular vocative)
Dagorīgos (genitive singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *Daɣüriɣ

>? Latin: Daari

Gaulish: Dagorix


Karatākos

Karatākos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Karatākom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Karatākūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Karatākei (locative masculine singular stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *Karadọg
Breton: Karadeg
Middle Welsh: Caratawc
Welsh: Caradog
→ Latin: Caratacus, Caractacus
→ Old English: Cerdic

Primitive Irish: ᚉᚐᚏᚏᚈᚈᚐᚉᚉ (carrttacc)

Irish: Carthach

⇒ Irish: Mac Carthaigh
English: McCarthy, Mc Carthy, Mccarthy, MacCarthy, Mac Carthy, Maccarthy, M'Carthy, MaCarthy, Macarthy, Carthy; McCarty

From *karatākos (“beloved, pleasing”), from *karatus (“love”) + *-ākos. Cognate with Latin carus (“beloved”).


Wirognāwos

Wirognāwos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Wirognāwe (masculine singular stem vocative)
Wirognāwom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Wirognāwī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Wirognāwūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Wirognāwei (locative masculine singular stem)
Wirognāwū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

Brythonic: *Gwɨroɣnọw
→ Brytho-Latin: Uirognous

Old Irish: Fergnae

From *wiros (“man”) + *gnāwos (“knowledge”).


Wirogalos

Wirogalos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Wirogalom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Wirogalūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Wirogalei (locative masculine singular stem)

Brythonic: *Gwɨroɣal
Old Breton: Uuruual, Uurgual
Middle Breton: Gurgual
Old Welsh: Guruol, Guorguol, Gurguol
Middle Welsh: Gurgal

Old Irish: Fergal

Irish: Fearghal

Gaulish: *Wirogalos

From *wiros (“man”) + *galā (“valour, ability”).


Dubnowalos

Dubnowalos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Dubnowale (masculine singular stem vocative)
Dubnowalom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Dubnowalī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Dubnowalūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Dubnowalei (locative masculine singular stem)
Dubnowalū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *Duβnowal
Breton: (possibly) Dunvel
Old Welsh: Dumnagual [10th c. AD]
Middle Welsh: Dyuynwal, Dyvynwal, Dyfynwal
Welsh: Dyfnwal

Old Irish: Domnall

Irish: Domhnall, Dónall

Scottish Gaelic: Dòmhnall

→ Old English: Dufenal

desc

Medieval Latin: Donvaldus, Donivaldus, Donaldus, Dubnovaldus

→ English: Donald

→ Faroese: Dunaldur

From *dubnos (“world”) + *walos (“prince, chief”).


Dubnogenos

Duβnogenos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Duβnogenom (accusative masculine singular stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *Duβnoɣen
Welsh: Dyfnien
→ Brytho-Latin: Dumnogeni

desc

Primitive Irish: ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚓᚅ (domngen), ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚔᚅᚅ (domnginn)

Old Irish: Domaingen

From *dubnos (“world”) + *genos (“born; family”).


Katutigernos

Katutigernos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Katutigerne (masculine singular stem vocative)
Katutigernom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Katutigernī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Katutigernūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Katutigernei (locative masculine singular stem)
Katutigernū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *Kadüdɨɣern
Old Welsh: Categern, Catigern
Middle Welsh: Cattegirn
Welsh: Cadeyrn

Gaulish: *Katutigernos

Gallo-Latin: Catutigernus

From *katus (“battle”) + *tigernos (“lord, master”).


Toutorīxs

Toutorīxs (nominative singular)
Toutorīxs (singular vocative)
Toutorīgos (genitive singular)
Toutorīgi (locative singular)

desctree

Brythonic: *Tʉdür
Old Welsh: Tutir (from the nominative), Tutri (from the accusative)
Welsh: Tudur
English: Tudor

Gaulish: Toutorix

Latin: Tudorex

From *toutā (“people, tribe”) + *rīxs (“king”). Equivalent to Proto-Germanic *Þeudarīks.


Uɸortigernos

Uɸortigernos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Uɸortigerne (masculine singular stem vocative)
Uɸortigernom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Uɸortigernī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Uɸortigernūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Uɸortigernei (locative masculine singular stem)
Uɸortigernū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *Gworθɨɣern
Old Breton: Guorthigern
Breton: Gourziern
Old Welsh: Guorthigirn
Middle Welsh: Gwrtheyrn
Welsh: Gwrtheyrn
→ Old English: Wyrtġeorn [9th c. CE]
→ Latin: Vortigernus, Gurthigernus [5th–6th c. CE?], Vertigernus [725 CE], Uvertigernus [9th c. CE], Vurtigernus
→ English: Vortigern

desc

Primitive Irish: ᚃᚑᚏᚈᚔᚌᚒᚏᚅ (vortigurn), ᚃᚑᚏᚏᚈᚔᚌᚒᚏᚅ (vorrtigurn)

Old Irish: Foirtchern

From *uɸer- (“over”) + *tigernos (“lord, master”).


Esugenos

Esugenos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Esugenom (accusative masculine singular stem)

Gaulish: Esugeni

Perhaps from *esus (“good”) + *genos (“born; family”) (compare Ancient Greek Εὐγένιος (Eugénios), Sanskrit सुजन (sujana)). First element alternatively from *Aysus, *Esus of uncertain theonym meaning.


kulis

kulis (nominative singular)
kulī (dual nominative)
kulīs (nominative plural)
kuli (singular vocative)
kulī (dual vocative)
kulīs (plural vocative)
kulim (accusative singular)
kulī (accusative dual)
kulims (accusative plural)
kuleis (genitive singular)
kulyow (dual genitive)
kulyom (genitive plural)
kulei (dative singular)
kulibom (dative dual)
kulibos (dative plural)
kulei (locative singular)
kulī (instrumental singular)
kulibim (dual instrumental)
kulibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: (pluralized)

Middle Breton: quelyen

Breton: kelien

Middle Welsh: kylyon

Welsh: cylion

Cornish: kelyon

desctree

Old Irish: cuil
Middle Irish: cuil, cuileóc
Irish: cuil, cuileog
Manx: quill, quaillag
Scottish Gaelic: cuileag

Often compared to Latin culex. Pokorny, followed by Schrijver and Zair, connect the terms to Sanskrit शूल (śūla, “stake”). Matasović is not confident in this connection.


nantos

nantos (masculine nominative singular stem)
nantou (dual masculine nominative stem)
nantoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
nante (masculine singular stem vocative)
nantou (dual masculine stem vocative)
nantūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
nantom (accusative masculine singular stem)
nantou (accusative dual masculine stem)
nantoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
nantī (genitive masculine singular stem)
nantous (dual genitive masculine stem)
nantom (genitive masculine plural stem)
nantūi (dative masculine singular stem)
nantobom (dative dual masculine stem)
nantobos (dative masculine plural stem)
nantei (locative masculine singular stem)
nantū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
nantobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
nantūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *nant
Middle Breton: nant
Breton: nant
Old Cornish: nans
Cornish: nans
Middle Welsh: nant
Welsh: nant

Gaulish: nantos

→ Latin: Nantolium

→ French: nant (dialect)

Possibly related to *nemetom (“sacred place”).


wēros

wēros (nominative singular)
wērou (dual nominative)
wēroi (nominative plural)
wēre (singular vocative)
wērou (dual vocative)
wēroi (plural vocative)
wērom (accusative singular)
wērou (accusative dual)
wēroms (accusative plural)
wērī (genitive singular)
wērous (dual genitive)
wērom (genitive plural)
wērūi (dative singular)
wērobom (dative dual)
wērobos (dative plural)
wērū (instrumental singular)
wērobim (dual instrumental)
wērobis (instrumental plural)
wērā (nominative singular)
wērai (dual nominative)
wērās (nominative plural)
wērā (singular vocative)
wērai (dual vocative)
wērās (plural vocative)
wēram (accusative singular)
wērai (accusative dual)
wērams (accusative plural)
wērās (genitive singular)
wērai (dative singular)
wērābom (dative dual)
wērābos (dative plural)
wērābim (dual instrumental)
wērābis (instrumental plural)
wērom (nominative singular)
wērā (nominative plural)
wērom (singular vocative)
wērā (plural vocative)
wērā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwuɨr

Middle Welsh: gwyr

Welsh: gŵyr

Middle Breton: goar

Breton: gwar (“curved”)

Middle Irish: fiar

Irish: fiar

Scottish Gaelic: fiar

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁iros (“turned, twisted”), from *weh₁y- (“to twist, wrap”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *wīraz (“wire”).


birros

birros (nominative singular)
birrou (dual nominative)
birroi (nominative plural)
birre (singular vocative)
birrou (dual vocative)
birroi (plural vocative)
birrom (accusative singular)
birrou (accusative dual)
birroms (accusative plural)
birrī (genitive singular)
birrous (dual genitive)
birrom (genitive plural)
birrūi (dative singular)
birrobom (dative dual)
birrobos (dative plural)
birrū (instrumental singular)
birrobim (dual instrumental)
birrobis (instrumental plural)
birrā (nominative singular)
birrai (dual nominative)
birrās (nominative plural)
birrā (singular vocative)
birrai (dual vocative)
birrās (plural vocative)
birram (accusative singular)
birrai (accusative dual)
birrams (accusative plural)
birrās (genitive singular)
birrai (dative singular)
birrābom (dative dual)
birrābos (dative plural)
birrābim (dual instrumental)
birrābis (instrumental plural)
birrom (nominative singular)
birrā (nominative plural)
birrom (singular vocative)
birrā (plural vocative)
birrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *bɨrr
Old Breton: berr
Middle Breton: berr
Breton: berr
Cornish: berr
Middle Welsh: byrr
Welsh: byr

Old Irish: berr

Gaulish: *birros

→ Latin: birrus (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: βίρρος (bírrhos)

Unknown. According to Matasović, likely a substrate word.


ande-

Proto-Brythonic: *an-
Breton: an-
Middle Welsh: an-
Welsh: an-, af-

Old Irish: ind-

Gaulish: ande-


anderā

anderā (nominative singular)
anderai (dual nominative)
anderās (nominative plural)
anderā (singular vocative)
anderai (dual vocative)
anderās (plural vocative)
anderam (accusative singular)
anderai (accusative dual)
anderāms (accusative plural)
anderās (genitive singular)
anderous (dual genitive)
anderom (genitive plural)
anderāi (dative singular)
anderābom (dative dual)
anderābos (dative plural)
anderai (locative singular)
anderābim (dual instrumental)
anderābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *anner

Middle Breton: annoer

Breton: ounner (Léonard/Cornouaillais), annoar (Trégorrois), annoer (Vannetais)

