marwāti

marwāmi (active first-person present singular)
marwāmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
marwasam (active first-person preterite singular)
marwāsi (active present second-person singular)
marwātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
marwass (active preterite second-person singular)
marwāti (active present singular third-person)
marwāto (active imperfect singular third-person)
marwast (active preterite singular third-person)
marwāmosi (active first-person plural present)
marwāmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
marwasme (active first-person plural preterite)
marwātesi (active plural present second-person)
marwāstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
marwaste (active plural preterite second-person)
marwānti (active plural present third-person)
marwānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
marwasant (active plural preterite third-person)
marwā (active imperative second-person singular)
marwātou (active imperative singular third-person)
marwāmos (active first-person imperative plural)
marwāte (active imperative plural second-person)
marwāntou (active imperative plural third-person)
marwār (first-person passive present singular)
marwātar (passive present second-person singular)
marwātor (passive present singular third-person)
marwāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
marwādwe (passive plural present second-person)
marwāntor (passive plural present third-person)

desctree

Brythonic: *marwọd
Middle Breton: meruel
Breton: mervel
Middle Cornish: merwel
Middle Welsh: merwi

Old Irish: marbaid, ·marba


tumīti

tumeyū (active first-person present singular)
tumīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
tumīsi (active present second-person singular)
tumītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
tumīti (active present singular third-person)
tumīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
tumeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
tumīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
tumītesi (active plural present second-person)
tumīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
tumeyonti (active plural present third-person)
tumīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
tumī (active imperative second-person singular)
tumītou (active imperative singular third-person)
tumeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
tumīte (active imperative plural second-person)
tumeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
tumeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
tumītar (passive present second-person singular)
tumītor (passive present singular third-person)
tumeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
tumīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
tumeyontor (passive plural present third-person)

Brythonic: *tüβ̃id
Old Breton: tum
Breton: teñviñ
Middle Cornish: tevy
Cornish: tevi
Welsh: tyfu

From pre-Celtic *tuméh₁yeti. Cognate with Latin tumeo.


-āti

-āmi (active first-person present singular)
-āmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
-āsi (active present second-person singular)
-ātās (active imperfect second-person singular)
-āti (active present singular third-person)
-āto (active imperfect singular third-person)
-āmosi (active first-person plural present)
-āmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
-ātesi (active plural present second-person)
-āstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
-ānti (active plural present third-person)
-ānto (active imperfect plural third-person)
-ā (active imperative second-person singular)
-ātou (active imperative singular third-person)
-āmos (active first-person imperative plural)
-āte (active imperative plural second-person)
-āntou (active imperative plural third-person)
-ār (first-person passive present singular)
-ātar (passive present second-person singular)
-ātor (passive present singular third-person)
-āmmor (first-person passive plural present)
-ādwe (passive plural present second-person)
-āntor (passive plural present third-person)
-ātos (nominative singular)
-ātou (dual nominative)
-ātoi (nominative plural)
-āte (singular vocative)
-ātou (dual vocative)
-ātoi (plural vocative)
-ātom (accusative singular)
-ātou (accusative dual)
-ātoms (accusative plural)
-ātī (genitive singular)
-ātous (dual genitive)
-ātom (genitive plural)
-ātūi (dative singular)
-ātobom (dative dual)
-ātobos (dative plural)
-ātū (instrumental singular)
-ātobim (dual instrumental)
-ātobis (instrumental plural)
-ātā (nominative singular)
-ātai (dual nominative)
-ātās (nominative plural)
-ātā (singular vocative)
-ātai (dual vocative)
-ātās (plural vocative)
-ātam (accusative singular)
-ātai (accusative dual)
-ātams (accusative plural)
-ātās (genitive singular)
-ātai (dative singular)
-ātābom (dative dual)
-ātābos (dative plural)
-ātābim (dual instrumental)
-ātābis (instrumental plural)
-ātom (nominative singular)
-ātā (nominative plural)
-ātom (singular vocative)
-ātā (plural vocative)
-ātā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *-ọd

Old Irish: -aid


āgetor

āgūr (first-person passive present singular)
āgetar (passive present second-person singular)
āgetor (passive present singular third-person)
āgommor (first-person passive plural present)
āgedwe (passive plural present second-person)
āgontor (passive plural present third-person)

⇒ Old Irish: ad·ágathar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂ógʰe, a stative verb reinterpreted as deponent.


marwos

marwos (nominative singular)
marwou (dual nominative)
marwoi (nominative plural)
marwe (singular vocative)
marwou (dual vocative)
marwoi (plural vocative)
marwom (accusative singular)
marwou (accusative dual)
marwoms (accusative plural)
marwī (genitive singular)
marwous (dual genitive)
marwom (genitive plural)
marwūi (dative singular)
marwobom (dative dual)
marwobos (dative plural)
marwū (instrumental singular)
marwobim (dual instrumental)
marwobis (instrumental plural)
marwā (nominative singular)
marwai (dual nominative)
marwās (nominative plural)
marwā (singular vocative)
marwai (dual vocative)
marwās (plural vocative)
marwam (accusative singular)
marwai (accusative dual)
marwams (accusative plural)
marwās (genitive singular)
marwai (dative singular)
marwābom (dative dual)
marwābos (dative plural)
marwābim (dual instrumental)
marwābis (instrumental plural)
marwom (nominative singular)
marwā (nominative plural)
marwom (singular vocative)
marwā (plural vocative)
marwā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *marw
Middle Breton: marf, maru
Breton: marv
Cornish: marow
Middle Welsh: marw
Welsh: marw

Old Irish: marb

Irish: marbh

Manx: marroo

Scottish Gaelic: marbh

From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥wós (“dead”), from *mer- (“to die”).


brusnati

brusnami (active first-person present singular)
brusnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
brusnasi (active present second-person singular)
brusnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
brusnati (active present singular third-person)
brusnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
brusnamosi (active first-person plural present)
brusnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
brusnatesi (active plural present second-person)
brusnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
brusnanti (active plural present third-person)
brusnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
brusna (active imperative second-person singular)
brusnatou (active imperative singular third-person)
brusnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
brusnate (active imperative plural second-person)
brusnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
brusnar (first-person passive present singular)
brusnatar (passive present second-person singular)
brusnator (passive present singular third-person)
brusnammor (first-person passive plural present)
brusnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
brusnantor (passive plural present third-person)

Old Irish: bronnaid

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrus-yo-, from *bʰrews- (“to break”); related to *bruseti.


kreddīti

kreddīmi (active first-person present singular)
kreddamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kreddīsi (active present second-person singular)
kreddatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kreddīti (active present singular third-person)
kreddato (active imperfect singular third-person)
kreddamosi (active first-person plural present)
kreddamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kreddatesi (active plural present second-person)
kreddastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kreddanti (active plural present third-person)
kreddanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
kreddū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kreddesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kreddī (active imperative second-person singular)
kreddeti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kreddītou (active imperative singular third-person)
kreddomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kreddamos (active first-person imperative plural)
kreddetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kreddate (active imperative plural second-person)
kreddonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kreddantou (active imperative plural third-person)
kreddīr (first-person passive present singular)
kreddītar (passive present second-person singular)
kreddītor (passive present singular third-person)
kreddammor (first-person passive plural present)
kreddadwe (passive plural present second-person)
kreddantor (passive plural present third-person)
kreddūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kreddetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kreddetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kreddommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kreddedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kreddontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *krėdid
Middle Breton: crediff, critim
Cornish: cresy, krysi
Middle Welsh: credu
Welsh: credu

Old Irish: creitid, cretid
Irish: creid
Manx: creid, cred
Scottish Gaelic: creid

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱred dʰeh₁- (“to place one’s heart, i.e. to trust, believe”), compound phrase of oblique case form of *ḱḗr (“heart”) and *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”)).
Cognates include Sanskrit श्रद्दधाति (śrad-√dhā, “to trust, believe”) and Latin crēdō (“to believe”).


ɸarsketi

ɸarskū (active first-person present singular)
ɸarskemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸibrixsū (active first-person future singular)
ɸebroka (active first-person preterite singular)
ɸarskesi (active present second-person singular)
ɸarsketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸibrixsesi (active future second-person singular)
ɸebrokas? (active preterite second-person singular)
ɸarsketi (active present singular third-person)
ɸarsketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸibrixseti (active future singular third-person)
ɸebroke (active preterite singular third-person)
ɸarskomosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸarskemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸibrixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ɸebrokmo (active first-person plural preterite)
ɸarsketesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸarskestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸibrixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ɸebroxte (active plural preterite second-person)
ɸarskonti (active plural present third-person)
ɸarskento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸibrixsonti (active future plural third-person)
ɸebrokars (active plural preterite third-person)
ɸrexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ɸrexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸarske (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸrexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸarsketou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸrexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ɸarskomos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸrexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸarskete (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸrexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸarskontou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸarskūr (first-person passive present singular)
ɸibrixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ɸarsketar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸibrixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ɸarsketor (passive present singular third-person)
ɸibrixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ɸarskommor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸibrixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ɸarskedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸibrixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ɸarskontor (passive plural present third-person)
ɸibrixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ɸrexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ɸrexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸrexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸrexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ɸrexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸrexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

desctree

Brythonic: *ėrxɨd (secondarily transferred to the ī-verbs)
Middle Breton: archaff
Breton: arc'hiñ
Cornish: erghi
Old Welsh: erchim
Middle Welsh: erchi
Welsh: erchi

