anegeti

anegū (active first-person present singular)
anegemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
anixsū (active first-person future singular)
anīgam (active first-person preterite singular)
anegesi (active present second-person singular)
anegetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
anixsesi (active future second-person singular)
anīxs (active preterite second-person singular)
anegeti (active present singular third-person)
anegeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
anixseti (active future singular third-person)
anīxt (active preterite singular third-person)
anegomosi (active first-person plural present)
anegemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
anixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
anīgme (active first-person plural preterite)
anegetesi (active plural present second-person)
anegestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
anixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
anīxte (active plural preterite second-person)
anegonti (active plural present third-person)
anegento (active imperfect plural third-person)
anixsonti (active future plural third-person)
anīgant (active plural preterite third-person)
anexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
anexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
anege (active imperative second-person singular)
anexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
anegetou (active imperative singular third-person)
anexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
anegomos (active first-person imperative plural)
anexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
anegete (active imperative plural second-person)
anexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
anegontou (active imperative plural third-person)
anegūr (first-person passive present singular)
anixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
anegetar (passive present second-person singular)
anixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
anegetor (passive present singular third-person)
anixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
anegommor (first-person passive plural present)
anixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
anegedwe (passive plural present second-person)
anixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
anegontor (passive plural present third-person)
anixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
anexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
anexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
anexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
anexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
anexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
anexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
anextos (nominative singular)
anextou (dual nominative)
anextoi (nominative plural)
anexte (singular vocative)
anextou (dual vocative)
anextoi (plural vocative)
anextom (accusative singular)
anextou (accusative dual)
anextoms (accusative plural)
anextī (genitive singular)
anextous (dual genitive)
anextom (genitive plural)
anextūi (dative singular)
anextobom (dative dual)
anextobos (dative plural)
anextū (instrumental singular)
anextobim (dual instrumental)
anextobis (instrumental plural)
anextā (nominative singular)
anextai (dual nominative)
anextās (nominative plural)
anextā (singular vocative)
anextai (dual vocative)
anextās (plural vocative)
anextam (accusative singular)
anextai (accusative dual)
anextams (accusative plural)
anextās (genitive singular)
anextai (dative singular)
anextābom (dative dual)
anextābos (dative plural)
anextābim (dual instrumental)
anextābis (instrumental plural)
anextom (nominative singular)
anextā (nominative plural)
anextom (singular vocative)
anextā (plural vocative)
anextā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: aingid

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eg- (“to lack”) (cognate with Latin egeo and Old Norse ekla), prefixed with *an- (“not, un-”). The odd appearance of *an-, which normally only appears in nominal formations, may be explained as spreading from the verbal noun *anextlom.


alamom

alamom (nominative singular)
alamou (dual nominative)
alamā (nominative plural)
alamom (singular vocative)
alamou (dual vocative)
alamā (plural vocative)
alamom (accusative singular)
alamou (accusative dual)
alamā (accusative plural)
alamī (genitive singular)
alamous (dual genitive)
alamom (genitive plural)
alamūi (dative singular)
alamobom (dative dual)
alamobos (dative plural)
alamei (locative singular)
alamū (instrumental singular)
alamobim (dual instrumental)
alamūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alaβ̃

Middle Welsh: alaf

Middle Irish: alam

According to Schrijver, this noun comes from *pelh₂- (“to drive”), which would give Proto-Celtic *ɸalamom. Matasović agrees that it is possible to derive this substantive from that root; yet, he preffers to derive this noun from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to surround”), upon which he connects it to Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒇷 (ḫāli, “pen, corral (for cows and horses)”). However, Kloekhorst dismisses the derivation of Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒇷 (ḫāli) from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to surround”).


banssus

banssus (nominative singular)
banssū (dual nominative)
banssowes (nominative plural)
banssu (singular vocative)
banssū (dual vocative)
banssūs (plural vocative)
banssum (accusative singular)
banssū (accusative dual)
banssums (accusative plural)
banssous (genitive singular)
banssous (dual genitive)
banssowom (genitive plural)
banssou (dative singular)
banssubom (dative dual)
banssubos (dative plural)
banssū (instrumental singular)
banssubim (dual instrumental)
banssubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *boɨs

Breton: boas

q

influenced by Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">mōs</i> (“manner, custom, habit”)

Welsh: moes (influenced by Latin mōs (“manner, custom, habit”))

desctree

Old Irish: bés, béss, bǽs
Irish: béas
Scottish Gaelic: beus

>? Gaulish: *bessus

→ Basque: bezu

→ Latin: bessus

Spanish: bezo

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, bond”).
According to one theory, the Proto-Celtic word might derive from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- instead, thus rendering the Albanian besë as a cognate and explains the relationship between them as an Albanian/Celtic isogloss.


walos

walos (masculine nominative singular stem)
walou (dual masculine nominative stem)
waloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wale (masculine singular stem vocative)
walou (dual masculine stem vocative)
walūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
walom (accusative masculine singular stem)
walou (accusative dual masculine stem)
waloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
walī (genitive masculine singular stem)
walous (dual genitive masculine stem)
walom (genitive masculine plural stem)
walūi (dative masculine singular stem)
walobom (dative dual masculine stem)
walobos (dative masculine plural stem)
walei (locative masculine singular stem)
walū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
walobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
walūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Middle Irish: fal (“rule”)

Middle Irish: fál (“king (?)”)

Gaulish: *walos

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule”).


bandis

bandis (nominative singular)
bandī (dual nominative)
bandīs (nominative plural)
bandi (singular vocative)
bandī (dual vocative)
bandīs (plural vocative)
bandim (accusative singular)
bandī (accusative dual)
bandims (accusative plural)
bandēs (genitive singular)
bandyou (dual genitive)
bandyom (genitive plural)
bandē (dative singular)
bandibom (dative dual)
bandibos (dative plural)
bandī (instrumental singular)
bandibim (dual instrumental)
bandibis (instrumental plural)
bandi (nominative singular)
bandyā (nominative plural)
bandyā (plural vocative)
bandi (accusative singular)
bandyā (accusative plural)
bandois (genitive singular)
bandois (dual genitive)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: bann

Middle Welsh: bann, ban

Old Irish: bind

Irish: binn

Scottish Gaelic: binn

From Proto-Indo-European *bend- (“point, pin”). Cognate with Old English pintel (“penis”). The initial "b" may point to a European substrate language.


ɸorkos

ɸorkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ɸorkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ɸorkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ɸorke (masculine singular stem vocative)
ɸorkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ɸorkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ɸorkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ɸorkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ɸorkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ɸorkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ɸorkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ɸorkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ɸorkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ɸorkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ɸorkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ɸorkei (locative masculine singular stem)
ɸorkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ɸorkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ɸorkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: orc, orcán

Middle Irish: orc

Irish: arc, arcán

Manx: ark

Gaulish: *orkos

→? Ancient Greek: Ὀρκάδες (Orkádes)

Greek: Ορκάδες (Orkádes)

→ Latin: Orcades

desctree

→⇒ Old Norse: Orkneyjar
Icelandic: Orkneyjar f pl
Faroese: Orknoyggjar f pl
Norwegian Nynorsk: Orknøyar f pl; (definite form) Orknøyane, Orknøyarne
Norwegian Bokmål: Orknøyene m pl or f pl
Swedish: Orknöarna c pl
Danish: Ørkenøerne c pl
→ English: Orkney, Orkneys, Orkney Islands

From Proto-Indo-European *pórḱos (“pig”).


brikkos

brikkos (nominative singular)
brikkou (dual nominative)
brikkoi (nominative plural)
brikke (singular vocative)
brikkou (dual vocative)
brikkoi (plural vocative)
brikkom (accusative singular)
brikkou (accusative dual)
brikkoms (accusative plural)
brikkī (genitive singular)
brikkous (dual genitive)
brikkom (genitive plural)
brikkūi (dative singular)
brikkobom (dative dual)
brikkobos (dative plural)
brikkū (instrumental singular)
brikkobim (dual instrumental)
brikkobis (instrumental plural)
brikkā (nominative singular)
brikkai (dual nominative)
brikkās (nominative plural)
brikkā (singular vocative)
brikkai (dual vocative)
brikkās (plural vocative)
brikkam (accusative singular)
brikkai (accusative dual)
brikkams (accusative plural)
brikkās (genitive singular)
brikkai (dative singular)
brikkābom (dative dual)
brikkābos (dative plural)
brikkābim (dual instrumental)
brikkābis (instrumental plural)
brikkom (nominative singular)
brikkā (nominative plural)
brikkom (singular vocative)
brikkā (plural vocative)
brikkā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨx

Breton: brec'h (“variola”)

Cornish: brygh

Middle Welsh: brych

Welsh: brych

Old Irish: brecc
Irish: breac
Manx: breck
Scottish Gaelic: breac

Gaulish: *brikkos, *Brikkos

Latin: briccus, Briccus

French: brèche (Poitevin)

From Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“motley, colored, spotted”).


ɸūros

ɸūros (nominative singular)
ɸūrou (dual nominative)
ɸūroi (nominative plural)
ɸūre (singular vocative)
ɸūrou (dual vocative)
ɸūroi (plural vocative)
ɸūrom (accusative singular)
ɸūrou (accusative dual)
ɸūroms (accusative plural)
ɸūrī (genitive singular)
ɸūrous (dual genitive)
ɸūrom (genitive plural)
ɸūrūi (dative singular)
ɸūrobom (dative dual)
ɸūrobos (dative plural)
ɸūrū (instrumental singular)
ɸūrobim (dual instrumental)
ɸūrobis (instrumental plural)
ɸūrā (nominative singular)
ɸūrai (dual nominative)
ɸūrās (nominative plural)
ɸūrā (singular vocative)
ɸūrai (dual vocative)
ɸūrās (plural vocative)
ɸūram (accusative singular)
ɸūrai (accusative dual)
ɸūrams (accusative plural)
ɸūrās (genitive singular)
ɸūrai (dative singular)
ɸūrābom (dative dual)
ɸūrābos (dative plural)
ɸūrābim (dual instrumental)
ɸūrābis (instrumental plural)
ɸūrom (nominative singular)
ɸūrā (nominative plural)
ɸūrom (singular vocative)
ɸūrā (plural vocative)
ɸūrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *ir
Cornish: yr
Welsh: ir

Middle Irish: úr

Irish: úr

Manx: oor

Scottish Gaelic: ùr

From Proto-Indo-European *puHrós, from the root *pewH- (“to be clean, pure”). Cognate with Latin pūrus.


