luxsman

luxsman (nominative singular)
luxsmane? (dual nominative)
luxsmana (nominative plural)
luxsman (singular vocative)
luxsmane? (dual vocative)
luxsmana (plural vocative)
luxsman (accusative singular)
luxsmane? (accusative dual)
luxsmana (accusative plural)
luxsmens (genitive singular)
luxsmenous? (dual genitive)
luxsmenom (genitive plural)
luxsmenē (dative singular)
luxsmembom (dative dual)
luxsmembos (dative plural)
luxsmen (locative singular)
luxsmeni (locative singular)
luxsmenē (instrumental singular)
luxsmembim (dual instrumental)
luxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: lom

Breton: lomm (“drop”)

⇒ Middle Welsh: llymeit

Welsh: llymaid

Old Irish: loimm

Stüber relates this to Proto-Indo-European *slewk-, *slewg- (“to swallow”), whence also Middle High German slucken (“to gobble, swallow”) and Ancient Greek λυγκαίνω (lunkaínō, “to swallow”).
Contains the suffix *-sman.


skokīti

skokeyū (active first-person present singular)
skokīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
skokīsi (active present second-person singular)
skokītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
skokīti (active present singular third-person)
skokīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
skokeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
skokīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
skokītesi (active plural present second-person)
skokīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
skokeyonti (active plural present third-person)
skokīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
skokī (active imperative second-person singular)
skokītou (active imperative singular third-person)
skokeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
skokīte (active imperative plural second-person)
skokeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
skokeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
skokītar (passive present second-person singular)
skokītor (passive present singular third-person)
skokeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
skokīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
skokeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
skekū (active first-person present singular)
skekemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
skāka (active first-person preterite singular)
skekesi (active present second-person singular)
skeketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
skākas? (active preterite second-person singular)
skeketi (active present singular third-person)
skeketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
skāke (active preterite singular third-person)
skekomosi (active first-person plural present)
skekemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
skākmo (active first-person plural preterite)
skeketesi (active plural present second-person)
skekestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
skāxte (active plural preterite second-person)
skekonti (active plural present third-person)
skekento (active imperfect plural third-person)
skākars (active plural preterite third-person)
skexsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
skexsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
skeke (active imperative second-person singular)
skexseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
skeketou (active imperative singular third-person)
skexsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
skekomos (active first-person imperative plural)
skexsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
skekete (active imperative plural second-person)
skexsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
skekontou (active imperative plural third-person)
skekūr (first-person passive present singular)
skeketar (passive present second-person singular)
skeketor (passive present singular third-person)
skekommor (first-person passive plural present)
skekedwe (passive plural present second-person)
skekontor (passive plural present third-person)
skexsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
skexsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
skexsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
skexsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
skexsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
skexsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic: *skogid

Middle Welsh: ysgogi

Welsh: ysgogi

Middle Irish: scuichid

From Proto-Indo-European *skek-, whence also Proto-Germanic *skehaną and Proto-Slavic *skočiti.


mentiyū

mentiyū (nominative singular)
mentiyone? (dual nominative)
mentiyones (nominative plural)
mentiyū (singular vocative)
mentiyone? (dual vocative)
mentiyones (plural vocative)
mentiyonam (accusative singular)
mentiyone? (accusative dual)
mentiyonams (accusative plural)
mentiyonos (genitive singular)
mentiyonows? (dual genitive)
mentiyonom (genitive plural)
mentiyonei (dative singular)
mentiyombom (dative dual)
mentiyombos (dative plural)
mentiyon (locative singular)
mentiyoni (locative singular)
mentiyonei (instrumental singular)
mentiyombim (dual instrumental)
mentiyombis (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”) + *-tiyū. Cognate to Latin mentiō.


-tiyū

-tiyū (nominative singular)
-tiyone? (dual nominative)
-tiyones (nominative plural)
-tiyū (singular vocative)
-tiyone? (dual vocative)
-tiyones (plural vocative)
-tiyonam (accusative singular)
-tiyone? (accusative dual)
-tiyonams (accusative plural)
-tiyonos (genitive singular)
-tiyonows? (dual genitive)
-tiyonom (genitive plural)
-tiyonei (dative singular)
-tiyombom (dative dual)
-tiyombos (dative plural)
-tiyon (locative singular)
-tiyoni (locative singular)
-tiyonei (instrumental singular)
-tiyombim (dual instrumental)
-tiyombis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: -tiu, -thiu

From Proto-Indo-European *-ti-Hon-, an extension of *-tis with *-Hō. Cognate to Latin -tiō.

wid- (“to tell”) + *-tiyū → *wissiyū (“telling, saying”)

sem- (“to pour”) + *-tiyū → *santiyū (“outpour”)

men- (“to think”) + *-tiyū → *mentiyū (“thought”)


-yūs

Old Irish: -iu, -u

Irish: -e

sen- (“old”) + *-yūs → *senyūs (“older”) (whence Old Irish siniu and Welsh hŷn)


letros

letros (masculine nominative singular stem)
letrou (dual masculine nominative stem)
letroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
letre (masculine singular stem vocative)
letrou (dual masculine stem vocative)
letrūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
letrom (accusative masculine singular stem)
letrou (accusative dual masculine stem)
letroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
letrī (genitive masculine singular stem)
letrous (dual genitive masculine stem)
letrom (genitive masculine plural stem)
letrūi (dative masculine singular stem)
letrobom (dative dual masculine stem)
letrobos (dative masculine plural stem)
letrei (locative masculine singular stem)
letrū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
letrobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
letrūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *lledr
Middle Breton: lezr
Breton: lêr
Middle Welsh: lledyr
Welsh: lledr

Middle Irish: lethar
Irish: leathar
Manx: liare
Scottish Gaelic: leathar

→? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly reconstructible as *ɸletros, liquid metathesized from earlier *ɸeltros, from Proto-Indo-European *pél-tro-m, from *pel- (“to envelope, wrap around”) + *-trom, compare Latin pellis (“pelt, hide”), Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, hide”).


ɸīweriyū

ɸīweriyū (nominative singular)
ɸīweriyone? (dual nominative)
ɸīweriyones (nominative plural)
ɸīweriyū (singular vocative)
ɸīweriyone? (dual vocative)
ɸīweriyones (plural vocative)
ɸīweriyonam (accusative singular)
ɸīweriyone? (accusative dual)
ɸīweriyonams (accusative plural)
ɸīweriyonos (genitive singular)
ɸīweriyonows? (dual genitive)
ɸīweriyonom (genitive plural)
ɸīweriyonei (dative singular)
ɸīweriyombom (dative dual)
ɸīweriyombos (dative plural)
ɸīweriyon (locative singular)
ɸīweriyoni (locative singular)
ɸīweriyonei (instrumental singular)
ɸīweriyombim (dual instrumental)
ɸīweriyombis (instrumental plural)

Old Irish: íriu (“land, earth”)

Uncertain; suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂werih₂-ō ~ *piHwerih₂-né-s (“something fat, fertile”), from *péyh₂wer-ih₂ ~ pih₂ur-yéh₂-s (“fat, fertile”) + *-ō, from *péyh₂wr̥ (“fat, swelling”) + *-ih₂.


gnīmus

gnīmus (nominative singular)
gnīmū (dual nominative)
gnīmowes (nominative plural)
gnīmu (singular vocative)
gnīmū (dual vocative)
gnīmūs (plural vocative)
gnīmum (accusative singular)
gnīmū (accusative dual)
gnīmums (accusative plural)
gnīmous (genitive singular)
gnīmous (dual genitive)
gnīmowom (genitive plural)
gnīmou (dative singular)
gnīmubom (dative dual)
gnīmubos (dative plural)
gnīmū (instrumental singular)
gnīmubim (dual instrumental)
gnīmubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gniβ̃

Breton: niñv (“affliction”)

Middle Welsh: gnif

Welsh: gnif

desctree

Old Irish: gním
Middle Irish: gním
Irish: gníomh
→ English: gneeve
Scottish Gaelic: gnìomh

Related to *gniyeti (“to do, make”). Contains a suffix *-mus.


uɸognīmus

uɸognīmus (nominative singular)
uɸognīmū (dual nominative)
uɸognīmowes (nominative plural)
uɸognīmu (singular vocative)
uɸognīmū (dual vocative)
uɸognīmūs (plural vocative)
uɸognīmum (accusative singular)
uɸognīmū (accusative dual)
uɸognīmums (accusative plural)
uɸognīmous (genitive singular)
uɸognīmous (dual genitive)
uɸognīmowom (genitive plural)
uɸognīmou (dative singular)
uɸognīmubom (dative dual)
uɸognīmubos (dative plural)
uɸognīmū (instrumental singular)
uɸognīmubim (dual instrumental)
uɸognīmubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwöɣniβ̃

Middle Welsh: gweini

Welsh: gweini

Old Irish: fognam

From *uɸo- (“under-”) + *gnīmus (“doing”), literally “doing under”.


rogīti

rogeyū (active first-person present singular)
rogīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
rogīsam (active first-person preterite singular)
rogīsi (active present second-person singular)
rogītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
rogīss (active preterite second-person singular)
rogīti (active present singular third-person)
rogīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
rogīst (active preterite singular third-person)
rogeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
rogīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
rogīsme (active first-person plural preterite)
rogītesi (active plural present second-person)
rogīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
rogīste (active plural preterite second-person)
rogeyonti (active plural present third-person)
rogīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
rogīsant (active plural preterite third-person)
rogasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
rogasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
rogī (active imperative second-person singular)
rogaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
rogītou (active imperative singular third-person)
rogasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
rogeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
rogasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
rogīte (active imperative plural second-person)
rogasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
rogeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
rogeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
rogītar (passive present second-person singular)
rogītor (passive present singular third-person)
rogeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
rogīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
rogeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
rogasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
rogasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
rogasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
rogasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
rogasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
rogasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
rogītos (nominative singular)
rogītou (dual nominative)
rogītoi (nominative plural)
rogīte (singular vocative)
rogītou (dual vocative)
rogītoi (plural vocative)
rogītom (accusative singular)
rogītou (accusative dual)
rogītoms (accusative plural)
rogītī (genitive singular)
rogītous (dual genitive)
rogītom (genitive plural)
rogītūi (dative singular)
rogītobom (dative dual)
rogītobos (dative plural)
rogītū (instrumental singular)
rogītobim (dual instrumental)
rogītobis (instrumental plural)
rogītā (nominative singular)
rogītai (dual nominative)
rogītās (nominative plural)
rogītā (singular vocative)
rogītai (dual vocative)
rogītās (plural vocative)
rogītam (accusative singular)
rogītai (accusative dual)
rogītams (accusative plural)
rogītās (genitive singular)
rogītai (dative singular)
rogītābom (dative dual)
rogītābos (dative plural)
rogītābim (dual instrumental)
rogītābis (instrumental plural)
rogītom (nominative singular)
rogītā (nominative plural)
rogītom (singular vocative)
rogītā (plural vocative)
rogītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *rroɣid (“to give”)