Old Irish: arcu


bināti

bināmi (active first-person present singular)
binamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bibīsū (active first-person future singular)
biba (active first-person preterite singular)
bināsi (active present second-person singular)
binatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bibīsesi (active future second-person singular)
bibas? (active preterite second-person singular)
bināti (active present singular third-person)
binato (active imperfect singular third-person)
bibīseti (active future singular third-person)
bibe (active preterite singular third-person)
binamosi (active first-person plural present)
binamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bibīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
bibmo (active first-person plural preterite)
binatesi (active plural present second-person)
binastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bibīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
bixte (active plural preterite second-person)
binanti (active plural present third-person)
binanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
bibīsonti (active future plural third-person)
bibars (active plural preterite third-person)
beyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
beyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
binā (active imperative second-person singular)
beyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
binātou (active imperative singular third-person)
beyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
binamos (active first-person imperative plural)
beyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
binate (active imperative plural second-person)
beyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
binantou (active imperative plural third-person)
binār (first-person passive present singular)
bibīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
binātar (passive present second-person singular)
bibīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
binātor (passive present singular third-person)
bibīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
binammor (first-person passive plural present)
bibīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
binadwe (passive plural present second-person)
bibīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
binantor (passive plural present third-person)
bibīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
beyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
beyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
beyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
beyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
beyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
beyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
bītos (nominative singular)
bītou (dual nominative)
bītoi (nominative plural)
bīte (singular vocative)
bītou (dual vocative)
bītoi (plural vocative)
bītom (accusative singular)
bītou (accusative dual)
bītoms (accusative plural)
bītī (genitive singular)
bītous (dual genitive)
bītom (genitive plural)
bītūi (dative singular)
bītobom (dative dual)
bītobos (dative plural)
bītū (instrumental singular)
bītobim (dual instrumental)
bītobis (instrumental plural)
bītā (nominative singular)
bītai (dual nominative)
bītās (nominative plural)
bītā (singular vocative)
bītai (dual vocative)
bītās (plural vocative)
bītam (accusative singular)
bītai (accusative dual)
bītams (accusative plural)
bītās (genitive singular)
bītai (dative singular)
bītābom (dative dual)
bītābos (dative plural)
bītābim (dual instrumental)
bītābis (instrumental plural)
bītom (nominative singular)
bītā (nominative plural)
bītom (singular vocative)
bītā (plural vocative)
bītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨnad
Middle Breton: benaff
Breton: benañ

Old Irish: benaid
Irish: bain

Gaulish: biietutu (impv.)

Celtiberian: ne-bintor (3p.impv.med.)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰi-né-h₂-ti, nasal-infix present of *bʰeyh₂- (“to strike, hew”).

Proto-Brythonic: *kummɨnadMiddle Breton: quemenasBreton: kemenañMiddle Welsh: kymynuWelsh: cymynu


gʷaneti

gʷanū (active first-person present singular)
gʷanemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gʷigʷnāsū (active first-person future singular)
gʷegʷona (active first-person preterite singular)
gʷanesi (active present second-person singular)
gʷanetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gʷigʷnāsesi (active future second-person singular)
gʷegʷonas? (active preterite second-person singular)
gʷaneti (active present singular third-person)
gʷaneto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gʷigʷnāseti (active future singular third-person)
gʷegʷone (active preterite singular third-person)
gʷanomosi (active first-person plural present)
gʷanemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gʷigʷnāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
gʷegʷonmo (active first-person plural preterite)
gʷanetesi (active plural present second-person)
gʷanestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gʷigʷnāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
gʷegʷone (active plural preterite second-person)
gʷanonti (active plural present third-person)
gʷanento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gʷigʷnāsonti (active future plural third-person)
gʷegʷonars (active plural preterite third-person)
gʷanasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gʷanasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷane (active imperative second-person singular)
gʷanaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷanetou (active imperative singular third-person)
gʷanasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gʷanomos (active first-person imperative plural)
gʷanasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gʷanete (active imperative plural second-person)
gʷanasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gʷanontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gʷanūr (first-person passive present singular)
gʷigʷnāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
gʷanetar (passive present second-person singular)
gʷigʷnāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
gʷanetor (passive present singular third-person)
gʷigʷnāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
gʷanommor (first-person passive plural present)
gʷigʷnāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
gʷanedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gʷigʷnāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
gʷanontor (passive plural present third-person)
gʷigʷnāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
gʷanasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gʷanasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷanasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷanasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gʷanasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gʷanasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gʷantos (nominative singular)
gʷantou (dual nominative)
gʷantoi (nominative plural)
gʷante (singular vocative)
gʷantou (dual vocative)
gʷantoi (plural vocative)
gʷantom (accusative singular)
gʷantou (accusative dual)
gʷantoms (accusative plural)
gʷantī (genitive singular)
gʷantous (dual genitive)
gʷantom (genitive plural)
gʷantūi (dative singular)
gʷantobom (dative dual)
gʷantobos (dative plural)
gʷantū (instrumental singular)
gʷantobim (dual instrumental)
gʷantobis (instrumental plural)
gʷantā (nominative singular)
gʷantai (dual nominative)
gʷantās (nominative plural)
gʷantā (singular vocative)
gʷantai (dual vocative)
gʷantās (plural vocative)
gʷantam (accusative singular)
gʷantai (accusative dual)
gʷantams (accusative plural)
gʷantās (genitive singular)
gʷantai (dative singular)
gʷantābom (dative dual)
gʷantābos (dative plural)
gʷantābim (dual instrumental)
gʷantābis (instrumental plural)
gʷantom (nominative singular)
gʷantā (nominative plural)
gʷantom (singular vocative)
gʷantā (plural vocative)
gʷantā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwėnɨd
Middle Breton: goanaff
Breton: gwanañ
Cornish: gwana
Welsh: gwanu

Old Irish: gonaid
Middle Irish: gonaid
Irish: goin
Scottish Gaelic: goin

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰénti ~ *gʷʰnénti.


barnati

barnami (active first-person present singular)
barnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
barnasi (active present second-person singular)
barnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
barnati (active present singular third-person)
barnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
barnamosi (active first-person plural present)
barnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
barnatesi (active plural present second-person)
barnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
barnanti (active plural present third-person)
barnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
barna (active imperative second-person singular)
barnatou (active imperative singular third-person)
barnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
barnate (active imperative plural second-person)
barnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
barnar (first-person passive present singular)
barnatar (passive present second-person singular)
barnator (passive present singular third-person)
barnammor (first-person passive plural present)
barnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
barnantor (passive plural present third-person)

desctree

Brythonic: *barnad
Middle Breton: barn
Middle Welsh: barnu, barnaf
Welsh: barnu

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-énti, from *gʷerH- (“to praise, elevate”) + *-né- + *-ti.


rīmā

rīmā (nominative singular)
rīmai (dual nominative)
rīmās (nominative plural)
rīmā (singular vocative)
rīmai (dual vocative)
rīmās (plural vocative)
rīmam (accusative singular)
rīmai (accusative dual)
rīmāms (accusative plural)
rīmās (genitive singular)
rīmous (dual genitive)
rīmom (genitive plural)
rīmāi (dative singular)
rīmābom (dative dual)
rīmābos (dative plural)
rīmai (locative singular)
rīmābim (dual instrumental)
rīmābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *rriβ̃
Cornish: riv
Welsh: rhif

Old Irish: rím
Irish: ríomh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to count, reason, think”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“calculation, number”).


kladeti

kladū (active first-person present singular)
klademam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikladsū (active first-person future singular)
keklāda (active first-person preterite singular)
kladesi (active present second-person singular)
kladetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikladsesi (active future second-person singular)
keklādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kladeti (active present singular third-person)
kladeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikladseti (active future singular third-person)
keklāde (active preterite singular third-person)
kladomosi (active first-person plural present)
klademo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikladsomosi (active first-person future plural)
keklādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kladetesi (active plural present second-person)
kladestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikladsetesi (active future plural second-person)
keklāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
kladonti (active plural present third-person)
kladento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikladsonti (active future plural third-person)
keklādars (active plural preterite third-person)
klādsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
klādsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
klade (active imperative second-person singular)
klādseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kladetou (active imperative singular third-person)
klādsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kladomos (active first-person imperative plural)
klādsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kladete (active imperative plural second-person)
klādsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kladontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kladūr (first-person passive present singular)
kikladsūr (first-person future passive singular)
kladetar (passive present second-person singular)
kikladsetar (future passive second-person singular)
kladetor (passive present singular third-person)
kikladsetor (future passive singular third-person)
kladommor (first-person passive plural present)
kikladsommor (first-person future passive plural)
kladedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikladsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kladontor (passive plural present third-person)
kikladsontor (future passive plural third-person)
klādsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
klādsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
klādsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
klādsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
klādsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
klādsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
klassos (nominative singular)
klassou (dual nominative)
klassoi (nominative plural)
klasse (singular vocative)
klassou (dual vocative)
klassoi (plural vocative)
klassom (accusative singular)
klassou (accusative dual)
klassoms (accusative plural)
klassī (genitive singular)
klassous (dual genitive)
klassom (genitive plural)
klassūi (dative singular)
klassobom (dative dual)
klassobos (dative plural)
klassū (instrumental singular)
klassobim (dual instrumental)
klassobis (instrumental plural)
klassā (nominative singular)
klassai (dual nominative)
klassās (nominative plural)
klassā (singular vocative)
klassai (dual vocative)
klassās (plural vocative)
klassam (accusative singular)
klassai (accusative dual)
klassams (accusative plural)
klassās (genitive singular)
klassai (dative singular)
klassābom (dative dual)
klassābos (dative plural)
klassābim (dual instrumental)
klassābis (instrumental plural)
klassom (nominative singular)
klassā (nominative plural)
klassom (singular vocative)
klassā (plural vocative)
klassā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *klėðɨd
Middle Breton: claza
Breton: klazañ
Middle Welsh: claddu
Welsh: claddu

