rināti

rināmi (active first-person present singular)
rinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rirīsū (active first-person future singular)
rira (active first-person preterite singular)
rināsi (active present second-person singular)
rinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rirīsesi (active future second-person singular)
riras? (active preterite second-person singular)
rināti (active present singular third-person)
rinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
rirīseti (active future singular third-person)
rire (active preterite singular third-person)
rinamosi (active first-person plural present)
rinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rirīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
rirmo (active first-person plural preterite)
rinatesi (active plural present second-person)
rinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rirīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
rire (active plural preterite second-person)
rinanti (active plural present third-person)
rinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
rirīsonti (active future plural third-person)
rirars (active plural preterite third-person)
reyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
reyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
rinā (active imperative second-person singular)
reyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
rinātou (active imperative singular third-person)
reyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
reyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rinate (active imperative plural second-person)
reyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rinantou (active imperative plural third-person)
rinār (first-person passive present singular)
rirīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
rinātar (passive present second-person singular)
rirīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
rinātor (passive present singular third-person)
rirīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
rinammor (first-person passive plural present)
rirīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
rinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
rirīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
rinantor (passive plural present third-person)
rirīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
reyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
reyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
reyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
reyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
reyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
reyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
rītos (nominative singular)
rītou (dual nominative)
rītoi (nominative plural)
rīte (singular vocative)
rītou (dual vocative)
rītoi (plural vocative)
rītom (accusative singular)
rītou (accusative dual)
rītoms (accusative plural)
rītī (genitive singular)
rītous (dual genitive)
rītom (genitive plural)
rītūi (dative singular)
rītobom (dative dual)
rītobos (dative plural)
rītū (instrumental singular)
rītobim (dual instrumental)
rītobis (instrumental plural)
rītā (nominative singular)
rītai (dual nominative)
rītās (nominative plural)
rītā (singular vocative)
rītai (dual vocative)
rītās (plural vocative)
rītam (accusative singular)
rītai (accusative dual)
rītams (accusative plural)
rītās (genitive singular)
rītai (dative singular)
rītābom (dative dual)
rītābos (dative plural)
rītābim (dual instrumental)
rītābis (instrumental plural)
rītom (nominative singular)
rītā (nominative plural)
rītom (singular vocative)
rītā (plural vocative)
rītā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: renaid
⇒ Middle Irish: reccaid (denominative from verbal noun)
Irish: reic
Scottish Gaelic: reic

Gaulish: rinoti

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ri-né-H-ti, nasal infix present of root *h₂reyH- (“to count”).


mantī

mantī (nominative singular)
mantī (dual nominative)
mantiyās (nominative plural)
mantī (singular vocative)
mantī (dual vocative)
mantiyās (plural vocative)
mantīm (accusative singular)
mantī (accusative dual)
mantīms (accusative plural)
mantyās (genitive singular)
mantyous (dual genitive)
mantyom (genitive plural)
mantyai (dative singular)
mantyābom (dative dual)
mantyābos (dative plural)
mantyābim (dual instrumental)
mantyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėnt

Old Breton: ment

Breton: ment

Cornish: mens, myns

Old Welsh: meint, mint

Middle Welsh: maint

Welsh: maint

Old Irish: méit
Irish: méid, méad
Scottish Gaelic: meud

From Proto-Indo-European *mh₁n̥tih₂, a feminine *-onts derivative of *meh₁- (“to measure”).


yālos

yālos (masculine nominative singular stem)
yālou (dual masculine nominative stem)
yāloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
yāle (masculine singular stem vocative)
yālou (dual masculine stem vocative)
yālūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
yālom (accusative masculine singular stem)
yālou (accusative dual masculine stem)
yāloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
yālī (genitive masculine singular stem)
yālous (dual genitive masculine stem)
yālom (genitive masculine plural stem)
yālūi (dative masculine singular stem)
yālobom (dative dual masculine stem)
yālobos (dative masculine plural stem)
yālei (locative masculine singular stem)
yālū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
yālobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
yālūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *yọl

Middle Welsh: iawl

Welsh: iawl

Old Irish: áil

From Proto-Indo-European *yéh₂los (“zeal”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos) and Serbo-Croatian jal (“envy, malice”).


eɸirom

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“near, on”). Originally a derived noun reworked into a preposition in Irish.


eɸirom

efirom (nominative singular)
efirou (dual nominative)
efirā (nominative plural)
efirom (singular vocative)
efirou (dual vocative)
efirā (plural vocative)
efirom (accusative singular)
efirou (accusative dual)
efirā (accusative plural)
efirī (genitive singular)
efirous (dual genitive)
efirom (genitive plural)
efirūi (dative singular)
efirobom (dative dual)
efirobos (dative plural)
efirei (locative singular)
efirū (instrumental singular)
efirobim (dual instrumental)
efirūis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: íar
Irish: ar (partly)

⇒ Gaulish: *ēri-, *ērico-, *ērno-

Éditions de la Différence
w::fr:Éditions de la Différence


bergā

bergā (nominative singular)
bergai (dual nominative)
bergās (nominative plural)
bergā (singular vocative)
bergai (dual vocative)
bergās (plural vocative)
bergam (accusative singular)
bergai (accusative dual)
bergāms (accusative plural)
bergās (genitive singular)
bergous (dual genitive)
bergom (genitive plural)
bergāi (dative singular)
bergābom (dative dual)
bergābos (dative plural)
bergai (locative singular)
bergābim (dual instrumental)
bergābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: beryf, bery

Welsh: bery (“bird of prey”)

Old Irish: berg

Plausibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”), similar to Latin fur (“thief”), though the *-gā suffix is unusual.


suwits

suwits (nominative singular)
suwide (dual nominative)
suwides (nominative plural)
suwits (singular vocative)
suwide (dual vocative)
suwides (plural vocative)
suwidam (accusative singular)
suwide (accusative dual)
suwidams (accusative plural)
suwidos (genitive singular)
suwidou (dual genitive)
suwidom (genitive plural)
suwidei (dative singular)
suwidobom (dative dual)
suwidobos (dative plural)
suwidi (locative singular)
suwide? (instrumental singular)
suwidobim (dual instrumental)
suwidobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: syw (“excellent”)

Old Irish: suí (“sage”)

From *su- (“good”) + *wid- (“to know”), literally “good-knower”.


-isamos

-isamos (nominative singular)
-isamou (dual nominative)
-isamoi (nominative plural)
-isame (singular vocative)
-isamou (dual vocative)
-isamoi (plural vocative)
-isamom (accusative singular)
-isamou (accusative dual)
-isamoms (accusative plural)
-isamī (genitive singular)
-isamous (dual genitive)
-isamom (genitive plural)
-isamūi (dative singular)
-isamobom (dative dual)
-isamobos (dative plural)
-isamū (instrumental singular)
-isamobim (dual instrumental)
-isamobis (instrumental plural)
-isamā (nominative singular)
-isamai (dual nominative)
-isamās (nominative plural)
-isamā (singular vocative)
-isamai (dual vocative)
-isamās (plural vocative)
-isamam (accusative singular)
-isamai (accusative dual)
-isamams (accusative plural)
-isamās (genitive singular)
-isamai (dative singular)
-isamābom (dative dual)
-isamābos (dative plural)
-isamābim (dual instrumental)
-isamābis (instrumental plural)
-isamom (nominative singular)
-isamā (nominative plural)
-isamom (singular vocative)
-isamā (plural vocative)
-isamā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-haβ̃

Old Breton: -ham

Breton: -añ

Old Welsh: -ham

Middle Welsh: -af

Welsh: -af

Old Irish: -em (superlative suffix)

Gaulish: -isamos

From a combination of *-is- (zero-grade intensive adjectival suffix) + *-tm̥mós (superlative suffix).

senos (“old”) + *-isamos → *senisamos (“oldest”) (whence Old Irish sinem and Welsh hynaf)


duketi

dukū (active first-person present singular)
dukemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
diduxsū (active first-person future singular)
dudouka (active first-person preterite singular)
dukesi (active present second-person singular)
duketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
diduxsesi (active future second-person singular)
dudoukas? (active preterite second-person singular)
duketi (active present singular third-person)
duketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
diduxseti (active future singular third-person)
dudouke (active preterite singular third-person)
dukomosi (active first-person plural present)
dukemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
diduxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
dudoukmo (active first-person plural preterite)
duketesi (active plural present second-person)
dukestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
diduxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
dudouxte (active plural preterite second-person)
dukonti (active plural present third-person)
dukento (active imperfect plural third-person)
diduxsonti (active future plural third-person)
dudoukars (active plural preterite third-person)
douxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
douxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
duke (active imperative second-person singular)
douxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
duketou (active imperative singular third-person)
douxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dukomos (active first-person imperative plural)
douxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dukete (active imperative plural second-person)
douxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dukontou (active imperative plural third-person)
dukūr (first-person passive present singular)
diduxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
duketar (passive present second-person singular)
diduxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
duketor (passive present singular third-person)
diduxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
dukommor (first-person passive plural present)
diduxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
dukedwe (passive plural present second-person)
diduxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
dukontor (passive plural present third-person)
diduxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
douxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
douxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
douxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
douxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
douxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
douxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
duxtos (nominative singular)
duxtou (dual nominative)
duxtoi (nominative plural)
duxte (singular vocative)
duxtou (dual vocative)
duxtoi (plural vocative)
duxtom (accusative singular)
duxtou (accusative dual)
duxtoms (accusative plural)
duxtī (genitive singular)
duxtous (dual genitive)
duxtom (genitive plural)
duxtūi (dative singular)
duxtobom (dative dual)
duxtobos (dative plural)
duxtū (instrumental singular)
duxtobim (dual instrumental)
duxtobis (instrumental plural)
duxtā (nominative singular)
duxtai (dual nominative)
duxtās (nominative plural)
duxtā (singular vocative)
duxtai (dual vocative)
duxtās (plural vocative)
duxtam (accusative singular)
duxtai (accusative dual)
duxtams (accusative plural)
duxtās (genitive singular)
duxtai (dative singular)
duxtābom (dative dual)
duxtābos (dative plural)
duxtābim (dual instrumental)
duxtābis (instrumental plural)
duxtom (nominative singular)
duxtā (nominative plural)
duxtom (singular vocative)
duxtā (plural vocative)
duxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: douen