Middle Breton: reiff

Breton: reiñ

Middle Cornish: ry

Cornish: ry

Middle Welsh: roi

Welsh: rhoi

Old Irish: rogaid

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵéyeti, causative formation to *h₃reǵ- (“to straigthen”).


indeti

indū (active first-person present singular)
indemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
indesi (active present second-person singular)
indetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
indeti (active present singular third-person)
indeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
indomosi (active first-person plural present)
indemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
indetesi (active plural present second-person)
indestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
indonti (active plural present third-person)
indento (active imperfect plural third-person)
inde (active imperative second-person singular)
indetou (active imperative singular third-person)
indomos (active first-person imperative plural)
indete (active imperative plural second-person)
indontou (active imperative plural third-person)
indūr (first-person passive present singular)
indetar (passive present second-person singular)
indetor (passive present singular third-person)
indommor (first-person passive plural present)
indedwe (passive plural present second-person)
indontor (passive plural present third-person)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂i-né-dʰ-ti, a nasal-infix present from *h₂eydʰ- (“fire”).


uɸogniyeti

uɸogniyū (active first-person present singular)
uɸogniyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
uɸogignāsū (active first-person future singular)
uɸogegnū (active first-person preterite singular)
uɸogniyesi (active present second-person singular)
uɸogniyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
uɸogignāsesi (active future second-person singular)
uɸogegnūs (active preterite second-person singular)
uɸogniyeti (active present singular third-person)
uɸogniyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
uɸogignāseti (active future singular third-person)
uɸogegnū (active preterite singular third-person)
uɸogniyomosi (active first-person plural present)
uɸogniyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
uɸogignāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
uɸogegnamo (active first-person plural preterite)
uɸogniyetesi (active plural present second-person)
uɸogniyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
uɸogignāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
uɸogegnate (active plural preterite second-person)
uɸogniyonti (active plural present third-person)
uɸogniyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
uɸogignāsonti (active future plural third-person)
uɸogegnars (active plural preterite third-person)
uɸognīsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
uɸognīsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸogniye (active imperative second-person singular)
uɸognīseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸogniyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
uɸognīsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
uɸogniyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
uɸognīsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸogniyete (active imperative plural second-person)
uɸognīsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸogniyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
uɸogniyūr (first-person passive present singular)
uɸogignāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
uɸogniyetar (passive present second-person singular)
uɸogignāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
uɸogniyetor (passive present singular third-person)
uɸogignāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
uɸogniyommor (first-person passive plural present)
uɸogignāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
uɸogniyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
uɸogignāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
uɸogniyontor (passive plural present third-person)
uɸogignāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
uɸognīsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
uɸognīsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
uɸognīsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
uɸognīsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
uɸognīsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
uɸognīsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
uɸognatos (nominative singular)
uɸognatou (dual nominative)
uɸognatoi (nominative plural)
uɸognate (singular vocative)
uɸognatou (dual vocative)
uɸognatoi (plural vocative)
uɸognatom (accusative singular)
uɸognatou (accusative dual)
uɸognatoms (accusative plural)
uɸognatī (genitive singular)
uɸognatous (dual genitive)
uɸognatom (genitive plural)
uɸognatūi (dative singular)
uɸognatobom (dative dual)
uɸognatobos (dative plural)
uɸognatū (instrumental singular)
uɸognatobim (dual instrumental)
uɸognatobis (instrumental plural)
uɸognatā (nominative singular)
uɸognatai (dual nominative)
uɸognatās (nominative plural)
uɸognatā (singular vocative)
uɸognatai (dual vocative)
uɸognatās (plural vocative)
uɸognatam (accusative singular)
uɸognatai (accusative dual)
uɸognatams (accusative plural)
uɸognatās (genitive singular)
uɸognatai (dative singular)
uɸognatābom (dative dual)
uɸognatābos (dative plural)
uɸognatābim (dual instrumental)
uɸognatābis (instrumental plural)
uɸognatom (nominative singular)
uɸognatā (nominative plural)
uɸognatom (singular vocative)
uɸognatā (plural vocative)
uɸognatā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwöɣnɨðɨd

desc

Middle Breton: gounez (3sg pres), gounezet (2pl pres)

Middle Cornish: gonetheff (1sg pres)

Middle Welsh: gweini (finite forms)

Welsh: gweini (finite forms)

Old Irish: fo·gní


kreteti

kretū (active first-person present singular)
kretemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kretesi (active present second-person singular)
kretetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kreteti (active present singular third-person)
kreteto (active imperfect singular third-person)
kretomosi (active first-person plural present)
kretemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kretetesi (active plural present second-person)
kretestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kretonti (active plural present third-person)
kretento (active imperfect plural third-person)
krete (active imperative second-person singular)
kretetou (active imperative singular third-person)
kretomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kretete (active imperative plural second-person)
kretontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kretūr (first-person passive present singular)
kretetar (passive present second-person singular)
kretetor (passive present singular third-person)
kretommor (first-person passive plural present)
kretedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kretontor (passive plural present third-person)

Old Breton: credam (pres 1sg)

From Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake”). Matasović attempts to rationalize the semantics as "shake" > "hit" > "approach". German stoßen may be compared for semantics.


kuxsketi

kuxskū (active first-person present singular)
kuxskemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
kuxskesi (active present second-person singular)
kuxsketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
kuxsketi (active present singular third-person)
kuxsketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
kuxskomosi (active first-person plural present)
kuxskemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
kuxsketesi (active plural present second-person)
kuxskestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
kuxskonti (active plural present third-person)
kuxskento (active imperfect plural third-person)
kuxske (active imperative second-person singular)
kuxsketou (active imperative singular third-person)
kuxskomos (active first-person imperative plural)
kuxskete (active imperative plural second-person)
kuxskontou (active imperative plural third-person)
kuxskūr (first-person passive present singular)
kuxsketar (passive present second-person singular)
kuxsketor (passive present singular third-person)
kuxskommor (first-person passive plural present)
kuxskedwe (passive plural present second-person)
kuxskontor (passive plural present third-person)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *kuskɨd
Middle Breton: cousquet
Breton: kousket
Middle Cornish: cusca
Cornish: koska
Middle Welsh: kyscaf
Welsh: cysgu

Generally held as cognate to Proto-Italic *kubāō (“to lie down”); whether the Proto-Indo-European form was *kewbʰ-, *kewb-, or *(s)kewbʰ- is uncertain. Matasović, in a desperate attempt to find non-Italo-Celtic cognates, takes *(s)kewbʰ- as the proto-form, and relates the Celtic and Italic terms to Proto-Germanic *skeubaną (“to shove”), noting that Latin iacio (“to throw”) and iaceo (“to lie”) are examples of words that demonstrate an association between "throwing forward" actions and "lying down" actions. Germanicists do not follow this comparison.


xswibīti

xswibeyū (active first-person present singular)
xswibīmam (active first-person imperfect singular)
xswibīsi (active present second-person singular)
xswibītās (active imperfect second-person singular)
xswibīti (active present singular third-person)
xswibīto (active imperfect singular third-person)
xswibeyomosi (active first-person plural present)
xswibīmo (active first-person imperfect plural)
xswibītesi (active plural present second-person)
xswibīstē (active imperfect plural second-person)
xswibeyonti (active plural present third-person)
xswibīnto (active imperfect plural third-person)
xswibī (active imperative second-person singular)
xswibītou (active imperative singular third-person)
xswibeyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
xswibīte (active imperative plural second-person)
xswibeyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
xswibeyūr (first-person passive present singular)
xswibītar (passive present second-person singular)
xswibītor (passive present singular third-person)
xswibeyommor (first-person passive plural present)
xswibīdwe (passive plural present second-person)
xswibeyontor (passive plural present third-person)
xswixtos (nominative singular)
xswixtou (dual nominative)
xswixtoi (nominative plural)
xswixte (singular vocative)
xswixtou (dual vocative)
xswixtoi (plural vocative)
xswixtom (accusative singular)
xswixtou (accusative dual)
xswixtoms (accusative plural)
xswixtī (genitive singular)
xswixtous (dual genitive)
xswixtom (genitive plural)
xswixtūi (dative singular)
xswixtobom (dative dual)
xswixtobos (dative plural)
xswixtū (instrumental singular)
xswixtobim (dual instrumental)
xswixtobis (instrumental plural)
xswixtā (nominative singular)
xswixtai (dual nominative)
xswixtās (nominative plural)
xswixtā (singular vocative)
xswixtai (dual vocative)
xswixtās (plural vocative)
xswixtam (accusative singular)
xswixtai (accusative dual)
xswixtams (accusative plural)
xswixtās (genitive singular)
xswixtai (dative singular)
xswixtābom (dative dual)
xswixtābos (dative plural)
xswixtābim (dual instrumental)
xswixtābis (instrumental plural)
xswixtom (nominative singular)
xswixtā (nominative plural)
xswixtom (singular vocative)
xswixtā (plural vocative)
xswixtā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨβid
Middle Breton: fifual
Breton: fiñval
Middle Welsh: chwyfu
Welsh: chwifio

Middle Irish: scibid

desc

Irish: sciob (with irregular loss of lenition)

Stative verb derived from Proto-Indo-European *ksweybʰ- (“to move”).


gʷeleti

gʷelū (active first-person present singular)
gʷelemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
gʷilam (active first-person preterite singular)
gʷelesi (active present second-person singular)
gʷeletās (active imperfect second-person singular)
gʷils (active preterite second-person singular)
gʷeleti (active present singular third-person)
gʷeleto (active imperfect singular third-person)
gʷilt (active preterite singular third-person)
gʷelomosi (active first-person plural present)
gʷelemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
gʷilme (active first-person plural preterite)
gʷeletesi (active plural present second-person)
gʷelestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
gʷilte (active plural preterite second-person)
gʷelonti (active plural present third-person)
gʷelento (active imperfect plural third-person)
gʷilant (active plural preterite third-person)
gʷele (active imperative second-person singular)
gʷeletou (active imperative singular third-person)
gʷelomos (active first-person imperative plural)
gʷelete (active imperative plural second-person)
gʷelontou (active imperative plural third-person)
gʷelūr (first-person passive present singular)
gʷeletar (passive present second-person singular)
gʷeletor (passive present singular third-person)
gʷelommor (first-person passive plural present)
gʷeledwe (passive plural present second-person)
gʷelontor (passive plural present third-person)
gʷlitos (nominative singular)
gʷlitou (dual nominative)
gʷlitoi (nominative plural)
gʷlite (singular vocative)
gʷlitou (dual vocative)
gʷlitoi (plural vocative)
gʷlitom (accusative singular)
gʷlitou (accusative dual)
gʷlitoms (accusative plural)
gʷlitī (genitive singular)
gʷlitous (dual genitive)
gʷlitom (genitive plural)
gʷlitūi (dative singular)
gʷlitobom (dative dual)
gʷlitobos (dative plural)
gʷlitū (instrumental singular)
gʷlitobim (dual instrumental)
gʷlitobis (instrumental plural)
gʷlitā (nominative singular)
gʷlitai (dual nominative)
gʷlitās (nominative plural)
gʷlitā (singular vocative)
gʷlitai (dual vocative)
gʷlitās (plural vocative)
gʷlitam (accusative singular)
gʷlitai (accusative dual)
gʷlitams (accusative plural)
gʷlitās (genitive singular)
gʷlitai (dative singular)
gʷlitābom (dative dual)
gʷlitābos (dative plural)
gʷlitābim (dual instrumental)
gʷlitābis (instrumental plural)
gʷlitom (nominative singular)
gʷlitā (nominative plural)
gʷlitom (singular vocative)
gʷlitā (plural vocative)
gʷlitā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: gelid

