wīros

wīros (nominative singular)
wīrou (dual nominative)
wīroi (nominative plural)
wīre (singular vocative)
wīrou (dual vocative)
wīroi (plural vocative)
wīrom (accusative singular)
wīrou (accusative dual)
wīroms (accusative plural)
wīrī (genitive singular)
wīrous (dual genitive)
wīrom (genitive plural)
wīrūi (dative singular)
wīrobom (dative dual)
wīrobos (dative plural)
wīrū (instrumental singular)
wīrobim (dual instrumental)
wīrobis (instrumental plural)
wīrā (nominative singular)
wīrai (dual nominative)
wīrās (nominative plural)
wīrā (singular vocative)
wīrai (dual vocative)
wīrās (plural vocative)
wīram (accusative singular)
wīrai (accusative dual)
wīrams (accusative plural)
wīrās (genitive singular)
wīrai (dative singular)
wīrābom (dative dual)
wīrābos (dative plural)
wīrābim (dual instrumental)
wīrābis (instrumental plural)
wīrom (nominative singular)
wīrā (nominative plural)
wīrom (singular vocative)
wīrā (plural vocative)
wīrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwir
Old Breton: guir
Breton: gwir
Old Cornish: guir
Middle Cornish: gwyr
Cornish: gwir
Middle Welsh: gwir
Welsh: gwir

Old Irish: fír
Irish: fíor
Manx: feer
Scottish Gaelic: fìor

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros, from *weh₁- (“true”).


welīts

welīts (nominative singular)
welete (dual nominative)
weletes (nominative plural)
welīts (singular vocative)
welete (dual vocative)
weletes (plural vocative)
weletam (accusative singular)
welete (accusative dual)
weletams (accusative plural)
weletos (genitive singular)
weletou (dual genitive)
weletom (genitive plural)
weletei (dative singular)
weletobom (dative dual)
weletobos (dative plural)
weleti (locative singular)
welete? (instrumental singular)
weletobim (dual instrumental)
weletobis (instrumental plural)

Primitive Irish: ᚃᚓᚂᚔᚈᚐᚄ (velitas)
Old Irish: fili
Irish: file
Manx: feelee
Scottish Gaelic: filidh

>? Gaulish: VIIL[II]TS (uelets)

→⇒ Latin: Veleda

From *weleti (“to see”), from Proto-Indo-European *wel-.


genetā

genetā (nominative singular)
genetai (dual nominative)
genetās (nominative plural)
genetā (singular vocative)
genetai (dual vocative)
genetās (plural vocative)
genetam (accusative singular)
genetai (accusative dual)
genetāms (accusative plural)
genetās (genitive singular)
genetous (dual genitive)
genetom (genitive plural)
genetāi (dative singular)
genetābom (dative dual)
genetābos (dative plural)
genetai (locative singular)
genetābim (dual instrumental)
genetābis (instrumental plural)

Welsh: geneth (from *genettā with expressive gemination)

Gaulish: geneta, genata, gnata

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-eteh₂. Compare Oscan genetaí (“daughter”, dative singular) and Latin (primo-)genitus.


meteti

metū (active first-person present singular)
metemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
mintsū (active first-person future singular)
māta (active first-person preterite singular)
metesi (active present second-person singular)
metetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
mintsesi (active future second-person singular)
mātas? (active preterite second-person singular)
meteti (active present singular third-person)
meteto (active imperfect singular third-person)
mintseti (active future singular third-person)
māte (active preterite singular third-person)
metomosi (active first-person plural present)
metemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
mintsomosi (active first-person future plural)
mātmo (active first-person plural preterite)
metetesi (active plural present second-person)
metestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
mintsetesi (active future plural second-person)
māsse (active plural preterite second-person)
metonti (active plural present third-person)
metento (active imperfect plural third-person)
mintsonti (active future plural third-person)
mātars (active plural preterite third-person)
metsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
metsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mete (active imperative second-person singular)
metseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
metetou (active imperative singular third-person)
metsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
metomos (active first-person imperative plural)
metsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
metete (active imperative plural second-person)
metsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
metontou (active imperative plural third-person)
metūr (first-person passive present singular)
mintsūr (first-person future passive singular)
metetar (passive present second-person singular)
mintsetar (future passive second-person singular)
metetor (passive present singular third-person)
mintsetor (future passive singular third-person)
metommor (first-person passive plural present)
mintsommor (first-person future passive plural)
metedwe (passive plural present second-person)
mintsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
metontor (passive plural present third-person)
mintsontor (future passive plural third-person)
metsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
metsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
metsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
metsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
metsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
metsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *mėdɨd

Middle Breton: midiff

Cornish: midzhi

Middle Welsh: medi

Welsh: medi, Medi

From Proto-Indo-European *met-. Cognate with Latin metō.


Katuwelnāmnos

Katuwelnāmnos (masculine nominative singular stem)
Katuwelnāmne (masculine singular stem vocative)
Katuwelnāmnom (accusative masculine singular stem)
Katuwelnāmnī (genitive masculine singular stem)
Katuwelnāmnūi (dative masculine singular stem)
Katuwelnāmnei (locative masculine singular stem)
Katuwelnāmnū (instrumental masculine singular stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *Kaduwallọn
Old Breton: Kaduuallon, Catuuallon
Breton: Kadwallawn
Cornish: Kaswallawn
Old Welsh: Cadwallawn
Middle Welsh: Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun
Welsh: Cadwallon
→ Old English: Cædwalla
→ Latin: Caedualla

Old Irish: Cathfollomon

Irish: Cathfollomon

Gaulish: Cattuellaunos, Catalaunos, Catellaunos

From *katus (“battle”) + *wolnāmnos, from *wolnāmon- (“ruler”), from *wolnāti (“to rule, govern”), from Proto-Indo-European *wol-néh₂-ti, from *h₂welh₁- (“to be strong, rule”) (compare Proto-Celtic *walos (“prince, chief”)).

a male given name, equivalent to English Cadwallon


ouxselos

head

*ouxselos (comparative *ouxsais, superlative *ouxsamos)

ouxsais (comparative)
ouxsamos (superlative)
ouxselos (nominative singular)
ouxselou (dual nominative)
ouxseloi (nominative plural)
ouxsele (singular vocative)
ouxselou (dual vocative)
ouxseloi (plural vocative)
ouxselom (accusative singular)
ouxselou (accusative dual)
ouxseloms (accusative plural)
ouxselī (genitive singular)
ouxselous (dual genitive)
ouxselom (genitive plural)
ouxselūi (dative singular)
ouxselobom (dative dual)
ouxselobos (dative plural)
ouxselū (instrumental singular)
ouxselobim (dual instrumental)
ouxselobis (instrumental plural)
ouxselā (nominative singular)
ouxselai (dual nominative)
ouxselās (nominative plural)
ouxselā (singular vocative)
ouxselai (dual vocative)
ouxselās (plural vocative)
ouxselam (accusative singular)
ouxselai (accusative dual)
ouxselams (accusative plural)
ouxselās (genitive singular)
ouxselai (dative singular)
ouxselābom (dative dual)
ouxselābos (dative plural)
ouxselābim (dual instrumental)
ouxselābis (instrumental plural)
ouxselom (nominative singular)
ouxselā (nominative plural)
ouxselom (singular vocative)
ouxselā (plural vocative)
ouxselā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉxel

Breton: uhel

Cornish: huhel

Middle Welsh: uchel

Welsh: uchel

Old Irish: úasal

Irish: uasal

Manx: ooasle

Scottish Gaelic: uasal

Gaulish: *uxelos

→ Latin: Uxellodūnum

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὕψος (húpsos, “height”).


dubrokū

dubrokū (nominative singular)
dubrokune (dual nominative)
dubrokunes (nominative plural)
dubrokū (singular vocative)
dubrokune (dual vocative)
dubrokunes (plural vocative)
dubrokunam (accusative singular)
dubrokune (accusative dual)
dubrokunams (accusative plural)
dubrokunos (genitive singular)
dubrokunou (dual genitive)
dubrokunom (genitive plural)
dubrokunei (dative singular)
dubrokunobom (dative dual)
dubrokunobos (dative plural)
dubrokuni (locative singular)
dubrokune? (instrumental singular)
dubrokunobim (dual instrumental)
dubrokunobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *düβrgi
Breton: dourgi
Cornish: dowrgi
Welsh: dyfrgi, dwrgi

Old Irish: doburchú

Irish: dobharchú

Scottish Gaelic: dobhar-chù

Manx: dooarchoo


dringeti

dringū (active first-person present singular)
dringemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
didrixsū (active first-person future singular)
dedroga (active first-person preterite singular)
dringesi (active present second-person singular)
dringetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
didrixsesi (active future second-person singular)
dedrogas? (active preterite second-person singular)
dringeti (active present singular third-person)
dringeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
didrixseti (active future singular third-person)
dedroge (active preterite singular third-person)
dringomosi (active first-person plural present)
dringemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
didrixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
dedrogmo (active first-person plural preterite)
dringetesi (active plural present second-person)
dringestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
didrixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
dedroxte (active plural preterite second-person)
dringonti (active plural present third-person)
dringento (active imperfect plural third-person)
didrixsonti (active future plural third-person)
dedrogars (active plural preterite third-person)
drexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
drexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dringe (active imperative second-person singular)
drexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dringetou (active imperative singular third-person)
drexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dringomos (active first-person imperative plural)
drexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dringete (active imperative plural second-person)
drexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dringontou (active imperative plural third-person)
dringūr (first-person passive present singular)
didrixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
dringetar (passive present second-person singular)
didrixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
dringetor (passive present singular third-person)
didrixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
dringommor (first-person passive plural present)
didrixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
dringedwe (passive plural present second-person)
didrixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
dringontor (passive plural present third-person)
didrixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
drexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
drexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
drexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
drexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
drexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
drexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
drixtos (nominative singular)
drixtou (dual nominative)
drixtoi (nominative plural)
drixte (singular vocative)
drixtou (dual vocative)
drixtoi (plural vocative)
drixtom (accusative singular)
drixtou (accusative dual)
drixtoms (accusative plural)
drixtī (genitive singular)
drixtous (dual genitive)
drixtom (genitive plural)
drixtūi (dative singular)
drixtobom (dative dual)
drixtobos (dative plural)
drixtū (instrumental singular)
drixtobim (dual instrumental)
drixtobis (instrumental plural)
drixtā (nominative singular)
drixtai (dual nominative)
drixtās (nominative plural)
drixtā (singular vocative)
drixtai (dual vocative)
drixtās (plural vocative)
drixtam (accusative singular)
drixtai (accusative dual)
drixtams (accusative plural)
drixtās (genitive singular)
drixtai (dative singular)
drixtābom (dative dual)
drixtābos (dative plural)
drixtābim (dual instrumental)
drixtābis (instrumental plural)
drixtom (nominative singular)
drixtā (nominative plural)
drixtom (singular vocative)
drixtā (plural vocative)
drixtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: dringid
→ Middle Welsh: dringo
Welsh: dringo, dringad
⇒ Irish: dréim (from the verbal noun)

From Proto-Indo-European *dregʰ- (“to hold, fasten”). Cognate with Russian держа́ть (deržátʹ, “to hold”).


ketorā

ketorā (nominative singular)
ketorai (dual nominative)
ketorās (nominative plural)
ketorā (singular vocative)
ketorai (dual vocative)
ketorās (plural vocative)
ketoram (accusative singular)
ketorai (accusative dual)
ketorāms (accusative plural)
ketorās (genitive singular)
ketorous (dual genitive)
ketorom (genitive plural)
ketorāi (dative singular)
ketorābom (dative dual)
ketorābos (dative plural)
ketorai (locative singular)
ketorābim (dual instrumental)
ketorābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kedor
Middle Breton: quaezour
Cornish: kedhor
Old Welsh: caitoir
Middle Welsh: cedor
Welsh: cedor

Middle Irish: caither


buyeti

buyū (active first-person present singular)
buyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
bebuwa (active first-person preterite singular)
buyesi (active present second-person singular)
buyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
bebuwas? (active preterite second-person singular)
buyeti (active present singular third-person)
buyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
bebuwe (active preterite singular third-person)
buyomosi (active first-person plural present)
buyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
bebuwmo (active first-person plural preterite)
buyetesi (active plural present second-person)
buyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
bebuwe (active plural preterite second-person)
buyonti (active plural present third-person)
buyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
bebuwars (active plural preterite third-person)
buwū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
buwesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
buye (active imperative second-person singular)
buweti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
buyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
buwomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
buyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
buwetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
buyete (active imperative plural second-person)
buwonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
buyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
buyūr (first-person passive present singular)
buyetar (passive present second-person singular)
buyetor (passive present singular third-person)
buyommor (first-person passive plural present)
buyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
buyontor (passive plural present third-person)
buwūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
buwetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
buwetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
buwommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
buwedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
buwontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *bujɨd

Old Breton: bout

Cornish: bos

Old Welsh: bot

Middle Welsh: bod

Welsh: bod

Gaulish: biiete (2pl.pres.ind./imp.)

