linkʷeti

linkʷū (active first-person present singular)
linkʷemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
lilixsū (active first-person future singular)
liloikʷa (active first-person preterite singular)
linkʷesi (active present second-person singular)
linkʷetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
lilixsesi (active future second-person singular)
liloikʷas? (active preterite second-person singular)
linkʷeti (active present singular third-person)
linkʷeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
lilixseti (active future singular third-person)
liloikʷe (active preterite singular third-person)
linkʷomosi (active first-person plural present)
linkʷemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lilixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
liloikʷmo (active first-person plural preterite)
linkʷetesi (active plural present second-person)
linkʷestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
lilixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
liloikʷe (active plural preterite second-person)
linkʷonti (active plural present third-person)
linkʷento (active imperfect plural third-person)
lilixsonti (active future plural third-person)
liloikʷars (active plural preterite third-person)
leixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
leixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
linkʷe (active imperative second-person singular)
leixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
linkʷetou (active imperative singular third-person)
leixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
linkʷomos (active first-person imperative plural)
leixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
linkʷete (active imperative plural second-person)
leixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
linkʷontou (active imperative plural third-person)
linkʷūr (first-person passive present singular)
lilixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
linkʷetar (passive present second-person singular)
lilixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
linkʷetor (passive present singular third-person)
lilixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
linkʷommor (first-person passive plural present)
lilixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
linkʷedwe (passive plural present second-person)
lilixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
linkʷontor (passive plural present third-person)
lilixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
leixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
leixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
leixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
leixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
leixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
leixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
lixtos (nominative singular)
lixtou (dual nominative)
lixtoi (nominative plural)
lixte (singular vocative)
lixtou (dual vocative)
lixtoi (plural vocative)
lixtom (accusative singular)
lixtou (accusative dual)
lixtoms (accusative plural)
lixtī (genitive singular)
lixtous (dual genitive)
lixtom (genitive plural)
lixtūi (dative singular)
lixtobom (dative dual)
lixtobos (dative plural)
lixtū (instrumental singular)
lixtobim (dual instrumental)
lixtobis (instrumental plural)
lixtā (nominative singular)
lixtai (dual nominative)
lixtās (nominative plural)
lixtā (singular vocative)
lixtai (dual vocative)
lixtās (plural vocative)
lixtam (accusative singular)
lixtai (accusative dual)
lixtams (accusative plural)
lixtās (genitive singular)
lixtai (dative singular)
lixtābom (dative dual)
lixtābos (dative plural)
lixtābim (dual instrumental)
lixtābis (instrumental plural)
lixtom (nominative singular)
lixtā (nominative plural)
lixtom (singular vocative)
lixtā (plural vocative)
lixtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: léicid
Irish: lig
Manx: lhig
Scottish Gaelic: leig

From Proto-Indo-European *linékʷti ~ *linkʷénti. The weak -ī- inflection found in early Irish is secondary.


kenetlom

kenetlom (nominative singular)
kenetlou (dual nominative)
kenetlā (nominative plural)
kenetlom (singular vocative)
kenetlou (dual vocative)
kenetlā (plural vocative)
kenetlom (accusative singular)
kenetlou (accusative dual)
kenetlā (accusative plural)
kenetlī (genitive singular)
kenetlous (dual genitive)
kenetlom (genitive plural)
kenetlūi (dative singular)
kenetlobom (dative dual)
kenetlobos (dative plural)
kenetlei (locative singular)
kenetlū (instrumental singular)
kenetlobim (dual instrumental)
kenetlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kenedl

Old Breton: chenetl

Breton: kenel

Old Cornish: kinethel

Cornish: kenedhel

Old Welsh: kenedel

Middle Welsh: kenedyl

Welsh: cenedl

desctree

Old Irish: cenél
Irish: cineál
Scottish Gaelic: cineal

From Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to begin”) + *-tlom.


biggos

biggos (nominative singular)
biggou (dual nominative)
biggoi (nominative plural)
bigge (singular vocative)
biggou (dual vocative)
biggoi (plural vocative)
biggom (accusative singular)
biggou (accusative dual)
biggoms (accusative plural)
biggī (genitive singular)
biggous (dual genitive)
biggom (genitive plural)
biggūi (dative singular)
biggobom (dative dual)
biggobos (dative plural)
biggū (instrumental singular)
biggobim (dual instrumental)
biggobis (instrumental plural)
biggā (nominative singular)
biggai (dual nominative)
biggās (nominative plural)
biggā (singular vocative)
biggai (dual vocative)
biggās (plural vocative)
biggam (accusative singular)
biggai (accusative dual)
biggams (accusative plural)
biggās (genitive singular)
biggai (dative singular)
biggābom (dative dual)
biggābos (dative plural)
biggābim (dual instrumental)
biggābis (instrumental plural)
biggom (nominative singular)
biggā (nominative plural)
biggom (singular vocative)
biggā (plural vocative)
biggā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨx
Middle Breton: bihan
Breton: bihan
Cornish: byghan
Middle Welsh: bych, bach, bychan
Welsh: bach, bychan

Old Irish: bec, becc
Irish: beag
Manx: beg
Scottish Gaelic: beag

Uncertain:

→? Vulgar Latin: *pittus, *piccus (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Matasović, assuming a reconstruction *bekkos, derives this from Proto-Indo-European *bʰég-ko-s, from *bʰeg- (“to break”) + *-kos. Stifter and Hayden, in addition to Jørgensen, have since proposed *biggos.


dexswos

dexswos (nominative singular)
dexswou (dual nominative)
dexswoi (nominative plural)
dexswe (singular vocative)
dexswou (dual vocative)
dexswoi (plural vocative)
dexswom (accusative singular)
dexswou (accusative dual)
dexswoms (accusative plural)
dexswī (genitive singular)
dexswous (dual genitive)
dexswom (genitive plural)
dexswūi (dative singular)
dexswobom (dative dual)
dexswobos (dative plural)
dexswū (instrumental singular)
dexswobim (dual instrumental)
dexswobis (instrumental plural)
dexswā (nominative singular)
dexswai (dual nominative)
dexswās (nominative plural)
dexswā (singular vocative)
dexswai (dual vocative)
dexswās (plural vocative)
dexswam (accusative singular)
dexswai (accusative dual)
dexswams (accusative plural)
dexswās (genitive singular)
dexswai (dative singular)
dexswābom (dative dual)
dexswābos (dative plural)
dexswābim (dual instrumental)
dexswābis (instrumental plural)
dexswom (nominative singular)
dexswā (nominative plural)
dexswom (singular vocative)
dexswā (plural vocative)
dexswā (accusative plural)

by analogy to <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-bry-pro">*assow</i> (“left”)

Proto-Brythonic: *dexow (by analogy to *assow (“left”))
Old Breton: dehou, deou
Breton: dehou, deheu
Middle Cornish: dehow
Cornish: dyghow, deghow
Middle Welsh: deheu
Welsh: deau

Old Irish: dess
Irish: deas
Manx: jiass
Scottish Gaelic: deas

Gaulish: Dexsiua

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱs(i)-wó-s, from *deḱs- (“right-hand side”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *tehswô, Ancient Greek δεξιός (dexiós).


kantyos

kantyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kantyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kantyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kantye (masculine singular stem vocative)
kantyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kantyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kantyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kantyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kantyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kantyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kantyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kantyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kantyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kantyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kantyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kantyei (locative masculine singular stem)
kantyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kantyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kantyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *cantio

→ Ancient Greek: Κάντιον (Kántion)

→ Latin: Cantium

→ Old English: Cent

Middle English: Kent

English: Kent

Old Irish: céite

Gaulish: *kantyos, cantio-

Nominal derivative of *kanti (“together with”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥-ti-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, with, along”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *komitis (“going together”) (compare Latin comitia (“people's assembly”), comitium (“election place”)).


rāyeti

rāyū (active first-person present singular)
rāyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rirasū (active first-person future singular)
rerū (active first-person preterite singular)
rāyesi (active present second-person singular)
rāyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rirasesi (active future second-person singular)
rerūs (active preterite second-person singular)
rāyeti (active present singular third-person)
rāyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
riraseti (active future singular third-person)
rerū (active preterite singular third-person)
rāyomosi (active first-person plural present)
rāyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rirasomosi (active first-person future plural)
reramo (active first-person plural preterite)
rāyetesi (active plural present second-person)
rāyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rirasetesi (active future plural second-person)
rerate (active plural preterite second-person)
rāyonti (active plural present third-person)
rāyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
rirasonti (active future plural third-person)
rerars (active plural preterite third-person)
rīsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
rīsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
rāye (active imperative second-person singular)
rīseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
rāyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
rīsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rāyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
rīsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rāyete (active imperative plural second-person)
rīsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rāyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
rāyūr (first-person passive present singular)
rirasūr (first-person future passive singular)
rāyetar (passive present second-person singular)
rirasetar (future passive second-person singular)
rāyetor (passive present singular third-person)
rirasetor (future passive singular third-person)
rāyommor (first-person passive plural present)
rirasommor (first-person future passive plural)
rāyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
rirasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
rāyontor (passive plural present third-person)
rirasontor (future passive plural third-person)
rīsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
rīsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
rīsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
rīsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
rīsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
rīsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ratos (nominative singular)
ratou (dual nominative)
ratoi (nominative plural)
rate (singular vocative)
ratou (dual vocative)
ratoi (plural vocative)
ratom (accusative singular)
ratou (accusative dual)
ratoms (accusative plural)
ratī (genitive singular)
ratous (dual genitive)
ratom (genitive plural)
ratūi (dative singular)
ratobom (dative dual)
ratobos (dative plural)
ratū (instrumental singular)
ratobim (dual instrumental)
ratobis (instrumental plural)
ratā (nominative singular)
ratai (dual nominative)
ratās (nominative plural)
ratā (singular vocative)
ratai (dual vocative)
ratās (plural vocative)
ratam (accusative singular)
ratai (accusative dual)
ratams (accusative plural)
ratās (genitive singular)
ratai (dative singular)
ratābom (dative dual)
ratābos (dative plural)
ratābim (dual instrumental)
ratābis (instrumental plural)
ratom (nominative singular)
ratā (nominative plural)
ratom (singular vocative)
ratā (plural vocative)
ratā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: ráïd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to row”).