Old Cornish: annoer

Cornish: annor

Middle Welsh: anneir

Welsh: anner, annair

Old Irish: ainder

Middle Irish: ander

Irish: ainnir

Scottish Gaelic: ainnir

>? Gaulish: anderon

desc

Old French: aundire, aundirne, andire, andirne

Middle French: landier

French: landier

→ Middle English: anderne, aunderne, aundyre

English: andiron

Unknown; possibly related to Basque andere (“lady, woman”). Most likely from a non-IE substrate language.
Schrijver, however, argues that the only reconstruction that can account for the Celtic evidence is *andēro-, and the Basque-Aquitanian word is analysable within Basque-Aquitanian, so the Celtic word would have to be a borrowing from Basque-Aquitanian. However, for phonetic reasons, the Goidelic word can only be a late borrowing into Primitive Irish.


galā

galā (nominative singular)
galai (dual nominative)
galās (nominative plural)
galā (singular vocative)
galai (dual vocative)
galās (plural vocative)
galam (accusative singular)
galai (accusative dual)
galāms (accusative plural)
galās (genitive singular)
galous (dual genitive)
galom (genitive plural)
galāi (dative singular)
galābom (dative dual)
galābos (dative plural)
galai (locative singular)
galābim (dual instrumental)
galābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gal
Old Breton: gal

Old Irish: gal

Irish: gal


kʷennom

kʷennom (nominative singular)
kʷennou (dual nominative)
kʷennā (nominative plural)
kʷennom (singular vocative)
kʷennou (dual vocative)
kʷennā (plural vocative)
kʷennom (accusative singular)
kʷennou (accusative dual)
kʷennā (accusative plural)
kʷennī (genitive singular)
kʷennous (dual genitive)
kʷennom (genitive plural)
kʷennūi (dative singular)
kʷennobom (dative dual)
kʷennobos (dative plural)
kʷennei (locative singular)
kʷennū (instrumental singular)
kʷennobim (dual instrumental)
kʷennūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *penn
Cumbric: pen
Old Breton: penn, pen
Middle Breton: penn, pen
Breton: penn
Old Cornish: pen
Middle Cornish: pen
Cornish: penn, pedn
Old Welsh: penn
Middle Welsh: penn
Welsh: pen

Old Irish: cenn, conn
Middle Irish: cenn
Irish: ceann
Manx: kione
Scottish Gaelic: ceann
Middle Irish: conn
Irish: conn
Scottish Gaelic: conn (“sense, reason”)

Gaulish: pennon

Unknown: “all attempts to identify a PIE root have proven futile”.
Possibly, via *kpwen-nó-m, from a heteroclitic *kápwl̥ ~ *kap-wén-s “head”, from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“to hold, seize”).

der

Proto-Celtic: *KʷennowindosOld Irish: CennfinnIrish: Ceannfhionn⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚊᚓᚅᚑᚃᚓᚅᚇᚐᚌᚅᚔOld Irish: CennfinnánProto-Brythonic:Breton: PenvenGaulish: Πεννοουινδος


gabros

gabros (masculine nominative singular stem)
gabrou (dual masculine nominative stem)
gabroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
gabre (masculine singular stem vocative)
gabrou (dual masculine stem vocative)
gabrūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
gabrom (accusative masculine singular stem)
gabrou (accusative dual masculine stem)
gabroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
gabrī (genitive masculine singular stem)
gabrous (dual genitive masculine stem)
gabrom (genitive masculine plural stem)
gabrūi (dative masculine singular stem)
gabrobom (dative dual masculine stem)
gabrobos (dative masculine plural stem)
gabrei (locative masculine singular stem)
gabrū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
gabrobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
gabrūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *gaβr
Old Breton: gabr
Breton: gaor, gavr
Old Cornish: gauar
Cornish: gaver
Middle Welsh: gauar
Welsh: gafr

Gaulish: Gabrus, Gabro-(magus)

→ French: garron (dialectal)

→ Portuguese: gabre

Old Irish: gabor

Irish: gabhar

Manx: goayr

Scottish Gaelic: gobhar

From Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“male hooved animal”).
The change from p to b is phonologically regular in Proto-Celtic in this position, but the change from k to g is unexpected. There may have been conflation with the *gʰayd- that underlies Proto-Germanic *gaits and Latin haedus, as this would have given *gaid- in Proto-Celtic. However, there is no evidence for *gaid- itself in Celtic.


segnos

segnos (masculine nominative singular stem)
segnou (dual masculine nominative stem)
segnoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
segne (masculine singular stem vocative)
segnou (dual masculine stem vocative)
segnūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
segnom (accusative masculine singular stem)
segnou (accusative dual masculine stem)
segnoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
segnī (genitive masculine singular stem)
segnous (dual genitive masculine stem)
segnom (genitive masculine plural stem)
segnūi (dative masculine singular stem)
segnobom (dative dual masculine stem)
segnobos (dative masculine plural stem)
segnei (locative masculine singular stem)
segnū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
segnobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
segnūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: (<*sognos)

Middle Welsh: hoenyn, hwynyn

Middle Irish: sén

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *seg- (“to attach, touch, sow”), or perhaps from *segos + *-nos.


boudīkos

boudīkos (nominative singular)
boudīkou (dual nominative)
boudīkoi (nominative plural)
boudīke (singular vocative)
boudīkou (dual vocative)
boudīkoi (plural vocative)
boudīkom (accusative singular)
boudīkou (accusative dual)
boudīkoms (accusative plural)
boudīkī (genitive singular)
boudīkous (dual genitive)
boudīkom (genitive plural)
boudīkūi (dative singular)
boudīkobom (dative dual)
boudīkobos (dative plural)
boudīkū (instrumental singular)
boudīkobim (dual instrumental)
boudīkobis (instrumental plural)
boudīkā (nominative singular)
boudīkai (dual nominative)
boudīkās (nominative plural)
boudīkā (singular vocative)
boudīkai (dual vocative)
boudīkās (plural vocative)
boudīkam (accusative singular)
boudīkai (accusative dual)
boudīkams (accusative plural)
boudīkās (genitive singular)
boudīkai (dative singular)
boudīkābom (dative dual)
boudīkābos (dative plural)
boudīkābim (dual instrumental)
boudīkābis (instrumental plural)
boudīkom (nominative singular)
boudīkā (nominative plural)
boudīkom (singular vocative)
boudīkā (plural vocative)
boudīkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉðig

Welsh: buddig, buddug

Old Irish: búadach

Scottish Gaelic: buaidheach

From *boudi (“booty, victory”) + *-ākos.


loɸernos

loɸernos (masculine nominative singular stem)
loɸernou (dual masculine nominative stem)
loɸernoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
loɸerne (masculine singular stem vocative)
loɸernou (dual masculine stem vocative)
loɸernūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
loɸernom (accusative masculine singular stem)
loɸernou (accusative dual masculine stem)
loɸernoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
loɸernī (genitive masculine singular stem)
loɸernous (dual genitive masculine stem)
loɸernom (genitive masculine plural stem)
loɸernūi (dative masculine singular stem)
loɸernobom (dative dual masculine stem)
loɸernobos (dative masculine plural stem)
loɸernei (locative masculine singular stem)
loɸernū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
loɸernobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
loɸernūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llowern (“fox”)
Old Breton: louuern
Middle Breton: louarn
Breton: louarn (“fox”), lowern, luhern
Old Cornish: louuern (“vulpes”)
Cornish: lowarn (“fox”)
Old Welsh: louern
Middle Welsh: llewyrn (“foxes”)
Welsh: llwyrn (“will o' the wisp”)

Old Irish: loarn

Gaulish: *louernos

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂(w)lop- ~ *h₂ulp- (“(red) fox”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *wolpis, Proto-Hellenic *alōpēkos, Proto-Balto-Slavic *lapē, Proto-Albanian *dzelpinā, *welpinā, Old Armenian աղուէս (ałuēs), աղուվէս (ałuvēs), Proto-Indo-Iranian *HlawpaHćás and Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬋𐬞𐬌 (raōpi).
Cognates in other IE languages differ too wildly to reconstruct a PIE prototype noun, so this may be a Wanderwort.


kaxtos

kaxtos (nominative singular)
kaxtou (dual nominative)
kaxtoi (nominative plural)
kaxte (singular vocative)
kaxtou (dual vocative)
kaxtoi (plural vocative)
kaxtom (accusative singular)
kaxtou (accusative dual)
kaxtoms (accusative plural)
kaxtī (genitive singular)
kaxtous (dual genitive)
kaxtom (genitive plural)
kaxtūi (dative singular)
kaxtobom (dative dual)
kaxtobos (dative plural)
kaxtū (instrumental singular)
kaxtobim (dual instrumental)
kaxtobis (instrumental plural)
kaxtā (nominative singular)
kaxtai (dual nominative)
kaxtās (nominative plural)
kaxtā (singular vocative)
kaxtai (dual vocative)
kaxtās (plural vocative)
kaxtam (accusative singular)
kaxtai (accusative dual)
kaxtams (accusative plural)
kaxtās (genitive singular)
kaxtai (dative singular)
kaxtābom (dative dual)
kaxtābos (dative plural)
kaxtābim (dual instrumental)
kaxtābis (instrumental plural)
kaxtom (nominative singular)
kaxtā (nominative plural)
kaxtom (singular vocative)
kaxtā (plural vocative)
kaxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨθ
Breton: kaezh
Cornish: keth
Welsh: caeth

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ptós (“grabbed”).


kaxtos

kaxtos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kaxtou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kaxtoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kaxte (masculine singular stem vocative)
kaxtou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kaxtūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kaxtom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kaxtou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kaxtoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kaxtī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kaxtous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kaxtom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kaxtūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kaxtobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kaxtobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kaxtei (locative masculine singular stem)
kaxtū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kaxtobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kaxtūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨθ

Old Cornish: cait

Cornish: caid

Old Irish: cacht

Irish: cacht

Gaulish: *kaxtos

⇒ Gaulish: *Moinikaxtos

→ Latin: Moenicaptus


swīs

Proto-Brythonic: *hwi
Old Breton: hui
Middle Breton: huy
Breton: c'hwi
Cornish: hwi, why
Old Welsh: hui
Welsh: chwi, chi

Old Irish: síi, sí

Gaulish: suis

Proto-Brythonic: *hwihwi

Middle Welsh: chwchwi, chwichwi

Welsh: chwychwi, chwchwi, chychwi

Old Irish: sib
Irish: sibh
Manx: shiu
Scottish Gaelic: sibh

From Proto-Indo-European *wēs, a variant form of *wos, the oblique plural of *túh₂ (“you”).