Old Irish: bí

Irish: bí

Manx: bee

Scottish Gaelic: bi

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-. Cognate with Sanskrit भवति (bhávati), Latin fuī and Lithuanian bū́ti.


didāti

didāmi (active first-person present singular)
didamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
dedū (active first-person preterite singular)
didāsi (active present second-person singular)
didatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
dedūs (active preterite second-person singular)
didāti (active present singular third-person)
didato (active imperfect singular third-person)
dedū (active preterite singular third-person)
didamosi (active first-person plural present)
didamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
dedamo (active first-person plural preterite)
didatesi (active plural present second-person)
didastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
dedate (active plural preterite second-person)
didonti (active plural present third-person)
didanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
dedars (active plural preterite third-person)
dāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
didā (active imperative second-person singular)
dāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
didātou (active imperative singular third-person)
dāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
didamos (active first-person imperative plural)
dāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
didate (active imperative plural second-person)
dāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
didontou (active imperative plural third-person)
didār (first-person passive present singular)
didātar (passive present second-person singular)
didātor (passive present singular third-person)
didammor (first-person passive plural present)
didadwe (passive plural present second-person)
didontor (passive plural present third-person)
dāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

desc

Celtiberian: tatuz (3sg. impv.), zizeti (3sg. pres. (subj.?)), zizonti (3pl. pres. (subj.?))

Gaulish: dede (3sg. pret.), da (2sg. impv.)

Lepontic: 𐌕𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tetu)

From Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti. Cognate with Latin dō and Lithuanian dúoti.

Old Irish: íadaidMiddle Irish: íadaidIrish: iaighScottish Gaelic: iadh


ageti

agū (active first-person present singular)
agemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
agam (active first-person preterite singular)
agesi (active present second-person singular)
agetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
axs (active preterite second-person singular)
ageti (active present singular third-person)
ageto (active imperfect singular third-person)
axt (active preterite singular third-person)
agomosi (active first-person plural present)
agemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
agme (active first-person plural preterite)
agetesi (active plural present second-person)
agestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
axte (active plural preterite second-person)
agonti (active plural present third-person)
agento (active imperfect plural third-person)
agant (active plural preterite third-person)
agāsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
agāsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
age (active imperative second-person singular)
agāseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
agetou (active imperative singular third-person)
agāsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
agomos (active first-person imperative plural)
agāsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
agete (active imperative plural second-person)
agāsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
agontou (active imperative plural third-person)
agūr (first-person passive present singular)
agetar (passive present second-person singular)
agetor (passive present singular third-person)
agommor (first-person passive plural present)
agedwe (passive plural present second-person)
agontor (passive plural present third-person)
agāsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
agāsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
agāsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
agāsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
agāsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
agāsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
axtos (nominative singular)
axtou (dual nominative)
axtoi (nominative plural)
axte (singular vocative)
axtou (dual vocative)
axtoi (plural vocative)
axtom (accusative singular)
axtou (accusative dual)
axtoms (accusative plural)
axtī (genitive singular)
axtous (dual genitive)
axtom (genitive plural)
axtūi (dative singular)
axtobom (dative dual)
axtobos (dative plural)
axtū (instrumental singular)
axtobim (dual instrumental)
axtobis (instrumental plural)
axtā (nominative singular)
axtai (dual nominative)
axtās (nominative plural)
axtā (singular vocative)
axtai (dual vocative)
axtās (plural vocative)
axtam (accusative singular)
axtai (accusative dual)
axtams (accusative plural)
axtās (genitive singular)
axtai (dative singular)
axtābom (dative dual)
axtābos (dative plural)
axtābim (dual instrumental)
axtābis (instrumental plural)
axtom (nominative singular)
axtā (nominative plural)
axtom (singular vocative)
axtā (plural vocative)
axtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ėɣɨd

Middle Breton: a

Cornish: a

Old Welsh: agit, hegit

Middle Welsh: ëyt

Welsh: af (inflected forms of mynd)

Old Irish: aigid, ·aig

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti. Cognate with Sanskrit अजति (ajati), Latin agō, Old Armenian ածեմ (acem).


uɸer-

Old Irish: for-

Irish: for-

Proto-Brythonic: *gwor-

Breton: guor-

Cornish: gor-

Welsh: gor-

Gaulish: Vercingetorix (personal name)

From Proto-Indo-European *upér. Cognate with English over, Latin super.


brixtus

brixtus (nominative singular)
brixtū (dual nominative)
brixtowes (nominative plural)
brixtu (singular vocative)
brixtū (dual vocative)
brixtūs (plural vocative)
brixtum (accusative singular)
brixtū (accusative dual)
brixtums (accusative plural)
brixtous (genitive singular)
brixtous (dual genitive)
brixtowom (genitive plural)
brixtou (dative singular)
brixtubom (dative dual)
brixtubos (dative plural)
brixtū (instrumental singular)
brixtubim (dual instrumental)
brixtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *briθ (see there for further descendants)

Gaulish: brictom

Old Irish: bricht

Irish: briocht

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to enlighten”). There is, however, also a Proto-Celtic adjective *berxtos (“bright, beautiful”), pointing to the other meaning of this PIE root, sometimes reconstructed with a laryngeal *bʰerHǵ- (“bright”).

der

charm, spell, magical formula, incantation


klitos

klitos (nominative singular)
klitou (dual nominative)
klitoi (nominative plural)
klite (singular vocative)
klitou (dual vocative)
klitoi (plural vocative)
klitom (accusative singular)
klitou (accusative dual)
klitoms (accusative plural)
klitī (genitive singular)
klitous (dual genitive)
klitom (genitive plural)
klitūi (dative singular)
klitobom (dative dual)
klitobos (dative plural)
klitū (instrumental singular)
klitobim (dual instrumental)
klitobis (instrumental plural)
klitā (nominative singular)
klitai (dual nominative)
klitās (nominative plural)
klitā (singular vocative)
klitai (dual vocative)
klitās (plural vocative)
klitam (accusative singular)
klitai (accusative dual)
klitams (accusative plural)
klitās (genitive singular)
klitai (dative singular)
klitābom (dative dual)
klitābos (dative plural)
klitābim (dual instrumental)
klitābis (instrumental plural)
klitom (nominative singular)
klitā (nominative plural)
klitom (singular vocative)
klitā (plural vocative)
klitā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *klɨd
Middle Welsh: clyd
Welsh: clyd

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱli-tós (“covered, sheltered”), from *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”) + *-tós.


kʷoxtos

kʷoxtos (nominative singular)
kʷoxtou (dual nominative)
kʷoxtoi (nominative plural)
kʷoxte (singular vocative)
kʷoxtou (dual vocative)
kʷoxtoi (plural vocative)
kʷoxtom (accusative singular)
kʷoxtou (accusative dual)
kʷoxtoms (accusative plural)
kʷoxtī (genitive singular)
kʷoxtous (dual genitive)
kʷoxtom (genitive plural)
kʷoxtūi (dative singular)
kʷoxtobom (dative dual)
kʷoxtobos (dative plural)
kʷoxtū (instrumental singular)
kʷoxtobim (dual instrumental)
kʷoxtobis (instrumental plural)
kʷoxtā (nominative singular)
kʷoxtai (dual nominative)
kʷoxtās (nominative plural)
kʷoxtā (singular vocative)
kʷoxtai (dual vocative)
kʷoxtās (plural vocative)
kʷoxtam (accusative singular)
kʷoxtai (accusative dual)
kʷoxtams (accusative plural)
kʷoxtās (genitive singular)
kʷoxtai (dative singular)
kʷoxtābom (dative dual)
kʷoxtābos (dative plural)
kʷoxtābim (dual instrumental)
kʷoxtābis (instrumental plural)
kʷoxtom (nominative singular)
kʷoxtā (nominative plural)
kʷoxtom (singular vocative)
kʷoxtā (plural vocative)
kʷoxtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *poɨθ
Middle Breton: poaz
Breton: poazh
Middle Cornish: poth
Cornish: pooth
Middle Welsh: poeth
Welsh: poeth

From Proto-Indo-European *pokʷ-tó-s, from *pekʷ- (“to cook”).


ɸriyos

ɸriyos (nominative singular)
ɸriyou (dual nominative)
ɸriyoi (nominative plural)
ɸriye (singular vocative)
ɸriyou (dual vocative)
ɸriyoi (plural vocative)
ɸriyom (accusative singular)
ɸriyou (accusative dual)
ɸriyoms (accusative plural)
ɸriyī (genitive singular)
ɸriyous (dual genitive)
ɸriyom (genitive plural)
ɸriyūi (dative singular)
ɸriyobom (dative dual)
ɸriyobos (dative plural)
ɸriyū (instrumental singular)
ɸriyobim (dual instrumental)
ɸriyobis (instrumental plural)
ɸriyā (nominative singular)
ɸriyai (dual nominative)
ɸriyās (nominative plural)
ɸriyā (singular vocative)
ɸriyai (dual vocative)
ɸriyās (plural vocative)
ɸriyam (accusative singular)
ɸriyai (accusative dual)
ɸriyams (accusative plural)
ɸriyās (genitive singular)
ɸriyai (dative singular)
ɸriyābom (dative dual)
ɸriyābos (dative plural)
ɸriyābim (dual instrumental)
ɸriyābis (instrumental plural)
ɸriyom (nominative singular)
ɸriyā (nominative plural)
ɸriyom (singular vocative)
ɸriyā (plural vocative)
ɸriyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨð
Old Breton: rid
Old Cornish: rid
Cornish: rydh
Welsh: rhydd

From Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“dear, free”).


noxtos

noxtos (nominative singular)
noxtou (dual nominative)
noxtoi (nominative plural)
noxte (singular vocative)
noxtou (dual vocative)
noxtoi (plural vocative)
noxtom (accusative singular)
noxtou (accusative dual)
noxtoms (accusative plural)
noxtī (genitive singular)
noxtous (dual genitive)
noxtom (genitive plural)
noxtūi (dative singular)
noxtobom (dative dual)
noxtobos (dative plural)
noxtū (instrumental singular)
noxtobim (dual instrumental)
noxtobis (instrumental plural)
noxtā (nominative singular)
noxtai (dual nominative)
noxtās (nominative plural)
noxtā (singular vocative)
noxtai (dual vocative)
noxtās (plural vocative)
noxtam (accusative singular)
noxtai (accusative dual)
noxtams (accusative plural)
noxtās (genitive singular)
noxtai (dative singular)
noxtābom (dative dual)
noxtābos (dative plural)
noxtābim (dual instrumental)
noxtābis (instrumental plural)
noxtom (nominative singular)
noxtā (nominative plural)
noxtom (singular vocative)
noxtā (plural vocative)
noxtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *noɨθ
Old Breton: noit
Middle Breton: noaz
Breton: noazh
Cornish: noth
Middle Welsh: noeth
Welsh: noeth