Breton: dougen

Cornish: don

Middle Welsh: dwyn

Welsh: dwyn

From Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”).


uɸolexs

uɸolexs (nominative singular)
uɸolege (dual nominative)
uɸoleges (nominative plural)
uɸolexs (singular vocative)
uɸolege (dual vocative)
uɸoleges (plural vocative)
uɸolegam (accusative singular)
uɸolege (accusative dual)
uɸolegams (accusative plural)
uɸolegos (genitive singular)
uɸolegou (dual genitive)
uɸolegom (genitive plural)
uɸolegei (dative singular)
uɸolegobom (dative dual)
uɸolegobos (dative plural)
uɸolegi (locative singular)
uɸolege? (instrumental singular)
uɸolegobim (dual instrumental)
uɸolegobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwal

Middle Welsh: gwâl

Welsh: gwâl

Old Irish: foil

⇒ Old Irish: muccfoil (“pigsty”)

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *leg- (“to lie”), literally “lying underneath”.


-iyos

-yos (masculine nominative singular stem)
-you (dual masculine nominative stem)
-yoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-ye (masculine singular stem vocative)
-you (dual masculine stem vocative)
-yūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
-yom (accusative masculine singular stem)
-you (accusative dual masculine stem)
-yoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-yī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-yous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-yom (genitive masculine plural stem)
-yūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-yobom (dative dual masculine stem)
-yobos (dative masculine plural stem)
-yei (locative masculine singular stem)
-yū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-yobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-yūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *-ɨð

Welsh: -ydd

From an enlargement of *-os (agent suffix) by analogy with the feminine abstract suffix *-iyā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (agent suffix).

sag- (“to seek”) + *-iyos → *sagyos (“seeker”)


sukaros

sukaros (nominative singular)
sukarou (dual nominative)
sukaroi (nominative plural)
sukare (singular vocative)
sukarou (dual vocative)
sukaroi (plural vocative)
sukarom (accusative singular)
sukarou (accusative dual)
sukaroms (accusative plural)
sukarī (genitive singular)
sukarous (dual genitive)
sukarom (genitive plural)
sukarūi (dative singular)
sukarobom (dative dual)
sukarobos (dative plural)
sukarū (instrumental singular)
sukarobim (dual instrumental)
sukarobis (instrumental plural)
sukarā (nominative singular)
sukarai (dual nominative)
sukarās (nominative plural)
sukarā (singular vocative)
sukarai (dual vocative)
sukarās (plural vocative)
sukaram (accusative singular)
sukarai (accusative dual)
sukarams (accusative plural)
sukarās (genitive singular)
sukarai (dative singular)
sukarābom (dative dual)
sukarābos (dative plural)
sukarābim (dual instrumental)
sukarābis (instrumental plural)
sukarom (nominative singular)
sukarā (nominative plural)
sukarom (singular vocative)
sukarā (plural vocative)
sukarā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hugar

desc

⇒ Old Breton: Gurhugar, Haelhucar, Haelhocar (personal names)

Breton: hegar

Middle Cornish: hegar

Cornish: hegar

Middle Welsh: hygar

Welsh: hygar

Gaulish: *Sucaros

→ Latin: Sucarus


sagiyos

sagyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
sagyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
sagyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
sagye (masculine singular stem vocative)
sagyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
sagyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
sagyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
sagyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
sagyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
sagyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
sagyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
sagyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
sagyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
sagyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
sagyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
sagyei (locative masculine singular stem)
sagyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
sagyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
sagyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: -aige

Gaulish: *Sagios

→ Latin: Sagius

From *sag- (“to seek”) + *-iyos (agent suffix).


wourū

wourū (active first-person preterite singular)
wourūs (active preterite second-person singular)
wourū (active preterite singular third-person)
wouramo (active first-person plural preterite)
wourate (active plural preterite second-person)
wourars (active plural preterite third-person)
wrītos (nominative singular)
wrītou (dual nominative)
wrītoi (nominative plural)
wrīte (singular vocative)
wrītou (dual vocative)
wrītoi (plural vocative)
wrītom (accusative singular)
wrītou (accusative dual)
wrītoms (accusative plural)
wrītī (genitive singular)
wrītous (dual genitive)
wrītom (genitive plural)
wrītūi (dative singular)
wrītobom (dative dual)
wrītobos (dative plural)
wrītū (instrumental singular)
wrītobim (dual instrumental)
wrītobis (instrumental plural)
wrītā (nominative singular)
wrītai (dual nominative)
wrītās (nominative plural)
wrītā (singular vocative)
wrītai (dual vocative)
wrītās (plural vocative)
wrītam (accusative singular)
wrītai (accusative dual)
wrītams (accusative plural)
wrītās (genitive singular)
wrītai (dative singular)
wrītābom (dative dual)
wrītābos (dative plural)
wrītābim (dual instrumental)
wrītābis (instrumental plural)
wrītom (nominative singular)
wrītā (nominative plural)
wrītom (singular vocative)
wrītā (plural vocative)
wrītā (accusative plural)

desc

preterite forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">fo·gaib</i>

Old Irish: fo·fúair, fo·fríth (preterite forms of fo·gaib)

preterite of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ga">faigh</i>

Irish: fuair (preterite of faigh)

preterite of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gd">faigh</i>

Scottish Gaelic: fhuair (preterite of faigh)

preterite of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gv">fow</i>

Manx: hooar (preterite of fow)

Generally held as cognate to Ancient Greek εὑρίσκω (heurískō, “to find, discover”). The root may be reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *wreh₁- or *werh₁-; it is impossible to ascertain which is correct.


kriniti

krinimi (active first-person present singular)
krinimam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikrīsū (active first-person future singular)
krinisi (active present second-person singular)
krinitās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikrīsesi (active future second-person singular)
kriniti (active present singular third-person)
krinito (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikrīseti (active future singular third-person)
krinimosi (active first-person plural present)
krinimo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikrīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
krinitesi (active plural present second-person)
krinistē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikrīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
krininti (active plural present third-person)
krininto (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikrīsonti (active future plural third-person)
kreyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kreyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
krini (active imperative second-person singular)
kreyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
krinitou (active imperative singular third-person)
kreyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
krinimos (active first-person imperative plural)
kreyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
krinite (active imperative plural second-person)
kreyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
krinintou (active imperative plural third-person)
krinir (first-person passive present singular)
kikrīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
krinitar (passive present second-person singular)
kikrīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
krinitor (passive present singular third-person)
kikrīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
krinimmor (first-person passive plural present)
kikrīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
krinidwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikrīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
krinintor (passive plural present third-person)
kikrīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
kreyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kreyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kreyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kreyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kreyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kreyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *krinɨð

Middle Welsh: crynu

Welsh: crynu

desc

Middle Breton: crenaff (1sg. present), cren (3sg. present), creno (3sg. subjunctive)

Middle Cornish: krena

From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to shake”).


tudeti

tudū (active first-person present singular)
tudemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
titutsū (active first-person future singular)
keram (active first-person preterite singular)
tudesi (active present second-person singular)
tudetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
titutsesi (active future second-person singular)
keras (active preterite second-person singular)
tudeti (active present singular third-person)
tudeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
titutseti (active future singular third-person)
kerat (active preterite singular third-person)
tudomosi (active first-person plural present)
tudemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
titutsomosi (active first-person future plural)
kerame (active first-person plural preterite)
tudetesi (active plural present second-person)
tudestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
titutsetesi (active future plural second-person)
kerate (active plural preterite second-person)
tudonti (active plural present third-person)
tudento (active imperfect plural third-person)
titutsonti (active future plural third-person)
kerant (active plural preterite third-person)
toutsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
toutsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
tude (active imperative second-person singular)
toutseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
tudetou (active imperative singular third-person)
toutsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
tudomos (active first-person imperative plural)
toutsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
tudete (active imperative plural second-person)
toutsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
tudontou (active imperative plural third-person)
tudūr (first-person passive present singular)
titutsūr (first-person future passive singular)
tudetar (passive present second-person singular)
titutsetar (future passive second-person singular)
tudetor (passive present singular third-person)
titutsetor (future passive singular third-person)
tudommor (first-person passive plural present)
titutsommor (first-person future passive plural)
tudedwe (passive plural present second-person)
titutsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
tudontor (passive plural present third-person)
titutsontor (future passive plural third-person)
toutsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
toutsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
toutsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
toutsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
toutsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
toutsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
tussos (nominative singular)
tussou (dual nominative)
tussoi (nominative plural)
tusse (singular vocative)
tussou (dual vocative)
tussoi (plural vocative)
tussom (accusative singular)
tussou (accusative dual)
tussoms (accusative plural)
tussī (genitive singular)
tussous (dual genitive)
tussom (genitive plural)
tussūi (dative singular)
tussobom (dative dual)
tussobos (dative plural)
tussū (instrumental singular)
tussobim (dual instrumental)
tussobis (instrumental plural)
tussā (nominative singular)
tussai (dual nominative)
tussās (nominative plural)
tussā (singular vocative)
tussai (dual vocative)
tussās (plural vocative)
tussam (accusative singular)
tussai (accusative dual)
tussams (accusative plural)
tussās (genitive singular)
tussai (dative singular)
tussābom (dative dual)
tussābos (dative plural)
tussābim (dual instrumental)
tussābis (instrumental plural)
tussom (nominative singular)
tussā (nominative plural)
tussom (singular vocative)
tussā (plural vocative)
tussā (accusative plural)

desctree

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*to-</i> prefixed

⇒ Old Irish: do·tuit (with *to- prefixed)
Middle Irish: do·fuit, ·tuit
Irish: tuit, tit
Manx: tuitt
Scottish Gaelic: tuit

