o

Breton: a

Cornish: a

Welsh: o

From Proto-Celtic *ɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó.


mi

Breton: me

Cornish: my

Welsh: mi, fi, i

From Proto-Celtic *mī, from Proto-Indo-European *me (“me”).


know

Old Breton: cnou

Middle Breton: cnou

Breton: kraou, kraoñ

Cornish: know

Middle Welsh: kneu

Welsh: cnau

From Proto-Celtic *knuwes, plural of *knūs.


drug

Breton: drouk

Cornish: drug, drog

Middle Welsh: drwc

Welsh: drwg


dar

Old Breton: dar

Breton: dar

Old Cornish: dar

Cornish: dar

Middle Welsh: dar

Welsh: dâr

From Proto-Celtic *daru, from Proto-Indo-European *dóru.


son

Breton: son, soun

Middle Cornish: son

Cornish: son

Middle Welsh: son, sson

Welsh: sôn

Borrowed from Latin sonus. Parallel borrowing with Old Irish son (“sound”).


tan

Old Breton: tan, dan

Middle Cornish: tan

Cornish: tann, yn-dann

Middle Welsh: tan

Welsh: tan


tan

Old Breton: tan

Middle Breton: tan

Breton: tan

Old Cornish: tan

Middle Cornish: tan

Cornish: tan

Middle Welsh: tan

Welsh: tân


ben

Old Breton: ban- (in ban-leu, ban-doiuis)

Middle Breton: e-ben

Breton: e-ben

Old Cornish: benen

Cornish: ben, benyn

Old Welsh: ben

Welsh: benyw, menyw


bran

Middle Breton: bran

Breton: bran

Middle Cornish: bran

Cornish: bran

Middle Welsh: bran

Welsh: brân f


angel

Middle Breton: ael, el

Breton: ael

Old Cornish: ail

Middle Cornish: êl, eyl, eal

Cornish: el

Middle Welsh: angel

Welsh: angel

Borrowed from Latin angelus. Parallel borrowing with Old Irish aingel.


ber

Middle Breton: ber

Breton: ber

Old Cornish: ber

Cornish: ber

Middle Welsh: ber

Welsh: bêr

From Proto-Celtic *beru, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéru.


dig

Middle Welsh: dic

Welsh: dig


ir

Cornish: yr

Welsh: ir

From Proto-Celtic *ɸūros, from Proto-Indo-European *puHrós, which derives from Proto-Indo-European *pewH- (“to be clean, pure”). Cognate with Latin pūrus and Old Irish úr.


ni

Old Breton: ne

Middle Breton: ne

Breton: ne

Cornish: ny

Old Welsh: ni

Middle Welsh: ny, nyt

Welsh: ni, nid

From Insular Proto-Celtic *nīs, from Proto-Celtic *ne esti (“is not”).


mer

Breton: mel (“marrow”)

Welsh: mêr

From Proto-Celtic *smerus, from Proto-Indo-European *smérus.


sex

Welsh: sech


ar

Middle Breton: ar, er

Middle Welsh: ar, er
Welsh: ar

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare. Cognate with Old Irish ar.


ar

Middle Welsh: ar

From Proto-Celtic *aros. Cognate with Old Irish ar.


ti

Breton: te

Cornish: ty

Welsh: ti

From Proto-Celtic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.


tri

Old Breton: tri

Middle Breton: tri

Breton: tri

Cornish: tri

Middle Welsh: tri

Welsh: tri

From Proto-Celtic *trīs, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.


ex

Old Breton: ech

Middle Welsh: ech

Welsh: a, ech-

From Proto-Celtic *exs. Cognate with Old Irish a.


aber

desc

Old Breton: aperou pl (possibly borrowed from Old Welsh)

Breton: aber
→ French: aber

Old Cornish: aber

Old Welsh: aper

Middle Welsh: aber

Welsh: aber


per

Middle Breton: per

Breton: per

Old Cornish: *per (in compound)

Middle Cornish: per

Cornish: per

Middle Welsh: per

Welsh: pêr

Borrowed from Latin pira, plural of pirum. In Vulgar Latin pira was reanalysed as a feminine singular (*pira), but the plural number of *per suggests that this is not the form that underlies the borrowing into Brythonic.


hen

Breton: hen

Cornish: hen

Welsh: hen

From Proto-Celtic *senos, from Proto-Indo-European *sénos.


bos

Middle Breton: boz

Breton: boz

Old Welsh: bos

Middle Welsh: bos

Welsh: bos


nei

Old Breton: ny

Middle Breton: ni

Breton: ni

Cornish: noi, noy

Old Welsh: nei

Welsh: nai


di

Breton: da

Cornish: dhe

Old Welsh: di

Middle Welsh: y (“to, for”)

Welsh: i (“to, for”)


an-

Breton: an-

Middle Welsh: an-
Welsh: an-, af-

From earlier an- (found in andagin (“worthless”, accusative singular feminine) of the Bath curse tablets), from Proto-Celtic *an-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.


fin

q

or borrowed from Middle French <i class="Latn mention" lang="frm">fin</i> (“end”)

Middle Breton: fin (“end”) (or borrowed from Middle French fin (“end”))

Breton: fin (“end”)

Middle Cornish: fin, fen

Cornish: fin

Old Welsh: fin

Middle Welsh: ffin

Welsh: ffin

Borrowed from Latin fīnis (“end, limit”). Parallel borrowing with Middle Irish fín (“end”).


din

Old Breton: din

Breton: din

Cornish: din

Old Welsh: din

Middle Welsh: din

Welsh: din

From Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“fort, rampart”).


fer

Old Cornish: fer

Middle Welsh: ffer

Welsh: ffêr


að

Middle Welsh: að

From Proto-Celtic *ad. Cognate with Old Irish ad.


mad

Middle Breton: mat

Breton: mad

Cornish: mas

Middle Welsh: mad

Welsh: mad


pal

Breton: pal, bal

Cornish: pal

Middle Welsh: pal

Welsh: pal

Uncertain; possibly either borrowed from Latin pāla (“shovel, spade”), or inherited from Proto-Celtic *kʷalos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel(h₁)- (“to turn”).


hir

Middle Breton: hir

Breton: hir

Breton: maen-hir

→ French: menhir

Cornish: hir, hyr

Old Welsh: hir

Middle Welsh: hir

Welsh: hir


brad

Old Breton: brat

Middle Breton: barat

Breton: barad

Middle Cornish: bras

Cornish: bras

Middle Welsh: brat, brad

Welsh: brad


dow

Breton: daou

Cornish: dew

Welsh: dau

Cumbric: dow


tad

Middle Breton: tat

Breton: tad (“father”), tata (“dad”)

Old Cornish: tat (c. 1250)

Cornish: tas, tat

Middle Welsh: tad

Welsh: tad (“father”), dada (“dad”)

From Proto-Celtic *tatos, of nursery/expressive origin. Compare Latin tata.

onomatopoeic

expressive


mox

Old Breton: moch

Middle Breton: moch

Breton: moc'h

Middle Cornish: mogh

Cornish: mogh

Old Welsh: moch

Middle Welsh: moch

Welsh: moch


mox

Middle Welsh: moch

Welsh: moch (“early, soon”)

desctree

→ Old Irish: moch
Irish: moch
Manx: mogh
Scottish Gaelic: moch


ki

Middle Breton: ci, qui

Breton: ki

Old Cornish: ci

Cornish: ki, kei

Middle Welsh: ci, ki

Welsh: ci

Cumbric: ci

From Proto-Celtic *kū, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.


eb

Old Breton: eb

desc

Breton: keneb (“mare in foal”), ebeul (“colt, foal”)

Old Welsh: eb

Middle Welsh: ep, ebawl (“colt, foal”)

Welsh: cyfeb (“mare in foal”), ebol (“colt, foal”), ebran (“fodder, stover”)

From earlier *epos, from Proto-Celtic *ekʷos.


pedwar

Old Breton: petguar

Middle Breton: peuar

Breton: pevar

Cornish: peswar, peder

Old Welsh: petguar

Middle Welsh: pedwar

Welsh: pedwar

From Proto-Celtic *kʷetwores, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.


naw

Old Breton: nau

Middle Breton: nau

Breton: nav

Cornish: naw

Middle Welsh: naw

Welsh: naw

From Proto-Celtic *nowan, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥.


deg

Old Breton: dec

Middle Breton: dek

Breton: dek

Cornish: deg

Cumbric:

→ English: dick

Middle Welsh: deg

Welsh: deg


mil

Middle Breton: mil

Breton: mil

Old Cornish: mil

Middle Cornish: mil, myl

Cornish: mil

Middle Welsh: mil

Welsh: mil


mil

Middle Breton: mil

Breton: mil

Middle Cornish: mil, myl

Cornish: mil

Middle Welsh: mil

Welsh: mil

Borrowed from Latin mīlia. Cognate with Old Irish míle.


awr

Breton: aour

Old Cornish: our

Cornish: owr

Old Welsh: our

Welsh: awr

Middle Welsh: eur (probably < Latin aureus)

Welsh: aur

Borrowed from Latin aurum (“gold”). Parallel borrowing with Old Irish ór (“gold”).


stor

Welsh: ystor

Borrowed from Latin storāx, styrax (“storax tree, resin of the storax tree”).


pont

Middle Breton: pont

Breton: pont

Old Cornish: pons

Middle Cornish: pons

Cornish: pons

Cumbric: *pont

⇒ Cumbric: *Pen(n)pont

→ English: Penpont

Old Welsh: pont

Middle Welsh: pont

Welsh: pont

Borrowed from an oblique case of Latin pōns.


mor

Old Breton: mor

Middle Breton: mor

Breton: mor

Old Cornish: mor

Middle Cornish: mor

Cornish: mor

Middle Welsh: mor

Welsh: môr

From Proto-Celtic *mori, from Proto-Indo-European *móri.


heb

Old Breton: ep

Middle Breton: hep

Cornish: heb

Old Welsh: hep

Middle Welsh: heb

Welsh: heb

From Proto-Celtic *sekʷo-. Cognate with Old Irish sech.


gal

Old Breton: gal


glan

Old Breton: glan

Middle Breton: glan

Breton: glan

Cornish: glan

Middle Welsh: glan

Welsh: glân


glas

Middle Breton: glas

Breton: glas

Middle Cornish: glas

Cornish: glas

Old Welsh: glas

Middle Welsh: glas

Welsh: glas


bann

Middle Breton: ban

Breton: bann

Cornish: ban

Middle Welsh: bann

Welsh: ban


gwenn

Welsh: gwen


dün

Old Breton: don, den

Middle Breton: den

Breton: den

Old Cornish: den

Cornish: den

Middle Welsh: dyn

Welsh: dyn


með

Middle Breton: mez

Breton: mez

Cornish: medh

Middle Welsh: medd

Welsh: medd

From Proto-Celtic *medu, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu.


tir

Middle Breton: tir

Breton: tir

Old Cornish: tir

Cornish: tir

Old Welsh: tir

Middle Welsh: tir

Welsh: tir

From Proto-Celtic *tīros, from Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”), i.e. "dry land" as opposed to lake or sea.


gen

Old Breton: gen

Middle Breton: guen

Breton: gen

Old Cornish: genau

Cornish: gen

Middle Welsh: gen

Welsh: gên

From Proto-Celtic *genus, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus.


kant

Old Breton: cant

Middle Breton: kant

Breton: kant

Cornish: kans

Old Welsh: cant

Middle Welsh: cant

Welsh: cant

From Proto-Celtic *kantom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm.


ster

Old Breton: *ster

Middle Breton: ster

Breton: ster

Old Cornish: *ster

Middle Cornish: ster, steyr

Cornish: ster

Old Welsh: *ser

Middle Welsh: ser, syr

Welsh: sêr

From Proto-Celtic *sterās, plural of *sterā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. The Proto-Celtic nominative singular and plural would have become homophones in Proto-Brythonic, and in this case the plural was generalized.


dol

Breton: *dol (found in placenames)

Middle Welsh: dol

Welsh: dôl

⇒ Welsh: Blaenydhôl

⇒ Welsh: Dolgarrog

Cornish: *dol (found in placenames)

⇒ Cornish: Dollywhiddens

⇒ Cornish: Godolphin

Uncertain; possibly inherited from Proto-Celtic *dolā, cognate with Proto-Germanic *dalą, *dōljō (“valley”), though perhaps instead borrowed from Germanic, compare Irish dail (“field, meadow”), itself borrowed from Old Norse dalr (“meadow, dale”).


kar

Middle Breton: car

Breton: kar

Old Cornish: car

Cornish: kar

Middle Welsh: car

Welsh: câr


kas

Middle Breton: cas

Breton: kas

Cornish: kas

Old Welsh: cas

Middle Welsh: cas

Welsh: cas


tann

Breton: tann

Cornish: tannen


gwen

Cornish: gwen

Welsh: gwên


korf

Middle Breton: corff, corf, corph

Breton: korf

Middle Cornish: corf

Cornish: korf

Middle Welsh: corf, corff, corph

Welsh: corff

Borrowed from Latin corpus, cognate with Proto-Brythonic *krɨβ̃ (“strong”). Parallel borrowing with Old Irish corp (“body”).


krank

Middle Breton: cranq, crancq

Breton: krank

Middle Welsh: cranc

Welsh: cranc

Likely borrowed from Late Latin crancus (compare Catalan cranc, Occitan cranc; Italian granchio, from *cranculus), a metathetic form of cancer (“crab”). Doublet of *kankr, whence Old Cornish cancher (“crab”).


glin

Breton: glin

Cornish: glin

Welsh: glin

From Proto-Celtic *glūnos. Cognate with Old Irish glún.


skol

Breton: skol

Old Cornish: scol

Cornish: scol

Middle Welsh: yscol

Welsh: ysgol

Borrowed from Latin schola (“school”). Parallel borrowing with Old Irish scol (“school”).


dall

Old Breton: dall

Middle Breton: dall

Breton: dall

Old Cornish: dal

Cornish: dall

Middle Welsh: dall

Welsh: dall


kad

Breton: kad

Cornish: kas

Welsh: cad

From Proto-Celtic *katus, from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus.


berr

Welsh: ber


gell

Cornish: gell

Middle Welsh: gell

Welsh: gell

From Proto-Celtic *gelwos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-wó-s, from *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow”) + *-wós.


aren

Middle Welsh: arenn

Welsh: aren

From pre-Proto-Brythonic *arenā, rebuilt ā-stem from Proto-Celtic *arenos, genitive singular of *ārū (“kidney”).


korr

Middle Breton: corr

Breton: korr

Old Cornish: cor

Cornish: korr

Middle Welsh: corr

Welsh: cor

From Proto-Celtic *korros, probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kert- (“short”), from *(s)ker- (“to cut”).
See also Scots short, schort (“short”), Old High German scurz (“short”), Middle High German schurz, Old Norse skorta (“to lack”), Danish skorte, Albanian shkurt (“short, brief”), English short.