Old Irish: claidid, ·claid

Irish: claidh

Scottish Gaelic: cladhaich

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥dʰ-é-ti, from *keldʰh₁- + *-éti, a tudati present from the reanalyzed *kelh₂- (“to hit, break”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


snadeti

snadū (active first-person present singular)
snademam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sisnātsū (active first-person future singular)
sesnāda (active first-person preterite singular)
snadesi (active present second-person singular)
snadetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sisnātsesi (active future second-person singular)
sesnādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
snadeti (active present singular third-person)
snadeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sisnātseti (active future singular third-person)
sesnāde (active preterite singular third-person)
snadomosi (active first-person plural present)
snademo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sisnātsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sesnādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
snadetesi (active plural present second-person)
snadestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sisnātsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sesnāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
snadonti (active plural present third-person)
snadento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sisnātsonti (active future plural third-person)
sesnādars (active plural preterite third-person)
snātsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
snātsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
snade (active imperative second-person singular)
snātseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
snadetou (active imperative singular third-person)
snātsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
snadomos (active first-person imperative plural)
snātsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
snadete (active imperative plural second-person)
snātsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
snadontou (active imperative plural third-person)
snadūr (first-person passive present singular)
sisnātsūr (first-person future passive singular)
snadetar (passive present second-person singular)
sisnātsetar (future passive second-person singular)
snadetor (passive present singular third-person)
sisnātsetor (future passive singular third-person)
snadommor (first-person passive plural present)
sisnātsommor (first-person future passive plural)
snadedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sisnātsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
snadontor (passive plural present third-person)
sisnātsontor (future passive plural third-person)
snātsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
snātsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
snātsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
snātsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
snātsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
snātsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
snassos (nominative singular)
snassou (dual nominative)
snassoi (nominative plural)
snasse (singular vocative)
snassou (dual vocative)
snassoi (plural vocative)
snassom (accusative singular)
snassou (accusative dual)
snassoms (accusative plural)
snassī (genitive singular)
snassous (dual genitive)
snassom (genitive plural)
snassūi (dative singular)
snassobom (dative dual)
snassobos (dative plural)
snassū (instrumental singular)
snassobim (dual instrumental)
snassobis (instrumental plural)
snassā (nominative singular)
snassai (dual nominative)
snassās (nominative plural)
snassā (singular vocative)
snassai (dual vocative)
snassās (plural vocative)
snassam (accusative singular)
snassai (accusative dual)
snassams (accusative plural)
snassās (genitive singular)
snassai (dative singular)
snassābom (dative dual)
snassābos (dative plural)
snassābim (dual instrumental)
snassābis (instrumental plural)
snassom (nominative singular)
snassā (nominative plural)
snassom (singular vocative)
snassā (plural vocative)
snassā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *nėðɨd
Welsh: naddu

Middle Irish: snaidid

Irish: snoigh

Scottish Gaelic: snaidh

⇒ Old Irish: in·snaid (“to insert”)

From Proto-Indo-European *sneh₂/₃dʰ (“to hew”). Cognate with Old High German snatta (“scar”). Alternatively, the root may be reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *sneHd- and related to Old Norse snata (“spear”), Old High German snazo (“pike”), Russian снасть (snastʹ, “tackle, rope”).


manyetor

manyūr (first-person passive present singular)
manyetar (passive present second-person singular)
manyetor (passive present singular third-person)
manyommor (first-person passive plural present)
manyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
manyontor (passive plural present third-person)
menasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
menasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
menasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
menasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
menasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
menasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Old Irish: ·muinethar

From Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-yé-tor, present deponent of *men- (“think”).

Old Irish: admatIrish: adhmadManx: aamaid


snigʷyeti

snigʷyū (active first-person present singular)
snigʷyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sisnixsū (active first-person future singular)
sisnoigʷa (active first-person preterite singular)
snigʷyesi (active present second-person singular)
snigʷyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sisnixsesi (active future second-person singular)
sisnoigʷas? (active preterite second-person singular)
snigʷyeti (active present singular third-person)
snigʷyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sisnixseti (active future singular third-person)
sisnoigʷe (active preterite singular third-person)
snigʷyomosi (active first-person plural present)
snigʷyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sisnixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sisnoigʷmo (active first-person plural preterite)
snigʷyetesi (active plural present second-person)
snigʷyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sisnixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sisnoigʷe (active plural preterite second-person)
snigʷyonti (active plural present third-person)
snigʷyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sisnixsonti (active future plural third-person)
sisnoigʷars (active plural preterite third-person)
snēxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
snēxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
snigʷye (active imperative second-person singular)
snēxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
snigʷyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
snēxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
snigʷyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
snēxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
snigʷyete (active imperative plural second-person)
snēxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
snigʷyontou (active imperative plural third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *snigjɨd

⇒? Middle Welsh: nyf (“snow”)

desctree

Old Irish: snigid (“to flow, drip”)
Middle Irish: snigid
Irish: snigh

From Proto-Indo-European *snigʷʰ-ye-ti (“to stick to”), from *sneygʷʰ-.


trummos

trummos (nominative singular)
trummou (dual nominative)
trummoi (nominative plural)
trumme (singular vocative)
trummou (dual vocative)
trummoi (plural vocative)
trummom (accusative singular)
trummou (accusative dual)
trummoms (accusative plural)
trummī (genitive singular)
trummous (dual genitive)
trummom (genitive plural)
trummūi (dative singular)
trummobom (dative dual)
trummobos (dative plural)
trummū (instrumental singular)
trummobim (dual instrumental)
trummobis (instrumental plural)
trummā (nominative singular)
trummai (dual nominative)
trummās (nominative plural)
trummā (singular vocative)
trummai (dual vocative)
trummās (plural vocative)
trummam (accusative singular)
trummai (accusative dual)
trummams (accusative plural)
trummās (genitive singular)
trummai (dative singular)
trummābom (dative dual)
trummābos (dative plural)
trummābim (dual instrumental)
trummābis (instrumental plural)
trummom (nominative singular)
trummā (nominative plural)
trummom (singular vocative)
trummā (plural vocative)
trummā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *trum
Old Breton: trum
Middle Cornish: trom
Old Welsh: trum
Middle Welsh: trwm
Welsh: trwm

Old Irish: trom

Irish: trom

Manx: trome

Scottish Gaelic: trom

From Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“thrust, press”): either from *trud-smo- or, less probably, from *trud-mo-.


damyeti

damyū (active first-person present singular)
damyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
didamāsū (active first-person future singular)
damyesi (active present second-person singular)
damyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didamāsesi (active future second-person singular)
damyeti (active present singular third-person)
damyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
didamāseti (active future singular third-person)
damyomosi (active first-person plural present)
damyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didamāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
damyetesi (active plural present second-person)
damyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
didamāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
damyonti (active plural present third-person)
damyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
didamāsonti (active future plural third-person)
damasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
damasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
damye (active imperative second-person singular)
damaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
damyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
damasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
damyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
damasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
damyete (active imperative plural second-person)
damasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
damyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
damyūr (first-person passive present singular)
didamāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
damyetar (passive present second-person singular)
didamāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
damyetor (passive present singular third-person)
didamāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
damyommor (first-person passive plural present)
didamāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
damyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
didamāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
damyontor (passive plural present third-person)
didamāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
damasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
damasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
damasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
damasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
damasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
damasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
damtos (nominative singular)
damtou (dual nominative)
damtoi (nominative plural)
damte (singular vocative)
damtou (dual vocative)
damtoi (plural vocative)
damtom (accusative singular)
damtou (accusative dual)
damtoms (accusative plural)
damtī (genitive singular)
damtous (dual genitive)
damtom (genitive plural)
damtūi (dative singular)
damtobom (dative dual)
damtobos (dative plural)
damtū (instrumental singular)
damtobim (dual instrumental)
damtobis (instrumental plural)
damtā (nominative singular)
damtai (dual nominative)
damtās (nominative plural)
damtā (singular vocative)
damtai (dual vocative)
damtās (plural vocative)
damtam (accusative singular)
damtai (accusative dual)
damtams (accusative plural)
damtās (genitive singular)
damtai (dative singular)
damtābom (dative dual)
damtābos (dative plural)
damtābim (dual instrumental)
damtābis (instrumental plural)
damtom (nominative singular)
damtā (nominative plural)
damtom (singular vocative)
damtā (plural vocative)
damtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: daimid

From Proto-Indo-European *demh₂- (“to tame”).


gniyeti

gniyū (active first-person present singular)
gniyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gignāsū (active first-person future singular)
gegnū (active first-person preterite singular)
gniyesi (active present second-person singular)
gniyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gignāsesi (active future second-person singular)
gegnūs (active preterite second-person singular)
gniyeti (active present singular third-person)
gniyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gignāseti (active future singular third-person)
gegnū (active preterite singular third-person)
gniyomosi (active first-person plural present)
gniyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gignāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
gegnamo (active first-person plural preterite)
gniyetesi (active plural present second-person)
gniyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gignāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
gegnate (active plural preterite second-person)
gniyonti (active plural present third-person)
gniyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gignāsonti (active future plural third-person)
gegnars (active plural preterite third-person)
gnīsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gnīsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gniye (active imperative second-person singular)
gnīseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gniyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
gnīsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gniyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
gnīsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gniyete (active imperative plural second-person)
gnīsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gniyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gniyūr (first-person passive present singular)
gignāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
gniyetar (passive present second-person singular)
gignāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
gniyetor (passive present singular third-person)
gignāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
gniyommor (first-person passive plural present)
gignāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
gniyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gignāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
gniyontor (passive plural present third-person)
gignāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
gnīsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gnīsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gnīsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gnīsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gnīsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gnīsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gnatos (nominative singular)
gnatou (dual nominative)
gnatoi (nominative plural)
gnate (singular vocative)
gnatou (dual vocative)
gnatoi (plural vocative)
gnatom (accusative singular)
gnatou (accusative dual)
gnatoms (accusative plural)
gnatī (genitive singular)
gnatous (dual genitive)
gnatom (genitive plural)
gnatūi (dative singular)
gnatobom (dative dual)
gnatobos (dative plural)
gnatū (instrumental singular)
gnatobim (dual instrumental)
gnatobis (instrumental plural)
gnatā (nominative singular)
gnatai (dual nominative)
gnatās (nominative plural)
gnatā (singular vocative)
gnatai (dual vocative)
gnatās (plural vocative)
gnatam (accusative singular)
gnatai (accusative dual)
gnatams (accusative plural)
gnatās (genitive singular)
gnatai (dative singular)
gnatābom (dative dual)
gnatābos (dative plural)
gnatābim (dual instrumental)
gnatābis (instrumental plural)
gnatom (nominative singular)
gnatā (nominative plural)
gnatom (singular vocative)
gnatā (plural vocative)
gnatā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: gníid, ·gní