adberos

adberos (masculine nominative singular stem)
adberou (dual masculine nominative stem)
adberoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
adbere (masculine singular stem vocative)
adberou (dual masculine stem vocative)
adberūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
adberom (accusative masculine singular stem)
adberou (accusative dual masculine stem)
adberoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
adberī (genitive masculine singular stem)
adberous (dual genitive masculine stem)
adberom (genitive masculine plural stem)
adberūi (dative masculine singular stem)
adberobom (dative dual masculine stem)
adberobos (dative masculine plural stem)
adberei (locative masculine singular stem)
adberū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
adberobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
adberūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *aber
Old Breton: aperou pl (possibly borrowed from Old Welsh)
Breton: aber
→ French: aber
Old Cornish: aber
Old Welsh: aper
Middle Welsh: aber
Welsh: aber

Old Irish:

Irish: abar

Scottish Gaelic: abar, obar (possibly via Pictish)

Pictish: *ᚐᚁᚓᚏ (*aber)

→ Latin: Averius

Portuguese: Aveiro

From *ad- (“to, at, towards”) + *beros (“bearer; flow”).


tekʷeti

tekʷū (active first-person present singular)
tekʷemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
tākʷa (active first-person preterite singular)
tekʷesi (active present second-person singular)
tekʷetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
tākʷas? (active preterite second-person singular)
tekʷeti (active present singular third-person)
tekʷeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
tākʷe (active preterite singular third-person)
tekʷomosi (active first-person plural present)
tekʷemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
tākʷmo (active first-person plural preterite)
tekʷetesi (active plural present second-person)
tekʷestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
tākʷe (active plural preterite second-person)
tekʷonti (active plural present third-person)
tekʷento (active imperfect plural third-person)
tākʷars (active plural preterite third-person)
texsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
texsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
tekʷe (active imperative second-person singular)
texseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
tekʷetou (active imperative singular third-person)
texsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
tekʷomos (active first-person imperative plural)
texsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
tekʷete (active imperative plural second-person)
texsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
tekʷontou (active imperative plural third-person)
tekʷūr (first-person passive present singular)
tekʷetar (passive present second-person singular)
tekʷetor (passive present singular third-person)
tekʷommor (first-person passive plural present)
tekʷedwe (passive plural present second-person)
tekʷontor (passive plural present third-person)
texsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
texsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
texsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
texsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
texsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
texsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *tebɨd

Middle Welsh: debit (initially mutated)

desctree

Old Irish: teichid, techid
Irish: teith
Manx: çhea
Scottish Gaelic: teich
→ Proto-Brythonic: *texɨd
Middle Breton: techet
Breton: tec'hed
Cornish: têgh
Middle Welsh: techu

From Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run, to flow”).


wīkā

wīkā (nominative singular)
wīkai (dual nominative)
wīkās (nominative plural)
wīkā (singular vocative)
wīkai (dual vocative)
wīkās (plural vocative)
wīkam (accusative singular)
wīkai (accusative dual)
wīkāms (accusative plural)
wīkās (genitive singular)
wīkous (dual genitive)
wīkom (genitive plural)
wīkāi (dative singular)
wīkābom (dative dual)
wīkābos (dative plural)
wīkai (locative singular)
wīkābim (dual instrumental)
wīkābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gwig

Old Irish: fích

Scottish Gaelic: fioch

>? Gaulish: *uēkā

⇒ Gaulish: *Rowēkā

→ Latin: Roveca

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to overcome”).


marwonatus

marwonatus (nominative singular)
marwonatū (dual nominative)
marwonatowes (nominative plural)
marwonatu (singular vocative)
marwonatū (dual vocative)
marwonatūs (plural vocative)
marwonatum (accusative singular)
marwonatū (accusative dual)
marwonatums (accusative plural)
marwonatous (genitive singular)
marwonatous (dual genitive)
marwonatowom (genitive plural)
marwonatou (dative singular)
marwonatubom (dative dual)
marwonatubos (dative plural)
marwonatū (instrumental singular)
marwonatubim (dual instrumental)
marwonatubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *marwnad

Breton: marvnad

Middle Welsh: marwnad

Welsh: marwnad, marnad

Old Irish: marbnad


nāmants

nāmants (nominative singular)
nāmante (dual nominative)
nāmantes (nominative plural)
nāmants (singular vocative)
nāmante (dual vocative)
nāmantes (plural vocative)
nāmantam (accusative singular)
nāmante (accusative dual)
nāmantams (accusative plural)
nāmantos (genitive singular)
nāmantou (dual genitive)
nāmantom (genitive plural)
nāmantei (dative singular)
nāmantobom (dative dual)
nāmantobos (dative plural)
nāmanti (locative singular)
nāmante? (instrumental singular)
nāmantobim (dual instrumental)
nāmantobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: námae
Middle Irish: náma
Irish: namhaid
Manx: noid
Scottish Gaelic: nàmhaid

Gaulish: *nāmants

According to Sanas Cormaic, from *an- (“un-, not”) + the present participle of *amati (“to love”), with a reconstructed PIE *n(e)-h₂em-nt-, which would make this noun cognate with Latin amō. However, Matasović disputes this, stating that it looks like folk etymology and that the root *am- is otherwise unattested in Celtic.


garanos

garanos (masculine nominative singular stem)
garanou (dual masculine nominative stem)
garanoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
garane (masculine singular stem vocative)
garanou (dual masculine stem vocative)
garanūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
garanom (accusative masculine singular stem)
garanou (accusative dual masculine stem)
garanoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
garanī (genitive masculine singular stem)
garanous (dual genitive masculine stem)
garanom (genitive masculine plural stem)
garanūi (dative masculine singular stem)
garanobom (dative dual masculine stem)
garanobos (dative masculine plural stem)
garanei (locative masculine singular stem)
garanū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
garanobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
garanūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *garan
Breton: garan
Old Cornish: garan
→ Cornish: garan (semi-learned)
Middle Welsh: garan
Welsh: garan

Gaulish: *garanus

desc

⇒ Gaulish: Tarvostrigaranus (Celtic divinity, literally “bull with three cranes”)

From Proto-Indo-European *gérh₂n-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂-.


kerdā

kerdā (nominative singular)
kerdai (dual nominative)
kerdās (nominative plural)
kerdā (singular vocative)
kerdai (dual vocative)
kerdās (plural vocative)
kerdam (accusative singular)
kerdai (accusative dual)
kerdāms (accusative plural)
kerdās (genitive singular)
kerdous (dual genitive)
kerdom (genitive plural)
kerdāi (dative singular)
kerdābom (dative dual)
kerdābos (dative plural)
kerdai (locative singular)
kerdābim (dual instrumental)
kerdābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: cherdoran

Middle Welsh: cerdd

Welsh: cerdd

Old Irish: cerd

Irish: ceird, ceard, ceardaí

Manx: keird, keirdagh

Scottish Gaelic: ceàird, ceàrd

From Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“to profit”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κέρδος (kérdos).


kaballos

kaballos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kaballou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kaballoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kaballe (masculine singular stem vocative)
kaballou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kaballūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kaballom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kaballou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kaballoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kaballī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kaballous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kaballom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kaballūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kaballobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kaballobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kaballei (locative masculine singular stem)
kaballū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kaballobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kaballūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kėfɨl
Old Breton: cefel
Breton: kefel
Old Welsh: cefel, chefel
Middle Welsh: keffyl
Welsh: ceffyl

Old Irish: capall (← Brythonic)
Irish: capall
Manx: cabbyl
Scottish Gaelic: capall
→ Old Norse: kapall
Icelandic: kapall

Gaulish: *kaballos

→? Latin: caballus (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; perhaps a Wanderwort. See caballus.


Katuwalos

Katuwalos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Katuwalom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Katuwalūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Katuwalei (locative masculine singular stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *Katowal

Old Welsh: Catgual

Welsh: Cadwal

⇒ Welsh: Cadwaladr

Old Irish: Cathal

Irish: Cathal

Gaulish: *Katuwalos

→ Latin: Katouualos

From *katus (“battle”) + *walos (“prince, chief”).


lēgā

lēgā (nominative singular)
lēgai (dual nominative)
lēgās (nominative plural)
lēgā (singular vocative)
lēgai (dual vocative)
lēgās (plural vocative)
lēgam (accusative singular)
lēgai (accusative dual)
lēgāms (accusative plural)
lēgās (genitive singular)
lēgous (dual genitive)
lēgom (genitive plural)
lēgāi (dative singular)
lēgābom (dative dual)
lēgābos (dative plural)
lēgai (locative singular)
lēgābim (dual instrumental)
lēgābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨɣ
Old Breton: loi
Middle Breton: loa
Breton: loa
Old Cornish: loe
Cornish: lo
Middle Welsh: llwy
Welsh: llwy

Old Irish: líag, líach

Irish: liach

Manx: lheegh

Scottish Gaelic: liogh, liagh

From Proto-Indo-European *leyǵʰ- (“lick”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *likkōną (“lick”) (whence English lick) and Proto-Italic *lingō (“I lick (up)”) (whence Latin lingō).


attrebā

attrebā (nominative singular)
attrebai (dual nominative)
attrebās (nominative plural)
attrebā (singular vocative)
attrebai (dual vocative)
attrebās (plural vocative)
attrebam (accusative singular)
attrebai (accusative dual)
attrebāms (accusative plural)
attrebās (genitive singular)
attrebous (dual genitive)
attrebom (genitive plural)
attrebāi (dative singular)
attrebābom (dative dual)
attrebābos (dative plural)
attrebai (locative singular)
attrebābim (dual instrumental)
attrebābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *aθreβ
Middle Welsh: athref
Welsh: athref

Old Irish: atrab n

Scottish Gaelic: aitreabh

desc

→⇒ Latin: Atrebates (from a Gaulish source)


gobanns

gobanns (nominative singular)
gobanne (dual nominative)
gobannes (nominative plural)
gobanns (singular vocative)
gobanne (dual vocative)
gobannes (plural vocative)
gobannam (accusative singular)
gobanne (accusative dual)
gobannams (accusative plural)
gobannos (genitive singular)
gobannou (dual genitive)
gobannom (genitive plural)
gobannei (dative singular)
gobannobom (dative dual)
gobannobos (dative plural)
gobanni (locative singular)
gobanne? (instrumental singular)
gobannobim (dual instrumental)
gobannobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *goβ

Middle Breton: goff

Breton: gov

Old Cornish: gof

Middle Welsh: gof

Welsh: gof

desctree

Old Irish: gobae
Irish: gabha
Manx: gaaue
Scottish Gaelic: gobha

Unknown. Possibly related to Latin faber, if the original root was Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰobʰ- or *gʰwobʰ-; however, the Latin word is usually instead derived from *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“to fit, fashion”).