gwlad

Breton: glad

Old Cornish: gulat

Cornish: gulas, gwlas

Old Welsh: gulat

Middle Welsh: gwlad

Welsh: gwlad


komm

Breton: komm (“river-bed”)

Middle Welsh: cwm

Welsh: cwm

→ English: cwm

→ Old English: cumb (partially)

English: combe, coomb

From Proto-Celtic *kumbā. Cognate with Gaulish *kumba.


teir

Breton: teir

Cornish: teyr

Welsh: tair


gwaladr

Welsh: gwaladr


penn

Cumbric: pen

Old Breton: penn, pen

Middle Breton: penn, pen

Breton: penn

Old Cornish: pen

Middle Cornish: pen

Cornish: penn, pedn

Old Welsh: penn

Middle Welsh: penn

Welsh: pen


mab

Old Breton: map, mab

Middle Breton: mab

Breton: mab

Old Cornish: mab, map

Cornish: mab

Old Welsh: map

Middle Welsh: map

Welsh: mab

From earlier *mapos, from Proto-Celtic *makʷos.


gwir

Old Breton: guir

Breton: gwir

Old Cornish: guir

Middle Cornish: gwyr

Cornish: gwir

Middle Welsh: gwir

Welsh: gwir


mamm

Middle Breton: mamm

Breton: mamm

Old Cornish: mam

Middle Cornish: mam

Cornish: mamm

Middle Welsh: mam

Welsh: mam

From Proto-Celtic *mammā. Compare Latin mamma.


gwin

Breton: gwin

Cornish: gwin, gwyn

Welsh: gwin

From Proto-Celtic *wīnom, from Latin vīnum.


selsig

Middle Breton: silsicq, silsig

Breton: silzig

Old Welsh: selsic

Middle Welsh: selsig

Welsh: selsig

→ Cornish: selsik

Borrowed from Late Latin (farta) salsīcia (“sausage”), from Latin salsus (“salty, salted”), cognate with Proto-Brythonic *haluɨn (“salt”), *heli (“brine”).


sux

Middle Breton: souch

Breton: soc’h

Welsh: swch

From Proto-Celtic *sukkos (“pig; snout (of a pig); plowshare”), under the influence of, if not borrowed from, Vulgar Latin *soccus (“plowshare”) (whence Old French soc, soket), itself borrowed from Celtic. Doublet of *hux (“pig”).


ar-

Breton: ar-

Cornish: ar-

Welsh: ar-


kurr

Cornish: cor

Welsh: cwr

From Proto-Celtic *kurros (“pointed, angled”). Cognate with Middle Irish corr.


-hed

Middle Welsh: -ed, -hed

Welsh: -ed

From Proto-Celtic *-(i)setos, with secondary restoration of the -h- from adjectives where -s- was not intervocalic.


Pask

Old Breton: Pasc

Middle Breton: Pasq

Breton: Pask

Middle Cornish: Pask

Cornish: Pask

Middle Welsh: Pasc

Welsh: Pasg

Borrowed from Latin pascha (“Passover, Easter”). Parallel borrowing with Old Irish Cásc (“Easter”).


tarw

Old Breton: taruu

Middle Breton: taru

Breton: tarw, tarv

Old Cornish: tarow

Cornish: tarow

Middle Welsh: tarw

Welsh: tarw

From Proto-Celtic *tarwos, from Proto-Indo-European *táwros.


marw

Middle Breton: marf, maru

Breton: marv

Cornish: marow

Middle Welsh: marw

Welsh: marw


llew

Breton: *leu

⇒ Breton: leugui (“lion”)

Cornish: lew

Middle Welsh: llew

Welsh: llew

Borrowed from Latin leō. Parallel borrowing with Old Irish léo (“lion”).


anadl

Middle Breton: alazn, azlan

Breton: alan

Middle Cornish: anel

Cornish: anal

Middle Welsh: anadyl, anadl

Welsh: anadl

From Proto-Celtic *anatlā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”). Cognate with Old Irish anál.


awel

Old Breton: avelou

Middle Breton: avel, auel (“wind”)

Breton: awel

Old Cornish: auhel

Cornish: awel

Middle Welsh: awel

Welsh: awel


karn

Middle Breton: (Pen) karn

Breton: karn

Cornish: carn

desc

Middle Welsh: carn, carnau, cernydd, cerni

Welsh: carn


dant

Old Breton: dant

Middle Breton: dant

Breton: dant

Old Cornish: dans

Cornish: dans

Middle Welsh: dant

Welsh: dant

From Proto-Celtic *dant, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts.


blin

Old Breton: blin

Middle Welsh: blin

From Proto-Celtic *mlīnos, from Proto-Indo-European *mlih₁-nó-s, from *mleh₁y-. Cognate with Lithuanian blīnis (“tired man”), Proto-Germanic *blīþiz (“gentle, mild”), Sanskrit म्लायति (mlā́yati, “to be weary”).


karant

Welsh: carant


-enn

Old Breton: -enn

Middle Breton: -enn

Breton: -enn

Old Cornish: -en

Middle Cornish: -en

Cornish: -en

Old Welsh: -en

Middle Welsh: -en

Welsh: -en

From Proto-Celtic *-inyā. Cognate with Old Irish -(i)ne.

llugod (“mice”) + *-enn → *llugodenn (“mouse”)

ster (“stars”) + *-enn → *sterenn (“star”)

know (“nuts”) + *-enn → *knowenn (“nut”)

llɨθer (“letter, missive”) + *-enn → *llɨθerenn (“letter, character, type”)

Forms abstract derivatives of certain nouns and adjectives.


kastell

Breton: kastell

Cornish: kastel

Middle Welsh: castell

Welsh: castell

Borrowed from Latin castellum. Parallel borrowing with Irish caistél (“castle”).


glaw

Breton: glav

Cornish: glaw

Welsh: glaw

Of unclear origin. Jones tentatively connects the term to Sanskrit जल (jala, “water”), itself perhaps related to गलति (galati, “to drip”) and German quellen (“to well up”). This is semantically appealing; however, Proto-Brythonic *g should yield a *ǵʰ in Proto-Indo-European, while the suggested cognates yield a *gʷ.


pobl

Old Breton: *popl (in compound)

Middle Breton: pobl

Breton: pobl

Old Cornish: popel

Middle Cornish: pobel, pobyl

Cornish: pobel

Middle Welsh: pobyl

Welsh: pobl

desctree

→ Old Irish: popul
Middle Irish: popul
Irish: pobal
Manx: pobble
Scottish Gaelic: poball

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin poplus, from Latin populus. Parallel borrowing with Old Irish popul (“people”).


iss

Old Breton: is

Middle Breton: is

Old Welsh: is

Middle Welsh: is


bronn

Old Breton: bronn

Middle Breton: bronn

Breton: bronn

Cornish: bronn

Middle Welsh: bron

From pre-Proto-Brythonic *brusnā, rebuilt ā-stem from Proto-Celtic *brusnos, genitive singular of *brusū (“belly, breast”).


nant

Middle Breton: nant

Breton: nant

Old Cornish: nans

Cornish: nans

Middle Welsh: nant

Welsh: nant

From Proto-Celtic *nantos, *nantus (“stream, valley”).


merx

Breton: merc'h

Cornish: myrgh

Welsh: merch


eskob

Middle Breton: eskop

Breton: eskob

Old Cornish: escop

Middle Cornish: epskop (relatinized)

Cornish: epskop

Old Welsh: escop

Middle Welsh: esgob

Welsh: esgob

Borrowed from Late Latin episcopus, with elision of -pi-. Whether this elision took place in Brythonic or British Latin is not immediately clear since the Romance reflexes of episcopus frequently display elision as well, however the independent borrowing from Latin to Old Irish epscop suggests that this was an internal Brythonic development.


klog

Cornish: clog

Welsh: clog


gwellt

Old Breton: guelt

Breton: gwelt, geot

Cornish: gwels

Middle Welsh: gwellt

Welsh: gwellt


hil

Breton: hil

Cornish: hil

Welsh: hil


garan

Breton: garan

Old Cornish: garan

→ Cornish: garan (semi-learned)

Middle Welsh: garan

Welsh: garan

From Proto-Celtic *garanos (“crane, heron”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”).


lledr

Old Breton: ledr

Middle Breton: lezr

Breton: lêr

Cornish: ledher

Middle Welsh: lledyr

Welsh: lledr

From Proto-Celtic *letrom, from Proto-Indo-European *létrom. Cognate with Middle Irish lethar.


kax

Middle Breton: cauch

Breton: cac'h

Cornish: caugh

Welsh: cach

From Proto-Celtic *kakkā or a masculine *kakkos, itself from Proto-Indo-European *kakka-.


mollt

Middle Breton: mout, maout

Breton: maout

Cornish: mols

Middle Welsh: mollt

Welsh: mollt


forð

Breton: forzh (“lane, track”)

Old Cornish: ford

Middle Cornish: fordh

Cornish: fordh

Old Welsh: ford

Middle Welsh: ffordd

Welsh: ffordd

Borrowed from Old English ford. Doublet of *rrɨd and *porθ.


hwi

Old Breton: hui

Middle Breton: huy

Breton: c'hwi

Cornish: hwi, hwei

Old Welsh: hui

Welsh: chwi, chi


edn

Middle Breton: ezn

Breton: evn

Old Cornish: hethen

Middle Cornish: edhyn, ethen

Cornish: edhen

Middle Welsh: edyn

Welsh: edn


-jad

Old Breton: -iat

Old Cornish: -iat

Old Welsh: -iat

Middle Welsh: -iad

Welsh: -iad

From Proto-Celtic *-yatis, extended variant of Proto-Celtic *-atis. Cognate with Old Irish -(a)id.


paladr

Middle Welsh: pelydr

Welsh: paladr

From Proto-Celtic *kʷalatrom. Cognate with Old Irish celtair.


gwɨnn

Old Breton: guinn

Middle Breton: guinn

Breton: gwenn

Old Cornish: guyn

Cornish: gwynn

Middle Welsh: gwynn

Welsh: gwyn


lliw

Old Breton: liu, liou

Middle Breton: liu

Breton: liv

Old Cornish: liu

Middle Cornish: lyw

Cornish: liw

Old Welsh: liu

Middle Welsh: lliw

Welsh: lliw

From Proto-Celtic *līwos, from Proto-Indo-European *slih₂-wó-s, from *(s)leh₃y- + *-wós.


Tögɨduβn

British Latin: Togidubnus, Cogidubnus

From *tögɨ-, from Proto-Celtic *togi- (“oath”) + *duβn (“deep”), from Proto-Celtic *duβnos (“world”).


Broxoβ̃aɣl

Old Breton: Brocmail

Old Welsh: Brocmail

Middle Welsh: Brochvael

Welsh: Brochfael

→ Latin: Brochmael [825-850 CE]

→ Latin: Brohomagli (gen.sg.) [500-549 CE]

From *brox (“badger”) + *maɣl, from Proto-Celtic *maglos (“a noble, chief”).


Tɨɣernoβ̃aɣl

Old Breton: Tiernmael

→ Brytho-Latin: Tegernomali


mėgin

Middle Breton: meguin

Breton: megin, begin

Old Cornish: mygen

Cornish: mygenow, meginow pl

Middle Welsh: megin

Welsh: megin

Unknown; possibly related to Proto-Germanic *magô (“stomach”), Russian мошна (mošna, “pouch, purse”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mak-.


neβ̃

Old Breton: nem

Middle Breton: neff

Breton: neñv

Old Cornish: nef

Cornish: nev

Old Welsh: nem

Middle Welsh: nef

Welsh: nef

From Proto-Celtic *nemos, from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰos.


tɨβ̃uɨl

Old Breton: temoel

Middle Breton: teffal

Breton: teñval

Old Cornish: tiwoulgou

Middle Cornish: teul, tevle

Cornish: tewl, tewal

Old Welsh: timuil

Welsh: tywyll

From earlier Proto-Brythonic *temēl(os), from Proto-Celtic *temeslos.


ėiriβ̃

Middle Welsh: eirif

From earlier Proto-Brythonic *aðrīm-, from Proto-Celtic *ad- + the masculine form of *rīmā (“number”).


llọn

Old Breton: dacrlon

Middle Breton: leun

Breton: leun

Cornish: luen, leun

Middle Welsh: llawn

Welsh: llawn

From Proto-Celtic *ɸlānos, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós.


llọβ̃

Old Breton: lom-

Old Cornish: lof

Cornish: leuv

desctree

Old Welsh: lau
Middle Welsh: llaw
Welsh: llaw


llọr

Old Breton: lor

Breton: leur

Old Cornish: lor

Cornish: leur

Old Welsh: laur

Middle Welsh: llawr, llaur

Welsh: llawr


llʉɣ

Old Breton: *lu (in toponyms)

Breton: lu

Old Cornish: luu

Cornish: lu

Middle Welsh: llu

Welsh: llu


sɨx

Old Breton: sech

Breton: sec'h

Middle Cornish: sech

Cornish: sygh

Old Welsh: sich

Middle Welsh: sych, sich

Welsh: sych

Borrowed from Latin siccus. Parallel borrowing with Middle Irish secc.


llann

Middle Breton: lann

Cornish: lan

Middle Welsh: llann

Welsh: llan


puɨs

Breton: pouez

Middle Cornish: poys, pos, poos

Cornish: poos

Middle Welsh: pwys

Welsh: pwys

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *pēsum, from Latin pēnsum. Parallel borrowing with Middle Irish pís (“name of a weight; pennyweight”).


poɨθ

Middle Breton: poaz

Breton: poazh

Middle Cornish: poth

Cornish: pooth

Middle Welsh: poeth

Welsh: poeth

From earlier Brittonic *poxtos, from Proto-Celtic *kʷoxtos, from Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- (“to cook”).


llɨdan

Old Breton: litan

Breton: ledan

Cornish: ledan

Middle Welsh: llydan

Welsh: llydan


kɨnthaβ̃

Breton: kentañ

Middle Cornish: kynsa

Cornish: kynsa, kensa

Middle Welsh: kyntaf

Welsh: cyntaf

From *kɨnt (“earlier”) + *-haβ̃ (superlative suffix).

af

superlative degree of *kɨnt (“earlier”): first


broɣ

Old Breton: bro

Middle Breton: bro

Breton: bro

Cornish: bro

Middle Welsh: bro

Welsh: bro

Cumbric: bro


marx

Old Breton: marh

Middle Breton: march

Breton: marc'h

Old Cornish: march

Middle Cornish: margh

Cornish: margh

Middle Welsh: march

Welsh: march


marxọg

Breton: marc'heg

Middle Cornish: marrek

Cornish: marghek

Middle Welsh: marchawc

Welsh: marchog

From Proto-Celtic *markākos. Equivalent to *marx (“horse”) + *-ọg.


aθreβ

Middle Welsh: athref

Welsh: athref


arɣant

Old Breton: argant

Middle Breton: archant

Breton: arc'hant

Cornish: arghans

Old Welsh: argant

Middle Welsh: ariant

Welsh: arian


bɨd

Old Breton: bit, bet

Breton: bed

Old Cornish: bit, bys

Cornish: bys, bes

Old Welsh: bid

Middle Welsh: byd

Welsh: byd

Cumbric: bit


bɨrr

Old Breton: berr

Middle Breton: berr

Breton: berr

Cornish: berr

Middle Welsh: byrr

Welsh: byr


ebọl

Old Breton: ebol

Middle Breton: ebeul

Breton: ebeul

Old Cornish: ebol

Cornish: ebel

Middle Welsh: ebawl

Welsh: ebol

From the earlier Brittonic *epālos, from Proto-Celtic *ekʷālos.


prenn

Old Breton: pren

Middle Breton: prenn

Breton: prenn

Old Cornish: pren

Cornish: prenn

Middle Welsh: prenn

Welsh: pren

Cumbric: prenn


mọr

Old Breton: mor

Breton: meur

Old Cornish: maur

Middle Cornish: mur

Cornish: meur

Old Welsh: maur

Middle Welsh: mawr

Welsh: mawr


tʉd

Middle Breton: tut

Breton: tud

Cornish: tus

Middle Welsh: tut

Welsh: tud

From Proto-Celtic *toutā, from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂.