Unknown. The related term *gʷeltā (“grass, pasture”) having gw- reflexes in Brythonic necessitate reconstructing a labiovelar, which means that their root must have originally contained *gʷʰ-. However, no such root *gʷʰel- with a relevant meaning is known for Proto-Indo-European. Pokorny compares Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“wool”), see also *woltos (“hair (of the head)”), Proto-Slavic *volsъ (“hair”).


uɸostatos

uɸostatos (nominative singular)
uɸostatou (dual nominative)
uɸostatoi (nominative plural)
uɸostate (singular vocative)
uɸostatou (dual vocative)
uɸostatoi (plural vocative)
uɸostatom (accusative singular)
uɸostatou (accusative dual)
uɸostatoms (accusative plural)
uɸostatī (genitive singular)
uɸostatous (dual genitive)
uɸostatom (genitive plural)
uɸostatūi (dative singular)
uɸostatobom (dative dual)
uɸostatobos (dative plural)
uɸostatū (instrumental singular)
uɸostatobim (dual instrumental)
uɸostatobis (instrumental plural)
uɸostatā (nominative singular)
uɸostatai (dual nominative)
uɸostatās (nominative plural)
uɸostatā (singular vocative)
uɸostatai (dual vocative)
uɸostatās (plural vocative)
uɸostatam (accusative singular)
uɸostatai (accusative dual)
uɸostatams (accusative plural)
uɸostatās (genitive singular)
uɸostatai (dative singular)
uɸostatābom (dative dual)
uɸostatābos (dative plural)
uɸostatābim (dual instrumental)
uɸostatābis (instrumental plural)
uɸostatom (nominative singular)
uɸostatā (nominative plural)
uɸostatom (singular vocative)
uɸostatā (plural vocative)
uɸostatā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwostad

Old Breton: gwastat

Middle Breton: goustad

Breton: goustad (“softly, slowly”)

Middle Welsh: gwastat, guastat

Welsh: gwastad

Old Irish: fossad

From Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth₂-tós, from *upó + *steh₂- + *-tós. On the surface, contains the prefix *uɸo-.


brestā

brestā (nominative singular)
brestai (dual nominative)
brestās (nominative plural)
brestā (singular vocative)
brestai (dual vocative)
brestās (plural vocative)
brestam (accusative singular)
brestai (accusative dual)
brestāms (accusative plural)
brestās (genitive singular)
brestous (dual genitive)
brestom (genitive plural)
brestāi (dative singular)
brestābom (dative dual)
brestābos (dative plural)
brestai (locative singular)
brestābim (dual instrumental)
brestābis (instrumental plural)

Middle Irish: bres (“fight, effort”)

Identified by Vendryes and later Matasović as cognate to Proto-Germanic *brestaną (“to burst, break”).


slimnos

slimnos (nominative singular)
slimnou (dual nominative)
slimnoi (nominative plural)
slimne (singular vocative)
slimnou (dual vocative)
slimnoi (plural vocative)
slimnom (accusative singular)
slimnou (accusative dual)
slimnoms (accusative plural)
slimnī (genitive singular)
slimnous (dual genitive)
slimnom (genitive plural)
slimnūi (dative singular)
slimnobom (dative dual)
slimnobos (dative plural)
slimnū (instrumental singular)
slimnobim (dual instrumental)
slimnobis (instrumental plural)
slimnā (nominative singular)
slimnai (dual nominative)
slimnās (nominative plural)
slimnā (singular vocative)
slimnai (dual vocative)
slimnās (plural vocative)
slimnam (accusative singular)
slimnai (accusative dual)
slimnams (accusative plural)
slimnās (genitive singular)
slimnai (dative singular)
slimnābom (dative dual)
slimnābos (dative plural)
slimnābim (dual instrumental)
slimnābis (instrumental plural)
slimnom (nominative singular)
slimnā (nominative plural)
slimnom (singular vocative)
slimnā (plural vocative)
slimnā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llɨβ̃n

Old Breton: limn

Breton: levn

desc

⇒ Middle Breton: dileffn (“hard”, literally “dis-smooth”)

⇒ Old Welsh: limnint (3pl present)

Middle Welsh: llyfyn

Welsh: llyfn

Old Irish: slemon

Irish: sleamhain

Scottish Gaelic: sleamhainn

Manx: shliawin

Matasović compares with Latin līmō (“to polish”) and Old High German slīmen (“to polish”). Others have compared to Proto-Germanic *slīmą (“slime”), Latvian slienas (“saliva”), and Proto-Slavic *slina (“saliva”). For these a root *sleyH- or *sleh₁y- can be reconstructed.


ouxsanatā

ouxsanatā (nominative singular)
ouxsanatai (dual nominative)
ouxsanatās (nominative plural)
ouxsanatā (singular vocative)
ouxsanatai (dual vocative)
ouxsanatās (plural vocative)
ouxsanatam (accusative singular)
ouxsanatai (accusative dual)
ouxsanatāms (accusative plural)
ouxsanatās (genitive singular)
ouxsanatous (dual genitive)
ouxsanatom (genitive plural)
ouxsanatāi (dative singular)
ouxsanatābom (dative dual)
ouxsanatābos (dative plural)
ouxsanatai (locative singular)
ouxsanatābim (dual instrumental)
ouxsanatābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ʉxanad

Middle Breton: huanat

Breton: huanad

Middle Welsh: ucheneid, ychenaid

Welsh: uchenaid, ochenaid

Old Irish: osnad

Middle Irish: osnad

Irish: osna

Scottish Gaelic: osna

Manx: osney

From *ouxs- + *ana- (originally "to breathe") + *-tā (verbal noun suffix), literally “up-breath”.


mergī

mergī (nominative singular)
mergī (singular vocative)
mergīm (accusative singular)
mergyās (genitive singular)
mergyai (dative singular)

Proto-Brythonic: *merɣ

desc

Middle Breton: (with irregular -gl suffix) mercl, mergl

Breton: mergl

Old Irish: meirc

Irish: meirg

Scottish Gaelic: meirg

From Proto-Indo-European *merǵ- (“to be wet, withered”). Cognate with Middle High German murc (“withered”), Russian моро́з (moróz, “frost”) and Albanian mardhë (“frost”).


ɸarextus

ɸarextus (nominative singular)
ɸarextū (dual nominative)
ɸarextowes (nominative plural)
ɸarextu (singular vocative)
ɸarextū (dual vocative)
ɸarextūs (plural vocative)
ɸarextum (accusative singular)
ɸarextū (accusative dual)
ɸarextums (accusative plural)
ɸarextous (genitive singular)
ɸarextous (dual genitive)
ɸarextowom (genitive plural)
ɸarextou (dative singular)
ɸarextubom (dative dual)
ɸarextubos (dative plural)
ɸarextū (instrumental singular)
ɸarextubim (dual instrumental)
ɸarextubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

desc

Breton: areizh (“diatribe”) (Peurunvan spelling), areih (attestations with Vannetais debuccalization written)

Cornish: areth (“lecture, speech”)

Middle Welsh: areith (“speech, address, utterance”)

Welsh: araith

Old Irish: airecht (“assembly”)

Irish: oireacht

Unknown. Matasović, and Pyysalo after him, believe that the term contains the prefix *ɸare-. Zair on the other hand still believes the identity of the prefix to be unclear. Lindeman on the other hand outright denies the existence of any prefixation on this term. However, everyone agrees that the word contains the suffix *-tus.
The palatalization in Goidelic is unexpected; a form **aracht would be expected (see also canaid < *kaneti). Reconstructing *ɸarixtus would yield the Goidelic forms directly but lead to Welsh **eirith and the like due to i-affection, necessitating a reconstruction *ɸarixtā so that the i-affection is blocked by a previous a-affection. In fact, Stifter (personal communication) thinks that *ɸarixtā may have yielded the Goidelic forms too, given how its case-forms are mainly attested in late manuscripts whose scribes were unable to distinguish e.g. -ae (genitive singular of ā-stems) and -a (genitive singular of u-stems) since they had merged in later scribes' speech.
There are multiple theories on the underlying root's identity.
* Zair mentions a theory by Vendryes where the term is related to Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”).
* Lindeman derives this term from a k-extension of Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁- (“to reckon”). He also identifies this extension in Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”) and Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rahnjan, “to reckon, count”).
* Matasović makes a connection with Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵ- (“to say”).
* Pyysalo admits that Matasović's derivation is valid, but offers an alternative connection to Avestan 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬑𐬀 (viiāxa, “gathering, meeting”), for which he reconstructs *HekH- (note that Pyysalo does not believe in three laryngeals, he only believes in one laryngeal pronounced like *h₂; in turn he also believes in the existence of *a and an array of a-diphthongs).


dedmis

dedmis (nominative singular)
dedmī (dual nominative)
dedmīs (nominative plural)
dedmi (singular vocative)
dedmī (dual vocative)
dedmīs (plural vocative)
dedmim (accusative singular)
dedmī (accusative dual)
dedmims (accusative plural)
dedmeis (genitive singular)
dedmyow (dual genitive)
dedmyom (genitive plural)
dedmei (dative singular)
dedmibom (dative dual)
dedmibos (dative plural)
dedmei (locative singular)
dedmī (instrumental singular)
dedmibim (dual instrumental)
dedmibis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *deðβ̃

Middle Welsh: dedyf

Welsh: deddf

Middle Irish: deidmea (gen. sg.)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰe-dʰh₁-m-is, a reduplicated formation from *dʰeh₁- (“to do”).

