𑀫𑀅

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मअ</i>

maa (romanization)
मअ (Devanagari)
𑀫𑀼𑀅 (alternative)
𑀫𑀬 (alternative)
𑀫𑀴 (alternative)
𑀫𑀼𑀤 (alternative)

⇒ Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: मेल्लो (mello)

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘦𑘹𑘩𑘹𑘽 (meleṃ)

Devanagari script: मेलें (meleṃ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mer-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥tás
Sanskrit मृ॒त (mṛtá)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀫𑀢 (mata)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀅 (maa)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀫𑀢 (mata), from Sanskrit मृ॒त (mṛtá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥tás, from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós, from *mer- + *-tós. Cognate with Pali mata.


𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अत्थि</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">અત્થિ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅತ್ಥಿ</i>

tlb

(attested in Ardhamāgadhī, Māhārāṣṭrī, Śaurasenī)

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𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi) (Devanagari अत्थि, Gujarati અત્થિ, Kannada ಅತ್ಥಿ) (intransitive)

atthi (romanization)
अत्थि (Devanagari)
અત્થિ (Gujarati)
ಅತ್ಥಿ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: आथना (āthanā)

Hindustani:

Hindi: आथना (āthnā)

Urdu: آتْھنا (āthnā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi:

Arabic script: اَٿَ (atha)

Devanagari script: अथ (atha)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hásti
Sanskrit अस्ति॑ (ásti)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺 (asti)
Prakrit 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺 (asti), from Sanskrit अस्ति॑ (ásti), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hásti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti, from *h₁es-. Cognate with Pali atthi.

etymon

॥ निपात्थि ॥ २० ॥

c. 300 BCE, Vararuci, Prākṛta-Prakāśa 12.20

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


𑀏𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">एदि</i>

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𑀏𑀤𑀺 (edi) (Devanagari एदि) (intransitive)

edi (romanization)
एदि (Devanagari)
𑀏𑀇 (alternative)

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀢𑀺 (eti), from Sanskrit एति (eti). Cognate with Pali eti.


𑀳𑁄𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">होइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಹೋಇ</i>

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𑀳𑁄𑀇 (hoi) (Devanagari होइ, Kannada ಹೋಇ) (intransitive)

hoi (romanization)
होइ (Devanagari)
ಹೋಇ (Kannada)
𑀪𑁄𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀪𑀯𑀇 (alternative)
𑀪𑀯𑀏 (alternative)
𑀳𑀼𑀯𑁃 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Hindi: होना (honā)
Hindustani:
Hindi: होना (honā)
Urdu: ہونا (honā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Early Assamese: ভ (bho)

Assamese: হোৱা (hüa), হয় (hoy), হ (ho)

Bengali: হওয়া (hoōẇa), হয় (hoẏ)

Bihari:

Maithili: होएब (hōēb)

Odia: ହେବା (hebā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: हुणो (“to be”)

Nepali: हुनु (hunu), हो (ho)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: भोणू (bhōṇū)

Pangwali: भूणा (bhūṇā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

desc

Gurmukhi script: ਹੋਣਾ (hoṇā), ਹੌਣਾ (hauṇā)

Shahmukhi script: حوݨَا (ḥoṇā), حَوݨَا (ḥauṇā)

Saraiki: [script needed] (ho-, “to become, be”)

Sindhi: huaṇu ("to be")

Devanagari script: हुअणु

Arabic script: هُاڻُ

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘮𑘻𑘜𑘹 (hoṇe)

Marathi: होणे (hoṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Romani: ovel

Gujarati: હોવું (hovũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-
Sanskrit भव॑ति (bhávati)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀪𑀯𑀢𑀺 (bhavati)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺 (hoti)
Prakrit 𑀳𑁄𑀇 (hoi)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺 (hoti), from 𑀪𑀯𑀢𑀺 (bhavati), from Sanskrit भव॑ति (bhávati), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-.


अत्थि

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अत्थि (atthi) (Gujarati અત્થિ) (intransitive)

𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (“to be”)


𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">वट्टदि</i>

tlb

(attested in Māgadhī, Paiśācī, Śaurasenī)

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𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀤𑀺 (vaṭṭadi) (Devanagari वट्टदि) (intransitive)

vaṭṭadi (romanization)
वट्टदि (Devanagari)

𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇#Prakrit

alternative form of 𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (vaṭṭaï, “to be, exist; to turn”)


𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णच्चइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಣಚ್ಚಇ</i>

tlb

(attested in Māhārāṣṭrī, Jain Māhārāṣṭrī)

pra-head

𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (ṇaccaï) (Devanagari णच्चइ, Kannada ಣಚ್ಚಇ) (intransitive)

ṇaccaï (romanization)
णच्चइ (Devanagari)
ಣಚ್ಚಇ (Kannada)
𑀡𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (alternative)
𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Assamese: নাচা (nasa)

Old Bengali: নাচা (nācā)

Middle Bengali: নাচা (naca)

Bengali: নাচা (naca)

Sylheti: ꠘꠣꠌꠣ (nasa)

Dogri: naccnā

Devanagari script: नच्चना

Dogra script: 𑠝𑠏𑠹𑠏𑠝𑠬

Kachchi: નચણુ (nacṇu)

Konkani:

Devanagari script: नाच़्चे

Kannada script: ನಾಚ಼್ಚೆ

Latin script: nachche

Maithili: nācab

Devanagari script: नाचब

Tirhuta script: 𑒢𑒰𑒔𑒥

Old Marathi: nācaṇe

Devanagari script: नाचणे

Modi script: 𑘡𑘰𑘓𑘜𑘹

Nepali: नाच्नु (nācnu)

Odia: ନାଚିବା (nācibā)

desc

Old Punjabi: ਨਚਿ (naci /nacci/), ਨਾਚਿ (nāci)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਨੱਚਣਾ (naccaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: نَچّنا (naccnā)

Saraiki:

Devanagari script: नचण (nacaṇ)

Multani script: 𑊚𑊊𑊕 (ncṇ)

Shahmukhi script: نَچَݨ (nacaṇ)

Sindhi: nacaṇu

Arabic script: نَچَڻُ

Devanagari script: नचणु

Khudabadi script: 𑋑𑋀𑋌𑋣

Etymology tree
Sanskrit नृत्यति (nṛtyati)
Prakrit 𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (ṇaccaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit नृत्यति (nṛtyati). Cognate with Pali naccati.