-haβ̃

Middle Welsh: -af

Welsh: -af

Breton: -añ

From Proto-Celtic *-(i)samos, with secondary restoration of the -h- from adjectives where -s- was not intervocalic.


-ox

Breton: -oc'h

Middle Welsh: -ach

Welsh: -ach

From Proto-Celtic *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam, with secondary restoration of the -h- < -s- by analogy with the superlative and equative. The stress before -h- probably allowed the subsequent development to -x- before a vowel.


berθ

Middle Breton: berz

Breton: berzh

Middle Welsh: berth

Welsh: berth

From Proto-Celtic *berxtos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer(H)ǵ-tó-s, from *bʰerHǵ- (“to shine”) + *-tós.


aberθ

Old Welsh: aperth

Middle Welsh: aberth

Welsh: aberth

From earlier Brittonic *abbertos, from Proto-Celtic *ad-bert-.


arθ

Old Breton: ard, arth

Breton: arzh

Cornish: arth

Middle Welsh: arth

Welsh: arth


nerθ

Old Breton: nerth

Middle Breton: nerz

Breton: nerzh

Middle Cornish: nerth

Cornish: nerth

Old Welsh: nerth

Middle Welsh: nerth

Welsh: nerth


perθ

Cornish: Penberth (toponym)

Middle Welsh: perth

Pictish:

→ English: Perth (toponym)

From Proto-Celtic *kʷerxtā, from earlier assimilated *kʷerkʷ-t-, from Proto-Indo-European *pŕ̥kʷeh₂, *pérkʷus (“oak”) (compare Latin quercus, English fir).


rrɨd

Old Breton: rit

Breton: red (rare)

Old Cornish: rid

Middle Cornish: ryd

Cornish: rys

Old Welsh: rit

Middle Welsh: ryd, rid

Welsh: rhyd

From Proto-Celtic *ɸritus. Doublet of *forð and *porθ.


rrɨð

Old Breton: rid

Old Cornish: rid

Cornish: rydh

Welsh: rhydd

From Proto-Celtic *ɸriyos, from Proto-Indo-European *priHós, from *preyH- (“like, love”).


rriθ

Old Breton: arrith (in compound)

Middle Breton: rez

Breton: rezh

Middle Welsh: rith

Welsh: rhith


breɣ

Middle Cornish: bre

Cornish: bre

Middle Breton: bre

Breton: bre

Middle Welsh: bre

Welsh: bre

Middle Breton: Bre

Cornish: Brea, Bray

Old Welsh: Bregion pl


brɨd

Cornish: brys

Middle Welsh: bryd

Welsh: bryd


briθ

Old Breton: brith

desc

Middle Welsh: brythron (“magic wand”), lledfrith (“delusion, illusion”) (in compounds)

Welsh: lledrith


briθ

Middle Breton: briz

Breton: brizh

Cornish: brith, bryth, bruit

Old Welsh: brith

Welsh: brith


buɨd

Middle Breton: boet, bouet

Breton: boued

Old Cornish: buit

Cornish: boos, boys

Middle Welsh: bwyt

Welsh: bwyd


lleɣ

Old Breton: le

Breton: le

Cornish: le

Middle Welsh: lle

Welsh: lle


gwag

Middle Breton: goac (“soft”)

Breton: gwak (“soft, delicate”)

Middle Cornish: gwag

Cornish: gwag

Old Welsh: guac

Middle Welsh: gwac

Welsh: gwag

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *vacus, from Latin vacuus.


kömroɣ

Breton: keñvroad, keñvroiz (“compatriot”)

Cumbric: *Cumbri

Cumbric: Cumbreik

→ Old English: Cumberland, Cumbraland, Cumerland

Middle English: Cumberlond, Cumberland, Cumbreland

English: Cumberland

Middle English: Cumbria

English: Cumbria

Middle Welsh: Kymry (“Wales”)

Welsh: Cymru (“Wales”), Cymro (“Welshman”)

→ Medieval Latin: Cambria

→ English: Cambria

From earlier Brythonic *kombrogis, equivalent to *köβ̃- + *broɣ (“he from an area”).


aradr

Middle Breton: arazr

Breton: arar

Old Cornish: aradar

Cornish: arader

Old Welsh: ara(ter)

Middle Welsh: aradr

Welsh: aradr

From Proto-Celtic *aratrom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom.


gwur

Middle Breton: *gur

Breton: gour

Old Cornish: uir

Cornish: gour

Old Welsh: gur

Middle Welsh: gwr
Welsh: gŵr

Cumbric: gur

From Proto-Celtic *wiros, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós.


brɨɣėntin

Old Breton: brientin, brientinion

Middle Cornish: brentyn, bryntyn

Middle Welsh: brenhin
Welsh: brenin

From Proto-Celtic *brigantīnos, probably meaning "high one," derivative of *brigantī (“high, exalted”).


-iβ̃

Old Welsh: -im

Middle Welsh: -if, -i

Welsh: -i

Middle Breton: -iff

Breton: -iñ

Middle Cornish: -y

From Insular Celtic Proto-Celtic *-ī-mā. Originally occurring in compounds *kreddīmā, *(ɸ)rodīmā, where the formation *dīmā, from Pre-Celtic *dʰeh₁meh₂, was resegmented as *-d-īmā. Supplanted *-ed and possibly *-id as the productive verbal noun formative for ī-verbs.

Forms verbal nouns, originally from ī-verbs.


-aβ̃

Middle Breton: -aff

Breton: -añ

From earlier *-amā, forming verbal nouns from a-verbs (originally na-verbs), with the element *-mā, as abstracted from *-dīmā. See *-iβ̃.

Forms verbal nouns, originally from (n)a-verbs.


-ọβ̃

Middle Welsh: -aw

Welsh: -o

Middle Cornish: -e

From earlier *-āmā, deriving verbal nouns from ā-verbs.

Forms verbal nouns, originally from ā-verbs.


-oβ̃

West Brythonic: *-üβ̃

Middle Welsh: -u

Welsh: -u

Old Breton: -om

From earlier *-omā, from the thematic present vowel + *-mā as abstracted from *-dīmā. See *-iβ̃.

Forms verbal nouns, originally from thematic present verbs.


palad

Breton: palat

Cornish: palas

Welsh: palu

Uncertain; possibly either from *pal (“shovel, spade”) + *-ad, or inherited from Proto-Celtic *kʷalati, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel(h₁)- (“to turn”), compare Old Irish celtair (“spear, spear tip”).


prɨβ̃

Middle Breton: preff

Breton: preñv

Old Cornish: prif

Middle Cornish: pref

Cornish: pryv, prev

Old Welsh: prem

Middle Welsh: pryf

Welsh: pryf

From earlier *primis, from Proto-Celtic *kʷrimis, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷŕ̥mis.


prɨd

Middle Breton: pret

Breton: pred

Old Cornish: prit

Cornish: prys

Middle Welsh: pryd, pryt

Welsh: pryd

From Proto-Celtic *kʷritus, from pre-Celtic *kʷr̥tus, a tu-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to make, cause”). Cognate with Old Irish cruth (“shape, form”).
GPC separates Welsh pryd in the "time, moment" and "face, appearance" senses, and expresses doubt at whether they are etymologically related.


prið

Old Breton: pri

Middle Breton: pri

Breton: pri

Cornish: pri

Middle Welsh: pridd

Welsh: pridd


gwɨnt

Middle Breton: guent

Breton: gwent

Old Cornish: guins

Cornish: gwyns

Middle Welsh: gwynt

Welsh: gwynt


gwɨð

Old Breton: guid

Middle Breton: guez

Breton: gwez

Cornish: gwydh

Old Welsh: guid

Middle Welsh: gwydd

Welsh: gwŷdd


arβ̃or

Middle Breton: armor, aruor

Middle Welsh: arfor

Welsh: arfor


glɨnn

Middle Breton: glenn

Breton: glen

Cornish: glên, glyn

Middle Welsh: glynn

Welsh: glyn

From Proto-Celtic *glendos. Related to Proto-Germanic *klintaz.


llɨdaw

Old Breton: Letau

Breton: Ledav

→ French: Létavie

Cornish: Lesow

Old Welsh: Litau

Welsh: Llydaw

→ Old English: *Lidwīc

desc

Old English: Lidwīccas, Lidwīcingas (“Bretons”)

From Proto-Celtic *ɸlitawī, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂k- (“to spread out flat”) or more likely *pleth₂- (“flat”).


gwleð

Old Welsh: guled

Middle Welsh: gwledd

Welsh: gwledd


gwlɨb

Old Breton: gulip

Middle Breton: gloeb, glueb

Breton: gwleb

Cornish: gleb, glyb

Old Welsh: gulip

Middle Welsh: gulip, gwlyp

Welsh: gwlyb


ėlβɨð

Old Welsh: elbid

Middle Welsh: eluit, eluyd

Welsh: elfydd


treβ

Old Breton: treff

Breton: trev

Middle Welsh: tref

Welsh: tref, tre


ʉn

Old Breton: un

Middle Breton: un

Breton: un

Cornish: unn

Old Welsh: un

Middle Welsh: un

Welsh: un

Cumbric: oun

From Proto-Celtic *oinos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos.


pɨmp

Old Breton: pemp

Middle Breton: pemp

Breton: pemp

Cornish: pymp

Old Welsh: pimp

Middle Welsh: pymp

Welsh: pump


seiθ

Old Breton: seith

Middle Breton: seiz

Breton: seizh

Old Cornish: syth

Middle Cornish: seyth

Cornish: seyth

Middle Welsh: seith

Welsh: saith

From Proto-Celtic *sextam, from Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥. Alongside *seɨθβ̃ed (ordinal) and *sux, these words were the only known native words failing to debuccalize initial *s-.


üiθ

Old Breton: eith

Middle Breton: eiz

Breton: eizh

Cornish: eth

Old Welsh: oith

Middle Welsh: wyth

Welsh: wyth

From Proto-Celtic *oxtū, from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw.


hwex

Breton: c'hwec'h

Cornish: hwegh

Welsh: chwech

From Proto-Celtic *swexs, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs.


klɨd

Middle Welsh: clyd

Welsh: clyd


ʉx

Old Breton: uh

Middle Breton: uc'h

Breton: uc'h

Cornish: ugh

Middle Welsh: uch

Welsh: uwch


aβon

Middle Breton: auon

Breton: aven

Cornish: avon

Middle Welsh: afon

Welsh: afon

→ English: Avon

→ Scots: A'an

From pre-Proto-Brythonic *abonā, rebuilt ā-stem from Proto-Celtic *abonos, genitive singular of *abū (“river”).


aɨr

Old Breton: air

Old Cornish: hair

Old Welsh: hair

Middle Welsh: aer


gwogleð

Breton: gougleiz

Cornish: gogledh

Middle Welsh: gogled

Welsh: gogledd

From Proto-Celtic *uɸokliyom, cognate with Old Irish fochlae. By surface analysis, *gwo- + *kleð.


brɨɣėnt

Old Breton: Brient (personal name)

Old Welsh: bryeint

Middle Welsh: breeint

Welsh: braint


nɨθ

Middle Breton: nez

Breton: neizh, nezh

Old Cornish: neid

Middle Cornish: nyth

Cornish: neyth

Middle Welsh: nyth

Welsh: nyth

From Proto-Celtic *nizdos, from Proto-Indo-European *nisdós.


noɨθ

Old Breton: noit

Middle Breton: noaz

Breton: noazh

Cornish: noth

Middle Welsh: noeth

Welsh: noeth


gėr

Middle Breton: guer

Breton: ger

Cornish: ger

Middle Welsh: geir

Welsh: gair

From Proto-Celtic *garyos, related to *garyeti (“to call, cry”).


rriɣėn

Breton: rouanez?

Cornish: ruvanes?