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to hit”). The closest cognate is Sanskrit तुदति (tudati, “to strike, hit”).
The preterite stem *kera- is suppletive and comes from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“to break”).


kiyeti

kiyū (active first-person present singular)
kiyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikīsū (active first-person future singular)
kika (active first-person preterite singular)
kiyesi (active present second-person singular)
kiyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikīsesi (active future second-person singular)
kikas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kiyeti (active present singular third-person)
kiyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikīseti (active future singular third-person)
kike (active preterite singular third-person)
kiyomosi (active first-person plural present)
kiyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
kikmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kiyetesi (active plural present second-person)
kiyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
kixte (active plural preterite second-person)
kiyonti (active plural present third-person)
kiyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikīsonti (active future plural third-person)
kikars (active plural preterite third-person)
keyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
keyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kiye (active imperative second-person singular)
keyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kiyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
keyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kiyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
keyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kiyete (active imperative plural second-person)
keyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kiyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kiyūr (first-person passive present singular)
kikīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
kiyetar (passive present second-person singular)
kikīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
kiyetor (passive present singular third-person)
kikīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
kiyommor (first-person passive plural present)
kikīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
kiyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kiyontor (passive plural present third-person)
kikīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
keyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
keyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
keyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
keyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
keyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
keyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kitos (nominative singular)
kitou (dual nominative)
kitoi (nominative plural)
kite (singular vocative)
kitou (dual vocative)
kitoi (plural vocative)
kitom (accusative singular)
kitou (accusative dual)
kitoms (accusative plural)
kitī (genitive singular)
kitous (dual genitive)
kitom (genitive plural)
kitūi (dative singular)
kitobom (dative dual)
kitobos (dative plural)
kitū (instrumental singular)
kitobim (dual instrumental)
kitobis (instrumental plural)
kitā (nominative singular)
kitai (dual nominative)
kitās (nominative plural)
kitā (singular vocative)
kitai (dual vocative)
kitās (plural vocative)
kitam (accusative singular)
kitai (accusative dual)
kitams (accusative plural)
kitās (genitive singular)
kitai (dative singular)
kitābom (dative dual)
kitābos (dative plural)
kitābim (dual instrumental)
kitābis (instrumental plural)
kitom (nominative singular)
kitā (nominative plural)
kitom (singular vocative)
kitā (plural vocative)
kitā (accusative plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: (converted to deponent)

Middle Welsh: ciawr, cior (3sg present)

Old Irish: ciid (“to cry”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to fall”).


kʷantyos

kʷantyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kʷantyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kʷantyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kʷantye (masculine singular stem vocative)
kʷantyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kʷantyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kʷantyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kʷantyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kʷantyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kʷantyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kʷantyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kʷantyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kʷantyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kʷantyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kʷantyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kʷantyei (locative masculine singular stem)
kʷantyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kʷantyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kʷantyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: pantet

Middle Breton: pant

Cornish: pans

Middle Welsh: pant

Pictish: ᚘᚐᚅᚈ (“hollow”)

Middle Irish: céite

Presumably related to Latin cumulus (“hill, heap”), Old English hwamm (“corner, angle”), Old Norse hvammr (“vale”), but Matasovic finds the origin of these words "very problematic."


dāyetor

dāyūr (first-person passive present singular)
dāyetar (passive present second-person singular)
dāyetor (passive present singular third-person)
dāyommor (first-person passive plural present)
dāyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
dāyontor (passive plural present third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *dọr

Middle Breton: deur (present tense)

Middle Welsh: doraf (1sg present), dawr (3sg present)

confused with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">at·tá</i> (“to exist”)

Old Irish: dáthar, dáas (confused with at·tá (“to exist”))

Unknown. Matasović notes a possible connection to Proto-Indo-European *deh₁- (“to bind”), but dismisses it as semantically unsatisfactory.


guseti

gusū (active first-person present singular)
gusemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gigussū (active first-person future singular)
gugousa (active first-person preterite singular)
gusesi (active present second-person singular)
gusetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gigussesi (active future second-person singular)
gugousas? (active preterite second-person singular)
guseti (active present singular third-person)
guseto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gigusseti (active future singular third-person)
gugouse (active preterite singular third-person)
gusomosi (active first-person plural present)
gusemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gigussomosi (active first-person future plural)
gugousmo (active first-person plural preterite)
gusetesi (active plural present second-person)
gusestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gigussetesi (active future plural second-person)
gugouse (active plural preterite second-person)
gusonti (active plural present third-person)
gusento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gigussonti (active future plural third-person)
gugousars (active plural preterite third-person)
goussū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
goussesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
guse (active imperative second-person singular)
gousseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gusetou (active imperative singular third-person)
goussomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gusomos (active first-person imperative plural)
goussetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gusete (active imperative plural second-person)
goussonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gusontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gusūr (first-person passive present singular)
gigussūr (first-person future passive singular)
gusetar (passive present second-person singular)
gigussetar (future passive second-person singular)
gusetor (passive present singular third-person)
gigussetor (future passive singular third-person)
gusommor (first-person passive plural present)
gigussommor (first-person future passive plural)
gusedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gigussedwe (future passive plural second-person)
gusontor (passive plural present third-person)
gigussontor (future passive plural third-person)
goussūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
goussetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
goussetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
goussommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
goussedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
goussontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gustos (nominative singular)
gustou (dual nominative)
gustoi (nominative plural)
guste (singular vocative)
gustou (dual vocative)
gustoi (plural vocative)
gustom (accusative singular)
gustou (accusative dual)
gustoms (accusative plural)
gustī (genitive singular)
gustous (dual genitive)
gustom (genitive plural)
gustūi (dative singular)
gustobom (dative dual)
gustobos (dative plural)
gustū (instrumental singular)
gustobim (dual instrumental)
gustobis (instrumental plural)
gustā (nominative singular)
gustai (dual nominative)
gustās (nominative plural)
gustā (singular vocative)
gustai (dual vocative)
gustās (plural vocative)
gustam (accusative singular)
gustai (accusative dual)
gustams (accusative plural)
gustās (genitive singular)
gustai (dative singular)
gustābom (dative dual)
gustābos (dative plural)
gustābim (dual instrumental)
gustābis (instrumental plural)
gustom (nominative singular)
gustā (nominative plural)
gustom (singular vocative)
gustā (plural vocative)
gustā (accusative plural)

⇒ Old Irish: asa·gúsi

⇒ Old Irish: do·goa

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwseti (“to taste, choose”), converted to the zero grade.


dingeti

dingū (active first-person present singular)
dingemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
didixsū (active first-person future singular)
didoiga (active first-person preterite singular)
dingesi (active present second-person singular)
dingetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didixsesi (active future second-person singular)
didoigas? (active preterite second-person singular)
dingeti (active present singular third-person)
dingeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
didixseti (active future singular third-person)
didoige (active preterite singular third-person)
dingomosi (active first-person plural present)
dingemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
didoigmo (active first-person plural preterite)
dingetesi (active plural present second-person)
dingestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
didixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
didoixte (active plural preterite second-person)
dingonti (active plural present third-person)
dingento (active imperfect plural third-person)
didixsonti (active future plural third-person)
didoigars (active plural preterite third-person)
deixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
deixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dinge (active imperative second-person singular)
deixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dingetou (active imperative singular third-person)
deixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dingomos (active first-person imperative plural)
deixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dingete (active imperative plural second-person)
deixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dingontou (active imperative plural third-person)
dingūr (first-person passive present singular)
didixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
dingetar (passive present second-person singular)
didixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
dingetor (passive present singular third-person)
didixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
dingommor (first-person passive plural present)
didixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
dingedwe (passive plural present second-person)
didixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
dingontor (passive plural present third-person)
didixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
deixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
deixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
deixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
deixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
deixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
deixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dixtos (nominative singular)
dixtou (dual nominative)
dixtoi (nominative plural)
dixte (singular vocative)
dixtou (dual vocative)
dixtoi (plural vocative)
dixtom (accusative singular)
dixtou (accusative dual)
dixtoms (accusative plural)
dixtī (genitive singular)
dixtous (dual genitive)
dixtom (genitive plural)
dixtūi (dative singular)
dixtobom (dative dual)
dixtobos (dative plural)
dixtū (instrumental singular)
dixtobim (dual instrumental)
dixtobis (instrumental plural)
dixtā (nominative singular)
dixtai (dual nominative)
dixtās (nominative plural)
dixtā (singular vocative)
dixtai (dual vocative)
dixtās (plural vocative)
dixtam (accusative singular)
dixtai (accusative dual)
dixtams (accusative plural)
dixtās (genitive singular)
dixtai (dative singular)
dixtābom (dative dual)
dixtābos (dative plural)
dixtābim (dual instrumental)
dixtābis (instrumental plural)
dixtom (nominative singular)
dixtā (nominative plural)
dixtom (singular vocative)
dixtā (plural vocative)
dixtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: dingid

desc

⇒ Celtiberian: ambitiseti (3sg subjunctive), ambitinkounei (infinitive)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form”).