etymon

𑀚𑀳-𑀚𑀳 𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀇 𑀧𑀺𑀑 𑀢𑀳-𑀢𑀳 𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀸𑀫𑀺 𑀘𑀁𑀘𑀮𑁂 𑀧𑁂𑀫𑁆𑀫𑁂
𑀯𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀻 𑀯𑀮𑁂𑀇 𑀅𑀁𑀕𑀁 𑀲𑀳𑀸𑀯𑀣𑀤𑁆𑀥𑁂-𑀯𑀺 𑀭𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀁𑀫𑀺
jaha-jaha vāei pio taha-taha ṇaccāmi caṃcale pĕmme

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 38

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
Since love is fickle, I dance to my lover’s tune.
A creeper twines itself around the unbending tree.

vallī valei aṃgaṃ sahāvathaddhe-vi rukkhaṃmi

𑀆𑀭𑀽𑀠𑀸 𑀪𑀸𑀲𑀁𑀢𑁂 𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀲𑀺 𑀓𑀺𑀁 𑀦𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀺𑀉𑀁 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 𑀲𑀸𑀳𑀽
𑀪𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀁 𑀢𑁂𑀡-𑀯𑀺 𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀸𑀫𑀺 𑀤𑁄-𑀯𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀳-𑀬 𑀢𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑁂
ārūḍhā bhāsaṃte jāṇasi kiṃ nacciuṃ tumaṃ sāhū

c. 700 CE, Anonymous, Maṇipati-Carita 863

1959 translation by Robert Hamilton Blair Williams
As they went up they said: 'Do you know how to dance, sadhu?'
He replied: 'I do, you both play for me.’

bhaṇiyaṃ teṇa-vi jāṇāmi do-vi vāĕjjaha-ya tujjhe


𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀺𑀅

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चुंबिअ</i>

cuṃbia (romanization)
चुंबिअ (Devanagari)
𑀘𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀩𑀺𑀬 (alternative)

𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀇 𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀇#Prakrit


𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सिक्खइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸಿಕ್ಖಇ</i>

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𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (sikkhaï) (Devanagari सिक्खइ, Kannada ಸಿಕ್ಖಇ) (transitive)

sikkhaï (romanization)
सिक्खइ (Devanagari)
ಸಿಕ್ಖಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: सीखना (sīkhnā)

desc

Urdu: سِیکھْنَا (sīkhnā)

Urdu: سِیکھْنَا (sīkhnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: শিকা (xika)

Bengali: শেখা (śekha)

Sylheti: ꠢꠤꠇꠣ (hika)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: सिक्नु (siknu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸਿੱਖਣਾ (sikkhaṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: سِکَڻُ (sikhaṇu)

Devanagari script: सिखणु (sikhaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani:

Devanagari script: शिक्चे (śikce)

Kannada script: ಶಿಕ್ಚೆ (śikce)

Latin script: xikche

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: सिकणे (sikaṇe), सिखणे (sikhaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘭𑘲𑘎𑘜𑘹 (sīkaṇe), 𑘭𑘲𑘏𑘜𑘹 (sīkhaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: सीषइ (sīkhai)

Gujarati: શીખવું (śīkhvũ)

Saurashtra: ꢱꢶꢒ꣄ꢒꢥ꣄ (sikkan)

Romani: siklǒvel, siklǒl, sikavel, siklǎrel

Prakrit verb set
 𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (sikkhaï)
 𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (sikkhāvei)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱek-der.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćíkšati
Sanskrit शिक्ष॑ति (śíkṣati)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (sikkhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit शिक्ष॑ति (śíkṣati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćíkšati, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱek-. Cognate with Pali sikkhati.

etymon

𑀯𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀯𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀲𑀭𑀲𑀺𑀏 𑀲𑀼𑀭𑀏 𑀫𑀳𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀡 𑀓𑁄 𑀉𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀑?
𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 𑀅𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀆𑀇-𑀯𑀺 𑀲𑀯𑁆𑀯𑁄 𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀸𑀡𑀼𑀯𑀁𑀥𑁂𑀡
vahuvihavilāsarasie surae mahilāṇa ko uvajjhāo?

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 477

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
In lovemaking, with its manifold and intricate delights, Who is there to instruct women?
One can learn anything simply by being shown some affection.

sikkhaï asikkhiāi-vi savvo ṇehāṇuvaṃdheṇa

𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀦𑀬𑀸 𑀕𑀼𑀭𑀼-𑀚𑀡𑀸-𑀡𑀼𑀦𑁆𑀦𑀸𑀢𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀥-𑀯𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀸-𑀤𑀁𑀲𑀡𑀁 𑀓𑀸𑀉𑀁 𑀭𑀸𑀬-𑀓𑀼𑀮𑀁 𑀕𑀢𑁄
𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀣-𑀬 𑀅𑀲𑀺-𑀔𑁂𑀟𑀬-𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁆-𑀆𑀇𑀬𑀁 𑀚𑀳𑀸-𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀬𑀁 𑀲𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀁 𑀤𑀸𑀇𑀬𑀁
annayā guru-jaṇā-ṇunnāto siddha-vijjo sikkhā-daṃsaṇaṃ kāuṃ rāya-kulaṃ gato

c. 1122 – 1123, Devendra, Uttarādhyayana-Vṛtti X. a. Agaladatta, page 67, lines 3 – 5

When he had mastered the sciences he went one day with the permission of his teacher to the court of the king in order to show his proficiency
And there he exhibited everything just as he had been taught, how to hold the sword and the shield, and other acquirements.

tattha-ya asi-kheḍaya-gahaṇ-āiyaṃ jahā-sikkhiyaṃ savvaṃ dāiyaṃ


𑀓𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कुज्झइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಕುಜ್ಝಇ</i>

𑀓𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (kujjhaï) (Devanagari कुज्झइ, Kannada ಕುಜ್ಝಇ)

kujjhaï (romanization)
कुज्झइ (Devanagari)
ಕುಜ್ಝಇ (Kannada)

From Sanskrit क्रुध्यति (krudhyati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *krawdʰ-. Cognate with Pali kujjhati.