Middle Welsh: riein (“maiden”)

Welsh: rhiain


hɨnt

Old Breton: hint

Middle Breton: hent

Breton: hent

Middle Cornish: hyns

Cornish: hens

Middle Welsh: hint, hynt

Welsh: hynt


gwėɣin

Middle Breton: gouhin

Breton: gouin

→? French: gouine

Old Cornish: guein

Middle Cornish: goyn, gon

Cornish: goen

Middle Welsh: gwein

Welsh: gwain

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin văgīna, from Latin vāgīna (“sheath, scabbard”) with pretonic shortening of ā. Parallel borrowing with Old Irish faigen (“sheath, scabbard”).


dremm

Middle Breton: drem

Breton: dremm

Middle Welsh: trem, drem (irregular initial t-)

From Proto-Celtic *drixsmā, from pre-Celtic *dr̥ḱ(s)meh₂.


kėnėw

Old Breton: ceneuan, compare Rikeneu (PN)

Middle Breton: kenou

Breton: kenow

Middle Welsh: ceneu

Welsh: cenau, cenaw

From earlier *kanawī, from Proto-Celtic *kanawū.


exoβn

Middle Breton: ehaffn

Middle Welsh: ehouyn

Welsh: eofn

From Proto-Celtic *exsoβnos. Equivalent to *ex- (“from, out of”) + *oβn (“fear”).


gwoɨθhaβ̃

Middle Breton: goazhaff

Breton: gwashañ

Cornish: gwetha

Middle Welsh: gwaethaf

Welsh: gwaethaf

/ɡwaɨ̯θˈhaːβ̃/

From *gwoɨθ (“worse”) + *-haβ̃ (superlative suffix). Alternatively from Proto-Celtic *uɸoɸedisamos, from *uɸo- + *ɸedisamos, from Proto-Indo-European *ped-ism̥mós, from *ped- (“to walk, fall, stumble”) + *-is(t)m̥mós (superlative suffix), and cognate with Latin pessimus (“worst”).

af

superlative degree of *gwoɨl (“bad”): worst


karr

Old Breton: carr

Middle Breton: carr

Breton: karr

Cornish: karr

Middle Welsh: carr

Welsh: car


kareð

Middle Breton: carez

Cornish: cara

Old Welsh: cared

Middle Welsh: cared, karet

Welsh: caredd


koɨd

Middle Breton: coat

Breton: koad

Old Cornish: cuit

Middle Cornish: coys

Cornish: koos

Old Welsh: coit

Middle Welsh: coet

Welsh: coed

From Proto-Celtic *kaitos, from Proto-Indo-European *kayt-, *ḱayt- (“forest, wasteland, pasture”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *haiþī (“heath, wasteland”), as well as perhaps Latin bū-cētum (“pastureland”, literally “cow-pasture”), Albanian kath (“type of wheat”), kashtë (“straw”).


kėljọg

Old Breton: kelihuc

Middle Breton: kilhog, kilheg

Breton: kilhog

Old Cornish: chelioc

Middle Cornish: celioc, kullyek, colyek

Cornish: kulyek

Middle Welsh: keilyawc

Welsh: ceiliog, ceilog


kantl

Middle Breton: quentel

Breton: kentel

Middle Welsh: kathyl, kathl

Welsh: cathl


dadl

Old Breton: dadl

Breton: dael

Middle Welsh: dadl

Welsh: dadl


duɨw

Old Breton: *doi (in compound)

Middle Breton: doe

Breton: doue

Old Cornish: duy

Middle Cornish: dew, deu

Cornish: duw

Old Welsh: duiu

Middle Welsh: duw

Welsh: duw


jowank

Middle Breton: youanc

Breton: yowank, yaouank

Old Cornish: iouenc

Middle Cornish: yowynk, yonk

Cornish: yowynk, yonk

Middle Welsh: ieuanc

Welsh: ieuanc, iefanc, ifanc

From Proto-Celtic *yuwankos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuHn̥ḱós.


gwlan

Middle Breton: glan, gloan

Breton: gloan

Old Cornish: gluan

Middle Cornish: glan, glawn

Cornish: gwlan

Old Welsh: gulan

Middle Welsh: gwlan

Welsh: gwlân

From Proto-Celtic *wlanā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂.


ammaɨθ

Old Breton: ambaith

Cornish: ammeth

Middle Welsh: amaeth

Welsh: amaeth


taradr

Middle Breton: tarazr, talazr

Breton: tarar

Cornish: tardar

Old Welsh: tarater

Welsh: taradr

From Proto-Celtic *taratrom, from pre-Celtic *terh₁tro-. Cognate with Ancient Greek τέρετρον (téretron, “borer”), Latin terebra (“borer”).


anw

Old Breton: anu

Middle Breton: hanu, anff

Breton: anv

Cornish: enw, hanow

Old Welsh: anu
Middle Welsh: enw
Welsh: enw


garr

Middle Breton: garr

Breton: gar

Middle Cornish: gar

Cornish: garr

Middle Welsh: garr

Welsh: gar


kedor

Middle Breton: quaezour

Cornish: kedhor

Old Welsh: caitoir

Middle Welsh: cedor

Welsh: cedor


ɨβ

Welsh: yf


lluɨd

Breton: louet

Cornish: loos

Welsh: llwyd


nėθ

Old Breton: nith

Middle Breton: nyz

Breton: nizh

Old Cornish: noit

Cornish: nith

Old Welsh:

Middle Welsh: nith

Welsh: nith


toɨs

Middle Breton: toas

Breton: toas, toaz

Cornish: toos

Middle Welsh: toes

Welsh: toes


bɨw

Breton: bev, beo (obsolete)

Cornish: byw, bew

Welsh: byw

From Proto-Celtic *biwos, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós.


bɨw

Welsh: byw


hu-

Old Breton: ho-, hu-

Breton: he-

Middle Cornish: he-, hy-

Old Welsh: hi-, hu-

Middle Welsh: hy-, hu-

Welsh: hy-


tọðɨd

Old Breton: todint

Middle Breton: teuziff

Breton: teuziñ

Cornish: tedha

Middle Welsh: todi

Welsh: toddi

From Proto-Celtic *tādeti, from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂-dʰ(h₁)-, from *teh₂- (“to melt”). Cognate with Middle Irish ro-tetha.


nėðɨd

Welsh: naddu


gėlwɨd

Welsh: galw

From Proto-Celtic *galw-o- (“call”), from Proto-Indo-European *gels- (“to call; voice, cry”). See also Proto-Balto-Slavic *galsas (“voice”), English call.


krʉn

Breton: kroc'hen

Old Welsh: groen

Welsh: croen

From Proto-Celtic *krok(ke)no- (“skin”), probably loaned from a non-Indo-European substrate language. However, compare Proto-Germanic *hrugjaz (“ridge, back, spine”) and German Krug.


Gworθɨɣern

Old Breton: Guorthigern

Breton: Gourziern

Old Welsh: Guorthigirn

Middle Welsh: Gwrtheyrn

Welsh: Gwrtheyrn

→ Old English: Wyrtġeorn [9th c. CE]

→ Latin: Vortigernus, Gurthigernus [5th–6th c. CE?], Vertigernus [725 CE], Uvertigernus [9th c. CE], Vurtigernus

→ English: Vortigern

From Proto-Celtic *Uɸortigernos. Equivalent to *gwo- (“sub-, under”) + *tɨɣern (“lord”).


Kaduwallọn

Old Breton: Kaduuallon, Catuuallon

Breton: Kadwallawn

Cornish: Kaswallawn

Old Welsh: Cadwallawn

desc

Middle Welsh: Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun

Welsh: Cadwallon

→ Old English: Cædwalla

→ Latin: Caedualla

a male given name, equivalent to English Cadwallon


rraθɨd

Middle Breton: razaff

Breton: razhañ

Middle Welsh: rathu

Welsh: rhathaf

Possibly from Proto-Celtic *rasdeti. Cognate with Latin rādō.


bėrɨd

bėriβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
bėrið (indicative present second-person singular)
bėrid (indicative present singular third-person)
ber (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
beridor (impersonal indicative present)
berir (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
berimm (first-person indicative plural present)
berid (indicative plural present second-person)
berint (indicative plural present third-person)
berintor (impersonal indicative present)
beriss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
berissɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
berissɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
beriss (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
beridɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
berid (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
berissomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
berissed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
berissont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
beridėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
ber (imperative present second-person singular)
berid (imperative present singular third-person)
beridor (imperative impersonal present)
berimm (first-person imperative plural present)
berid (imperative plural present second-person)
berint (imperative plural present third-person)
berintor (imperative impersonal present)

Middle Welsh: beru

Middle Breton: beraff

Breton: berañ


llaβar

Old Breton: labar

Breton: lavar

Old Cornish: lauar

Middle Welsh: llauar

Welsh: llafar

From Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros, although the Brythonic form necessitates a pre-form *labaros.


llėβėrjad

Old Breton: torleberieti

Old Cornish: gouleueriat, guirleueriat


möxjad

Middle Welsh: meichiad

Old Breton: Uinmochiat

From *mox + *-jad, from Proto-Celtic *mokk(w)yatis. Cognate with Old Irish muccaid.


kɵ̇nniβ̃jad

Middle Welsh: cynifiad

From *kɵ̇nniβ̃ + *-jad, from Proto-Celtic *konsnīm(w)yatis. Cognate with Old Irish cosnamaid.


köβ̃-

Breton: kev-, kem

Old Cornish: com-

Cornish: kev-, kes-

Old Welsh: com-, cim-, cem-

Middle Welsh: kyf-, kyn-

Welsh: cyf-, cyn-, cym-, cy-


bʉgöl

Middle Breton: buguel, bugel

Breton: bugel

Cornish: bugel

Middle Welsh: bugeil

Welsh: bugail


ėɣɨd

ėɣiβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
ėɣið (indicative present second-person singular)
ėɣid (indicative present singular third-person)
aɣ (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
aɣidor (impersonal indicative present)
aɣir (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
aɣimm (first-person indicative plural present)
aɣid (indicative plural present second-person)
aɣint (indicative plural present third-person)
aɣintor (impersonal indicative present)
aɣiss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
aɣissɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
aɣissɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
aɣiss (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
aɣidɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
aɣid (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
aɣissomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
aɣissed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
aɣissont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
aɣidėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
aɣ (imperative present second-person singular)
aɣid (imperative present singular third-person)
aɣidor (imperative impersonal present)
aɣimm (first-person imperative plural present)
aɣid (imperative plural present second-person)
aɣint (imperative plural present third-person)
aɣintor (imperative impersonal present)

Old Welsh: agit, hegit

Middle Welsh: ëyt, aa

Welsh: af, a

Middle Breton: a

Cornish: a

From Proto-Celtic *ageti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti.


bulx

Old Welsh: bulch

Welsh: fwlch


gwɨwer

Breton: gwiñver

Cornish: gwiwer

Welsh: gwiwer


tɨɣ

Old Breton: tig

Breton: ti

Old Cornish: ti

Cornish: chi, chy

Middle Welsh: ty

Welsh: tŷ

From Proto-Celtic *tegos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“cover”).


gaβl

Old Breton: gabl

Breton: gaol

Cornish: gowl

Middle Welsh: gafl

Welsh: gafl

⇒ Welsh: Yr Eifl (from the dual form *h(ɨ/e)nn ɣėβl < *sindī gablī < *sindai gablai)


brox

Middle Breton: broc'h

Breton: broc'h

Old Cornish: broch

Cornish: brogh

Middle Welsh: broch

Welsh: broch


karw

Middle Breton: caro, qaro

Breton: karv

Old Cornish: karow

Cornish: karow

Old Welsh: caru

Middle Welsh: carw

Welsh: carw


gworuɨð

Middle Welsh: gorwyð

Welsh: gorwydd


gaβr

Old Breton: gabr

Breton: gaor, gavr

Old Cornish: gauar

Cornish: gaver

Middle Welsh: gauar

Welsh: gafr


jọw

Middle Breton: yeu, ieo

Breton: yev

Cornish: yew

Old Welsh: iou

Welsh: iau

From Proto-Celtic *yugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.


aβal

Old Breton: abal

Middle Breton: aval

Breton: aval

Cornish: aval

Middle Welsh: aual

Welsh: afal


aβ̃laβar

Breton: amlavar

Old Cornish: aflauar

Middle Cornish: omlavar

Middle Welsh: aflauar

Welsh: aflafar


gnọd

Old Breton: gnot

Middle Welsh: gnawt

Welsh: gnawd

From Proto-Celtic *gnātos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃tós.


klʉst

Middle Welsh: clust

Welsh: clust

From Proto-Celtic *kloustā, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlow-steh₂, from *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


llowern

Old Breton: louuern

Middle Breton: louarn

Breton: louarn (“fox”), lowern, luhern

Old Cornish: louuern (“vulpes”)

Cornish: lowarn (“fox”)

Old Welsh: louern

Middle Welsh: llewyrn (“foxes”)

Welsh: llwyrn (“will o' the wisp”)


lloɨr

Old Breton: loir, loer

Breton: loar, loer

Old Cornish: luir

Middle Cornish: lor

Cornish: loor

Old Welsh: loyr

Welsh: lloer

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Celtic *(s)lairā, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₃y- (“plum-coloured, blueish”), whence Latin lūridus (“bruise-colored, pale yellow”),. Alternatively from Proto-Celtic *lugrā from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright; to shine”), or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend, twist”).


jaɣ

Cornish: yey

Welsh: iâ

From Proto-Celtic *yegis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁yeg-.


duβ

Breton: du

Cornish: du

Welsh: du


grọn

Breton: greun

Cornish: greun

Welsh: grawn


grọw

Middle Breton: grouanenn

Breton: groa, gro, grouan

→ English: growan

Old Cornish: grou

Cornish: grow

Welsh: gro


gurm

desc

Old Breton: Uurm-haelon (literally “with dark brows”)

Cornish: gorm

Welsh: gwrm


guɨstl

Old Breton: guistl

Middle Breton: goestl

Breton: gouestl

Old Cornish: guistel

Cornish: gostel

Middle Welsh: gwystyl, gwystl

Welsh: gwystl

From Proto-Celtic *geistlos, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (“desire, wait for”).


kaɨθ

Breton: kaezh

Cornish: keth

Welsh: caeth

From Proto-Celtic *kaxtos, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ptós (“grabbed”).


koɨg

Old Cornish: cuic

Cornish: koeg

Middle Welsh: coeg

Welsh: coeg

From Proto-Celtic *kaikos, from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ikos.


klọw

Old Breton: clou

Middle Breton: clou

Breton: klao, klow

Middle Welsh: clo

Welsh: clo


ɨβɨd

Middle Breton: yvet

Breton: evañ

Middle Cornish: eva, eve

Cornish: eva

Old Welsh: iben (1pl. impf.)

Middle Welsh: yuet

Welsh: yfed

From Proto-Celtic *ɸibeti, from Proto-Indo-European *píph₃eti.


ėrxɨd

ėrxiβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
ėrxið (indicative present second-person singular)
ėrxid (indicative present singular third-person)
arx (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
arxidor (impersonal indicative present)
arxir (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
arximm (first-person indicative plural present)
arxid (indicative plural present second-person)
arxint (indicative plural present third-person)
arxintor (impersonal indicative present)
arxiss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
arxissɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
arxissɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
arxiss (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
arxidɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
arxid (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
arxissomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
arxissed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
arxissont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
arxidėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
arx (imperative present second-person singular)
arxid (imperative present singular third-person)
arxidor (imperative impersonal present)
arximm (first-person imperative plural present)
arxid (imperative plural present second-person)
arxint (imperative plural present third-person)
arxintor (imperative impersonal present)

Middle Breton: archaff

Breton: arc'hiñ

Cornish: erghi

desc

Old Welsh: erchim (verbal noun), ercit (imperative), rit·ercis (3sg. perf.)

Middle Welsh: erchi

Welsh: erchi

From Proto-Celtic *ɸarsketi, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥sḱéti.


ėrðɨd

ėrðiβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
ėrðið (indicative present second-person singular)
ėrðid (indicative present singular third-person)
arð (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
arðidor (impersonal indicative present)
arðir (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
arðimm (first-person indicative plural present)
arðid (indicative plural present second-person)
arðint (indicative plural present third-person)
arðintor (impersonal indicative present)
arðiss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
arðissɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
arðissɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
arðiss (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
arðidɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
arðid (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
arðissomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
arðissed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
arðissont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
arðidėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
arð (imperative present second-person singular)
arðid (imperative present singular third-person)
arðidor (imperative impersonal present)
arðimm (first-person imperative plural present)
arðid (imperative plural present second-person)
arðint (imperative plural present third-person)
arðintor (imperative impersonal present)

Breton: arat

Cornish: aras

Middle Welsh: eredic, ardaf

Welsh: aredig, arddu

From Proto-Celtic *aryeti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éryeti.


gwėnɨd

Middle Breton: goanaff

Breton: gwanañ

Cornish: gwana

Welsh: gwanu


kėnɨd

kėniβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
kėnið (indicative present second-person singular)
kėnid (indicative present singular third-person)
ken (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
kenidor (impersonal indicative present)
kenir (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
kenimm (first-person indicative plural present)
kenid (indicative plural present second-person)
kenint (indicative plural present third-person)
kenintor (impersonal indicative present)
keniss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
kenissɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
kenissɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
keniss (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
kenidɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
kenid (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
kenissomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
kenissed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
kenissont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
kenidėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
ken (imperative present second-person singular)
kenid (imperative present singular third-person)
kenidor (imperative impersonal present)
kenimm (first-person imperative plural present)
kenid (imperative plural present second-person)
kenint (imperative plural present third-person)
kenintor (imperative impersonal present)

Middle Breton: canaff

Breton: kanañ

Cornish: kana

Old Welsh: canam

Middle Welsh: canu

Welsh: canu


tüβ̃id

Old Breton: tum

Breton: teñviñ

Middle Cornish: tevy

Cornish: tevi

Welsh: tyfu


muɨn

Old Breton: moin (“delicate”)

Middle Breton: moen (“thin”)

Breton: moan

Old Cornish: muin (“gracile”)

Middle Welsh: mwyn

Welsh: mwyn

From Proto-Celtic *meinos (“smooth, mild, gentle”).


muɨn

Middle Breton: *men

⇒ Breton: mengleuz (“quarry”)

Cornish: moen

Middle Welsh: mwyn

Welsh: mwyn


rrʉð

Breton: ruz

Cornish: rudh

Welsh: rhudd


haβ̃

Old Breton: ham

Middle Breton: haff

Breton: hañv

Old Cornish: haf

Cornish: hav

Old Welsh: ham

Middle Welsh: haf

Welsh: haf


hɨsp

Middle Breton: hesp

Middle Welsh: hysb, hysp, hesb

Welsh: hysb


froɨn

Old Breton: fron

Middle Breton: froan, fron

Breton: froen (“nostril”)

Middle Welsh: ffroen

Welsh: ffroen


llug

Old Breton: loc

Middle Welsh: llyg

Welsh: llyg (“shrew”)


kaθ

Breton: kazh, kaz

Cornish: kath, cath

Welsh: cath

From Proto-Celtic *kattā, of non-Indo-European origin and traditionally thought to be from an Afroasiatic language, such as Nubian *kadīs (“cat”). Because of clear parallels in Latin cattus and Proto-Germanic *kattuz, the language family that the word first entered is unclear.


glọw

Breton: glaou

Cornish: glow

Welsh: glo

From Proto-Celtic *glāwos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel-. See also Proto-Germanic *glōaną (“to glow”).


klaβ̃

Middle Breton: claff

Breton: klañv

Old Cornish: claf

Cornish: klav, kloav

Middle Welsh: claf

Welsh: claf


klọr

Breton: kleur

Old Welsh: claur

Welsh: clawr

From Proto-Celtic *klāros, likely cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆρος (klêros), from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to lay out”), from *kelh₂- (“to hit, cut down”).


klėðɨd

Middle Breton: claza (“to dig, thrust”)

Breton: klazañ

Middle Welsh: claddu (“to bury”)

Welsh: claddu

From Proto-Celtic *kladeti (“to dig, thrust”).


barð

Middle Breton: barz

Breton: barzh

Old Cornish: barth

Cornish: bardh

Middle Welsh: bardd

Welsh: bardd


gwrʉg

Cornish: grug

Middle Breton: groegan

Middle Welsh: gerug, gwrug

Welsh: grug


barnad

Middle Breton: barn

Middle Welsh: barnu, barnaf

Welsh: barnu

From Proto-Celtic *barnati, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-énti, from *gʷerH- (“to praise, elevate”) + *-né- + *-ti.


-ọg

Old Breton: -oc

Middle Breton: -ec

Breton: -ek, -eg

Old Cornish: -oc

Middle Cornish: -ec

Cornish: -ek

Old Welsh: -auc

Middle Welsh: -awc, -awg

Welsh: -og

→ Old Irish: -óc

Irish: -óg

Manx: -ag

Scottish Gaelic: -ag

Forms nouns/adjectives from other nouns and adjectives with the sense of ‘person or thing connected or involved with, belonging to, having’.


bɨnad

bɨnaβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
bɨnað (indicative present second-person singular)
bɨnad (indicative present singular third-person)
bɨn (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
bɨnador (impersonal indicative present)
bɨnar (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
bɨnamm (first-person indicative plural present)
bɨnad (indicative plural present second-person)
bɨnant (indicative plural present third-person)
bɨnantor (impersonal indicative present)
bɨnėss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
bɨnėssɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
bɨnėssɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
bɨnass (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
bɨnėdɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
bɨnad (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
bɨnassomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
bɨnassed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
bɨnassont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
bɨnėdėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
bɨn (imperative present second-person singular)
bɨnad (imperative present singular third-person)
bɨnador (imperative impersonal present)
bɨnamm (first-person imperative plural present)
bɨnad (imperative plural present second-person)
bɨnant (imperative plural present third-person)
bɨnantor (imperative impersonal present)

Middle Breton: benaff

Breton: benañ


llex

Breton: lec'h

Cornish: lehan

Middle Welsh: llech

Welsh: llech


krėdid

krėdiβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
krėdið (indicative present second-person singular)
krėdid (indicative present singular third-person)
kred (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
kredidor (impersonal indicative present)
kredir (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
kredimm (first-person indicative plural present)
kredid (indicative plural present second-person)
kredint (indicative plural present third-person)
kredintor (impersonal indicative present)
krediss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
kredissɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
kredissɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
krediss (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
kredidɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
kredid (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
kredissomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
kredissed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
kredissont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
kredidėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
kred (imperative present second-person singular)
kredid (imperative present singular third-person)
kredidor (imperative impersonal present)
kredimm (first-person imperative plural present)
kredid (imperative plural present second-person)
kredint (imperative plural present third-person)
kredintor (imperative impersonal present)

Middle Breton: crediff, critim

Cornish: krysi, kreji

Middle Welsh: credu

Welsh: credu


marwọd

Middle Breton: meruel

Breton: mervel

Middle Cornish: merwel

Cornish: merwel

Middle Welsh: merwi

From Proto-Celtic *marwāti. Equivalent to *marw + *-ọd.


molọd

mölọβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
mölọð (indicative present second-person singular)
mölọd (indicative present singular third-person)
mol (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
molọdor (impersonal indicative present)
molọr (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
molọmm (first-person indicative plural present)
molọd (indicative plural present second-person)
molọnt (indicative plural present third-person)
molọntor (impersonal indicative present)
mölėss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
mölėssɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
mölėssɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
molass (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
mölėdɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
molad (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
molassomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
molassed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
molassont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
mölėdėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
mol (imperative present second-person singular)
molọd (imperative present singular third-person)
molọdor (imperative impersonal present)
molọmm (first-person imperative plural present)
molọd (imperative plural present second-person)
molọnt (imperative plural present third-person)
molọntor (imperative impersonal present)

Middle Breton: meuliff

Breton: meuliñ

Cornish: moli, mawl

Old Welsh: molim (verbal noun)

Middle Welsh: moli

Welsh: moli


molọd

Middle Welsh: molaut

Welsh: molawd

From Proto-Celtic *molātus, verbal noun to the above verb.


düβrgi

Breton: dourgi

Cornish: dowrgi

Welsh: dyfrgi, dwrgi

From Proto-Celtic *dubrokū. Equivalent to *duβr (“water”) + *ki (“dog”).


kreθ

Middle Welsh: kreth

Welsh: creth


Gwodọðin

Old Welsh: Guotodin

Middle Welsh: Gododdin

Welsh: Gododdin

→ Ancient Greek: Ὠταδηνοί (Ōtadēnoí)

→ Latin: Votadini

From earlier *wotǭd, the masculine form of *wotād ("foundation; support") + *-īn. Wotǭd was likely an epithet for an ancestral figure.

The Votadini, an ancient Celtic tribe of what is now southeast Scotland and northeast England.


Urboɣen

Old Breton: Urien

Cornish: Uren (likely reborrowing)

Old Welsh: Urbagen, Urbgen [828 CE], Urgen

Middle Welsh: Urbien, Urien, Yrien

Welsh: Uren

→ English: Orian

From *urb, from Proto-Celtic *orbos (“heir”) + *gen, from Proto-Celtic *genos (“family; birth”).


prɨnad

prɨnaβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
prɨnað (indicative present second-person singular)
prɨnad (indicative present singular third-person)
prɨn (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
prɨnador (impersonal indicative present)
prɨnar (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
prɨnamm (first-person indicative plural present)
prɨnad (indicative plural present second-person)
prɨnant (indicative plural present third-person)
prɨnantor (impersonal indicative present)
prɨnėss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
prɨnėssɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
prɨnėssɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
prɨnass (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
prɨnėdɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
prɨnad (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
prɨnassomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
prɨnassed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
prɨnassont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
prɨnėdėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
prɨn (imperative present second-person singular)
prɨnad (imperative present singular third-person)
prɨnador (imperative impersonal present)
prɨnamm (first-person imperative plural present)
prɨnad (imperative plural present second-person)
prɨnant (imperative plural present third-person)
prɨnantor (imperative impersonal present)

Old Breton: prenaff

Breton: prenañ

Old Cornish: prinid

Middle Cornish: prenne

Cornish: prena, perna

Middle Welsh: prynnu

Welsh: prynu

From Proto-Celtic *kʷrināti, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷrinéh₂ti ~ *kʷrinh₂énti. Cognate with Old Irish crenaid.


rriβ̃

Cornish: riv

Welsh: rhif


trum

Old Breton: trum

Middle Cornish: trom

Old Welsh: trum

Middle Welsh: trwm

Welsh: trwm


degβ̃ed

Breton: dekved

Cornish: degves

Middle Welsh: decuet

Welsh: degfed


ėl

Middle Breton: eil

Cornish: eyl

Middle Welsh: eil

Welsh: ail

From Proto-Celtic *alyos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos.


ɨnɨs

Old Breton: inis

Middle Breton: enes

Breton: enez

Cornish: enys

Old Welsh: inis

Middle Welsh: ynys

Welsh: ynys


pɨmped

Middle Breton: pempet

Breton: pempet, pempvet

Middle Cornish: pympes

Cornish: pympes, pempes

Old Welsh: pimphet

Middle Welsh: pymhed

Welsh: pumed


hwexed

Breton: c'houecved

Cornish: hweghves, hweffes

Middle Welsh: chwechet

Welsh: chweched, (dialectal) wechfed

From Proto-Insular Celtic *swexsetos, analogically remodeled after *kʷenkʷetos (“fifth”) (compare Old Irish seissed), from Proto-Celtic *swexstos.


Brɨθon

Breton: brezhon, Brezhon

Middle Cornish: Brethon

Cornish: Brython

Middle Welsh: Brython

Welsh: Brython

→ English: Brython

⇒ English: Brythonic

From earlier *Britton-, borrowed from the Vulgar Latin Brittōn-, oblique stem of Latin Brittō. Doublet of *Prɨdėn (“Britain”).

Briton, speaker of a British Celtic language


trɨdɨð

Middle Breton: trede

Breton: trede

Middle Cornish: trysse, tresse

Cornish: tressa

Old Welsh: tritid

Middle Welsh: trydyd

Welsh: trydydd


pėdwėrɨð

Old Breton: petguare

Middle Breton: peuare, pevare

Breton: pevare

Middle Cornish: pyswere, peswere

Cornish: peswora, pajwora

Old Welsh: petguaret

Middle Welsh: pedweryd

Welsh: pedwerydd


ʉxel

Old Breton: uchel, uhel

Middle Breton: huel, uhel

Breton: uhel

Cornish: ughel

Middle Welsh: uchel

Welsh: uchel


ėllüngɨd

Old Welsh: ellyngy

Middle Welsh: ellwng

/e̝l͈yŋˈŋɨːd/

From Proto-Celtic *exs-lungeti. The simplex *lungeti is unattested in Celtic.


rreiθ

Middle Breton: rez, reiz

Cornish: ryth

Middle Welsh: reyth

Welsh: rhaith

From Proto-Celtic *rextus. Compare Old Irish recht and Modern Irish reacht.


llað

Middle Welsh: lladd

Welsh: lladd

From Proto-Celtic *sladyā, derived from *sladyeti.


daβ̃ad

Breton: dañvad

Cornish: davas

Welsh: dafad


rrod

Breton: rod

Cornish: ros

Welsh: rhod


bɨx

Middle Breton: bihan

Breton: bihan

Cornish: byghan

Middle Welsh: bych, bach, bychan

Welsh: bach, bychan


gweβl

Cornish: gwevel

Middle Breton: guefl

Welsh: gwefl


puɨll

Breton: poell

Cornish: poll

Welsh: pwyll


gwɨbod

Old Breton: gudbut

Middle Breton: gouzuout

Breton: gouzout

Old Cornish: godbod

Middle Cornish: godhvos

Cornish: godhvos/goffos

Middle Welsh: gwybot

Welsh: gwybod

From the compound of *gwɨd- + *bod (“to be”), earlier *wibbutā < *widbutā, from Proto-Celtic *wid-, *windeti (“to know, to see”) + *butā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see, to know”) + *bʰuH- (“to be, become”).


duβn

Middle Breton: doun

Breton: don

Cornish: down

Middle Welsh: dwvyn

Welsh: dwfn

From Proto-Celtic *dubnos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós.