Brill Publishers
D. A. Binchy
Osborn Bergin


ɸeruti

Old Irish: uraid, urid
Middle Irish: uraid
Irish: anuraidh
Manx: nurree
Scottish Gaelic: an-uiridh

From Proto-Indo-European *péruti.
The form and history of this term is subject to controversy due to providing major difficulties in the traditional theory of the rise of the absolute and conjunct inflection in Old Irish. The traditional theory requires an early apocope of the final *-i that appeared in multiple Celtic personal endings, especially the third-person endings *-ti and *-nti that was blocked by a supposed transphonologized enclitic particle. The apocopated verbal forms are assumed by the theory to become Old Irish conjunct forms, while the encliticized forms became absolute forms. *ɸeruti is a major counterexample to the apocope rule the theory relies on, since the palatalization of the Old Irish descendant uraid indicates a word-final *-i remaining in an identical position to the verb-final *-i whose apocope is sought.
Schrijver and McCone, supporters of the traditional theory, attempt to eliminate this counterexample by deriving this adverb from an accusative *ɸerutam, creating an accusative with no fellow Indo-European parallel, citing what appears to be the accusative definite article being always being prefixed before uraid in Old Irish. Kortlandt rejects extrapolating the accusative beyond Old Irish due to other Indo-European descendants of *peruti having long been fossilized, viewing such a defossilization of a clearly fossilized adverb as an unlikely development. Later on, Matasović joined Kortlandt in rejecting it for semantic reasons, believing that a locative with *-i was more semantically appropriate for an expression of time.


atigabaglā

atigabaglā (nominative singular)
atigabaglai (dual nominative)
atigabaglās (nominative plural)
atigabaglā (singular vocative)
atigabaglai (dual vocative)
atigabaglās (plural vocative)
atigabaglam (accusative singular)
atigabaglai (accusative dual)
atigabaglāms (accusative plural)
atigabaglās (genitive singular)
atigabaglous (dual genitive)
atigabaglom (genitive plural)
atigabaglāi (dative singular)
atigabaglābom (dative dual)
atigabaglābos (dative plural)
atigabaglai (locative singular)
atigabaglābim (dual instrumental)
atigabaglābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: adgabael

Middle Welsh: adauael, adafael

Welsh: adafael

Old Irish: athgabáil

Middle Irish: athgabáil

Irish: athghabháil

From *ati- (“re-”) + *gabaglā (“taking”), literally "retaking".


gabaglā

gabaglā (nominative singular)
gabaglai (dual nominative)
gabaglās (nominative plural)
gabaglā (singular vocative)
gabaglai (dual vocative)
gabaglās (plural vocative)
gabaglam (accusative singular)
gabaglai (accusative dual)
gabaglāms (accusative plural)
gabaglās (genitive singular)
gabaglous (dual genitive)
gabaglom (genitive plural)
gabaglāi (dative singular)
gabaglābom (dative dual)
gabaglābos (dative plural)
gabaglai (locative singular)
gabaglābim (dual instrumental)
gabaglābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gavaɣl

Cornish: gavel

Old Welsh: ad-gabael

Middle Welsh: gauael

Welsh: gafael

Old Irish: gabál
Middle Irish: gabáil
Irish: gabháil, goil (possibly)
→ English: gwall
Manx: goaill
Scottish Gaelic: gabhail


mennos

mennos (masculine nominative singular stem)
mennou (dual masculine nominative stem)
mennoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
menne (masculine singular stem vocative)
mennou (dual masculine stem vocative)
mennūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
mennom (accusative masculine singular stem)
mennou (accusative dual masculine stem)
mennoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
mennī (genitive masculine singular stem)
mennous (dual genitive masculine stem)
mennom (genitive masculine plural stem)
mennūi (dative masculine singular stem)
mennobom (dative dual masculine stem)
mennobos (dative masculine plural stem)
mennei (locative masculine singular stem)
mennū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
mennobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
mennūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: menn

Old Cornish: min

Cornish: mynn

Middle Welsh: myn

Welsh: myn

Middle Irish: menn

Scottish Gaelic: meann


komangus

komangus (nominative singular)
komangū (dual nominative)
komangowes (nominative plural)
komangu (singular vocative)
komangū (dual vocative)
komangūs (plural vocative)
komangum (accusative singular)
komangū (accusative dual)
komangums (accusative plural)
komangous (genitive singular)
komangous (dual genitive)
komangowom (genitive plural)
komangou (dative singular)
komangubom (dative dual)
komangubos (dative plural)
komangū (instrumental singular)
komangubim (dual instrumental)
komangubis (instrumental plural)
komangu (nominative singular)
komangwā (nominative plural)
komangwā (plural vocative)
komangu (accusative singular)
komangwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: kyving

Welsh: cyfyng

Old Irish: cumung
Middle Irish: cumang
Irish: cúng
Manx: coon
Scottish Gaelic: cumhang


dauyeti

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: deuu

Middle Breton: devo

Breton: deviñ

Cornish: dewi

Middle Welsh: deifyaw

Welsh: deifio

Old Irish: dóïd

Middle Irish: dóigid

Irish: dóigh

Scottish Gaelic: dòth

Manx: daah

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₂w- (“kindle, burn”) (compare Tocharian A twās, Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō)).


mogus

mogus (nominative singular)
mogū (dual nominative)
mogowes (nominative plural)
mogu (singular vocative)
mogū (dual vocative)
mogūs (plural vocative)
mogum (accusative singular)
mogū (accusative dual)
mogums (accusative plural)
mogous (genitive singular)
mogous (dual genitive)
mogowom (genitive plural)
mogou (dative singular)
mogubom (dative dual)
mogubos (dative plural)
mogū (instrumental singular)
mogubim (dual instrumental)
mogubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: mauu (“youth; servant”)

Middle Breton: mau

Breton: maw (“boy”)

Old Cornish:

Cornish: maw

desc

⇒ Middle Welsh: meu-dwy (“servant of God; hermit”)

Welsh: meudwy (“hermit”)

Gaulish: *mogus

desctree

⇒ Gaulish: *Mogurīx ~ *Magurīx
→ Latin: Magurix

q

alternatively from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*mogonts</i>

⇒? Gaulish: Moguntia (alternatively from *mogonts)

→ Latin: Maguntia

→⇒ Latin: Mogontiacum (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Irish: mug (“male servant, serf, bondman”)
Irish: mogh

Cognate with the formally identical Proto-Germanic *maguz (“boy; servant”), apparently via Proto-Indo-European *mogʰus (“young person; boy-servant?”). Compare also Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬖𐬀𐬬𐬀 (maγava, “unmarried”). Matasović notes that the /a/-vocalism of Gaulish Magu- is unexplained.


anatlā

anatlā (nominative singular)
anatlai (dual nominative)
anatlās (nominative plural)
anatlā (singular vocative)
anatlai (dual vocative)
anatlās (plural vocative)
anatlam (accusative singular)
anatlai (accusative dual)
anatlāms (accusative plural)
anatlās (genitive singular)
anatlous (dual genitive)
anatlom (genitive plural)
anatlāi (dative singular)
anatlābom (dative dual)
anatlābos (dative plural)
anatlai (locative singular)
anatlābim (dual instrumental)
anatlābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *anadl
Middle Breton: alazn, azlan
Breton: alan
Middle Cornish: anel
Cornish: anal
Middle Welsh: anadyl, anadl
Welsh: anadl

Old Irish: anál, anáil
Irish: anáil
Manx: ennal
Scottish Gaelic: anail

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₁tleh₂, from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”) + *-tl-eh₂ f (instrument noun suffix). Equivalent to *ana- + *-tlā.
Related to Middle Welsh eneit (“spirit, life; purity”) (whence the given name English Enid), Gaulish anatia (“souls (?)”), presumably from Proto-Celtic *anatyom (“life; spirit, soul”).


lordskākos

glastos (nominative singular)
glastou (dual nominative)
glastoi (nominative plural)
glaste (singular vocative)
glastou (dual vocative)
glastoi (plural vocative)
glastom (accusative singular)
glastou (accusative dual)
glastoms (accusative plural)
glastī (genitive singular)
glastous (dual genitive)
glastom (genitive plural)
glastūi (dative singular)
glastobom (dative dual)
glastobos (dative plural)
glastū (instrumental singular)
glastobim (dual instrumental)
glastobis (instrumental plural)
glastā (nominative singular)
glastai (dual nominative)
glastās (nominative plural)
glastā (singular vocative)
glastai (dual vocative)
glastās (plural vocative)
glastam (accusative singular)
glastai (accusative dual)
glastams (accusative plural)
glastās (genitive singular)
glastai (dative singular)
glastābom (dative dual)
glastābos (dative plural)
glastābim (dual instrumental)
glastābis (instrumental plural)
glastom (nominative singular)
glastā (nominative plural)
glastom (singular vocative)
glastā (plural vocative)
glastā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: lorcach, lurcach

Scottish Gaelic: loirc

From *lordskā, from Proto-Indo-European *lord-sk-eh₂, *lord-sḱ-eh₂, from *lerd- (“crooked”), + *-ākos. Cognate with լորցք (lorcʻkʻ), Greek λορδός (lordós, “bent backward”), Proto-West Germanic *lort (“crooked”).


awV-

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aβʉ
Middle Breton: auu
Breton: avu
Old Cornish: avi
Cornish: avi
Middle Welsh: auu
Welsh: afu

Old Irish: óa

Middle Irish: áe
Irish: ae
Manx: aane
Scottish Gaelic: adha

Unknown. The exact form cannot be reconstructed with certainty. The Brythonic terms suggest a form beginning *awoi- or *awou-, but no connections outside Celtic can be established; possibly from a lost substrate.


sīnā

sīnā (nominative singular)
sīnai (dual nominative)
sīnās (nominative plural)
sīnā (singular vocative)
sīnai (dual vocative)
sīnās (plural vocative)
sīnam (accusative singular)
sīnai (accusative dual)
sīnāms (accusative plural)
sīnās (genitive singular)
sīnous (dual genitive)
sīnom (genitive plural)
sīnāi (dative singular)
sīnābom (dative dual)
sīnābos (dative plural)
sīnai (locative singular)
sīnābim (dual instrumental)
sīnābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hin

desc

Middle Breton: hynon, hinon (“(nice) weather”)

Breton: hinon

Middle Welsh: hin (“(bad) weather, air”)

Welsh: hin

→ Breton: hin (“climate”)

Old Irish: sín (“bad weather, storm”)

Irish: síon

Scottish Gaelic: sian

Suggested to be related to *sīniti (“to stretch, extend”) (whence Middle Irish sínid) and *sīros (“long”), from *seh₁- (“long, lasting”), compare semantics of French temps (“time; weather”), from Latin tempus (“time; season”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *temp- (“to stretch”).


togos

togos (masculine nominative singular stem)
togou (dual masculine nominative stem)
togoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
toge (masculine singular stem vocative)
togou (dual masculine stem vocative)
togūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
togom (accusative masculine singular stem)
togou (accusative dual masculine stem)
togoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
togī (genitive masculine singular stem)
togous (dual genitive masculine stem)
togom (genitive masculine plural stem)
togūi (dative masculine singular stem)
togobom (dative dual masculine stem)
togobos (dative masculine plural stem)
togei (locative masculine singular stem)
togū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
togobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
togūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *toɣ
Middle Breton: toenn
Breton: to
Old Cornish: to
Welsh: to