dālom

dālom (nominative singular)
dālou (dual nominative)
dālā (nominative plural)
dālom (singular vocative)
dālou (dual vocative)
dālā (plural vocative)
dālom (accusative singular)
dālou (accusative dual)
dālā (accusative plural)
dālī (genitive singular)
dālous (dual genitive)
dālom (genitive plural)
dālūi (dative singular)
dālobom (dative dual)
dālobos (dative plural)
dālei (locative singular)
dālū (instrumental singular)
dālobim (dual instrumental)
dālūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: dál

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to divide”).


samaros

samaros (masculine nominative singular stem)
samarou (dual masculine nominative stem)
samaroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
samare (masculine singular stem vocative)
samarou (dual masculine stem vocative)
samarūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
samarom (accusative masculine singular stem)
samarou (accusative dual masculine stem)
samaroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
samarī (genitive masculine singular stem)
samarous (dual genitive masculine stem)
samarom (genitive masculine plural stem)
samarūi (dative masculine singular stem)
samarobom (dative dual masculine stem)
samarobos (dative masculine plural stem)
samarei (locative masculine singular stem)
samarū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
samarobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
samarūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *haβ̃ar

Cornish: havar

Welsh: hafar

Gaulish: *samaros, samaro-

→ Vulgar Latin: *sumerus

Old French: sombre

Middle French: sombre

From *samos (“summer”) + *aros (“ploughing, ploughed land”).

affix

summer fallow, uncropped and plowed land during the summer


-aros

-aros (masculine nominative singular stem)
-arou (dual masculine nominative stem)
-aroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-are (masculine singular stem vocative)
-arou (dual masculine stem vocative)
-arūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
-arom (accusative masculine singular stem)
-arou (accusative dual masculine stem)
-aroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-arī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-arous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-arom (genitive masculine plural stem)
-arūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-arobom (dative dual masculine stem)
-arobos (dative masculine plural stem)
-arei (locative masculine singular stem)
-arū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-arobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-arūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: -ar

Middle Breton: -ar

Breton: -ar

Cornish: -er

Middle Welsh: -ar

Welsh: -ar

Old Irish: -ar

Probably from *-a- + *-ros, from Proto-Indo-European *-rós.


-ikos

-ikos (nominative singular)
-ikou (dual nominative)
-ikoi (nominative plural)
-ike (singular vocative)
-ikou (dual vocative)
-ikoi (plural vocative)
-ikom (accusative singular)
-ikou (accusative dual)
-ikoms (accusative plural)
-ikī (genitive singular)
-ikous (dual genitive)
-ikom (genitive plural)
-ikūi (dative singular)
-ikobom (dative dual)
-ikobos (dative plural)
-ikū (instrumental singular)
-ikobim (dual instrumental)
-ikobis (instrumental plural)
-ikā (nominative singular)
-ikai (dual nominative)
-ikās (nominative plural)
-ikā (singular vocative)
-ikai (dual vocative)
-ikās (plural vocative)
-ikam (accusative singular)
-ikai (accusative dual)
-ikams (accusative plural)
-ikās (genitive singular)
-ikai (dative singular)
-ikābom (dative dual)
-ikābos (dative plural)
-ikābim (dual instrumental)
-ikābis (instrumental plural)
-ikom (nominative singular)
-ikā (nominative plural)
-ikom (singular vocative)
-ikā (plural vocative)
-ikā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ikā

Middle Breton: -ek

Breton: -eg

Welsh: -eg

Old Irish: -ech

From Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos with the thematic vowel of *i-stems. Cognate with Latin -icus, Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós), Proto-Germanic *-igaz.

belonging to; derived from; of or pertaining to.


mussaros

mussaros (masculine nominative singular stem)
mussarou (dual masculine nominative stem)
mussaroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
mussare (masculine singular stem vocative)
mussarou (dual masculine stem vocative)
mussarūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
mussarom (accusative masculine singular stem)
mussarou (accusative dual masculine stem)
mussaroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
mussarī (genitive masculine singular stem)
mussarous (dual genitive masculine stem)
mussarom (genitive masculine plural stem)
mussarūi (dative masculine singular stem)
mussarobom (dative dual masculine stem)
mussarobos (dative masculine plural stem)
mussarei (locative masculine singular stem)
mussarū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
mussarobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
mussarūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: mosar


klukaros

klukaros (masculine nominative singular stem)
klukarou (dual masculine nominative stem)
klukaroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
klukare (masculine singular stem vocative)
klukarou (dual masculine stem vocative)
klukarūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
klukarom (accusative masculine singular stem)
klukarou (accusative dual masculine stem)
klukaroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
klukarī (genitive masculine singular stem)
klukarous (dual genitive masculine stem)
klukarom (genitive masculine plural stem)
klukarūi (dative masculine singular stem)
klukarobom (dative dual masculine stem)
klukarobos (dative masculine plural stem)
klukarei (locative masculine singular stem)
klukarū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
klukarobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
klukarūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: cleguer

Breton: kleger

Cornish: clegar, cleger

Welsh: clegyr

Old Irish: clochar


samosiskʷī

samosiskʷī (nominative singular)
samosiskʷī (dual nominative)
samosiskʷiyās (nominative plural)
samosiskʷī (singular vocative)
samosiskʷī (dual vocative)
samosiskʷiyās (plural vocative)
samosiskʷīm (accusative singular)
samosiskʷī (accusative dual)
samosiskʷīms (accusative plural)
samosiskʷyās (genitive singular)
samosiskʷyous (dual genitive)
samosiskʷyom (genitive plural)
samosiskʷyai (dative singular)
samosiskʷyābom (dative dual)
samosiskʷyābos (dative plural)
samosiskʷyābim (dual instrumental)
samosiskʷyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Welsh: Hafesp

→ Middle Breton: hanvesk, hanveskenn

Breton: hañvesk

Goidelic:

Middle Irish: samaisc

From *samos (“summer”) + *siskʷos (“sterile, dry”).


medyosamonyos

medyosamonyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
medyosamonyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
medyosamonyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
medyosamonye (masculine singular stem vocative)
medyosamonyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
medyosamonyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
medyosamonyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
medyosamonyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
medyosamonyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
medyosamonyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
medyosamonyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
medyosamonyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
medyosamonyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
medyosamonyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
medyosamonyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
medyosamonyei (locative masculine singular stem)
medyosamonyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
medyosamonyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
medyosamonyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: mez-even

Breton: Mezeven

Cornish: Metheven

Welsh: Mehefin

Old Irish: mithem, mithemon

Irish: Meitheamh

From *medyos (“middle”) + *-samonyos (“summer”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *midjasumaraz (compare Old English midsumer, Old Norse miðsumar).


bungeti

bungū (active first-person present singular)
bungemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibuxsū (active first-person future singular)
bubouga (active first-person preterite singular)
bungesi (active present second-person singular)
bungetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibuxsesi (active future second-person singular)
bubougas? (active preterite second-person singular)
bungeti (active present singular third-person)
bungeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibuxseti (active future singular third-person)
bubouge (active preterite singular third-person)
bungomosi (active first-person plural present)
bungemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibuxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bubougmo (active first-person plural preterite)
bungetesi (active plural present second-person)
bungestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibuxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bubouxte (active plural preterite second-person)
bungonti (active plural present third-person)
bungento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibuxsonti (active future plural third-person)
bubougars (active plural preterite third-person)
bounxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
bounxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
bunge (active imperative second-person singular)
bounxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
bungetou (active imperative singular third-person)
bounxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
bungomos (active first-person imperative plural)
bounxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
bungete (active imperative plural second-person)
bounxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
bungontou (active imperative plural third-person)
bungūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibuxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
bungetar (passive present second-person singular)
bibuxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
bungetor (passive present singular third-person)
bibuxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
bungommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibuxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
bungedwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibuxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
bungontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibuxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
bounxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
bounxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
bounxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
bounxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
bounxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
bounxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
buxtos (nominative singular)
buxtou (dual nominative)
buxtoi (nominative plural)
buxte (singular vocative)
buxtou (dual vocative)
buxtoi (plural vocative)
buxtom (accusative singular)
buxtou (accusative dual)
buxtoms (accusative plural)
buxtī (genitive singular)
buxtous (dual genitive)
buxtom (genitive plural)
buxtūi (dative singular)
buxtobom (dative dual)
buxtobos (dative plural)
buxtū (instrumental singular)
buxtobim (dual instrumental)
buxtobis (instrumental plural)
buxtā (nominative singular)
buxtai (dual nominative)
buxtās (nominative plural)
buxtā (singular vocative)
buxtai (dual vocative)
buxtās (plural vocative)
buxtam (accusative singular)
buxtai (accusative dual)
buxtams (accusative plural)
buxtās (genitive singular)
buxtai (dative singular)
buxtābom (dative dual)
buxtābos (dative plural)
buxtābim (dual instrumental)
buxtābis (instrumental plural)
buxtom (nominative singular)
buxtā (nominative plural)
buxtom (singular vocative)
buxtā (plural vocative)
buxtā (accusative plural)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*dī-bungeti</i>

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *diβunɡɨd (from *dī-bungeti)

Middle Welsh: diuwg

Welsh: difwng

desctree

Old Irish: bongaid
Middle Irish: boingid, buingid
⇒ Irish: bain

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰu-né-gʰ- ~ *bʰu-n-gʰ-, nasal-infix present of *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”).


kentusamonyos

kentusamonyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kentusamonyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kentusamonyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kentusamonye (masculine singular stem vocative)
kentusamonyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kentusamonyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kentusamonyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kentusamonyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kentusamonyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kentusamonyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kentusamonyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kentusamonyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kentusamonyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kentusamonyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kentusamonyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kentusamonyei (locative masculine singular stem)
kentusamonyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kentusamonyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kentusamonyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *kɨntühaβ̃in

Middle Welsh: kintevin

Welsh: cyntefin

Old Irish: cétamain

From *kentus (“first”) + *samon- (“summer”), an n-stem related to *samos (“summer”), + *-yos.


bukkos

bukkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
bukkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
bukkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
bukke (masculine singular stem vocative)
bukkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
bukkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
bukkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
bukkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
bukkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
bukkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
bukkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
bukkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
bukkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
bukkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
bukkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
bukkei (locative masculine singular stem)
bukkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
bukkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
bukkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bux
Middle Breton: bouch
Breton: bouc'h
Old Cornish: boch
Middle Welsh: bwch
Welsh: bwch

Old Irish: boc, bocc
Irish: boc
Scottish Gaelic: boc

q

Gaulish: *bukkos (possibly attested in personal name Buccos)

confluence with Frankish <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*bukk</i> (“goat”)

→ Medieval Latin: buccus (confluence with Frankish *bukk (“goat”)) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ- (“goat, buck, ram”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *bukkaz (“buck”), Old Armenian բուծ (buc, “lamb”), Persian بز (boz, “goat”), Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀 (būza, “ram”), Sanskrit बुख (bukha, “male goat”).