Old Irish: nocht
Irish: nocht
Scottish Gaelic: nochd


temeslos

temeslos (masculine nominative singular stem)
temeslou (dual masculine nominative stem)
temesloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
temesle (masculine singular stem vocative)
temeslou (dual masculine stem vocative)
temeslūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
temeslom (accusative masculine singular stem)
temeslou (accusative dual masculine stem)
temesloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
temeslī (genitive masculine singular stem)
temeslous (dual genitive masculine stem)
temeslom (genitive masculine plural stem)
temeslūi (dative masculine singular stem)
temeslobom (dative dual masculine stem)
temeslobos (dative masculine plural stem)
temeslei (locative masculine singular stem)
temeslū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
temeslobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
temeslūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *tɨβ̃uɨl
Old Breton: temoel
Middle Breton: teffal
Breton: teñval
Old Cornish: tiwoulgou
Middle Cornish: teul, tevle
Cornish: tewl, tewal
Old Welsh: timuil
Welsh: tywyll

Old Irish: temel
Middle Irish: teimel
Irish: teimheal

From Proto-Indo-European *témHeslos (“darkness”), from *temH- (“dark”).


exsoβnos

exsobnos (nominative singular)
exsobnou (dual nominative)
exsobnoi (nominative plural)
exsobne (singular vocative)
exsobnou (dual vocative)
exsobnoi (plural vocative)
exsobnom (accusative singular)
exsobnou (accusative dual)
exsobnoms (accusative plural)
exsobnī (genitive singular)
exsobnous (dual genitive)
exsobnom (genitive plural)
exsobnūi (dative singular)
exsobnobom (dative dual)
exsobnobos (dative plural)
exsobnū (instrumental singular)
exsobnobim (dual instrumental)
exsobnobis (instrumental plural)
exsobnā (nominative singular)
exsobnai (dual nominative)
exsobnās (nominative plural)
exsobnā (singular vocative)
exsobnai (dual vocative)
exsobnās (plural vocative)
exsobnam (accusative singular)
exsobnai (accusative dual)
exsobnams (accusative plural)
exsobnās (genitive singular)
exsobnai (dative singular)
exsobnābom (dative dual)
exsobnābos (dative plural)
exsobnābim (dual instrumental)
exsobnābis (instrumental plural)
exsobnom (nominative singular)
exsobnā (nominative plural)
exsobnom (singular vocative)
exsobnā (plural vocative)
exsobnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *exoβn
Middle Welsh: ehouyn
Welsh: eofn

desc

Old Irish: esamain, esámain, esomain, essamain, essamin, hesamain

Gaulish: *exsoβnos

→ Latin: Exobnos, Exobna, Exsobinno, Exomnus, Exomna, Exsomnus, Exomnius, Exomniacus (placename)

From *exs- (“out of, from”) + *oβnos (“fear”).


berxtos

berxtos (nominative singular)
berxtou (dual nominative)
berxtoi (nominative plural)
berxte (singular vocative)
berxtou (dual vocative)
berxtoi (plural vocative)
berxtom (accusative singular)
berxtou (accusative dual)
berxtoms (accusative plural)
berxtī (genitive singular)
berxtous (dual genitive)
berxtom (genitive plural)
berxtūi (dative singular)
berxtobom (dative dual)
berxtobos (dative plural)
berxtū (instrumental singular)
berxtobim (dual instrumental)
berxtobis (instrumental plural)
berxtā (nominative singular)
berxtai (dual nominative)
berxtās (nominative plural)
berxtā (singular vocative)
berxtai (dual vocative)
berxtās (plural vocative)
berxtam (accusative singular)
berxtai (accusative dual)
berxtams (accusative plural)
berxtās (genitive singular)
berxtai (dative singular)
berxtābom (dative dual)
berxtābos (dative plural)
berxtābim (dual instrumental)
berxtābis (instrumental plural)
berxtom (nominative singular)
berxtā (nominative plural)
berxtom (singular vocative)
berxtā (plural vocative)
berxtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *berθ
Middle Breton: berz
Breton: berzh
Middle Welsh: berth
Welsh: berth

Old Irish: *bertach (+ -ach)

Old Irish: Flaithbertach (+ flaith (“lordship”))

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer(H)ǵ-tó-s, from *bʰerHǵ- (“to shine”) + *-tós. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *berhtaz.


dallos

dallos (nominative singular)
dallou (dual nominative)
dalloi (nominative plural)
dalle (singular vocative)
dallou (dual vocative)
dalloi (plural vocative)
dallom (accusative singular)
dallou (accusative dual)
dalloms (accusative plural)
dallī (genitive singular)
dallous (dual genitive)
dallom (genitive plural)
dallūi (dative singular)
dallobom (dative dual)
dallobos (dative plural)
dallū (instrumental singular)
dallobim (dual instrumental)
dallobis (instrumental plural)
dallā (nominative singular)
dallai (dual nominative)
dallās (nominative plural)
dallā (singular vocative)
dallai (dual vocative)
dallās (plural vocative)
dallam (accusative singular)
dallai (accusative dual)
dallams (accusative plural)
dallās (genitive singular)
dallai (dative singular)
dallābom (dative dual)
dallābos (dative plural)
dallābim (dual instrumental)
dallābis (instrumental plural)
dallom (nominative singular)
dallā (nominative plural)
dallom (singular vocative)
dallā (plural vocative)
dallā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *dall
Old Breton: dall
Middle Breton: dall
Breton: dall
Old Cornish: dal
Cornish: dall
Middle Welsh: dall
Welsh: dall

Old Irish: dall

Irish: dall

Scottish Gaelic: dall

Gaulish: *dallos

→⇒ Latin: Dallō

→⇒ Latin: Tridallus

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwl̥no-, from *dʰwolno (“to dim, make obscure”). See also Proto-Germanic *dwalaz (“stunned, confused”).


lamyeti

lamyū (active first-person present singular)
lamyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
lilmasū (active first-person future singular)
lāma (active first-person preterite singular)
lamyesi (active present second-person singular)
lamyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
lilmasesi (active future second-person singular)
lāmas? (active preterite second-person singular)
lamyeti (active present singular third-person)
lamyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
lilmaseti (active future singular third-person)
lāme (active preterite singular third-person)
lamyomosi (active first-person plural present)
lamyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
lilmasomosi (active first-person future plural)
lāmmo (active first-person plural preterite)
lamyetesi (active plural present second-person)
lamyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
lilmasetesi (active future plural second-person)
lānte (active plural preterite second-person)
lamyonti (active plural present third-person)
lamyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
lilmasonti (active future plural third-person)
lāmars (active plural preterite third-person)
lamasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
lamasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
lamye (active imperative second-person singular)
lamaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
lamyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
lamasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
lamyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
lamasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
lamyete (active imperative plural second-person)
lamasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
lamyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
lamyūr (first-person passive present singular)
lilmasūr (first-person future passive singular)
lamyetar (passive present second-person singular)
lilmasetar (future passive second-person singular)
lamyetor (passive present singular third-person)
lilmasetor (future passive singular third-person)
lamyommor (first-person passive plural present)
lilmasommor (first-person future passive plural)
lamyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
lilmasedwe (future passive plural second-person)
lamyontor (passive plural present third-person)
lilmasontor (future passive plural third-person)
lamasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
lamasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
lamasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
lamasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
lamasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
lamasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
lantos (nominative singular)
lantou (dual nominative)
lantoi (nominative plural)
lante (singular vocative)
lantou (dual vocative)
lantoi (plural vocative)
lantom (accusative singular)
lantou (accusative dual)
lantoms (accusative plural)
lantī (genitive singular)
lantous (dual genitive)
lantom (genitive plural)
lantūi (dative singular)
lantobom (dative dual)
lantobos (dative plural)
lantū (instrumental singular)
lantobim (dual instrumental)
lantobis (instrumental plural)
lantā (nominative singular)
lantai (dual nominative)
lantās (nominative plural)
lantā (singular vocative)
lantai (dual vocative)
lantās (plural vocative)
lantam (accusative singular)
lantai (accusative dual)
lantams (accusative plural)
lantās (genitive singular)
lantai (dative singular)
lantābom (dative dual)
lantābos (dative plural)
lantābim (dual instrumental)
lantābis (instrumental plural)
lantom (nominative singular)
lantā (nominative plural)
lantom (singular vocative)
lantā (plural vocative)
lantā (accusative plural)

⇒ Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: lafuaez

Middle Cornish: lauasos

Middle Welsh: llafasu

desctree

Old Irish: ro·laimethar
Middle Irish: lamaid
Irish: leomh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃lem-. Cognate with Lithuanian lémti.


wlikʷos

wlikʷos (nominative singular)
wlikʷou (dual nominative)
wlikʷoi (nominative plural)
wlikʷe (singular vocative)
wlikʷou (dual vocative)
wlikʷoi (plural vocative)
wlikʷom (accusative singular)
wlikʷou (accusative dual)
wlikʷoms (accusative plural)
wlikʷī (genitive singular)
wlikʷous (dual genitive)
wlikʷom (genitive plural)
wlikūi (dative singular)
wlikʷobom (dative dual)
wlikʷobos (dative plural)
wlikū (instrumental singular)
wlikʷobim (dual instrumental)
wlikʷobis (instrumental plural)
wlikʷā (nominative singular)
wlikʷai (dual nominative)
wlikʷās (nominative plural)
wlikʷā (singular vocative)
wlikʷai (dual vocative)
wlikʷās (plural vocative)
wlikʷam (accusative singular)
wlikʷai (accusative dual)
wlikʷams (accusative plural)
wlikʷās (genitive singular)
wlikʷai (dative singular)
wlikʷābom (dative dual)
wlikʷābos (dative plural)
wlikʷābim (dual instrumental)
wlikʷābis (instrumental plural)
wlikʷom (nominative singular)
wlikʷā (nominative plural)
wlikʷom (singular vocative)
wlikʷā (plural vocative)
wlikʷā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwlɨb
Old Breton: gulip
Middle Breton: gloeb, glueb
Breton: gwleb
Cornish: gleb, glyb
Old Welsh: gulip
Middle Welsh: gulip, gwlyp
Welsh: gwlyb

Old Irish: fliuch
Irish: fliuch
Manx: fliugh
Scottish Gaelic: fliuch

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *gwliθ
Middle Breton: gluiz
Breton: glizh
Cornish: gluth
Middle Welsh: gwlith
Welsh: gwlith

Disputed.
* Matasović derives this from Proto-Indo-European *welk- (“wet, damp”) with a suffix *-wo-.
* Others instead derive this from Proto-Indo-European *wleykʷ- (“moist, to wet”).

der

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


sīros

seis (comparative)
sīros (nominative singular)
sīrou (dual nominative)
sīroi (nominative plural)
sīre (singular vocative)
sīrou (dual vocative)
sīroi (plural vocative)
sīrom (accusative singular)
sīrou (accusative dual)
sīroms (accusative plural)
sīrī (genitive singular)
sīrous (dual genitive)
sīrom (genitive plural)
sīrūi (dative singular)
sīrobom (dative dual)
sīrobos (dative plural)
sīrū (instrumental singular)
sīrobim (dual instrumental)
sīrobis (instrumental plural)
sīrā (nominative singular)
sīrai (dual nominative)
sīrās (nominative plural)
sīrā (singular vocative)
sīrai (dual vocative)
sīrās (plural vocative)
sīram (accusative singular)
sīrai (accusative dual)
sīrams (accusative plural)
sīrās (genitive singular)
sīrai (dative singular)
sīrābom (dative dual)
sīrābos (dative plural)
sīrābim (dual instrumental)
sīrābis (instrumental plural)
sīrom (nominative singular)
sīrā (nominative plural)
sīrom (singular vocative)
sīrā (plural vocative)
sīrā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *hir
Middle Breton: hir
Breton: hir
Breton: maen-hir
→ French: menhir
Cornish: hir, hyr
Old Welsh: hir
Middle Welsh: hir
Welsh: hir