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”).


kengeti

kengū (active first-person present singular)
kengemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kikanxsū (active first-person future singular)
kekonga (active first-person preterite singular)
kengesi (active present second-person singular)
kengetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kikanxsesi (active future second-person singular)
kekongas? (active preterite second-person singular)
kengeti (active present singular third-person)
kengeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kikanxseti (active future singular third-person)
kekonge (active preterite singular third-person)
kengomosi (active first-person plural present)
kengemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kikanxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
kekongmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kengetesi (active plural present second-person)
kengestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kikanxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
kekonxte (active plural preterite second-person)
kengonti (active plural present third-person)
kengento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kikanxsonti (active future plural third-person)
kekongars (active plural preterite third-person)
kenxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kenxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kenge (active imperative second-person singular)
kenxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kengetou (active imperative singular third-person)
kenxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kengomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kenxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kengete (active imperative plural second-person)
kenxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kengontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kengūr (first-person passive present singular)
kikanxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
kengetar (passive present second-person singular)
kikanxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
kengetor (passive present singular third-person)
kikanxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
kengommor (first-person passive plural present)
kikanxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
kengedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kikanxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kengontor (passive plural present third-person)
kikanxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
kenxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kenxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kenxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kenxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kenxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kenxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kanxtos (nominative singular)
kanxtou (dual nominative)
kanxtoi (nominative plural)
kanxte (singular vocative)
kanxtou (dual vocative)
kanxtoi (plural vocative)
kanxtom (accusative singular)
kanxtou (accusative dual)
kanxtoms (accusative plural)
kanxtī (genitive singular)
kanxtous (dual genitive)
kanxtom (genitive plural)
kanxtūi (dative singular)
kanxtobom (dative dual)
kanxtobos (dative plural)
kanxtū (instrumental singular)
kanxtobim (dual instrumental)
kanxtobis (instrumental plural)
kanxtā (nominative singular)
kanxtai (dual nominative)
kanxtās (nominative plural)
kanxtā (singular vocative)
kanxtai (dual vocative)
kanxtās (plural vocative)
kanxtam (accusative singular)
kanxtai (accusative dual)
kanxtams (accusative plural)
kanxtās (genitive singular)
kanxtai (dative singular)
kanxtābom (dative dual)
kanxtābos (dative plural)
kanxtābim (dual instrumental)
kanxtābis (instrumental plural)
kanxtom (nominative singular)
kanxtā (nominative plural)
kanxtom (singular vocative)
kanxtā (plural vocative)
kanxtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: cingid, ·cing

Irish: cinn

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (“to limp, walk lamely”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σκάζω (skázō) and Proto-Germanic *hinkaną.


glanndeti

glanndū (active first-person present singular)
glanndemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
giglantsū (active first-person future singular)
geglonda (active first-person preterite singular)
glanndesi (active present second-person singular)
glanndetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
giglantsesi (active future second-person singular)
geglondas? (active preterite second-person singular)
glanndeti (active present singular third-person)
glanndeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
giglantseti (active future singular third-person)
geglonde (active preterite singular third-person)
glanndomosi (active first-person plural present)
glanndemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
giglantsomosi (active first-person future plural)
geglondmo (active first-person plural preterite)
glanndetesi (active plural present second-person)
glanndestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
giglantsetesi (active future plural second-person)
geglonsse (active plural preterite second-person)
glanndonti (active plural present third-person)
glanndento (active imperfect plural third-person)
giglantsonti (active future plural third-person)
geglondars (active plural preterite third-person)
glentsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
glentsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
glannde (active imperative second-person singular)
glentseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
glanndetou (active imperative singular third-person)
glentsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
glanndomos (active first-person imperative plural)
glentsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
glanndete (active imperative plural second-person)
glentsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
glanndontou (active imperative plural third-person)
glanndūr (first-person passive present singular)
giglantsūr (first-person future passive singular)
glanndetar (passive present second-person singular)
giglantsetar (future passive second-person singular)
glanndetor (passive present singular third-person)
giglantsetor (future passive singular third-person)
glanndommor (first-person passive plural present)
giglantsommor (first-person future passive plural)
glanndedwe (passive plural present second-person)
giglantsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
glanndontor (passive plural present third-person)
giglantsontor (future passive plural third-person)
glentsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
glentsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
glentsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
glentsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
glentsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
glentsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
glansos (nominative singular)
glansou (dual nominative)
glansoi (nominative plural)
glanse (singular vocative)
glansou (dual vocative)
glansoi (plural vocative)
glansom (accusative singular)
glansou (accusative dual)
glansoms (accusative plural)
glansī (genitive singular)
glansous (dual genitive)
glansom (genitive plural)
glansūi (dative singular)
glansobom (dative dual)
glansobos (dative plural)
glansū (instrumental singular)
glansobim (dual instrumental)
glansobis (instrumental plural)
glansā (nominative singular)
glansai (dual nominative)
glansās (nominative plural)
glansā (singular vocative)
glansai (dual vocative)
glansās (plural vocative)
glansam (accusative singular)
glansai (accusative dual)
glansams (accusative plural)
glansās (genitive singular)
glansai (dative singular)
glansābom (dative dual)
glansābos (dative plural)
glansābim (dual instrumental)
glansābis (instrumental plural)
glansom (nominative singular)
glansā (nominative plural)
glansom (singular vocative)
glansā (plural vocative)
glansā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: ·gleinn

From Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰlendʰ- (“show, shine”).


kʷrināti

kʷrināmi (active first-person present singular)
kʷrinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kʷikʷrīsū (active first-person future singular)
kʷikʷra (active first-person preterite singular)
kʷrināsi (active present second-person singular)
kʷrinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kʷikʷrīsesi (active future second-person singular)
kʷikʷras? (active preterite second-person singular)
kʷrināti (active present singular third-person)
kʷrinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
kʷikʷrīseti (active future singular third-person)
kʷikʷre (active preterite singular third-person)
kʷrinamosi (active first-person plural present)
kʷrinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kʷikʷrīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
kʷikʷrmo (active first-person plural preterite)
kʷrinatesi (active plural present second-person)
kʷrinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kʷikʷrīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
kʷikʷre (active plural preterite second-person)
kʷrinanti (active plural present third-person)
kʷrinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
kʷikʷrīsonti (active future plural third-person)
kʷikʷrars (active plural preterite third-person)
kʷreyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
kʷreyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷrinā (active imperative second-person singular)
kʷreyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷrinātou (active imperative singular third-person)
kʷreyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
kʷrinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
kʷreyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷrinate (active imperative plural second-person)
kʷreyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷrinantou (active imperative plural third-person)
kʷrinār (first-person passive present singular)
kʷikʷrīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
kʷrinātar (passive present second-person singular)
kʷikʷrīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
kʷrinātor (passive present singular third-person)
kʷikʷrīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
kʷrinammor (first-person passive plural present)
kʷikʷrīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
kʷrinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
kʷikʷrīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
kʷrinantor (passive plural present third-person)
kʷikʷrīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
kʷreyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
kʷreyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
kʷreyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
kʷreyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
kʷreyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
kʷreyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
kʷrītos (nominative singular)
kʷrītou (dual nominative)
kʷrītoi (nominative plural)
kʷrīte (singular vocative)
kʷrītou (dual vocative)
kʷrītoi (plural vocative)
kʷrītom (accusative singular)
kʷrītou (accusative dual)
kʷrītoms (accusative plural)
kʷrītī (genitive singular)
kʷrītous (dual genitive)
kʷrītom (genitive plural)
kʷrītūi (dative singular)
kʷrītobom (dative dual)
kʷrītobos (dative plural)
kʷrītū (instrumental singular)
kʷrītobim (dual instrumental)
kʷrītobis (instrumental plural)
kʷrītā (nominative singular)
kʷrītai (dual nominative)
kʷrītās (nominative plural)
kʷrītā (singular vocative)
kʷrītai (dual vocative)
kʷrītās (plural vocative)
kʷrītam (accusative singular)
kʷrītai (accusative dual)
kʷrītams (accusative plural)
kʷrītās (genitive singular)
kʷrītai (dative singular)
kʷrītābom (dative dual)
kʷrītābos (dative plural)
kʷrītābim (dual instrumental)
kʷrītābis (instrumental plural)
kʷrītom (nominative singular)
kʷrītā (nominative plural)
kʷrītom (singular vocative)
kʷrītā (plural vocative)
kʷrītā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *prɨnad
Old Breton: prenaff
Breton: prenañ
Old Cornish: prinid
Middle Cornish: prenne
Cornish: perna
Middle Welsh: prynnu
Welsh: prynu

Old Irish: crenaid

Irish: crean (“obtain, purchase”)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷri-né-h₂-ti ~ *kʷri-n-h₂-énti.