gurmos

gurmos (nominative singular)
gurmou (dual nominative)
gurmoi (nominative plural)
gurme (singular vocative)
gurmou (dual vocative)
gurmoi (plural vocative)
gurmom (accusative singular)
gurmou (accusative dual)
gurmoms (accusative plural)
gurmī (genitive singular)
gurmous (dual genitive)
gurmom (genitive plural)
gurmūi (dative singular)
gurmobom (dative dual)
gurmobos (dative plural)
gurmū (instrumental singular)
gurmobim (dual instrumental)
gurmobis (instrumental plural)
gurmā (nominative singular)
gurmai (dual nominative)
gurmās (nominative plural)
gurmā (singular vocative)
gurmai (dual vocative)
gurmās (plural vocative)
gurmam (accusative singular)
gurmai (accusative dual)
gurmams (accusative plural)
gurmās (genitive singular)
gurmai (dative singular)
gurmābom (dative dual)
gurmābos (dative plural)
gurmābim (dual instrumental)
gurmābis (instrumental plural)
gurmom (nominative singular)
gurmā (nominative plural)
gurmom (singular vocative)
gurmā (plural vocative)
gurmā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *gurm
Old Breton: Uurm-haelon (literally “with dark brows”)
Cornish: gorm
Welsh: gwrm

Middle Irish: gorm

Irish: gorm

Manx: gorrym

Scottish Gaelic: gorm

Unknown; presumably borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate source since there are no cognates outside Celtic.


tregess

tregets (nominative singular)
tregete (dual nominative)
tregetes (nominative plural)
tregets (singular vocative)
tregete (dual vocative)
tregetes (plural vocative)
tregetam (accusative singular)
tregete (accusative dual)
tregetams (accusative plural)
tregetos (genitive singular)
tregetou (dual genitive)
tregetom (genitive plural)
tregetei (dative singular)
tregetobom (dative dual)
tregetobos (dative plural)
tregeti (locative singular)
tregete? (instrumental singular)
tregetobim (dual instrumental)
tregetobis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: troat (plural treit < *tragetes)

Middle Breton: troat

Breton: troad

Old Cornish: truit

Middle Cornish: troys, tros

Cornish: troes

Middle Welsh: troet (plural traet < *tragetes)

Welsh: troed

Old Irish: traig (gen. traiged < *tragetos)

Irish: troigh

Manx: trie

Scottish Gaelic: troigh

Gaulish: treide

From Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to run, walk”), apparently a variant of *dʰregʰ- (“to run”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan, “to run”) and Serbo-Croatian trȃg (“trace”).


santeros

santeros (masculine nominative singular stem)
santerou (dual masculine nominative stem)
santeroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
santere (masculine singular stem vocative)
santerou (dual masculine stem vocative)
santerūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
santerom (accusative masculine singular stem)
santerou (accusative dual masculine stem)
santeroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
santerī (genitive masculine singular stem)
santerous (dual genitive masculine stem)
santerom (genitive masculine plural stem)
santerūi (dative masculine singular stem)
santerobom (dative dual masculine stem)
santerobos (dative masculine plural stem)
santerei (locative masculine singular stem)
santerū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
santerobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
santerūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *hanter

Old Welsh: hanther

Middle Welsh: hanner

Welsh: hanner

Breton: hanter

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥teros 'one of the two', itself from the zero grade of the root *sem- (“one”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix). Cf. Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros).


-mus

-mus (nominative singular)
-mū (dual nominative)
-mowes (nominative plural)
-mu (singular vocative)
-mū (dual vocative)
-mūs (plural vocative)
-mum (accusative singular)
-mū (accusative dual)
-mums (accusative plural)
-mous (genitive singular)
-mous (dual genitive)
-mowom (genitive plural)
-mou (dative singular)
-mubom (dative dual)
-mubos (dative plural)
-mū (instrumental singular)
-mubim (dual instrumental)
-mubis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-mos, switching from o-stem declension to u-stem declension.

snā- (“to swim”) + *-mus → *snāmus (“swimming”).

sista- (“to stand”) + *-mus → *sistamus (“standing”)

Forms verbal nouns to verbs from vowel-final roots.


towe

Proto-Brythonic:

Breton: da

Cornish: dha

Welsh: dy

desc

Old Irish: do, du, t' (determiner), taí (disjunctive)

Irish: do

Scottish Gaelic: do

Manx: dty

From Proto-Indo-European *téwe, genitive singular of *túh₂.


loudom

loudom (nominative singular)
loudou (dual nominative)
loudā (nominative plural)
loudom (singular vocative)
loudou (dual vocative)
loudā (plural vocative)
loudom (accusative singular)
loudou (accusative dual)
loudā (accusative plural)
loudī (genitive singular)
loudous (dual genitive)
loudom (genitive plural)
loudūi (dative singular)
loudobom (dative dual)
loudobos (dative plural)
loudei (locative singular)
loudū (instrumental singular)
loudobim (dual instrumental)
loudūis (instrumental plural)

Alternative reconstruction of *ɸloudom (“lead (metal)”)


gēstlos

gēstlos (masculine nominative singular stem)
gēstlou (dual masculine nominative stem)
gēstloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
gēstle (masculine singular stem vocative)
gēstlou (dual masculine stem vocative)
gēstlūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
gēstlom (accusative masculine singular stem)
gēstlou (accusative dual masculine stem)
gēstloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
gēstlī (genitive masculine singular stem)
gēstlous (dual genitive masculine stem)
gēstlom (genitive masculine plural stem)
gēstlūi (dative masculine singular stem)
gēstlobom (dative dual masculine stem)
gēstlobos (dative masculine plural stem)
gēstlei (locative masculine singular stem)
gēstlū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
gēstlobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
gēstlūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *guɨstl
Old Breton: guistl
Middle Breton: goestl
Breton: gouestl
Old Cornish: guistel
Cornish: gostel
Middle Welsh: gwystyl, gwystl
Welsh: gwystl

Old Irish: gíall

Irish: giall

Scottish Gaelic: giall

Gaulish: geistlus

→ Proto-Germanic: *gīslaz (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (“desire, wait for”), apparently interpreted as "one who waits (to be released)". Cognate with Lithuanian geidžiù (“to desire”), Proto-Slavic *žьdati (“to await”).


dubnos

dubnos (nominative singular)
dubnou (dual nominative)
dubnoi (nominative plural)
dubne (singular vocative)
dubnou (dual vocative)
dubnoi (plural vocative)
dubnom (accusative singular)
dubnou (accusative dual)
dubnoms (accusative plural)
dubnī (genitive singular)
dubnous (dual genitive)
dubnom (genitive plural)
dubnūi (dative singular)
dubnobom (dative dual)
dubnobos (dative plural)
dubnū (instrumental singular)
dubnobim (dual instrumental)
dubnobis (instrumental plural)
dubnā (nominative singular)
dubnai (dual nominative)
dubnās (nominative plural)
dubnā (singular vocative)
dubnai (dual vocative)
dubnās (plural vocative)
dubnam (accusative singular)
dubnai (accusative dual)
dubnams (accusative plural)
dubnās (genitive singular)
dubnai (dative singular)
dubnābom (dative dual)
dubnābos (dative plural)
dubnābim (dual instrumental)
dubnābis (instrumental plural)
dubnom (nominative singular)
dubnā (nominative plural)
dubnom (singular vocative)
dubnā (plural vocative)
dubnā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *duβn
Middle Breton: doun
Breton: don
Cornish: down
Middle Welsh: dwvyn
Welsh: dwfn

Old Irish: domain, doimin

Irish: domhain

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós (“deep, hollow”).


dubnos

dubnos (masculine nominative singular stem)
dubnou (dual masculine nominative stem)
dubnoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
dubne (masculine singular stem vocative)
dubnou (dual masculine stem vocative)
dubnūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
dubnom (accusative masculine singular stem)
dubnou (accusative dual masculine stem)
dubnoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
dubnī (genitive masculine singular stem)
dubnous (dual genitive masculine stem)
dubnom (genitive masculine plural stem)
dubnūi (dative masculine singular stem)
dubnobom (dative dual masculine stem)
dubnobos (dative masculine plural stem)
dubnei (locative masculine singular stem)
dubnū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
dubnobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
dubnūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desc

Gaulish: Dubno-talus, Dumno-rix (a surname, literally “world-king”)

Old Irish: domun

Irish: domhan


bragyeti

bragyū (active first-person present singular)
bragyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibraxsū (active first-person future singular)
bebrāga (active first-person preterite singular)
bragyesi (active present second-person singular)
bragyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibraxsesi (active future second-person singular)
bebrāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
bragyeti (active present singular third-person)
bragyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibraxseti (active future singular third-person)
bebrāge (active preterite singular third-person)
bragyomosi (active first-person plural present)
bragyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibraxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bebrāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
bragyetesi (active plural present second-person)
bragyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibraxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bebrāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
bragyonti (active plural present third-person)
bragyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibraxsonti (active future plural third-person)
bebrāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
bragye (active imperative second-person singular)
bragyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
bragyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
bragyete (active imperative plural second-person)
bragyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
bragyūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibraxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
bragyetar (passive present second-person singular)
bibraxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
bragyetor (passive present singular third-person)
bibraxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
bragyommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibraxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
bragyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibraxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
bragyontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibraxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
braxtos (nominative singular)
braxtou (dual nominative)
braxtoi (nominative plural)
braxte (singular vocative)
braxtou (dual vocative)
braxtoi (plural vocative)
braxtom (accusative singular)
braxtou (accusative dual)
braxtoms (accusative plural)
braxtī (genitive singular)
braxtous (dual genitive)
braxtom (genitive plural)
braxtūi (dative singular)
braxtobom (dative dual)
braxtobos (dative plural)
braxtū (instrumental singular)
braxtobim (dual instrumental)
braxtobis (instrumental plural)
braxtā (nominative singular)
braxtai (dual nominative)
braxtās (nominative plural)
braxtā (singular vocative)
braxtai (dual vocative)
braxtās (plural vocative)
braxtam (accusative singular)
braxtai (accusative dual)
braxtams (accusative plural)
braxtās (genitive singular)
braxtai (dative singular)
braxtābom (dative dual)
braxtābos (dative plural)
braxtābim (dual instrumental)
braxtābis (instrumental plural)
braxtom (nominative singular)
braxtā (nominative plural)
braxtom (singular vocative)
braxtā (plural vocative)
braxtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: braigid
Middle Irish: braigid

Gaulish: *bragyu

→ Vulgar Latin: *bragiō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti, from *bʰreHg- (“to stink, flatulate”).


tannos

tannos (masculine nominative singular stem)
tannou (dual masculine nominative stem)
tannoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
tanne (masculine singular stem vocative)
tannou (dual masculine stem vocative)
tannūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
tannom (accusative masculine singular stem)
tannou (accusative dual masculine stem)
tannoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
tannī (genitive masculine singular stem)
tannous (dual genitive masculine stem)
tannom (genitive masculine plural stem)
tannūi (dative masculine singular stem)
tannobom (dative dual masculine stem)
tannobos (dative masculine plural stem)
tannei (locative masculine singular stem)
tannū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
tannobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
tannūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *tann

Breton: tann

Cornish: tannen

Old Irish:

Irish: tinne (< *tennyos (“holly, elder”))