Haβren

Old Welsh: Habren

Welsh: Hafren

Severn, a river of England and Wales that flows into the Bristol Channel.


haβ̃al

Middle Breton: hanual

Breton: hañval

Cornish: haval

Middle Welsh: haual, haval

Welsh: hafal


haβ̃al

Middle Breton: evel

Breton: evel

Cornish: avel

Middle Welsh: val, ual

Welsh: fal, fel


rrix

Middle Welsh: ri

Welsh: rhi

Old Breton: ri


drüw

Old Cornish: druw

Middle Welsh: dryw

Welsh: dryw

→ Old English: drȳ (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Celtic *druwits. By itself, Celtic *druwits should have given *druw, as final i-affection did not affect u. In the original oblique stem *druwid-, however, internal i-affection occurred, which did affect u. The oblique stem was generalised to the nominative singular before the loss of final syllables. Compare also *süw.


dexow

Old Breton: dehou, deou

Breton: dehou, deheu

Middle Cornish: dehow

Cornish: dyghow, deghow

Middle Welsh: deheu

Welsh: deau

From Proto-Celtic *dexsouyā, feminine of *dexsouyos, presumably in association with *llọβ̃ (“hand”), probably remodeled from *dexswos after antonym *(as)souyos (“left”), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱs-(i)-yo-s, from *deḱs- (“right (side)”). Cognate with Old Irish dess.


parθ

Old Breton: parth

Middle Breton: parz

Breton: parzh

Middle Cornish: parth

Cornish: parth

Middle Welsh: parth

Welsh: parth

Borrowed from Latin pars (“part, portion”). Parallel borrowing with Middle Irish pairt (“part”), pars (“communion wafer”).


gwrėg

Middle Breton: gruec

Breton: gwreg

Old Cornish: greg, grueg

Middle Cornish: gurek

Cornish: gwreg

Middle Welsh: gureic, gwreic

Welsh: gwraig

Cumbric: gwrek

From Proto-Celtic *wrakī or Proto-Celtic *gʷrakī. In the former case related to Old Irish frac (“woman”), and in the latter case perhaps related to Middle Irish *grúac (“hair”). For similar sense development, see Scottish Gaelic gruagach (“maiden, woman”), which evolved from gruag, as unmarried women did not cover their hair.


aβaln

Breton: avalenn

Cornish: avalen

Welsh: afallen


gwėlɨð

Middle Welsh: gwelyd

Welsh: gwelydd

/ɡwe̝ˈlˑɨːð/

Borrowed from Latin validus, related to Proto-Brythonic *gwlad (“sovereignty, country”), *gwaladr (“ruler”).


ɨmperọdr

Middle Breton: impalaezr

Breton: impalaer

Old Welsh: ymerawdyr

Middle Welsh: ymherodr

Welsh: ymherodr

Borrowed from Latin imperātor, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go forth, traverse”), whence related Proto-Brythonic *rrɨd (“ford”). Parallel borrowing with Cornish emperour (“emperor”) (via French), Old Irish impere, impire (“emperor”).


teɣ

Middle Breton: teo, teu

Cornish: tew

Old Welsh: teu

Middle Welsh: tew

Welsh: tew

From Proto-Celtic *tegus, from Proto-Indo-European *tégus.


üɨθβ̃ed

Breton: eizhved

Cornish: ethves

Welsh: wythfed


seɨθβ̃ed

Breton: seizhved

Cornish: seythves

Welsh: seithfed


nawβ̃ed

Breton: navet, naved

Cornish: nawves, nawhes

Welsh: nawfed

From Proto-Celtic *nawametos. Equivalent to *naw + *-β̃ed.


talx

Old Cornish: talch (“bran”)

desc

Welsh: talch (“hulled grain, oatmeal; fragments”)

From Proto-Celtic *talskos, from earlier *talkskos, from Proto-Indo-European *tl̥k-s-ḱos, from *telk- (“to thrust, strike”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *telťi (“to pound”), Lithuanian tìlkti (“to be tame”).


Llowβ̃arx

Old Cornish: Loumarch

Old Welsh: Loumarch, Leumarch

Middle Welsh: Llywarch

Welsh: Llywarch

>? Old Welsh: Luguach [955 CE]


Artognou

Late Brythonic: *Arθgnọw

Old Breton: Artgnou [882 CE]

From *arθ (“bear”), from Proto-Celtic *artos + *gnọw (“knowledge”), from Proto-Celtic *gnāwos.


Tankoriɣ

→ Brytho-Latin: Tancorix [400-599 CE]


Tʉdür

Old Welsh: Tutir (from the nominative), Tutri (from the accusative)

Welsh: Tudur

English: Tudor


Kadüdɨɣern

Old Welsh: Categern, Catigern

Middle Welsh: Cattegirn

Welsh: Cadeyrn

From Proto-Celtic *Katutigernos. Equivalent to *kad (“battle”) + *tɨɣern (“lord”).


Awɨɣėn

Old Breton: Even, Ewen

Middle Breton: Ivan

Breton: Yven, Ivin

→ French: Ivain

Old Welsh: Ougein, Eugein

Middle Welsh: Owein, Ewein, Ywein

Welsh: Owain

→ Middle English: Owain, Owayne, Ywain

English: Owen

→ Medieval Latin: Eugenius


gwɨr

Cornish: gwer

Welsh: gwŷr


ėmmėɨθ

Welsh: emeith


ėnwėn

Cornish: henwyn


ėrėdr

Breton: erer

Welsh: erydr


bėrð

Cornish: berdh

Welsh: beirdd


brėn

Middle Breton: briny

Breton: brini

Middle Cornish: bryny

Cornish: brini, briny

Old Welsh: brein

Middle Welsh: brein

Welsh: brain


breiθ

Welsh: braith


dėβ̃ėd

Breton: deñved

Cornish: deves

Welsh: defaid


gwėlėdr

Welsh: gwelydr


gwrageð

Breton: gwagez

Cornish: gwragedh

Welsh: gwragedd


hɨntow

Breton: hentoù

Cornish: henjow


kėrr

Welsh: ceir


kanawon

qual

Welsh: cenawon (first-syllable vowel modified by analogy)


marxọgjon

Breton: marc'héien

Cornish: marghogyon

Welsh: marchogion


parθow

Cornish: parthow

Welsh: parthau


rriɣaneð

Welsh: rhianedd


tėrėdr

Breton: terer

Cornish: terder

Welsh: terydr


tėd

Welsh: taid


ėrθ

Welsh: eirth


Gwɨroɣal

Old Breton: Uuruual, Uurgual

Middle Breton: Gurgual

Old Welsh: Guruol, Guorguol, Gurguol

Middle Welsh: Gurgal


drɨngɨd

drɨngiβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
drɨngið (indicative present second-person singular)
drɨngid (indicative present singular third-person)
dring (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
dringidor (impersonal indicative present)
dringir (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
dringimm (first-person indicative plural present)
dringid (indicative plural present second-person)
dringint (indicative plural present third-person)
dringintor (impersonal indicative present)
dringiss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
dringissɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
dringissɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
dringiss (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
dringidɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
dringid (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
dringissomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
dringissed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
dringissont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
dringidėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
dring (imperative present second-person singular)
dringid (imperative present singular third-person)
dringidor (imperative impersonal present)
dringimm (first-person imperative plural present)
dringid (imperative plural present second-person)
dringint (imperative plural present third-person)
dringintor (imperative impersonal present)

Middle Welsh: dringo

Welsh: dringo, dringad


gwleb

Middle Breton: gloeb, glueb

Breton: gwleb

Welsh: gwleb


trɨdeð

Welsh: trydedd


bɨdow

Breton: bedoù

Cornish: bysow, besow


duβr

Middle Breton: dour

Breton: dour

Cornish: dowr

desctree

Middle Welsh: dwfyr, dwfuyr, dwr, dwuyr, dwvyr, dyfwr
Welsh: dwfr, dŵr

From Proto-Celtic *dubros, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰrós.


Duβnoɣen

Welsh: Dyfnien

→ Brytho-Latin: Dumnogeni


Gwɨroɣust

Old Welsh: Gurgust, Gorust

Welsh: Gwrwst


Gwɨroɣnọw

→ Brytho-Latin: Uirognous


Tʉdowal

Old Welsh: Tutagual, Tudwal, Tutwal, Tudgual

Welsh: Tudwal

From Proto-Celtic *Toutowalos. Equivalent to *tʉd (“people”) + *gwal (“prince, chief”).


ɨdn

Cornish: ydhyn


genow

Breton: genoù

Cornish: genyow, ganow

Welsh: genau


Kunowal

Old Breton: Conuual

Old Welsh: Congual, Cingual

Middle Welsh: Cynwal, Gynwal

Welsh: Cynwal

→ Latin: Cunovalī (gen.) [533-566 CE]


Duβnowal

Breton: (possibly) Dunvel

Old Welsh: Dumnagual [10th c. AD]

desc

Middle Welsh: Dyuynwal, Dyvynwal, Dyfynwal

Welsh: Dyfnwal


Karadọg

Breton: Karadeg

Middle Welsh: Caratawc

Welsh: Caradog

→ Latin: Caratacus, Caractacus

→ Old English: Cerdic


gluɨw

Old Breton: gloeu

Breton: gloev

Cornish: gluw

Old Welsh: gloiu

Middle Welsh: gloyw, gloew, gloev

Welsh: gloyw

From Proto-Celtic *gleiwos (“shining, clear”).


blọd

Breton: bleud

Cornish: bleus

Welsh: blawd

From Proto-Celtic *mlātos, from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂-.


blọd

Old Breton: bloduu

Middle Breton: bleuzff

Breton: bleuñv

Old Cornish: blodon

Cornish: bleujen

Middle Welsh: blawt

Welsh: blodyn

From Proto-Celtic *blātus, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-.


gwliθ

Middle Breton: gluiz

Breton: glizh

Cornish: gluth

Middle Welsh: gwlith

Welsh: gwlith

From Proto-Celtic *wlixtVs, from Proto-Indo-European *wlikʷ-tV́-s, from *wleykʷ- (“moist; to wet”).


gwo-

Welsh: go-


kleð

Breton: kleiz

Cornish: kledh

Welsh: cledd

From Proto-Celtic *kliyā, feminine of *kliyos, presumably in association with *llọβ̃ (“hand”).


rruɨð

Old Breton: ruet

Middle Breton: rouez

desc

Breton: rouez (“rare, sparse, transparent”)

Old Welsh: ruid (“empty, vacant”)

Welsh: rhwydd

From Proto-Celtic *reidis, cognate with Old Irish réid (“free, empty”).


gwɨðn

Middle Breton: guezn

Breton: gwevn

Middle Cornish: gwethyn

Cornish: gwedhyn

Welsh: gwydn, gwyddn


gwɨs

Welsh: gwŷs

From Proto-Celtic *wissus, from Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus.


llugod

Middle Breton: logod, logot

Breton: logod

Old Cornish: *logot (from the attested singulative logoden)

Middle Cornish: logos

Cornish: logos

Middle Welsh: llygod

Welsh: llygod

From Proto-Celtic *lukotes, plural of *lukūts. Equivalent to *llug + *-od.


Uindiorix

From Proto-Celtic *windos (“white”) + *rīxs (“king”).


Bodoɣnọw

Old Breton:

Breton: Budnou

→ Latin: Budnouenus [850-999 CE]

→ Latin: Bodognous (gen.) [500-600 CE]

From *bodw, from Proto-Celtic *bodwos (“crow; battle”) + *gnọw (“knowledge”), from Proto-Celtic *gnāwos.


pɨnnag

Middle Breton: pennac

Breton: bennag, bennak

Cornish: pynak, pynag, penag

Old Welsh: pinnac

Welsh: bynnag

From Proto-Celtic *kʷinnakos; compare *kʷei (“who, what”).


Briɣoβ̃aɣlos

Late Brythonic: *Brioβ̃aɨl

Old Welsh: Briamail [950-999 CE]

Middle Welsh: Briauail

→ British Latin: Brigomaglos [450-499 CE]

From *briɣ, from Proto-Celtic *brīgos, *brīgā (“might, power”) + *maɣl, from Proto-Celtic *maglos (“chief, noble”).


ɨn

Middle Breton: en

Breton: e

Cornish: yn, en

Old Welsh: in

Middle Welsh: yn
Welsh: yn


gweðw

Old Cornish: guedeu

Cornish: gwedhow

Middle Welsh: gweðw, gwyðw

Welsh: gweddw

From Proto-Celtic *widwā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂.


frud

Old Breton: frut

Breton: froud

Old Cornish: frot

Cornish: fros

Middle Welsh: ffrwt

Welsh: ffrwd


skọd

Breton: skeud

Old Cornish: scod

Cornish: skeus

Middle Welsh: ysgawt

Welsh: ysgod


krow

Middle Cornish: crow

Cornish: krow

Middle Welsh: creu

Welsh: crau

From Proto-Celtic *krūs, from Proto-Indo-European *kréwh₂s.


meβl

⇒ Old Breton: meplaom

Cornish: mewl

Middle Welsh: meuyl

Welsh: mefl


Blėðɨjʉð

Old Cornish: Bleidiud

Middle Welsh: Bleydiud, Bleiddut

Welsh: Bleiddudd

From *blėð (“wolf”) + *jʉð (“lord”), from Proto-Celtic *yowdos (“judge”).


blėð

Old Breton: bleid

Middle Breton: bleiz

Breton: bleiz

Old Cornish: bleit

Cornish: bleydh

Middle Welsh: bleidd

Welsh: blaidd


Ėljʉð

Old Cornish: Iliud

Middle Welsh: Eliud

Welsh: Eiludd

From *ėl (“second, other; all”) + *jʉð (“lord”), from Proto-Celtic *yowdos (“judge”).


Grifujʉð

Old Cornish: Grifiud

Cornish: Grifyuth, Griffuth

Old Welsh: Gripiud, Grippiud, Griphiud

Middle Welsh: Gripiud

desctree

Welsh: Gruffudd
→ English: Griffith, Griffin, Griffiths

→ Latin: Griffinus

English: Griffin

Possibly Latin grȳphus (“griffin”) + *jʉð (“lord”).


Jʉðonerθ

Old Cornish: Iudnerth

Middle Welsh: Iudnerth

Welsh: Idnerth

From *jʉð (“lord”) + *nerθ (“strength, force”).


Maɨlgun

Old Welsh: Mailgun

Middle Welsh: Maelgwn

Welsh: Maelgwn

→ Late Latin: Maglocunus

→ English: Maglocune


gwollt

Old Breton: guolt

Old Cornish: gols

Cornish: gols

Welsh: gwallt


rrɨx

Old Breton: rec

Middle Breton: rec

Breton: re

Middle Welsh: rych, rhych

Welsh: rhych


rros

Middle Breton: ros

Cornish: ros

Middle Welsh: ros

Welsh: rhos


maɣɨn

Old Breton: main

Middle Breton: main, maen, men

Breton: maen

⇒ Breton: maen-hir

→ French: menhir

Cornish: men

Middle Welsh: maen

Welsh: maen


küwėr

Old Welsh: couer

Middle Welsh: kyweir, cyweir

Welsh: cywair


bedu

Middle Breton: bezu

Middle Welsh: bedwen sg

Welsh: bedw


jeiθ

Breton: yezh

Cornish: yeth

Middle Welsh: ieith

Welsh: iaith

From Proto-Celtic *yextis, from Proto-Indo-European *yek-.


hwoɨr

Old Breton: guoer

Middle Breton: hoer

Breton: c'hoar

Old Cornish: huir

Cornish: hwor

Middle Welsh: chwaer

Welsh: chwaer


bọreɣ

Middle Breton: beure

Breton: beure

Middle Welsh: bore

Welsh: bore

→ Cornish: bore


Gwɨnnohuɨβar

Breton: Gwenivar

Middle Cornish: Gwynnever [ca. 1500]

Cornish: Jennifer, Gweniver

→ English: Jennifer

Old Welsh: *Guinhuifar (< *Gwɨnnohuɨβ̃ar?)