bowā

bowā (nominative singular)
bowai (dual nominative)
bowās (nominative plural)
bowā (singular vocative)
bowai (dual vocative)
bowās (plural vocative)
bowam (accusative singular)
bowai (accusative dual)
bowāms (accusative plural)
bowās (genitive singular)
bowous (dual genitive)
bowom (genitive plural)
bowāi (dative singular)
bowābom (dative dual)
bowābos (dative plural)
bowai (locative singular)
bowābim (dual instrumental)
bowābis (instrumental plural)

Welsh: baw

desctree

Gaulish: *bawā
→ Old French: boue, bowe, bou, bow
Middle French: boue, boe
French: boue

Hispano-Celtic:

⇒ Galician: bouta

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷowH-éh₂, from *gʷewH- (“to defecate”).


oketā

oketā (nominative singular)
oketai (dual nominative)
oketās (nominative plural)
oketā (singular vocative)
oketai (dual vocative)
oketās (plural vocative)
oketam (accusative singular)
oketai (accusative dual)
oketāms (accusative plural)
oketās (genitive singular)
oketous (dual genitive)
oketom (genitive plural)
oketāi (dative singular)
oketābom (dative dual)
oketābos (dative plural)
oketai (locative singular)
oketābim (dual instrumental)
oketābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oged
Middle Breton: oguet
Breton: oged
Old Cornish: ocet
Cornish: oges
Middle Welsh: ocet
Welsh: oged

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oḱ-et-eh₂ (“harrow”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


-onos

-onos (masculine nominative singular stem)
-onou (dual masculine nominative stem)
-onoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-one (masculine singular stem vocative)
-onou (dual masculine stem vocative)
-onūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
-onom (accusative masculine singular stem)
-onou (accusative dual masculine stem)
-onoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-onī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-onous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-onom (genitive masculine plural stem)
-onūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-onobom (dative dual masculine stem)
-onobos (dative masculine plural stem)
-onei (locative masculine singular stem)
-onū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-onobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-onūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *-on

Old Breton: -on

Breton: -on

Welsh: -on

Old Irish: -on

Gaulish: -onos


ɸare-

Proto-Brythonic: *ar-

Breton: ar-

Welsh: ar-

Old Irish: ar-


uɸo-

Brythonic: *gwo-
Welsh: go-

Old Irish: fo-, fu-
Irish: fo-
Manx: fo-
Scottish Gaelic: fo-

Gaulish: uo-

From Proto-Indo-European *upo ("below").


ɸare

Proto-Brythonic: *ar
Middle Breton: ar, er
Middle Welsh: ar, er
Welsh: ar

Old Irish: ar
Irish: ar (conflated with for and íar)

Celtiberian: are

From earlier *ɸari, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i, from *preh₂- (“before, in front”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *furi (whence English for).


ɸarebereti

ɸareberū (active first-person present singular)
ɸareberemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸarebibrāsū (active first-person future singular)
ɸareberta (active first-person preterite singular)
ɸareberesi (active present second-person singular)
ɸareberetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸarebibrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
ɸarebertas? (active preterite second-person singular)
ɸarebereti (active present singular third-person)
ɸarebereto (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸarebibrāseti (active future singular third-person)
ɸareberte (active preterite singular third-person)
ɸareberomosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸareberemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸarebibrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ɸarebertmo (active first-person plural preterite)
ɸareberetesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸareberestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸarebibrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ɸarebersse (active plural preterite second-person)
ɸareberonti (active plural present third-person)
ɸareberento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸarebibrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
ɸarebertars (active plural preterite third-person)
ɸareberasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ɸareberasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸarebere (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸareberaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸareberetou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸareberasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ɸareberomos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸareberasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸareberete (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸareberasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸareberontou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸareberūr (first-person passive present singular)
ɸarebibrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ɸareberetar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸarebibrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ɸareberetor (passive present singular third-person)
ɸarebibrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ɸareberommor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸarebibrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ɸareberedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸarebibrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ɸareberontor (passive plural present third-person)
ɸarebibrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ɸareberasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ɸareberasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸareberasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸareberasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ɸareberasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸareberasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸarebritos (nominative singular)
ɸarebritou (dual nominative)
ɸarebritoi (nominative plural)
ɸarebrite (singular vocative)
ɸarebritou (dual vocative)
ɸarebritoi (plural vocative)
ɸarebritom (accusative singular)
ɸarebritou (accusative dual)
ɸarebritoms (accusative plural)
ɸarebritī (genitive singular)
ɸarebritous (dual genitive)
ɸarebritom (genitive plural)
ɸarebritūi (dative singular)
ɸarebritobom (dative dual)
ɸarebritobos (dative plural)
ɸarebritū (instrumental singular)
ɸarebritobim (dual instrumental)
ɸarebritobis (instrumental plural)
ɸarebritā (nominative singular)
ɸarebritai (dual nominative)
ɸarebritās (nominative plural)
ɸarebritā (singular vocative)
ɸarebritai (dual vocative)
ɸarebritās (plural vocative)
ɸarebritam (accusative singular)
ɸarebritai (accusative dual)
ɸarebritams (accusative plural)
ɸarebritās (genitive singular)
ɸarebritai (dative singular)
ɸarebritābom (dative dual)
ɸarebritābos (dative plural)
ɸarebritābim (dual instrumental)
ɸarebritābis (instrumental plural)
ɸarebritom (nominative singular)
ɸarebritā (nominative plural)
ɸarebritom (singular vocative)
ɸarebritā (plural vocative)
ɸarebritā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėrβėrɨd
Welsh: arfer

Old Irish: ar·beir


woseti

wosū (active first-person present singular)
wosemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
wiwessū (active first-person future singular)
wewosa (active first-person preterite singular)
wosesi (active present second-person singular)
wosetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
wiwessesi (active future second-person singular)
wewosas? (active preterite second-person singular)
woseti (active present singular third-person)
woseto (active imperfect singular third-person)
wiwesseti (active future singular third-person)
wewose (active preterite singular third-person)
wosomosi (active first-person plural present)
wosemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
wiwessomosi (active first-person future plural)
wewosmo (active first-person plural preterite)
wosetesi (active plural present second-person)
wosestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
wiwessetesi (active future plural second-person)
wewose (active plural preterite second-person)
wosonti (active plural present third-person)
wosento (active imperfect plural third-person)
wiwessonti (active future plural third-person)
wewosars (active plural preterite third-person)
wessū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
wessesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
wose (active imperative second-person singular)
wesseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
wosetou (active imperative singular third-person)
wessomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
wosomos (active first-person imperative plural)
wessetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
wosete (active imperative plural second-person)
wessonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
wosontou (active imperative plural third-person)
wosūr (first-person passive present singular)
wiwessūr (first-person future passive singular)
wosetar (passive present second-person singular)
wiwessetar (future passive second-person singular)
wosetor (passive present singular third-person)
wiwessetor (future passive singular third-person)
wosommor (first-person passive plural present)
wiwessommor (first-person future passive plural)
wosedwe (passive plural present second-person)
wiwessedwe (future passive plural second-person)
wosontor (passive plural present third-person)
wiwessontor (future passive plural third-person)
wessūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
wessetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
wessetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
wessommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
wessedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
wessontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
westos (nominative singular)
westou (dual nominative)
westoi (nominative plural)
weste (singular vocative)
westou (dual vocative)
westoi (plural vocative)
westom (accusative singular)
westou (accusative dual)
westoms (accusative plural)
westī (genitive singular)
westous (dual genitive)
westom (genitive plural)
westūi (dative singular)
westobom (dative dual)
westobos (dative plural)
westū (instrumental singular)
westobim (dual instrumental)
westobis (instrumental plural)
westā (nominative singular)
westai (dual nominative)
westās (nominative plural)
westā (singular vocative)
westai (dual vocative)
westās (plural vocative)
westam (accusative singular)
westai (accusative dual)
westams (accusative plural)
westās (genitive singular)
westai (dative singular)
westābom (dative dual)
westābos (dative plural)
westābim (dual instrumental)
westābis (instrumental plural)
westom (nominative singular)
westā (nominative plural)
westom (singular vocative)
westā (plural vocative)
westā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: foïd (“to spend the night”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-. The origin of the o is unclear. It might have been taken over from the preterite, which generally has an o-grade (see inflection below) or the verb might be a remodelled iterative.

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

aros

Middle Welsh: arhos (“to stay, stop, wait”); Welsh


bebraktā

bebraktā (nominative singular)
bebraktai (dual nominative)
bebraktās (nominative plural)
bebraktā (singular vocative)
bebraktai (dual vocative)
bebraktās (plural vocative)
bebraktam (accusative singular)
bebraktai (accusative dual)
bebraktāms (accusative plural)
bebraktās (genitive singular)
bebraktous (dual genitive)
bebraktom (genitive plural)
bebraktāi (dative singular)
bebraktābom (dative dual)
bebraktābos (dative plural)
bebraktai (locative singular)
bebraktābim (dual instrumental)
bebraktābis (instrumental plural)

Gaulish: bibracte

→ French: Beuvrey


ganyetor

ganyūr (first-person passive present singular)
gigenāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ganyetar (passive present second-person singular)
gigenāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ganyetor (passive present singular third-person)
gigenāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ganyommor (first-person passive plural present)
gigenāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ganyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gigenāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ganyontor (passive plural present third-person)
gigenāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ganasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ganasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ganasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ganasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ganasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ganasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Brythonic: *gėnjed
Breton: genel
Cornish: genys
Middle Welsh: geny
Welsh: geni

Old Irish: gainithir
Irish: gin
Scottish Gaelic: gin
⇒ Middle Irish: modgénair, mogénar (from mad génair (“fortunately was born”))
Irish: méanar
Manx: maynrey

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁yétor, deponent present of *ǵenh₁-.


gʷorīti

gʷoreyū (active first-person present singular)
gʷorīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gʷorīsi (active present second-person singular)
gʷorītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gʷorīti (active present singular third-person)
gʷorīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gʷoreyomosi (active first-person plural present)
gʷorīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gʷorītesi (active plural present second-person)
gʷorīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gʷoreyonti (active plural present third-person)
gʷorīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
gʷorī (active imperative second-person singular)
gʷorītou (active imperative singular third-person)
gʷoreyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
gʷorīte (active imperative plural second-person)
gʷoreyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gʷoreyūr (first-person passive present singular)
gʷorītar (passive present second-person singular)
gʷorītor (passive present singular third-person)
gʷoreyommor (first-person passive plural present)
gʷorīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
gʷoreyontor (passive plural present third-person)

Breton: goriñ, gwiriñ

Welsh: gori

Middle Irish: guirid
Irish: gor

→ Galician: gorar, gorentar

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰoréyeti; causative counterpart to *gʷereti (from which Old Irish fo·geir was derived).


drungos

drungos (masculine nominative singular stem)
drungou (dual masculine nominative stem)
drungoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
drunge (masculine singular stem vocative)
drungou (dual masculine stem vocative)
drungūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
drungom (accusative masculine singular stem)
drungou (accusative dual masculine stem)
drungoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
drungī (genitive masculine singular stem)
drungous (dual genitive masculine stem)
drungom (genitive masculine plural stem)
drungūi (dative masculine singular stem)
drungobom (dative dual masculine stem)
drungobos (dative masculine plural stem)
drungei (locative masculine singular stem)
drungū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
drungobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
drungūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: drogn

Middle Breton: drogn

Middle Welsh: dronn

Old Irish: drong

Gaulish: *drungus

→ Late Latin: drungus

Uncertain; presumably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *druhtiz or similar.