Old Irish: sír

Irish: síor

Manx: sheer-

Scottish Gaelic: sìor

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₁-ró-s, from *seh₁- (“long, lasting”) + *-rós. Cognate with Latin sērus (“late”).


yowankos

yowankos (nominative singular)
yowankou (dual nominative)
yowankoi (nominative plural)
yowanke (singular vocative)
yowankou (dual vocative)
yowankoi (plural vocative)
yowankom (accusative singular)
yowankou (accusative dual)
yowankoms (accusative plural)
yowankī (genitive singular)
yowankous (dual genitive)
yowankom (genitive plural)
yowankūi (dative singular)
yowankobom (dative dual)
yowankobos (dative plural)
yowankū (instrumental singular)
yowankobim (dual instrumental)
yowankobis (instrumental plural)
yowankā (nominative singular)
yowankai (dual nominative)
yowankās (nominative plural)
yowankā (singular vocative)
yowankai (dual vocative)
yowankās (plural vocative)
yowankam (accusative singular)
yowankai (accusative dual)
yowankams (accusative plural)
yowankās (genitive singular)
yowankai (dative singular)
yowankābom (dative dual)
yowankābos (dative plural)
yowankābim (dual instrumental)
yowankābis (instrumental plural)
yowankom (nominative singular)
yowankā (nominative plural)
yowankom (singular vocative)
yowankā (plural vocative)
yowankā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jowank
Middle Breton: youanc
Breton: yowank, yaouank
Old Cornish: iouenc
Middle Cornish: yowynk, yonk
Cornish: yowynk, yonk
Middle Welsh: ieuanc
Welsh: ieuanc, iefanc, ifanc

Old Irish: óc, oäc; oëc (early)
Irish: óg
Manx: aeg
Scottish Gaelic: òg

Gaulish: Iouinca


glanos

glanos (nominative singular)
glanou (dual nominative)
glanoi (nominative plural)
glane (singular vocative)
glanou (dual vocative)
glanoi (plural vocative)
glanom (accusative singular)
glanou (accusative dual)
glanoms (accusative plural)
glanī (genitive singular)
glanous (dual genitive)
glanom (genitive plural)
glanūi (dative singular)
glanobom (dative dual)
glanobos (dative plural)
glanū (instrumental singular)
glanobim (dual instrumental)
glanobis (instrumental plural)
glanā (nominative singular)
glanai (dual nominative)
glanās (nominative plural)
glanā (singular vocative)
glanai (dual vocative)
glanās (plural vocative)
glanam (accusative singular)
glanai (accusative dual)
glanams (accusative plural)
glanās (genitive singular)
glanai (dative singular)
glanābom (dative dual)
glanābos (dative plural)
glanābim (dual instrumental)
glanābis (instrumental plural)
glanom (nominative singular)
glanā (nominative plural)
glanom (singular vocative)
glanā (plural vocative)
glanā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *glan
Old Breton: glan
Middle Breton: glan
Breton: glan
Cornish: glan
Middle Welsh: glan
Welsh: glân

Old Irish: glan

Irish: glan

Scottish Gaelic: glan

Gaulish: Glanis (hydronym), (Matrebo) Glaneikabo (theonym)

→ French: Gland (placename)

→? French: glaner

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃-nó-s, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”), though semantically difficult to explain.


tigernos

tigernos (masculine nominative singular stem)
tigernou (dual masculine nominative stem)
tigernoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
tigerne (masculine singular stem vocative)
tigernou (dual masculine stem vocative)
tigernūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
tigernom (accusative masculine singular stem)
tigernou (accusative dual masculine stem)
tigernoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
tigernī (genitive masculine singular stem)
tigernous (dual genitive masculine stem)
tigernom (genitive masculine plural stem)
tigernūi (dative masculine singular stem)
tigernobom (dative dual masculine stem)
tigernobos (dative masculine plural stem)
tigernei (locative masculine singular stem)
tigernū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
tigernobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
tigernūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *tɨɣern, *teɣɨrn
Old Breton: *tiarn, *tiern
Middle Breton: tiern
Breton: tiern
Old Welsh: *tigern
Middle Welsh: teern, teyrn
Welsh: teyrn

Primitive Irish: ᚈᚔᚌᚔᚏᚅ (tigirn)

Old Irish: tigern

→ tigernae
Middle Irish: tigerna
Irish: tiarna
Manx: çhiarn
Scottish Gaelic: tighearna

Gaulish: *tigernos

⇒ Latin: Castrum Tigernum

Possibly from *tiger (“raid”) + *-īnos. The former could be from *tēgeti (“to go”).


ɸlētos

ɸlētos (nominative singular)
ɸlētou (dual nominative)
ɸlētoi (nominative plural)
ɸlēte (singular vocative)
ɸlētou (dual vocative)
ɸlētoi (plural vocative)
ɸlētom (accusative singular)
ɸlētou (accusative dual)
ɸlētoms (accusative plural)
ɸlētī (genitive singular)
ɸlētous (dual genitive)
ɸlētom (genitive plural)
ɸlētūi (dative singular)
ɸlētobom (dative dual)
ɸlētobos (dative plural)
ɸlētū (instrumental singular)
ɸlētobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlētobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlētā (nominative singular)
ɸlētai (dual nominative)
ɸlētās (nominative plural)
ɸlētā (singular vocative)
ɸlētai (dual vocative)
ɸlētās (plural vocative)
ɸlētam (accusative singular)
ɸlētai (accusative dual)
ɸlētams (accusative plural)
ɸlētās (genitive singular)
ɸlētai (dative singular)
ɸlētābom (dative dual)
ɸlētābos (dative plural)
ɸlētābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlētābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlētom (nominative singular)
ɸlētā (nominative plural)
ɸlētom (singular vocative)
ɸlētā (plural vocative)
ɸlētā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lluɨd
Breton: louet
Cornish: loos
Welsh: llwyd

Old Irish: líath
Irish: liath
Manx: lheeah
Scottish Gaelic: liath

From Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁- (“pale”). Cognate with Latin palleo and English fallow.


mrixtos

mrixtos (nominative singular)
mrixtou (dual nominative)
mrixtoi (nominative plural)
mrixte (singular vocative)
mrixtou (dual vocative)
mrixtoi (plural vocative)
mrixtom (accusative singular)
mrixtou (accusative dual)
mrixtoms (accusative plural)
mrixtī (genitive singular)
mrixtous (dual genitive)
mrixtom (genitive plural)
mrixtūi (dative singular)
mrixtobom (dative dual)
mrixtobos (dative plural)
mrixtū (instrumental singular)
mrixtobim (dual instrumental)
mrixtobis (instrumental plural)
mrixtā (nominative singular)
mrixtai (dual nominative)
mrixtās (nominative plural)
mrixtā (singular vocative)
mrixtai (dual vocative)
mrixtās (plural vocative)
mrixtam (accusative singular)
mrixtai (accusative dual)
mrixtams (accusative plural)
mrixtās (genitive singular)
mrixtai (dative singular)
mrixtābom (dative dual)
mrixtābos (dative plural)
mrixtābim (dual instrumental)
mrixtābis (instrumental plural)
mrixtom (nominative singular)
mrixtā (nominative plural)
mrixtom (singular vocative)
mrixtā (plural vocative)
mrixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *briθ

Middle Breton: briz

Breton: brizh

Cornish: bruit

Old Welsh: brith

Welsh: brith

Old Irish: mrecht

From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥gʷ-tó-s, from *mergʷ- (“dark, coloured”) + *-tós. Cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓μορβός (amorbós, “dark”), Old Norse myrkr (“dark”), Lithuanian márgas (“variegated, colorful”).


dīkos

dīkos (masculine nominative singular stem)
dīkou (dual masculine nominative stem)
dīkoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
dīke (masculine singular stem vocative)
dīkou (dual masculine stem vocative)
dīkūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
dīkom (accusative masculine singular stem)
dīkou (accusative dual masculine stem)
dīkoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
dīkī (genitive masculine singular stem)
dīkous (dual genitive masculine stem)
dīkom (genitive masculine plural stem)
dīkūi (dative masculine singular stem)
dīkobom (dative dual masculine stem)
dīkobos (dative masculine plural stem)
dīkei (locative masculine singular stem)
dīkū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
dīkobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
dīkūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic: *dig
Middle Welsh: dic
Welsh: dig


trīkontes

Proto-Brythonic: *trigont

Old Breton: tricont, trigont

Middle Breton: tregont

Breton: tregont

Old Irish: trícho

Middle Irish: trícha

Irish: tríocha

Gaulish: tricontis

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tridḱómt.


banonā

banonā (nominative singular)
banonai (dual nominative)
banonās (nominative plural)
banonā (singular vocative)
banonai (dual vocative)
banonās (plural vocative)
banonam (accusative singular)
banonai (accusative dual)
banonāms (accusative plural)
banonās (genitive singular)
banonous (dual genitive)
banonom (genitive plural)
banonāi (dative singular)
banonābom (dative dual)
banonābos (dative plural)
banonai (locative singular)
banonābim (dual instrumental)
banonābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *banon

Welsh: banon

Gaulish: Banona, Banonias

From *benā (“woman”) + *-onā (individualizing suffix).


aratrom

aratrom (nominative singular)
aratrou (dual nominative)
aratrā (nominative plural)
aratrom (singular vocative)
aratrou (dual vocative)
aratrā (plural vocative)
aratrom (accusative singular)
aratrou (accusative dual)
aratrā (accusative plural)
aratrī (genitive singular)
aratrous (dual genitive)
aratrom (genitive plural)
aratrūi (dative singular)
aratrobom (dative dual)
aratrobos (dative plural)
aratrei (locative singular)
aratrū (instrumental singular)
aratrobim (dual instrumental)
aratrūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aradr
Middle Breton: arazr
Breton: arar
Old Cornish: aradar
Cornish: arader
Old Welsh: ara(ter)
Middle Welsh: aradr
Welsh: aradr

Old Irish: arathar

Irish: arathar


britis

britis (nominative singular)
britī (dual nominative)
britīs (nominative plural)
briti (singular vocative)
britī (dual vocative)
britīs (plural vocative)
britim (accusative singular)
britī (accusative dual)
britims (accusative plural)
briteis (genitive singular)
brityow (dual genitive)
brityom (genitive plural)
britei (dative singular)
britibom (dative dual)
britibos (dative plural)
britei (locative singular)
britī (instrumental singular)
britibim (dual instrumental)
britibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨd
Cornish: brys
Middle Welsh: bryd
Welsh: bryd

Old Irish: brith, breth

Irish: breith

Scottish Gaelic: breith

From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *bʰértis, from *bʰer- (“to bear”).


woxtlom

woxtlom (nominative singular)
woxtlou (dual nominative)
woxtlā (nominative plural)
woxtlom (singular vocative)
woxtlou (dual vocative)
woxtlā (plural vocative)
woxtlom (accusative singular)
woxtlou (accusative dual)
woxtlā (accusative plural)
woxtlī (genitive singular)
woxtlous (dual genitive)
woxtlom (genitive plural)
woxtlūi (dative singular)
woxtlobom (dative dual)
woxtlobos (dative plural)
woxtlei (locative singular)
woxtlū (instrumental singular)
woxtlobim (dual instrumental)
woxtlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwoɨθl

Middle Welsh: gwaethl

Old Irish: focul

Irish: focal

Manx: fockle

Scottish Gaelic: facal

From Proto-Indo-European *wókʷtlom, from the root *wekʷ- (“to utter, voice”). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *wáktram (“mouth”) (whence Sanskrit वक्त्र (vaktra), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬑𐬆𐬜𐬭𐬀 (vaxəδra)).