dligeti

dligū (active first-person present singular)
dligemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
didlixsū (active first-person future singular)
dligam (active first-person preterite singular)
dligesi (active present second-person singular)
dligetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didlixsesi (active future second-person singular)
dlixs (active preterite second-person singular)
dligeti (active present singular third-person)
dligeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
didlixseti (active future singular third-person)
dlixt (active preterite singular third-person)
dligomosi (active first-person plural present)
dligemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didlixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
dligme (active first-person plural preterite)
dligetesi (active plural present second-person)
dligestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
didlixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
dlixte (active plural preterite second-person)
dligonti (active plural present third-person)
dligento (active imperfect plural third-person)
didlixsonti (active future plural third-person)
dligant (active plural preterite third-person)
dlexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dlexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dlige (active imperative second-person singular)
dlexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dligetou (active imperative singular third-person)
dlexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dligomos (active first-person imperative plural)
dlexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dligete (active imperative plural second-person)
dlexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dligontou (active imperative plural third-person)
dligūr (first-person passive present singular)
didlixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
dligetar (passive present second-person singular)
didlixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
dligetor (passive present singular third-person)
didlixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
dligommor (first-person passive plural present)
didlixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
dligedwe (passive plural present second-person)
didlixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
dligontor (passive plural present third-person)
didlixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
dlexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dlexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dlexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dlexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dlexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dlexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dlixtos (nominative singular)
dlixtou (dual nominative)
dlixtoi (nominative plural)
dlixte (singular vocative)
dlixtou (dual vocative)
dlixtoi (plural vocative)
dlixtom (accusative singular)
dlixtou (accusative dual)
dlixtoms (accusative plural)
dlixtī (genitive singular)
dlixtous (dual genitive)
dlixtom (genitive plural)
dlixtūi (dative singular)
dlixtobom (dative dual)
dlixtobos (dative plural)
dlixtū (instrumental singular)
dlixtobim (dual instrumental)
dlixtobis (instrumental plural)
dlixtā (nominative singular)
dlixtai (dual nominative)
dlixtās (nominative plural)
dlixtā (singular vocative)
dlixtai (dual vocative)
dlixtās (plural vocative)
dlixtam (accusative singular)
dlixtai (accusative dual)
dlixtams (accusative plural)
dlixtās (genitive singular)
dlixtai (dative singular)
dlixtābom (dative dual)
dlixtābos (dative plural)
dlixtābim (dual instrumental)
dlixtābis (instrumental plural)
dlixtom (nominative singular)
dlixtā (nominative plural)
dlixtom (singular vocative)
dlixtā (plural vocative)
dlixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dɨlɣɨd

Middle Breton: dleout (“must”)

Breton: dleout

Middle Cornish: dylly

Cornish: tyli (“to owe”)

desc

Middle Welsh: dylyu, dlyu (“to be entitled to; to be obligated to”)

Welsh: dylu (“ought”)

desctree

Old Irish: dligid (“to be entitled to”)
Irish: dligh
Scottish Gaelic: dligh

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰlégʰ-ti ~ *dʰl̥gʰ-énti, from *dʰlegʰ- (“to be entitled to, to be obligated to”).


lungeti

lungū (active first-person present singular)
lungemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
liluxsū (active first-person future singular)
lelouga (active first-person preterite singular)
lungesi (active present second-person singular)
lungetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
liluxsesi (active future second-person singular)
lelougas? (active preterite second-person singular)
lungeti (active present singular third-person)
lungeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
liluxseti (active future singular third-person)
lelouge (active preterite singular third-person)
lungomosi (active first-person plural present)
lungemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
liluxsomosi (active first-person future plural)
lelougmo (active first-person plural preterite)
lungetesi (active plural present second-person)
lungestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
liluxsetesi (active future plural second-person)
lelouxte (active plural preterite second-person)
lungonti (active plural present third-person)
lungento (active imperfect plural third-person)
liluxsonti (active future plural third-person)
lelougars (active plural preterite third-person)
lounxsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
lounxsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
lunge (active imperative second-person singular)
lounxseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
lungetou (active imperative singular third-person)
lounxsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
lungomos (active first-person imperative plural)
lounxsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
lungete (active imperative plural second-person)
lounxsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
lungontou (active imperative plural third-person)
lungūr (first-person passive present singular)
liluxsūr (first-person future passive singular)
lungetar (passive present second-person singular)
liluxsetar (future passive second-person singular)
lungetor (passive present singular third-person)
liluxsetor (future passive singular third-person)
lungommor (first-person passive plural present)
liluxsommor (first-person future passive plural)
lungedwe (passive plural present second-person)
liluxsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
lungontor (passive plural present third-person)
liluxsontor (future passive plural third-person)
lounxsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
lounxsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
lounxsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
lounxsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
lounxsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
lounxsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
luxtos (nominative singular)
luxtou (dual nominative)
luxtoi (nominative plural)
luxte (singular vocative)
luxtou (dual vocative)
luxtoi (plural vocative)
luxtom (accusative singular)
luxtou (accusative dual)
luxtoms (accusative plural)
luxtī (genitive singular)
luxtous (dual genitive)
luxtom (genitive plural)
luxtūi (dative singular)
luxtobom (dative dual)
luxtobos (dative plural)
luxtū (instrumental singular)
luxtobim (dual instrumental)
luxtobis (instrumental plural)
luxtā (nominative singular)
luxtai (dual nominative)
luxtās (nominative plural)
luxtā (singular vocative)
luxtai (dual vocative)
luxtās (plural vocative)
luxtam (accusative singular)
luxtai (accusative dual)
luxtams (accusative plural)
luxtās (genitive singular)
luxtai (dative singular)
luxtābom (dative dual)
luxtābos (dative plural)
luxtābim (dual instrumental)
luxtābis (instrumental plural)
luxtom (nominative singular)
luxtā (nominative plural)
luxtom (singular vocative)
luxtā (plural vocative)
luxtā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend”). Cognate with Latin luctor (“to wrestle”) and Old English lūcan (“to lock”).

Proto-Brythonic: *ėllüngɨdOld Welsh: ellyngyMiddle Welsh: ellwng

Old Irish: fo·loingIrish: fulaingScottish Gaelic: fuiling


sextametos

sextametos (nominative singular)
sextametou (dual nominative)
sextametoi (nominative plural)
sextamete (singular vocative)
sextametou (dual vocative)
sextametoi (plural vocative)
sextametom (accusative singular)
sextametou (accusative dual)
sextametoms (accusative plural)
sextametī (genitive singular)
sextametous (dual genitive)
sextametom (genitive plural)
sextametūi (dative singular)
sextametobom (dative dual)
sextametobos (dative plural)
sextametū (instrumental singular)
sextametobim (dual instrumental)
sextametobis (instrumental plural)
sextametā (nominative singular)
sextametai (dual nominative)
sextametās (nominative plural)
sextametā (singular vocative)
sextametai (dual vocative)
sextametās (plural vocative)
sextametam (accusative singular)
sextametai (accusative dual)
sextametams (accusative plural)
sextametās (genitive singular)
sextametai (dative singular)
sextametābom (dative dual)
sextametābos (dative plural)
sextametābim (dual instrumental)
sextametābis (instrumental plural)
sextametom (nominative singular)
sextametā (nominative plural)
sextametom (singular vocative)
sextametā (plural vocative)
sextametā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *seɨθβ̃ed
Breton: seizhved
Cornish: seythves
Welsh: seithfed

Middle Irish: sechtmad
Irish: seachtú

Gaulish: sextametos

Celtiberian: setantu


dligetom

dligetom (nominative singular)
dligetou (dual nominative)
dligetā (nominative plural)
dligetom (singular vocative)
dligetou (dual vocative)
dligetā (plural vocative)
dligetom (accusative singular)
dligetou (accusative dual)
dligetā (accusative plural)
dligetī (genitive singular)
dligetous (dual genitive)
dligetom (genitive plural)
dligetūi (dative singular)
dligetobom (dative dual)
dligetobos (dative plural)
dligetei (locative singular)
dligetū (instrumental singular)
dligetobim (dual instrumental)
dligetūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dlɨɣed

Middle Welsh: dylyet

Welsh: dyled

Old Irish: dliged

Irish: dlí

Scottish Gaelic: dlighe

From *dligeti (“to owe, be indebted to”) + *-etom.


dekametos

dekametos (nominative singular)
dekametou (dual nominative)
dekametoi (nominative plural)
dekamete (singular vocative)
dekametou (dual vocative)
dekametoi (plural vocative)
dekametom (accusative singular)
dekametou (accusative dual)
dekametoms (accusative plural)
dekametī (genitive singular)
dekametous (dual genitive)
dekametom (genitive plural)
dekametūi (dative singular)
dekametobom (dative dual)
dekametobos (dative plural)
dekametū (instrumental singular)
dekametobim (dual instrumental)
dekametobis (instrumental plural)
dekametā (nominative singular)
dekametai (dual nominative)
dekametās (nominative plural)
dekametā (singular vocative)
dekametai (dual vocative)
dekametās (plural vocative)
dekametam (accusative singular)
dekametai (accusative dual)
dekametams (accusative plural)
dekametās (genitive singular)
dekametai (dative singular)
dekametābom (dative dual)
dekametābos (dative plural)
dekametābim (dual instrumental)
dekametābis (instrumental plural)
dekametom (nominative singular)
dekametā (nominative plural)
dekametom (singular vocative)
dekametā (plural vocative)
dekametā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *degβ̃ed
Breton: dekved
Cornish: degves
Middle Welsh: decuet
Welsh: degfed

Old Irish: dechmad
Irish: deichiú, deachú
Manx: jeihoo
Scottish Gaelic: deicheamh

Celtiberian: [Term?] (dekametam)