Gaulish: *tannos

→ Late Latin: tannum

French: tan

Galician: tano

Possibly from earlier *(s)tannos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)dʰnwos, *(s)dʰonu (“fir”), if not from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *dannǭ (“fir, pine”) (Old High German tanna (“fir wood”), Old Saxon danna (“pine”)), Albanian thanë (“cranberry bush”), Avestan 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə, “bow”), Sanskrit धनु (dhanu, “bow”)), Hittite 𒄑𒋫𒈾𒀀𒌑 (^(GIŠ)ta-na-a-ú /tanau/, “fir”), and perhaps Ancient Greek θάμνος (thámnos, “thicket”).


wroikos

wroikos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wroikou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wroikoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wroike (masculine singular stem vocative)
wroikou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wroikūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wroikom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wroikou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wroikoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wroikī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wroikous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wroikom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wroikūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wroikobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wroikobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wroikei (locative masculine singular stem)
wroikū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wroikobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wroikūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwrʉg
Cornish: grug
Middle Breton: groegan
Middle Welsh: gerug, gwrug
Welsh: grug

Old Irish: froích, fróech

Middle Irish: fráech

Irish: fraoch

Scottish Gaelic: fraoch

Manx: freoagh

Celtiberian: *broikios

→ Vulgar Latin: *broccium~*verocium (see there for further descendants)

Gaulish: *wroika

→ Early Medieval Latin: brūcus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown, possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate source. Cognates include Proto-Balto-Slavic *werˀź-, *wirˀź- (whence Lithuanian vìržis (“heather”), Latvian vir̂zis (“heather”), Proto-Slavic *vȇrsъ, *vȇrskъ) and Ancient Greek ἐρείκη (ereíkē, “heather”). It is sometimes linked to Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to twist, turn”).


klāwos

klāwos (masculine nominative singular stem)
klāwou (dual masculine nominative stem)
klāwoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
klāwe (masculine singular stem vocative)
klāwou (dual masculine stem vocative)
klāwūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
klāwom (accusative masculine singular stem)
klāwou (accusative dual masculine stem)
klāwoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
klāwī (genitive masculine singular stem)
klāwous (dual genitive masculine stem)
klāwom (genitive masculine plural stem)
klāwūi (dative masculine singular stem)
klāwobom (dative dual masculine stem)
klāwobos (dative masculine plural stem)
klāwei (locative masculine singular stem)
klāwū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
klāwobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
klāwūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *klọw
Old Breton: clou
Middle Breton: clou
Breton: klao, klow
Middle Welsh: clo
Welsh: clo

Old Irish: cló, cloë

Irish: cló

From Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w-os, from *(s)kleh₂w- (“hook, crook, peg”).


messus

messus (nominative singular)
messū (dual nominative)
messowes (nominative plural)
messu (singular vocative)
messū (dual vocative)
messūs (plural vocative)
messum (accusative singular)
messū (accusative dual)
messums (accusative plural)
messous (genitive singular)
messous (dual genitive)
messowom (genitive plural)
messou (dative singular)
messubom (dative dual)
messubos (dative plural)
messū (instrumental singular)
messubim (dual instrumental)
messubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: mess
Irish: meas
Scottish Gaelic: meas

From *med- + *-tus (verbal noun suffix).


messus

Proto-Brythonic: *mes

Middle Breton: mes

Breton: mez

Middle Cornish: mes

Cornish: mes

Middle Welsh: mes

Welsh: mes

Old Irish: mess
Middle Irish: mes, mess
Irish: meas
Manx: mess
Scottish Gaelic: meas

Possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate, as Matasovic finds connections to Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”) and *meh₂d- (“to be wet”) unconvincing.


messos

messos (nominative singular)
messou (dual nominative)
messoi (nominative plural)
messe (singular vocative)
messou (dual vocative)
messoi (plural vocative)
messom (accusative singular)
messou (accusative dual)
messoms (accusative plural)
messī (genitive singular)
messous (dual genitive)
messom (genitive plural)
messūi (dative singular)
messobom (dative dual)
messobos (dative plural)
messū (instrumental singular)
messobim (dual instrumental)
messobis (instrumental plural)
messā (nominative singular)
messai (dual nominative)
messās (nominative plural)
messā (singular vocative)
messai (dual vocative)
messās (plural vocative)
messam (accusative singular)
messai (accusative dual)
messams (accusative plural)
messās (genitive singular)
messai (dative singular)
messābom (dative dual)
messābos (dative plural)
messābim (dual instrumental)
messābis (instrumental plural)
messom (nominative singular)
messā (nominative plural)
messom (singular vocative)
messā (plural vocative)
messā (accusative plural)

Goidelic:

desctree

Old Irish: messa
Irish: measa
Scottish Gaelic: miosa


ankos

ankos (nominative singular)
ankou (dual nominative)
ankoi (nominative plural)
anke (singular vocative)
ankou (dual vocative)
ankoi (plural vocative)
ankom (accusative singular)
ankou (accusative dual)
ankoms (accusative plural)
ankī (genitive singular)
ankous (dual genitive)
ankom (genitive plural)
ankūi (dative singular)
ankobom (dative dual)
ankobos (dative plural)
ankū (instrumental singular)
ankobim (dual instrumental)
ankobis (instrumental plural)
ankā (nominative singular)
ankai (dual nominative)
ankās (nominative plural)
ankā (singular vocative)
ankai (dual vocative)
ankās (plural vocative)
ankam (accusative singular)
ankai (accusative dual)
ankams (accusative plural)
ankās (genitive singular)
ankai (dative singular)
ankābom (dative dual)
ankābos (dative plural)
ankābim (dual instrumental)
ankābis (instrumental plural)
ankom (nominative singular)
ankā (nominative plural)
ankom (singular vocative)
ankā (plural vocative)
ankā (accusative plural)

Middle Welsh: crauanc

Welsh: crafanc

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enkos, *h₂n̥kos (“a turn, bend”), from *h₂enk- (“curve, bend”).


amɸlabros

amɸlabros (nominative singular)
amɸlabrou (dual nominative)
amɸlabroi (nominative plural)
amɸlabre (singular vocative)
amɸlabrou (dual vocative)
amɸlabroi (plural vocative)
amɸlabrom (accusative singular)
amɸlabrou (accusative dual)
amɸlabroms (accusative plural)
amɸlabrī (genitive singular)
amɸlabrous (dual genitive)
amɸlabrom (genitive plural)
amɸlabrūi (dative singular)
amɸlabrobom (dative dual)
amɸlabrobos (dative plural)
amɸlabrū (instrumental singular)
amɸlabrobim (dual instrumental)
amɸlabrobis (instrumental plural)
amɸlabrā (nominative singular)
amɸlabrai (dual nominative)
amɸlabrās (nominative plural)
amɸlabrā (singular vocative)
amɸlabrai (dual vocative)
amɸlabrās (plural vocative)
amɸlabram (accusative singular)
amɸlabrai (accusative dual)
amɸlabrams (accusative plural)
amɸlabrās (genitive singular)
amɸlabrai (dative singular)
amɸlabrābom (dative dual)
amɸlabrābos (dative plural)
amɸlabrābim (dual instrumental)
amɸlabrābis (instrumental plural)
amɸlabrom (nominative singular)
amɸlabrā (nominative plural)
amɸlabrom (singular vocative)
amɸlabrā (plural vocative)
amɸlabrā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *aβ̃laβar
Breton: amlavar
Old Cornish: aflauar
Middle Cornish: omlavar
Middle Welsh: aflauar
Welsh: aflafar

Old Irish: amlabar
Irish: amhlabhar

From *an- (“un-”) + *ɸlabros (“talkative”).


anxtu

anxtu (nominative singular)
anxtū (dual nominative)
anxtwā (nominative plural)
anxtu (singular vocative)
anxtū (dual vocative)
anxtwā (plural vocative)
anxtu (accusative singular)
anxtū (accusative dual)
anxtwā (accusative plural)
anxtous (genitive singular)
anxtous (dual genitive)
anxtowom (genitive plural)
anxtou (dative singular)
anxtubom (dative dual)
anxtubos (dative plural)
anxtū (instrumental singular)
anxtubim (dual instrumental)
anxtubis (instrumental plural)

Middle Welsh: aeth (“pain, fear”)

Welsh: aeth (“pain, fear”)

Old Irish: écht (“slaughter”)

Irish: éacht (“slaughter”)

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱtu, from the root *neḱ- (“perish, disappear”).


gnātos

gnātos (nominative singular)
gnātou (dual nominative)
gnātoi (nominative plural)
gnāte (singular vocative)
gnātou (dual vocative)
gnātoi (plural vocative)
gnātom (accusative singular)
gnātou (accusative dual)
gnātoms (accusative plural)
gnātī (genitive singular)
gnātous (dual genitive)
gnātom (genitive plural)
gnātūi (dative singular)
gnātobom (dative dual)
gnātobos (dative plural)
gnātū (instrumental singular)
gnātobim (dual instrumental)
gnātobis (instrumental plural)
gnātā (nominative singular)
gnātai (dual nominative)
gnātās (nominative plural)
gnātā (singular vocative)
gnātai (dual vocative)
gnātās (plural vocative)
gnātam (accusative singular)
gnātai (accusative dual)
gnātams (accusative plural)
gnātās (genitive singular)
gnātai (dative singular)
gnātābom (dative dual)
gnātābos (dative plural)
gnātābim (dual instrumental)
gnātābis (instrumental plural)
gnātom (nominative singular)
gnātā (nominative plural)
gnātom (singular vocative)
gnātā (plural vocative)
gnātā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *gnọd
Old Breton: gnot
Middle Welsh: gnawt
Welsh: gnawd

Old Irish: gnáth

Irish: gnáth

Scottish Gaelic: gnàth


angnātos

angnātos (nominative singular)
angnātou (dual nominative)
angnātoi (nominative plural)
angnāte (singular vocative)
angnātou (dual vocative)
angnātoi (plural vocative)
angnātom (accusative singular)
angnātou (accusative dual)
angnātoms (accusative plural)
angnātī (genitive singular)
angnātous (dual genitive)
angnātom (genitive plural)
angnātūi (dative singular)
angnātobom (dative dual)
angnātobos (dative plural)
angnātū (instrumental singular)
angnātobim (dual instrumental)
angnātobis (instrumental plural)
angnātā (nominative singular)
angnātai (dual nominative)
angnātās (nominative plural)
angnātā (singular vocative)
angnātai (dual vocative)
angnātās (plural vocative)
angnātam (accusative singular)
angnātai (accusative dual)
angnātams (accusative plural)
angnātās (genitive singular)
angnātai (dative singular)
angnātābom (dative dual)
angnātābos (dative plural)
angnātābim (dual instrumental)
angnātābis (instrumental plural)
angnātom (nominative singular)
angnātā (nominative plural)
angnātom (singular vocative)
angnātā (plural vocative)
angnātā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: annawd, anynaut, anynawt