Formed with *-os, serving as the verbal noun to *tog-ī- (whence Old Irish in·tuigethar). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”), whence also *tegos (“house”).
The neuter gender of the Old Irish derivatives must be analogical, either after *tegos or other prefixed verbal nouns in *-om.


wolis

wolis (nominative singular)
wolī (dual nominative)
wolīs (nominative plural)
woli (singular vocative)
wolī (dual vocative)
wolīs (plural vocative)
wolim (accusative singular)
wolī (accusative dual)
wolims (accusative plural)
woleis (genitive singular)
wolyow (dual genitive)
wolyom (genitive plural)
wolei (dative singular)
wolibom (dative dual)
wolibos (dative plural)
wolei (locative singular)
wolī (instrumental singular)
wolibim (dual instrumental)
wolibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: goulyow

Cornish: goly

Middle Welsh: gweli (“wound, blood”)

desctree

Old Irish: fuil
Middle Irish: fuil
Irish: fuil
Manx: fuill
Scottish Gaelic: fuil

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to wound, strike”), see also Latin vulnus (“wound”).


skamos

skamos (nominative singular)
skamou (dual nominative)
skamoi (nominative plural)
skame (singular vocative)
skamou (dual vocative)
skamoi (plural vocative)
skamom (accusative singular)
skamou (accusative dual)
skamoms (accusative plural)
skamī (genitive singular)
skamous (dual genitive)
skamom (genitive plural)
skamūi (dative singular)
skamobom (dative dual)
skamobos (dative plural)
skamū (instrumental singular)
skamobim (dual instrumental)
skamobis (instrumental plural)
skamā (nominative singular)
skamai (dual nominative)
skamās (nominative plural)
skamā (singular vocative)
skamai (dual vocative)
skamās (plural vocative)
skamam (accusative singular)
skamai (accusative dual)
skamams (accusative plural)
skamās (genitive singular)
skamai (dative singular)
skamābom (dative dual)
skamābos (dative plural)
skamābim (dual instrumental)
skamābis (instrumental plural)
skamom (nominative singular)
skamā (nominative plural)
skamom (singular vocative)
skamā (plural vocative)
skamā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Middle Welsh: ysgafn (“light”), ysgefeint (“lung”)

Welsh: ysgafn (“light”), ysgyfant (“lung”)

Middle Breton: caff, scanff

Breton: skañv (“light”)

Cornish: scaff, schaff

Middle Irish: scam (“lung”) (only attested as plural scaim)

Uncertain, as a-vocalisms are not common. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱem-, same source as Proto-Germanic *skammaz (“short”). Similar semantic connections can be found between "light" and "lungs" in other Indo-European languages, such as Proto-Germanic *lungô (“lung”) being from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“nimble, light”).


tundā

tundā (nominative singular)
tundai (dual nominative)
tundās (nominative plural)
tundā (singular vocative)
tundai (dual vocative)
tundās (plural vocative)
tundam (accusative singular)
tundai (accusative dual)
tundāms (accusative plural)
tundās (genitive singular)
tundous (dual genitive)
tundom (genitive plural)
tundāi (dative singular)
tundābom (dative dual)
tundābos (dative plural)
tundai (locative singular)
tundābim (dual instrumental)
tundābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *tonn

Old Breton: tonnou

Middle Breton: tonn

Breton: tonn

Cornish: ton

Old Welsh: tonnou

Middle Welsh: tonn

Welsh: ton

desctree

Old Irish: tonn, tond
Middle Irish: tonn
Irish: tonn
Manx: tonn
Scottish Gaelic: tonn

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to hit, beat”), as in waves hitting against the shore. Or, it could instead be related to *tondā (“surface, skin”), if the original meaning was the surface of the sea, from *temh₁- (“to cut”).
Zair alternatively reconstructs the term as *tusnā and provides an alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”).


dwār

q

Proto-Brythonic: *dor (from Early Brythonic *dorā, generalized from the accusative *dworam)

Middle Breton: dor

Breton: dor

Cornish: dor, darat

Old Welsh: dor

Middle Welsh: dor

Welsh: dôr

generalized from the genitive <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*duros</i>

Gaulish: *durom (generalized from the genitive *duros)

→ Latin: Augustodurum

→ Latin: Nemetodurum

French: Nanterre


dworestus

dworestus (nominative singular)
dworestū (dual nominative)
dworestowes (nominative plural)
dworestu (singular vocative)
dworestū (dual vocative)
dworestūs (plural vocative)
dworestum (accusative singular)
dworestū (accusative dual)
dworestums (accusative plural)
dworestous (genitive singular)
dworestous (dual genitive)
dworestowom (genitive plural)
dworestou (dative singular)
dworestubom (dative dual)
dworestubos (dative plural)
dworestū (instrumental singular)
dworestubim (dual instrumental)
dworestubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *drus

Old Welsh: drus

Middle Welsh: drws

Welsh: drws

Old Cornish: darat

Middle Cornish: daras

Cornish: daras

desctree

Old Irish: dorus
Middle Irish: dorus
Irish: doras
Manx: dorrys
Scottish Gaelic: dorus, doras

From *dwor-es- (extended stem of *dwār) + *-tus.


lēgis

lēɸagis (nominative singular)
lēɸagī (dual nominative)
lēɸagīs (nominative plural)
lēɸagi (singular vocative)
lēɸagī (dual vocative)
lēɸagīs (plural vocative)
lēɸagim (accusative singular)
lēɸagī (accusative dual)
lēɸagims (accusative plural)
lēɸageis (genitive singular)
lēɸagyow (dual genitive)
lēɸagyom (genitive plural)
lēɸagei (dative singular)
lēɸagibom (dative dual)
lēɸagibos (dative plural)
lēɸagei (locative singular)
lēɸagī (instrumental singular)
lēɸagibim (dual instrumental)
lēɸagibis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: líaig
Irish: lia
Scottish Gaelic: lèigh

→? Proto-Germanic: *lēkijaz

Possibly borrowed Proto-Germanic *lēkiz (“healing; medicine; healer”), or directly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leg- (“to care for”).


swizdeti

swizdū (active first-person present singular)
swizdemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
siswissū (active first-person future singular)
siswoizda (active first-person preterite singular)
swizdesi (active present second-person singular)
swizdetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
siswissesi (active future second-person singular)
siswoizdas? (active preterite second-person singular)
swizdeti (active present singular third-person)
swizdeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
siswisseti (active future singular third-person)
siswoizde (active preterite singular third-person)
swizdomosi (active first-person plural present)
swizdemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
siswissomosi (active first-person future plural)
siswoizdmo (active first-person plural preterite)
swizdetesi (active plural present second-person)
swizdestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
siswissetesi (active future plural second-person)
siswoizsse (active plural preterite second-person)
swizdonti (active plural present third-person)
swizdento (active imperfect plural third-person)
siswissonti (active future plural third-person)
siswoizdars (active plural preterite third-person)
sweissū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sweissesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
swizde (active imperative second-person singular)
sweisseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
swizdetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sweissomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
swizdomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sweissetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
swizdete (active imperative plural second-person)
sweissonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
swizdontou (active imperative plural third-person)
swizdūr (first-person passive present singular)
siswissūr (first-person future passive singular)
swizdetar (passive present second-person singular)
siswissetar (future passive second-person singular)
swizdetor (passive present singular third-person)
siswissetor (future passive singular third-person)
swizdommor (first-person passive plural present)
siswissommor (first-person future passive plural)
swizdedwe (passive plural present second-person)
siswissedwe (future passive plural second-person)
swizdontor (passive plural present third-person)
siswissontor (future passive plural third-person)
sweissūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sweissetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sweissetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sweissommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sweissedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sweissontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
swissos (nominative singular)
swissou (dual nominative)
swissoi (nominative plural)
swisse (singular vocative)
swissou (dual vocative)
swissoi (plural vocative)
swissom (accusative singular)
swissou (accusative dual)
swissoms (accusative plural)
swissī (genitive singular)
swissous (dual genitive)
swissom (genitive plural)
swissūi (dative singular)
swissobom (dative dual)
swissobos (dative plural)
swissū (instrumental singular)
swissobim (dual instrumental)
swissobis (instrumental plural)
swissā (nominative singular)
swissai (dual nominative)
swissās (nominative plural)
swissā (singular vocative)
swissai (dual vocative)
swissās (plural vocative)
swissam (accusative singular)
swissai (accusative dual)
swissams (accusative plural)
swissās (genitive singular)
swissai (dative singular)
swissābom (dative dual)
swissābos (dative plural)
swissābim (dual instrumental)
swissābis (instrumental plural)
swissom (nominative singular)
swissā (nominative plural)
swissom (singular vocative)
swissā (plural vocative)
swissā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨθɨd
Breton: c’hwezhañ
Cornish: hwytha
Welsh: chwythu

⇒ Old Irish: do·infet

From Proto-Indo-European *sweysd- (“to hiss”), of imitative origin; see also Ancient Greek σίζω (sízō, “I hiss”), Russian свиста́ть (svistátʹ).

onomatopoeic

imitative


ɸloudom

ɸloudom (nominative singular)
ɸloudou (dual nominative)
ɸloudā (nominative plural)
ɸloudom (singular vocative)
ɸloudou (dual vocative)
ɸloudā (plural vocative)
ɸloudom (accusative singular)
ɸloudou (accusative dual)
ɸloudā (accusative plural)
ɸloudī (genitive singular)
ɸloudous (dual genitive)
ɸloudom (genitive plural)
ɸloudūi (dative singular)
ɸloudobom (dative dual)
ɸloudobos (dative plural)
ɸloudei (locative singular)
ɸloudū (instrumental singular)
ɸloudobim (dual instrumental)
ɸloudūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: lúaide

Irish: luaidhe

Manx: leoaie

Scottish Gaelic: luaidhe

Gaulish: *loudon

→ Proto-West Germanic: *laud (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”), and cognate with Latin plumbum (“lead”) and perhaps connected with Proto-Berber *būldūn.
Rix derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (compare Old Irish ·lúaidi (“moves”), Old Norse fleyta), an enlargement of *plew- (“to flow”); however, Matasovic and de Vaan consider the word to be a borrowing from an unknown substrate.