Middle Welsh: Gwenhwyfar

Welsh: Gwenhwyfar

→ Medieval Latin: Guennuvar [ca. 1130], Guanhuuara [ca. 1136], Guennuuar [ca. 1150], Wennevereia [ca. 1220]

Old French: Genievre

Middle French: Genievre

French: Guenièvre

→ Middle English: Guinevere

English: Guinevere

→ Galician: Xenebra

→ Italian: Ginevra

→ Portuguese: Genebra

→ Spanish: Ginebra

Unknown; possibly from *gwɨnn (“white”) + *huɨβar, from Proto-Celtic *seibaris (“spirit, demon”). Perhaps cognate with Old Irish Finnabair.


towɨssọg

Old Breton: toguisoc

Middle Welsh: tywyssawc (“prince”)

Welsh: tywysog

From Proto-Celtic *towissākos. Equivalent to *togwɨs (“leadership”) + *-ọg.


dọn

Welsh: dawn

From Proto-Celtic *dānus. Cognate with Old Irish dán.


hwerw

Old Breton: hueru

Breton: c’hwerv

Cornish: hwerow

Middle Welsh: chwerw

Welsh: chwerw


bolɣ

Middle Breton: bolc'h

Breton: bolc'h

Cornish: bolgh

Middle Welsh: boly, boliau, byly

Welsh: bol, bola


krunn

Breton: krenn

Cornish: krenn

Welsh: crwn


gwɨmon

Old Breton: goumon

Middle Breton: gwemon

→ Middle French: goumon

French: goémon

Cornish: gumman, gubman

Welsh: gwymon


oged

Middle Breton: oguet

Breton: oged

Old Cornish: ocet

Cornish: oges

Middle Welsh: ocet

Welsh: oged


Bʉðig

Breton: Budic

Welsh: Buddug


ɨstüngɨd

Middle Breton: stoeaff

Middle Welsh: ystwng, estwng


mėdɨd

Middle Breton: midiff

Cornish: midzhi

Middle Welsh: medi


köll

Breton: kell

Cornish: kell

Middle Welsh: keill

Welsh: caill

From Vulgar Latin *cōlea n pl (“testicle”).


hʉn

Middle Breton: hun

Old Cornish: hun

Middle Cornish: hun

Middle Welsh: hun

Welsh: hun


mɨskad

Middle Breton: mescaff

Breton: meskañ

Cornish: myska

Middle Welsh: mysgu

Welsh: mysgu


oɨs

Old Cornish: huis

Cornish: oos

Old Welsh: ois

Welsh: oes


oɨd

Old Breton: oit

Middle Breton: oet

Breton: oad

Cornish: ooj

Old Welsh: oit

Middle Welsh: oet

Welsh: oed


ėgin

Breton: egin

Middle Welsh: egin

Welsh: egin


gwuɨlann

Old Breton: guilannou (plural)

Middle Breton: goelann

Breton: gouelan

→ Middle French: gaellans, goilant

French: goéland

Old Cornish: guilan

→ Cornish: goolan (semi-learned)

Middle Welsh: gwylan

Welsh: gwylan

→ Middle English: gulle

English: gull

⇒ English: seagull

From Proto-Celtic *wēlannā, a variant of *wailannā.


hwegr

Old Cornish: hweger

Welsh: chwegr

From Proto-Celtic *swekrū, from Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂. Cognate with Latin socrus.


jʉð

Middle Welsh: ut, ud, udd

Welsh: udd

From Proto-Celtic *youdos, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ-, an extension of *h₂yew- (“justice, law”).


maɣl

Middle Welsh: mael

From Proto-Celtic *maglos (“noble, chief”).


kummɨskad

Breton: kemmeskañ

Cornish: kemyska

Middle Welsh: cymmysgu

Welsh: cymysgu

From Proto-Celtic *kommiskati; equivalent to *kɨm- + *mɨskad (“to mix”).


kummɨnad

Middle Breton: quemenas

Breton: kemenañ

Middle Welsh: kymynu

Welsh: cymynu

From Proto-Celtic *kom-binati; equivalent to *kɨm- + *bɨnad (“to strike, hit”).


kummėrɨd

Middle Breton: quemenret

Cornish: kemeres

Welsh: cymryd

From Proto-Celtic *kombereti; equivalent to *kɨm- + *bėrɨd (“to flow, carry”).


issel

Old Breton: isel

Breton: izel

Middle Cornish: yssel

Cornish: izal

Welsh: isel


Uɨsk

Middle Welsh: Wÿsk

Welsh: Wysg

→ English: Usk

→ English: Axe

→ English: Esk

→ Old English: Ex

English: Exe

→ Latin: Isca

From Proto-Celtic *ɸeiskos (“fish”), from Proto-Indo-European *peysk-. This inherited term was supplanted as the generic word for "fish" by *pɨsk, a borrowing from Latin piscis, but survives as a fossilized term in a number of toponyms.

A river name, perhaps originally meaning "abundant in fish".


jorx

Old Breton: iorch

Middle Breton: yourch

Breton: yourc'h

Cornish: yorch

Middle Welsh: iwrch


hiraɨθ

Breton: hiraezh

Cornish: hireth

Welsh: hiraeth

From Proto-Celtic *sīraxto-. Cognate with Gaulish siraxta (“longing”) and Old Irish sírecht.

nostalgia, longing, yearning, homesickness


kaɨr

Old Breton: caer, Car- (in toponyms)

Middle Breton: kaer (“town, city”)

Breton: kêr

Middle Cornish: caer

Cornish: ker

Old Welsh: cair

Middle Welsh: caer

Welsh: caer

* GPC and Matasović derive this from Proto-Celtic *kagros (“fort”), being a structure which encloses or 'takes' an amount of land, from the root *kagʰ- (“take, seize”). The term *kaɨ (“enclosure”) with related meaning is derived from the same root.
* Holmer and Schrijver instead connect this with Old Irish cathair, reconstructing a common Celtic *kastrixs. Holmer further elaborates that the common Celtic word is borrowed from Latin castrum (“fort”).


kaɨ

Old Breton: cai

Middle Breton: quae

Breton: kae

Cornish: ke

Middle Welsh: kay, kae

Welsh: cae

From Proto-Celtic *kagyom (“pen, enclosure”), from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm. Cognate with Gaulish *kagyom and Old Irish caí.


kluɨd

Middle Breton: klouet

Old Cornish: cluit

Middle Welsh: clwyt

Welsh: clwyd


dɨð

Breton: deiz

Cornish: dydh

desctree

Old Welsh: did
Middle Welsh: dyð
Welsh: dydd

From Proto-Celtic *dyīus (“day”), from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws (“sky, heaven”).


brėβ̃ɨd

Middle Cornish: brivia

Cornish: bryvya (“bleat”)

Middle Welsh: brefu, brefad

Welsh: bref (“bleat”)

From Proto-Celtic *bremeti, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“to cry”), itself possibly of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Latin fremō (“to murmur, mutter”), Middle Persian [script needed] (brām- /bl'm-/, “to cry, weep”).


hėbɨd

Old Breton: hep

Old Welsh: hepp (3sg. pres.)

desc

Middle Welsh: heb (3sg. pres.), hebaf (1sg. pres.)

Welsh: hebu


hwuɨs

Middle Breton: hues

Breton: c’houez

Cornish: hwys

Middle Welsh: chuis

Welsh: chwys


toɣ

Middle Breton: toenn

Breton: to

Old Cornish: to

Welsh: to

From Proto-Celtic *togos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg-. Cognate with Old Irish tugae.


gwuɨð

Old Breton: gued

Middle Breton: goez

Breton: gouez

Middle Welsh: gwydd

Welsh: gŵydd

appearance, presence, face, sight, image


nọβ̃

Middle Breton: neuff

Breton: neuñv

Middle Welsh: nawf

Welsh: nawf

From Proto-Celtic *snāmos. Cognate with Middle Irish snám.


gwrėɣɨd

Breton: gran, grez, gra

Cornish: gwrav, gwredh, gwra

Pictish: ᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈ (urract, third-person singular preterite)

Middle Welsh: gwneuthur

Welsh: gwneud

From Proto-Celtic *wregeti, from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-. Cognate with Old Irish fairged (“he made”).


bɨðɨd

Old Breton: bout

Cornish: bos

Old Welsh: bot

Middle Welsh: bod

Welsh: bod

From Proto-Celtic *bwiyeti, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-. Cognate with Old Irish bí.


llaθ

Old Breton: lath

Breton: lazh

Cornish: lath

Welsh: llath

From Proto-Celtic *slattā. Cognate with Old Irish slat.

rod, staff, stick, spear, beam, rafter, pole


lluɨɣ

Old Breton: loi

Middle Breton: loa

Breton: loa

Old Cornish: loe

Cornish: lo

Middle Welsh: llwy

Welsh: llwy

From Proto-Celtic *leigā. Cognate with Old Irish líag.


ehọg

Middle Breton: eheuc

Breton: eog

Old Cornish: ehoc

Middle Cornish: ehuac

Cornish: eghek

Middle Welsh: ehawc

Welsh: eog

From Proto-Celtic *esākos, an irregular variation of *esoxs.


llowadr

Old Breton:

Middle Breton: lovazr

Breton: laouer

From Proto-Celtic *lowatrom. Cognate with Old Irish lóathar.


kilɨð

Middle Welsh: cilit, kilid

Welsh: cilydd

Old Breton: kiled

Breton: kile

Cornish: kila

From Proto-Celtic *keiliyos. Cognate with Old Irish céile.


peθ

Middle Breton: pez

Breton: pezh

Cornish: peth, pyth

Old Welsh: ped

Middle Welsh: peth

Welsh: peth

From Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis, of uncertain derivation. Cognate with Old Irish cuit and Gaulish *pettiā.


glʉr

Old Breton: -glur

Welsh: -glur

From Proto-Celtic *glouros. Cognate with Old Irish glór.


gwoɨθl

Middle Welsh: gwaethl

Welsh: gwaethl

From Proto-Celtic *woxtlom, from Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak, sound out”). Cognate with Old Irish focul.


staɨn

Breton: staen

Cornish: sten

Welsh: ystaen


lled

desc

Middle Breton: let, led (“large”), led (“greatness”)

Breton: led

Cornish: les

Middle Welsh: lled (“breadth, width, half”)

Welsh: lled

From Proto-Celtic *ɸletos. Cognate with Old Irish leth (“side”).


ɨn mɨsk

Middle Breton: e mesk

Breton: é-mesk

Cornish: yn mysk, yn mesk

Welsh: yn mysg, ymysg


mɨsk

Breton: mesg

Cornish: mysk, mysc, mesk, mesc

Welsh: mysg

From Proto-Celtic *miskos. Cognate with Old Irish mesc.


gwolltọg

Breton: gwalteg

Welsh: gwalltog

From Proto-Celtic *woltākos. Equivalent to *gwollt (“hair”) + *-ọg. Cognate with Old Irish foltach.


haβ̃areg

Middle Breton: havrek

Breton: havreg

Old Cornish: *havrek, Karrauerok

Cornish: Averack, Haverack, Caraverick

From *haβ̃ar + *-eg, from Proto-Celtic *samaros.


haβ̃ar

Cornish: havar

Welsh: hafar


alɨd

Middle Breton: halaff

Breton: halañ

Middle Welsh: alu

Welsh: alu, halu


boðar

Breton: bouzar

Cornish: bodhar

Welsh: byddar

From Proto-Celtic *bodaros. Cognate with Old Irish bodar.


llɨnad

llɨnaβ̃ (first-person indicative present singular)
llɨnað (indicative present second-person singular)
llɨnad (indicative present singular third-person)
llɨn (conjunct indicative present singular third-person)
llɨnador (impersonal indicative present)
llɨnar (conjunct impersonal indicative present)
llɨnamm (first-person indicative plural present)
llɨnad (indicative plural present second-person)
llɨnant (indicative plural present third-person)
llɨnantor (impersonal indicative present)
llɨnėss (first-person indicative preterite singular)
llɨnėssɨð(?) (indicative preterite second-person singular)
llɨnėssɨd (indicative preterite singular third-person)
llɨnass (conjunct indicative preterite singular third-person)
llɨnėdɨd (impersonal indicative preterite)
llɨnad (conjunct impersonal indicative preterite)
llɨnassomm (first-person indicative plural preterite)
llɨnassed (indicative plural preterite second-person)
llɨnassont (indicative plural preterite third-person)
llɨnėdėnt (impersonal indicative preterite)
llɨn (imperative present second-person singular)
llɨnad (imperative present singular third-person)
llɨnador (imperative impersonal present)
llɨnamm (first-person imperative plural present)
llɨnad (imperative plural present second-person)
llɨnant (imperative plural present third-person)
llɨnantor (imperative impersonal present)

Old Welsh: linisant (3pl. preterite)

Middle Welsh: llynu (“to smear, infect, defile”)

From Proto-Celtic *linati. Cognate with Old Irish lenaid.


gėnjed

Breton: genel

Cornish: genys

Middle Welsh: geny

Welsh: geni

From Proto-Celtic *ganyetor. Cognate with Old Irish gainithir.


braɨn

Middle Breton: brein

Breton: brein

Middle Welsh: braen

Welsh: braen

From Proto-Celtic *bragnos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreHg- (“to smell, have a strong odour”). Cognate with Old Irish brén.


pobɨd

Middle Breton: pibi, poba

Breton: pobat

Cornish: pobas

Middle Welsh: poby

Welsh: pobi

From Proto-Celtic *kʷokʷeti, from Proto-Indo-European *pékʷeti (“to cook”).


lliɣɨd

Middle Breton: leat

Breton: lead

Middle Welsh: llyu

Welsh: llyfu


dugɨd

Middle Breton: doen, douen

Cornish: doen

Middle Welsh: dwyn

Welsh: dwyn


hwɨβid

Middle Breton: fifual

Breton: fiñval

Middle Welsh: chwyfu

Welsh: chwifio

From Proto-Celtic *xswibīti, from Proto-Indo-European *ksweybʰ-.


alnad

Middle Breton: yal

Cornish: gallas

Middle Welsh: el


eneb

Old Breton: enep

Middle Breton: enep

Breton: eneb, enep

Old Cornish: eneb

Cornish: enep

Old Welsh: enep


mönɨð

Old Breton: monid

Breton: menez

Old Cornish: menit

Cornish: menydh

Middle Welsh: mynyð

Welsh: mynydd

→ Middle Irish: moned, monad (found only in Scottish toponyms)

Scottish Gaelic: monadh


mėðɨd

Old Cornish: medhes

Middle Welsh: meðu

Welsh: meddu

From Proto-Celtic *medeti. Cognate with Old Irish midithir.


mėðjɨd

Middle Breton: mezaff (“knead”)