𑀤𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">दिस्सइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ದಿಸ್ಸಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀤𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 (dissaï) (Devanagari दिस्सइ, Kannada ದಿಸ್ಸಇ) (intransitive)

dissaï (romanization)
दिस्सइ (Devanagari)
ದಿಸ್ಸಇ (Kannada)
𑀤𑀻𑀲𑀇 (alternative)

Old Punjabi: ਦਿਸਿ (dissi)

Punjabi: ਦਿੱਸਣਾ (dissaṇā)

Punjabi: دِسّݨا (dissṇā)

Konkani: दिस्चे (disce)

Old Marathi: 𑘟𑘱𑘭𑘜𑘹 (disaṇe)

Marathi: दिसणे (disṇe)

Inherited from Sanskrit दृश्यते (dṛśyate, “is seen; appears”). Cognate with Pali dissati.


𑀩𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">बुज्झइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಬುಜ್ಝಇ</i>

𑀩𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (bujjhaï) (Devanagari बुज्झइ, Kannada ಬುಜ್ಝಇ)

bujjhaï (romanization)
बुज्झइ (Devanagari)
ಬುಜ್ಝಇ (Kannada)

Old Marathi: bujhaṇe

Devanagari script: बुझणे

Modi script: 𑘤𑘳𑘖𑘜𑘹

Inherited from Sanskrit बुध्यते (búdhyate, “to wake, to know”). Cognate with Pali bujjhati, Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀩𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀤𑀺 (bujjhadi).


𑀅𑀯𑀕𑀅

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अवगअ</i>

avagaa (romanization)
अवगअ (Devanagari)
𑀅𑀯𑀕𑀬 (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit अपगत (apagata, “gone away”). By surface analysis, 𑀅𑀯- (ava-) + 𑀕𑀅 (gaa). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀅𑀯𑀕𑀤 (avagada), Pali apagata.

surf

𑀅𑀯𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 𑀅𑀯𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇#Prakrit


𑀫𑀼𑀅

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मुअ</i>

mua (romanization)
मुअ (Devanagari)
𑀫𑀼𑀤 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: मुआ (muā) — dated

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Kachchi: મુઓ (muo)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: મૂઉં (mūũ)

desctree

Romani: mulo
→ English: mulo
→ Limburgish: mol, moll

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mer-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥tás
Sanskrit मृ॒त (mṛtá)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀼𑀅 (mua)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀫𑀼𑀢 (*muta) (compare Ashokan Prakrit 𑀫𑀢 (mata)), from Sanskrit मृ॒त (mṛtá, “dead”).


𑀲𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सिज्जइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸಿಜ್ಜಇ</i>

𑀲𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (sijjaï) (Devanagari सिज्जइ, Kannada ಸಿಜ್ಜಇ)

sijjaï (romanization)
सिज्जइ (Devanagari)
ಸಿಜ್ಜಇ (Kannada)

From Sanskrit स्विद्यति (svidyati), from Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”). Cognate with Pali sijjati.


𑀢𑁂𑀅𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तेअइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ತೇಅಇ</i>

𑀢𑁂𑀅𑀇 (teaï) (Devanagari तेअइ, Kannada ತೇಅಇ)

teaï (romanization)
तेअइ (Devanagari)
ತೇಅಇ (Kannada)

From Sanskrit तेजते (tejate), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyǵ- (“to sharpen; to be sharp”).


𑀧𑀼𑀡𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पुणइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪುಣಇ</i>

𑀧𑀼𑀡𑀇 (puṇaï) (Devanagari पुणइ, Kannada ಪುಣಇ)

puṇaï (romanization)
पुणइ (Devanagari)
ಪುಣಇ (Kannada)

From Sanskrit पुनाति (punāti, “to clean, purify”), from Proto-Indo-European *pewH-.


𑀖𑀟𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">घडइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಘಡಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀖𑀟𑀇 (ghaḍaï) (Devanagari घडइ, Kannada ಘಡಇ) (intransitive)

ghaḍaï (romanization)
घडइ (Devanagari)
ಘಡಇ (Kannada)
𑀖𑀠𑀇 (alternative)

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: घटणे (ghaṭaṇe), घडणे (ghaḍaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘑𑘘𑘜𑘹 (ghaṭaṇe), 𑘑𑘚𑘜𑘹 (ghaḍaṇe)

From Sanskrit घट् (ghaṭ). Cognate with Pali ghaṭati.


𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">बोल्लइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಬೊಲ್ಲಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (bŏllaï) (Devanagari बोल्लइ, Kannada ಬೊಲ್ಲಇ) (intransitive)

bŏllaï (romanization)
बोल्लइ (Devanagari)
ಬೊಲ್ಲಇ (Kannada)
𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀩𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Awadhi: बोलब (bolab)

Hindustani: bolnā

Hindi: बोलना

desc

Urdu: بولْنَا

Urdu: بولْنَا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: বোল (bül)

Bengali: বলা (bola)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: बोलल (bōlal)

Magahi: बोलल (bōlal)

Odia: ବୋଲିବା (bolibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: बोल्नु (bolnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: bolṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਬੋਲਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: بولݨا

Sindhi: ḇolaṇu

Arabic script: ٻولَڻُ

Devanagari script: ॿोलणु

Khudabadi script: 𑋕𑋧𑋚𑋌𑋣

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: bolaṇe

Devanagari script: बोलणे

Modi script: 𑘤𑘻𑘩𑘜𑘹

Western Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Gujarati: बोलिवउं (bolivaüṃ)
Middle Gujarati: बोलिवुं
Gujarati: બોલવું (bolvũ)
Rajasthani:
Dhundhari: बोलबो (bolbo)
Gojri: بولْنو (bolno)
Malvi: बोलणो (bolṇo)
Marwari:
Devanagari script: बोलणौ (bolṇau)
Mahajani script: 𑅪𑅔𑅮𑅢𑅒 (bolṇu /bolṇau/)
Mewari: बोलणो (bolṇo)
Mewati: ब्योलणो (byolṇo)
Wagdi: बोलवु

⇒ Sanskrit: बोल्लक (bollaka)

Uncertain. A connection to 𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀼𑀬𑀢𑁂 (bruyate, “speaks”) via metathesis (brūyate > *bū̆ryate/*bū̆lyate > bullaï) is semantically appealing. Late Sanskrit 𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀓 (bollaka, “speaker”) is likely a borrowing from Prakrit.