defod

Middle Welsh: devaud, deuawt, deuaut, deuawd, defawt; Welsh


nadsketi

nadskū (active first-person present singular)
nadskemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ninādsū (active first-person future singular)
nenāda (active first-person preterite singular)
nadskesi (active present second-person singular)
nadsketās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ninādsesi (active future second-person singular)
nenādas? (active preterite second-person singular)
nadsketi (active present singular third-person)
nadsketo (active imperfect singular third-person)
ninādseti (active future singular third-person)
nenāde (active preterite singular third-person)
nadskomosi (active first-person plural present)
nadskemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ninādsomosi (active first-person future plural)
nenādmo (active first-person plural preterite)
nadsketesi (active plural present second-person)
nadskestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ninādsetesi (active future plural second-person)
nenāsse (active plural preterite second-person)
nadskonti (active plural present third-person)
nadskento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ninādsonti (active future plural third-person)
nenādars (active plural preterite third-person)
nādsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
nādsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
nadske (active imperative second-person singular)
nādseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
nadsketou (active imperative singular third-person)
nādsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
nadskomos (active first-person imperative plural)
nādsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
nadskete (active imperative plural second-person)
nādsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
nadskontou (active imperative plural third-person)
nadskūr (first-person passive present singular)
ninādsūr (first-person future passive singular)
nadsketar (passive present second-person singular)
ninādsetar (future passive second-person singular)
nadsketor (passive present singular third-person)
ninādsetor (future passive singular third-person)
nadskommor (first-person passive plural present)
ninādsommor (first-person future passive plural)
nadskedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ninādsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
nadskontor (passive plural present third-person)
ninādsontor (future passive plural third-person)
nādsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
nādsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
nādsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
nādsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
nādsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
nādsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
nassos (nominative singular)
nassou (dual nominative)
nassoi (nominative plural)
nasse (singular vocative)
nassou (dual vocative)
nassoi (plural vocative)
nassom (accusative singular)
nassou (accusative dual)
nassoms (accusative plural)
nassī (genitive singular)
nassous (dual genitive)
nassom (genitive plural)
nassūi (dative singular)
nassobom (dative dual)
nassobos (dative plural)
nassū (instrumental singular)
nassobim (dual instrumental)
nassobis (instrumental plural)
nassā (nominative singular)
nassai (dual nominative)
nassās (nominative plural)
nassā (singular vocative)
nassai (dual vocative)
nassās (plural vocative)
nassam (accusative singular)
nassai (accusative dual)
nassams (accusative plural)
nassās (genitive singular)
nassai (dative singular)
nassābom (dative dual)
nassābos (dative plural)
nassābim (dual instrumental)
nassābis (instrumental plural)
nassom (nominative singular)
nassā (nominative plural)
nassom (singular vocative)
nassā (plural vocative)
nassā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: nasca

Breton: naskañ

desctree

Old Irish: nascaid
Irish: nasc
Manx: naisht
Scottish Gaelic: naisg

From Proto-Indo-European *neHd-. Related to Proto-Germanic *natją (“net”) in addition to Latin nōdus (“knot”) and nassa (“fish-catching basket”).


atinowom

atinowom (nominative singular)
atinowou (dual nominative)
atinowā (nominative plural)
atinowom (singular vocative)
atinowou (dual vocative)
atinowā (plural vocative)
atinowom (accusative singular)
atinowou (accusative dual)
atinowā (accusative plural)
atinowī (genitive singular)
atinowous (dual genitive)
atinowom (genitive plural)
atinowūi (dative singular)
atinowobom (dative dual)
atinowobos (dative plural)
atinowei (locative singular)
atinowū (instrumental singular)
atinowobim (dual instrumental)
atinowūis (instrumental plural)

From *ati- (“re-”) + *now- (“to nod”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix). Verbal noun of *ati-noweti "to entrust", whence Old Irish ad·noí.


nigyeti

nigyū (active first-person present singular)
nigyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ninixsū (active first-person future singular)
ninoiga (active first-person preterite singular)
nigyesi (active present second-person singular)
nigyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ninixsesi (active future second-person singular)
ninoigas? (active preterite second-person singular)
nigyeti (active present singular third-person)
nigyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
ninixseti (active future singular third-person)
ninoige (active preterite singular third-person)
nigyomosi (active first-person plural present)
nigyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ninixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
ninoigmo (active first-person plural preterite)
nigyetesi (active plural present second-person)
nigyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ninixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
ninoixte (active plural preterite second-person)
nigyonti (active plural present third-person)
nigyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
ninixsonti (active future plural third-person)
ninoigars (active plural preterite third-person)
neixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
neixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
nigye (active imperative second-person singular)
neixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
nigyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
neixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
nigyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
neixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
nigyete (active imperative plural second-person)
neixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
nigyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
nigyūr (first-person passive present singular)
ninixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
nigyetar (passive present second-person singular)
ninixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
nigyetor (passive present singular third-person)
ninixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
nigyommor (first-person passive plural present)
ninixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
nigyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
ninixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
nigyontor (passive plural present third-person)
ninixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
neixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
neixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
neixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
neixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
neixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
neixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
nixtos (nominative singular)
nixtou (dual nominative)
nixtoi (nominative plural)
nixte (singular vocative)
nixtou (dual vocative)
nixtoi (plural vocative)
nixtom (accusative singular)
nixtou (accusative dual)
nixtoms (accusative plural)
nixtī (genitive singular)
nixtous (dual genitive)
nixtom (genitive plural)
nixtūi (dative singular)
nixtobom (dative dual)
nixtobos (dative plural)
nixtū (instrumental singular)
nixtobim (dual instrumental)
nixtobis (instrumental plural)
nixtā (nominative singular)
nixtai (dual nominative)
nixtās (nominative plural)
nixtā (singular vocative)
nixtai (dual vocative)
nixtās (plural vocative)
nixtam (accusative singular)
nixtai (accusative dual)
nixtams (accusative plural)
nixtās (genitive singular)
nixtai (dative singular)
nixtābom (dative dual)
nixtābos (dative plural)
nixtābim (dual instrumental)
nixtābis (instrumental plural)
nixtom (nominative singular)
nixtā (nominative plural)
nixtom (singular vocative)
nixtā (plural vocative)
nixtā (accusative plural)

desctree

Old Irish: nigid
Middle Irish: nigid
Irish: nigh
Manx: niee
Scottish Gaelic: nigh

From Proto-Indo-European *nigyéti (whence also Ancient Greek νίζω (nízō)), from *neygʷ- (“to wash”). The loss of labialization when *-yéti was attached is regular.


noweti

nowū (active first-person present singular)
nowemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
nowesi (active present second-person singular)
nowetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
noweti (active present singular third-person)
noweto (active imperfect singular third-person)
nowomosi (active first-person plural present)
nowemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
nowetesi (active plural present second-person)
nowestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
nowonti (active plural present third-person)
nowento (active imperfect plural third-person)
nowasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
nowasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
nowe (active imperative second-person singular)
nowaseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
nowetou (active imperative singular third-person)
nowasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
nowomos (active first-person imperative plural)
nowasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
nowete (active imperative plural second-person)
nowasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
nowontou (active imperative plural third-person)
nowūr (first-person passive present singular)
nowetar (passive present second-person singular)
nowetor (passive present singular third-person)
nowommor (first-person passive plural present)
nowedwe (passive plural present second-person)
nowontor (passive plural present third-person)
nowasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
nowasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
nowasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
nowasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
nowasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
nowasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

From Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to nod, assent”).

der

Old Irish: ad·noíMiddle Irish: aithnidIrish: aithinScottish Gaelic: àithn ()

dinou

Old Breton: dinouam (1sg. present); Middle Breton


ɸiɸoike

ɸiɸoika (active first-person preterite singular)
ɸiɸoikas? (active preterite second-person singular)
ɸiɸoike (active preterite singular third-person)
ɸiɸoikmo (active first-person plural preterite)
ɸiɸoixte (active plural preterite second-person)
ɸiɸoikars (active plural preterite third-person)
ɸixtos (nominative singular)
ɸixtou (dual nominative)
ɸixtoi (nominative plural)
ɸixte (singular vocative)
ɸixtou (dual vocative)
ɸixtoi (plural vocative)
ɸixtom (accusative singular)
ɸixtou (accusative dual)
ɸixtoms (accusative plural)
ɸixtī (genitive singular)
ɸixtous (dual genitive)
ɸixtom (genitive plural)
ɸixtūi (dative singular)
ɸixtobom (dative dual)
ɸixtobos (dative plural)
ɸixtū (instrumental singular)
ɸixtobim (dual instrumental)
ɸixtobis (instrumental plural)
ɸixtā (nominative singular)
ɸixtai (dual nominative)
ɸixtās (nominative plural)
ɸixtā (singular vocative)
ɸixtai (dual vocative)
ɸixtās (plural vocative)
ɸixtam (accusative singular)
ɸixtai (accusative dual)
ɸixtams (accusative plural)
ɸixtās (genitive singular)
ɸixtai (dative singular)
ɸixtābom (dative dual)
ɸixtābos (dative plural)
ɸixtābim (dual instrumental)
ɸixtābis (instrumental plural)
ɸixtom (nominative singular)
ɸixtā (nominative plural)
ɸixtom (singular vocative)
ɸixtā (plural vocative)
ɸixtā (accusative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to hew, cut out”).

gorwyth

alternative preterite derived from the past participle


ɸlinīti

ɸlinīmi (active first-person present singular)
ɸlinamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
ɸlinīsi (active present second-person singular)
ɸlinatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
ɸlinīti (active present singular third-person)
ɸlinato (active imperfect singular third-person)
ɸlinamosi (active first-person plural present)
ɸlinamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
ɸlinatesi (active plural present second-person)
ɸlinastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
ɸlinenti (active plural present third-person)
ɸlinanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
ɸlinī (active imperative second-person singular)
ɸlinītou (active imperative singular third-person)
ɸlinamos (active first-person imperative plural)
ɸlinate (active imperative plural second-person)
ɸlinentou (active imperative plural third-person)
ɸlinīr (first-person passive present singular)
ɸlinītar (passive present second-person singular)
ɸlinītor (passive present singular third-person)
ɸlinammor (first-person passive plural present)
ɸlinadwe (passive plural present second-person)
ɸlinentor (passive plural present third-person)

Since McCone, often derived from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥néh₁ti, a nasal-infix present to Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”).


madauyos

madauyos (nominative singular)
madauyou (dual nominative)
madauyoi (nominative plural)
madauye (singular vocative)
madauyou (dual vocative)
madauyoi (plural vocative)
madauyom (accusative singular)
madauyou (accusative dual)
madauyoms (accusative plural)
madauyī (genitive singular)
madauyous (dual genitive)
madauyom (genitive plural)
madauyūi (dative singular)
madauyobom (dative dual)
madauyobos (dative plural)
madauyū (instrumental singular)
madauyobim (dual instrumental)
madauyobis (instrumental plural)
madauyā (nominative singular)
madauyai (dual nominative)
madauyās (nominative plural)
madauyā (singular vocative)
madauyai (dual vocative)
madauyās (plural vocative)
madauyam (accusative singular)
madauyai (accusative dual)
madauyams (accusative plural)
madauyās (genitive singular)
madauyai (dative singular)
madauyābom (dative dual)
madauyābos (dative plural)
madauyābim (dual instrumental)
madauyābis (instrumental plural)
madauyom (nominative singular)
madauyā (nominative plural)
madauyom (singular vocative)
madauyā (plural vocative)
madauyā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *madọ

Old Breton: madau

Middle Welsh: madeu

Welsh: madau

desctree

Old Irish: madae
Middle Irish: mada, muda

From unattested adjective *madawos + *-yos, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂dh₂-wó-s, possibly related to *madyeti (“to break”), perhaps from *meh₂d- (“to be wet”).