boukolyos

boukolyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
boukolyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
boukolyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
boukolye (masculine singular stem vocative)
boukolyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
boukolyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
boukolyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
boukolyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
boukolyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
boukolyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
boukolyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
boukolyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
boukolyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
boukolyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
boukolyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
boukolyei (locative masculine singular stem)
boukolyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
boukolyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
boukolyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *bʉgöl
Middle Breton: buguel, bugel
Breton: bugel
Cornish: bugel
Middle Welsh: bugeil
Welsh: bugail

Old Irish: búachaill, bóchaill
Irish: buachaill
Manx: bochilley
Scottish Gaelic: buachaill, buachaille

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷowkólos, from *gʷṓws (“cow”) + *kʷel- (“to revolve, move around, sojourn”).


swerwos

swerwos (nominative singular)
swerwou (dual nominative)
swerwoi (nominative plural)
swerwe (singular vocative)
swerwou (dual vocative)
swerwoi (plural vocative)
swerwom (accusative singular)
swerwou (accusative dual)
swerwoms (accusative plural)
swerwī (genitive singular)
swerwous (dual genitive)
swerwom (genitive plural)
swerwūi (dative singular)
swerwobom (dative dual)
swerwobos (dative plural)
swerwū (instrumental singular)
swerwobim (dual instrumental)
swerwobis (instrumental plural)
swerwā (nominative singular)
swerwai (dual nominative)
swerwās (nominative plural)
swerwā (singular vocative)
swerwai (dual vocative)
swerwās (plural vocative)
swerwam (accusative singular)
swerwai (accusative dual)
swerwams (accusative plural)
swerwās (genitive singular)
swerwai (dative singular)
swerwābom (dative dual)
swerwābos (dative plural)
swerwābim (dual instrumental)
swerwābis (instrumental plural)
swerwom (nominative singular)
swerwā (nominative plural)
swerwom (singular vocative)
swerwā (plural vocative)
swerwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwerw

Old Breton: hueru

Breton: c'hwerv

Cornish: hwerow

Middle Welsh: chwerw

Welsh: chwerw

Old Irish: serb

Irish: searbh

Scottish Gaelic: searbh

Manx: sharroo

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“ache”).


trebā

trebā (nominative singular)
trebai (dual nominative)
trebās (nominative plural)
trebā (singular vocative)
trebai (dual vocative)
trebās (plural vocative)
trebam (accusative singular)
trebai (accusative dual)
trebāms (accusative plural)
trebās (genitive singular)
trebous (dual genitive)
trebom (genitive plural)
trebāi (dative singular)
trebābom (dative dual)
trebābos (dative plural)
trebai (locative singular)
trebābim (dual instrumental)
trebābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *treβ
Old Breton: treff
Breton: trev
Middle Welsh: tref
Welsh: tref, tre

Old Irish: treb

Irish: treabh, treibh

Gaulish: *trebā

→ Old Occitan: trevar (“to inhabit”)

⇒ Gaulish: Atrebates

From Proto-Indo-European *treb- (“dwelling, settlement”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þurpą (English thorp, German Dorf).


datlā

datlā (nominative singular)
datlai (dual nominative)
datlās (nominative plural)
datlā (singular vocative)
datlai (dual vocative)
datlās (plural vocative)
datlam (accusative singular)
datlai (accusative dual)
datlāms (accusative plural)
datlās (genitive singular)
datlous (dual genitive)
datlom (genitive plural)
datlāi (dative singular)
datlābom (dative dual)
datlābos (dative plural)
datlai (locative singular)
datlābim (dual instrumental)
datlābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *dadl
Old Breton: dadl
Breton: dael
Middle Welsh: dadl
Welsh: dadl

Old Irish: dál
Irish: dáil
Scottish Gaelic: dàil

Of disputed origin, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh̥₁-tl-eh₂, from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”) + *-tlo- (instrument noun suffix) (synchronically, *-tlā).


wiweros

wiweros (masculine nominative singular stem)
wiwerou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wiweroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wiwere (masculine singular stem vocative)
wiwerou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wiwerūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wiwerom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wiwerou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wiweroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wiwerī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wiwerous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wiwerom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wiwerūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wiwerobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wiwerobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wiwerei (locative masculine singular stem)
wiwerū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wiwerobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wiwerūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Brythonic: *gwɨwer
Breton: gwiñver
Cornish: gwiwer
Welsh: gwiwer

Old Irish: íaru

Irish: iora

Scottish Gaelic: feòrag

Manx: fiorag

From Proto-Indo-European *wi(r)-wer-, from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“squirrel”). Compare Latin viverra.


brigantī

brigantī (nominative singular)
brigantī (dual nominative)
brigantiyās (nominative plural)
brigantī (singular vocative)
brigantī (dual vocative)
brigantiyās (plural vocative)
brigantīm (accusative singular)
brigantī (accusative dual)
brigantīms (accusative plural)
brigantyās (genitive singular)
brigantyous (dual genitive)
brigantyom (genitive plural)
brigantyai (dative singular)
brigantyābom (dative dual)
brigantyābos (dative plural)
brigantyābim (dual instrumental)
brigantyābis (instrumental plural)

desc

→ Galician: (place name) Bergantiños; ⇒? (from *Brigantica, place names) Breanca, Brántega

→ Portuguese: (place name) Bragança

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨɣėnt
Old Breton: Brient (personal name)
Old Welsh: bryeint
Middle Welsh: breeint
Welsh: braint

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥ǵʰéntih₂ ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰn̥tyéh₂-, feminine of *bʰérǵʰonts.

inh

Proto-Brythonic: *brɨɣėntinOld Breton: brientin

bryntynMiddle Welsh: brenhinWelsh: brenin


biwos

biwos (nominative singular)
biwou (dual nominative)
biwoi (nominative plural)
biwe (singular vocative)
biwou (dual vocative)
biwoi (plural vocative)
biwom (accusative singular)
biwou (accusative dual)
biwoms (accusative plural)
biwī (genitive singular)
biwous (dual genitive)
biwom (genitive plural)
biwūi (dative singular)
biwobom (dative dual)
biwobos (dative plural)
biwū (instrumental singular)
biwobim (dual instrumental)
biwobis (instrumental plural)
biwā (nominative singular)
biwai (dual nominative)
biwās (nominative plural)
biwā (singular vocative)
biwai (dual vocative)
biwās (plural vocative)
biwam (accusative singular)
biwai (accusative dual)
biwams (accusative plural)
biwās (genitive singular)
biwai (dative singular)
biwābom (dative dual)
biwābos (dative plural)
biwābim (dual instrumental)
biwābis (instrumental plural)
biwom (nominative singular)
biwā (nominative plural)
biwom (singular vocative)
biwā (plural vocative)
biwā (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨw
Breton: bev, beo (obsolete)
Cornish: byw, bew
Welsh: byw

Old Irish: béo
Irish: beo
Manx: bio
Scottish Gaelic: beò


swekrū

Proto-Brythonic: *hwegr
Old Cornish: hweger
Welsh: chwegr

From Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂. Cognate with Latin socrus.


glendos

glendos (neuter nominative singular)
glendese? (dual neuter nominative)
glendesa (neuter nominative plural)
glendos (neuter singular vocative)
glendese? (dual neuter vocative)
glendesa (neuter plural vocative)
glendos (accusative neuter singular)
glendese? (accusative dual neuter)
glendesa (accusative neuter plural)
glendesos (genitive neuter singular)
glendesous? (dual genitive neuter)
glendesom (genitive neuter plural)
glendesē (dative neuter singular)
glendesbom (dative dual neuter)
glendesbos (dative neuter plural)
glendesi (locative neuter singular)
glendesē (instrumental neuter singular)
glendesbim (dual instrumental neuter)
glendesbis (instrumental neuter plural)

Brythonic: *glɨnn
Middle Breton: glenn
Breton: glen
Middle Welsh: glynn
Welsh: glyn

Old Irish: glenn

Irish: gleann

Manx: glion

Scottish Gaelic: gleann

Hypothetically from Proto-Indo-European *glendos (“shore”); however, the only cognate is Proto-Germanic *klintaz (whence Icelandic klettur, Middle Low German klint), so it may be a borrowing from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


bētom

bētom (nominative singular)
bētou (dual nominative)
bētā (nominative plural)
bētom (singular vocative)
bētou (dual vocative)
bētā (plural vocative)
bētom (accusative singular)
bētou (accusative dual)
bētā (accusative plural)
bētī (genitive singular)
bētous (dual genitive)
bētom (genitive plural)
bētūi (dative singular)
bētobom (dative dual)
bētobos (dative plural)
bētei (locative singular)
bētū (instrumental singular)
bētobim (dual instrumental)
bētūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *buɨd
Middle Breton: boet, bouet
Breton: boued
Old Cornish: buit
Cornish: bos, boys
Middle Welsh: bwyt
Welsh: bwyd

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*biyatom</i>

Old Irish: bíad, bïad (from *biyatom)

Irish: bia

Manx: bee

Scottish Gaelic: biadh

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃tom, from *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”). The by-form *biyatom is from a different formation from the same root.


gdonyos

gdonyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
gdonyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
gdonyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
gdonye (masculine singular stem vocative)
gdonyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
gdonyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
gdonyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
gdonyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
gdonyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
gdonyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
gdonyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
gdonyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
gdonyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
gdonyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
gdonyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
gdonyei (locative masculine singular stem)
gdonyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
gdonyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
gdonyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *dün
Old Breton: don, den
Middle Breton: den
Breton: den
Old Cornish: den
Cornish: den
Middle Welsh: dyn
Welsh: dyn

Old Irish: duine
Middle Irish: duine
Irish: duine
Manx: dooinney
Scottish Gaelic: duine

Gaulish: xtonion (gen. pl.)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰom-yo-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).


ekʷālos

ekʷālos (masculine nominative singular stem)
ekʷālou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ekʷāloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ekʷāle (masculine singular stem vocative)
ekʷālou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ekʷālūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ekʷālom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ekʷālou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ekʷāloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ekʷālī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ekʷālous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ekʷālom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ekʷālūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ekʷālobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ekʷālobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ekʷālei (locative masculine singular stem)
ekʷālū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ekʷālobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ekʷālūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *ebọl
Old Breton: ebol
Middle Breton: ebeul
Breton: ebeul
Old Cornish: ebol
Cornish: ebel
Middle Welsh: ebawl
Welsh: ebol


wlatis

wlatis (nominative singular)
wlatī (dual nominative)
wlatīs (nominative plural)
wlati (singular vocative)
wlatī (dual vocative)
wlatīs (plural vocative)
wlatim (accusative singular)
wlatī (accusative dual)
wlatims (accusative plural)
wlateis (genitive singular)
wlatyow (dual genitive)
wlatyom (genitive plural)
wlatei (dative singular)
wlatibom (dative dual)
wlatibos (dative plural)
wlatei (locative singular)
wlatī (instrumental singular)
wlatibim (dual instrumental)
wlatibis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwlad
Breton: glad
Old Cornish: gulat
Cornish: gulas, gwlas
Old Welsh: gulat
Middle Welsh: gwlad
Welsh: gwlad

Old Irish: flaith

Irish: flaith

Manx: flah

Scottish Gaelic: flath

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wélh₁tis ~ *h₂wl̥h₁téy-, from the root *h₂welh₁-.


wintos

wintos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wintou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wintoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
winte (masculine singular stem vocative)
wintou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wintūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wintom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wintou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wintoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wintī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wintous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wintom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wintūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wintobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wintobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wintei (locative masculine singular stem)
wintū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wintobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wintūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨnt
Middle Breton: guent
Breton: gwent
Old Cornish: guins
Cornish: gwyns
Middle Welsh: gwynt
Welsh: gwynt

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts. Old Irish fet (“whistle”) is probably not related.