ɸaredrikā

ɸaredrikā (nominative singular)
ɸaredrikai (dual nominative)
ɸaredrikās (nominative plural)
ɸaredrikā (singular vocative)
ɸaredrikai (dual vocative)
ɸaredrikās (plural vocative)
ɸaredrikam (accusative singular)
ɸaredrikai (accusative dual)
ɸaredrikāms (accusative plural)
ɸaredrikās (genitive singular)
ɸaredrikous (dual genitive)
ɸaredrikom (genitive plural)
ɸaredrikāi (dative singular)
ɸaredrikābom (dative dual)
ɸaredrikābos (dative plural)
ɸaredrikai (locative singular)
ɸaredrikābim (dual instrumental)
ɸaredrikābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: airdrech


drikā

drikā (nominative singular)
drikai (dual nominative)
drikās (nominative plural)
drikā (singular vocative)
drikai (dual vocative)
drikās (plural vocative)
drikam (accusative singular)
drikai (accusative dual)
drikāms (accusative plural)
drikās (genitive singular)
drikous (dual genitive)
drikom (genitive plural)
drikāi (dative singular)
drikābom (dative dual)
drikābos (dative plural)
drikai (locative singular)
drikābim (dual instrumental)
drikābis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: drech

q

⇒ Middle Welsh: drych (altered under the influence of a related form in *derko-, whence Middle Breton derch (“aspect”))

Welsh: drych

From Proto-Indo-European *dr̥ḱ-eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).


tēgeti

tēgū (active first-person present singular)
tēgemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rigāsū (active first-person future singular)
tēgesi (active present second-person singular)
tēgetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rigāsesi (active future second-person singular)
tēgeti (active present singular third-person)
tēgeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
rigāseti (active future singular third-person)
tēgomosi (active first-person plural present)
tēgemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rigāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
tēgetesi (active plural present second-person)
tēgestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rigāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
tēgonti (active plural present third-person)
tēgento (active imperfect plural third-person)
rigāsonti (active future plural third-person)
tēxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
tēxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
tēge (active imperative second-person singular)
tēxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
tēgetou (active imperative singular third-person)
tēxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
tēgomos (active first-person imperative plural)
tēxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
tēgete (active imperative plural second-person)
tēxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
tēgontou (active imperative plural third-person)
tēgūr (first-person passive present singular)
rigāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
tēgetar (passive present second-person singular)
rigāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
tēgetor (passive present singular third-person)
rigāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
tēgommor (first-person passive plural present)
rigāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
tēgedwe (passive plural present second-person)
rigāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
tēgontor (passive plural present third-person)
rigāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
tēxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
tēxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
tēxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
tēxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
tēxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
tēxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
itos (nominative singular)
itou (dual nominative)
itoi (nominative plural)
ite (singular vocative)
itou (dual vocative)
itoi (plural vocative)
itom (accusative singular)
itou (accusative dual)
itoms (accusative plural)
itī (genitive singular)
itous (dual genitive)
itom (genitive plural)
itūi (dative singular)
itobom (dative dual)
itobos (dative plural)
itū (instrumental singular)
itobim (dual instrumental)
itobis (instrumental plural)
itā (nominative singular)
itai (dual nominative)
itās (nominative plural)
itā (singular vocative)
itai (dual vocative)
itās (plural vocative)
itam (accusative singular)
itai (accusative dual)
itams (accusative plural)
itās (genitive singular)
itai (dative singular)
itābom (dative dual)
itābos (dative plural)
itābim (dual instrumental)
itābis (instrumental plural)
itom (nominative singular)
itā (nominative plural)
itom (singular vocative)
itā (plural vocative)
itā (accusative plural)

present and subjunctive stems of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">téit</i> (“to go”)

Old Irish: tíagat (present and subjunctive stems of téit (“to go”))


tāyeti

tāyū (active first-person present singular)
tāyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
titāsū (active first-person future singular)
tetū (active first-person preterite singular)
tāyesi (active present second-person singular)
tāyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
titāsesi (active future second-person singular)
tetūs (active preterite second-person singular)
tāyeti (active present singular third-person)
tāyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
titāseti (active future singular third-person)
tetū (active preterite singular third-person)
tāyomosi (active first-person plural present)
tāyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
titāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
tetamo (active first-person plural preterite)
tāyetesi (active plural present second-person)
tāyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
titāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
tetate (active plural preterite second-person)
tāyonti (active plural present third-person)
tāyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
titāsonti (active future plural third-person)
tetars (active plural preterite third-person)
tāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
tāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
tāye (active imperative second-person singular)
tāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
tāyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
tāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
tāyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
tāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
tāyete (active imperative plural second-person)
tāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
tāyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
tāyūr (first-person passive present singular)
titāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
tāyetar (passive present second-person singular)
titāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
tāyetor (passive present singular third-person)
titāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
tāyommor (first-person passive plural present)
titāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
tāyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
titāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
tāyontor (passive plural present third-person)
titāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
tāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
tāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
tāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
tāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
tāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
tāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
tatos (nominative singular)
tatou (dual nominative)
tatoi (nominative plural)
tate (singular vocative)
tatou (dual vocative)
tatoi (plural vocative)
tatom (accusative singular)
tatou (accusative dual)
tatoms (accusative plural)
tatī (genitive singular)
tatous (dual genitive)
tatom (genitive plural)
tatūi (dative singular)
tatobom (dative dual)
tatobos (dative plural)
tatū (instrumental singular)
tatobim (dual instrumental)
tatobis (instrumental plural)
tatā (nominative singular)
tatai (dual nominative)
tatās (nominative plural)
tatā (singular vocative)
tatai (dual vocative)
tatās (plural vocative)
tatam (accusative singular)
tatai (accusative dual)
tatams (accusative plural)
tatās (genitive singular)
tatai (dative singular)
tatābom (dative dual)
tatābos (dative plural)
tatābim (dual instrumental)
tatābis (instrumental plural)
tatom (nominative singular)
tatā (nominative plural)
tatom (singular vocative)
tatā (plural vocative)
tatā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: to

Middle Cornish: otte, atta

Old Welsh: -tau

Welsh: taw

Old Irish: at·tá (< *ad-tāyeti)

Irish: tá

Manx: ta

Scottish Gaelic: tha


rotīti

roteyū (active first-person present singular)
rotīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rotīsi (active present second-person singular)
rotītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rotīti (active present singular third-person)
rotīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
roteyomosi (active first-person plural present)
rotīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rotītesi (active plural present second-person)
rotīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
roteyonti (active plural present third-person)
rotīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
rotī (active imperative second-person singular)
rotītou (active imperative singular third-person)
roteyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
rotīte (active imperative plural second-person)
roteyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
roteyūr (first-person passive present singular)
rotītar (passive present second-person singular)
rotītor (passive present singular third-person)
roteyommor (first-person passive plural present)
rotīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
roteyontor (passive plural present third-person)

Old Irish: roithid

Causative of Proto-Celtic *reteti (“to run”)


abalnā

abalnā (nominative singular)
abalnai (dual nominative)
abalnās (nominative plural)
abalnā (singular vocative)
abalnai (dual vocative)
abalnās (plural vocative)
abalnam (accusative singular)
abalnai (accusative dual)
abalnāms (accusative plural)
abalnās (genitive singular)
abalnous (dual genitive)
abalnom (genitive plural)
abalnāi (dative singular)
abalnābom (dative dual)
abalnābos (dative plural)
abalnai (locative singular)
abalnābim (dual instrumental)
abalnābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aβaln
Breton: avalenn
Cornish: avalen
Welsh: afallen

Medieval Latin: Avalon

English Avalon

Old Irish: aball
Irish: abhaill
Scottish Gaelic: abhall


reteti

retū (active first-person present singular)
retemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
retsū (active first-person future singular)
rāta (active first-person preterite singular)
retesi (active present second-person singular)
retetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
retsesi (active future second-person singular)
rātas? (active preterite second-person singular)
reteti (active present singular third-person)
reteto (active imperfect singular third-person)
retseti (active future singular third-person)
rāte (active preterite singular third-person)
retomosi (active first-person plural present)
retemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
retsomosi (active first-person future plural)
rātmo (active first-person plural preterite)
retetesi (active plural present second-person)
retestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
retsetesi (active future plural second-person)
rāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
retonti (active plural present third-person)
retento (active imperfect plural third-person)
retsonti (active future plural third-person)
rātars (active plural preterite third-person)
retsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
retsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
rete (active imperative second-person singular)
retseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
retetou (active imperative singular third-person)
retsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
retomos (active first-person imperative plural)
retsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
retete (active imperative plural second-person)
retsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
retontou (active imperative plural third-person)
retūr (first-person passive present singular)
retsūr (first-person future passive singular)
retetar (passive present second-person singular)
retsetar (future passive second-person singular)
retetor (passive present singular third-person)
retsetor (future passive singular third-person)
retommor (first-person passive plural present)
retsommor (first-person future passive plural)
retedwe (passive plural present second-person)
retsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
retontor (passive plural present third-person)
retsontor (future passive plural third-person)
retsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
retsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
retsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
retsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
retsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
retsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrėdɨd

Old Breton: retec

Middle Breton: redec

Breton: redek

Middle Cornish: resek

Cornish: resek

Old Welsh: redec

Welsh: rhedeg

Old Irish: reithid, rethid, rethith
Irish: rith
Manx: roie
Scottish Gaelic: ruith

From Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂- (“to run, roll”).

inh

riuth

*ritus (zero-grade u-stem verbal noun); Old Irish

comthururas

*kom-to-ɸare-uss-ressom (“incursion”); Old Irish


ɸrasnā

ɸrasnā (nominative singular)
ɸrasnai (dual nominative)
ɸrasnās (nominative plural)
ɸrasnā (singular vocative)
ɸrasnai (dual vocative)
ɸrasnās (plural vocative)
ɸrasnam (accusative singular)
ɸrasnai (accusative dual)
ɸrasnāms (accusative plural)
ɸrasnās (genitive singular)
ɸrasnous (dual genitive)
ɸrasnom (genitive plural)
ɸrasnāi (dative singular)
ɸrasnābom (dative dual)
ɸrasnābos (dative plural)
ɸrasnai (locative singular)
ɸrasnābim (dual instrumental)
ɸrasnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrann

Breton: rann

Cornish: radn

Welsh: rhan

desctree

Old Irish: rann
Irish: rann
Manx: rheynn
Scottish Gaelic: rann

Celtiberian: arznas pl

Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₃-snéh₂, from *perh₃- (“to grant”), related to Latin pars (“part”). Matasovic suggests that the short *a could be the result of Dybo's law, or perhaps "liquid metathesis". Vasmer connects it with Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to count, arrange”).