dīreiyom

dīreiyom (nominative singular)
dīreiyou (dual nominative)
dīreiyā (nominative plural)
dīreiyom (singular vocative)
dīreiyou (dual vocative)
dīreiyā (plural vocative)
dīreiyom (accusative singular)
dīreiyou (accusative dual)
dīreiyā (accusative plural)
dīreiyī (genitive singular)
dīreiyous (dual genitive)
dīreiyom (genitive plural)
dīreiyūi (dative singular)
dīreiyobom (dative dual)
dīreiyobos (dative plural)
dīreiyei (locative singular)
dīreiyū (instrumental singular)
dīreiyobim (dual instrumental)
dīreiyūis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: diruy, dyruy, dyrwy

Welsh: dirwy

Old Irish: díre

Middle Irish: díre

From *dī- + *rei- (“to sell”) + *-om (verbal noun suffix).


korkyos

korkyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
korkyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
korkyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
korkye (masculine singular stem vocative)
korkyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
korkyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
korkyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
korkyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
korkyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
korkyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
korkyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
korkyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
korkyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
korkyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
korkyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
korkyei (locative masculine singular stem)
korkyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
korkyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
korkyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *körx

Middle Breton: kerch

Breton: kerc'h

Old Cornish: keirch

Cornish: kergh

Middle Welsh: ceirch, keirch, keyrc

Welsh: ceirch

Middle Irish: corca

Irish: coirce

Scottish Gaelic: coirce

Manx: corkey

Unknown. Matasović assumes it may have been borrowed from an unidentifiable substrate language. De Bernardo Stempel alternatively derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *ḱer(h₁)-.


yutos

yutos (masculine nominative singular stem)
yutou (dual masculine nominative stem)
yutoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
yute (masculine singular stem vocative)
yutou (dual masculine stem vocative)
yutūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
yutom (accusative masculine singular stem)
yutou (accusative dual masculine stem)
yutoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
yutī (genitive masculine singular stem)
yutous (dual genitive masculine stem)
yutom (genitive masculine plural stem)
yutūi (dative masculine singular stem)
yutobom (dative dual masculine stem)
yutobos (dative masculine plural stem)
yutei (locative masculine singular stem)
yutū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
yutobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
yutūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *jud

Middle Breton: yot

Breton: yod

Old Cornish: iot

Old Welsh: iot

Middle Welsh: iwt, yut

Welsh: uwd, iwd

desc

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">íth</i> (“fat, grease”)

Old Irish: íth (influenced by íth (“fat, grease”))

Gaulish: *iottā

Latin: iotta (Gallo-Latin)

Connected by Pokorny to Latin iūs (“soup, broth”), from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“soup”).


sladyā

sladyā (nominative singular)
sladyai (dual nominative)
sladyās (nominative plural)
sladyā (singular vocative)
sladyai (dual vocative)
sladyās (plural vocative)
sladyam (accusative singular)
sladyai (accusative dual)
sladyāms (accusative plural)
sladyās (genitive singular)
sladyous (dual genitive)
sladyom (genitive plural)
sladyāi (dative singular)
sladyābom (dative dual)
sladyābos (dative plural)
sladyai (locative singular)
sladyābim (dual instrumental)
sladyābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llað

Breton: lazh

Middle Welsh: lladd

Welsh: lladd

Old Irish: slaide

From *slad- (“to strike, slay”) + *-yā (verbal noun suffix).


samalis

samalis (nominative singular)
samalī (dual nominative)
samalīs (nominative plural)
samali (singular vocative)
samalī (dual vocative)
samalīs (plural vocative)
samalim (accusative singular)
samalī (accusative dual)
samalims (accusative plural)
samaleis (genitive singular)
samalyow (dual genitive)
samalyom (genitive plural)
samalei (dative singular)
samalibom (dative dual)
samalibos (dative plural)
samalei (locative singular)
samalī (instrumental singular)
samalibim (dual instrumental)
samalibis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *haβ̃al
Middle Breton: hanual
Breton: hañval
Cornish: haval
Middle Welsh: haual, haval
Welsh: hafal

Old Irish: samail
Irish: samhail
Scottish Gaelic: samhla

From Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₂-lo-, from *sem- (“together, one”). A similar formation also underlies Latin similis.


sladyeti

sladyū (active first-person present singular)
sladyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
seslātsū (active first-person future singular)
sladyesi (active present second-person singular)
sladyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
seslātsesi (active future second-person singular)
sladyeti (active present singular third-person)
sladyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
seslātseti (active future singular third-person)
sladyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sladyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
seslātsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sladyetesi (active plural present second-person)
sladyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
seslātsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sladyonti (active plural present third-person)
sladyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
seslātsonti (active future plural third-person)
slātsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
slātsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sladye (active imperative second-person singular)
slātseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sladyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
slātsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sladyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
slātsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sladyete (active imperative plural second-person)
slātsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sladyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sladyūr (first-person passive present singular)
seslātsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sladyetar (passive present second-person singular)
seslātsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sladyetor (passive present singular third-person)
seslātsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sladyommor (first-person passive plural present)
seslātsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sladyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
seslātsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sladyontor (passive plural present third-person)
seslātsontor (future passive plural third-person)
slātsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
slātsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
slātsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
slātsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
slātsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
slātsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
slassos (nominative singular)
slassou (dual nominative)
slassoi (nominative plural)
slasse (singular vocative)
slassou (dual vocative)
slassoi (plural vocative)
slassom (accusative singular)
slassou (accusative dual)
slassoms (accusative plural)
slassī (genitive singular)
slassous (dual genitive)
slassom (genitive plural)
slassūi (dative singular)
slassobom (dative dual)
slassobos (dative plural)
slassū (instrumental singular)
slassobim (dual instrumental)
slassobis (instrumental plural)
slassā (nominative singular)
slassai (dual nominative)
slassās (nominative plural)
slassā (singular vocative)
slassai (dual vocative)
slassās (plural vocative)
slassam (accusative singular)
slassai (accusative dual)
slassams (accusative plural)
slassās (genitive singular)
slassai (dative singular)
slassābom (dative dual)
slassābos (dative plural)
slassābim (dual instrumental)
slassābis (instrumental plural)
slassom (nominative singular)
slassā (nominative plural)
slassom (singular vocative)
slassā (plural vocative)
slassā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llėiðɨd

Old Breton: ladam (1sg. pres.)

Middle Breton: lazaff

Breton: lazhañ

Middle Cornish: lathaf

Cornish: ladha

Old Welsh: ledit (3sg. pres.)

Middle Welsh: lladd (finite forms)

Welsh: lladd

Old Irish: slaidid

Middle Irish: slaidid

Unknown. The only similar-looking word of comparable semantics would be Proto-Germanic *slahaną (“to strike, slay”).


gʷeltis

gʷeltis (nominative singular)
gʷeltī (dual nominative)
gʷeltīs (nominative plural)
gʷelti (singular vocative)
gʷeltī (dual vocative)
gʷeltīs (plural vocative)
gʷeltim (accusative singular)
gʷeltī (accusative dual)
gʷeltims (accusative plural)
gʷeltēs (genitive singular)
gʷeltyou (dual genitive)
gʷeltyom (genitive plural)
gʷeltē (dative singular)
gʷeltibom (dative dual)
gʷeltibos (dative plural)
gʷeltī (instrumental singular)
gʷeltibim (dual instrumental)
gʷeltibis (instrumental plural)
gʷelti (nominative singular)
gʷeltyā (nominative plural)
gʷeltyā (plural vocative)
gʷelti (accusative singular)
gʷeltyā (accusative plural)
gʷeltois (genitive singular)
gʷeltois (dual genitive)

Proto-Brythonic: *gwɨlt

Old Breton: gueld-

Breton: gouez

Old Cornish: guill

Cornish: gwyls

Middle Welsh: gwyllt, guyll

Welsh: gwyllt

Middle Irish: geilt

Irish: gealt

A Celtic-Germanic isogloss; see Proto-Germanic *wilþijaz (“wild”).


sistati

sistū (active first-person present singular)
sistamam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sestū (active first-person preterite singular)
sistasi (active present second-person singular)
sistatās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sestūs (active preterite second-person singular)
sistati (active present singular third-person)
sistato (active imperfect singular third-person)
sestū (active preterite singular third-person)
sistomosi (active first-person plural present)
sistamo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sestamo (active first-person plural preterite)
sistatesi (active plural present second-person)
sistastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sestate (active plural preterite second-person)
sistonti (active plural present third-person)
sistanto (active imperfect plural third-person)
sestars (active plural preterite third-person)
sista (active imperative second-person singular)
sistatou (active imperative singular third-person)
sistomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sistate (active imperative plural second-person)
sistontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sistūr (first-person passive present singular)
sistatar (passive present second-person singular)
sistator (passive present singular third-person)
sistommor (first-person passive plural present)
sistadwe (passive plural present second-person)
sistontor (passive plural present third-person)

desc

preterite of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">saidid</i>

Old Irish: ·roísur (1sg. present), siasair (preterite of saidid)

Celtiberian: sistat


skarati

skarami (active first-person present singular)
skaramam (active first-person imperfect singular)
skarasam (active first-person preterite singular)
skarasi (active present second-person singular)
skaratās (active imperfect second-person singular)
skarass (active preterite second-person singular)
skarati (active present singular third-person)
skarato (active imperfect singular third-person)
skarast (active preterite singular third-person)
skaramosi (active first-person plural present)
skaramo (active first-person imperfect plural)
skarasme (active first-person plural preterite)
skaratesi (active plural present second-person)
skarastē (active imperfect plural second-person)
skaraste (active plural preterite second-person)
skaranti (active plural present third-person)
skaranto (active imperfect plural third-person)
skarasant (active plural preterite third-person)
skarasū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
skarasesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
skara (active imperative second-person singular)
skaraseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
skaratou (active imperative singular third-person)
skarasomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
skaramos (active first-person imperative plural)
skarasetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
skarate (active imperative plural second-person)
skarasonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
skarantou (active imperative plural third-person)
skarar (first-person passive present singular)
skaratar (passive present second-person singular)
skarator (passive present singular third-person)
skarammor (first-person passive plural present)
skaradwe (passive plural present second-person)
skarantor (passive plural present third-person)
skarasūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
skarasetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
skarasetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
skarasommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
skarasedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
skarasontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)

Proto-Brythonic:

Old Breton: scarat

Breton: skarat

Middle Welsh: ysgar

Welsh: ysgaru

desctree

Old Irish: scaraid
Irish: scar
Scottish Gaelic: sgar
Manx: scarr

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerH- (“to divide”).