siti-

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: hit

Middle Breton: het

Breton: hed

Cornish: hes

Old Welsh: hit

Middle Welsh: hyt

Welsh: hyd

Old Irish: sith-

Possibly related to the adjective *sīros (“long”), but the short *i is unexpected; perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European participle *seh₁-tó- (“lengthened”) before undergoing Dybo's law, though this law's application might have been too early for the change of *eh₁ to *ē to *ī in Proto-Celtic. If not, then possibly from *sh₁i-ti- instead.
MacBain compares Proto-Germanic *sīdaz (“extra, excessive”), from *seh₁(i)- (“to send, sow, deposit”).


dinīti

dinīmi (active first-person present singular)
dinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
dida (active first-person preterite singular)
dinīsi (active present second-person singular)
dinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didas? (active preterite second-person singular)
dinīti (active present singular third-person)
dinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
dide (active preterite singular third-person)
dinamosi (active first-person plural present)
dinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didmo (active first-person plural preterite)
dinatesi (active plural present second-person)
dinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
disse (active plural preterite second-person)
dinenti (active plural present third-person)
dinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
didars (active plural preterite third-person)
dinī (active imperative second-person singular)
dinītou (active imperative singular third-person)
dinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
dinate (active imperative plural second-person)
dinentou (active imperative plural third-person)
dinīr (first-person passive present singular)
dinītar (passive present second-person singular)
dinītor (passive present singular third-person)
dinammor (first-person passive plural present)
dinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
dinentor (passive plural present third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *denad

Middle Breton: denaff

Breton: denañ

Cornish: dena

Middle Welsh: denu

Welsh: denu

Old Irish: denaid

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”), see also Latin fellō (“suck”), Old Church Slavonic доити (doiti, “to suckle”), Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “he sucks, drinks”).


kritos

kritos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kritou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kritoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
krite (masculine singular stem vocative)
kritou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kritūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kritom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kritou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kritoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kritī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kritous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kritom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kritūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kritobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kritobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kritei (locative masculine singular stem)
kritū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kritobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kritūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: crit

Cornish: dor-gryz

Old Welsh: crit

Middle Welsh: crid

Welsh: cryd

desctree

Old Irish: crith
Middle Irish: crith
Irish: crith
Manx: crie
Scottish Gaelic: crith

From Proto-Indo-European *krit-, from *(s)kreyt-, *(s)ker- (“twist, turn, bend”), see also Latin crīsāre.


tegoslougom

tegoslougom (nominative singular)
tegoslougou (dual nominative)
tegoslougā (nominative plural)
tegoslougom (singular vocative)
tegoslougou (dual vocative)
tegoslougā (plural vocative)
tegoslougom (accusative singular)
tegoslougou (accusative dual)
tegoslougā (accusative plural)
tegoslougī (genitive singular)
tegoslougous (dual genitive)
tegoslougom (genitive plural)
tegoslougūi (dative singular)
tegoslougobom (dative dual)
tegoslougobos (dative plural)
tegoslougei (locative singular)
tegoslougū (instrumental singular)
tegoslougobim (dual instrumental)
tegoslougūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *teɣlʉɣ

Old Cornish: teilu

Cornish: teylu

Old Welsh: telu

Middle Welsh: teilu

Welsh: teulu

Old Irish: teglach
Irish: teaghlach
Manx: thielagh
Scottish Gaelic: teaghlach

From *tegos (“house”) + *slougos (“army”).


brattos

brattos (masculine nominative singular stem)
brattou (dual masculine nominative stem)
brattoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
bratte (masculine singular stem vocative)
brattou (dual masculine stem vocative)
brattūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
brattom (accusative masculine singular stem)
brattou (accusative dual masculine stem)
brattoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
brattī (genitive masculine singular stem)
brattous (dual genitive masculine stem)
brattom (genitive masculine plural stem)
brattūi (dative masculine singular stem)
brattobom (dative dual masculine stem)
brattobos (dative masculine plural stem)
brattei (locative masculine singular stem)
brattū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
brattobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
brattūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: broz

Breton: brozh (“skirt”)

Old Irish: bratt
Irish: brat
Manx: brat
Scottish Gaelic: brat
→ Welsh: brat
→ Old English: bratt
>? English: brat (“cloth, apron”)

→ Welsh: brat

⇒ Old Irish: brattach

Irish: bratach

Scottish Gaelic: bratach
→ English: brattach

⇒ Old Breton: brothrac (possibly borrowed from Irish)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*brattinyos</i>

⇒ Middle Welsh: brethyn (“cloth”) (from *brattinyos)

Welsh: brethyn

Uncertain; a comparison with Sanskrit ग्रथ्नाति (grathnāti, “to tie, string together”), from Proto-Indo-European *gretH- (“to tie”), seems unlikely due to the difficulty between th and tt; also compare Ancient Greek φάρσος (phársos, “cloth, covering”). Matasovic suggests a substrate borrowing due to the unclear relationship with any other Indo-European words.


klownis

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Welsh: clun

desc

Middle Welsh: clun (“meadow, moor; brake; brushwood”)

Old Irish: clúain

Irish: cluain
→ English: Cloyne

Scottish Gaelic: cluain

→ English: Cluny

Celtiberian: *klounia (placename)

→ Latin: Clunia

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlopni-, from *ḱlep- (“wet, swampy”), see also Czech slota and Slovak slota (“rainy weather”), Lithuanian šlapias (“wet”), Ancient Greek κλέπας (klépas).


edennos

ɸedennos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ɸedennou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ɸedennoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ɸedenne (masculine singular stem vocative)
ɸedennou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ɸedennūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ɸedennom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ɸedennou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ɸedennoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ɸedennī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ɸedennous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ɸedennom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ɸedennūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ɸedennobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ɸedennobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ɸedennei (locative masculine singular stem)
ɸedennū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ɸedennobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ɸedennūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *eðenn
Middle Breton: ilieavenn
Breton: iliav, ilio, iliavenn (sgv.)
Cornish: idhyow, idhyo, idhyowen (sgv.)
Middle Welsh: eido, eiddio
Welsh: eiddew, eiddo

Old Irish: eiden, eidenn

Irish: eidheann

>? Manx: hibbin

Scottish Gaelic: eidheann

Unknown; possibly from earlier *ɸedennos, from Proto-Indo-European *ped-n̥-no-s, from *ped- (“to bind, tie, restrain”).


uɸodamyeti

uɸodamyū (active first-person present singular)
uɸodamyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
uɸodidamāsū (active first-person future singular)
uɸodamyesi (active present second-person singular)
uɸodamyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
uɸodidamāsesi (active future second-person singular)
uɸodamyeti (active present singular third-person)
uɸodamyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
uɸodidamāseti (active future singular third-person)
uɸodamyomosi (active first-person plural present)
uɸodamyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
uɸodidamāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
uɸodamyetesi (active plural present second-person)
uɸodamyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
uɸodidamāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
uɸodamyonti (active plural present third-person)
uɸodamyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
uɸodidamāsonti (active future plural third-person)
uɸodamasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
uɸodamasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸodamye (active imperative second-person singular)
uɸodamaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸodamyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
uɸodamasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
uɸodamyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
uɸodamasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸodamyete (active imperative plural second-person)
uɸodamasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸodamyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
uɸodamyūr (first-person passive present singular)
uɸodidamāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
uɸodamyetar (passive present second-person singular)
uɸodidamāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
uɸodamyetor (passive present singular third-person)
uɸodidamāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
uɸodamyommor (first-person passive plural present)
uɸodidamāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
uɸodamyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
uɸodidamāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
uɸodamyontor (passive plural present third-person)
uɸodidamāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
uɸodamasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
uɸodamasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸodamasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸodamasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
uɸodamasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸodamasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸodamtos (nominative singular)
uɸodamtou (dual nominative)
uɸodamtoi (nominative plural)
uɸodamte (singular vocative)
uɸodamtou (dual vocative)
uɸodamtoi (plural vocative)
uɸodamtom (accusative singular)
uɸodamtou (accusative dual)
uɸodamtoms (accusative plural)
uɸodamtī (genitive singular)
uɸodamtous (dual genitive)
uɸodamtom (genitive plural)
uɸodamtūi (dative singular)
uɸodamtobom (dative dual)
uɸodamtobos (dative plural)
uɸodamtū (instrumental singular)
uɸodamtobim (dual instrumental)
uɸodamtobis (instrumental plural)
uɸodamtā (nominative singular)
uɸodamtai (dual nominative)
uɸodamtās (nominative plural)
uɸodamtā (singular vocative)
uɸodamtai (dual vocative)
uɸodamtās (plural vocative)
uɸodamtam (accusative singular)
uɸodamtai (accusative dual)
uɸodamtams (accusative plural)
uɸodamtās (genitive singular)
uɸodamtai (dative singular)
uɸodamtābom (dative dual)
uɸodamtābos (dative plural)
uɸodamtābim (dual instrumental)
uɸodamtābis (instrumental plural)
uɸodamtom (nominative singular)
uɸodamtā (nominative plural)
uɸodamtom (singular vocative)
uɸodamtā (plural vocative)
uɸodamtā (accusative plural)


lēris

lēris (nominative singular)
lērī (dual nominative)
lērīs (nominative plural)
lēri (singular vocative)
lērī (dual vocative)
lērīs (plural vocative)
lērim (accusative singular)
lērī (accusative dual)
lērims (accusative plural)
lērēs (genitive singular)
lēryou (dual genitive)
lēryom (genitive plural)
lērē (dative singular)
lēribom (dative dual)
lēribos (dative plural)
lērī (instrumental singular)
lēribim (dual instrumental)
lēribis (instrumental plural)
lēri (nominative singular)
lēryā (nominative plural)
lēryā (plural vocative)
lēri (accusative singular)
lēryā (accusative plural)
lērois (genitive singular)
lērois (dual genitive)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨr

Old Breton: loir

Middle Welsh: llwyr

Welsh: llwyr

Old Irish: léir
Irish: léir
Scottish Gaelic: lèir


asselī

asselī (nominative singular)
asselī (dual nominative)
asseliyās (nominative plural)
asselī (singular vocative)
asselī (dual vocative)
asseliyās (plural vocative)
asselīm (accusative singular)
asselī (accusative dual)
asselīms (accusative plural)
asselyās (genitive singular)
asselyous (dual genitive)
asselyom (genitive plural)
asselyai (dative singular)
asselyābom (dative dual)
asselyābos (dative plural)
asselyābim (dual instrumental)
asselyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: esel

Breton: ezel

Cornish: esel

Old Irish: aisil, aisel, asil
Irish: aisil

Possibly of non-Indo-European origin as clear cognates in other languages are lacking, though it could formally match *ad-sel-; see *selwā (“possession”).