Brill Publishers
Dybo's law
Oleg Trubachyov


aiwestom

aiwestom (nominative singular)
aiwestou (dual nominative)
aiwestā (nominative plural)
aiwestom (singular vocative)
aiwestou (dual vocative)
aiwestā (plural vocative)
aiwestom (accusative singular)
aiwestou (accusative dual)
aiwestā (accusative plural)
aiwestī (genitive singular)
aiwestous (dual genitive)
aiwestom (genitive plural)
aiwestūi (dative singular)
aiwestobom (dative dual)
aiwestobos (dative plural)
aiwestei (locative singular)
aiwestū (instrumental singular)
aiwestobim (dual instrumental)
aiwestūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *oɨs

Old Cornish: huis

Cornish: oos, oys

Old Welsh: ois f (“age”)

Welsh: oes (“age”)

Proto-Brythonic: *oɨd

Old Breton: oit

Middle Breton: oet

Breton: oad

Cornish: ooj

Old Welsh: oit f or m (“time, period”)

Welsh: oed (“years old”)

Old Irish: áes

Irish: aois

Manx: eash

Scottish Gaelic: aois

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyw-es-to-, from *h₂eyu- (“age, eternity”).


skeyeti

skeyū (active first-person present singular)
skeyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
skeyesi (active present second-person singular)
skeyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
skeyeti (active present singular third-person)
skeyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
skeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
skeyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
skeyetesi (active plural present second-person)
skeyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
skeyonti (active plural present third-person)
skeyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
skeye (active imperative second-person singular)
skeyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
skeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
skeyete (active imperative plural second-person)
skeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
skeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
skeyetar (passive present second-person singular)
skeyetor (passive present singular third-person)
skeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
skeyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
skeyontor (passive plural present third-person)

Old Irish: sceïd

Irish: sceith

Scottish Gaelic: sgeith

→ Old Norse: skjaðak

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: skjæraks

Swedish: skäde

From Proto-Indo-European *skey-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *skītaną (“to defecate”).


wiketi

wikū (active first-person present singular)
wikemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
wiwixsū (active first-person future singular)
wiwoika (active first-person preterite singular)
wikesi (active present second-person singular)
wiketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
wiwixsesi (active future second-person singular)
wiwoikas? (active preterite second-person singular)
wiketi (active present singular third-person)
wiketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
wiwixseti (active future singular third-person)
wiwoike (active preterite singular third-person)
wikomosi (active first-person plural present)
wikemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
wiwixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
wiwoikmo (active first-person plural preterite)
wiketesi (active plural present second-person)
wikestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
wiwixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
wiwoixte (active plural preterite second-person)
wikonti (active plural present third-person)
wikento (active imperfect plural third-person)
wiwixsonti (active future plural third-person)
wiwoikars (active plural preterite third-person)
weixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
weixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
wike (active imperative second-person singular)
weixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
wiketou (active imperative singular third-person)
weixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
wikomos (active first-person imperative plural)
weixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
wikete (active imperative plural second-person)
weixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
wikontou (active imperative plural third-person)
wikūr (first-person passive present singular)
wiwixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
wiketar (passive present second-person singular)
wiwixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
wiketor (passive present singular third-person)
wiwixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
wikommor (first-person passive plural present)
wiwixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
wikedwe (passive plural present second-person)
wiwixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
wikontor (passive plural present third-person)
wiwixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
weixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
weixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
weixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
weixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
weixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
weixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
wixtos (nominative singular)
wixtou (dual nominative)
wixtoi (nominative plural)
wixte (singular vocative)
wixtou (dual vocative)
wixtoi (plural vocative)
wixtom (accusative singular)
wixtou (accusative dual)
wixtoms (accusative plural)
wixtī (genitive singular)
wixtous (dual genitive)
wixtom (genitive plural)
wixtūi (dative singular)
wixtobom (dative dual)
wixtobos (dative plural)
wixtū (instrumental singular)
wixtobim (dual instrumental)
wixtobis (instrumental plural)
wixtā (nominative singular)
wixtai (dual nominative)
wixtās (nominative plural)
wixtā (singular vocative)
wixtai (dual vocative)
wixtās (plural vocative)
wixtam (accusative singular)
wixtai (accusative dual)
wixtams (accusative plural)
wixtās (genitive singular)
wixtai (dative singular)
wixtābom (dative dual)
wixtābos (dative plural)
wixtābim (dual instrumental)
wixtābis (instrumental plural)
wixtom (nominative singular)
wixtā (nominative plural)
wixtom (singular vocative)
wixtā (plural vocative)
wixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *wügɨd

Proto-Brythonic: *ambɨ-wügɨd

Old Breton: amouez

Middle Welsh: amwc

Old Irish: fichid

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to overcome”). Cognate with Latin vincō (“to conquer”).


brusū

brusū (nominative singular)
brusne (dual nominative)
brusnes (nominative plural)
brusū (singular vocative)
brusne (dual vocative)
brusnes (plural vocative)
brusnam (accusative singular)
brusne (accusative dual)
brusnams (accusative plural)
brusnos (genitive singular)
brusnou (dual genitive)
brusnom (genitive plural)
brusnei (dative singular)
brusnobom (dative dual)
brusnobos (dative plural)
brusni (locative singular)
brusne? (instrumental singular)
brusnobim (dual instrumental)
brusnobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bronn (< genitive singular)
Old Breton: bronn
Middle Breton: bronn
Breton: bronn
Cornish: bronn
Middle Welsh: bron

Old Irish: brú

Middle Irish: brú

Scottish Gaelic: brù

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“belly, to swell”); compare with English breast, Proto-Germanic *brunjǭ (“breastplate”), and Proto-Slavic *břȗxo (“belly”). However, also compare Ancient Greek βρύω (brúō, “to be full, bursting”) and Sanskrit भ्रूण (bhrūṇa, “embryo”).


gyemos

gyemos (masculine nominative singular stem)
gyemou (dual masculine nominative stem)
gyemoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
gyeme (masculine singular stem vocative)
gyemou (dual masculine stem vocative)
gyemūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
gyemom (accusative masculine singular stem)
gyemou (accusative dual masculine stem)
gyemoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
gyemī (genitive masculine singular stem)
gyemous (dual genitive masculine stem)
gyemom (genitive masculine plural stem)
gyemūi (dative masculine singular stem)
gyemobom (dative dual masculine stem)
gyemobos (dative masculine plural stem)
gyemei (locative masculine singular stem)
gyemū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
gyemobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
gyemūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: guoiam

Middle Breton: gouaff

Breton: goañv

Old Cornish: goyf

Cornish: gwâv

Old Welsh: gaem

Middle Welsh: gayaf, gaeaf

Welsh: gaeaf

Primitive Irish: ᚌᚐᚋᚔ- (gami-, gen.)

Old Irish: gam

Old Irish: gaim

Gaulish: Giamos (personal name)

⇒ Gaulish: giamonios (name of a month) (attested from the Coligny calendar)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (“winter”).


yestu

yestu (nominative singular)
yestū (dual nominative)
yestwā (nominative plural)
yestu (singular vocative)
yestū (dual vocative)
yestwā (plural vocative)
yestu (accusative singular)
yestū (accusative dual)
yestwā (accusative plural)
yestous (genitive singular)
yestous (dual genitive)
yestowom (genitive plural)
yestou (dative singular)
yestubom (dative dual)
yestubos (dative plural)
yestū (instrumental singular)
yestubim (dual instrumental)
yestubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jas

Middle Welsh: ias

Welsh: ias

Old Irish: es n

Middle Irish: es, ess

From Proto-Indo-European *yes-tu, extended form of *yes-.


kumbā

kumbā (nominative singular)
kumbai (dual nominative)
kumbās (nominative plural)
kumbā (singular vocative)
kumbai (dual vocative)
kumbās (plural vocative)
kumbam (accusative singular)
kumbai (accusative dual)
kumbāms (accusative plural)
kumbās (genitive singular)
kumbous (dual genitive)
kumbom (genitive plural)
kumbāi (dative singular)
kumbābom (dative dual)
kumbābos (dative plural)
kumbai (locative singular)
kumbābim (dual instrumental)
kumbābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *komm

Breton: komm (“river-bed”)

Cornish: komm

Middle Welsh: cwm

Welsh: cwm

→ English: cwm

→ Old English: cumb (partially)

English: combe, coomb

Gaulish: *kumba

→ Middle Latin: cumba, comba (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kumbʰos, *kumbʰéh₂, either from Proto-Indo-European *kew- (“bend”) or borrowing a from non-Indo-European substrate. Proposed cognates include Proto-Germanic *kumbaz (“bowl, vat; valley”), Ancient Greek κύμβη (kúmbē, “basin, bowl”), Proto-Albanian *tˢumba (compare Albanian sumbull (“round button, knob”)), Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰumbʰas (“pot”) (compare Avestan 𐬑𐬎𐬨𐬠𐬀 (xumba), Sanskrit कुम्भ (kumbha)).