skanndeti

skanndū (active first-person present singular)
skanndemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
siskantsū (active first-person future singular)
seskonda (active first-person preterite singular)
skanndesi (active present second-person singular)
skanndetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
siskantsesi (active future second-person singular)
seskondas? (active preterite second-person singular)
skanndeti (active present singular third-person)
skanndeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
siskantseti (active future singular third-person)
seskonde (active preterite singular third-person)
skanndomosi (active first-person plural present)
skanndemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
siskantsomosi (active first-person future plural)
seskondmo (active first-person plural preterite)
skanndetesi (active plural present second-person)
skanndestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
siskantsetesi (active future plural second-person)
seskonsse (active plural preterite second-person)
skanndonti (active plural present third-person)
skanndento (active imperfect plural third-person)
siskantsonti (active future plural third-person)
seskondars (active plural preterite third-person)
skentsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
skentsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
skannde (active imperative second-person singular)
skentseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
skanndetou (active imperative singular third-person)
skentsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
skanndomos (active first-person imperative plural)
skentsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
skanndete (active imperative plural second-person)
skentsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
skanndontou (active imperative plural third-person)
skanndūr (first-person passive present singular)
siskantsūr (first-person future passive singular)
skanndetar (passive present second-person singular)
siskantsetar (future passive second-person singular)
skanndetor (passive present singular third-person)
siskantsetor (future passive singular third-person)
skanndommor (first-person passive plural present)
siskantsommor (first-person future passive plural)
skanndedwe (passive plural present second-person)
siskantsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
skanndontor (passive plural present third-person)
siskantsontor (future passive plural third-person)
skentsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
skentsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
skentsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
skentsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
skentsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
skentsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
skansos (nominative singular)
skansou (dual nominative)
skansoi (nominative plural)
skanse (singular vocative)
skansou (dual vocative)
skansoi (plural vocative)
skansom (accusative singular)
skansou (accusative dual)
skansoms (accusative plural)
skansī (genitive singular)
skansous (dual genitive)
skansom (genitive plural)
skansūi (dative singular)
skansobom (dative dual)
skansobos (dative plural)
skansū (instrumental singular)
skansobim (dual instrumental)
skansobis (instrumental plural)
skansā (nominative singular)
skansai (dual nominative)
skansās (nominative plural)
skansā (singular vocative)
skansai (dual vocative)
skansās (plural vocative)
skansam (accusative singular)
skansai (accusative dual)
skansams (accusative plural)
skansās (genitive singular)
skansai (dative singular)
skansābom (dative dual)
skansābos (dative plural)
skansābim (dual instrumental)
skansābis (instrumental plural)
skansom (nominative singular)
skansā (nominative plural)
skansom (singular vocative)
skansā (plural vocative)
skansā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: ysgein

Old Irish: sceindid

Middle Irish: sceinnid

Irish: scinn

Scottish Gaelic: sginn

From Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump”). Cognate to Sanskrit स्कन्द् (skand, “to leap, jump”) and Latin scandō (“to climb, mount”).


sligeti

sligū (active first-person present singular)
sligemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sislixsū (active first-person future singular)
sisloiga (active first-person preterite singular)
sligesi (active present second-person singular)
sligetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sislixsesi (active future second-person singular)
sisloigas? (active preterite second-person singular)
sligeti (active present singular third-person)
sligeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sislixseti (active future singular third-person)
sisloige (active preterite singular third-person)
sligomosi (active first-person plural present)
sligemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sislixsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sisloigmo (active first-person plural preterite)
sligetesi (active plural present second-person)
sligestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sislixsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sisloixte (active plural preterite second-person)
sligonti (active plural present third-person)
sligento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sislixsonti (active future plural third-person)
sisloigars (active plural preterite third-person)
sleixsū (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sleixsesi (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
slige (active imperative second-person singular)
sleixseti (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sligetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sleixsomosi (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sligomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sleixsetesi (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sligete (active imperative plural second-person)
sleixsonti (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sligontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sligūr (first-person passive present singular)
sislixsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sligetar (passive present second-person singular)
sislixsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sligetor (passive present singular third-person)
sislixsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sligommor (first-person passive plural present)
sislixsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sligedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sislixsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sligontor (passive plural present third-person)
sislixsontor (future passive plural third-person)
sleixsūr (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
sleixsetar (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
sleixsetor (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
sleixsommor (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
sleixsedwe (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
sleixsontor (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
slixtos (nominative singular)
slixtou (dual nominative)
slixtoi (nominative plural)
slixte (singular vocative)
slixtou (dual vocative)
slixtoi (plural vocative)
slixtom (accusative singular)
slixtou (accusative dual)
slixtoms (accusative plural)
slixtī (genitive singular)
slixtous (dual genitive)
slixtom (genitive plural)
slixtūi (dative singular)
slixtobom (dative dual)
slixtobos (dative plural)
slixtū (instrumental singular)
slixtobim (dual instrumental)
slixtobis (instrumental plural)
slixtā (nominative singular)
slixtai (dual nominative)
slixtās (nominative plural)
slixtā (singular vocative)
slixtai (dual vocative)
slixtās (plural vocative)
slixtam (accusative singular)
slixtai (accusative dual)
slixtams (accusative plural)
slixtās (genitive singular)
slixtai (dative singular)
slixtābom (dative dual)
slixtābos (dative plural)
slixtābim (dual instrumental)
slixtābis (instrumental plural)
slixtom (nominative singular)
slixtā (nominative plural)
slixtom (singular vocative)
slixtā (plural vocative)
slixtā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: sligid

From Proto-Indo-European *sleyǵ- (“to smear”). A possible cognate is Proto-Germanic *slīkaną.


sniyeti

sniyū (active first-person present singular)
sniyemam (active first-person imperfect singular)
sisnāsū (active first-person future singular)
sesnū (active first-person preterite singular)
sniyesi (active present second-person singular)
sniyetās (active imperfect second-person singular)
sisnāsesi (active future second-person singular)
sesnūs (active preterite second-person singular)
sniyeti (active present singular third-person)
sniyeto (active imperfect singular third-person)
sisnāseti (active future singular third-person)
sesnū (active preterite singular third-person)
sniyomosi (active first-person plural present)
sniyemo (active first-person imperfect plural)
sisnāsomosi (active first-person future plural)
sesnamo (active first-person plural preterite)
sniyetesi (active plural present second-person)
sniyestē (active imperfect plural second-person)
sisnāsetesi (active future plural second-person)
sesnate (active plural preterite second-person)
sniyonti (active plural present third-person)
sniyento (active imperfect plural third-person)
sisnāsonti (active future plural third-person)
sesnars (active plural preterite third-person)
sniye (active imperative second-person singular)
sniyetou (active imperative singular third-person)
sniyomos (active first-person imperative plural)
sniyete (active imperative plural second-person)
sniyontou (active imperative plural third-person)
sniyūr (first-person passive present singular)
sisnāsūr (first-person future passive singular)
sniyetar (passive present second-person singular)
sisnāsetar (future passive second-person singular)
sniyetor (passive present singular third-person)
sisnāsetor (future passive singular third-person)
sniyommor (first-person passive plural present)
sisnāsommor (first-person future passive plural)
sniyedwe (passive plural present second-person)
sisnāsedwe (future passive plural second-person)
sniyontor (passive plural present third-person)
sisnāsontor (future passive plural third-person)
snītos (nominative singular)
snītou (dual nominative)
snītoi (nominative plural)
snīte (singular vocative)
snītou (dual vocative)
snītoi (plural vocative)
snītom (accusative singular)
snītou (accusative dual)
snītoms (accusative plural)
snītī (genitive singular)
snītous (dual genitive)
snītom (genitive plural)
snītūi (dative singular)
snītobom (dative dual)
snītobos (dative plural)
snītū (instrumental singular)
snītobim (dual instrumental)
snītobis (instrumental plural)
snītā (nominative singular)
snītai (dual nominative)
snītās (nominative plural)
snītā (singular vocative)
snītai (dual vocative)
snītās (plural vocative)
snītam (accusative singular)
snītai (accusative dual)
snītams (accusative plural)
snītās (genitive singular)
snītai (dative singular)
snītābom (dative dual)
snītābos (dative plural)
snītābim (dual instrumental)
snītābis (instrumental plural)
snītom (nominative singular)
snītā (nominative plural)
snītom (singular vocative)
snītā (plural vocative)
snītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Breton: nezet (past participle)

Cornish: nedha

Middle Welsh: nydu

Welsh: nyddu

Old Irish: sníid

Middle Irish: sníid

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (“to spin”).


-tūts

-tūts (nominative singular)
-tūte (dual nominative)
-tūtes (nominative plural)
-tūts (singular vocative)
-tūte (dual vocative)
-tūtes (plural vocative)
-tūtam (accusative singular)
-tūte (accusative dual)
-tūtams (accusative plural)
-tūtos (genitive singular)
-tūtou (dual genitive)
-tūtom (genitive plural)
-tūtei (dative singular)
-tūtobom (dative dual)
-tūtobos (dative plural)
-tūti (locative singular)
-tūte? (instrumental singular)
-tūtobim (dual instrumental)
-tūtobis (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Brythonic: *-did (from the oblique stem)

Welsh: -tid, -did

Old Irish: -tu

biwos (“living”) + *-tūts → *biwotūts (“life”)


biwotūts

biwotūts (nominative singular)
biwotūte (dual nominative)
biwotūtes (nominative plural)
biwotūts (singular vocative)
biwotūte (dual vocative)
biwotūtes (plural vocative)
biwotūtam (accusative singular)
biwotūte (accusative dual)
biwotūtams (accusative plural)
biwotūtos (genitive singular)
biwotūtou (dual genitive)
biwotūtom (genitive plural)
biwotūtei (dative singular)
biwotūtobom (dative dual)
biwotūtobos (dative plural)
biwotūti (locative singular)
biwotūte? (instrumental singular)
biwotūtobim (dual instrumental)
biwotūtobis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bɨwüd

Middle Welsh: bywyt

Welsh: bywyd

desctree

Old Irish: bethu, beothu, bethad
Middle Irish: betha
Irish: beatha
Manx: bea
Scottish Gaelic: beatha

From *biwos (“alive”) + *-tūts (suffix deriving abstracts from adjectives).


autītos

autītos (nominative singular)
autītou (dual nominative)
autītoi (nominative plural)
autīte (singular vocative)
autītou (dual vocative)
autītoi (plural vocative)
autītom (accusative singular)
autītou (accusative dual)
autītoms (accusative plural)
autītī (genitive singular)
autītous (dual genitive)
autītom (genitive plural)
autītūi (dative singular)
autītobom (dative dual)
autītobos (dative plural)
autītū (instrumental singular)
autītobim (dual instrumental)
autītobis (instrumental plural)
autītā (nominative singular)
autītai (dual nominative)
autītās (nominative plural)
autītā (singular vocative)
autītai (dual vocative)
autītās (plural vocative)
autītam (accusative singular)
autītai (accusative dual)
autītams (accusative plural)
autītās (genitive singular)
autītai (dative singular)
autītābom (dative dual)
autītābos (dative plural)
autītābim (dual instrumental)
autītābis (instrumental plural)
autītom (nominative singular)
autītā (nominative plural)
autītom (singular vocative)
autītā (plural vocative)
autītā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *ọdid

Middle Welsh: odit

Welsh: odid

desctree

Old Irish: úathad, óthad, úaithed
Irish: uathadh

From *au- + *tītos (past participle of *tinīti (“to melt, disappear”)).

af

past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cel-pro">*tinīti</i> (“to melt, disappear”)


kulɸom

kulɸom (nominative singular)
kulɸou (dual nominative)
kulɸā (nominative plural)
kulɸom (singular vocative)
kulɸou (dual vocative)
kulɸā (plural vocative)
kulɸom (accusative singular)
kulɸou (accusative dual)
kulɸā (accusative plural)
kulɸī (genitive singular)
kulɸous (dual genitive)
kulɸom (genitive plural)
kulɸūi (dative singular)
kulɸobom (dative dual)
kulɸobos (dative plural)
kulɸei (locative singular)
kulɸū (instrumental singular)
kulɸobim (dual instrumental)
kulɸūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *kul