Gaulish: decametos, decometos


oxtūmetos

oxtūmetos (nominative singular)
oxtūmetou (dual nominative)
oxtūmetoi (nominative plural)
oxtūmete (singular vocative)
oxtūmetou (dual vocative)
oxtūmetoi (plural vocative)
oxtūmetom (accusative singular)
oxtūmetou (accusative dual)
oxtūmetoms (accusative plural)
oxtūmetī (genitive singular)
oxtūmetous (dual genitive)
oxtūmetom (genitive plural)
oxtūmetūi (dative singular)
oxtūmetobom (dative dual)
oxtūmetobos (dative plural)
oxtūmetū (instrumental singular)
oxtūmetobim (dual instrumental)
oxtūmetobis (instrumental plural)
oxtūmetā (nominative singular)
oxtūmetai (dual nominative)
oxtūmetās (nominative plural)
oxtūmetā (singular vocative)
oxtūmetai (dual vocative)
oxtūmetās (plural vocative)
oxtūmetam (accusative singular)
oxtūmetai (accusative dual)
oxtūmetams (accusative plural)
oxtūmetās (genitive singular)
oxtūmetai (dative singular)
oxtūmetābom (dative dual)
oxtūmetābos (dative plural)
oxtūmetābim (dual instrumental)
oxtūmetābis (instrumental plural)
oxtūmetom (nominative singular)
oxtūmetā (nominative plural)
oxtūmetom (singular vocative)
oxtūmetā (plural vocative)
oxtūmetā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *üɨθβ̃ed
Breton: eizhved
Cornish: ethves
Welsh: wythfed

Old Irish: ochtmad
Irish: ochtú
Scottish Gaelic: ochdamh
→ English: ochdamh

Gaulish: oxtumetos


naumetos

nawmetos (nominative singular)
nawmetou (dual nominative)
nawmetoi (nominative plural)
nawmete (singular vocative)
nawmetou (dual vocative)
nawmetoi (plural vocative)
nawmetom (accusative singular)
nawmetou (accusative dual)
nawmetoms (accusative plural)
nawmetī (genitive singular)
nawmetous (dual genitive)
nawmetom (genitive plural)
nawmetūi (dative singular)
nawmetobom (dative dual)
nawmetobos (dative plural)
nawmetū (instrumental singular)
nawmetobim (dual instrumental)
nawmetobis (instrumental plural)
nawmetā (nominative singular)
nawmetai (dual nominative)
nawmetās (nominative plural)
nawmetā (singular vocative)
nawmetai (dual vocative)
nawmetās (plural vocative)
nawmetam (accusative singular)
nawmetai (accusative dual)
nawmetams (accusative plural)
nawmetās (genitive singular)
nawmetai (dative singular)
nawmetābom (dative dual)
nawmetābos (dative plural)
nawmetābim (dual instrumental)
nawmetābis (instrumental plural)
nawmetom (nominative singular)
nawmetā (nominative plural)
nawmetom (singular vocative)
nawmetā (plural vocative)
nawmetā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *nọβ̃ed
Breton: navved
Cornish: nawves, nawhes
Welsh: nawfed

Welsh: nawfed

Middle Irish: nómad

Irish: naomhadh, naoú

Gaulish: nametos


enistī

enistī (nominative singular)
enistī (dual nominative)
enistiyās (nominative plural)
enistī (singular vocative)
enistī (dual vocative)
enistiyās (plural vocative)
enistīm (accusative singular)
enistī (accusative dual)
enistīms (accusative plural)
enistyās (genitive singular)
enistyous (dual genitive)
enistyom (genitive plural)
enistyai (dative singular)
enistyābom (dative dual)
enistyābos (dative plural)
enistyābim (dual instrumental)
enistyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *ɨnɨs
Old Breton: inis
Middle Breton: enes
Breton: enez
Cornish: enys
Middle Welsh: ynys
Welsh: ynys

Old Irish: inis

Irish: inis

Manx: innis

Scottish Gaelic: innis

→ Scots: inch

→ English: inch

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eni-sth₂-ih₂ (literally “that which stands in (the water)”), from *h₁en (“in”) + *steh₂- (“stand”).


tritiyos

tritiyos (nominative singular)
tritiyou (dual nominative)
tritiyoi (nominative plural)
tritiye (singular vocative)
tritiyou (dual vocative)
tritiyoi (plural vocative)
tritiyom (accusative singular)
tritiyou (accusative dual)
tritiyoms (accusative plural)
tritiyī (genitive singular)
tritiyous (dual genitive)
tritiyom (genitive plural)
tritiyūi (dative singular)
tritiyobom (dative dual)
tritiyobos (dative plural)
tritiyū (instrumental singular)
tritiyobim (dual instrumental)
tritiyobis (instrumental plural)
tritiyā (nominative singular)
tritiyai (dual nominative)
tritiyās (nominative plural)
tritiyā (singular vocative)
tritiyai (dual vocative)
tritiyās (plural vocative)
tritiyam (accusative singular)
tritiyai (accusative dual)
tritiyams (accusative plural)
tritiyās (genitive singular)
tritiyai (dative singular)
tritiyābom (dative dual)
tritiyābos (dative plural)
tritiyābim (dual instrumental)
tritiyābis (instrumental plural)
tritiyom (nominative singular)
tritiyā (nominative plural)
tritiyom (singular vocative)
tritiyā (plural vocative)
tritiyā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *trɨdɨð
Middle Breton: trede
Breton: trede
Middle Cornish: trysse, tresse
Old Welsh: tritid
Middle Welsh: trydyd
Welsh: trydydd

Gaulish: tritios

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥tyós (“third”); compare with Latin tertius and Proto-Germanic *þridjô.


kēlyos

kēlyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kēlyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kēlyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kēlye (masculine singular stem vocative)
kēlyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kēlyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kēlyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kēlyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kēlyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kēlyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kēlyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kēlyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kēlyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kēlyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kēlyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kēlyei (locative masculine singular stem)
kēlyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kēlyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kēlyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *kuɨlð
Middle Welsh: cilit, kilid
Welsh: cilydd
Old Breton: kiled
Breton: kile
Cornish: kila

Primitive Irish: ᚉᚓᚂᚔ (celi, genitive)

Old Irish: céile

Irish: céile

Manx: keilley

Scottish Gaelic: cèile

Uncertain. Possibly originally meaning "wayfarer," from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to settle”), similar to the sense development of Old Irish séitig (“wife”) from *sentus (“way, path”). Stokes instead compares Latin cacula (“servant”).


kentus

kentus (nominative singular)
kentū (dual nominative)
kentowes (nominative plural)
kentu (singular vocative)
kentū (dual vocative)
kentūs (plural vocative)
kentum (accusative singular)
kentū (accusative dual)
kentums (accusative plural)
kentous (genitive singular)
kentous (dual genitive)
kentowom (genitive plural)
kentou (dative singular)
kentubom (dative dual)
kentubos (dative plural)
kentū (instrumental singular)
kentubim (dual instrumental)
kentubis (instrumental plural)
kentu (nominative singular)
kentwā (nominative plural)
kentwā (plural vocative)
kentu (accusative singular)
kentwā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *kɨnt
Breton: kent
Cornish: kyns
Welsh: cynt

Old Irish: cét-
Middle Irish: cét-
Irish: céad
Manx: kied
Scottish Gaelic: ciad

Gaulish: cintus

From Proto-Indo-European *kéntus, from *ken-.


kʷetwariyos

kʷetwariyos (nominative singular)
kʷetwariyou (dual nominative)
kʷetwariyoi (nominative plural)
kʷetwariye (singular vocative)
kʷetwariyou (dual vocative)
kʷetwariyoi (plural vocative)
kʷetwariyom (accusative singular)
kʷetwariyou (accusative dual)
kʷetwariyoms (accusative plural)
kʷetwariyī (genitive singular)
kʷetwariyous (dual genitive)
kʷetwariyom (genitive plural)
kʷetwariyūi (dative singular)
kʷetwariyobom (dative dual)
kʷetwariyobos (dative plural)
kʷetwariyū (instrumental singular)
kʷetwariyobim (dual instrumental)
kʷetwariyobis (instrumental plural)
kʷetwariyā (nominative singular)
kʷetwariyai (dual nominative)
kʷetwariyās (nominative plural)
kʷetwariyā (singular vocative)
kʷetwariyai (dual vocative)
kʷetwariyās (plural vocative)
kʷetwariyam (accusative singular)
kʷetwariyai (accusative dual)
kʷetwariyams (accusative plural)
kʷetwariyās (genitive singular)
kʷetwariyai (dative singular)
kʷetwariyābom (dative dual)
kʷetwariyābos (dative plural)
kʷetwariyābim (dual instrumental)
kʷetwariyābis (instrumental plural)
kʷetwariyom (nominative singular)
kʷetwariyā (nominative plural)
kʷetwariyom (singular vocative)
kʷetwariyā (plural vocative)
kʷetwariyā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *pėdwėrɨð
Old Breton: petguare
Middle Breton: peuare, pevare
Breton: pevare
Middle Cornish: pyswere, peswere
Cornish: peswora, pajwora
Old Welsh: petguaret
Middle Welsh: pedweryd
Welsh: pedwerydd

Old Irish: cethramad
Irish: ceathrú
Manx: kerroo, kiarroo
Scottish Gaelic: ceathramh

Gaulish: petuarios

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwr̥yós (“fourth”), from *kʷetwóres + *-yós. Equivalent to *kʷetwores + *-yos.