ɸetnos

ɸetnos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ɸetnou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ɸetnoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ɸetne (masculine singular stem vocative)
ɸetnou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ɸetnūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ɸetnom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ɸetnou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ɸetnoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ɸetnī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ɸetnous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ɸetnom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ɸetnūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ɸetnobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ɸetnobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ɸetnei (locative masculine singular stem)
ɸetnū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ɸetnobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ɸetnūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *edn
Middle Breton: ezn
Breton: evn
Old Cornish: hethen
Middle Cornish: edhyn, ethen
Cornish: edhen
Middle Welsh: edyn
Welsh: edn

Old Irish: én

Irish: éan

Manx: eean

Scottish Gaelic: eun

Gaulish: Etnosus


tolkos

tolkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
tolkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
tolkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
tolke (masculine singular stem vocative)
tolkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
tolkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
tolkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
tolkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
tolkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
tolkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
tolkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
tolkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
tolkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
tolkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
tolkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
tolkei (locative masculine singular stem)
tolkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
tolkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
tolkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: tolc, tolg

Irish: tolg

From Proto-Indo-European *tolkos, o-stem form of *telk- (“to thrust, strike”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *telťi (“to pound”), Lithuanian tìlkti (“to be tame”).


telmis

telmis (nominative singular)
telmī (dual nominative)
telmīs (nominative plural)
telmi (singular vocative)
telmī (dual vocative)
telmīs (plural vocative)
telmim (accusative singular)
telmī (accusative dual)
telmims (accusative plural)
telmeis (genitive singular)
telmyow (dual genitive)
telmyom (genitive plural)
telmei (dative singular)
telmibom (dative dual)
telmibos (dative plural)
telmei (locative singular)
telmī (instrumental singular)
telmibim (dual instrumental)
telmibis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: talmorion

Middle Breton: talm

Breton: talm

Middle Welsh: telm

Middle Irish: teilm

Irish: tailm

From earlier *telksmis, from Proto-Indo-European *telksm̥is, from *telk- (“to thrust, strike”) + *sem- (“together, one”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *telťi (“to pound”), Lithuanian tìlkti (“to be tame”).


kanxtus

kanxtus (nominative singular)
kanxtū (dual nominative)
kanxtowes (nominative plural)
kanxtu (singular vocative)
kanxtū (dual vocative)
kanxtūs (plural vocative)
kanxtum (accusative singular)
kanxtū (accusative dual)
kanxtums (accusative plural)
kanxtous (genitive singular)
kanxtous (dual genitive)
kanxtowom (genitive plural)
kanxtou (dative singular)
kanxtubom (dative dual)
kanxtubos (dative plural)
kanxtū (instrumental singular)
kanxtubim (dual instrumental)
kanxtubis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: cécht

Irish: céachta

Manx: keeaght

→⇒? Latin: cectōria

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱank-tus, from *ḱank- (“branch”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐍉𐌷𐌰 (hōha, “plough”), Lithuanian šakà (“branch”), Old East Slavic соха (soxa, “stake, club, brace, plough”), Old Armenian ցախ (cʻax, “branch, twig”), Sanskrit शाखा (śā́khā), Persian شاخ (šâx, “branch”).


kankā

kankā (nominative singular)
kankai (dual nominative)
kankās (nominative plural)
kankā (singular vocative)
kankai (dual vocative)
kankās (plural vocative)
kankam (accusative singular)
kankai (accusative dual)
kankāms (accusative plural)
kankās (genitive singular)
kankous (dual genitive)
kankom (genitive plural)
kankāi (dative singular)
kankābom (dative dual)
kankābos (dative plural)
kankai (locative singular)
kankābim (dual instrumental)
kankābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: géc
Irish: géag
Scottish Gaelic: geug

*kankus (u-stem)

Middle Welsh: keinc

Welsh: cainc

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱank- (“branch”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐍉𐌷𐌰 (hōha, “plough”), Lithuanian šakà (“branch”), Old East Slavic соха (soxa, “stake, club, brace, plough”), Old Armenian ցախ (cʻax, “branch, twig”), Sanskrit शाखा (śā́khā), Persian شاخ (šâx, “branch”).


Toutowalos

Toutowalos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Toutowale (masculine singular stem vocative)
Toutowalom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Toutowalī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Toutowalūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Toutowalei (locative masculine singular stem)
Toutowalū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *Tʉdowal
Old Welsh: Tutagual, Tudwal, Tutwal, Tudgual
Welsh: Tudwal

Old Irish: Tuathal

⇒ Irish: Ó Tuathail

English: O'Toole, Toole

From *toutā (“land”) + *walos (“prince, chief”).


eni-miskos

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨn mɨsk

Middle Breton: e mesk

Breton: é-mesk

Cornish: yn mysk, yn mesk

Welsh: ym mysg, ymysg

Old Irish: i mesc

From *eni- (“in”) + *miskos (“mixture”).


miskati

miskami (active first-person present singular)
miskamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
miskasi (active present second-person singular)
miskatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
miskati (active present singular third-person)
miskato (active imperfect singular third-person)
miskamosi (active first-person plural present)
miskamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
miskatesi (active plural present second-person)
miskastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
miskanti (active plural present third-person)
miskanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
miska (active imperative second-person singular)
miskatou (active imperative singular third-person)
miskamos (active first-person imperative plural)
miskate (active imperative plural second-person)
miskantou (active imperative plural third-person)
miskar (first-person passive present singular)
miskatar (passive present second-person singular)
miskator (passive present singular third-person)
miskammor (first-person passive plural present)
miskadwe (passive plural present second-person)
miskantor (passive plural present third-person)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨskad
Middle Breton: mescaff
Breton: meskañ
Cornish: myska
Middle Welsh: mysgu
Welsh: mysgu

Old Irish: mescaid
Irish: measc
Manx: mestey
Scottish Gaelic: measg

From Proto-Indo-European *miḱsḱéti, from *meyḱ- (“to mix”).

Proto-Brythonic: *kummɨskadBreton: kemmeskañCornish: kemyskaMiddle Welsh: cymmysguWelsh: cymysgu


miskos

miskos (masculine nominative singular stem)
miskou (dual masculine nominative stem)
miskoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
miske (masculine singular stem vocative)
miskou (dual masculine stem vocative)
miskūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
miskom (accusative masculine singular stem)
miskou (accusative dual masculine stem)
miskoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
miskī (genitive masculine singular stem)
miskous (dual genitive masculine stem)
miskom (genitive masculine plural stem)
miskūi (dative masculine singular stem)
miskobom (dative dual masculine stem)
miskobos (dative masculine plural stem)
miskei (locative masculine singular stem)
miskū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
miskobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
miskūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨsk, *kɨm-mɨsk

desc

Breton: kemmesk, quemmesq (“mixture, complication”), mesk, mesq (“mixture”)

Cornish: kemmysk (“mixture”)

Middle Welsh: mysgi (“trouble, confusion”)

Welsh: cymysgfa (“mixture, confusion”)

Old Irish: cummasc (“mixture, disturbance”)

Irish: cumasc

From Proto-Indo-European *miḱsḱéti (“to mix”), from *meyḱ-.


miskos

miskos (nominative singular)
miskou (dual nominative)
miskoi (nominative plural)
miske (singular vocative)
miskou (dual vocative)
miskoi (plural vocative)
miskom (accusative singular)
miskou (accusative dual)
miskoms (accusative plural)
miskī (genitive singular)
miskous (dual genitive)
miskom (genitive plural)
miskūi (dative singular)
miskobom (dative dual)
miskobos (dative plural)
miskū (instrumental singular)
miskobim (dual instrumental)
miskobis (instrumental plural)
miskā (nominative singular)
miskai (dual nominative)
miskās (nominative plural)
miskā (singular vocative)
miskai (dual vocative)
miskās (plural vocative)
miskam (accusative singular)
miskai (accusative dual)
miskams (accusative plural)
miskās (genitive singular)
miskai (dative singular)
miskābom (dative dual)
miskābos (dative plural)
miskābim (dual instrumental)
miskābis (instrumental plural)
miskom (nominative singular)
miskā (nominative plural)
miskom (singular vocative)
miskā (plural vocative)
miskā (accusative plural)

Welsh: cymysg (“mixed”)

desctree

Old Irish: mesc (“confused, drunk”), mescc
Irish: measc
Scottish Gaelic: measg

desc

→⇒ Latin: Orgenomesquī (name of a Cantabrian tribe, literally “slaughter-drunk”)


miskos

Proto-Brythonic: *mɨsk

Middle Breton: e mesk (“among”)

Breton: mesk

Cornish: mysk, mysc, mesk, mesc

Welsh: mysg

desctree

Old Irish: mesc, mescc
Irish: measc
Scottish Gaelic: measg


truxsos

truxsos (masculine nominative singular stem)
truxsou (dual masculine nominative stem)
truxsoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
truxse (masculine singular stem vocative)
truxsou (dual masculine stem vocative)
truxsūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
truxsom (accusative masculine singular stem)
truxsou (accusative dual masculine stem)
truxsoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
truxsī (genitive masculine singular stem)
truxsous (dual genitive masculine stem)
truxsom (genitive masculine plural stem)
truxsūi (dative masculine singular stem)
truxsobom (dative dual masculine stem)
truxsobos (dative masculine plural stem)
truxsei (locative masculine singular stem)
truxsū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
truxsobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
truxsūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *trux

Old Breton: truch

Breton: trouc'h, troc'h (“a cut”)

Old Cornish: trech (“a cut off piece”)

Cornish: trogh (“broken”)

Middle Welsh: trwch (“broken, wounded”)

Welsh: trwch

*truxs (s-stem)

Old Irish: trú (“doomed person”)

Middle Irish: trú

From r-metathesis of Proto-Indo-European *turḱ-s-os, suffixed s-stem of *twerḱ- (“to cut off”).


yorkos

yorkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
yorkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
yorkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
yorke (masculine singular stem vocative)
yorkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
yorkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
yorkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
yorkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
yorkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
yorkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
yorkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
yorkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
yorkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
yorkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
yorkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
yorkei (locative masculine singular stem)
yorkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
yorkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
yorkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *jorx

Old Breton: iorch

Middle Breton: yourch

Breton: yourc'h

Old Cornish: yorch

Middle Welsh: iwrch

Welsh: iwrch

Gaulish: iorkos

From Proto-Indo-European *york- (compare Ancient Greek ζόρξ (zórx)).


luxtus

luxtus (nominative singular)
luxtū (dual nominative)
luxtowes (nominative plural)
luxtu (singular vocative)
luxtū (dual vocative)
luxtūs (plural vocative)
luxtum (accusative singular)
luxtū (accusative dual)
luxtums (accusative plural)
luxtous (genitive singular)
luxtous (dual genitive)
luxtowom (genitive plural)
luxtou (dative singular)
luxtubom (dative dual)
luxtubos (dative plural)
luxtū (instrumental singular)
luxtubim (dual instrumental)
luxtubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic:

Old Breton: loit

Old Cornish: leid

Old Welsh: luidt, luith, tluith

Middle Welsh: luith

Middle Welsh: llwyth

Old Irish: lucht
Irish: lucht
Manx: lught
Scottish Gaelic: luchd

Gaulish: luxtos (gen. sg.)