𑀯𑀸𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">वाइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ವಾಇ</i>

vāi (romanization)
वाइ (Devanagari)
ವಾಇ (Kannada)

From Sanskrit वाति (vā́ti), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwā́ti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wḗh₁ti. Cognate to Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀯𑀸𑀤𑀺 (vādi), Pali vāyati.


𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सुणइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸುಣಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇 (suṇaï) (Devanagari सुणइ, Kannada ಸುಣಇ) (transitive)

suṇaï (romanization)
सुणइ (Devanagari)
ಸುಣಇ (Kannada)
𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀇 (alternative)
𑀰𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: শুন (xun)

Bengali: শোনা (śōna), হুনা (huna)

Odia: ଶୁଣିବା (śuṇibā)

Sylheti: ꠢꠥꠘꠣ (huna)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: सुन्नु (sunnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਸੁਣਨਾ / سُننا (suṇnā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: सुणइ (suṇaï)

Gujarati: સુણવું (suṇvũ)

Romani: śunel (see there for further descendants)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: sunnā

Hindi: सुनना

Urdu: سننا

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-
Proto-Indo-European *-né-
Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥néwti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćr̥náwti
Sanskrit शृणोति (śṛṇoti)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇 (suṇaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit शृणोति (śṛṇóti) where irregular ṛ > u when not preceded by a labial consonant is probably due to influence from the past participle 𑀲𑀼𑀅 (sua, “heard”) < Sanskrit श्रुत (śruta). Cognate with Pali suṇāti.


𑀪𑀡𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">भणइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಭಣಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀪𑀡𑀇 (bhaṇaï) (Devanagari भणइ, Kannada ಭಣಇ) (transitive)

bhaṇaï (romanization)
भणइ (Devanagari)
ಭಣಇ (Kannada)

Konkani: म्हण्चे (mhaṇce)

desc

Old Marathi: 𑘥𑘜𑘜𑘹 (bhaṇaṇe), 𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘜𑘜𑘹 (mhaṇaṇe)

Marathi: म्हणणे (mhaṇṇe)

Inherited from Sanskrit भनति (bhánati). Cognate to Pali bhaṇati.


𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">रक्खइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ರಕ್ಖಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (rakkhaï) (Devanagari रक्खइ, Kannada ರಕ್ಖಇ) (transitive)

rakkhaï (romanization)
रक्खइ (Devanagari)
ರಕ್ಖಇ (Kannada)

Apabhramsa: 𑖨𑖎𑖿𑖏𑖂 (rakkhaï)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: रषना (raṣanā /rakhanā/)

Hindustani: rakhnā

Hindi: रखना

desc

Urdu: رَکْھنَا

Urdu: رَکْھنَا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: ৰখা (rokha), ৰাখা (rakha)

Middle Bengali: রাখ (rakh)

Bengali: রাখা (rakha)

Sylheti: ꠞꠣꠈꠣ (raxá)

Bihari:

Magahi: 𑂩𑂰𑂎𑂪 (rākhal)

Maithili: rākhab

Devanagari script: राखब

Tirhuta script: 𑒩𑒰𑒐𑒥

Odia: ରଖିବା (rakhibā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Sinhalese: රකිනවා (rakinawā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: राख्नु (rākhnu)

Western Pahari:

Dogri: rakkhanā

Devanagari script: रक्खना

Dogra script: 𑠤𑠊𑠹𑠋𑠝𑠬

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Old Punjabi: ਰਖਿ (rakhi /rakkhi/), ਰਾਖਿ (rākhi)

Punjabi: rakkhaṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਰੱਖਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: رَکّھݨا

Saraiki:

Devanagari script: रखण (rakhaṇ)

Shahmukhi script: رَکَھݨ (rakhaṇ)

Multani script: 𑊢𑊅𑊕 (rkhṇ /rakhaṇ/)

Sindhi: rakhaṇu

Arabic script: رَکَڻُ

Devanagari script: रखणु

Khudabadi script: 𑋙𑊻𑋌𑋣

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani:

Devanagari script: राख्चे (rākhce)

Latin script: rakhche

Kannada script: ರಾಕ್ಚೆ

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: राकणे (rākaṇe), राखणे (rākhaṇe)

desctree

Modi script: 𑘨𑘰𑘏𑘜𑘹 (rākhaṇe), 𑘨𑘰𑘎𑘜𑘹 (rākaṇe)
Marathi: rākhṇe
Devanagari script: राखणे
Modi script: 𑘨𑘰𑘏𑘜𑘹
Varhadi: rākhna
Devanagari script: राखनं
Modi script: 𑘨𑘰𑘏𑘡𑘽

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: राषिवउं (rāṣivaüṃ /rākhivaüṃ/)
Middle Gujarati: राखिवुं (rākhivũ)
Gujarati: રાખવું (rākhvũ)
Rajasthani:
Gojri: رَکْھنو (rakhno)
Malvi: राखणो (rākhṇo)
Marwari:
Devanagari script: राखणौ (rākhṇau)
Mahajani script: 𑅭𑅖𑅢𑅒 (rkhṇu /rākhṇau/)
Mewati: राखणो (rākhṇo)

Romani: rakhel, arakhel

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek-
Proto-Indo-European *-seti
Proto-Indo-European *h₂lékseti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrákšati
Sanskrit रक्ष॑ति (rákṣati)
Prakrit 𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (rakkhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑀺 (rákṣati). Cognate to Pali rakkhati.

ref

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “rákṣati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 611: “Pk. rakkhaï”

𑀅𑀳𑀺𑀆𑀇𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀡𑁄 𑀤𑀼𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀙𑀸𑀇𑀁 𑀧𑀇𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀁𑀢𑀻
𑀡𑀺𑀅𑀯𑀁𑀥𑀯𑀸𑀡 𑀚𑀽𑀭𑀇 𑀖𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻 𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀯𑁂𑀡 𑀏𑀁𑀢𑀸𑀡𑀁
ahiāimāṇiṇo duggaassa chāiṃ païssa rakkhaṃtī

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
Protecting the self-image of her husband, who is poor but proud of his breeding,
The wife scorns her own relatives as they arrive with rich presents.