Breton: mezañ

Middle Welsh: maeðu (“break, win”)

Welsh: maeddu (“break, win”)

From Proto-Celtic *madyeti. Cognate with Old Irish maidid.


gwennọl

Old Breton: guennol

Middle Breton: guennel

Breton: gwennel

→ Cornish: gwennel (partially)

Old Cornish: guennol

Middle Welsh: gwennawl

Welsh: gwennol

From Proto-Celtic *wesnālā. Cognate with Old Irish fannall.


adėn

Welsh: adain

From Proto-Celtic *ɸatanī. Cognate with Old Irish ette.


meið

Old Breton: meid

Cornish: meith

Welsh: maidd

From Proto-Celtic *mezgos. Cognate with Middle Irish medc.


kruɨdr

Old Breton: croitir

Middle Breton: croezr

Old Cornish: croider

Old Welsh: cruitr

Welsh: crwydr

From Proto-Celtic *kreitros, from Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to sift”). Cognate with Old Irish *críathar.


kuβ̃ruɨɣ

Old Breton: comreg

Breton: kevre

Cornish: kevren

Middle Welsh: kyfreieu

Welsh: cyfrwy

From Proto-Celtic *komreigom. Cognate with Old Irish cuimrech.


körxɨð

Old Breton: corcid

Middle Breton: quercheiz

Breton: kerc’heiz

Old Cornish: cherhit

Middle Cornish: kerghyth, keryth

Cornish: kerghydh

q

Middle Welsh: crychydd, crechydd (with metathesis, perhaps influenced by crehyr (whence Welsh crëyr))

Welsh: crychydd, crechydd

From an underlying Proto-Celtic *korkiyos, perhaps onomatopoeic in origin. Frequently compared with Old Irish corr (“heron”) (< *korxsV?), but Schrijver reasons that this cannot produce the Brythonic form and argues that this may be a descriptive name arising within Goidelic.


korug

Welsh: corwg

From Proto-Celtic *korukos, probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)koro- (“leather”). Cognate with Middle Irish curach.


koɨs

Middle Welsh: coes

Welsh: coes

From Proto-Celtic *koxsā. Cognate with Old Irish cos.
Alternatively, could be considered a loanword from Latin coxa, but the semantics make an inheritance from Proto-Celtic more likely.


krɨβ̃

Middle Breton: creff

Breton: kreñv

Old Cornish: crif

Middle Cornish: creff, cref

Cornish: krev, crev, cref

Middle Welsh: cryf

Welsh: cryf

From Proto-Celtic *kriɸmos, from *krixs (“body”) (whence also Middle Irish crí) + *-mos, from Proto-Indo-European *krep- (“body”) (compare Latin corpus (“body”), Old English hrif (“belly, womb”) (modern English riff), and Sanskrit कृप् (kṛ́p, “form, shape”)). Doublet of *korf.


moruɨn

Cornish: moren

Welsh: morwyn

From Proto-Celtic *morēnā. Related to *merx (“daughter”).


mọdreb

Old Cornish: modereb

Cornish: modrep, modreb

Old Breton: motrep

Middle Breton: mozreb

Breton: moereb

Old Welsh: modreped (plural)

Middle Welsh: modryb

Welsh: modryb

From Proto-Celtic *mātrikʷā, from *mātīr (“mother”), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr.


hwɨθɨd

Breton: c’hwezhañ

Cornish: hwytha

Welsh: chwythu


hwuɨð

desc

Breton: c'hwez (“air used to inflate something, swelling, vanity”)

⇒ Breton: c'hwezañ

Middle Welsh: chwyd

Welsh: chwydd

From Proto-Celtic *sweidus. Cognate with Classical Gaelic siat, siad.


karɨd

Middle Breton: caret

Breton: karout

Cornish: kara

Welsh: caru

From Proto-Celtic *kareti. Cognate with caraid.


kuskɨd

Middle Breton: cousquet

Breton: kousket

Middle Cornish: cusca

Cornish: koska

Middle Welsh: kyscaf

Welsh: cysgu

From Proto-Celtic *kuxsketi, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb-, see also Latin cubō (“I recline”).


kalwon

Middle Breton: calon

Breton: kalon

Cornish: kolon

Middle Welsh: callon

Welsh: calon

From Proto-Celtic *kalwond-; compare Middle Welsh colweð (“breast, heart”) and possibly coluð (“instestines”) from the same root.


köwir

Welsh: cywir

From Proto-Celtic *kowīros. Cognate with Old Irish cóir.


amm-

Breton: am-

Cornish: am-

Welsh: am-


ann-

Breton: an-

Middle Welsh: an-

Welsh: an-

From Proto-Celtic *ande-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰe.


diweð

Breton: diwezh

Cornish: diwedh

Old Welsh: diued

Middle Welsh: diued

Welsh: diwedd

From Proto-Celtic *dīwedom; from *dī- (“from, away”) (See Proto-Indo-European *de) + *wedo- (“to lead”) (See *wedʰ-). Cognate with Old Irish díad.


ėrɣ

Middle Breton: erch

Breton: erc'h

Old Cornish: irch

Cornish: ergh

Middle Welsh: eiry

Welsh: eira, eiry

Uncertain; perhaps from Proto-Celtic *argyos (“white”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵ-yó-s, from *h₂erǵ- (“white”) + *-yós, possible cognate with Gaulish *argyos (whence Latin personal name Argiotalus). Alternatively from Proto-Celtic *ɸargyos, *ɸargos (“sprinkling, spatter”) from Proto-Indo-European *spérg-o-s, from *sperg- (“to strew”) + *-os, cognate with Old Irish arg (“drop”), Latin spargō (“to scatter, shower”).


knud

Middle Breton: cnot

Welsh: cnwd

From Proto-Celtic *knutos. Cognate with Old Irish cnúas.


kʉl

Cornish: cul

Welsh: cul

From Proto-Celtic *koilos (“thin”), from Proto-Indo-European *koyHlo- (Latvian kails (“bare, naked”)). Cognate with Old Irish cáel.


bröɣɨr

Middle Welsh: breyr, brehyr

Welsh: brëyr

From Proto-Celtic *mrogirīxs, a compound of *mrogis (“country, region”) and *rīxs (“king”).


kėlβ̃ɨð

Old Breton: celmed

Middle Breton: calvez (“carpenter”)

Breton: kalvez (“carpenter”)

Old Welsh: celmed

Middle Welsh: celuit, celwyd

Welsh: celfydd

/ke̝lˈβ̃ɨːð/


lluβoɣorθ

Middle Breton: luorz

Breton: liorzh

Old Cornish: luworch (misspelling of luworth)

Middle Cornish: lowarth

Old Welsh: luird (plural)

Middle Welsh: luarth

Welsh: lluarth

From Proto-Celtic *lubogortos, corresponding to *lloβ + *gorθ.


araβ̃

Middle Welsh: araf

From Proto-Celtic *aramos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to separate”).


klüwid

Middle Breton: clevet

Breton: klevet

Cornish: klywes

Middle Welsh: clywet, clybot

Welsh: clywed, clybod

From Proto-Celtic *klusīti, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlews-.


dillüngɨd

Welsh: dillwng


gwöllüngɨd

Welsh: gollwng


dadβarnad

Welsh: dadfarnaf, dadfarnu

From *dad- + *barnad (“to proclaim, judge”).


adβarnad

Welsh: adfarnaf, adfarnu

From *ad- + *barnad (“to proclaim, judge”).


diβarnad

Welsh: difarnaf, difarnu

From *di- + *barnad (“to proclaim, judge”).


kɨnt

Breton: kent

Cornish: kyns

Welsh: cynt

From Proto-Celtic *kentus. Cognate with Old Irish cét.

earlier, sooner, before, former, previous


llüw

⇒ Breton: levier m (“pilot”)

Old Cornish: leu

Cornish: lew (“rudder”)

Old Welsh: liu

desc

Middle Welsh: llyw m (“rudder, tail, leader, pilot”)

Welsh: llyw

From Proto-Celtic *ɸlowī. Cognate with Old Irish luí.


tuβ̃

Old Breton: tum

Breton: teñv

Welsh: twf


ėdwėnɨd

Welsh: adwanaf, adwanu


diβėrɨd

Middle Breton: diueraff

Cornish: devera

Welsh: diferu


ėrβėrɨd

Welsh: arfer

From *ar- + *bėrɨd. Cognate with Old Irish arbeir.


ėdβėrɨd

Old Cornish: aduer

Welsh: adfer, edfryd

From *ad- + *bėrɨd. Cognate with Middle Irish aithbiraid.


treβn

Welsh: trefn


barðọl

Welsh: barddol


argoɨd

Breton: argoad

Welsh: argoed


llėðjad

Welsh: lleiddiad


gwlėdig

Welsh: gwledig


exoβneð

Welsh: ehofnedd


klėβ̃ɨd

Breton: kleñved

Old Cornish: clevet

Middle Cornish: cleves

Welsh: clefyd

From Proto-Celtic *klamitos, from the adjective *klamos (“ill”).


dėrwin

Welsh: derwin


gwöniθ

Middle Breton: guiniz

Breton: gwinizh

Cornish: gwaneth

Middle Welsh: gwenith

Welsh: gwenith

From *gwo- (“under”) + *niθ (“winnowed; wheat”). Cognate with Old Irish cruithnecht (“wheat”).


Iwerðon

Breton: Iwerzhon

Cornish: Iwerdhon

Welsh: Iwerddon

From Proto-Celtic *Φīweriyū. Cognate with Old Irish Ériu.


kuβ̃oɨθọg

Old Cornish: chefuidoc

Middle Welsh: kyuoethawc

Welsh: cyfoethog

From Proto-Celtic *komoktākos; cognate with Old Irish cumachtach. By surface analysis, *kuβ̃oɨθ (“wealth, power”) + *-ọg.


kuβ̃oɨθ

Old Cornish: chefuid

Old Welsh: comoid

Middle Welsh: kyuoeth

Welsh: cyfoeth, cywoeth, cywaeth

From Proto-Celtic *komonxtom. Cognate with Old Irish cumachtae.


aɨron

Middle Welsh: aeron

Welsh: aeron

From Proto-Celtic *agronā, from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógr̥ (“berry”). Doublet of *eɨrin (“sloe”).


skuɨd

Breton: skoed

Cornish: skoes

Welsh: ysgwyd

From Proto-Celtic *skeitos. Cognate with Old Irish scíath.


krɨx

Middle Breton: crech

Breton: krec'h

Cornish: crygh

Middle Welsh: crych

Welsh: crych

From Proto-Celtic *krixsos (“curly”), from Proto-Indo-European *kripso-. Cognate with Gaulish crixsos (“curly, crispy”).


knux

Old Breton: cnoch

Middle Breton: knech

Breton: krec'h

Welsh: cnwch

From Proto-Celtic *knukkos. Cognate with Old Irish cnocc.


kolɨn

Old Breton: colaenn

Middle Breton: quelenn

Breton: kelenn

Cornish: kelyn

Welsh: celyn

From Proto-Celtic *kolinnos. Cognate with Old Irish cuilenn.


gwölɨɣ

Breton: gwele

Welsh: gwely

From Proto-Celtic *uɸo-legyom, from Proto-Indo-European *upo + *legʰ- (“to lie (down)”).


Eβrọg

Old Welsh: Caer Ebrauc

Welsh: Efrog

→ Old Irish: Ebroc

Irish: Eabhrac

Scottish Gaelic: Eabhraig

desctree

→ Latin: Eborācum
→ Old English: Eoforwīċ, Eoferwīc, Ēorwīc
Middle English: Everwik, Eborwike, Eoverwic, Everwic, Everwich, Everwike, Everwyk
→ Old French: Everwich
→ Old Italian: Verrvicche
→ Old Norse: Jórvík
Icelandic: Jórvík
→ Faroese: Jórvík (learned)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Jorvik (learned)
→ Swedish: Jorvik (learned)
→ Danish: Jorvig (learned)
→ Middle English: York, Yorke, Ȝork, Ȝorke, Ȝorc, Ȝeorc
English: York

From earlier *Eβorāg, from *eβur (“yew”) + *-ọg (positive suffix).


llugad

Old Breton: lagat

Middle Breton: lagat

Breton: lagad

Old Cornish: lagat

Cornish: lagas

Old Welsh: licat

Middle Welsh: lygat, llygat

Welsh: llygad

From *llugɨd (“to see, perceive”) (whence Welsh gorllwyn (“to see, perceive”)) + *-ad, from Proto-Celtic *luketi, from Proto-Indo-European *luk-é-ti (“to shine”), from *lewk- (“to shine”) + *-éti. Cognate with Latin lūcēs (“eyes”), Sanskrit लोचन (locana, “eye”).


gorθ

Old Breton: orth

Cornish: gorth

Welsh: garth

From Proto-Celtic *gortos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰórtos. Cognate with Latin hortus, Old Irish gort.


ödjon

Middle Breton: egen, eugen, eugenn

Breton: ejen, ejon, ijenn

Old Cornish: odion

Cornish: ojyon

Welsh: eidion, eidon


giow

Old Cornish: goiven

Cornish: gyew

Middle Welsh: giewyn sg, gieu pl

Welsh: gïau

From Proto-Celtic *gyos (reconstructed as such by McCone and Matasović; Schrijver does not specify an explicit proto-form), cognate with Ancient Greek βιός (biós, “bow-string, tendon”), Sanskrit ज्या (jyā́, “bow-string”). Proto-Celtic *gyos itself is a thematization of Proto-Indo-European *gʷyeH- (“sinew”).


hʉd

Middle Breton: hud

Middle Welsh: hud

Welsh: hud

From Proto-Celtic *soitos, or perhaps borrowed from Germanic, from Proto-Germanic *saidaz (“magic, charm”), both derivations from Proto-Indo-European *soytós.

hudol

hʉdol (“charming, illusory”) (+ *-ol); Welsh


mehalx

Old Breton: moualch

Breton: moualc'h

Old Cornish: moelh

Cornish: mola

Welsh: mwyalch, mwyeilch

Unknown. Matasović concludes it as a loanword from a Northwestern European language. Cognate with Latin merula and Proto-Germanic *amslǭ.


Gwurkʉβ̃

Old Breton: Gurcum

Middle Breton: Gourcunff, Gourcuff

Breton: Gourkuñv

Middle Welsh: Gurku

Welsh: Gurcu

From *gwur (“man, husband”) + *kʉβ̃ (“dear, nice”), from Proto-Celtic *koimos.


malɨd

Old Breton: maletic

Middle Breton: malaff

Breton: malaff

Middle Welsh: malaf

Welsh: malu

From Proto-Celtic *meleti, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₂-é-ti, from *melh₂- (“to crush, grind”) + *-éti.


hoɨdl

Old Breton: hoidl

Middle Breton: hoazl

Breton: hoal

Cornish: hoedel

Middle Welsh: hoedyl

Welsh: hoedl