Unknown.
Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to fracture, break”) (see Sanskrit रुजति (rujati)). However, many Celticists like Delamarre, Irslinger and Matasović express skepticism of a semantic connection to that root.


sterā

sterā (nominative singular)
sterai (dual nominative)
sterās (nominative plural)
sterā (singular vocative)
sterai (dual vocative)
sterās (plural vocative)
steram (accusative singular)
sterai (accusative dual)
sterāms (accusative plural)
sterās (genitive singular)
sterous (dual genitive)
sterom (genitive plural)
sterāi (dative singular)
sterābom (dative dual)
sterābos (dative plural)
sterai (locative singular)
sterābim (dual instrumental)
sterābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ster pl
Old Breton: *ster
Middle Breton: ster
Breton: ster
Old Cornish: *ster
Middle Cornish: ster, steyr
Cornish: ster
Old Welsh: *ser
Middle Welsh: ser, syr
Welsh: sêr

Old Irish: ser (hapax)

⇒ Gaulish: *Đirona

→ Latin: Sirona

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”).


Tigernomaglos

Tigernomaglos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Tigernomagle (masculine singular stem vocative)
Tigernomaglom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Tigernomaglī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Tigernomaglūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Tigernomaglei (locative masculine singular stem)
Tigernomaglū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

Brythonic: *Tɨɣernoβ̃aɣl
Old Breton: Tiernmael
→ Brytho-Latin: Tegernomali

Gaulish: *Tigernomaglos

→ Gallo-Latin: Tigernomaglus

From *tigernos (“lord, master”) + *maglos (“noble, chief”).


taistos

taistos (masculine nominative singular stem)
taistou (dual masculine nominative stem)
taistoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
taiste (masculine singular stem vocative)
taistou (dual masculine stem vocative)
taistūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
taistom (accusative masculine singular stem)
taistou (accusative dual masculine stem)
taistoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
taistī (genitive masculine singular stem)
taistous (dual genitive masculine stem)
taistom (genitive masculine plural stem)
taistūi (dative masculine singular stem)
taistobom (dative dual masculine stem)
taistobos (dative masculine plural stem)
taistei (locative masculine singular stem)
taistū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
taistobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
taistūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)
taistom (nominative singular)
taistou (dual nominative)
taistā (nominative plural)
taistom (singular vocative)
taistou (dual vocative)
taistā (plural vocative)
taistom (accusative singular)
taistou (accusative dual)
taistā (accusative plural)
taistī (genitive singular)
taistous (dual genitive)
taistom (genitive plural)
taistūi (dative singular)
taistobom (dative dual)
taistobos (dative plural)
taistei (locative singular)
taistū (instrumental singular)
taistobim (dual instrumental)
taistūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *toɨs
Middle Breton: toas
Breton: toas, toaz
Cornish: toos
Middle Welsh: toes
Welsh: toes

Old Irish: taís
Middle Irish: tóes, táes
Irish: taos
Scottish Gaelic: taois
Manx: teayst

Cognate to Proto-Slavic *těsto and Old High German theismo, deismo. See the Proto-Slavic entry for more.


mratom

mratom (nominative singular)
mratou (dual nominative)
mratā (nominative plural)
mratom (singular vocative)
mratou (dual vocative)
mratā (plural vocative)
mratom (accusative singular)
mratou (accusative dual)
mratā (accusative plural)
mratī (genitive singular)
mratous (dual genitive)
mratom (genitive plural)
mratūi (dative singular)
mratobom (dative dual)
mratobos (dative plural)
mratei (locative singular)
mratū (instrumental singular)
mratobim (dual instrumental)
mratūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brad
Old Breton: brat
Middle Breton: barat
Breton: barad
Middle Cornish: bras
Cornish: bras
Middle Welsh: brat, brad
Welsh: brad

Old Irish: mrath
Middle Irish: brath
Irish: brath
Scottish Gaelic: brath


gablā

gablā (nominative singular)
gablai (dual nominative)
gablās (nominative plural)
gablā (singular vocative)
gablai (dual vocative)
gablās (plural vocative)
gablam (accusative singular)
gablai (accusative dual)
gablāms (accusative plural)
gablās (genitive singular)
gablous (dual genitive)
gablom (genitive plural)
gablāi (dative singular)
gablābom (dative dual)
gablābos (dative plural)
gablai (locative singular)
gablābim (dual instrumental)
gablābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gaβl
Old Breton: gabl
Breton: gaol
Cornish: gowl
Middle Welsh: gafl
Welsh: gafl
⇒ Welsh: Yr Eifl (from the dual form *h(ɨ/e)nn ɣėβl < *sindī gablī < *sindai gablai)

Old Irish: gabul
Irish: gabhal
Manx: goal
Scottish Gaelic: gobhal

Gaulish: gabalos, gablos

→ Old French: gable

French: gâble, jable

→ English: gable

→ Spanish: jable

→ Galician: xabre

→ Proto-West Germanic: *gabulu (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: gabalus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, take”).


gʷeltā

gʷeltā (nominative singular)
gʷeltai (dual nominative)
gʷeltās (nominative plural)
gʷeltā (singular vocative)
gʷeltai (dual vocative)
gʷeltās (plural vocative)
gʷeltam (accusative singular)
gʷeltai (accusative dual)
gʷeltāms (accusative plural)
gʷeltās (genitive singular)
gʷeltous (dual genitive)
gʷeltom (genitive plural)
gʷeltāi (dative singular)
gʷeltābom (dative dual)
gʷeltābos (dative plural)
gʷeltai (locative singular)
gʷeltābim (dual instrumental)
gʷeltābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwellt
Old Breton: guelt
Breton: gwelt, geot
Cornish: gwels
Middle Welsh: gwellt
Welsh: gwellt

Old Irish: gelt

Irish: geilt (“grazing”)

⇒ Middle Irish: ingelt

Irish: innilt


glastos

glastos (nominative singular)
glastou (dual nominative)
glastoi (nominative plural)
glaste (singular vocative)
glastou (dual vocative)
glastoi (plural vocative)
glastom (accusative singular)
glastou (accusative dual)
glastoms (accusative plural)
glastī (genitive singular)
glastous (dual genitive)
glastom (genitive plural)
glastūi (dative singular)
glastobom (dative dual)
glastobos (dative plural)
glastū (instrumental singular)
glastobim (dual instrumental)
glastobis (instrumental plural)
glastā (nominative singular)
glastai (dual nominative)
glastās (nominative plural)
glastā (singular vocative)
glastai (dual vocative)
glastās (plural vocative)
glastam (accusative singular)
glastai (accusative dual)
glastams (accusative plural)
glastās (genitive singular)
glastai (dative singular)
glastābom (dative dual)
glastābos (dative plural)
glastābim (dual instrumental)
glastābis (instrumental plural)
glastom (nominative singular)
glastā (nominative plural)
glastom (singular vocative)
glastā (plural vocative)
glastā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *glas
Middle Breton: glas
Breton: glas
Middle Cornish: glas
Cornish: glas
Old Welsh: glas
Middle Welsh: glas
Welsh: glas

Old Irish: glas
Irish: glas
Manx: glass
Scottish Gaelic: glas

Gaulish: *glastom

→ Latin: glastum (“woad”)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃stós, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).


blātus

blātus (nominative singular)
blātū (dual nominative)
blātowes (nominative plural)
blātu (singular vocative)
blātū (dual vocative)
blātūs (plural vocative)
blātum (accusative singular)
blātū (accusative dual)
blātums (accusative plural)
blātous (genitive singular)
blātous (dual genitive)
blātowom (genitive plural)
blātou (dative singular)
blātubom (dative dual)
blātubos (dative plural)
blātū (instrumental singular)
blātubim (dual instrumental)
blātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *blọd

Old Breton: bloduu

Middle Breton: bleuzff

Breton: bleuñv

Old Cornish: blodon

Cornish: bleujen

Middle Welsh: blawt

Welsh: blawd, blodyn

Gaulish: *blātōnā, blātunā, Blātumagos

→ Medieval Latin: blādōna

Italian: belladonna (through folk etymological reanalysis)

Old Irish: bláth

Irish: bláth

Manx: blaa

Scottish Gaelic: blàth

From earlier *bʰléh₃tus ~ *bʰl̥h₃téw-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-.


glēwos

glēwos (nominative singular)
glēwou (dual nominative)
glēwoi (nominative plural)
glēwe (singular vocative)
glēwou (dual vocative)
glēwoi (plural vocative)
glēwom (accusative singular)
glēwou (accusative dual)
glēwoms (accusative plural)
glēwī (genitive singular)
glēwous (dual genitive)
glēwom (genitive plural)
glēwūi (dative singular)
glēwobom (dative dual)
glēwobos (dative plural)
glēwū (instrumental singular)
glēwobim (dual instrumental)
glēwobis (instrumental plural)
glēwā (nominative singular)
glēwai (dual nominative)
glēwās (nominative plural)
glēwā (singular vocative)
glēwai (dual vocative)
glēwās (plural vocative)
glēwam (accusative singular)
glēwai (accusative dual)
glēwams (accusative plural)
glēwās (genitive singular)
glēwai (dative singular)
glēwābom (dative dual)
glēwābos (dative plural)
glēwābim (dual instrumental)
glēwābis (instrumental plural)
glēwom (nominative singular)
glēwā (nominative plural)
glēwom (singular vocative)
glēwā (plural vocative)
glēwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gluɨw
Old Breton: gloeu
Breton: gloev
Cornish: gluw
Old Welsh: gloiu
Middle Welsh: gloyw, gloew, gloev
Welsh: gloyw

Old Irish: glé

Scottish Gaelic: glè

→ Latin: Glēvum

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to shine”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *gliwēną (“to shine, glitter”) (compare Old Norse gljá), Proto-Germanic *glīmaną (“to shine”) (compare English gleam), Ancient Greek χλιαίνω (khliaínō, “warm”).