ṇiavaṃdhavāṇa jūraï ghariṇī vihaveṇa eṃtāṇaṃ

hi:सुभद्र झा


𑀓𑀥𑁂𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कधेदि</i>

pra-head

𑀓𑀥𑁂𑀤𑀺 (kadhedi) (Devanagari कधेदि) (transitive)

kadhedi (romanization)
कधेदि (Devanagari)
𑀓𑀳𑁂𑀇 (alternative)
𑀓𑀥𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Braj: कहन (kahan)

Old Gujarati: कहिवउं (kahivaüṃ)

Gujarati: કહેવું (kahevũ)

Hindustani: kahnā

Hindi: कहना

Urdu: کَہْنا (kahnā)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਹਿਣਾ (kahiṇā)

Shahmukhi script: کَہْݨا (kahṇā)

Inherited from Sanskrit कथयति (katháyati, “to tell, say”). Cognate to Pali katheti.


𑀓𑀳𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कहेइ</i>

pra-head

𑀓𑀳𑁂𑀇 (kahei) (Devanagari कहेइ) (transitive)

desc

Old Marathi: 𑘎𑘮𑘜𑘹 (kahaṇe), 𑘎𑘞𑘜𑘹 (kathaṇe)

𑀓𑀥𑁂𑀤𑀺 𑀓𑀥𑁂𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

Maharastri variant of 𑀓𑀥𑁂𑀤𑀺 (kadhedi, “to say, tell, narrate”)


𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पुच्छइ</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">પુચ્છઇ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪುಚ್ಛಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (pucchaï) (Devanagari पुच्छइ, Gujarati પુચ્છઇ, Kannada ಪುಚ್ಛಇ) (transitive)

pucchaï (romanization)
पुच्छइ (Devanagari)
પુચ્છઇ (Gujarati)
ಪುಚ್ಛಇ (Kannada)
𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Kumaoni: पूछ्णो (pūchṇo)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: पुछ्नु (puchnu)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: पुच्छ्णू (pucchṇū)

Churahi: पुच्छ्णा (pucchṇā)

Pangwali: पुच्छ्णा (pucchṇā)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: পোঁছ (pü̃s)

Bengali: পুছা (pucha)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: पुछल (puchal)

Maithili: पूछब (pūchab)

Odia: ପୁଛିବା (puchibā)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Old Marathi: pusaṇe

Devanagari script: पुसणे

Modi script: 𑘢𑘳𑘭𑘜𑘹

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: pucchṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਪੁੱਛਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: پچھنا

Sindhi: puchaṇu

Arabic script: پُڇَڻُ

Devanagari script: पुछणु

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀤𑀺 (pucchadi)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Awadhi: पूछब (pūchab)

Gurjara Apabhramsa:

Old Gujarati: पूछिवउं (pūchivaũ)

Old Gujarati: प्रीछइ (prīchaï)

Gujarati: પ્રિછવું (prichvũ)

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Hindustani:

Hindi: पूछना (pūchnā)

Urdu: پوچھنا (pūchnā)

Romani: pućhel

Caló: puchar

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *preḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-sḱéti
Proto-Indo-European *pr̥sḱéti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥šćáti
Sanskrit पृच्छति (pṛcchati)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (pucchaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀧𑀾𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀢𑀺 (pṛccháti). Cognate to Pali 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀢𑀺 (pucchati).


𑀳𑀅

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">हअ</i>

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀳𑀢 (hata), from Sanskrit हत (hatá), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰatás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰatás, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰn̥-tó-s, from *gʷʰen- (“to kill”). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀳𑀤 (hada), Pali hata.


𑀳𑀅

Inherited from Sanskrit हृत (hṛtá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰr̥tás, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰr̥-t-ós, from *gʰer- (“to yearn for”). Cognate with Ardhamagadhi Prakrit 𑀳𑀟 (haḍa), Pali haṭa.


𑀫𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मुज्झइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಮುಜ್ಝಇ</i>

𑀫𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (mujjhaï) (Devanagari मुज्झइ, Kannada ಮುಜ್ಝಇ)

mujjhaï (romanization)
मुज्झइ (Devanagari)
ಮುಜ್ಝಇ (Kannada)

From Sanskrit मुह्यति (muhyati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mawǰʰ-.


𑀡𑀺𑀅

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णिअ</i>

ṇia (romanization)
णिअ (Devanagari)
𑀡𑀺𑀬 (alternative)
𑀡𑀻𑀅 (alternative)
𑀡𑀻𑀬 (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit नीत (nītá, “led”). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀡𑀻𑀤 (ṇīda), Ardhamagadhi Prakrit 𑀦𑀺𑀬 (niya), Magadhi Prakrit 𑀡𑀻𑀤 (ṇīda), Pali nīta.


𑀚𑁂𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जेदि</i>

pra-head

𑀚𑁂𑀤𑀺 (jedi) (Devanagari जेदि) (ambitransitive)

jedi (romanization)
जेदि (Devanagari)
𑀚𑀬𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit जयति (jáyati). Cognate with Maharastri Prakrit 𑀚𑁂𑀇 (jei), Pali jeti.


𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जुज्झइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಜುಜ್ಝಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (jujjhaï) (Devanagari जुज्झइ, Kannada ಜುಜ್ಝಇ) (intransitive)

jujjhaï (romanization)
जुज्झइ (Devanagari)
ಜುಜ್ಝಇ (Kannada)
𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

desc

Old Marathi: 𑘕𑘳𑘖𑘜𑘹 (jujhaṇe), 𑘕𑘳𑘽𑘖𑘜𑘹 (juṃjhaṇe)

Marathi: झुंजणे (jhuñjṇe)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਜੂਝਣਾ (jūjhṇā)

Shahmukhi script: جُوجھݨا (jūjhṇā)

Inherited from Sanskrit युध्यते (yúdhyate). Cognate with Pali yujjhati.