Welsh: angnawd, annawd

Old Irish: ingnad, ingnáth

Irish: ionadh

From *an- + *gnātos. Compare Latin ignotus, of identical formation.


altēn

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: altin

Middle Breton: autenn

Breton: aotenn

Cornish: alsen

Old Welsh: elinn

Middle Welsh: ellyn

Welsh: ellyn

Middle Irish: ailt

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


amarom

amarom (nominative singular)
amarou (dual nominative)
amarā (nominative plural)
amarom (singular vocative)
amarou (dual vocative)
amarā (plural vocative)
amarom (accusative singular)
amarou (accusative dual)
amarā (accusative plural)
amarī (genitive singular)
amarous (dual genitive)
amarom (genitive plural)
amarūi (dative singular)
amarobom (dative dual)
amarobos (dative plural)
amarei (locative singular)
amarū (instrumental singular)
amarobim (dual instrumental)
amarūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aβ̃ar

Middle Welsh: auar

Welsh: afar

Old Irish: amar

Unknown; likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


krittā

krittā (nominative singular)
krittai (dual nominative)
krittās (nominative plural)
krittā (singular vocative)
krittai (dual vocative)
krittās (plural vocative)
krittam (accusative singular)
krittai (accusative dual)
krittāms (accusative plural)
krittās (genitive singular)
krittous (dual genitive)
krittom (genitive plural)
krittāi (dative singular)
krittābom (dative dual)
krittābos (dative plural)
krittai (locative singular)
krittābim (dual instrumental)
krittābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *kreθ
Middle Welsh: kreth
Welsh: creth

Middle Irish: crett

Irish: creat

Scottish Gaelic: creat


lomanā

lomanā (nominative singular)
lomanai (dual nominative)
lomanās (nominative plural)
lomanā (singular vocative)
lomanai (dual vocative)
lomanās (plural vocative)
lomanam (accusative singular)
lomanai (accusative dual)
lomanāms (accusative plural)
lomanās (genitive singular)
lomanous (dual genitive)
lomanom (genitive plural)
lomanāi (dative singular)
lomanābom (dative dual)
lomanābos (dative plural)
lomanai (locative singular)
lomanābim (dual instrumental)
lomanābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lloβ̃an
Middle Breton: louffan
Breton: louan
Cornish: lovan
Middle Welsh: llyfan
Welsh: llyfan

Old Irish: loman
Middle Irish: loman
Irish: lomhain
Scottish Gaelic: lomhainn


lukūts

lukūts (nominative singular)
lukote (dual nominative)
lukotes (nominative plural)
lukūts (singular vocative)
lukote (dual vocative)
lukotes (plural vocative)
lukotam (accusative singular)
lukote (accusative dual)
lukotams (accusative plural)
lukotos (genitive singular)
lukotou (dual genitive)
lukotom (genitive plural)
lukotei (dative singular)
lukotobom (dative dual)
lukotobos (dative plural)
lukoti (locative singular)
lukote? (instrumental singular)
lukotobim (dual instrumental)
lukotobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llug
Old Breton: loc
Middle Welsh: llyg
Welsh: llyg (“shrew”)

Old Irish: luch
Irish: luch
Manx: lugh
Scottish Gaelic: luch

Unknown; most likely from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


talamū

talamū (nominative singular)
talamone? (dual nominative)
talamones (nominative plural)
talamū (singular vocative)
talamone? (dual vocative)
talamones (plural vocative)
talamonam (accusative singular)
talamone? (accusative dual)
talamonams (accusative plural)
talamonos (genitive singular)
talamonows? (dual genitive)
talamonom (genitive plural)
talamonei (dative singular)
talamombom (dative dual)
talamombos (dative plural)
talamon (locative singular)
talamoni (locative singular)
talamonei (instrumental singular)
talamombim (dual instrumental)
talamombis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: talam
Irish: talamh
Manx: thalloo
Scottish Gaelic: talamh

Gaulish: *talamon

→ Latin: Talamone

→ Latin: Talmun

French: Talmont

From Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“ground”). Compare with Latin tellus (“earth”) and Sanskrit तल (tala, “bottom”).
An exact formation cognate can be found in Ancient Greek τελαμών (telamṓn, “strap”), related on the notion of being objects that hold up another.


wimmonā

wimmonā (nominative singular)
wimmonai (dual nominative)
wimmonās (nominative plural)
wimmonā (singular vocative)
wimmonai (dual vocative)
wimmonās (plural vocative)
wimmonam (accusative singular)
wimmonai (accusative dual)
wimmonāms (accusative plural)
wimmonās (genitive singular)
wimmonous (dual genitive)
wimmonom (genitive plural)
wimmonāi (dative singular)
wimmonābom (dative dual)
wimmonābos (dative plural)
wimmonai (locative singular)
wimmonābim (dual instrumental)
wimmonābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨmon
Old Breton: goumon
Middle Breton: gwemon
→ Middle French: goumon
French: goémon
Welsh: gwymon

Middle Irish: femain, femmain, femm

Irish: feamainn

Manx: famlagh, fammyragh

Scottish Gaelic: feamainn

> Proto-Ibero-Romance: *gamōnem (“asphodel”)

Catalan: gamó

Galician: gamón

Spanish: gamón

Portuguese: gamão

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language, or possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weyb- (“to wind around”). Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages, unless the Iberian Romance words for “asphodel” are derived from a Celtic language.
Reconstructed by Hamp as *wismon-.


gʷenom

gʷenom (nominative singular)
gʷenou (dual nominative)
gʷenā (nominative plural)
gʷenom (singular vocative)
gʷenou (dual vocative)
gʷenā (plural vocative)
gʷenom (accusative singular)
gʷenou (accusative dual)
gʷenā (accusative plural)
gʷenī (genitive singular)
gʷenous (dual genitive)
gʷenom (genitive plural)
gʷenūi (dative singular)
gʷenobom (dative dual)
gʷenobos (dative plural)
gʷenei (locative singular)
gʷenū (instrumental singular)
gʷenobim (dual instrumental)
gʷenūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwen
Cornish: gwen
Welsh: gwên

Old Irish: gen

Uncertain; traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, love”), though this is formally unconvincing. Most likely from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


drukos

drukos (nominative singular)
drukou (dual nominative)
drukoi (nominative plural)
druke (singular vocative)
drukou (dual vocative)
drukoi (plural vocative)
drukom (accusative singular)
drukou (accusative dual)
drukoms (accusative plural)
drukī (genitive singular)
drukous (dual genitive)
drukom (genitive plural)
drukūi (dative singular)
drukobom (dative dual)
drukobos (dative plural)
drukū (instrumental singular)
drukobim (dual instrumental)
drukobis (instrumental plural)
drukā (nominative singular)
drukai (dual nominative)
drukās (nominative plural)
drukā (singular vocative)
drukai (dual vocative)
drukās (plural vocative)
drukam (accusative singular)
drukai (accusative dual)
drukams (accusative plural)
drukās (genitive singular)
drukai (dative singular)
drukābom (dative dual)
drukābos (dative plural)
drukābim (dual instrumental)
drukābis (instrumental plural)
drukom (nominative singular)
drukā (nominative plural)
drukom (singular vocative)
drukā (plural vocative)
drukā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *drug
Breton: drouk
Cornish: drug, drog
Middle Welsh: drwc
Welsh: drwg

Old Irish: droch
Irish: droch-, droch
Manx: drogh
Scottish Gaelic: droch

Unknown; one possibility is that it could be from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”), with the voiceless -k- originating in a root noun *dʰréwgʰ-s (“falsehood”) (pronounced *dʰrewks, compare Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰrúkš).


kalgā

kalgā (nominative singular)
kalgai (dual nominative)
kalgās (nominative plural)
kalgā (singular vocative)
kalgai (dual vocative)
kalgās (plural vocative)
kalgam (accusative singular)
kalgai (accusative dual)
kalgāms (accusative plural)
kalgās (genitive singular)
kalgous (dual genitive)
kalgom (genitive plural)
kalgāi (dative singular)
kalgābom (dative dual)
kalgābos (dative plural)
kalgai (locative singular)
kalgābim (dual instrumental)
kalgābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kalɣ (“penis”)

Breton: kalc'h

Cornish: kal f, kalgh m

Welsh: cal, cala f, caly m

q

later <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>

Old Irish: colg, calg f (later m) (“sword”)

Gaulish: *kalgos (“point, sword”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₂- (“to pierce, strike”).


anaman

anaman (nominative singular)
anamane? (dual nominative)
anamana (nominative plural)
anaman (singular vocative)
anamane? (dual vocative)
anamana (plural vocative)
anaman (accusative singular)
anamane? (accusative dual)
anamana (accusative plural)
anamens (genitive singular)
anamenous? (dual genitive)
anamenom (genitive plural)
anamenē (dative singular)
anamembom (dative dual)
anamembos (dative plural)
anamen (locative singular)
anameni (locative singular)
anamenē (instrumental singular)
anamembim (dual instrumental)
anamembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: eneff

Cornish: enef

desctree

Old Irish: ainimm, ainim, anaim, anaimm, anim, animm
Irish: anam
Manx: annym
Scottish Gaelic: anam
⇒ Middle Irish: ainmide
Irish: ainmhí
Scottish Gaelic: ainmhidh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₁mn̥ (“breath, spirit, soul”), from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”) + *-mn̥ (abstract noun suffix). Equivalent to *ana- + *-man.
Compare Proto-Italic *anamos and Proto-Hellenic *ánemos, from *h₂énh₁mos.


aleti

alū (active first-person present singular)
alemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
īlāsū (active first-person future singular)
alam (active first-person preterite singular)
alesi (active present second-person singular)
aletās (active imperfect second-person singular)
īlāsesi (active future second-person singular)
als (active preterite second-person singular)
aleti (active present singular third-person)
aleto (active imperfect singular third-person)
īlāseti (active future singular third-person)
alt (active preterite singular third-person)
alomosi (active first-person plural present)
alemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
īlāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
alme (active first-person plural preterite)
aletesi (active plural present second-person)
alestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
īlāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
alte (active plural preterite second-person)
alonti (active plural present third-person)
alento (active imperfect plural third-person)
īlāsonti (active future plural third-person)
alant (active plural preterite third-person)
alasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
alasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ale (active imperative second-person singular)
alaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
aletou (active imperative singular third-person)
alasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
alomos (active first-person imperative plural)
alasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
alete (active imperative plural second-person)
alasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
alontou (active imperative plural third-person)
alūr (first-person passive present singular)
īlāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
aletar (passive present second-person singular)
īlāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
aletor (passive present singular third-person)
īlāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
alommor (first-person passive plural present)
īlāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
aledwe (passive plural present second-person)
īlāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
alontor (passive plural present third-person)
īlāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
alasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
alasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
alasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
alasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
alasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
alasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
altos (nominative singular)
altou (dual nominative)
altoi (nominative plural)
alte (singular vocative)
altou (dual vocative)
altoi (plural vocative)
altom (accusative singular)
altou (accusative dual)
altoms (accusative plural)
altī (genitive singular)
altous (dual genitive)
altom (genitive plural)
altūi (dative singular)
altobom (dative dual)
altobos (dative plural)
altū (instrumental singular)
altobim (dual instrumental)
altobis (instrumental plural)
altā (nominative singular)
altai (dual nominative)
altās (nominative plural)
altā (singular vocative)
altai (dual vocative)
altās (plural vocative)
altam (accusative singular)
altai (accusative dual)
altams (accusative plural)
altās (genitive singular)
altai (dative singular)
altābom (dative dual)
altābos (dative plural)
altābim (dual instrumental)
altābis (instrumental plural)
altom (nominative singular)
altā (nominative plural)
altom (singular vocative)
altā (plural vocative)
altā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alɨd

Middle Breton: halaff

desc

Middle Welsh: alu, alho (3sg.pres.subj.)