lowatrom

lowatrom (nominative singular)
lowatrou (dual nominative)
lowatrā (nominative plural)
lowatrom (singular vocative)
lowatrou (dual vocative)
lowatrā (plural vocative)
lowatrom (accusative singular)
lowatrou (accusative dual)
lowatrā (accusative plural)
lowatrī (genitive singular)
lowatrous (dual genitive)
lowatrom (genitive plural)
lowatrūi (dative singular)
lowatrobom (dative dual)
lowatrobos (dative plural)
lowatrei (locative singular)
lowatrū (instrumental singular)
lowatrobim (dual instrumental)
lowatrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llowadr
Old Breton:
Middle Breton: lovazr
Breton: laouer

Old Irish: loathar, lóthar

Gaulish: lautron (from earlier *lawatron)

Gaulish: *Lautrā

French: Lure

⇒ Gaulish: *Lautraton

→ Latin: Laudradum

French: Lorrez-le-Bocage

Celtiberian:

→ Galician: Ludro, Ludrio

desc

→ Latin: Lavatrae (“a Roman fort at Bowes”)

From Proto-Indo-European *lówh₃trom, from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *lauþrą and Ancient Greek λουτρόν (loutrón).


wissos

wissos (nominative singular)
wissou (dual nominative)
wissoi (nominative plural)
wisse (singular vocative)
wissou (dual vocative)
wissoi (plural vocative)
wissom (accusative singular)
wissou (accusative dual)
wissoms (accusative plural)
wissī (genitive singular)
wissous (dual genitive)
wissom (genitive plural)
wissūi (dative singular)
wissobom (dative dual)
wissobos (dative plural)
wissū (instrumental singular)
wissobim (dual instrumental)
wissobis (instrumental plural)
wissā (nominative singular)
wissai (dual nominative)
wissās (nominative plural)
wissā (singular vocative)
wissai (dual vocative)
wissās (plural vocative)
wissam (accusative singular)
wissai (accusative dual)
wissams (accusative plural)
wissās (genitive singular)
wissai (dative singular)
wissābom (dative dual)
wissābos (dative plural)
wissābim (dual instrumental)
wissābis (instrumental plural)
wissom (nominative singular)
wissā (nominative plural)
wissom (singular vocative)
wissā (plural vocative)
wissā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: ·fess


wissus

wissus (nominative singular)
wissū (dual nominative)
wissowes (nominative plural)
wissu (singular vocative)
wissū (dual vocative)
wissūs (plural vocative)
wissum (accusative singular)
wissū (accusative dual)
wissums (accusative plural)
wissous (genitive singular)
wissous (dual genitive)
wissowom (genitive plural)
wissou (dative singular)
wissubom (dative dual)
wissubos (dative plural)
wissū (instrumental singular)
wissubim (dual instrumental)
wissubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨs
Welsh: gwŷs

desctree

Old Irish: fius, fiuss
Middle Irish: fis, fiss
Irish: fios
Manx: fys
Scottish Gaelic: fios

From Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd-.


glouros

gelos (nominative singular)
gelou (dual nominative)
geloi (nominative plural)
gele (singular vocative)
gelou (dual vocative)
geloi (plural vocative)
gelom (accusative singular)
gelou (accusative dual)
geloms (accusative plural)
gelī (genitive singular)
gelous (dual genitive)
gelom (genitive plural)
gelūi (dative singular)
gelobom (dative dual)
gelobos (dative plural)
gelū (instrumental singular)
gelobim (dual instrumental)
gelobis (instrumental plural)
gelā (nominative singular)
gelai (dual nominative)
gelās (nominative plural)
gelā (singular vocative)
gelai (dual vocative)
gelās (plural vocative)
gelam (accusative singular)
gelai (accusative dual)
gelams (accusative plural)
gelās (genitive singular)
gelai (dative singular)
gelābom (dative dual)
gelābos (dative plural)
gelābim (dual instrumental)
gelābis (instrumental plural)
gelom (nominative singular)
gelā (nominative plural)
gelom (singular vocative)
gelā (plural vocative)
gelā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *glʉr

Old Breton: -glur

Welsh: -glur

Old Irish: glór (also glúair (i-stem))

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰlowHr-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₂- (“to shine”).


bundos

bundos (masculine nominative singular stem)
bundou (dual masculine nominative stem)
bundoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
bunde (masculine singular stem vocative)
bundou (dual masculine stem vocative)
bundūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
bundom (accusative masculine singular stem)
bundou (accusative dual masculine stem)
bundoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
bundī (genitive masculine singular stem)
bundous (dual genitive masculine stem)
bundom (genitive masculine plural stem)
bundūi (dative masculine singular stem)
bundobom (dative dual masculine stem)
bundobos (dative masculine plural stem)
bundei (locative masculine singular stem)
bundū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
bundobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
bundūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: *bond

Middle Irish: bond, bonn

Irish: bonn

Scottish Gaelic: bonn

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn, with metathesis.


smerus

smerus (nominative singular)
smerū (dual nominative)
smerowes (nominative plural)
smeru (singular vocative)
smerū (dual vocative)
smerūs (plural vocative)
smerum (accusative singular)
smerū (accusative dual)
smerums (accusative plural)
smerous (genitive singular)
smerous (dual genitive)
smerowom (genitive plural)
smerou (dative singular)
smerubom (dative dual)
smerubos (dative plural)
smerū (instrumental singular)
smerubim (dual instrumental)
smerubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *mer
Welsh: mêr

Old Irish: smiur

Middle Irish: smir

Irish: smior


orbyom

orbyom (nominative singular)
orbyou (dual nominative)
orbyā (nominative plural)
orbyom (singular vocative)
orbyou (dual vocative)
orbyā (plural vocative)
orbyom (accusative singular)
orbyou (accusative dual)
orbyā (accusative plural)
orbyī (genitive singular)
orbyous (dual genitive)
orbyom (genitive plural)
orbyūi (dative singular)
orbyobom (dative dual)
orbyobos (dative plural)
orbyei (locative singular)
orbyū (instrumental singular)
orbyobim (dual instrumental)
orbyūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: orbbae, orbae, orpe
Middle Irish: forba
Irish: forba

⇒ Old Irish: comarbbae, comarbae, comarpe
Middle Irish: comarba, comarpa, comorba
Irish: comharba
→ English: coarb

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃orbʰyom, from *h₃erbʰ- (“inheritance”). Cognate with Proto-Norse ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ (arbija), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌹 (arbi).


krowos

krowos (masculine nominative singular stem)
krowou (dual masculine nominative stem)
krowoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
krowe (masculine singular stem vocative)
krowou (dual masculine stem vocative)
krowūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
krowom (accusative masculine singular stem)
krowou (accusative dual masculine stem)
krowoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
krowī (genitive masculine singular stem)
krowous (dual genitive masculine stem)
krowom (genitive masculine plural stem)
krowūi (dative masculine singular stem)
krowobom (dative dual masculine stem)
krowobos (dative masculine plural stem)
krowei (locative masculine singular stem)
krowū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
krowobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
krowūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *krow
Middle Cornish: crow
Cornish: krow
Middle Welsh: creu
Welsh: crau

Old Irish: cró (“violent death, weregild”)

A thematicization of *krūs, from Proto-Indo-European *kréwh₂s.


exsstungeti

exsstungū (active first-person present singular)
exsstungemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
exsstungesi (active present second-person singular)
exsstungetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
exsstungeti (active present singular third-person)
exsstungeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
exsstungomosi (active first-person plural present)
exsstungemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
exsstungetesi (active plural present second-person)
exsstungestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
exsstungonti (active plural present third-person)
exsstungento (active imperfect plural third-person)
exsstunge (active imperative second-person singular)
exsstungetou (active imperative singular third-person)
exsstungomos (active first-person imperative plural)
exsstungete (active imperative plural second-person)
exsstungontou (active imperative plural third-person)
exsstungūr (first-person passive present singular)
exsstungetar (passive present second-person singular)
exsstungetor (passive present singular third-person)
exsstungommor (first-person passive plural present)
exsstungedwe (passive plural present second-person)
exsstungontor (passive plural present third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *ɨstüngɨd
Middle Breton: stoeaff
Middle Welsh: ystwng, estwng

Old Irish: as·toing
Middle Irish: etchid
Irish: eitigh

From *exs- + Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg-.


widwā

widwā (nominative singular)
widwai (dual nominative)
widwās (nominative plural)
widwā (singular vocative)
widwai (dual vocative)
widwās (plural vocative)
widwam (accusative singular)
widwai (accusative dual)
widwāms (accusative plural)
widwās (genitive singular)
widwous (dual genitive)
widwom (genitive plural)
widwāi (dative singular)
widwābom (dative dual)
widwābos (dative plural)
widwai (locative singular)
widwābim (dual instrumental)
widwābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweðw
Old Cornish: guedeu
Cornish: gwedhow
Middle Welsh: gweðw, gwyðw
Welsh: gweddw

Old Irish: fedb
Irish: feadhbh (obsolete)


tangʷāss

tangʷāts (nominative singular)
tangʷāte (dual nominative)
tangʷātes (nominative plural)
tangʷāts (singular vocative)
tangʷāte (dual vocative)
tangʷātes (plural vocative)
tangʷātam (accusative singular)
tangʷāte (accusative dual)
tangʷātams (accusative plural)
tangʷātos (genitive singular)
tangʷātou (dual genitive)
tangʷātom (genitive plural)
tangʷātei (dative singular)
tangʷātobom (dative dual)
tangʷātobos (dative plural)
tangʷāti (locative singular)
tangʷāte? (instrumental singular)
tangʷātobim (dual instrumental)
tangʷātobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tavọd

Middle Breton: teaut, teut

Breton: teod

Cornish: taves

Middle Welsh: tauaut

Welsh: tafod

Old Irish: tengae
Irish: teanga
Manx: çhengey
Scottish Gaelic: teanga

From earlier *dangʷāss, from an extended Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂-t-s, from *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. The change of d to t has not been satisfactorily explained; influence of Proto-Germanic *tungǭ is conceivable.


gansis

gansis (nominative singular)
gansī (dual nominative)
gansīs (nominative plural)
gansi (singular vocative)
gansī (dual vocative)
gansīs (plural vocative)
gansim (accusative singular)
gansī (accusative dual)
gansims (accusative plural)
ganseis (genitive singular)
gansyow (dual genitive)
gansyom (genitive plural)
gansei (dative singular)
gansibom (dative dual)
gansibos (dative plural)
gansei (locative singular)
gansī (instrumental singular)
gansibim (dual instrumental)
gansibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: géiss

gathfannIrish: gafannScottish Gaelic: gafann