𑀕𑀅

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गअ</i>

gaa (romanization)
गअ (Devanagari)
𑀕𑀬 (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *gʷm̥tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *gatás
Sanskrit गत (gata)
Prakrit 𑀕𑀅 (gaa)
Inherited from Sanskrit गत (gatá). Cognate with Pali gata.

etymon

𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇#Prakrit


𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀸𑀯𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">दक्खावइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ದಕ್ಖಾವಇ</i>

𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀸𑀯𑀇 (dakkhāvaï) (Devanagari दक्खावइ, Kannada ದಕ್ಖಾವಇ)

dakkhāvaï (romanization)
दक्खावइ (Devanagari)
ದಕ್ಖಾವಇ (Kannada)

Old Marathi: 𑘟𑘰𑘏𑘪𑘱𑘜𑘹 (dākhaviṇe)

Marathi: दाखवणे (dākhavṇe)


𑀨𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">फुक्कइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಫುಕ್ಕಇ</i>

𑀨𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (phukkaï) (Devanagari फुक्कइ, Kannada ಫುಕ್ಕಇ)

phukkaï (romanization)
फुक्कइ (Devanagari)
ಫುಕ್ಕಇ (Kannada)

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: फुंकणे (phuṃkaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘣𑘳𑘽𑘎𑘜𑘹 (phuṃkaṇe)

From Sanskrit *फूत्कति (phūtkati), extended from the root फूत् (phūt) or perhaps a back-formation from फूत्कार (phūtkāra, “blowing”).

𑀯𑀬𑀡-𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀭𑁂𑀡 𑀨𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 𑀅𑀁𑀕𑀸𑀭𑁂 𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣-𑀲𑀁𑀞𑀺𑀬-𑀲𑀭𑀸𑀯𑁂 𑀥𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀇 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀫-𑀅𑀁𑀕𑀁 𑀲𑀺𑀭-𑀯𑀸𑀮-𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇𑀬-𑀫𑀼𑀳-𑀓𑀫𑀮𑀁

c. 700 CE, Haribhadra, Maṇipati-Carita 17

Between her shrieks she blew on the embers in the platter she held in her hand and tossed her head letting her hair fall over her lotus features.

vayaṇa-aṃtareṇa phukkaï aṃgāre hattha-saṃṭhiya-sarāve dhuṇei uttama-aṃgaṃ sira-vāla-cchaïya-muha-kamalaṃ


𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀤𑀺

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छुवदि</i>

pra-head

𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀤𑀺 (chuvadi) (Devanagari छुवदि) (transitive)

chuvadi (romanization)
छुवदि (Devanagari)

𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇 𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇#Prakrit


𑀳𑀲𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">हसइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಹಸಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀳𑀲𑀇 (hasaï) (Devanagari हसइ, Kannada ಹಸಇ) (intransitive)

hasaï (romanization)
हसइ (Devanagari)
ಹಸಇ (Kannada)
𑀳𑀲𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Apabhramsa: hasaï (see there for further descendants)

Devanagari script: हसइ

Sharada script: 𑆲𑆱𑆅

Etymology tree
Sanskrit हस् (has)
Sanskrit हसति (hasati)
Prakrit 𑀳𑀲𑀇 (hasaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit हसति (hásati). Cognate with Pali hasati.


𑀳𑀲𑀇

hasaï (romanization)
हसइ (Devanagari)
ಹಸಇ (Kannada)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit ह्रसति (hrasati)
Prakrit 𑀳𑀲𑀇 (hasaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit ह्रसति (hrasati).


𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पसरइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಸರಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀇 (pasaraï) (Devanagari पसरइ, Kannada ಪಸರಇ) (intransitive)

pasaraï (romanization)
पसरइ (Devanagari)
ಪಸರಇ (Kannada)
𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀧𑀰𑀮𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Eastern Hindi:

Old Awadhi: पसरइ (pasaraï)

Awadhi: पसरब (pasrab)

Western Hindi:

Hindustani:

Hindi: पसरना (pasarnā)

Urdu: پَسَرْنا (pasarnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: पसरल (pasᵊral)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: पस्रिनु (pasrinu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi:

desc

پَسِرَڻُ<der>

Arabic script: پَهَرَڻُ (“to be distributed”), پَهَْرجَڻُ, ⇒ پَسِرَڻُ

Devanagari script: पहरणु, पहुर्जणु, ⇒ पसिरणु

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ⇒ ਪੱਸਰਣਾ (passarṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘢𑘭𑘨𑘜𑘹 (pasaraṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: પસરવું (pasarvũ)

Marathi: पसरणे (pasarṇe)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit प्रस॑रति (prásarati)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀇 (pasaraï)
Inherited from Sanskrit प्रस॑रति (prásarati). By surface analysis, 𑀧- (pa-) + 𑀲𑀭𑀇 (saraï).

surf

hi:सुभद्र झा


पसरइ

सा पडिहा जा ठाणे पसरइ ।

c. 1660, Candralekhā lines 26-27.Rudradāsa

That is real Genius which spreads at the right place.

𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀇 𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀇#Prakrit


𑀪𑀁𑀚𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">भंजइ</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">ભંજઇ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಭಂಜಇ</i>

𑀪𑀁𑀚𑀇 (bhaṃjaï) (Devanagari भंजइ, Gujarati ભંજઇ, Kannada ಭಂಜಇ)

bhaṃjaï (romanization)
भंजइ (Devanagari)
ભંજઇ (Gujarati)
ಭಂಜಇ (Kannada)

Bengali: ভাঁজা (bhãja)

Gurjara Apabhramsa:

desc

Old Gujarati: भांजी (bhāṃjī, “scattered”, conjunctive participle)

Gujarati: ભંજવું (bhañjvũ), ભાંજવું (bhā̃jvũ)

Maithili:

Devanagari script: भाँजब (bhā̃jab)

Tirhuta script: 𑒦𑒰𑒿𑒖𑒥 (bhā̃jaba)

Old Marathi: bhāṃjaṇe

Devanagari script: भांजणे

Modi script: 𑘥𑘰𑘽𑘕𑘜𑘹

Nepali: भाँच्नु (bhā̃cnu)

Odia: ଭାଞ୍ଜିବା (bhāñjibā)

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Hindustani: bhāñjnā

Hindi: भाँजना

Hindi: भाँजना

Urdu: بھان٘جْنا

Urdu: بھان٘جْنا

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڀَڃَڻُ

Devanagari script: भञणु

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀪𑀦𑀓𑁆𑀢𑀺 (bhanákti).