swexstos

swextos (nominative singular)
swextou (dual nominative)
swextoi (nominative plural)
swexte (singular vocative)
swextou (dual vocative)
swextoi (plural vocative)
swextom (accusative singular)
swextou (accusative dual)
swextoms (accusative plural)
swextī (genitive singular)
swextous (dual genitive)
swextom (genitive plural)
swextūi (dative singular)
swextobom (dative dual)
swextobos (dative plural)
swextū (instrumental singular)
swextobim (dual instrumental)
swextobis (instrumental plural)
swextā (nominative singular)
swextai (dual nominative)
swextās (nominative plural)
swextā (singular vocative)
swextai (dual vocative)
swextās (plural vocative)
swextam (accusative singular)
swextai (accusative dual)
swextams (accusative plural)
swextās (genitive singular)
swextai (dative singular)
swextābom (dative dual)
swextābos (dative plural)
swextābim (dual instrumental)
swextābis (instrumental plural)
swextom (nominative singular)
swextā (nominative plural)
swextom (singular vocative)
swextā (plural vocative)
swextā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *hwexed
Breton: c'houecved
Cornish: whefes
Middle Welsh: chwechet
Welsh: chweched, (dialectal) wechfed

Old Irish: seissed, sessed
Middle Irish: seissed, seised, sesed, sessed
Irish: seiseadh
Scottish Gaelic: seiseadh

Gaulish: suexos

From Proto-Indo-European *swéḱstos, from *swéḱs (“six”) + *-tos (“-th”). Equivalent to *swexs + *-tos.
Insular branches have remodeled the suffix to *-etos.


kʷenkʷetos

kʷenkʷetos (nominative singular)
kʷenkʷetou (dual nominative)
kʷenkʷetoi (nominative plural)
kʷenkʷete (singular vocative)
kʷenkʷetou (dual vocative)
kʷenkʷetoi (plural vocative)
kʷenkʷetom (accusative singular)
kʷenkʷetou (accusative dual)
kʷenkʷetoms (accusative plural)
kʷenkʷetī (genitive singular)
kʷenkʷetous (dual genitive)
kʷenkʷetom (genitive plural)
kʷenkʷetūi (dative singular)
kʷenkʷetobom (dative dual)
kʷenkʷetobos (dative plural)
kʷenkʷetū (instrumental singular)
kʷenkʷetobim (dual instrumental)
kʷenkʷetobis (instrumental plural)
kʷenkʷetā (nominative singular)
kʷenkʷetai (dual nominative)
kʷenkʷetās (nominative plural)
kʷenkʷetā (singular vocative)
kʷenkʷetai (dual vocative)
kʷenkʷetās (plural vocative)
kʷenkʷetam (accusative singular)
kʷenkʷetai (accusative dual)
kʷenkʷetams (accusative plural)
kʷenkʷetās (genitive singular)
kʷenkʷetai (dative singular)
kʷenkʷetābom (dative dual)
kʷenkʷetābos (dative plural)
kʷenkʷetābim (dual instrumental)
kʷenkʷetābis (instrumental plural)
kʷenkʷetom (nominative singular)
kʷenkʷetā (nominative plural)
kʷenkʷetom (singular vocative)
kʷenkʷetā (plural vocative)
kʷenkʷetā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *pɨmped
Middle Breton: pempet
Breton: pempet, pempvet
Middle Cornish: pympes
Cornish: pympes, pempes
Old Welsh: pimphet
Middle Welsh: pymhed
Welsh: pumed

Old Irish: cóiced
Middle Irish: cóiced
Irish: cúigiú
Manx: queiggoo
Scottish Gaelic: còigeamh

Gaulish: pinpetos

From Proto-Indo-European *penkʷtos, from *pénkʷe (“five”) + *-tos (“-th”), but with an inserted vowel before the suffix. Equivalent to *kʷenkʷe + *-tos or + *-etos.


garros

garros (masculine nominative singular stem)
garrou (dual masculine nominative stem)
garroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
garre (masculine singular stem vocative)
garrou (dual masculine stem vocative)
garrūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
garrom (accusative masculine singular stem)
garrou (accusative dual masculine stem)
garroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
garrī (genitive masculine singular stem)
garrous (dual genitive masculine stem)
garrom (genitive masculine plural stem)
garrūi (dative masculine singular stem)
garrobom (dative dual masculine stem)
garrobos (dative masculine plural stem)
garrei (locative masculine singular stem)
garrū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
garrobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
garrūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *garr
Middle Breton: garr
Breton: gar
Cornish: gar
Middle Welsh: garr
Welsh: gar

Old Irish: gairr

Gaulish: *garrā

→ Vulgar Latin: *garra (see there for further descendants)

Possibly, via an earlier general sense “limb”, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰs-r-, from *ǵʰes- (“hand”). Compare Latin hīr (“hand”), Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír), Old Armenian ձեռն (jeṙn), Albanian dorë (“hand”), Tocharian A tsar, Hittite 𒆠𒌍𒊬.


ganskyos

kankyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kankyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kankyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kankye (masculine singular stem vocative)
kankyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kankyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kankyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kankyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kankyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kankyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kankyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kankyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kankyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kankyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kankyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kankyei (locative masculine singular stem)
kankyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kankyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kankyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: gésca

Gaulish: *ganskyos

→ Vulgar Latin: *ganscius

Latin: gascheria, gascaria

Old French: gaschiere, gaskiere

desc

Middle French: ghasquière, gasquiere, guachière

French: jachère

Galician: gancho (“hook”); ganzo (“branch”)

Occitan: gànchou

Portuguese: gancho

desctree

Spanish: gancho
→ Catalan: ganxo
→ Italian: gancio

Venetian: ganzo (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from earlier *kankskyos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱank-sḱ-, from *ḱank- (“branch”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌷𐍉𐌷𐌰 (hōha, “plough”), Lithuanian šakà (“branch”), Old East Slavic соха (soxa, “stake, club, brace, plough”), Old Armenian ցախ (cʻax, “branch, twig”), Sanskrit शाखा (śā́khā), Persian شاخ (šâx, “branch”).


barinākos

barinākos (masculine nominative singular stem)
barinākou (dual masculine nominative stem)
barinākoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
barināke (masculine singular stem vocative)
barinākou (dual masculine stem vocative)
barinākūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
barinākom (accusative masculine singular stem)
barinākou (accusative dual masculine stem)
barinākoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
barinākī (genitive masculine singular stem)
barinākous (dual genitive masculine stem)
barinākom (genitive masculine plural stem)
barinākūi (dative masculine singular stem)
barinākobom (dative dual masculine stem)
barinākobos (dative masculine plural stem)
barinākei (locative masculine singular stem)
barinākū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
barinākobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
barinākūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic:

Middle Breton: brennik

Breton: brennig

Cornish: brennik

Middle Welsh: brennig

Welsh: brennig

Old Irish: *bairnech

Irish: bairneach

Manx: baarnagh, barnagh, bayrnagh

Scottish Gaelic: bàirneach

Gaulish: *barinākā

→ Medieval Latin: barneca, berneca (see there for further descendants)

From *barinā (“rocky ground”) + *-ākos. The first element is from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to elevate”).


linati

linami (active first-person present singular)
linamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
lilīsū (active first-person future singular)
lila (active first-person preterite singular)
linasi (active present second-person singular)
linatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
lilīsesi (active future second-person singular)
lilas? (active preterite second-person singular)
linati (active present singular third-person)
linato (active imperfect singular third-person)
lilīseti (active future singular third-person)
lile (active preterite singular third-person)
linamosi (active first-person plural present)
linamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lilīsomosi (active first-person future plural)
lilmo (active first-person plural preterite)
linatesi (active plural present second-person)
linastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
lilīsetesi (active future plural second-person)
lile (active plural preterite second-person)
linanti (active plural present third-person)
linanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
lilīsonti (active future plural third-person)
lilars (active plural preterite third-person)
leyasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
leyasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
lina (active imperative second-person singular)
leyaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
linatou (active imperative singular third-person)
leyasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
linamos (active first-person imperative plural)
leyasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
linate (active imperative plural second-person)
leyasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
linantou (active imperative plural third-person)
linar (first-person passive present singular)
lilīsūr (first-person future passive singular)
linatar (passive present second-person singular)
lilīsetar (future passive second-person singular)
linator (passive present singular third-person)
lilīsetor (future passive singular third-person)
linammor (first-person passive plural present)
lilīsommor (first-person future passive plural)
linadwe (passive plural present second-person)
lilīsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
linantor (passive plural present third-person)
lilīsontor (future passive plural third-person)
leyasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
leyasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
leyasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
leyasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
leyasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
leyasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
lītos (nominative singular)
lītou (dual nominative)
lītoi (nominative plural)
līte (singular vocative)
lītou (dual vocative)
lītoi (plural vocative)
lītom (accusative singular)
lītou (accusative dual)
lītoms (accusative plural)
lītī (genitive singular)
lītous (dual genitive)
lītom (genitive plural)
lītūi (dative singular)
lītobom (dative dual)
lītobos (dative plural)
lītū (instrumental singular)
lītobim (dual instrumental)
lītobis (instrumental plural)
lītā (nominative singular)
lītai (dual nominative)
lītās (nominative plural)
lītā (singular vocative)
lītai (dual vocative)
lītās (plural vocative)
lītam (accusative singular)
lītai (accusative dual)
lītams (accusative plural)
lītās (genitive singular)
lītai (dative singular)
lītābom (dative dual)
lītābos (dative plural)
lītābim (dual instrumental)
lītābis (instrumental plural)
lītom (nominative singular)
lītā (nominative plural)
lītom (singular vocative)
lītā (plural vocative)
lītā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨnad
Old Welsh: linisant (3pl. preterite)
Middle Welsh: llynu (“to smear, infect, defile”)