kambos

kambos (nominative singular)
kambou (dual nominative)
kamboi (nominative plural)
kambe (singular vocative)
kambou (dual vocative)
kamboi (plural vocative)
kambom (accusative singular)
kambou (accusative dual)
kamboms (accusative plural)
kambī (genitive singular)
kambous (dual genitive)
kambom (genitive plural)
kambūi (dative singular)
kambobom (dative dual)
kambobos (dative plural)
kambū (instrumental singular)
kambobim (dual instrumental)
kambobis (instrumental plural)
kambā (nominative singular)
kambai (dual nominative)
kambās (nominative plural)
kambā (singular vocative)
kambai (dual vocative)
kambās (plural vocative)
kambam (accusative singular)
kambai (accusative dual)
kambams (accusative plural)
kambās (genitive singular)
kambai (dative singular)
kambābom (dative dual)
kambābos (dative plural)
kambābim (dual instrumental)
kambābis (instrumental plural)
kambom (nominative singular)
kambā (nominative plural)
kambom (singular vocative)
kambā (plural vocative)
kambā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kam

Old Breton: camm

Middle Breton: kamm

Breton: kamm

Cornish: kamm

Old Welsh: cam (“evil, wrong”)

Middle Welsh: cam

Welsh: cam

→ English: kam

Old Irish: camm, cam
Irish: cam
Manx: cam
Scottish Gaelic: cam

Gaulish: Cambo, Καμβοδουνον

→ Latin: Campodūnum
Medieval Latin: Campidona
→ Middle High German: Kemptun
German: Kempten

→ Old French: camus

Middle French: camus

French: camus

desc

→ Middle English: camus, camuse, cammus, cammuse, camois, camoise, camoyse

English: camous, camoys

Hispano-Celtic:

→ Galician: camba; ⇒ canga, cambela, cambar

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱh₂embos (“crooked”), probably from the same substrate source as *kh₂em- (“to arch”). Compare Ancient Greek σκαμβός (skambós, “crooked”).


koslos

koslos (masculine nominative singular stem)
koslou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kosloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kosle (masculine singular stem vocative)
koslou (dual masculine stem vocative)
koslūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
koslom (accusative masculine singular stem)
koslou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kosloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
koslī (genitive masculine singular stem)
koslous (dual genitive masculine stem)
koslom (genitive masculine plural stem)
koslūi (dative masculine singular stem)
koslobom (dative dual masculine stem)
koslobos (dative masculine plural stem)
koslei (locative masculine singular stem)
koslū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
koslobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
koslūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *koll

Old Welsh: coll

Middle Welsh: coll(en)

Welsh: cyll

desctree

Old Irish: coll
Irish: coll
Manx: coull
Scottish Gaelic: coll

colwiden

Proto-Brythonic: *koll-ɣwɨð (literally “hazel wood”)


krissus

krissus (nominative singular)
krissū (dual nominative)
krissowes (nominative plural)
krissu (singular vocative)
krissū (dual vocative)
krissūs (plural vocative)
krissum (accusative singular)
krissū (accusative dual)
krissums (accusative plural)
krissous (genitive singular)
krissous (dual genitive)
krissowom (genitive plural)
krissou (dative singular)
krissubom (dative dual)
krissubos (dative plural)
krissū (instrumental singular)
krissubim (dual instrumental)
krissubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: guo-cris (“belt”)

Middle Breton: cres (“shirt”)

Breton: kres, krez

Old Cornish: kreis

Old Welsh: guecrissou

desc

Middle Welsh: crys (“shirt”), gwregys (“girdle, belt”)

Welsh: crys

Old Irish: cris

Irish: crios

Scottish Gaelic: crios

From Proto-Indo-European *krdʰ-tu-, suffixed form of the zero grade of *kerdʰ- (“belt”), see also Proto-Slavic *čersъ.


moxs

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mox
Middle Welsh: moch
Welsh: moch (“early, soon”)
→ Old Irish: moch
Irish: moch
Manx: mogh
Scottish Gaelic: moch

Old Irish: mó, mos

From Proto-Indo-European *moḱs, whence also Sanskrit मक्षू (makṣū, “fast; early”), Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬱𐬎 (mošu, “soon, quickly”), Latin mox (“soon”).


gezdā

gezdā (nominative singular)
gezdai (dual nominative)
gezdās (nominative plural)
gezdā (singular vocative)
gezdai (dual vocative)
gezdās (plural vocative)
gezdam (accusative singular)
gezdai (accusative dual)
gezdāms (accusative plural)
gezdās (genitive singular)
gezdous (dual genitive)
gezdom (genitive plural)
gezdāi (dative singular)
gezdābom (dative dual)
gezdābos (dative plural)
gezdai (locative singular)
gezdābim (dual instrumental)
gezdābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: gwaz

Old Cornish: guit

Cornish: goth

Middle Welsh: guit

Welsh: gŵydd

Middle Irish: géd

Irish: gé

Probably of imitative origin and not related to *gansis (though the latter is itself also probably onomatopoeic).

onomatopoeic

imitative


mammā

mammā (nominative singular)
mammai (dual nominative)
mammās (nominative plural)
mammā (singular vocative)
mammai (dual vocative)
mammās (plural vocative)
mammam (accusative singular)
mammai (accusative dual)
mammāms (accusative plural)
mammās (genitive singular)
mammous (dual genitive)
mammom (genitive plural)
mammāi (dative singular)
mammābom (dative dual)
mammābos (dative plural)
mammai (locative singular)
mammābim (dual instrumental)
mammābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mamm
Middle Breton: mamm
Breton: mamm
Old Cornish: mam
Middle Cornish: mam
Cornish: mamm
Middle Welsh: mam
Welsh: mam

Old Irish: muimme
Irish: muime, buime
Manx: mimmey
Scottish Gaelic: muime

A baby talk word, similar to Ancient Greek μάμμη (mámmē).

onomatopoeic

baby talk


lagisamos

lagisamos (nominative singular)
lagisamou (dual nominative)
lagisamoi (nominative plural)
lagisame (singular vocative)
lagisamou (dual vocative)
lagisamoi (plural vocative)
lagisamom (accusative singular)
lagisamou (accusative dual)
lagisamoms (accusative plural)
lagisamī (genitive singular)
lagisamous (dual genitive)
lagisamom (genitive plural)
lagisamūi (dative singular)
lagisamobom (dative dual)
lagisamobos (dative plural)
lagisamū (instrumental singular)
lagisamobim (dual instrumental)
lagisamobis (instrumental plural)
lagisamā (nominative singular)
lagisamai (dual nominative)
lagisamās (nominative plural)
lagisamā (singular vocative)
lagisamai (dual vocative)
lagisamās (plural vocative)
lagisamam (accusative singular)
lagisamai (accusative dual)
lagisamams (accusative plural)
lagisamās (genitive singular)
lagisamai (dative singular)
lagisamābom (dative dual)
lagisamābos (dative plural)
lagisamābim (dual instrumental)
lagisamābis (instrumental plural)
lagisamom (nominative singular)
lagisamā (nominative plural)
lagisamom (singular vocative)
lagisamā (plural vocative)
lagisamā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llaɣhaβ̃
Old Breton: leham, leiham, laham
Cornish: lyha
Middle Welsh: lleiaf
Welsh: lleiaf, lleia (colloquial)

Old Irish: lugimem, lugam

superlative degree of *legus (“small”): smallest, least


wegrom

wegros (masculine nominative singular stem)
wegrou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wegroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wegre (masculine singular stem vocative)
wegrou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wegrūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wegrom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wegrou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wegroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wegrī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wegrous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wegrom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wegrūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wegrobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wegrobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wegrei (locative masculine singular stem)
wegrū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wegrobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wegrūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweɣr

Cornish: gora

Middle Welsh: gweir

Welsh: gwair

Old Irish: fér
Irish: féar
Manx: faiyr
Scottish Gaelic: feur

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg- (“to increase, grow out”), comparable to Proto-Germanic *wahsijaną. However, it could instead be from *weǵ- (“strong, lively, awakened”), though the semantic development would be unclear.


kanis

kanis (nominative singular)
kanī (dual nominative)
kanīs (nominative plural)
kani (singular vocative)
kanī (dual vocative)
kanīs (plural vocative)
kanim (accusative singular)
kanī (accusative dual)
kanims (accusative plural)
kanēs (genitive singular)
kanyou (dual genitive)
kanyom (genitive plural)
kanē (dative singular)
kanibom (dative dual)
kanibos (dative plural)
kanī (instrumental singular)
kanibim (dual instrumental)
kanibis (instrumental plural)
kani (nominative singular)
kanyā (nominative plural)
kanyā (plural vocative)
kani (accusative singular)
kanyā (accusative plural)
kanois (genitive singular)
kanois (dual genitive)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: quen

Breton: ken

Middle Welsh: cein

Welsh: cain

Old Irish: cain (conflated with modern caín)

Sometimes said to be from *knyo-, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥-i-, from *ken- (“to begin, arise”), but this leaves a wide semantic gap. It could instead be from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


kruttos

kruttos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kruttou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kruttoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
krutte (masculine singular stem vocative)
kruttou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kruttūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kruttom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kruttou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kruttoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kruttī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kruttous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kruttom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kruttūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kruttobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kruttobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kruttei (locative masculine singular stem)
kruttū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kruttobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kruttūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *kruθ

Middle Welsh: crwth, croth

Welsh: crwth

Old Breton: courz (“vulva”)

Breton: kourzh (“vagina”)

Cornish: krowd (“violin”)

desctree

Old Irish: crott
Irish: cruit
Manx: cruitçh
Scottish Gaelic: cruit

Hispano-Celtic:

desc

→? Galician: cruto, curuto (“top, summit”)

Origin unclear, perhaps related to Latvian krūtis (“breast, bust”). Possibly related to Proto-Celtic *krundis (“round”).


lowenos

lowenos (nominative singular)
lowenou (dual nominative)
lowenoi (nominative plural)
lowene (singular vocative)
lowenou (dual vocative)
lowenoi (plural vocative)
lowenom (accusative singular)
lowenou (accusative dual)
lowenoms (accusative plural)
lowenī (genitive singular)
lowenous (dual genitive)
lowenom (genitive plural)
lowenūi (dative singular)
lowenobom (dative dual)
lowenobos (dative plural)
lowenū (instrumental singular)
lowenobim (dual instrumental)
lowenobis (instrumental plural)
lowenā (nominative singular)
lowenai (dual nominative)
lowenās (nominative plural)
lowenā (singular vocative)
lowenai (dual vocative)
lowenās (plural vocative)
lowenam (accusative singular)
lowenai (accusative dual)
lowenams (accusative plural)
lowenās (genitive singular)
lowenai (dative singular)
lowenābom (dative dual)
lowenābos (dative plural)
lowenābim (dual instrumental)
lowenābis (instrumental plural)
lowenom (nominative singular)
lowenā (nominative plural)
lowenom (singular vocative)
lowenā (plural vocative)
lowenā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llowen
Old Breton: louuen
Middle Breton: louen
Breton: laouen
Old Cornish: louen
Middle Cornish: lowen
Cornish: lowen
Middle Welsh: llawen
Welsh: llawen