𑀡𑁂𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಣೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei) (Devanagari णेइ, Kannada ಣೇಇ) (transitive)

ṇei (romanization)
णेइ (Devanagari)
ಣೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀡𑀬𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: নিয়া (nia)

Bengali: নেওয়া (neōẇa)

Odia: ନେବା (nebā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

desc

influenced by <i class="Brah mention" lang="pra">𑀮𑀳𑀇</i> (lahaï, “to take”)

Sindhi: (influenced by 𑀮𑀳𑀇 (lahaï, “to take”))

Arabic script: نِهَڻُ

Devanagari script: निहणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: नेणे (neṇe)

Modi script: 𑘡𑘹𑘜𑘹 (neṇe)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀡𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (ṇijjaï)
 𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *neyH-der.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *náyHati
Sanskrit नय॑ति (náyati)
Prakrit 𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei)
Inherited from Sanskrit नय॑ति (náyati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *náyHati, from Proto-Indo-European *neyH-, from *(s)neh₁-. Cognate with Pali neti.


𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">धावइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಧಾವಇ</i>

tlb

(attested in Māhārāṣṭrī, Jain Māhārāṣṭrī)

pra-head

𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀇 (dhāvaï) (Devanagari धावइ, Kannada ಧಾವಇ) (ambitransitive)

dhāvaï (romanization)
धावइ (Devanagari)
ಧಾವಇ (Kannada)
𑀥𑀸𑀇 (alternative)
𑀥𑀸𑀅𑀇 (alternative)

Central:

Eastern:

Old Awadhi: धावइ (dhāvaï)

Western:

Old Braj: धावति (dhāvti)

Braj: धावन (dhāvan)

Hindustani: dhānā

Hindi: धाना

desc

Urdu: دَھانَا

Urdu: دَھانَا

Eastern:

Assamese: ধা (dha)

Bengali: ধাওয়া (dhaōẇa)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: dhāval

Devanagari script: धावल

Kaithi script: 𑂡𑂰𑂫𑂪

Maithili: dhāēb

Devanagari script: धाएब

Tirhuta script: 𑒡𑒰𑒋𑒥

Odia: ଧାଇଁବା (dhāĩbā), ଧୁପିବା (dhupibā)

Northern:

Nepali: धाउनु (dhāunu)

Northwestern:

Old Punjabi: ਧਾਇ (dhāi)

Gurmukhi script: ਧਾਉਣਾ (dhāuṇā)

Saraiki:

Shahmukhi script: دھاوَݨ (dhāvaṇ)

Devanagari script: धावण (dhāvaṇ)

Multani script: 𑊙𑊤𑊕 (dhvṇ)

Southern:

Insular:

>? Dhivehi: ދުވަނީ (duvanī)

Marathi-Konkani:

Konkani: dhāvce

Devanagari script: धाव्चे

Kannada script: ಧಾವ್ಚೆ

Latin script: dhavche

Old Marathi: dhāṃvaṇe

Devanagari script: धांवणे

Modi script: 𑘠𑘰𑘽𑘪𑘜𑘹

Western:

Ahirani: धावनं (dhāvna)

Gojri: دھانو (dhāno)

Middle Gujarati: धावइ

Gujarati: ધાવું (dhāvũ)

Marwari: धावणौ (dhāvṇau)

Nimadi: धावणूं (dhāvṇū̃)

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀢𑀺 (dhā́vati). Cognate with Pali dhāvati.

दवडणे

Old Marathi: davaḍaṇe, dhavaḍaṇe, dhāvaḍaṇe, dhāṃvaṃḍaṇe

𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀇 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀑, 𑀧𑀸𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀪𑀫𑀇, 𑀤𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀻𑀧𑀳𑀁𑀫𑀺 𑀲𑀁𑀞𑀸𑀇𑁇
𑀡𑀯𑀮𑀇𑀓𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀢𑀼𑀳 𑀳𑀮𑀺𑀅𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢! 𑀤𑁂 𑀧𑀳𑀭𑀲𑀼 𑀯𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 𑁈𑁪𑁫𑁬𑁈
dhāvaï purao, pāsesu bhamaï, diṭṭhīpahaṃmi saṃṭhāi.

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 456

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
456. As soon as you have a supple twig in your hand, she runs across your path, hovers on either side of you and happens to be wherever you are looking.
You blockhead, can’t you see the poor girl desperately wants a good thrashing?

ṇavalaïkarassa tuha haliaütta! de paharasu varāiṃ .456.

𑀢𑀸 𑀑𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀇 𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀇 𑀘𑀮𑀇 𑀔𑀮𑀇 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀑 𑀢𑀳𑀸 𑀳𑁄𑀇𑁇
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀪𑀫𑀇 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀓-𑀪𑀫𑀡𑀁 𑀭𑁄𑀲𑁂𑀡𑀁 𑀥𑀫𑀥𑀫𑁂𑀁𑀢𑁄 𑀲𑁄 𑁈𑁬𑁧𑁈
tā odhāvaï dhāvaï calaï khalaï pariṇao tahā hoi.

c. 1122 – 1123, Devendra, Uttarādhyayana-Vṛtti X. Agaladatta, page 72, line 1

61. Thereupon, panting with fury, [the elephant] rushed and ran and shook and stumbled
and tried to strike with its tusks and whirled about in a circle.

paribhamaï cakka-bhamaṇaṃ roseṇaṃ dhamadhameṃto so .61.


𑀯𑀳𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">वहइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ವಹಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀯𑀳𑀇 (vahaï) (Devanagari वहइ, Kannada ವಹಇ) (transitive)

vahaï (romanization)
वहइ (Devanagari)
ವಹಇ (Kannada)

desc

Old Marathi: 𑘪𑘮𑘜𑘹 (vahaṇe), 𑘪𑘮𑘰𑘜𑘹 (vahāṇe), 𑘪𑘰𑘜𑘹 (vāṇe), 𑘪𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘜𑘹 (vāhāṇe), 𑘪𑘿𑘮𑘰𑘜𑘹 (vhāṇe)

Marathi: वाहणे (vāhṇe)

From Sanskrit वहति (váhati), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *wáźʰati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wáȷ́ʰati, from Proto-Indo-European *wéǵʰeti, from *weǵʰ- (“to bring, transport”). Cognate with Pali vahati.