Old Irish: ailid, ·ail

Irish: oil

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂életi, from the root *h₂el-.


dēwos

dēwos (masculine nominative singular stem)
dēwou (dual masculine nominative stem)
dēwoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
dēwe (masculine singular stem vocative)
dēwou (dual masculine stem vocative)
dēwūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
dēwom (accusative masculine singular stem)
dēwou (accusative dual masculine stem)
dēwoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
dēwī (genitive masculine singular stem)
dēwous (dual genitive masculine stem)
dēwom (genitive masculine plural stem)
dēwūi (dative masculine singular stem)
dēwobom (dative dual masculine stem)
dēwobos (dative masculine plural stem)
dēwei (locative masculine singular stem)
dēwū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
dēwobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
dēwūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *duɨw
Old Breton: *doi (in compound)
Middle Breton: doe
Breton: doue
Old Cornish: duy
Middle Cornish: dew, deu
Cornish: dew
Old Welsh: duiu
Middle Welsh: duw
Welsh: duw

Hispano-Celtic:

Celtiberian: Teiuoreikis, Deobriga

→ Galician: Deva (river name)

desc

Gaulish: Deuognata, teuoxtonio-, Dēuos, Dēwos, Dēvona

Old Irish: día

Irish: dia, Dia, Dé

Manx: jee

Scottish Gaelic: dia


albiyū

albiyū (nominative singular)
albiyone? (dual nominative)
albiyones (nominative plural)
albiyū (singular vocative)
albiyone? (dual vocative)
albiyones (plural vocative)
albiyonam (accusative singular)
albiyone? (accusative dual)
albiyonams (accusative plural)
albiyonos (genitive singular)
albiyonows? (dual genitive)
albiyonom (genitive plural)
albiyonei (dative singular)
albiyombom (dative dual)
albiyombos (dative plural)
albiyon (locative singular)
albiyoni (locative singular)
albiyonei (instrumental singular)
albiyombim (dual instrumental)
albiyombis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ėlβɨð
Old Welsh: elbid
Middle Welsh: eluit, eluyd
Welsh: elfydd

Goidelic:

Old Irish: Albu (“Scotland”)

→ Middle Welsh: Albbu

Irish: Albain, Alba

→ Welsh: Alban

→ Cornish: Alban

→ Latin: Albania

→ Middle English: Albany

English: Albany

Manx: Nalbin, Albin, Albey

Scottish Gaelic: Alba

→ English: Alba

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Latin: Albiones (ethnonym)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἀλβίων (Albíōn), Ἀλουΐων (Alouḯōn)

→ Latin: Albiōn

→ English: Albion

→ Proto-West Germanic: *albijā

Old Saxon: elbon

Old High German: alba, Albūn

Middle High German: albe, Alben

Bavarian: Oipn

German: Alpe, Alp, Alm, Alpen

→? Latin: alpis, Alpēs (see there for further descendants)

→ English: Alps

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”). For the semantic development, compare Old Church Slavonic свѣтъ (světŭ, “light; world”).

cog

luminous world, upper world, (the habitable surface of the) world

high mountain (especially in the Alps), alp


teɸnets

teɸnets (nominative singular)
teɸnete (dual nominative)
teɸnetes (nominative plural)
teɸnets (singular vocative)
teɸnete (dual vocative)
teɸnetes (plural vocative)
teɸnetam (accusative singular)
teɸnete (accusative dual)
teɸnetams (accusative plural)
teɸnetos (genitive singular)
teɸnetou (dual genitive)
teɸnetom (genitive plural)
teɸnetei (dative singular)
teɸnetobom (dative dual)
teɸnetobos (dative plural)
teɸneti (locative singular)
teɸnete? (instrumental singular)
teɸnetobim (dual instrumental)
teɸnetobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tan

Breton: tan

Cornish: tan

Middle Welsh: tan

Welsh: tân

desctree

Old Irish: teine
Irish: tine
Manx: çhenney
Scottish Gaelic: teine

From Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“be warm”) (compare *tépos (“heat, warmth”)), likely through an intermediate s-stem *tep-n-ḗs, with the nasal infixed perhaps by influence of the participle *téponts, if not derived from an r/n-stem heteroclitic.
Along with *aidu ~ *aidus, presumably displaced inherited reflexes of the PIE fire terms *h₁n̥gʷnís and *péh₂wr̥, which left no trace in attested Celtic.


swādus

swādus (nominative singular)
swādū (dual nominative)
swādowes (nominative plural)
swādu (singular vocative)
swādū (dual vocative)
swādūs (plural vocative)
swādum (accusative singular)
swādū (accusative dual)
swādums (accusative plural)
swādous (genitive singular)
swādous (dual genitive)
swādowom (genitive plural)
swādou (dative singular)
swādubom (dative dual)
swādubos (dative plural)
swādū (instrumental singular)
swādubim (dual instrumental)
swādubis (instrumental plural)
swādu (nominative singular)
swādwā (nominative plural)
swādwā (plural vocative)
swādu (accusative singular)
swādwā (accusative plural)

Gaulish: suados, suadus


exs

Proto-Brythonic: *ex
Old Breton: ech
Middle Welsh: ech
Welsh: a, ech-

Old Irish: a, ess-

Irish: as

Manx: ass

Scottish Gaelic: à, as

Gaulish: ex

Celtiberian: es

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs. Cognate with Latin ex.


kom-

Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃-
Breton: kev-, kem
Old Cornish: com-
Cornish: kev-, kes-
Old Welsh: com-, cim-, cem-
Middle Welsh: kyf-, kyn-
Welsh: cyf-, cyn-, cym-, cy-

Old Irish: com-

Irish: comh-

Manx: co-

Scottish Gaelic: co-

⇒ Old Irish: cummae (< *ḱóm-smiyo-)

Irish: cuma

Scottish Gaelic: coma


genos

genos (neuter nominative singular)
genese? (dual neuter nominative)
genesa (neuter nominative plural)
genos (neuter singular vocative)
genese? (dual neuter vocative)
genesa (neuter plural vocative)
genos (accusative neuter singular)
genese? (accusative dual neuter)
genesa (accusative neuter plural)
genesos (genitive neuter singular)
genesous? (dual genitive neuter)
genesom (genitive neuter plural)
genesē (dative neuter singular)
genesbom (dative dual neuter)
genesbos (dative neuter plural)
genesi (locative neuter singular)
genesē (instrumental neuter singular)
genesbim (dual instrumental neuter)
genesbis (instrumental neuter plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gen

Old Breton: gen

⇒ Breton: genel (denominative)

⇒ Old Welsh: Mor-gen

⇒ Gaulish: Ad-genus, Cintu-genus

⇒? Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ (inigena, “daughter”)
Old Irish: ingen
Middle Irish: ingen
Irish: iníon, inghean (superseded); inghin, inín (Connacht); nighean, níon (Ulster), inín
Manx: inneen
Scottish Gaelic: nighean, nigheann, inghean
⇒ Middle Irish: ingenach
⇒ Middle Irish: ingenas
Irish: iníonas

⇒ Old Irish: Eógan


sɸerā

sɸerā (nominative singular)
sɸerai (dual nominative)
sɸerās (nominative plural)
sɸerā (singular vocative)
sɸerai (dual vocative)
sɸerās (plural vocative)
sɸeram (accusative singular)
sɸerai (accusative dual)
sɸerāms (accusative plural)
sɸerās (genitive singular)
sɸerous (dual genitive)
sɸerom (genitive plural)
sɸerāi (dative singular)
sɸerābom (dative dual)
sɸerābos (dative plural)
sɸerai (locative singular)
sɸerābim (dual instrumental)
sɸerābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *fer
Old Cornish: fer
Middle Welsh: ffer
Welsh: ffêr

Old Irish: seir
Middle Irish: seir
Irish: seir, speir

From Proto-Indo-European *spérH-eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick”). Cognate with Germanic *spurą.


Lugus

Lugus (nominative singular)
Lugous (genitive singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *Llọw
Old Welsh: Lou
Middle Welsh: Lleu

Celtiberian: Luguei (Dative singular)

Gaulish: *Lugus

Primitive Irish: ᚂᚒᚌ (lug)
Old Irish: Lug
Irish: Lú, Lugh (superseded)
→ English: Lugh
Scottish Gaelic: Lùgh

From Proto-Indo-European. The exact root is unknown. More at Lugus.


neɸūss

neɸūs (nominative singular)
neɸote (dual nominative)
neɸotes (nominative plural)
neɸūs (singular vocative)
neɸote (dual vocative)
neɸotes (plural vocative)
neɸotam (accusative singular)
neɸote (accusative dual)
neɸotams (accusative plural)
neɸotos (genitive singular)
neɸotou (dual genitive)
neɸotom (genitive plural)
neɸotei (dative singular)
neɸotobom (dative dual)
neɸotobos (dative plural)
neɸoti (locative singular)
neɸote? (instrumental singular)
neɸotobim (dual instrumental)
neɸotobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nei
Old Breton: ny
Middle Breton: ni
Breton: ni
Cornish: noi, noy
Old Welsh: nei
Welsh: nai

Primitive Irish: ᚅᚔᚑᚈᚈᚐ (niotta, genitive)
Old Irish: nia
Irish: nia
Manx: neear


menmens

menmens (nominative singular)
menmene (dual nominative)
menmenes (nominative plural)
menmens (singular vocative)
menmene (dual vocative)
menmenes (plural vocative)
menmenam (accusative singular)
menmene (accusative dual)
menmenams (accusative plural)
menmenos (genitive singular)
menmenou (dual genitive)
menmenom (genitive plural)
menmenei (dative singular)
menmenobom (dative dual)
menmenobos (dative plural)
menmeni (locative singular)
menmene? (instrumental singular)
menmenobim (dual instrumental)
menmenobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *menw
Middle Breton: meno
Breton: meno
Middle Welsh: mynw
Welsh: mynw