bayeti

bayū (active first-person present singular)
bayemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibasū (active first-person future singular)
bebū (active first-person preterite singular)
bayesi (active present second-person singular)
bayetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibasesi (active future second-person singular)
bebūs (active preterite second-person singular)
bayeti (active present singular third-person)
bayeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibaseti (active future singular third-person)
bebū (active preterite singular third-person)
bayomosi (active first-person plural present)
bayemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibasomosi (active first-person future plural)
bebamo (active first-person plural preterite)
bayetesi (active plural present second-person)
bayestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibasetesi (active future plural second-person)
bebate (active plural preterite second-person)
bayonti (active plural present third-person)
bayento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibasonti (active future plural third-person)
bebars (active plural preterite third-person)
bāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
bāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
baye (active imperative second-person singular)
bāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
bayetou (active imperative singular third-person)
bāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
bayomos (active first-person imperative plural)
bāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
bayete (active imperative plural second-person)
bāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
bayontou (active imperative plural third-person)
bayūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibasūr (first-person future passive singular)
bayetar (passive present second-person singular)
bibasetar (future passive second-person singular)
bayetor (passive present singular third-person)
bibasetor (future passive singular third-person)
bayommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibasommor (first-person future passive plural)
bayedwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
bayontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibasontor (future passive plural third-person)
bāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
bāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
bāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
bāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
bāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
bāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
batos (nominative singular)
batou (dual nominative)
batoi (nominative plural)
bate (singular vocative)
batou (dual vocative)
batoi (plural vocative)
batom (accusative singular)
batou (accusative dual)
batoms (accusative plural)
batī (genitive singular)
batous (dual genitive)
batom (genitive plural)
batūi (dative singular)
batobom (dative dual)
batobos (dative plural)
batū (instrumental singular)
batobim (dual instrumental)
batobis (instrumental plural)
batā (nominative singular)
batai (dual nominative)
batās (nominative plural)
batā (singular vocative)
batai (dual vocative)
batās (plural vocative)
batam (accusative singular)
batai (accusative dual)
batams (accusative plural)
batās (genitive singular)
batai (dative singular)
batābom (dative dual)
batābos (dative plural)
batābim (dual instrumental)
batābis (instrumental plural)
batom (nominative singular)
batā (nominative plural)
batom (singular vocative)
batā (plural vocative)
batā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: baïd

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (“to go”); semantic evolution "go away" > "die".


altrawū

altrawū (nominative singular)
altrawone? (dual nominative)
altrawones (nominative plural)
altrawū (singular vocative)
altrawone? (dual vocative)
altrawones (plural vocative)
altrawonam (accusative singular)
altrawone? (accusative dual)
altrawonams (accusative plural)
altrawonos (genitive singular)
altrawonows? (dual genitive)
altrawonom (genitive plural)
altrawonei (dative singular)
altrawombom (dative dual)
altrawombos (dative plural)
altrawon (locative singular)
altrawoni (locative singular)
altrawonei (instrumental singular)
altrawombim (dual instrumental)
altrawombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *alltrọw

Breton: aotroù (“lord”)

Cornish: alltrow (“stepfather”)

Welsh: alltraw (“godfather”)

Welsh: athro (“teacher”)

Middle Irish: altra (“foster father”)

Irish: altra (“foster father”)

From *altros (“foster”), from *altos (“nourished, fostered”) + *-tros, + *awū (“uncle”).


ɸroannketi

ɸroannkū (active first-person present singular)
ɸroannkemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸroīnxsū (active first-person future singular)
ɸroānonka (active first-person preterite singular)
ɸroannkesi (active present second-person singular)
ɸroannketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸroīnxsesi (active future second-person singular)
ɸroānonkas? (active preterite second-person singular)
ɸroannketi (active present singular third-person)
ɸroannketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸroīnxseti (active future singular third-person)
ɸroānonke (active preterite singular third-person)
ɸroannkomosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸroannkemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸroīnxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ɸroānonkmo (active first-person plural preterite)
ɸroannketesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸroannkestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸroīnxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ɸroānonxte (active plural preterite second-person)
ɸroannkonti (active plural present third-person)
ɸroannkento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸroīnxsonti (active future plural third-person)
ɸroānonkars (active plural preterite third-person)
ɸroīnxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ɸroīnxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸroannke (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸroīnxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸroannketou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸroīnxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ɸroannkomos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸroīnxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸroannkete (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸroīnxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸroannkontou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸroannkūr (first-person passive present singular)
ɸroīnxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ɸroannketar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸroīnxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ɸroannketor (passive present singular third-person)
ɸroīnxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ɸroannkommor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸroīnxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ɸroannkedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸroīnxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ɸroannkontor (passive plural present third-person)
ɸroīnxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ɸroīnxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ɸroīnxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸroīnxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸroīnxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ɸroīnxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸroīnxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸroanxtos (nominative singular)
ɸroanxtou (dual nominative)
ɸroanxtoi (nominative plural)
ɸroanxte (singular vocative)
ɸroanxtou (dual vocative)
ɸroanxtoi (plural vocative)
ɸroanxtom (accusative singular)
ɸroanxtou (accusative dual)
ɸroanxtoms (accusative plural)
ɸroanxtī (genitive singular)
ɸroanxtous (dual genitive)
ɸroanxtom (genitive plural)
ɸroanxtūi (dative singular)
ɸroanxtobom (dative dual)
ɸroanxtobos (dative plural)
ɸroanxtū (instrumental singular)
ɸroanxtobim (dual instrumental)
ɸroanxtobis (instrumental plural)
ɸroanxtā (nominative singular)
ɸroanxtai (dual nominative)
ɸroanxtās (nominative plural)
ɸroanxtā (singular vocative)
ɸroanxtai (dual vocative)
ɸroanxtās (plural vocative)
ɸroanxtam (accusative singular)
ɸroanxtai (accusative dual)
ɸroanxtams (accusative plural)
ɸroanxtās (genitive singular)
ɸroanxtai (dative singular)
ɸroanxtābom (dative dual)
ɸroanxtābos (dative plural)
ɸroanxtābim (dual instrumental)
ɸroanxtābis (instrumental plural)
ɸroanxtom (nominative singular)
ɸroanxtā (nominative plural)
ɸroanxtom (singular vocative)
ɸroanxtā (plural vocative)
ɸroanxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rėnkɨd

Middle Breton: ranquout, rencout

Breton: rankout

Middle Welsh: rhyngu, rhengi

desctree

Old Irish: ro·icc
Irish: righ
Manx: raink (suppletive past stem of rosh)
Scottish Gaelic: ruig


begeti

begū (active first-person present singular)
begemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bāga (active first-person preterite singular)
begesi (active present second-person singular)
begetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bāgas? (active preterite second-person singular)
begeti (active present singular third-person)
begeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bāge (active preterite singular third-person)
begomosi (active first-person plural present)
begemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bāgmo (active first-person plural preterite)
begetesi (active plural present second-person)
begestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
begonti (active plural present third-person)
begento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bāgars (active plural preterite third-person)
bexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
bexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
bege (active imperative second-person singular)
bexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
begetou (active imperative singular third-person)
bexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
begomos (active first-person imperative plural)
bexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
begete (active imperative plural second-person)
bexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
begontou (active imperative plural third-person)
begūr (first-person passive present singular)
begetar (passive present second-person singular)
begetor (passive present singular third-person)
begommor (first-person passive plural present)
begedwe (passive plural present second-person)
begontor (passive plural present third-person)
bexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
bexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
bexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
bexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
bexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
bexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
bextos (nominative singular)
bextou (dual nominative)
bextoi (nominative plural)
bexte (singular vocative)
bextou (dual vocative)
bextoi (plural vocative)
bextom (accusative singular)
bextou (accusative dual)
bextoms (accusative plural)
bextī (genitive singular)
bextous (dual genitive)
bextom (genitive plural)
bextūi (dative singular)
bextobom (dative dual)
bextobos (dative plural)
bextū (instrumental singular)
bextobim (dual instrumental)
bextobis (instrumental plural)
bextā (nominative singular)
bextai (dual nominative)
bextās (nominative plural)
bextā (singular vocative)
bextai (dual vocative)
bextās (plural vocative)
bextam (accusative singular)
bextai (accusative dual)
bextams (accusative plural)
bextās (genitive singular)
bextai (dative singular)
bextābom (dative dual)
bextābos (dative plural)
bextābim (dual instrumental)
bextābis (instrumental plural)
bextom (nominative singular)
bextā (nominative plural)
bextom (singular vocative)
bextā (plural vocative)
bextā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: ro·mbecht (passive singular)