Old Irish: lenaid
Irish: lean
Scottish Gaelic: lean


ɸarnati

ɸarnami (active first-person present singular)
ɸarnamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸibrāsū (active first-person future singular)
ɸīram (active first-person preterite singular)
ɸarnasi (active present second-person singular)
ɸarnatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸibrāsesi (active future second-person singular)
ɸīras (active preterite second-person singular)
ɸarnati (active present singular third-person)
ɸarnato (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸibrāseti (active future singular third-person)
ɸīrat (active preterite singular third-person)
ɸarnamosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸarnamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸibrāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ɸīrame (active first-person plural preterite)
ɸarnatesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸarnastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸibrāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ɸīrate (active plural preterite second-person)
ɸarnanti (active plural present third-person)
ɸarnanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸibrāsonti (active future plural third-person)
ɸīrant (active plural preterite third-person)
ɸerasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ɸerasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸarna (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸeraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸarnatou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸerasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ɸarnamos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸerasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸarnate (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸerasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸarnantou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸarnar (first-person passive present singular)
ɸibrāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ɸarnatar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸibrāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ɸarnator (passive present singular third-person)
ɸibrāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ɸarnammor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸibrāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ɸarnadwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸibrāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ɸarnantor (passive plural present third-person)
ɸibrāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ɸerasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ɸerasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸerasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸerasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ɸerasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸerasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸratos (nominative singular)
ɸratou (dual nominative)
ɸratoi (nominative plural)
ɸrate (singular vocative)
ɸratou (dual vocative)
ɸratoi (plural vocative)
ɸratom (accusative singular)
ɸratou (accusative dual)
ɸratoms (accusative plural)
ɸratī (genitive singular)
ɸratous (dual genitive)
ɸratom (genitive plural)
ɸratūi (dative singular)
ɸratobom (dative dual)
ɸratobos (dative plural)
ɸratū (instrumental singular)
ɸratobim (dual instrumental)
ɸratobis (instrumental plural)
ɸratā (nominative singular)
ɸratai (dual nominative)
ɸratās (nominative plural)
ɸratā (singular vocative)
ɸratai (dual vocative)
ɸratās (plural vocative)
ɸratam (accusative singular)
ɸratai (accusative dual)
ɸratams (accusative plural)
ɸratās (genitive singular)
ɸratai (dative singular)
ɸratābom (dative dual)
ɸratābos (dative plural)
ɸratābim (dual instrumental)
ɸratābis (instrumental plural)
ɸratom (nominative singular)
ɸratā (nominative plural)
ɸratom (singular vocative)
ɸratā (plural vocative)
ɸratā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: ernaid

From Proto-Indo-European *perh₃-. The future stem is from reduplicated *pi-pr̥h₃-; the change of -ɸr- to -br- in Proto-Celtic is phonologically regular.


dametos

dametos (masculine nominative singular stem)
dametou (dual masculine nominative stem)
dametoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
damete (masculine singular stem vocative)
dametou (dual masculine stem vocative)
dametūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
dametom (accusative masculine singular stem)
dametou (accusative dual masculine stem)
dametoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
dametī (genitive masculine singular stem)
dametous (dual genitive masculine stem)
dametom (genitive masculine plural stem)
dametūi (dative masculine singular stem)
dametobom (dative dual masculine stem)
dametobos (dative masculine plural stem)
dametei (locative masculine singular stem)
dametū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
dametobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
dametūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *daβ̃ad
Breton: dañvad
Cornish: davas
Welsh: dafad


sīlom

sīlom (nominative singular)
sīlou (dual nominative)
sīlā (nominative plural)
sīlom (singular vocative)
sīlou (dual vocative)
sīlā (plural vocative)
sīlom (accusative singular)
sīlou (accusative dual)
sīlā (accusative plural)
sīlī (genitive singular)
sīlous (dual genitive)
sīlom (genitive plural)
sīlūi (dative singular)
sīlobom (dative dual)
sīlobos (dative plural)
sīlei (locative singular)
sīlū (instrumental singular)
sīlobim (dual instrumental)
sīlūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *hil
Breton: hil
Cornish: hil
Welsh: hil

Old Irish: síl
Irish: síol
Manx: sheel
Scottish Gaelic: sìol

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow”).


rēnos

rēnos (masculine nominative singular stem)
rēnou (dual masculine nominative stem)
rēnoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
rēne (masculine singular stem vocative)
rēnou (dual masculine stem vocative)
rēnūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
rēnom (accusative masculine singular stem)
rēnou (accusative dual masculine stem)
rēnoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
rēnī (genitive masculine singular stem)
rēnous (dual genitive masculine stem)
rēnom (genitive masculine plural stem)
rēnūi (dative masculine singular stem)
rēnobom (dative dual masculine stem)
rēnobos (dative masculine plural stem)
rēnei (locative masculine singular stem)
rēnū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
rēnobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
rēnūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: rían
Irish: rian
Scottish Gaelic: rian

Gaulish: Rēnos

→ Latin: Rhēnus (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Germanic: *Rīnaz (see there for further descendants)

→ Ancient Greek: Ῥῆνος (Rhênos) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH-nós, from *h₃reyH- (“to flow, stream”).


saɸeros

saɸeros (masculine nominative singular stem)
saɸerou (dual masculine nominative stem)
saɸeroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
saɸere (masculine singular stem vocative)
saɸerou (dual masculine stem vocative)
saɸerūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
saɸerom (accusative masculine singular stem)
saɸerou (accusative dual masculine stem)
saɸeroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
saɸerī (genitive masculine singular stem)
saɸerous (dual genitive masculine stem)
saɸerom (genitive masculine plural stem)
saɸerūi (dative masculine singular stem)
saɸerobom (dative dual masculine stem)
saɸerobos (dative masculine plural stem)
saɸerei (locative masculine singular stem)
saɸerū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
saɸerobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
saɸerūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *saer

Old Cornish: sair

Welsh: saer (if not borrowed from Old Irish)

Old Irish: sáer

Irish: saor

Manx: seyr

Scottish Gaelic: saor

From Proto-Indo-European *sap- (“skill”).


kaɸerūxs

kaɸerūxs (nominative singular)
kaɸerāke (dual nominative)
kaɸerākes (nominative plural)
kaɸerūxs (singular vocative)
kaɸerāke (dual vocative)
kaɸerākes (plural vocative)
kaɸerākam (accusative singular)
kaɸerāke (accusative dual)
kaɸerākams (accusative plural)
kaɸerākos (genitive singular)
kaɸerākou (dual genitive)
kaɸerākom (genitive plural)
kaɸerākei (dative singular)
kaɸerākobom (dative dual)
kaɸerākobos (dative plural)
kaɸerāki (locative singular)
kaɸerāke? (instrumental singular)
kaɸerākobim (dual instrumental)
kaɸerākobis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: cauru
Middle Irish: cáera
Irish: caora
Manx: keyrrey
Scottish Gaelic: caora

⇒ Middle Welsh: kaeriwrch (“roebuck”)

Welsh: caeriwrch (“roebuck”)

Possibly from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”) (compare *gabros (“goat”)), and thus cognate with Latin caper and Old Norse hafr; but the -ɸr- is difficult to explain as it normally should have become -br- in Proto-Celtic.
Stifter proposes a stem-ablaut variant of Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“goat”), *kápero-, which then compounded with a zero-grade form of *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) to form a root noun kaperoh₃kʷs. -oh₃- would regularly yield -ū- in a final syllable and -ā- elsewhere. The Brittonic forms would thus show a back-formation from the nominative singular, as a stem-final labial stop was not yielded.


kʷēslā

kʷēslā (nominative singular)
kʷēslai (dual nominative)
kʷēslās (nominative plural)
kʷēslā (singular vocative)
kʷēslai (dual vocative)
kʷēslās (plural vocative)
kʷēslam (accusative singular)
kʷēslai (accusative dual)
kʷēslāms (accusative plural)
kʷēslās (genitive singular)
kʷēslous (dual genitive)
kʷēslom (genitive plural)
kʷēslāi (dative singular)
kʷēslābom (dative dual)
kʷēslābos (dative plural)
kʷēslai (locative singular)
kʷēslābim (dual instrumental)
kʷēslābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *puɨll
Breton: poell
Cornish: poll
Welsh: pwyll

Old Irish: cíall
Irish: ciall
Manx: keeall
Scottish Gaelic: ciall

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (“to perceive”). Matasović supposes that a feminine form of a suffix *-slos was suffixed onto this root to form this word.


wewlos

wewlos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wewlou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wewloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wewle (masculine singular stem vocative)
wewlou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wewlūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wewlom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wewlou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wewloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wewlī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wewlous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wewlom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wewlūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wewlobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wewlobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wewlei (locative masculine singular stem)
wewlū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wewlobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wewlūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gweβl
Cornish: gwevel
Middle Breton: guefl
Welsh: gwefl

Old Irish: bél
Irish: béal, beola
Manx: beeal
Scottish Gaelic: beul
⇒ Middle Irish: bélbach
Irish: béalbhach

Possibly a reduplicated Proto-Indo-European root, though a connection with *bekkos (“snout, beak”) is not impossible.


enigenā

enigenā (nominative singular)
enigenai (dual nominative)
enigenās (nominative plural)
enigenā (singular vocative)
enigenai (dual vocative)
enigenās (plural vocative)
enigenam (accusative singular)
enigenai (accusative dual)
enigenāms (accusative plural)
enigenās (genitive singular)
enigenous (dual genitive)
enigenom (genitive plural)
enigenāi (dative singular)
enigenābom (dative dual)
enigenābos (dative plural)
enigenai (locative singular)
enigenābim (dual instrumental)
enigenābis (instrumental plural)

Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ (inigena)
Old Irish: ingen
Middle Irish: ingen
Irish: iníon, inghean (superseded); inghin, inín (Connacht); nighean, níon (Ulster), inín
Manx: inneen
Scottish Gaelic: nighean, nigheann, inghean
⇒ Middle Irish: ingenach
⇒ Middle Irish: ingenas
Irish: iníonas

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”) + *ǵenh₁- (“produce, give birth”).