Old Irish: menmae
Middle Irish: menma
Irish: meanma
Scottish Gaelic: meanma

From *men- (“to think”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *memonai (“to remember”), Proto-Germanic *munaną (“to think, remember”), Ancient Greek μέμονα (mémona), Sanskrit मन्मन् (mánman, “thought, wisdom”).


loukos

lowkos (nominative singular)
lowkou (dual nominative)
lowkoi (nominative plural)
lowke (singular vocative)
lowkou (dual vocative)
lowkoi (plural vocative)
lowkom (accusative singular)
lowkou (accusative dual)
lowkoms (accusative plural)
lowkī (genitive singular)
lowkous (dual genitive)
lowkom (genitive plural)
lowkūi (dative singular)
lowkobom (dative dual)
lowkobos (dative plural)
lowkū (instrumental singular)
lowkobim (dual instrumental)
lowkobis (instrumental plural)
lowkā (nominative singular)
lowkai (dual nominative)
lowkās (nominative plural)
lowkā (singular vocative)
lowkai (dual vocative)
lowkās (plural vocative)
lowkam (accusative singular)
lowkai (accusative dual)
lowkams (accusative plural)
lowkās (genitive singular)
lowkai (dative singular)
lowkābom (dative dual)
lowkābos (dative plural)
lowkābim (dual instrumental)
lowkābis (instrumental plural)
lowkom (nominative singular)
lowkā (nominative plural)
lowkom (singular vocative)
lowkā (plural vocative)
lowkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llʉg

Middle Welsh: lluc

Welsh: llug m (“eyesight, perception”)

Middle Irish: lóch (“bright”), lúach

Gaulish: Leucus

From Proto-Indo-European *lewkós, from *lewk-.


karants

karants (nominative singular)
karante (dual nominative)
karantes (nominative plural)
karants (singular vocative)
karante (dual vocative)
karantes (plural vocative)
karantam (accusative singular)
karante (accusative dual)
karantams (accusative plural)
karantos (genitive singular)
karantou (dual genitive)
karantom (genitive plural)
karantei (dative singular)
karantobom (dative dual)
karantobos (dative plural)
karanti (locative singular)
karante? (instrumental singular)
karantobim (dual instrumental)
karantobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kar
Middle Breton: car
Breton: kar
Old Cornish: car
Cornish: kar
Middle Welsh: car
Welsh: câr

Old Irish: carae
Middle Irish: cara, carait
Irish: cara
Scottish Gaelic: caraid
Manx: carrey

Gaulish: Caranto-, Carantōna

Fossilized present active participle of *karāyeti (“to love, desire”). Equivalent to *karos (“dear, beloved”) + *-ants. Suggested to be a parallel formation with Tocharian B krent (“good, good person”), however, this is now widely rejected.


belyom

belyom (nominative singular)
belyou (dual nominative)
belyā (nominative plural)
belyom (singular vocative)
belyou (dual vocative)
belyā (plural vocative)
belyom (accusative singular)
belyou (accusative dual)
belyā (accusative plural)
belyī (genitive singular)
belyous (dual genitive)
belyom (genitive plural)
belyūi (dative singular)
belyobom (dative dual)
belyobos (dative plural)
belyei (locative singular)
belyū (instrumental singular)
belyobim (dual instrumental)
belyūis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: bile

Gaulish: Billiomagus (derived toponym)

French: Billom

A parallel e-grade formation to Proto-Indo-European *bʰolh₃yo- (“leaf”). Cognate with Latin folium and Ancient Greek φῠ́λλον (phúllon).


anawos

anawos (masculine nominative singular stem)
anawou (dual masculine nominative stem)
anawoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
anawe (masculine singular stem vocative)
anawou (dual masculine stem vocative)
anawūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
anawom (accusative masculine singular stem)
anawou (accusative dual masculine stem)
anawoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
anawī (genitive masculine singular stem)
anawous (dual genitive masculine stem)
anawom (genitive masculine plural stem)
anawūi (dative masculine singular stem)
anawobom (dative dual masculine stem)
anawobos (dative masculine plural stem)
anawei (locative masculine singular stem)
anawū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
anawobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
anawūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *anaw

Middle Welsh: anaw

⇒ Old Irish: anai (from *anawyos)

Middle Irish: ana

Classical Gaelic: ana

Gaulish: *Anauos

→ Latin: Anauus


banowessā

banowessā (nominative singular)
banowessai (dual nominative)
banowessās (nominative plural)
banowessā (singular vocative)
banowessai (dual vocative)
banowessās (plural vocative)
banowessam (accusative singular)
banowessai (accusative dual)
banowessāms (accusative plural)
banowessās (genitive singular)
banowessous (dual genitive)
banowessom (genitive plural)
banowessāi (dative singular)
banowessābom (dative dual)
banowessābos (dative plural)
banowessai (locative singular)
banowessābim (dual instrumental)
banowessābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *banwess

Middle Breton: banues

Breton: banvez

Old Irish: banais

Irish: bainis

Manx: bannish

Scottish Gaelic: banais

From *bano- (“female”) + *wedeti (“to lead”) + *-tā (verbal noun suffix). The last two parts of this construction are frequently confused with *westā (“staying the night, feast”).


anamī

anamī (nominative singular)
anamī (dual nominative)
anamiyās (nominative plural)
anamī (singular vocative)
anamī (dual vocative)
anamiyās (plural vocative)
anamīm (accusative singular)
anamī (accusative dual)
anamīms (accusative plural)
anamyās (genitive singular)
anamyous (dual genitive)
anamyom (genitive plural)
anamyai (dative singular)
anamyābom (dative dual)
anamyābos (dative plural)
anamyābim (dual instrumental)
anamyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Welsh: anamou

Middle Welsh: anaf

Welsh: anaf

Middle Breton: anaf, anaff

Old Irish: anim

Transalpine Gaulish: anamis

Probably of PIE origin, although no-one has agreed on a definite etymology. Two possibilities have been put forward:
* Descended from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₃-
* A deverbal noun from *amū (to wash) with the negative prefix *an- attached


akros

akros (nominative singular)
akrou (dual nominative)
akroi (nominative plural)
akre (singular vocative)
akrou (dual vocative)
akroi (plural vocative)
akrom (accusative singular)
akrou (accusative dual)
akroms (accusative plural)
akrī (genitive singular)
akrous (dual genitive)
akrom (genitive plural)
akrūi (dative singular)
akrobom (dative dual)
akrobos (dative plural)
akrū (instrumental singular)
akrobim (dual instrumental)
akrobis (instrumental plural)
akrā (nominative singular)
akrai (dual nominative)
akrās (nominative plural)
akrā (singular vocative)
akrai (dual vocative)
akrās (plural vocative)
akram (accusative singular)
akrai (accusative dual)
akrams (accusative plural)
akrās (genitive singular)
akrai (dative singular)
akrābom (dative dual)
akrābos (dative plural)
akrābim (dual instrumental)
akrābis (instrumental plural)
akrom (nominative singular)
akrā (nominative plural)
akrom (singular vocative)
akrā (plural vocative)
akrā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: ér

Gaulish: *axros

⇒ Gaulish: *Axrotalus


snīs

Brythonic:

Old Breton: ne

Middle Breton: ne

Breton: ne

Cornish: ny

Old Welsh: ni

Middle Welsh: ny

Welsh: ni

Old Irish: sní

Gaulish: sni-

Proto-Brythonic: *nini

Middle Welsh: nini

Old Irish: snisni, nini, sinni

Irish: sinn

Manx: shin

Scottish Gaelic: sinn

From Proto-Indo-European *nēs, a modification of *nos, oblique plural form of *éǵh₂ (“I”).


ɸro-

Proto-Brythonic: rro

Welsh: rhy

Cornish: re

Old Irish: ro-

Irish: ró-

Scottish Gaelic: ro-

Gaulish: ro-, re-

From Proto-Indo-European *pró (“toward, leading to”). Cognate with Latin prō and Ancient Greek πρό (pró).


klukā

klukā (nominative singular)
klukai (dual nominative)
klukās (nominative plural)
klukā (singular vocative)
klukai (dual vocative)
klukās (plural vocative)
klukam (accusative singular)
klukai (accusative dual)
klukāms (accusative plural)
klukās (genitive singular)
klukous (dual genitive)
klukom (genitive plural)
klukāi (dative singular)
klukābom (dative dual)
klukābos (dative plural)
klukai (locative singular)
klukābim (dual instrumental)
klukābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *klog
Cornish: clog
Welsh: clog

Old Irish: cloch

Irish: cloch

Manx: clagh

Scottish Gaelic: clach

Unknown; most likely from a non-IE substrate language. Attested only in the Insular Celtic languages.


bāus

bāus (nominative singular)
bowe (dual nominative)
bowes (nominative plural)
bāus (singular vocative)
bowe (dual vocative)
bowes (plural vocative)
bowam (accusative singular)
bowe (accusative dual)
bowams (accusative plural)
bowos (genitive singular)
bowou (dual genitive)
bowom (genitive plural)
bowei (dative singular)
bowobom (dative dual)
bowobos (dative plural)
bowi (locative singular)
bowe? (instrumental singular)
bowobim (dual instrumental)
bowobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉ
Breton: bu
Middle Welsh: bu, buw

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *bʉx

Old Irish: bó
Irish: bó
Manx: booa
Scottish Gaelic: bó, bò

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws. Because of the way root nouns decline in Celtic, the original PIE accusative *gʷṓm and genitive *gʷéws were made obsolete, which would have otherwise yielded Celtic *bām and *bous respectively. Cognate with Latin bōs.


kassis

kassis (nominative singular)
kassī (dual nominative)
kassīs (nominative plural)
kassi (singular vocative)
kassī (dual vocative)
kassīs (plural vocative)
kassim (accusative singular)
kassī (accusative dual)
kassims (accusative plural)
kasseis (genitive singular)
kassyow (dual genitive)
kassyom (genitive plural)
kassei (dative singular)
kassibom (dative dual)
kassibos (dative plural)
kassei (locative singular)
kassī (instrumental singular)
kassibim (dual instrumental)
kassibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kas
Middle Breton: cas
Breton: kas
Cornish: kas
Old Welsh: cas
Middle Welsh: cas
Welsh: cas

Old Irish: cais

Middle Irish: cais

⇒ Old Irish: miscuis

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂dtis, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂d- (“hatred, angriness”). Cognate with English hate.


rīganī

rīganī (nominative singular)
rīganī (dual nominative)
rīganiyās (nominative plural)
rīganī (singular vocative)
rīganī (dual vocative)
rīganiyās (plural vocative)
rīganīm (accusative singular)
rīganī (accusative dual)
rīganīms (accusative plural)
rīganyās (genitive singular)
rīganyous (dual genitive)
rīganyom (genitive plural)
rīganyai (dative singular)
rīganyābom (dative dual)
rīganyābos (dative plural)
rīganyābim (dual instrumental)
rīganyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *rriɣėn
Breton: rouanez?
Cornish: ruvanes?
Middle Welsh: riein (“maiden”)
Welsh: rhiain

Old Irish: rígain
Middle Irish: rígan
Irish: ríon, banríon
Manx: rein, benrein
Scottish Gaelic: rìghinn, banrìghinn, rìbhinn

Gaulish: rigani


dantos

dantos (masculine nominative singular stem)
dantou (dual masculine nominative stem)
dantoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
dante (masculine singular stem vocative)
dantou (dual masculine stem vocative)
dantūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
dantom (accusative masculine singular stem)
dantou (accusative dual masculine stem)
dantoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
dantī (genitive masculine singular stem)
dantous (dual genitive masculine stem)
dantom (genitive masculine plural stem)
dantūi (dative masculine singular stem)
dantobom (dative dual masculine stem)
dantobos (dative masculine plural stem)
dantei (locative masculine singular stem)
dantū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
dantobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
dantūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *dant

Middle Welsh: deint (“manners”, pl.)