dalnīti

dalnīmi (active first-person present singular)
dalnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
didlāsū (active first-person future singular)
dilam (active first-person preterite singular)
dalnīsi (active present second-person singular)
dalnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didlāsesi (active future second-person singular)
dils (active preterite second-person singular)
dalnīti (active present singular third-person)
dalnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
didlāseti (active future singular third-person)
dilt (active preterite singular third-person)
dalnamosi (active first-person plural present)
dalnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didlāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
dilme (active first-person plural preterite)
dalnatesi (active plural present second-person)
dalnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
didlāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
dilte (active plural preterite second-person)
dalnenti (active plural present third-person)
dalnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
didlāsonti (active future plural third-person)
dilant (active plural preterite third-person)
delasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
delasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dalnī (active imperative second-person singular)
delaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dalnītou (active imperative singular third-person)
delasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dalnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
delasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dalnate (active imperative plural second-person)
delasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dalnentou (active imperative plural third-person)
dalnīr (first-person passive present singular)
didlāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
dalnītar (passive present second-person singular)
didlāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
dalnītor (passive present singular third-person)
didlāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
dalnammor (first-person passive plural present)
didlāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
dalnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
didlāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
dalnentor (passive plural present third-person)
didlāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
delasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
delasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
delasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
delasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
delasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
delasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *dėlnjọd

Middle Welsh: deillyau

Welsh: deillio

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁-, related to Ancient Greek θάλλω (thállō).


awū

awū (nominative singular)
awone? (dual nominative)
awones (nominative plural)
awū (singular vocative)
awone? (dual vocative)
awones (plural vocative)
awonam (accusative singular)
awone? (accusative dual)
awonams (accusative plural)
awonos (genitive singular)
awonows? (dual genitive)
awonom (genitive plural)
awonei (dative singular)
awombom (dative dual)
awombos (dative plural)
awon (locative singular)
awoni (locative singular)
awonei (instrumental singular)
awombim (dual instrumental)
awombis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂-ō ~ *h₂uh₂-nés, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os (“maternal grandfather, uncle”).


damnāti

damnāmi (active first-person present singular)
damnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
damnāsi (active present second-person singular)
damnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
damnāti (active present singular third-person)
damnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
damnamosi (active first-person plural present)
damnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
damnatesi (active plural present second-person)
damnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
damnanti (active plural present third-person)
damnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
damnā (active imperative second-person singular)
damnātou (active imperative singular third-person)
damnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
damnate (active imperative plural second-person)
damnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
damnār (first-person passive present singular)
damnātar (passive present second-person singular)
damnātor (passive present singular third-person)
damnammor (first-person passive plural present)
damnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
damnantor (passive plural present third-person)

Old Irish: damnaid (“to subdue”)

From Proto-Indo-European *demh₂- (“to subdue, tame”).


bundeti

bundū (active first-person present singular)
bundemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibutsū (active first-person future singular)
bubouda (active first-person preterite singular)
bundesi (active present second-person singular)
bundetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibutsesi (active future second-person singular)
buboudas? (active preterite second-person singular)
bundeti (active present singular third-person)
bundeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibutseti (active future singular third-person)
buboude (active preterite singular third-person)
bundomosi (active first-person plural present)
bundemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibutsomosi (active first-person future plural)
buboudmo (active first-person plural preterite)
bundetesi (active plural present second-person)
bundestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibutsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bubousse (active plural preterite second-person)
bundonti (active plural present third-person)
bundento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibutsonti (active future plural third-person)
buboudars (active plural preterite third-person)
boutsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
boutsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
bunde (active imperative second-person singular)
boutseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
bundetou (active imperative singular third-person)
boutsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
bundomos (active first-person imperative plural)
boutsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
bundete (active imperative plural second-person)
boutsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
bundontou (active imperative plural third-person)
bundūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibutsūr (first-person future passive singular)
bundetar (passive present second-person singular)
bibutsetar (future passive second-person singular)
bundetor (passive present singular third-person)
bibutsetor (future passive singular third-person)
bundommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibutsommor (first-person future passive plural)
bundedwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibutsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
bundontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibutsontor (future passive plural third-person)
boutsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
boutsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
boutsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
boutsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
boutsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
boutsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
bussos (nominative singular)
bussou (dual nominative)
bussoi (nominative plural)
busse (singular vocative)
bussou (dual vocative)
bussoi (plural vocative)
bussom (accusative singular)
bussou (accusative dual)
bussoms (accusative plural)
bussī (genitive singular)
bussous (dual genitive)
bussom (genitive plural)
bussūi (dative singular)
bussobom (dative dual)
bussobos (dative plural)
bussū (instrumental singular)
bussobim (dual instrumental)
bussobis (instrumental plural)
bussā (nominative singular)
bussai (dual nominative)
bussās (nominative plural)
bussā (singular vocative)
bussai (dual vocative)
bussās (plural vocative)
bussam (accusative singular)
bussai (accusative dual)
bussams (accusative plural)
bussās (genitive singular)
bussai (dative singular)
bussābom (dative dual)
bussābos (dative plural)
bussābim (dual instrumental)
bussābis (instrumental plural)
bussom (nominative singular)
bussā (nominative plural)
bussom (singular vocative)
bussā (plural vocative)
bussā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”)


brendeti

brendū (active first-person present singular)
brendemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibrantsū (active first-person future singular)
bebronda (active first-person preterite singular)
brendesi (active present second-person singular)
brendetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibrantsesi (active future second-person singular)
bebrondas? (active preterite second-person singular)
brendeti (active present singular third-person)
brendeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibrantseti (active future singular third-person)
bebronde (active preterite singular third-person)
brendomosi (active first-person plural present)
brendemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibrantsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bebrondmo (active first-person plural preterite)
brendetesi (active plural present second-person)
brendestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibrantsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bebronsse (active plural preterite second-person)
brendonti (active plural present third-person)
brendento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibrantsonti (active future plural third-person)
bebrondars (active plural preterite third-person)
brentsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
brentsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
brende (active imperative second-person singular)
brentseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
brendetou (active imperative singular third-person)
brentsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
brendomos (active first-person imperative plural)
brentsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
brendete (active imperative plural second-person)
brentsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
brendontou (active imperative plural third-person)
brendūr (first-person passive present singular)
bibrantsūr (first-person future passive singular)
brendetar (passive present second-person singular)
bibrantsetar (future passive second-person singular)
brendetor (passive present singular third-person)
bibrantsetor (future passive singular third-person)
brendommor (first-person passive plural present)
bibrantsommor (first-person future passive plural)
brendedwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibrantsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
brendontor (passive plural present third-person)
bibrantsontor (future passive plural third-person)
brentsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
brentsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
brentsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
brentsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
brentsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
brentsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Only possible cognates in Baltic (such as Lithuanian bręsti (“to ripen”)) have been identified, leading to a possible root *bʰrendʰ- to be reconstructed to cover both the Baltic and Celtic material.


delgos

delgos (masculine nominative singular stem)
delgou (dual masculine nominative stem)
delgoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
delge (masculine singular stem vocative)
delgou (dual masculine stem vocative)
delgūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
delgom (accusative masculine singular stem)
delgou (accusative dual masculine stem)
delgoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
delgī (genitive masculine singular stem)
delgous (dual genitive masculine stem)
delgom (genitive masculine plural stem)
delgūi (dative masculine singular stem)
delgobom (dative dual masculine stem)
delgobos (dative masculine plural stem)
delgei (locative masculine singular stem)
delgū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
delgobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
delgūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Old Irish: delg (“thorn; pin”)
Middle Irish: delg
Irish: dealg
Scottish Gaelic: dealg
Manx: jialg

Middle Welsh: dala (“sting”)

Old Cornish: delc(h) (“jewel”)

Gaulish:

→? Vulgar Latin: *daculum (“sickle”)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelg- (“sting”), whence also Proto-Germanic *dalkaz, Latin falx.


brīgā

brīgā (nominative singular)
brīgā (singular vocative)
brīgam (accusative singular)
brīgās (genitive singular)
brīgāi (dative singular)
brīgai (locative singular)

Old Irish: bríg
Irish: brí
Manx: bree
Scottish Gaelic: brìgh


brīgos

brīgos (masculine nominative singular stem)
brīge (masculine singular stem vocative)
brīgom (accusative masculine singular stem)
brīgī (genitive masculine singular stem)
brīgūi (dative masculine singular stem)
brīgei (locative masculine singular stem)
brīgū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *briɣ

Middle Breton: bry

Cornish: bry

Middle Welsh: bri

Welsh: bri

Gaulish: *brīgos

→ Vulgar Latin: *brīgus

Old Occitan: briu

Catalan: briu

Old Galician-Portuguese: brio

Galician: brío

Portuguese: brio

Spanish: brío
→ Italian: brio
→ English: brio
→ French: brio

Sicilian: sbriguni

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrḗǵʰ-o-s, thematized from *bʰrḗǵʰ-s ~ *bʰréǵʰ-s, from liquid metathesized *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise; high”), compare cognates Latin fortis (“strong, powerful”), Sanskrit बृहत् (bṛhat, “mighty, strong”). Alternatively related to Proto-West Germanic *krīgan (“to strive”) and Ancient Greek βρῖθος (brîthos, “weight”), from hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *gʷreyH-, however the Greek is likely a substrate borrowing, and neither are semantically compelling.


gandeti

gandū (active first-person present singular)
gandemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
geganda (active first-person preterite singular)
gandesi (active present second-person singular)
gandetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gegandas? (active preterite second-person singular)
gandeti (active present singular third-person)
gandeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gegande (active preterite singular third-person)
gandomosi (active first-person plural present)
gandemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gegandmo (active first-person plural preterite)
gandetesi (active plural present second-person)
gandestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gegansse (active plural preterite second-person)
gandonti (active plural present third-person)
gandento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gegandars (active plural preterite third-person)
getsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
getsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gande (active imperative second-person singular)
getseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gandetou (active imperative singular third-person)
getsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gandomos (active first-person imperative plural)
getsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gandete (active imperative plural second-person)
getsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gandontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gandūr (first-person passive present singular)
gandetar (passive present second-person singular)
gandetor (passive present singular third-person)
gandommor (first-person passive plural present)
gandedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gandontor (passive plural present third-person)
getsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
getsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
getsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
getsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
getsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
getsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Middle Welsh: gannaf (1sg.), gein, geyn (3sg.)