Gaulish: *Lawenos

→ Latin: Lavenus

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“gain, benefit”).


taketi

takū (active first-person present singular)
takemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
takesi (active present second-person singular)
taketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
taketi (active present singular third-person)
taketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
takomosi (active first-person plural present)
takemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
taketesi (active plural present second-person)
takestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
takonti (active plural present third-person)
takento (active imperfect plural third-person)
take (active imperative second-person singular)
taketou (active imperative singular third-person)
takomos (active first-person imperative plural)
takete (active imperative plural second-person)
takontou (active imperative plural third-person)
takūr (first-person passive present singular)
taketar (passive present second-person singular)
taketor (passive present singular third-person)
takommor (first-person passive plural present)
takedwe (passive plural present second-person)
takontor (passive plural present third-person)
taxtos (nominative singular)
taxtou (dual nominative)
taxtoi (nominative plural)
taxte (singular vocative)
taxtou (dual vocative)
taxtoi (plural vocative)
taxtom (accusative singular)
taxtou (accusative dual)
taxtoms (accusative plural)
taxtī (genitive singular)
taxtous (dual genitive)
taxtom (genitive plural)
taxtūi (dative singular)
taxtobom (dative dual)
taxtobos (dative plural)
taxtū (instrumental singular)
taxtobim (dual instrumental)
taxtobis (instrumental plural)
taxtā (nominative singular)
taxtai (dual nominative)
taxtās (nominative plural)
taxtā (singular vocative)
taxtai (dual vocative)
taxtās (plural vocative)
taxtam (accusative singular)
taxtai (accusative dual)
taxtams (accusative plural)
taxtās (genitive singular)
taxtai (dative singular)
taxtābom (dative dual)
taxtābos (dative plural)
taxtābim (dual instrumental)
taxtābis (instrumental plural)
taxtom (nominative singular)
taxtā (nominative plural)
taxtom (singular vocative)
taxtā (plural vocative)
taxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: tagu

Breton: tago

Cornish: tage

Middle Welsh: tagu

Welsh: tagu

desc

⇒ Old Irish: tachtaid (from past participle stem)

Irish: tacht

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tak-, the source of Latin taceo (“I am silent”), Proto-Germanic *þagjaną (“to be silent”).


kuwannos

kuwannos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kuwannou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kuwannoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kuwanne (masculine singular stem vocative)
kuwannou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kuwannūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kuwannom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kuwannou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kuwannoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kuwannī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kuwannous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kuwannom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kuwannūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kuwannobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kuwannobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kuwannei (locative masculine singular stem)
kuwannū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kuwannobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kuwannūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kuwann f
Old Breton: couann, couhann
Middle Breton: couhenn, caouënn
Breton: kaouenn
→ Cornish: cowan
Early Vannetais Breton: cohan [1732 CE]
Vannetais Breton: kohann
Middle Welsh: cuan

Gaulish: *cawannos

Gaulish: Cauanos (personal name)

→ Late Latin: cavannus (“tawny owl”)
Old French: chavan
Middle French: chavan
Angevin: chahon, chohon, chéhon, choin
Berrichon: chavon
Norman: cahouain (Jèrriais)
Picard: cavan
Poitevin: chaon
Saintongeais: chavan
Old Occitan: chavan, chauana
Occitan: chavant, chavancou
Zarphatic Old French: javan
French: chat-huant

→ Vulgar Latin: *cava (“owl”) (semantic loan)
Direct reflexes:
Old French: choe, choue, chave
Middle French: choe, choue
→ Galician: choia
→ Spanish: chova; choya (dialectal)
Old Occitan: cau
Picard: caue, cave
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cawesca (diminutive)
Gallo-Romance:
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: chuèche
Old French:
Middle French: chevece, chevoiche, chavoce
French: chevêche
→ Romanian: ciovică (Wallachian)
Occitano-Romance:
Catalan: cauèca, cavèca
Old Occitan: cavesca
Occitan: cavèca (several dialects)
Gascon: chavèca, gavèca, bavèca
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cawetta (diminutive, likely influenced by an archaic form of Italian zibetto (“cat-like animal”))
Dalmatian:
civet
Italo-Romance:
Italian: civetta, ciovetta (dialectal)
North Italian:
Friulian: civuite
Romansch: tschuetta
Venetian: zovetta
Gallo-Romance:
Old French: *chouette, *chavette, suete, suette, çuete
Middle French: chouete, chüette, chouette
French: chouette
Norman: cahouette
Picard: cavette
Occitano-Romance:
Vivaro-Alpine: civeta

Probably imitative in origin. While formally similar to Proto-West Germanic *hūō and Proto-Slavic *sovà, regular derivation of these terms from a common root appears to be phonologically impossible.
Although often reconstructed as *kawannos on the evidence of the Latin borrowing, this cannot explain the Brythonic reflexes, which can only reflect *kuwann-. Schrijver suggests that -av- in the Latin borrowings may represent the adaption of a Gaulish sound sequence foreign to Latin phonology.

onomatopoeic

imitative


katyeti

katyū (active first-person present singular)
katyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
katyesi (active present second-person singular)
katyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
katyeti (active present singular third-person)
katyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
katyomosi (active first-person plural present)
katyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
katyetesi (active plural present second-person)
katyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
katyonti (active plural present third-person)
katyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
katye (active imperative second-person singular)
katyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
katyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
katyete (active imperative plural second-person)
katyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
katyūr (first-person passive present singular)
katyetar (passive present second-person singular)
katyetor (passive present singular third-person)
katyommor (first-person passive plural present)
katyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
katyontor (passive plural present third-person)

desctree

Old Irish: caithid (“use, consume”)
Middle Irish: caithid (“use, consume; throw”)
Irish: caith
Scottish Gaelic: caith
Manx: ceau

Gaulish: *kateya

→ Latin: catēia (“projectile”)

From the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *keh₂t-, compare Russian катать (katatʹ, “to rush, roll”). The original meaning of "throw" for the Irish word is assumed by Matasovic, though this use is not actually attested.


gabyeti

gabyū (active first-person present singular)
gabyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gaxsam (active first-person preterite singular)
gabyesi (active present second-person singular)
gabyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gaxss (active preterite second-person singular)
gabyeti (active present singular third-person)
gabyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gaxst (active preterite singular third-person)
gabyomosi (active first-person plural present)
gabyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gaxsme (active first-person plural preterite)
gabyetesi (active plural present second-person)
gabyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gaxste (active plural preterite second-person)
gabyonti (active plural present third-person)
gabyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gaxsant (active plural preterite third-person)
gaxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gaxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gabye (active imperative second-person singular)
gaxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gabyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
gaxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gabyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
gaxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gabyete (active imperative plural second-person)
gaxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gabyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gabyūr (first-person passive present singular)
gabyetar (passive present second-person singular)
gabyetor (passive present singular third-person)
gabyommor (first-person passive plural present)
gabyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gabyontor (passive plural present third-person)
gaxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gaxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gaxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gaxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gaxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gaxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gaxtos (nominative singular)
gaxtou (dual nominative)
gaxtoi (nominative plural)
gaxte (singular vocative)
gaxtou (dual vocative)
gaxtoi (plural vocative)
gaxtom (accusative singular)
gaxtou (accusative dual)
gaxtoms (accusative plural)
gaxtī (genitive singular)
gaxtous (dual genitive)
gaxtom (genitive plural)
gaxtūi (dative singular)
gaxtobom (dative dual)
gaxtobos (dative plural)
gaxtū (instrumental singular)
gaxtobim (dual instrumental)
gaxtobis (instrumental plural)
gaxtā (nominative singular)
gaxtai (dual nominative)
gaxtās (nominative plural)
gaxtā (singular vocative)
gaxtai (dual vocative)
gaxtās (plural vocative)
gaxtam (accusative singular)
gaxtai (accusative dual)
gaxtams (accusative plural)
gaxtās (genitive singular)
gaxtai (dative singular)
gaxtābom (dative dual)
gaxtābos (dative plural)
gaxtābim (dual instrumental)
gaxtābis (instrumental plural)
gaxtom (nominative singular)
gaxtā (nominative plural)
gaxtom (singular vocative)
gaxtā (plural vocative)
gaxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: caffout

Old Cornish: gauae

Old Welsh: ad-gabael

Middle Welsh: caffael

desctree

Old Irish: gaibid
Irish: gabh
Manx: gow
Scottish Gaelic: gabh

Gaulish: gabi, Gabiae

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-. Compare the verbal noun *gabaglā.

Old Irish: imm·imgaibMiddle Irish: imgaibidIrish: imghabh


sagyeti

sagyū (active first-person present singular)
sagyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sisaxsū (active first-person future singular)
sesāga (active first-person preterite singular)
sagyesi (active present second-person singular)
sagyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sisaxsesi (active future second-person singular)
sesāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
sagyeti (active present singular third-person)
sagyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sisaxseti (active future singular third-person)
sesāge (active preterite singular third-person)
sagyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sagyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sisaxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sesāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
sagyetesi (active plural present second-person)
sagyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sisaxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sesāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
sagyonti (active plural present third-person)
sagyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sisaxsonti (active future plural third-person)
sesāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
sāxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sāxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sagye (active imperative second-person singular)
sāxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sagyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sāxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sagyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sāxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sagyete (active imperative plural second-person)
sāxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sagyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sagyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sisaxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sagyetar (passive present second-person singular)
sisaxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sagyetor (passive present singular third-person)
sisaxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sagyommor (first-person passive plural present)
sisaxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sagyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sisaxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sagyontor (passive plural present third-person)
sisaxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sāxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sāxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sāxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sāxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sāxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sāxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
saxtos (nominative singular)
saxtou (dual nominative)
saxtoi (nominative plural)
saxte (singular vocative)
saxtou (dual vocative)
saxtoi (plural vocative)
saxtom (accusative singular)
saxtou (accusative dual)
saxtoms (accusative plural)
saxtī (genitive singular)
saxtous (dual genitive)
saxtom (genitive plural)
saxtūi (dative singular)
saxtobom (dative dual)
saxtobos (dative plural)
saxtū (instrumental singular)
saxtobim (dual instrumental)
saxtobis (instrumental plural)
saxtā (nominative singular)
saxtai (dual nominative)
saxtās (nominative plural)
saxtā (singular vocative)
saxtai (dual vocative)
saxtās (plural vocative)
saxtam (accusative singular)
saxtai (accusative dual)
saxtams (accusative plural)
saxtās (genitive singular)
saxtai (dative singular)
saxtābom (dative dual)
saxtābos (dative plural)
saxtābim (dual instrumental)
saxtābis (instrumental plural)
saxtom (nominative singular)
saxtā (nominative plural)
saxtom (singular vocative)
saxtā (plural vocative)
saxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: dir-haes