widus

widus (nominative singular)
widū (dual nominative)
widowes (nominative plural)
widu (singular vocative)
widū (dual vocative)
widūs (plural vocative)
widum (accusative singular)
widū (accusative dual)
widums (accusative plural)
widous (genitive singular)
widous (dual genitive)
widowom (genitive plural)
widou (dative singular)
widubom (dative dual)
widubos (dative plural)
widū (instrumental singular)
widubim (dual instrumental)
widubis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *gwɨð
Old Breton: guid
Middle Breton: guez
Breton: gwez
Cornish: gwydh
Old Welsh: guid
Middle Welsh: gwydd
Welsh: gwŷdd

Old Irish: fid

Irish: fiodh

Scottish Gaelic: fiodh

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *widuz.


krundis

krundis (nominative singular)
krundī (dual nominative)
krundīs (nominative plural)
krundi (singular vocative)
krundī (dual vocative)
krundīs (plural vocative)
krundim (accusative singular)
krundī (accusative dual)
krundims (accusative plural)
krundēs (genitive singular)
krundyou (dual genitive)
krundyom (genitive plural)
krundē (dative singular)
krundibom (dative dual)
krundibos (dative plural)
krundī (instrumental singular)
krundibim (dual instrumental)
krundibis (instrumental plural)
krundi (nominative singular)
krundyā (nominative plural)
krundyā (plural vocative)
krundi (accusative singular)
krundyā (accusative plural)
krundois (genitive singular)
krundois (dual genitive)

Proto-Brythonic: *krunn

Breton: krenn

Cornish: krenn

Welsh: crwn

Old Irish: cruind, cruinn

Irish: cruinn

Manx: cruinn

Scottish Gaelic: cruinn

Unknown. Likely borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


kantlom

kantlom (nominative singular)
kantlou (dual nominative)
kantlā (nominative plural)
kantlom (singular vocative)
kantlou (dual vocative)
kantlā (plural vocative)
kantlom (accusative singular)
kantlou (accusative dual)
kantlā (accusative plural)
kantlī (genitive singular)
kantlous (dual genitive)
kantlom (genitive plural)
kantlūi (dative singular)
kantlobom (dative dual)
kantlobos (dative plural)
kantlei (locative singular)
kantlū (instrumental singular)
kantlobim (dual instrumental)
kantlūis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *kantl
Middle Breton: quentel
Breton: kentel
Middle Welsh: kathyl, kathl
Welsh: cathl

Old Irish: cétal

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”) + *-tlom (instrumental suffix). Equivalent to *kaneti + *-tlom.


kanawū

kanawū (nominative singular)
kanawone? (dual nominative)
kanawones (nominative plural)
kanawū (singular vocative)
kanawone? (dual vocative)
kanawones (plural vocative)
kanawonam (accusative singular)
kanawone? (accusative dual)
kanawonams (accusative plural)
kanawonos (genitive singular)
kanawonows? (dual genitive)
kanawonom (genitive plural)
kanawonei (dative singular)
kanawombom (dative dual)
kanawombos (dative plural)
kanawon (locative singular)
kanawoni (locative singular)
kanawonei (instrumental singular)
kanawombim (dual instrumental)
kanawombis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėnėw
Old Breton: ceneuan, compare Rikeneu (PN)
Middle Breton: kenou
Breton: kenow
Middle Welsh: ceneu
Welsh: cenau, cenaw

Middle Irish: cana
Scottish Gaelic: cana
Irish: cana

From Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to begin”).


legyom

legyom (nominative singular)
legyou (dual nominative)
legyā (nominative plural)
legyom (singular vocative)
legyou (dual vocative)
legyā (plural vocative)
legyom (accusative singular)
legyou (accusative dual)
legyā (accusative plural)
legyī (genitive singular)
legyous (dual genitive)
legyom (genitive plural)
legyūi (dative singular)
legyobom (dative dual)
legyobos (dative plural)
legyei (locative singular)
legyū (instrumental singular)
legyobim (dual instrumental)
legyūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *lleɣ
Old Breton: le
Breton: le
Cornish: le
Middle Welsh: lle
Welsh: lle

Old Irish: lige

Irish: luí

Proto-Indo-European *legʰyom, from *legʰ-.


markākos

markākos (masculine nominative singular stem)
markākou (dual masculine nominative stem)
markākoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
markāke (masculine singular stem vocative)
markākou (dual masculine stem vocative)
markākūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
markākom (accusative masculine singular stem)
markākou (accusative dual masculine stem)
markākoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
markākī (genitive masculine singular stem)
markākous (dual genitive masculine stem)
markākom (genitive masculine plural stem)
markākūi (dative masculine singular stem)
markākobom (dative dual masculine stem)
markākobos (dative masculine plural stem)
markākei (locative masculine singular stem)
markākū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
markākobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
markākūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brythonic: *marxọg
Breton: marc'heg
Middle Cornish: marrek
Cornish: marghek
Middle Welsh: marchawc
Welsh: marchog

Old Irish: marcach

Irish: marcach

Manx markiagh

Scottish Gaelic: marcach


kalyākos

kalyākos (masculine nominative singular stem)
kalyākou (dual masculine nominative stem)
kalyākoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
kalyāke (masculine singular stem vocative)
kalyākou (dual masculine stem vocative)
kalyākūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
kalyākom (accusative masculine singular stem)
kalyākou (accusative dual masculine stem)
kalyākoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
kalyākī (genitive masculine singular stem)
kalyākous (dual genitive masculine stem)
kalyākom (genitive masculine plural stem)
kalyākūi (dative masculine singular stem)
kalyākobom (dative dual masculine stem)
kalyākobos (dative masculine plural stem)
kalyākei (locative masculine singular stem)
kalyākū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
kalyākobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
kalyākūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *kėljọg
Middle Breton: kilhog, kilheg
Breton: kilhog
Old Cornish: chelioc
Middle Cornish: celioc, kullyek, colyek
Cornish: colyek
Middle Welsh: keilyawc
Welsh: ceiliog, ceilog

Old Irish: cailech
Irish: coileach
Manx: kellagh
Scottish Gaelic: coileach

Gaulish: *caliacos

From Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call”). Compare English hen from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”) for semantic development.


kariyā

kariyā (nominative singular)
kariyai (dual nominative)
kariyās (nominative plural)
kariyā (singular vocative)
kariyai (dual vocative)
kariyās (plural vocative)
kariyam (accusative singular)
kariyai (accusative dual)
kariyāms (accusative plural)
kariyās (genitive singular)
kariyous (dual genitive)
kariyom (genitive plural)
kariyāi (dative singular)
kariyābom (dative dual)
kariyābos (dative plural)
kariyai (locative singular)
kariyābim (dual instrumental)
kariyābis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *kareð
Middle Breton: carez
Cornish: cara
Old Welsh: cared
Middle Welsh: cared, karet
Welsh: caredd

Old Irish: caire

Irish: coir

Scottish Gaelic: coire

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂er- (“blame, abuse”), see also Latin carino (“I blame, revile”), Proto-Slavic *koriti (“to reproach”).


ɸritus

ɸritus (nominative singular)
ɸritū (dual nominative)
ɸritowes (nominative plural)
ɸritu (singular vocative)
ɸritū (dual vocative)
ɸritūs (plural vocative)
ɸritum (accusative singular)
ɸritū (accusative dual)
ɸritums (accusative plural)
ɸritous (genitive singular)
ɸritous (dual genitive)
ɸritowom (genitive plural)
ɸritou (dative singular)
ɸritubom (dative dual)
ɸritubos (dative plural)
ɸritū (instrumental singular)
ɸritubim (dual instrumental)
ɸritubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *rrɨd
Old Breton: rit
Breton: red (rare)
Old Cornish: rid
Middle Cornish: ryd
Cornish: rys
Old Welsh: rit
Middle Welsh: ryd, rid
Welsh: rhyd

Gaulish: *ritus

From Proto-Indo-European *pértus ~ *pr̥téw-.


ɸrixtus

ɸrixtus (nominative singular)
ɸrixtū (dual nominative)
ɸrixtowes (nominative plural)
ɸrixtu (singular vocative)
ɸrixtū (dual vocative)
ɸrixtūs (plural vocative)
ɸrixtum (accusative singular)
ɸrixtū (accusative dual)
ɸrixtums (accusative plural)
ɸrixtous (genitive singular)
ɸrixtous (dual genitive)
ɸrixtowom (genitive plural)
ɸrixtou (dative singular)
ɸrixtubom (dative dual)
ɸrixtubos (dative plural)
ɸrixtū (instrumental singular)
ɸrixtubim (dual instrumental)
ɸrixtubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rriθ
Old Breton: arrith (in compound)
Middle Breton: rez
Breton: rezh
Middle Welsh: rith
Welsh: rhith

Old Irish: richt

Irish: riocht

Scottish Gaelic: riochd


kʷrimis

kʷrimis (nominative singular)
kʷrimī (dual nominative)
kʷrimīs (nominative plural)
kʷrimi (singular vocative)
kʷrimī (dual vocative)
kʷrimīs (plural vocative)
kʷrimim (accusative singular)
kʷrimī (accusative dual)
kʷrimims (accusative plural)
kʷrimeis (genitive singular)
kʷrimyow (dual genitive)
kʷrimyom (genitive plural)
kʷrimei (dative singular)
kʷrimibom (dative dual)
kʷrimibos (dative plural)
kʷrimei (locative singular)
kʷrimī (instrumental singular)
kʷrimibim (dual instrumental)
kʷrimibis (instrumental plural)

Brythonic: *prɨβ̃
Middle Breton: preff
Breton: preñv
Old Cornish: prif
Middle Cornish: pref
Cornish: prev, pryv
Old Welsh: prem
Middle Welsh: pryf
Welsh: pryf

Old Irish: cruim

Irish: cruimh

Scottish Gaelic: cnuimh

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷŕ̥mis. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *kŕ̥miš, Proto-Balto-Slavic *kirmis.


taratrom

taratrom (nominative singular)
taratrou (dual nominative)
taratrā (nominative plural)
taratrom (singular vocative)
taratrou (dual vocative)
taratrā (plural vocative)
taratrom (accusative singular)
taratrou (accusative dual)
taratrā (accusative plural)
taratrī (genitive singular)
taratrous (dual genitive)
taratrom (genitive plural)
taratrūi (dative singular)
taratrobom (dative dual)
taratrobos (dative plural)
taratrei (locative singular)
taratrū (instrumental singular)
taratrobim (dual instrumental)
taratrūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *taradr
Middle Breton: tarazr, talazr
Breton: tarar
Cornish: tardar
Old Welsh: tarater
Welsh: taradr

Old Irish: tarathar
Irish: tarathar
Manx: tarrar

→ Late Latin: taratrum

Spanish: taladro

Old Galician-Portuguese: traado
Galician: trade
Portuguese: trado

From Proto-Indo-European *térh₁trom (“tool for drilling”), from the root *terh₁- (“to rub away at; to bore, drill”). Cognate with Ancient Greek τέρετρον (téretron).