Welsh: genni

⇒ Old Irish: ro·geinn

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (“to find, take, seize, hold”).


glinati

glinami (active first-person present singular)
glinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
giglīsū (active first-person future singular)
gigla (active first-person preterite singular)
glinasi (active present second-person singular)
glinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
giglīsesi (active future second-person singular)
giglas? (active preterite second-person singular)
glinati (active present singular third-person)
glinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
giglīseti (active future singular third-person)
gigle (active preterite singular third-person)
glinamosi (active first-person plural present)
glinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
giglīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
giglmo (active first-person plural preterite)
glinatesi (active plural present second-person)
glinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
giglīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
gigle (active plural preterite second-person)
glinanti (active plural present third-person)
glinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
giglīsonti (active future plural third-person)
giglars (active plural preterite third-person)
gleyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gleyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
glina (active imperative second-person singular)
gleyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
glinatou (active imperative singular third-person)
gleyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
glinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
gleyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
glinate (active imperative plural second-person)
gleyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
glinantou (active imperative plural third-person)
glinar (first-person passive present singular)
giglīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
glinatar (passive present second-person singular)
giglīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
glinator (passive present singular third-person)
giglīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
glinammor (first-person passive plural present)
giglīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
glinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
giglīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
glinantor (passive plural present third-person)
giglīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
gleyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gleyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gleyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gleyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gleyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gleyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *glɨnad

Middle Breton: *glenaff

⇒ Middle Breton: englenaff

Middle Welsh: glynu

Welsh: glynu

⇒ Middle Welsh: canlyn, canlid

Welsh: canlyn

⇒ Middle Welsh: dilyn, dilit

Welsh: dilyn

⇒ Middle Welsh: erlyn

⇒ Middle Welsh: ymlyn

Welsh: ymlynu

Old Irish: glenaid
Irish: glean


grindeti

grindū (active first-person present singular)
grindemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gigritsū (active first-person future singular)
gigroida (active first-person preterite singular)
grindesi (active present second-person singular)
grindetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gigritsesi (active future second-person singular)
gigroidas? (active preterite second-person singular)
grindeti (active present singular third-person)
grindeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gigritseti (active future singular third-person)
gigroide (active preterite singular third-person)
grindomosi (active first-person plural present)
grindemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gigritsomosi (active first-person future plural)
gigroidmo (active first-person plural preterite)
grindetesi (active plural present second-person)
grindestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gigritsetesi (active future plural second-person)
gigroisse (active plural preterite second-person)
grindonti (active plural present third-person)
grindento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gigritsonti (active future plural third-person)
gigroidars (active plural preterite third-person)
greitsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
greitsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
grinde (active imperative second-person singular)
greitseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
grindetou (active imperative singular third-person)
greitsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
grindomos (active first-person imperative plural)
greitsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
grindete (active imperative plural second-person)
greitsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
grindontou (active imperative plural third-person)
grindūr (first-person passive present singular)
gigritsūr (first-person future passive singular)
grindetar (passive present second-person singular)
gigritsetar (future passive second-person singular)
grindetor (passive present singular third-person)
gigritsetor (future passive singular third-person)
grindommor (first-person passive plural present)
gigritsommor (first-person future passive plural)
grindedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gigritsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
grindontor (passive plural present third-person)
gigritsontor (future passive plural third-person)
greitsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
greitsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
greitsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
greitsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
greitsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
greitsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
grissos (nominative singular)
grissou (dual nominative)
grissoi (nominative plural)
grisse (singular vocative)
grissou (dual vocative)
grissoi (plural vocative)
grissom (accusative singular)
grissou (accusative dual)
grissoms (accusative plural)
grissī (genitive singular)
grissous (dual genitive)
grissom (genitive plural)
grissūi (dative singular)
grissobom (dative dual)
grissobos (dative plural)
grissū (instrumental singular)
grissobim (dual instrumental)
grissobis (instrumental plural)
grissā (nominative singular)
grissai (dual nominative)
grissās (nominative plural)
grissā (singular vocative)
grissai (dual vocative)
grissās (plural vocative)
grissam (accusative singular)
grissai (accusative dual)
grissams (accusative plural)
grissās (genitive singular)
grissai (dative singular)
grissābom (dative dual)
grissābos (dative plural)
grissābim (dual instrumental)
grissābis (instrumental plural)
grissom (nominative singular)
grissā (nominative plural)
grissom (singular vocative)
grissā (plural vocative)
grissā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *grɨnnɨð

desc

Middle Welsh: grynio, grynu, grynnyaw, grynnyau

Welsh: grynio

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreydʰ-, whence also Old Church Slavonic грѧсти (gręsti, “to go”) and Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌳 (grid). See Proto-Slavic *gręsti for more cognates.


ɸarewēdyom

ɸarewēdyom (nominative singular)
ɸarewēdyou (dual nominative)
ɸarewēdyā (nominative plural)
ɸarewēdyom (singular vocative)
ɸarewēdyou (dual vocative)
ɸarewēdyā (plural vocative)
ɸarewēdyom (accusative singular)
ɸarewēdyou (accusative dual)
ɸarewēdyā (accusative plural)
ɸarewēdyī (genitive singular)
ɸarewēdyous (dual genitive)
ɸarewēdyom (genitive plural)
ɸarewēdyūi (dative singular)
ɸarewēdyobom (dative dual)
ɸarewēdyobos (dative plural)
ɸarewēdyei (locative singular)
ɸarewēdyū (instrumental singular)
ɸarewēdyobim (dual instrumental)
ɸarewēdyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *arwuɨð

Middle Breton: argoez

Breton: arouez

Middle Welsh: arwyd

Welsh: arwydd

Old Irish: airde

Middle Irish: airde


ɸlowī

ɸlowī (nominative singular)
ɸlowī (dual nominative)
ɸlowiyās (nominative plural)
ɸlowī (singular vocative)
ɸlowī (dual vocative)
ɸlowiyās (plural vocative)
ɸlowīm (accusative singular)
ɸlowī (accusative dual)
ɸlowīms (accusative plural)
ɸlowyās (genitive singular)
ɸlowyous (dual genitive)
ɸlowyom (genitive plural)
ɸlowyai (dative singular)
ɸlowyābom (dative dual)
ɸlowyābos (dative plural)
ɸlowyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlowyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llüw
⇒ Breton: lewier m (“pilot”)
Old Cornish: leu
Cornish: lew (“rudder”)
Middle Welsh: llyw m (“rudder, tail, leader, pilot”)
Welsh: llyw

Old Irish: luí

From Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to float”).


rāmyos

rāmyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
rāmyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
rāmyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
rāmye (masculine singular stem vocative)
rāmyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
rāmyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
rāmyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
rāmyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
rāmyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
rāmyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
rāmyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
rāmyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
rāmyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
rāmyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
rāmyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
rāmyei (locative masculine singular stem)
rāmyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
rāmyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
rāmyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrọβ̃

Middle Breton: reuf

Breton: reuñv

Cornish: rev

Middle Welsh: raw

Welsh: rhaw

Old Irish: rámae
Middle Irish: ráma
Irish: rámh, rámha
Manx: raue
Scottish Gaelic: ràmh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to row”), whence also the verb *rāyeti. The "oar" sense was the original meaning.


skʷiyats

skʷiyats (nominative singular)
skʷiyate (dual nominative)
skʷiyates (nominative plural)
skʷiyats (singular vocative)
skʷiyate (dual vocative)
skʷiyates (plural vocative)
skʷiyatam (accusative singular)
skʷiyate (accusative dual)
skʷiyatams (accusative plural)
skʷiyatos (genitive singular)
skʷiyatou (dual genitive)
skʷiyatom (genitive plural)
skʷiyatei (dative singular)
skʷiyatobom (dative dual)
skʷiyatobos (dative plural)
skʷiyati (locative singular)
skʷiyate? (instrumental singular)
skʷiyatobim (dual instrumental)
skʷiyatobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *spɨðad m (“thorn bushes”)

Middle Breton: spezadenn

Breton: spezad (“gooseberry”)