Middle Irish: dét

A derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build”).


nextī

nextī (nominative singular)
nextī (dual nominative)
nextiyās (nominative plural)
nextī (singular vocative)
nextī (dual vocative)
nextiyās (plural vocative)
nextīm (accusative singular)
nextī (accusative dual)
nextīms (accusative plural)
nextyās (genitive singular)
nextyous (dual genitive)
nextyom (genitive plural)
nextyai (dative singular)
nextyābom (dative dual)
nextyābos (dative plural)
nextyābim (dual instrumental)
nextyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nėθ
Old Breton: nith
Middle Breton: nyz
Breton: nizh
Old Cornish: noit
Cornish: nith
Old Welsh:
Middle Welsh: nith
Welsh: nith

Old Irish: necht

Irish: neacht


awontīr

awontīr (nominative singular)
awontere (dual nominative)
awonteres (nominative plural)
awonter (singular vocative)
awontere (dual vocative)
awonteres (plural vocative)
awonteram (accusative singular)
awontere (accusative dual)
awonterams (accusative plural)
awontros (genitive singular)
awontrous (dual genitive)
awontrom (genitive plural)
awontrē (dative singular)
awontarbom (dative dual)
awontarbos (dative plural)
awontri (locative singular)
awontrē (instrumental singular)
awontarbim (dual instrumental)
awontarbis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėwöntr

Breton: eontr

Old Cornish: euitor

Middle Cornish: eviter

Cornish: ewnter

Middle Welsh: ewythyr

Welsh: ewythr

Old Irish: amnair
Irish: amhnair, omhnair (obsolete)

From *awū ~ *awonos (“uncle”) + *-tīr (agent noun suffix).


bāregos

bāregos (masculine nominative singular stem)
bāregou (dual masculine nominative stem)
bāregoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
bārege (masculine singular stem vocative)
bāregou (dual masculine stem vocative)
bāregūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
bāregom (accusative masculine singular stem)
bāregou (accusative dual masculine stem)
bāregoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
bāregī (genitive masculine singular stem)
bāregous (dual genitive masculine stem)
bāregom (genitive masculine plural stem)
bāregūi (dative masculine singular stem)
bāregobom (dative dual masculine stem)
bāregobos (dative masculine plural stem)
bāregei (locative masculine singular stem)
bāregū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
bāregobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
bāregūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bọreɣ
Middle Breton: beure
Breton: beure
Middle Welsh: bore
Welsh: bore
→ Cornish: bore

Old Irish: bárach

⇒ Old Irish: i mbárach
Irish: amárach
Manx: mairagh
Scottish Gaelic: a-màireach

Either from *bā-rigos (“cow-tying”) (*bāus + *rigos) as theorized by Hamp, or from a Proto-Indo-European compound *bʰeh₂-h₃reǵos (“light-extending”), from *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”) and *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”), as theorized by Matasovic who rejects Hamp's theory as semantically far-fetched. If the latter theory is correct, then *bāregos was originally an adjective that referred to dawn.


wikantī

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉgėnt

Old Breton: ucent

Middle Breton: uguent

Breton: ugent

Cornish: ugens

Old Welsh: uceint

Welsh: ugain

Old Irish: fiche
Irish: fiche
Manx: feed
Scottish Gaelic: fichead

From a dissimilated variant of Proto-Indo-European *dwi(h₁)dḱm̥ti.


siskʷos

siskʷos (nominative singular)
siskʷou (dual nominative)
siskʷoi (nominative plural)
siskʷe (singular vocative)
siskʷou (dual vocative)
siskʷoi (plural vocative)
siskʷom (accusative singular)
siskʷou (accusative dual)
siskʷoms (accusative plural)
siskʷī (genitive singular)
siskʷous (dual genitive)
siskʷom (genitive plural)
siskūi (dative singular)
siskʷobom (dative dual)
siskʷobos (dative plural)
siskū (instrumental singular)
siskʷobim (dual instrumental)
siskʷobis (instrumental plural)
siskʷā (nominative singular)
siskʷai (dual nominative)
siskʷās (nominative plural)
siskʷā (singular vocative)
siskʷai (dual vocative)
siskʷās (plural vocative)
siskʷam (accusative singular)
siskʷai (accusative dual)
siskʷams (accusative plural)
siskʷās (genitive singular)
siskʷai (dative singular)
siskʷābom (dative dual)
siskʷābos (dative plural)
siskʷābim (dual instrumental)
siskʷābis (instrumental plural)
siskʷom (nominative singular)
siskʷā (nominative plural)
siskʷom (singular vocative)
siskʷā (plural vocative)
siskʷā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨsp
Middle Breton: hesp
Middle Welsh: hysb, hysp, hesb
Welsh: hysb

Old Irish: sesc
Middle Irish: sesc, seisc
Irish: seasc
Manx: shast
Scottish Gaelic: seasg

From Proto-Indo-European *sisku-. Cognate with Latin siccus, Ancient Greek ἰσχνός (iskhnós), Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬐𐬎 (hišku).


ɸlikkā

ɸlikkā (nominative singular)
ɸlikkai (dual nominative)
ɸlikkās (nominative plural)
ɸlikkā (singular vocative)
ɸlikkai (dual vocative)
ɸlikkās (plural vocative)
ɸlikkam (accusative singular)
ɸlikkai (accusative dual)
ɸlikkāms (accusative plural)
ɸlikkās (genitive singular)
ɸlikkous (dual genitive)
ɸlikkom (genitive plural)
ɸlikkāi (dative singular)
ɸlikkābom (dative dual)
ɸlikkābos (dative plural)
ɸlikkai (locative singular)
ɸlikkābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlikkābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llex
Breton: lec'h
Cornish: lehan
Middle Welsh: llech
Welsh: llech

Old Irish: lecc

Irish: leac

Scottish Gaelic: leac

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥keh₂ (“flat surface”), from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πλάξ (pláx) and English flake.


grāwā

grāwā (nominative singular)
grāwai (dual nominative)
grāwās (nominative plural)
grāwā (singular vocative)
grāwai (dual vocative)
grāwās (plural vocative)
grāwam (accusative singular)
grāwai (accusative dual)
grāwāms (accusative plural)
grāwās (genitive singular)
grāwous (dual genitive)
grāwom (genitive plural)
grāwāi (dative singular)
grāwābom (dative dual)
grāwābos (dative plural)
grāwai (locative singular)
grāwābim (dual instrumental)
grāwābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *grọw
Middle Breton: grouanenn
Breton: groa, gro, grouan
→ English: growan
Old Cornish: grou
Cornish: grow
Welsh: gro

Gaulish: *grawa, *growa

→ Old French: groe

Middle French: groe

→ Medieval Latin: grava

Old French: greve, grave
Middle French: grave
French: grave
→ Norwegian Bokmål: grave
⇒ Old French: gravele
Middle French: gravelle, gravele
→ Middle English: grauel
English: gravel

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰroh₁weh₂, from *gʰreh₁w- (“to grind”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *greutą (“grit”), Old Armenian կորկոտ (korkot, “groats of wheat”), Lithuanian grū́das (“grain”), Latvian grauds (“grain”), Russian гру́да (grúda, “heap”).


ɸletos

ɸletos (neuter nominative singular)
ɸletese? (dual neuter nominative)
ɸletesa (neuter nominative plural)
ɸletos (neuter singular vocative)
ɸletese? (dual neuter vocative)
ɸletesa (neuter plural vocative)
ɸletos (accusative neuter singular)
ɸletese? (accusative dual neuter)
ɸletesa (accusative neuter plural)
ɸletesos (genitive neuter singular)
ɸletesous? (dual genitive neuter)
ɸletesom (genitive neuter plural)
ɸletesē (dative neuter singular)
ɸletesbom (dative dual neuter)
ɸletesbos (dative neuter plural)
ɸletesi (locative neuter singular)
ɸletesē (instrumental neuter singular)
ɸletesbim (dual instrumental neuter)
ɸletesbis (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lled
Middle Breton: let, led (“large”), led (“greatness”)
Breton: led
Cornish: les
Middle Welsh: lled (“breadth, width, half”)
Welsh: lled

Old Irish: leth (“side”)
Irish: leath
Manx: lieh
Scottish Gaelic: leth

From Proto-Indo-European *pléth₂-os (“breadth”), from *pleth₂- (“broad, flat”).


exs-

Old Irish: ess-
Irish: eas-
Scottish Gaelic: eas-


laxsaros

laxsaros (nominative singular)
laxsarou (dual nominative)
laxsaroi (nominative plural)
laxsare (singular vocative)
laxsarou (dual vocative)
laxsaroi (plural vocative)
laxsarom (accusative singular)
laxsarou (accusative dual)
laxsaroms (accusative plural)
laxsarī (genitive singular)
laxsarous (dual genitive)
laxsarom (genitive plural)
laxsarūi (dative singular)
laxsarobom (dative dual)
laxsarobos (dative plural)
laxsarū (instrumental singular)
laxsarobim (dual instrumental)
laxsarobis (instrumental plural)
laxsarā (nominative singular)
laxsarai (dual nominative)
laxsarās (nominative plural)
laxsarā (singular vocative)
laxsarai (dual vocative)
laxsarās (plural vocative)
laxsaram (accusative singular)
laxsarai (accusative dual)
laxsarams (accusative plural)
laxsarās (genitive singular)
laxsarai (dative singular)
laxsarābom (dative dual)
laxsarābos (dative plural)
laxsarābim (dual instrumental)
laxsarābis (instrumental plural)
laxsarom (nominative singular)
laxsarā (nominative plural)
laxsarom (singular vocative)
laxsarā (plural vocative)
laxsarā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: llachar

Old Irish: lassar

From Proto-Indo-European *lh₂ps-, from *leh₂p- (“to shine”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (lāpzi, “glows”), Ancient Greek λάμπω (lámpō, “to shine”) (whence English lamp), Old Prussian lopis (“flame”).