Old Breton: col

Middle Welsh: cwl, kwl, cul

Welsh: cŵl

desctree

Old Irish: col
Irish: col
Scottish Gaelic: col (“incest”)

Unclear; it has been compared with Latin culpa (“blame, guilt, crime”), and *ɸ may be reconstructed if the comparison is valid. It has also alternatively been compared to Latin scelus (“crime, criminal”), but the -u- is harder to explain that way.


skāxslom

skāxslom (nominative singular)
skāxslou (dual nominative)
skāxslā (nominative plural)
skāxslom (singular vocative)
skāxslou (dual vocative)
skāxslā (plural vocative)
skāxslom (accusative singular)
skāxslou (accusative dual)
skāxslā (accusative plural)
skāxslī (genitive singular)
skāxslous (dual genitive)
skāxslom (genitive plural)
skāxslūi (dative singular)
skāxslobom (dative dual)
skāxslobos (dative plural)
skāxslei (locative singular)
skāxslū (instrumental singular)
skāxslobim (dual instrumental)
skāxslūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic:

Middle Welsh: ysgawl

Old Irish: scál

Middle Irish: scál

From Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move, stir”), whence also *skokīti (“to move, stir”). Since O'Brien, Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌷𐍃𐌻 (skōhsl, “demon”) has been held as cognate.


stillom

stillom (nominative singular)
stillou (dual nominative)
stillā (nominative plural)
stillom (singular vocative)
stillou (dual vocative)
stillā (plural vocative)
stillom (accusative singular)
stillou (accusative dual)
stillā (accusative plural)
stillī (genitive singular)
stillous (dual genitive)
stillom (genitive plural)
stillūi (dative singular)
stillobom (dative dual)
stillobos (dative plural)
stillei (locative singular)
stillū (instrumental singular)
stillobim (dual instrumental)
stillūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *sɨll

Breton: sell

Welsh: syll

Old Irish: sell (“iris, eye, glance”)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr-lo-, from *h₂stḗr (“star”). Compare Latin stēlla (“star”) for the formation. For the semantic evolution, compare Old Irish súil (“eye”) from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”).
Pedersen previously compared this word to Ancient Greek στίλβω (stílbō, “to shine”), but Schrijver rejects this comparison since -lb- does not regularly give -ll- in Celtic.


taxslos

taxslos (masculine nominative singular stem)
taxslou (dual masculine nominative stem)
taxsloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
taxsle (masculine singular stem vocative)
taxslou (dual masculine stem vocative)
taxslūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
taxslom (accusative masculine singular stem)
taxslou (accusative dual masculine stem)
taxsloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
taxslī (genitive masculine singular stem)
taxslous (dual genitive masculine stem)
taxslom (genitive masculine plural stem)
taxslūi (dative masculine singular stem)
taxslobom (dative dual masculine stem)
taxslobos (dative masculine plural stem)
taxslei (locative masculine singular stem)
taxslū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
taxslobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
taxslūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: tál

Irish: tál

From Proto-Indo-European *tḱslos, from *teḱ- (“to create, hew”). The formation is comparable to Proto-Germanic *þehsulǭ (“axe”) and Proto-Slavic *tesla (“adze”). The -a- was originally regularly inserted in Italo-Celtic to break up initial clusters of four consonants.


stledman

stledman (nominative singular)
stledman (singular vocative)
stledman (accusative singular)
stledmens (genitive singular)
stledmenē (dative singular)
stledmen (locative singular)
stledmeni (locative singular)
stledmenē (instrumental singular)

Old Breton: stledm (“venom, pus”)

Old Irish: sleidm (“spit”)

Unknown, but contains the verbal noun suffix *-man. Attempting to relate to Breton staot (“urine”) struggles to explain the medial -d-.


bēsman

bēsman (nominative singular)
bēsmane? (dual nominative)
bēsmana (nominative plural)
bēsman (singular vocative)
bēsmane? (dual vocative)
bēsmana (plural vocative)
bēsman (accusative singular)
bēsmane? (accusative dual)
bēsmana (accusative plural)
bēsmens (genitive singular)
bēsmenous? (dual genitive)
bēsmenom (genitive plural)
bēsmenē (dative singular)
bēsmembom (dative dual)
bēsmembos (dative plural)
bēsmen (locative singular)
bēsmeni (locative singular)
bēsmenē (instrumental singular)
bēsmembim (dual instrumental)
bēsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *buɨmm

Middle Breton: boemm

desc

Breton: boem (“strip of land, something astonishing or shocking”)

Cornish: bomm

desctree

Old Irish: béim, béimm
Irish: béim
Scottish Gaelic: beum

From *bē- (“strike”) + *-sman (action noun suffix).


srouman

srouman (nominative singular)
sroumane? (dual nominative)
sroumana (nominative plural)
srouman (singular vocative)
sroumane? (dual vocative)
sroumana (plural vocative)
srouman (accusative singular)
sroumane? (accusative dual)
sroumana (accusative plural)
sroumens (genitive singular)
sroumenous? (dual genitive)
sroumenom (genitive plural)
sroumenē (dative singular)
sroumembom (dative dual)
sroumembos (dative plural)
sroumen (locative singular)
sroumeni (locative singular)
sroumenē (instrumental singular)
sroumembim (dual instrumental)
sroumembis (instrumental plural)

desc

if not instead read as Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">serum</i>

Old Breton: strum (if not instead read as Latin serum)

Old Irish: srúaim

From Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow, stream”) + *-man.


togyā

togyā (nominative singular)
togyai (dual nominative)
togyās (nominative plural)
togyā (singular vocative)
togyai (dual vocative)
togyās (plural vocative)
togyam (accusative singular)
togyai (accusative dual)
togyāms (accusative plural)
togyās (genitive singular)
togyous (dual genitive)
togyom (genitive plural)
togyāi (dative singular)
togyābom (dative dual)
togyābos (dative plural)
togyai (locative singular)
togyābim (dual instrumental)
togyābis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Irish: tugae, tuige
Middle Irish: tuga
Irish: tuí (“thatch”)
Scottish Gaelic: tugha (“thatch”)

Celtiberian: togias (gen. sg.)

From *tog- (“covering”) + *-yā (action noun suffix), ultimately from the root Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”).


komaltyos

komaltyos (masculine nominative singular stem)
komaltyou (dual masculine nominative stem)
komaltyoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
komaltye (masculine singular stem vocative)
komaltyou (dual masculine stem vocative)
komaltyūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
komaltyom (accusative masculine singular stem)
komaltyou (accusative dual masculine stem)
komaltyoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
komaltyī (genitive masculine singular stem)
komaltyous (dual genitive masculine stem)
komaltyom (genitive masculine plural stem)
komaltyūi (dative masculine singular stem)
komaltyobom (dative dual masculine stem)
komaltyobos (dative masculine plural stem)
komaltyei (locative masculine singular stem)
komaltyū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
komaltyobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
komaltyūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *köβ̃ėlt

Old Cornish: chevals (“joint”)

Cornish: kevals (“joint”)

desc

Middle Welsh: kyueillt, kyfeillt, cyfaillt

Welsh: cyfaill (“friend”)

Old Irish: comaltae

Middle Irish: comalta

Irish: comhalta

From *kom- (“together”) + *al- (“to foster”) + *-tyos (past passive participle suffix).


adgostus

head

*adgostus (comparative *nessais, superlative *nessamos)

nessais (comparative)
nessamos (superlative)
adgostus (nominative singular)
adgostū (dual nominative)
adgostowes (nominative plural)
adgostu (singular vocative)
adgostū (dual vocative)
adgostūs (plural vocative)
adgostum (accusative singular)
adgostū (accusative dual)
adgostums (accusative plural)
adgostous (genitive singular)
adgostous (dual genitive)
adgostowom (genitive plural)
adgostou (dative singular)
adgostubom (dative dual)
adgostubos (dative plural)
adgostū (instrumental singular)
adgostubim (dual instrumental)
adgostubis (instrumental plural)
adgostu (nominative singular)
adgostwā (nominative plural)
adgostwā (plural vocative)
adgostu (accusative singular)
adgostwā (accusative plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *agos

Old Breton: ocos

Breton: hogos

Old Cornish: ogos

Middle Welsh: agos

Welsh: agos

desctree

Old Irish: ocus, acus
Middle Irish: focus
Irish: fogas
Scottish Gaelic: fagas, faisg
Manx: faggys

From *ad- + Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes- (“hand”), literally “at hand”.


ɸatar

ɸatar (nominative singular)
ɸatane (dual nominative)
ɸatana (nominative plural)
ɸatar (singular vocative)
ɸatane (dual vocative)
ɸatana (plural vocative)
ɸatar (accusative singular)
ɸatane (accusative dual)
ɸatana (accusative plural)
ɸatanos (genitive singular)
ɸatanou (dual genitive)
ɸatanom (genitive plural)
ɸatanē (dative singular)
ɸatanobom (dative dual)
ɸatanobos (dative plural)
ɸatani (locative singular)
ɸatane? (instrumental singular)
ɸatanobim (dual instrumental)
ɸatanobis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

⇒ Old Breton: attanoc

Old Welsh: atar

Middle Welsh: adar

Welsh: adar

From Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ (“wing”), retaining the old r/n stem alternation between the nominative and the oblique cases.


ɸoros

ɸoros (masculine nominative singular stem)
ɸorou (dual masculine nominative stem)
ɸoroi (masculine nominative plural stem)
ɸore (masculine singular stem vocative)
ɸorou (dual masculine stem vocative)
ɸorūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
ɸorom (accusative masculine singular stem)
ɸorou (accusative dual masculine stem)
ɸoroms (accusative masculine plural stem)
ɸorī (genitive masculine singular stem)
ɸorous (dual genitive masculine stem)
ɸorom (genitive masculine plural stem)
ɸorūi (dative masculine singular stem)
ɸorobom (dative dual masculine stem)
ɸorobos (dative masculine plural stem)
ɸorei (locative masculine singular stem)
ɸorū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
ɸorobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
ɸorūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *or

Old Breton: orion pl

Breton: or

Cornish: or

Old Welsh: or

Middle Welsh: or

Welsh: ôr

Old Irish: or

Middle Irish: or

Manx: oirr

From Proto-Indo-European *póros, from *per- (“to pass through”) + *-os (thematic result noun suffix).