Cornish: spethas f (“briars”)

Old Welsh: ispidatenn

Middle Welsh: yspidat

Welsh: ysbyddad (“hawthorn”), ysbaddad, sbaddad

Pictish: *ᚄᚚᚔᚌᚐᚇ (*spijad, “thorn”)

Old Irish: scé (“hawthorn”), sciad pl

Middle Irish: scé (“thorn bush, whitethorn”), sciach pl

Irish: sceach

Manx: sceach

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: sceathan (“thorn bush”)

→ English: Skeen (surname)

From Proto-Indo-European *skwey-, whence came also many Balto-Slavic cognates like Proto-Slavic *xvoja (“conifer needle”).


nessais

Proto-Brythonic: *nes

Middle Breton: nes

Breton: nes

Old Cornish: nes

Middle Cornish: nes

Old Welsh: nes

Middle Welsh: nes

Welsh: nes

desctree

Old Irish: nessa, nesa, neso, nesso, nessu, nesu
Irish: neasa
⇒ Irish: neas
Manx: niessey

From Proto-Indo-European *Hnedʰ-so- or *Hnedʰ-to-, from *Hnedʰ- (“to bind”); compare Sanskrit नहुस् (náhus, “neighbor”) and नह्यति (náhyati, “to bind”).
The superlative *nessamos is cognate with Oscan nessimas and Umbrian 𐌍𐌄𐌔𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌉 (nesimei, “nearest”).
A different etymology is given by Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, which connects it with Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas (“nearer”) (Sanskrit नेदीयस् (nedīyas), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬋 (nazdiiō)), from Proto-Indo-European *nésdyos (“nearer”), from the root *nesd- (“near”). However, Proto-Celtic *swizdeti and *nizdos show that Proto-Indo-European *-sd- becomes Proto-Celtic *-zd-, which in turn becomes /θ/ in Brythonic and /d/ in Goidelic (compare also *kʷezdis becoming Gaulish *pettyā, Welsh peth and Irish cuid). It does not become Gaulish -ꟈꟈ- and Insular Celtic *-ss-. The Osco-Umbrian cognates are also inconsistent with this hypothesis.


esyās

head

*esyās f (masculine and neuter *esyo, plural *ēsom)

Proto-Brythonic: *(h)eið

Middle Breton: he

Breton: he

Cornish: hy

Old Welsh: hi, i

desc

Middle Welsh: y (determiner), eidi (disjunctive, remodeled like a conjugated preposition)

Welsh: ei

Old Irish: a (“her”), aí (“hers”)

Irish: a (“her”)

Scottish Gaelic: a (“her”)

Manx: e (“her”)


esyo

head

*esyo m or n (feminine *esyās, plural *ēsom)

Proto-Brythonic: *eið

Middle Breton: e

Breton: e

Cornish: y

Old Welsh: hi, i

desc

Middle Welsh: y (“his, its”) (determiner), eidaw (disjunctive)

Welsh: ei

Old Irish: a (“his, its”) (determiner), aí (disjunctive)

Irish: a (“his, its”)

Scottish Gaelic: a (“his, its”)

Manx: e

From Proto-Indo-European *ésyo, genitive singular of *éy.


texstus

texstus (nominative singular)
texstu (singular vocative)
texstum (accusative singular)
texstous (genitive singular)
texstou (dative singular)
texstū (instrumental singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *tes

Old Breton: tes

Breton: tes

Old Cornish: tes

Cornish: tes

Middle Welsh: tes

Welsh: tes

Old Irish: tes, tess

Middle Irish: tes, tess

Irish: teas

Scottish Gaelic: teas

Manx: chiass

From Proto-Indo-European *tép-s-tus, from *tep- (“heat”) + *-tus (action noun suffix).


rēdis

rēdis (nominative singular)
rēdī (dual nominative)
rēdīs (nominative plural)
rēdi (singular vocative)
rēdī (dual vocative)
rēdīs (plural vocative)
rēdim (accusative singular)
rēdī (accusative dual)
rēdims (accusative plural)
rēdēs (genitive singular)
rēdyou (dual genitive)
rēdyom (genitive plural)
rēdē (dative singular)
rēdibom (dative dual)
rēdibos (dative plural)
rēdī (instrumental singular)
rēdibim (dual instrumental)
rēdibis (instrumental plural)
rēdi (nominative singular)
rēdyā (nominative plural)
rēdyā (plural vocative)
rēdi (accusative singular)
rēdyā (accusative plural)
rēdois (genitive singular)
rēdois (dual genitive)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *rruɨð
Old Breton: ruet
Middle Breton: rouez
Breton: rouez (“rare, sparse, transparent”)
Old Welsh: ruid (“empty, vacant”)
Welsh: rhwydd

Old Irish: réid

Middle Irish: réid

Irish: réidh

Scottish Gaelic: rèidh

Manx: rea

Generally held by Celticists as related to *rēdeti (“to ride”) and also related to Proto-Germanic *raidaz (“ready”).


kolanis

kolanis (nominative singular)
kolanī (dual nominative)
kolanīs (nominative plural)
kolani (singular vocative)
kolanī (dual vocative)
kolanīs (plural vocative)
kolanim (accusative singular)
kolanī (accusative dual)
kolanims (accusative plural)
kolaneis (genitive singular)
kolanyow (dual genitive)
kolanyom (genitive plural)
kolanei (dative singular)
kolanibom (dative dual)
kolanibos (dative plural)
kolanei (locative singular)
kolanī (instrumental singular)
kolanibim (dual instrumental)
kolanibis (instrumental plural)
kolanī (nominative singular)
kolanī (dual nominative)
kolaniyās (nominative plural)
kolanī (singular vocative)
kolanī (dual vocative)
kolaniyās (plural vocative)
kolanīm (accusative singular)
kolanī (accusative dual)
kolanīms (accusative plural)
kolanyās (genitive singular)
kolanyous (dual genitive)
kolanyom (genitive plural)
kolanyai (dative singular)
kolanyābom (dative dual)
kolanyābos (dative plural)
kolanyābim (dual instrumental)
kolanyābis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: colinn
Irish: colainn
Manx: callin
Scottish Gaelic: colann

Proto-Brythonic: *kölẹn

Breton: kelan

Middle Welsh: kelein

Welsh: celain

From Proto-Indo-European *kel(H)-, whence also Proto-Germanic *huldą (“corpse, carcass”).


kʷalnati

kʷalnīmi (active first-person present singular)
kʷalnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kʷalnīsi (active present second-person singular)
kʷalnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kʷalnīti (active present singular third-person)
kʷalnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
kʷalnamosi (active first-person plural present)
kʷalnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kʷalnatesi (active plural present second-person)
kʷalnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kʷalnenti (active plural present third-person)
kʷalnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
kʷelasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kʷelasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷalnī (active imperative second-person singular)
kʷelaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷalnītou (active imperative singular third-person)
kʷelasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kʷalnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
kʷelasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷalnate (active imperative plural second-person)
kʷelasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷalnentou (active imperative plural third-person)
kʷalnīr (first-person passive present singular)
kʷalnītar (passive present second-person singular)
kʷalnītor (passive present singular third-person)
kʷalnammor (first-person passive plural present)
kʷalnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
kʷalnentor (passive plural present third-person)
kʷelasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kʷelasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷelasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷelasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kʷelasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷelasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Middle Welsh: pallu (“to fail, cease, perish; refuse, deny”)

Welsh: pallu

Originally *kʷalnīti, from a nasal-infix derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (“to turn”).


layeti

layū (active first-person present singular)
layemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
lam (active first-person preterite singular)
layesi (active present second-person singular)
layetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
las (active preterite second-person singular)
layeti (active present singular third-person)
layeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
lat (active preterite singular third-person)
layomosi (active first-person plural present)
layemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lame (active first-person plural preterite)
layetesi (active plural present second-person)
layestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
late (active plural preterite second-person)
layonti (active plural present third-person)
layento (active imperfect plural third-person)
lant (active plural preterite third-person)
lāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
lāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
laye (active imperative second-person singular)
lāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
layetou (active imperative singular third-person)
lāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
layomos (active first-person imperative plural)
lāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
layete (active imperative plural second-person)
lāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
layontou (active imperative plural third-person)
layūr (first-person passive present singular)
layetar (passive present second-person singular)
layetor (passive present singular third-person)
layommor (first-person passive plural present)
layedwe (passive plural present second-person)
layontor (passive plural present third-person)
lāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
lāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
lāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
lāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
lāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
lāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
lātos (nominative singular)
lātou (dual nominative)
lātoi (nominative plural)
lāte (singular vocative)
lātou (dual vocative)
lātoi (plural vocative)
lātom (accusative singular)
lātou (accusative dual)
lātoms (accusative plural)
lātī (genitive singular)
lātous (dual genitive)
lātom (genitive plural)
lātūi (dative singular)
lātobom (dative dual)
lātobos (dative plural)
lātū (instrumental singular)
lātobim (dual instrumental)
lātobis (instrumental plural)
lātā (nominative singular)
lātai (dual nominative)
lātās (nominative plural)
lātā (singular vocative)
lātai (dual vocative)
lātās (plural vocative)
lātam (accusative singular)
lātai (accusative dual)
lātams (accusative plural)
lātās (genitive singular)
lātai (dative singular)
lātābom (dative dual)
lātābos (dative plural)
lātābim (dual instrumental)
lātābis (instrumental plural)
lātom (nominative singular)
lātā (nominative plural)
lātom (singular vocative)
lātā (plural vocative)
lātā (accusative plural)

desc

perfective of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">fo·ceird</i>

Old Irish: ro·lá (perfective of fo·ceird)

perfective of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">do·cuirethar</i>