Breton: diraez (“attain, access”)

desc

Cornish: hedhes (“achieve, attain, reach”), drehedhes (“access, arrive, reach”)

Welsh: haeddu (“attempt”), cyrraedd (“arrive”)

Old Irish: saigid

⇒ Gaulish: Tecto-sagi

→ Latin: Tectosages

⇒ Gallaecian: Rigósages (possibly)

>? Latin: Curmisagius

i ndigaidIrish: i ndiaidhScottish Gaelic: an dèidh

Old Irish: íarmi·foichMiddle Irish: fóchtaid

fíarfaigidIrish: fiafraighScottish Gaelic: fiafraich


oβnus

obnus (nominative singular)
obnū (dual nominative)
obnowes (nominative plural)
obnu (singular vocative)
obnū (dual vocative)
obnūs (plural vocative)
obnum (accusative singular)
obnū (accusative dual)
obnums (accusative plural)
obnous (genitive singular)
obnous (dual genitive)
obnowom (genitive plural)
obnou (dative singular)
obnubom (dative dual)
obnubos (dative plural)
obnū (instrumental singular)
obnubim (dual instrumental)
obnubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *oβn
Middle Breton: oun
Breton: ovn
Cornish: own
Middle Welsh: ofuyn
Welsh: ofn

Old Irish: ómun, omun, homun (with short vowel)
Middle Irish: úaman, oman
Irish: uamhan
Scottish Gaelic: uabhann

Uncertain.
According to Matasović, possibly related to Proto-Slavic *ęga (“to shiver”), assuming the root to be Proto-Indo-European *h₁engʷ-, though this root is usually reconstructed as *h₁eng- on the basis of Proto-Germanic *inkô (“ache, regret”).
Or, from *h₂enǵʰ- (“to constrict, tighten”); see the cognates listed at Latvian īgt (“to be angry”).
An alternative theory links the root to Proto-Indo-European *pow- (“to fear”), to which Proto-Italic *pawēō (“to be afraid”) may also belong.


trāns

Proto-Brythonic: *trọs

Old Breton: tros

Middle Breton: treux

Breton: treuz

Cornish: treus

Old Welsh: traus

Middle Welsh: traws

Old Irish: trá

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂n̥t-s, from *térh₂-ont-s ~ *tr̥h₂-n̥t-és, participle of *térh₂-t ~ *tr̥h₂-ént (“to get through, cross over”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *trānts.


trē

Proto-Brythonic: *truɨ

Old Breton: tre, dre

Breton: dre

Old Welsh: troi

Middle Welsh: trwy

Welsh: trwy, drwy

Old Irish: tri, tre, tré, trí
Middle Irish: tre, tré, tri, trí
Irish: trí, tré; tré- (combining); fríd (Ulster), ⇒ fríd
Scottish Gaelic: tre
⇒ Manx: trooid

Suggested to be contracted from *trāē, from earlier *trāsē, dative singular of *trās, from earlier *trāns (“across”).
Alternatively, from pre-Celtic Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂éy, alternative form of *tr̥h₂és, both fossilized inflected forms of a root noun **térh₂s.
In either case, derived from the root *terh₂- (“to cross, go through”).


kūlos

kūlos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kūlou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kūloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kūle (masculine singular stem vocative)
kūlou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kūlūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kūlom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kūlou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kūloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kūlī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kūlous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kūlom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kūlūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kūlobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kūlobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kūlei (locative masculine singular stem)
kūlū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kūlobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kūlūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *kil

Middle Breton: quil

Breton: kil

Old Cornish: chil

Middle Welsh: kil

Welsh: cil

Old Irish: cúl (“back, rear, nape”)
Irish: cúl
Manx: cooyl
Scottish Gaelic: cùl

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), the most obvious cognate being Latin cūlus.


koryos

koryos (masculine nominative singular stem)
koryou (dual masculine nominative stem)
koryoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
korye (masculine singular stem vocative)
koryou (dual masculine stem vocative)
koryūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
koryom (accusative masculine singular stem)
koryou (accusative dual masculine stem)
koryoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
koryī (genitive masculine singular stem)
koryous (dual genitive masculine stem)
koryom (genitive masculine plural stem)
koryūi (dative masculine singular stem)
koryobom (dative dual masculine stem)
koryobos (dative masculine plural stem)
koryei (locative masculine singular stem)
koryū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
koryobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
koryūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cordd (“clan, tribe”)

Welsh: cordd

Old Irish: cuire

Middle Irish: cuire

Irish: cuire

Gaulish: *corios

⇒ Gaulish: *Āticorios

→ Latin: Atecorius

→⇒ Latin: Vocoriī

→⇒ Latin: Tricoriī

French: Trégor, Tréguier

→⇒ Latin: Petrucoriī

French: Périgord

From Proto-Indo-European *kóryos (“war, troops”), from *ker-, see also Lithuanian kãras, kãrias (“war”), Ancient Greek κοίρανος (koíranos, “ruler, commander, military leader”), Old Persian 𐎼𐎢 (r-u /kāra/, “people of war, army”).


blēdanī

blēdanī (nominative singular)
blēdanī (dual nominative)
blēdaniyās (nominative plural)
blēdanī (singular vocative)
blēdanī (dual vocative)
blēdaniyās (plural vocative)
blēdanīm (accusative singular)
blēdanī (accusative dual)
blēdanīms (accusative plural)
blēdanyās (genitive singular)
blēdanyous (dual genitive)
blēdanyom (genitive plural)
blēdanyai (dative singular)
blēdanyābom (dative dual)
blēdanyābos (dative plural)
blēdanyābim (dual instrumental)
blēdanyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bluɨðėn

Old Breton: blidan, bliden, blidon

Breton: blizen, blizenn

Old Cornish: bliþen

Middle Cornish: blythen

Cornish: bledhen

Old Welsh: bloidin

Middle Welsh: blwyðyn

Welsh: blwyddyn

Proto-Brythonic: *blɨneð (earlier *blɨðneð < nominative plural *blēdanyās)

Old Breton: blened

Middle Welsh: blyneð

Welsh: blynedd

desctree

Old Irish: blíadain
Irish: bliain
Manx: blein
Scottish Gaelic: bliadhna

Related to synonymous *blēdū, but with no known Indo-European cognates. Matasović says Pennaod’s connection of this word with Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyd- (“pale”) (compare Old Church Slavonic блѣдъ (blědŭ, “pale”), Old English blāt (“pale”), Lithuanian blaĩvas (“whitish”) “is possible formally…[but] the semantic connection is weak.” Stokes suggests Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleydʰ- (“to glide”) (Proto-Germanic *glīdaną), but MacBain writes that an evolution of ǵʰ- into Celtic b- is doubtful.


reketi

rekū (active first-person present singular)
rekemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rirxsū (active first-person future singular)
rirexsū (active first-person future singular)
reroka (active first-person preterite singular)
rekesi (active present second-person singular)
reketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rirxsesi (active future second-person singular)
rirexsesi (active future second-person singular)
rerokas? (active preterite second-person singular)
reketi (active present singular third-person)
reketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
rirxseti (active future singular third-person)
rirexseti (active future singular third-person)
reroke (active preterite singular third-person)
rekomosi (active first-person plural present)
rekemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rirxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
rirexsomosi (active first-person future plural)
rerokmo (active first-person plural preterite)
reketesi (active plural present second-person)
rekestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rirxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
rirexsetesi (active future plural second-person)
reroxte (active plural preterite second-person)
rekonti (active plural present third-person)
rekento (active imperfect plural third-person)
rirxsonti (active future plural third-person)
rirexsonti (active future plural third-person)
rerokars (active plural preterite third-person)
rexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
rexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
reke (active imperative second-person singular)
rexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
reketou (active imperative singular third-person)
rexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rekomos (active first-person imperative plural)
rexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rekete (active imperative plural second-person)
rexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rekontou (active imperative plural third-person)
rekūr (first-person passive present singular)
rirxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
rirexsūr (first-person future passive singular)
reketar (passive present second-person singular)
rirxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
rirexsetar (future passive second-person singular)
reketor (passive present singular third-person)
rirxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
rirexsetor (future passive singular third-person)
rekommor (first-person passive plural present)
rirxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
rirexsommor (first-person future passive plural)
rekedwe (passive plural present second-person)
rirxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
rirexsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
rekontor (passive plural present third-person)
rirxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
rirexsontor (future passive plural third-person)
rexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
rexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
rexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
rexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
rexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
rexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
rixtos (nominative singular)
rixtou (dual nominative)
rixtoi (nominative plural)
rixte (singular vocative)
rixtou (dual vocative)
rixtoi (plural vocative)
rixtom (accusative singular)
rixtou (accusative dual)
rixtoms (accusative plural)
rixtī (genitive singular)
rixtous (dual genitive)
rixtom (genitive plural)
rixtūi (dative singular)
rixtobom (dative dual)
rixtobos (dative plural)
rixtū (instrumental singular)
rixtobim (dual instrumental)
rixtobis (instrumental plural)
rixtā (nominative singular)
rixtai (dual nominative)
rixtās (nominative plural)
rixtā (singular vocative)
rixtai (dual vocative)
rixtās (plural vocative)
rixtam (accusative singular)
rixtai (accusative dual)
rixtams (accusative plural)
rixtās (genitive singular)
rixtai (dative singular)
rixtābom (dative dual)
rixtābos (dative plural)
rixtābim (dual instrumental)
rixtābis (instrumental plural)
rixtom (nominative singular)
rixtā (nominative plural)
rixtom (singular vocative)
rixtā (plural vocative)
rixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: atrec (“repentance”)

Welsh: atreg

Cornish: edrek (“regret”)

desctree

⇒ Old Irish: ad·eirrig, ad·errig
Middle Irish: aithrigid
Irish: athraigh
Manx: arree
Scottish Gaelic: atharraich

From Proto-Indo-European *(H)rek- (“to arrange, set in order”). Conventionally linked to Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”), Tocharian B reki (“word”), and Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rahnjan, “to count, calculate”).


komskʷom

komskʷom (nominative singular)
komskʷou (dual nominative)
komskʷā (nominative plural)
komskʷom (singular vocative)
komskʷou (dual vocative)
komskʷā (plural vocative)
komskʷom (accusative singular)
komskʷou (accusative dual)
komskʷā (accusative plural)
komskʷī (genitive singular)
komskʷous (dual genitive)
komskʷom (genitive plural)
komskūi (dative singular)
komskʷobom (dative dual)
komskʷobos (dative plural)
komskʷei (locative singular)
komskū (instrumental singular)
komskʷobim (dual instrumental)
komskʷūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: cosp

Welsh: cosb

Old Irish: cosc

Middle Irish: cosc

Irish: cosc

From *kom- + *-skʷ- + *-om, a zero-grade root neuter verbal noun from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”).