ɸlārom

ɸlārom (nominative singular)
ɸlārou (dual nominative)
ɸlārā (nominative plural)
ɸlārom (singular vocative)
ɸlārou (dual vocative)
ɸlārā (plural vocative)
ɸlārom (accusative singular)
ɸlārou (accusative dual)
ɸlārā (accusative plural)
ɸlārī (genitive singular)
ɸlārous (dual genitive)
ɸlārom (genitive plural)
ɸlārūi (dative singular)
ɸlārobom (dative dual)
ɸlārobos (dative plural)
ɸlārei (locative singular)
ɸlārū (instrumental singular)
ɸlārobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlārūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llọr
Old Breton: lor
Breton: leur
Old Cornish: lor
Cornish: leur
Old Welsh: laur
Middle Welsh: llawr, llaur
Welsh: llawr

Old Irish: lár
Irish: lár
Manx: laare
Scottish Gaelic: làr
⇒ Middle Irish: urlár, airlár, erlar, irlár, orlár
Irish: urlár
Scottish Gaelic: ùrlar

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂rom or Proto-Indo-European *ploh₂rom, from *pleh₂- (“to be flat”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *flōraz.


kʷresnom

kʷresnom (nominative singular)
kʷresnou (dual nominative)
kʷresnā (nominative plural)
kʷresnom (singular vocative)
kʷresnou (dual vocative)
kʷresnā (plural vocative)
kʷresnom (accusative singular)
kʷresnou (accusative dual)
kʷresnā (accusative plural)
kʷresnī (genitive singular)
kʷresnous (dual genitive)
kʷresnom (genitive plural)
kʷresnūi (dative singular)
kʷresnobom (dative dual)
kʷresnobos (dative plural)
kʷresnei (locative singular)
kʷresnū (instrumental singular)
kʷresnobim (dual instrumental)
kʷresnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *prenn
Old Breton: pren
Middle Breton: prenn
Breton: prenn
Old Cornish: pren
Cornish: pren
Middle Welsh: prenn
Welsh: pren

Old Irish: crann
Middle Irish: crann
Irish: crann
Manx: croan
Scottish Gaelic: crann

Gaulish: prenne (“big tree”)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷres- (“bush, thicket”); related to Proto-West Germanic *hursti (archaic English hurst) and Ancient Greek πρῖνος (prînos, “holm oak”).


ɸlāmā

ɸlāmā (nominative singular)
ɸlāmai (dual nominative)
ɸlāmās (nominative plural)
ɸlāmā (singular vocative)
ɸlāmai (dual vocative)
ɸlāmās (plural vocative)
ɸlāmam (accusative singular)
ɸlāmai (accusative dual)
ɸlāmāms (accusative plural)
ɸlāmās (genitive singular)
ɸlāmous (dual genitive)
ɸlāmom (genitive plural)
ɸlāmāi (dative singular)
ɸlāmābom (dative dual)
ɸlāmābos (dative plural)
ɸlāmai (locative singular)
ɸlāmābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlāmābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *llọβ̃
Old Breton: lom-
Old Cornish: lof
Cornish: leuv
Old Welsh: lau
Middle Welsh: llaw
Welsh: llaw

Old Irish: lám

Irish: lámh

Manx: laue

Scottish Gaelic: làmh

→ Old Norse: lámr

Faroese: lámur

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂ (“palm, hand”), from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Latin palma, Proto-Germanic *fulmō, Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē, “palm of the hand”).


nertom

nertom (nominative singular)
nertou (dual nominative)
nertā (nominative plural)
nertom (singular vocative)
nertou (dual vocative)
nertā (plural vocative)
nertom (accusative singular)
nertou (accusative dual)
nertā (accusative plural)
nertī (genitive singular)
nertous (dual genitive)
nertom (genitive plural)
nertūi (dative singular)
nertobom (dative dual)
nertobos (dative plural)
nertei (locative singular)
nertū (instrumental singular)
nertobim (dual instrumental)
nertūis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *nerθ
Old Breton: nerth
Middle Breton: nerz
Breton: nerzh
Cornish: nerth
Old Welsh: nerth
Middle Welsh: nerth
Welsh: nerth

Celtiberian: Nerto-

→ Latin: Nertobrīga

Gaulish: Nerto-

Goidelic:

Old Irish: nert

Irish: neart

Manx: niart

Scottish Gaelic: neart

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ner-tós (“virile, strong”), from *h₂nḗr (“man”) (whence *neros (“hero”)).


mokkus

mokkus (nominative singular)
mokkū (dual nominative)
mokkowes (nominative plural)
mokku (singular vocative)
mokkū (dual vocative)
mokkūs (plural vocative)
mokkum (accusative singular)
mokkū (accusative dual)
mokkums (accusative plural)
mokkous (genitive singular)
mokkous (dual genitive)
mokkowom (genitive plural)
mokkou (dative singular)
mokkubom (dative dual)
mokkubos (dative plural)
mokkū (instrumental singular)
mokkubim (dual instrumental)
mokkubis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *mox pl
Breton: moch
Breton: moch
Breton: moc'h
Middle Cornish: mogh
Cornish: mogh
Old Welsh: moch
Middle Welsh: moch
Welsh: moch

Old Irish: mucc, muc
Middle Irish: mucc
Irish: muc
Manx: muc
Scottish Gaelic: muc

Gaulish: moccos

Latin: Moccus (Gallo-Latin, theonym), Catomocus (placename)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *mukk-

desc

Middle Dutch: mocke (“slovenly woman, whore”)

Middle High German: mocke (“sow, female pig”, western)

Borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language. MacBain prefers a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *mew-k- (“slippery, slimy”), connecting Latin mucus, Ancient Greek μυκτήρ (muktḗr, “nose, nostril”).


kʷrīyess

kʷrīyets (nominative singular)
kʷrīyete (dual nominative)
kʷrīyetes (nominative plural)
kʷrīyets (singular vocative)
kʷrīyete (dual vocative)
kʷrīyetes (plural vocative)
kʷrīyetam (accusative singular)
kʷrīyete (accusative dual)
kʷrīyetams (accusative plural)
kʷrīyetos (genitive singular)
kʷrīyetou (dual genitive)
kʷrīyetom (genitive plural)
kʷrīyetei (dative singular)
kʷrīyetobom (dative dual)
kʷrīyetobos (dative plural)
kʷrīyeti (locative singular)
kʷrīyete? (instrumental singular)
kʷrīyetobim (dual instrumental)
kʷrīyetobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Brythonic: *prið
Old Breton: pri
Middle Breton: pri
Breton: pri
Cornish: pri
Middle Welsh: pridd
Welsh: pridd

Old Irish: cré
Middle Irish: cré
Irish: cré
Manx: cray
Scottish Gaelic: crè

Generally agreed to be related to Latin creta (“clay, chalk, soil”), but the relationship is mysterious. The Latin word itself could be related to cerno (“I separate”), Ancient Greek κρίνω (krínō, “to divide, separate”), from Proto-Indo-European *krey-.
Mallory & Adams reconstruct *tkʷreh₁yot-, adding Tocharian B tukri (“clay”); Matasovic suggests *kʷreh₁ + Proto-Celtic *-yet-, adding that the Tocharian words could have had their own prefix. However, these all could have instead been borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.


wlidā

wlidā (nominative singular)
wlidai (dual nominative)
wlidās (nominative plural)
wlidā (singular vocative)
wlidai (dual vocative)
wlidās (plural vocative)
wlidam (accusative singular)
wlidai (accusative dual)
wlidāms (accusative plural)
wlidās (genitive singular)
wlidous (dual genitive)
wlidom (genitive plural)
wlidāi (dative singular)
wlidābom (dative dual)
wlidābos (dative plural)
wlidai (locative singular)
wlidābim (dual instrumental)
wlidābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *gwleð
Old Welsh: guled
Middle Welsh: gwledd
Welsh: gwledd

Old Irish: fled
Irish: fleá, fleadh, fleidh
→ English: fleadh
Manx: fleah
Scottish Gaelic: fleadh

From Proto-Indo-European *wl̥deh₂, from *welh₁- (“to wish, desire, want”), see also Ancient Greek ἔλδομαι (éldomai), Old English willan (modern English will).


landā

landā (nominative singular)
landai (dual nominative)
landās (nominative plural)
landā (singular vocative)
landai (dual vocative)
landās (plural vocative)
landam (accusative singular)
landai (accusative dual)
landāms (accusative plural)
landās (genitive singular)
landous (dual genitive)
landom (genitive plural)
landāi (dative singular)
landābom (dative dual)
landābos (dative plural)
landai (locative singular)
landābim (dual instrumental)
landābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llann
Middle Breton: lann
Cornish: lan
Middle Welsh: llann
Welsh: llan

Old Irish: land, lann

Irish: lann

Manx: lann

Scottish Gaelic: lann

Gaulish: *landā

→ Vulgar Latin: *landa

Old French: lande, launde
→ Middle English: launde
English: laund
French: lande (“sandymoor, heath”)

Italian: landa

Occitan: landa

Spanish: landa

→ Basque: landa

From Proto-Indo-European *ln̥dʰ-éh₂, from *léndʰ-s ~ *ln̥dʰ-és, from *lendʰ- (“land, heath”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *lundaz (“grove”) (whence Old Norse lundr), Proto-Germanic *landą (“land”).


wegnos

wegnos (masculine nominative singular stem)
wegnou (dual masculine nominative stem)
wegnoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
wegne (masculine singular stem vocative)
wegnou (dual masculine stem vocative)
wegnūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
wegnom (accusative masculine singular stem)
wegnou (accusative dual masculine stem)
wegnoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
wegnī (genitive masculine singular stem)
wegnous (dual genitive masculine stem)
wegnom (genitive masculine plural stem)
wegnūi (dative masculine singular stem)
wegnobom (dative dual masculine stem)
wegnobos (dative masculine plural stem)
wegnei (locative masculine singular stem)
wegnū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
wegnobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
wegnūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *gweɨn

Welsh: gwain

Old Irish: fén

Irish: féan

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰnos, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to go, transport”).


kloustā

kloustā (nominative singular)
kloustai (dual nominative)
kloustās (nominative plural)
kloustā (singular vocative)
kloustai (dual vocative)
kloustās (plural vocative)
kloustam (accusative singular)
kloustai (accusative dual)
kloustāms (accusative plural)
kloustās (genitive singular)
kloustous (dual genitive)
kloustom (genitive plural)
kloustāi (dative singular)
kloustābom (dative dual)
kloustābos (dative plural)
kloustai (locative singular)
kloustābim (dual instrumental)
kloustābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *klʉst
Middle Welsh: clust
Welsh: clust

Old Irish: clúas
Irish: cluas
Manx: cleaysh
Scottish Gaelic: cluas

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlow-steh₂, from *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


yegis

yegis (nominative singular)
yegī (dual nominative)
yegīs (nominative plural)
yegi (singular vocative)
yegī (dual vocative)
yegīs (plural vocative)
yegim (accusative singular)
yegī (accusative dual)
yegims (accusative plural)
yegeis (genitive singular)
yegyow (dual genitive)
yegyom (genitive plural)
yegei (dative singular)
yegibom (dative dual)
yegibos (dative plural)
yegei (locative singular)
yegī (instrumental singular)
yegibim (dual instrumental)
yegibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jaɣ
Cornish: yey
Welsh: iâ

Old Irish: aig

Irish: oighear

Scottish Gaelic: eigh


yugom

yugom (nominative singular)
yugou (dual nominative)
yugā (nominative plural)
yugom (singular vocative)
yugou (dual vocative)
yugā (plural vocative)
yugom (accusative singular)
yugou (accusative dual)
yugā (accusative plural)
yugī (genitive singular)
yugous (dual genitive)
yugom (genitive plural)
yugūi (dative singular)
yugobom (dative dual)
yugobos (dative plural)
yugei (locative singular)
yugū (instrumental singular)
yugobim (dual instrumental)
yugūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *jọw
Middle Breton: yeu, ieo
Breton: yev
Cornish: yew
Old Welsh: iou
Welsh: iau

Gaulish: *yugom

⇒? Gaulish: *Weryugos (personal name)