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*to-ɸro-layeti</i>

⇒ Old Irish: do·rala (perfective of do·cuirethar) (< *to-ɸro-layeti)

Middle Irish: do·rala, tarla

Irish: tarlaigh

Scottish Gaelic: thàrladh, tàrlaidh

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*ati-kom-layeti</i>

⇒ Old Irish: ad·comla (< *ati-kom-layeti)

Old Irish: accomol
Irish: acomhal

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">do-accomol</i>

⇒ Middle Irish: doccumail (< do-accomol)

Irish: dócúl

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">so-accomol</i>

⇒ Old Irish: socamail (< so-accomol)
Middle Irish: socamail
Irish: sócúl
⇒ Irish: sócúlach

Note

From *lh₁-yé-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁- (“to let”) suffixed with *-yéti.


luketi

lukū (active first-person present singular)
lukemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
liluxsū (active first-person future singular)
lulouka (active first-person preterite singular)
lukesi (active present second-person singular)
luketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
liluxsesi (active future second-person singular)
luloukas? (active preterite second-person singular)
luketi (active present singular third-person)
luketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
liluxseti (active future singular third-person)
lulouke (active preterite singular third-person)
lukomosi (active first-person plural present)
lukemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
liluxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
luloukmo (active first-person plural preterite)
luketesi (active plural present second-person)
lukestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
liluxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
lulouxte (active plural preterite second-person)
lukonti (active plural present third-person)
lukento (active imperfect plural third-person)
liluxsonti (active future plural third-person)
luloukars (active plural preterite third-person)
louxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
louxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
luke (active imperative second-person singular)
louxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
luketou (active imperative singular third-person)
louxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
lukomos (active first-person imperative plural)
louxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
lukete (active imperative plural second-person)
louxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
lukontou (active imperative plural third-person)
lukūr (first-person passive present singular)
liluxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
luketar (passive present second-person singular)
liluxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
luketor (passive present singular third-person)
liluxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
lukommor (first-person passive plural present)
liluxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
lukedwe (passive plural present second-person)
liluxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
lukontor (passive plural present third-person)
liluxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
louxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
louxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
louxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
louxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
louxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
louxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
luxtos (nominative singular)
luxtou (dual nominative)
luxtoi (nominative plural)
luxte (singular vocative)
luxtou (dual vocative)
luxtoi (plural vocative)
luxtom (accusative singular)
luxtou (accusative dual)
luxtoms (accusative plural)
luxtī (genitive singular)
luxtous (dual genitive)
luxtom (genitive plural)
luxtūi (dative singular)
luxtobom (dative dual)
luxtobos (dative plural)
luxtū (instrumental singular)
luxtobim (dual instrumental)
luxtobis (instrumental plural)
luxtā (nominative singular)
luxtai (dual nominative)
luxtās (nominative plural)
luxtā (singular vocative)
luxtai (dual vocative)
luxtās (plural vocative)
luxtam (accusative singular)
luxtai (accusative dual)
luxtams (accusative plural)
luxtās (genitive singular)
luxtai (dative singular)
luxtābom (dative dual)
luxtābos (dative plural)
luxtābim (dual instrumental)
luxtābis (instrumental plural)
luxtom (nominative singular)
luxtā (nominative plural)
luxtom (singular vocative)
luxtā (plural vocative)
luxtā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright, to shine”).

der

Proto-Brythonic: *llugadOld Breton: lagatMiddle Breton: lagatBreton: lagadOld Cornish: lagatCornish: lagasOld Welsh: licatMiddle Welsh: lygat


maketi

makū (active first-person present singular)
makemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mimaxsū (active first-person future singular)
magam (active first-person preterite singular)
makesi (active present second-person singular)
maketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mimaxsesi (active future second-person singular)
maxs (active preterite second-person singular)
maketi (active present singular third-person)
maketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
mimaxseti (active future singular third-person)
maxt (active preterite singular third-person)
makomosi (active first-person plural present)
makemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mimaxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
magme (active first-person plural preterite)
maketesi (active plural present second-person)
makestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mimaxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
maxte (active plural preterite second-person)
makonti (active plural present third-person)
makento (active imperfect plural third-person)
mimaxsonti (active future plural third-person)
magant (active plural preterite third-person)
maxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
maxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
make (active imperative second-person singular)
maxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
maketou (active imperative singular third-person)
maxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
makomos (active first-person imperative plural)
maxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
makete (active imperative plural second-person)
maxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
makontou (active imperative plural third-person)
makūr (first-person passive present singular)
mimaxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
maketar (passive present second-person singular)
mimaxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
maketor (passive present singular third-person)
mimaxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
makommor (first-person passive plural present)
mimaxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
makedwe (passive plural present second-person)
mimaxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
makontor (passive plural present third-person)
mimaxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
maxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
maxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
maxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
maxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
maxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
maxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
maxtos (nominative singular)
maxtou (dual nominative)
maxtoi (nominative plural)
maxte (singular vocative)
maxtou (dual vocative)
maxtoi (plural vocative)
maxtom (accusative singular)
maxtou (accusative dual)
maxtoms (accusative plural)
maxtī (genitive singular)
maxtous (dual genitive)
maxtom (genitive plural)
maxtūi (dative singular)
maxtobom (dative dual)
maxtobos (dative plural)
maxtū (instrumental singular)
maxtobim (dual instrumental)
maxtobis (instrumental plural)
maxtā (nominative singular)
maxtai (dual nominative)
maxtās (nominative plural)
maxtā (singular vocative)
maxtai (dual vocative)
maxtās (plural vocative)
maxtam (accusative singular)
maxtai (accusative dual)
maxtams (accusative plural)
maxtās (genitive singular)
maxtai (dative singular)
maxtābom (dative dual)
maxtābos (dative plural)
maxtābim (dual instrumental)
maxtābis (instrumental plural)
maxtom (nominative singular)
maxtā (nominative plural)
maxtom (singular vocative)
maxtā (plural vocative)
maxtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėgɨd

Middle Breton: maguaff

Breton: magañ

Middle Cornish: maga

Cornish: maga

Middle Welsh: magu

Welsh: magu

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ḱ- (“to elongate”).

Old Irish: do·formaig→ Old Welsh: diguormechis (3sg preterite)→ Old Breton: degurmeh (3sg present)


sexsman

sexsman (nominative singular)
sexsmane? (dual nominative)
sexsmana (nominative plural)
sexsman (singular vocative)
sexsmane? (dual vocative)
sexsmana (plural vocative)
sexsman (accusative singular)
sexsmane? (accusative dual)
sexsmana (accusative plural)
sexsmens (genitive singular)
sexsmenous? (dual genitive)
sexsmenom (genitive plural)
sexsmenē (dative singular)
sexsmembom (dative dual)
sexsmembos (dative plural)
sexsmen (locative singular)
sexsmeni (locative singular)
sexsmenē (instrumental singular)
sexsmembim (dual instrumental)
sexsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hem

Middle Welsh: hemm

Welsh: hem

Middle Irish: seim

Irish: seam

Scottish Gaelic: sèam

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: seaman (“nail”)


-sman

-sman (nominative singular)
-smane? (dual nominative)
-smana (nominative plural)
-sman (singular vocative)
-smane? (dual vocative)
-smana (plural vocative)
-sman (accusative singular)
-smane? (accusative dual)
-smana (accusative plural)
-smens (genitive singular)
-smenous? (dual genitive)
-smenom (genitive plural)
-smenē (dative singular)
-smembom (dative dual)
-smembos (dative plural)
-smen (locative singular)
-smeni (locative singular)
-smenē (instrumental singular)
-smembim (dual instrumental)
-smembis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥, extended with -s-. Plain *-man also existed but was less common in Celtic. The s-variant also turns up in Italic and in several ancient Hellenic dialects, in addition to occasional appearances in Balto-Slavic.

keng- (“to step”) + *-sman → *kanxsman (“step”)

leng- (“to leap”) + *-sman → *lanxsman (“leap”)

brag- (“to fart”) + *-sman → *braxsman (“fart”)


tonketos

tonketos (masculine nominative singular stem)
tonketou (dual masculine nominative stem)
tonketoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
tonkete (masculine singular stem vocative)
tonketou (dual masculine stem vocative)
tonketūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
tonketom (accusative masculine singular stem)
tonketou (accusative dual masculine stem)
tonketoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
tonketī (genitive masculine singular stem)
tonketous (dual genitive masculine stem)
tonketom (genitive masculine plural stem)
tonketūi (dative masculine singular stem)
tonketobom (dative dual masculine stem)
tonketobos (dative masculine plural stem)
tonketei (locative masculine singular stem)
tonketū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
tonketobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
tonketūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *tonked

desc

Middle Welsh: tynget, tynghet, tyghet, tyghed

Welsh: tynged

Old Irish: tocad, toceth

A former participle of a verb *tonkīti, whence also related verbs in Old Irish ro·toicther (“to be destined”) and Middle Welsh tynghaf tyghet (“I destine destiny”). Schumacher derives this from Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to solidify”).