ɸroboudom

ɸroboudom (nominative singular)
ɸroboudou (dual nominative)
ɸroboudā (nominative plural)
ɸroboudom (singular vocative)
ɸroboudou (dual vocative)
ɸroboudā (plural vocative)
ɸroboudom (accusative singular)
ɸroboudou (accusative dual)
ɸroboudā (accusative plural)
ɸroboudī (genitive singular)
ɸroboudous (dual genitive)
ɸroboudom (genitive plural)
ɸroboudūi (dative singular)
ɸroboudobom (dative dual)
ɸroboudobos (dative plural)
ɸroboudei (locative singular)
ɸroboudū (instrumental singular)
ɸroboudobim (dual instrumental)
ɸroboudūis (instrumental plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: rybud, rybut

Welsh: rhybudd

Old Irish: robud

Irish: rabhadh

Manx: raaue

Scottish Gaelic: rabhadh

From *ɸro- + *boud-. Likely also suffixed with verbal noun suffix *-om.


odbos

odbos (masculine nominative singular stem)
odbou (dual masculine nominative stem)
odboi (masculine nominative plural stem)
odbe (masculine singular stem vocative)
odbou (dual masculine stem vocative)
odbūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
odbom (accusative masculine singular stem)
odbou (accusative dual masculine stem)
odboms (accusative masculine plural stem)
odbī (genitive masculine singular stem)
odbous (dual genitive masculine stem)
odbom (genitive masculine plural stem)
odbūi (dative masculine singular stem)
odbobom (dative dual masculine stem)
odbobos (dative masculine plural stem)
odbei (locative masculine singular stem)
odbū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
odbobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
odbūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Old Irish: odb m

Irish: fadhb f

Welsh: oddf m

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *h₃éd(s)gʷ-o-s (“knot”), and cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hádᶻgas (“knot (in a tree); branch”). The PIE root is further suggested to be connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₃ósdos (“branch”) through metathesis, perhaps ultimately deriving from *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).


longā

longā (nominative singular)
longai (dual nominative)
longās (nominative plural)
longā (singular vocative)
longai (dual vocative)
longās (plural vocative)
longam (accusative singular)
longai (accusative dual)
longāms (accusative plural)
longās (genitive singular)
longous (dual genitive)
longom (genitive plural)
longāi (dative singular)
longābom (dative dual)
longābos (dative plural)
longai (locative singular)
longābim (dual instrumental)
longābis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *llong

Welsh: llong

Old Breton: locou

Old Irish: long

Gaulish: Longaticum (“Nauportus”)

Traditionally considered a borrowing from Latin (navis) longa (“long ship”); note the Gaulish name for the Roman town Nauportus, Longaticum.
However, Matasovic and McCone are skeptical of the word being a Latin borrowing, and take it as an inherited Celtic word, with Matasovic putting the origin as unknown and leaving it open.


ārū

ārū (nominative singular)
arene (dual nominative)
arenes (nominative plural)
ārū (singular vocative)
arene (dual vocative)
arenes (plural vocative)
arenam (accusative singular)
arene (accusative dual)
arenams (accusative plural)
arenos (genitive singular)
arenou (dual genitive)
arenom (genitive plural)
arenei (dative singular)
arenobom (dative dual)
arenobos (dative plural)
areni (locative singular)
arene? (instrumental singular)
arenobim (dual instrumental)
arenobis (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-Brythonic: *aren
Middle Welsh: arenn
Welsh: aren

Old Irish: áru

A word of unclear reconstruction, with Brittonic and Goidelic cognates disagreeing on virtually every aspect from initial vowel length to suffixation. There are two main schools of thought:
* Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *h₂éh₂r-ō ~ *h₂h₂r̥-nés, from *h₂eh₂r- (“kidney”). This would relate the word with Latin rēn (“kidney”). Matasović is forced to posit a root-ablauting declension paradigm to account for the differing vowel lengths in Brittonic and Goidelic.
* Stüber instead reconstructs *agrinā, which neatly accounts for the differing vowel lengths (the Goidelic long vowel would simply arise from compensatory lengthening as *-g- was lost). Stüber assumes that the n-stem inflection in Old Irish was secondarily acquired. She relates the Celtic words with *agrinyos (“sloe”) and Proto-Germanic *akraną (“tree fruit”).
Matasović dismisses Stüber's etymology as semantically nonsensical, but compare English kidney bean for how kidneys may be semantically compared to plant matter. On the other hand, Zair criticizes the ablaut Matasović employs to relate the Goidelic, Brittonic and Latin words as morphologically special pleading, and endorses Stüber.


dānus

dānus (nominative singular)
dānū (dual nominative)
dānowes (nominative plural)
dānu (singular vocative)
dānū (dual vocative)
dānūs (plural vocative)
dānum (accusative singular)
dānū (accusative dual)
dānums (accusative plural)
dānous (genitive singular)
dānous (dual genitive)
dānowom (genitive plural)
dānou (dative singular)
dānubom (dative dual)
dānubos (dative plural)
dānū (instrumental singular)
dānubim (dual instrumental)
dānubis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *dọn

Middle Welsh: dawn

Welsh: dawn

Old Irish: dán

Middle Irish: dán

Irish: dán

Manx: daan

Scottish Gaelic: dàn

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₃n-u-s ~ *dh₃n-éw-s, from *dóh₃-r̥ ~ *déh₃-n̥-s (“gift”) + *-us.


swelos

swelos (masculine nominative singular stem)
swelou (dual masculine nominative stem)
sweloi (masculine nominative plural stem)
swele (masculine singular stem vocative)
swelou (dual masculine stem vocative)
swelūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
swelom (accusative masculine singular stem)
swelou (accusative dual masculine stem)
sweloms (accusative masculine plural stem)
swelī (genitive masculine singular stem)
swelous (dual genitive masculine stem)
swelom (genitive masculine plural stem)
swelūi (dative masculine singular stem)
swelobom (dative dual masculine stem)
swelobos (dative masculine plural stem)
swelei (locative masculine singular stem)
swelū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
swelobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
swelūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Proto-Brythonic: *hwel

Breton: hoalat (“to attract, charm”)

Middle Welsh: chwyl

Welsh: chwŷl

Old Irish: sel

Middle Irish: sel

Irish: seal

Manx: shayll

Scottish Gaelic: seal (“while”)

Unknown. Matasović dismisses a connection to Proto-Germanic *swellaną (“to swell”), declaring their semantics incompatible. He also notes the similar-sounding root Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn”), which is an almost perfect match with the Celtic root except for the initial *s-. If these roots are connected, an s-mobile must be posited, but no other evidence of this is known in other Indo-European languages.


sworos

sworos (masculine nominative singular stem)
sworou (dual masculine nominative stem)
sworoi (masculine nominative plural stem)
swore (masculine singular stem vocative)
sworou (dual masculine stem vocative)
sworūs (masculine plural stem vocative)
sworom (accusative masculine singular stem)
sworou (accusative dual masculine stem)
sworoms (accusative masculine plural stem)
sworī (genitive masculine singular stem)
sworous (dual genitive masculine stem)
sworom (genitive masculine plural stem)
sworūi (dative masculine singular stem)
sworobom (dative dual masculine stem)
sworobos (dative masculine plural stem)
sworei (locative masculine singular stem)
sworū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
sworobim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
sworūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: hor

Welsh: hôr

Goidelic:

Classical Gaelic: sor, sar

Irish: sor

From Proto-Indo-European *sworós, an o-grade agent noun from *swer- (“to wound”).


kʷennowindos

kʷennowindos (nominative singular)
kʷennowindou (dual nominative)
kʷennowindoi (nominative plural)
kʷennowinde (singular vocative)
kʷennowindou (dual vocative)
kʷennowindoi (plural vocative)
kʷennowindom (accusative singular)
kʷennowindou (accusative dual)
kʷennowindoms (accusative plural)
kʷennowindī (genitive singular)
kʷennowindous (dual genitive)
kʷennowindom (genitive plural)
kʷennowindūi (dative singular)
kʷennowindobom (dative dual)
kʷennowindobos (dative plural)
kʷennowindū (instrumental singular)
kʷennowindobim (dual instrumental)
kʷennowindobis (instrumental plural)
kʷennowindā (nominative singular)
kʷennowindai (dual nominative)
kʷennowindās (nominative plural)
kʷennowindā (singular vocative)
kʷennowindai (dual vocative)
kʷennowindās (plural vocative)
kʷennowindam (accusative singular)
kʷennowindai (accusative dual)
kʷennowindams (accusative plural)
kʷennowindās (genitive singular)
kʷennowindai (dative singular)
kʷennowindābom (dative dual)
kʷennowindābos (dative plural)
kʷennowindābim (dual instrumental)
kʷennowindābis (instrumental plural)
kʷennowindom (nominative singular)
kʷennowindā (nominative plural)
kʷennowindom (singular vocative)
kʷennowindā (plural vocative)
kʷennowindā (accusative plural)

Old Irish: cenand

Proto-Brythonic:

Welsh: penwyn

From *kʷennom (“head”) + *windos (“white”).


dīros

dīros (nominative singular)
dīrou (dual nominative)
dīroi (nominative plural)
dīre (singular vocative)
dīrou (dual vocative)
dīroi (plural vocative)
dīrom (accusative singular)
dīrou (accusative dual)
dīroms (accusative plural)
dīrī (genitive singular)
dīrous (dual genitive)
dīrom (genitive plural)
dīrūi (dative singular)
dīrobom (dative dual)
dīrobos (dative plural)
dīrū (instrumental singular)
dīrobim (dual instrumental)
dīrobis (instrumental plural)
dīrā (nominative singular)
dīrai (dual nominative)
dīrās (nominative plural)
dīrā (singular vocative)
dīrai (dual vocative)
dīrās (plural vocative)
dīram (accusative singular)
dīrai (accusative dual)
dīrams (accusative plural)
dīrās (genitive singular)
dīrai (dative singular)
dīrābom (dative dual)
dīrābos (dative plural)
dīrābim (dual instrumental)
dīrābis (instrumental plural)
dīrom (nominative singular)
dīrā (nominative plural)
dīrom (singular vocative)
dīrā (plural vocative)
dīrā (accusative plural)

Brittonic:

Middle Welsh: dir

Welsh: dir

Old Irish: dír

LEIA (apud Zair) connects this with Latin dīrus (“dire”), but the commonly accepted etymology of that Latin word (from Proto-Indo-European *dwey- (“to fear”)) precludes such a connection.
Matasović reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-ro-s, deriving it from *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, establish”).


braxsman

braxsman (nominative singular)
braxsmane? (dual nominative)
braxsmana (nominative plural)
braxsman (singular vocative)
braxsmane? (dual vocative)
braxsmana (plural vocative)
braxsman (accusative singular)
braxsmane? (accusative dual)
braxsmana (accusative plural)
braxsmens (genitive singular)
braxsmenous? (dual genitive)
braxsmenom (genitive plural)
braxsmenē (dative singular)
braxsmembom (dative dual)
braxsmembos (dative plural)
braxsmen (locative singular)
braxsmeni (locative singular)
braxsmenē (instrumental singular)
braxsmembim (dual instrumental)
braxsmembis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *bramm

Middle Breton: bramm

Breton: bramm

Middle Cornish: bram

Cornish: bramm, brabm

Middle Welsh: bram

Middle Irish: broimm

Irish: broim

Manx: breim

Scottish Gaelic: bram

From *brag-, a root also seen in *bragyeti (“to fart”), suffixed with *-sman (verbal noun suffix).