→ Latin: Veriugus

Middle Irish: cuingIrish: cuingManx: quingScottish Gaelic: cuing


ɸlabros

ɸlabros (nominative singular)
ɸlabrou (dual nominative)
ɸlabroi (nominative plural)
ɸlabre (singular vocative)
ɸlabrou (dual vocative)
ɸlabroi (plural vocative)
ɸlabrom (accusative singular)
ɸlabrou (accusative dual)
ɸlabroms (accusative plural)
ɸlabrī (genitive singular)
ɸlabrous (dual genitive)
ɸlabrom (genitive plural)
ɸlabrūi (dative singular)
ɸlabrobom (dative dual)
ɸlabrobos (dative plural)
ɸlabrū (instrumental singular)
ɸlabrobim (dual instrumental)
ɸlabrobis (instrumental plural)
ɸlabrā (nominative singular)
ɸlabrai (dual nominative)
ɸlabrās (nominative plural)
ɸlabrā (singular vocative)
ɸlabrai (dual vocative)
ɸlabrās (plural vocative)
ɸlabram (accusative singular)
ɸlabrai (accusative dual)
ɸlabrams (accusative plural)
ɸlabrās (genitive singular)
ɸlabrai (dative singular)
ɸlabrābom (dative dual)
ɸlabrābos (dative plural)
ɸlabrābim (dual instrumental)
ɸlabrābis (instrumental plural)
ɸlabrom (nominative singular)
ɸlabrā (nominative plural)
ɸlabrom (singular vocative)
ɸlabrā (plural vocative)
ɸlabrā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llaβar
Old Breton: labar
Breton: lavar
Old Cornish: lauar
Middle Welsh: llauar
Welsh: llafar

Old Irish: labar
Irish: labhar
Scottish Gaelic: labhar

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥b-ró-s, from *pleb- (“to babble”) + *-rós, or perhaps onomatopoeic, compare Ancient Greek βᾰ́ρβᾰρος (bárbaros). Possible cognate with Latin plōrō (“to cry out”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


aryeti

aryū (active first-person present singular)
aryemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
aryesi (active present second-person singular)
aryetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
aryeti (active present singular third-person)
aryeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
aryomosi (active first-person plural present)
aryemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
aryetesi (active plural present second-person)
aryestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
aryonti (active plural present third-person)
aryento (active imperfect plural third-person)
arasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
arasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
arye (active imperative second-person singular)
araseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
aryetou (active imperative singular third-person)
arasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
aryomos (active first-person imperative plural)
arasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
aryete (active imperative plural second-person)
arasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
aryontou (active imperative plural third-person)
aryūr (first-person passive present singular)
aryetar (passive present second-person singular)
aryetor (passive present singular third-person)
aryommor (first-person passive plural present)
aryedwe (passive plural present second-person)
aryontor (passive plural present third-person)
arasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
arasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
arasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
arasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
arasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
arasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

desctree

Brythonic: *ėrðɨd
Breton: arat
Cornish: aras
Middle Welsh: eredic, ardaf
Welsh: aredig, arddu

Old Irish: airid

Irish: air (literary)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ér-ye-ti (sic), from root *h₂erh₃-.


dubros

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰrós (“dark”), from *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”).


dubros

dubros (masculine nominative singular stem)
dubrou (dual masculine nominative stem)
dubroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
dubre (masculine singular stem vocative)
dubrou (dual masculine stem vocative)
dubrūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
dubrom (accusative masculine singular stem)
dubrou (accusative dual masculine stem)
dubroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
dubrī (genitive masculine singular stem)
dubrous (dual genitive masculine stem)
dubrom (genitive masculine plural stem)
dubrūi (dative masculine singular stem)
dubrobom (dative dual masculine stem)
dubrobos (dative masculine plural stem)
dubrei (locative masculine singular stem)
dubrū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
dubrobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
dubrūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *duβr
Middle Breton: dour
Breton: dour
Cornish: dowr
Middle Welsh: dwfyr, dwfuyr, dwr, dwuyr, dwvyr, dyfwr
Welsh: dwfr, dŵr

Old Irish: dobur
Irish: dobhar
⇒ Middle Irish: dobrán
Irish: dobhrán
Scottish Gaelic: dòbhran

Gaulish: Dubra, Uerbo-dubrum

Gallaecian:

Latin: Durius
Old Galician-Portuguese: Doiro, Doyro
Portuguese: Douro
Spanish: Duero

→ Galician: Dubra


gʷedyeti

gʷedyū (active first-person present singular)
gʷedyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gʷigʷitsū (active first-person future singular)
gʷāda (active first-person preterite singular)
gʷedyesi (active present second-person singular)
gʷedyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gʷigʷitsesi (active future second-person singular)
gʷādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
gʷedyeti (active present singular third-person)
gʷedyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gʷigʷitseti (active future singular third-person)
gʷāde (active preterite singular third-person)
gʷedyomosi (active first-person plural present)
gʷedyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gʷigʷitsomosi (active first-person future plural)
gʷādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
gʷedyetesi (active plural present second-person)
gʷedyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gʷigʷitsetesi (active future plural second-person)
gʷāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
gʷedyonti (active plural present third-person)
gʷedyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gʷigʷitsonti (active future plural third-person)
gʷādars (active plural preterite third-person)
gʷetsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
gʷetsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷedye (active imperative second-person singular)
gʷetseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷedyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
gʷetsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
gʷedyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
gʷetsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
gʷedyete (active imperative plural second-person)
gʷetsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
gʷedyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gʷedyūr (first-person passive present singular)
gʷigʷitsūr (first-person future passive singular)
gʷedyetar (passive present second-person singular)
gʷigʷitsetar (future passive second-person singular)
gʷedyetor (passive present singular third-person)
gʷigʷitsetor (future passive singular third-person)
gʷedyommor (first-person passive plural present)
gʷigʷitsommor (first-person future passive plural)
gʷedyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
gʷigʷitsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
gʷedyontor (passive plural present third-person)
gʷigʷitsontor (future passive plural third-person)
gʷetsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
gʷetsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
gʷetsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
gʷetsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
gʷetsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
gʷetsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
gʷessos (nominative singular)
gʷessou (dual nominative)
gʷessoi (nominative plural)
gʷesse (singular vocative)
gʷessou (dual vocative)
gʷessoi (plural vocative)
gʷessom (accusative singular)
gʷessou (accusative dual)
gʷessoms (accusative plural)
gʷessī (genitive singular)
gʷessous (dual genitive)
gʷessom (genitive plural)
gʷessūi (dative singular)
gʷessobom (dative dual)
gʷessobos (dative plural)
gʷessū (instrumental singular)
gʷessobim (dual instrumental)
gʷessobis (instrumental plural)
gʷessā (nominative singular)
gʷessai (dual nominative)
gʷessās (nominative plural)
gʷessā (singular vocative)
gʷessai (dual vocative)
gʷessās (plural vocative)
gʷessam (accusative singular)
gʷessai (accusative dual)
gʷessams (accusative plural)
gʷessās (genitive singular)
gʷessai (dative singular)
gʷessābom (dative dual)
gʷessābos (dative plural)
gʷessābim (dual instrumental)
gʷessābis (instrumental plural)
gʷessom (nominative singular)
gʷessā (nominative plural)
gʷessom (singular vocative)
gʷessā (plural vocative)
gʷessā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: gweddïo

Old Irish: guidid
Irish: guigh
Manx: guee
Scottish Gaelic: guidh

Gaulish: uediiu (“I pray”)


ɸibeti

ɸibū (active first-person present singular)
ɸibemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸiɸixsū (active first-person future singular)
ɸixsam (active first-person preterite singular)
ɸibesi (active present second-person singular)
ɸibetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸiɸixsesi (active future second-person singular)
ɸixss (active preterite second-person singular)
ɸibeti (active present singular third-person)
ɸibeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸiɸixseti (active future singular third-person)
ɸixst (active preterite singular third-person)
ɸibomosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸibemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸiɸixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ɸixsme (active first-person plural preterite)
ɸibetesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸibestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸiɸixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ɸixste (active plural preterite second-person)
ɸibonti (active plural present third-person)
ɸibento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸiɸixsonti (active future plural third-person)
ɸixsant (active plural preterite third-person)
ɸeixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ɸeixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸibe (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸeixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸibetou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸeixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ɸibomos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸeixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸibete (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸeixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸibontou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸibūr (first-person passive present singular)
ɸiɸixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
ɸibetar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸiɸixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
ɸibetor (passive present singular third-person)
ɸiɸixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
ɸibommor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸiɸixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
ɸibedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸiɸixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
ɸibontor (passive plural present third-person)
ɸiɸixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
ɸeixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ɸeixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ɸeixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ɸeixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ɸeixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ɸeixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ɸixtos (nominative singular)
ɸixtou (dual nominative)
ɸixtoi (nominative plural)
ɸixte (singular vocative)
ɸixtou (dual vocative)
ɸixtoi (plural vocative)
ɸixtom (accusative singular)
ɸixtou (accusative dual)
ɸixtoms (accusative plural)
ɸixtī (genitive singular)
ɸixtous (dual genitive)
ɸixtom (genitive plural)
ɸixtūi (dative singular)
ɸixtobom (dative dual)
ɸixtobos (dative plural)
ɸixtū (instrumental singular)
ɸixtobim (dual instrumental)
ɸixtobis (instrumental plural)
ɸixtā (nominative singular)
ɸixtai (dual nominative)
ɸixtās (nominative plural)
ɸixtā (singular vocative)
ɸixtai (dual vocative)
ɸixtās (plural vocative)
ɸixtam (accusative singular)
ɸixtai (accusative dual)
ɸixtams (accusative plural)
ɸixtās (genitive singular)
ɸixtai (dative singular)
ɸixtābom (dative dual)
ɸixtābos (dative plural)
ɸixtābim (dual instrumental)
ɸixtābis (instrumental plural)
ɸixtom (nominative singular)
ɸixtā (nominative plural)
ɸixtom (singular vocative)
ɸixtā (plural vocative)
ɸixtā (accusative plural)

Brythonic: *ɨβɨd
Middle Breton: yvet
Breton: evañ
Middle Cornish: eva, eve
Cornish: eva
Middle Welsh: yuet
Welsh: yfed

Old Irish: ibid

Irish: ibh

Manx: iu

Gaulish: ibetis (2pl.impv/ind.)


wīnom

wīnom (nominative singular)
wīnou (dual nominative)
wīnā (nominative plural)
wīnom (singular vocative)
wīnou (dual vocative)
wīnā (plural vocative)
wīnom (accusative singular)
wīnou (accusative dual)
wīnā (accusative plural)
wīnī (genitive singular)
wīnous (dual genitive)
wīnom (genitive plural)
wīnūi (dative singular)
wīnobom (dative dual)
wīnobos (dative plural)
wīnei (locative singular)
wīnū (instrumental singular)
wīnobim (dual instrumental)
wīnūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwin
Breton: gwin
Cornish: gwin, gwyn
Welsh: gwin

Old Irish: fín
Irish: fíon
Manx: feeyn
Scottish Gaelic: fìon

Lepontic: 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌏𐌌 (uinom)


molātus

molātus (nominative singular)
molātū (dual nominative)
molātowes (nominative plural)
molātu (singular vocative)
molātū (dual vocative)
molātūs (plural vocative)
molātum (accusative singular)
molātū (accusative dual)
molātums (accusative plural)
molātous (genitive singular)
molātous (dual genitive)
molātowom (genitive plural)
molātou (dative singular)
molātubom (dative dual)
molātubos (dative plural)
molātū (instrumental singular)
molātubim (dual instrumental)
molātubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *molọd
Middle Welsh: molaut
Welsh: molawd

Old Irish: molad
Irish: moladh
Scottish Gaelic: moladh

Gaulish: molatus (Lezoux inscription)


molātor

molār (first-person passive present singular)
molātar (passive present second-person singular)
molātor (passive present singular third-person)
molāmmor (first-person passive plural present)
molādwe (passive plural present second-person)
molāntor (passive plural present third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *molọd
Middle Breton: meuliff
Breton: meuliñ
Old Welsh: molim (verbal noun)
Middle Welsh: moli
Welsh: moli

Old Irish: molaidir, molid
Middle Irish: molaid
Irish: mol
Scottish Gaelic: mol

Cognate with *mālos (“praise”). Possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *meldʰ- (Proto-West Germanic *melþōn (“inform”), Proto-Slavic *modliti (“ask, pray”), Old Armenian մաղթեմ (małtʻem, “implore, pray”)), though the loss of the dʰ is problematic.