𑀧𑀟𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पडइ</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">પડઇ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಡಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀟𑀇 (paḍaï) (Devanagari पडइ, Gujarati પડઇ, Kannada ಪಡಇ) (intransitive)

paḍaï (romanization)
पडइ (Devanagari)
પડઇ (Gujarati)
ಪಡಇ (Kannada)
𑀧𑀟𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: पड़ना (paṛnā)

Urdu: پَڑْنَا (paṛnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: পৰা (pora)

Bengali: পড়া (poṛa)

Rohingya: fore

Sylheti: ꠙꠠꠣ (foṛa)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: पड़ल (paṛal)

Magahi: पड़ल (paṛal)

Maithili: पड़ब (paṛab)

Odia: ପଡ଼ିବା (paṛibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: पर्नु (parnu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: पडचे (paḍce)

Old Marathi: 𑘢𑘚𑘜𑘹 (paḍaṇe)

Marathi: पडणे (paḍṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Romani: perel

desctree

Old Gujarati: पडिवउं (paḍivaüṃ)
Gujarati: પડવું (paḍvũ)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀧𑀟𑀇 (paḍaï)
 𑀧𑀸𑀟𑁂𑀇 (pāḍei)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peth₂-
Proto-Indo-European *péth₂eti
Sanskrit पत॑ति (pátati)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀟𑀇 (paḍaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit पत॑ति (pátati), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂eti, from *peth₂-. Cognate with Pali patati.


𑀧𑀟𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पडदि</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀟𑀤𑀺 (paḍadi) (Devanagari पडदि) (intransitive)

alternative form of 𑀧𑀟𑀇 (paḍaï, “to fall”)


𑀫𑀭𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मरइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಮರಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀫𑀭𑀇 (maraï) (Devanagari मरइ, Kannada ಮರಇ) (intransitive)

maraï (romanization)
मरइ (Devanagari)
ಮರಇ (Kannada)
𑀫𑀭𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: मरना (marnā)

Urdu: مَرْنَا (marnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: মৰা (mora)

Bengali: মরা (mora)

Sylheti: ꠝꠞꠣ (mora)

Odia: ମରିବା (maribā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: मर्नु (marnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮਰਨਾ (marnā)

Shahmukhi script: مَرْنَا (marnā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: مَرَڻُ (maraṇu)

Devanagari script: मरणु (maraṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: मरणे (marṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: મરવું (marvũ)

Marwari: मरणौ (marṇau)

Romani: merel

Prakrit verb set
 𑀫𑀭𑀇 (maraï)
 𑀫𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (mārei)
Etymology tree
Sanskrit मर॑ति (márati)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀭𑀇 (maraï)
Inherited from Sanskrit मर॑ति (márati). Cognate with Pali marati.


𑀫𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मारेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಮಾರೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀫𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (mārei) (Devanagari मारेइ, Kannada ಮಾರೇಇ) (transitive)

mārei (romanization)
मारेइ (Devanagari)
ಮಾರೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀫𑀸𑀭𑀇 (alternative)

Hindustani: mārnā

Hindi: मारना

Urdu: مارنا

Konkani: मार्चे (mārce)

Old Marathi: 𑘦𑘰𑘨𑘜𑘹 (māraṇe)

Marathi: मारणे (mārṇe)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mer-
Proto-Indo-European *éyeti
Proto-Indo-European *moréyeti
Sanskrit मारयति (mārayati)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (mārei)
Inherited from Sanskrit मारयति (mārayati). Cognate with Pali māreti.


𑀧𑀸𑀟𑁂𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पाडेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಾಡೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀸𑀟𑁂𑀇 (pāḍei) (Devanagari पाडेइ, Kannada ಪಾಡೇಇ) (transitive)

pāḍei (romanization)
पाडेइ (Devanagari)
ಪಾಡೇಇ (Kannada)

Old Marathi: 𑘢𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹 (pāḍaṇe)

Marathi: पाडणे (pāḍṇe)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀧𑀟𑀇 (paḍaï)
 𑀧𑀸𑀟𑁂𑀇 (pāḍei)
Inherited from Sanskrit पातयति (pātayati, “to throw, cause to fly or fall”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pāt(H)áyati, from Proto-Indo-European *pot(h₂)-éye-ti (“to fly”), from the root *pet(h₂)- (“to fly”). Cognate with Pali pāteti.


𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सुणेदि</i>

pra-head

𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (suṇedi) (Devanagari सुणेदि) (transitive)

suṇedi (romanization)
सुणेदि (Devanagari)
𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀸𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇 𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇#Prakrit


𑀰𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">शुणेदि</i>

pra-head

𑀰𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (śuṇedi) (Devanagari शुणेदि) (transitive)

śuṇedi (romanization)
शुणेदि (Devanagari)

𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇 𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇#Prakrit


𑀔𑀡𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">खणइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಖಣಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀔𑀡𑀇 (khaṇaï) (Devanagari खणइ, Kannada ಖಣಇ) (transitive)

khaṇaï (romanization)
खणइ (Devanagari)
ಖಣಇ (Kannada)

Konkani: khaṇce, khaṇūka

Devanagari script: खण्चे, खणूक

Kannada script: ಖಣ್ಛೆ, ಖಂನೂಕ

Latin script: khannche, khannuk

desctree

Old Marathi: 𑘏𑘜𑘜𑘹 (khaṇaṇe), 𑘏𑘰𑘜𑘜𑘹 (khāṇaṇe, “to dig”)
Marathi: (khaṇṇe)
Devanagari script: खणणे
Modi script: 𑘏𑘜𑘜𑘹
Varhadi: (khānna) (< Old Marathi 𑘏𑘰𑘜𑘜𑘹 (khāṇaṇe))
Devanagari script: खाननं
Modi script: 𑘏𑘰𑘡𑘡𑘽

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀔𑀦𑀢𑀺 (khanati). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀔𑀡𑀤𑀺 (khaṇadi).


𑀔𑀡𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">खणदि</i>

pra-head

𑀔𑀡𑀤𑀺 (khaṇadi) (Devanagari खणदि) (transitive)

khaṇadi (romanization)
खणदि (Devanagari)

Hindustani: khannā

Hindi: खनना

Urdu: کَھنْنا (khannā)

Inherited from Sanskrit खनति (khánati). Cognate with Maharastri Prakrit 𑀔𑀡𑀇 (khaṇaï), Pali khanati.


𑀧𑁂𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पेच्छइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪೆಚ್ಛಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑁂𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (pĕcchaï) (Devanagari पेच्छइ, Kannada ಪೆಚ್ಛಇ) (transitive)

pĕcchaï (romanization)
पेच्छइ (Devanagari)
ಪೆಚ್ಛಇ (Kannada)

𑀪𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀅𑀭𑁄 𑀧𑁂𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀮𑀁 𑀲𑀸-𑀯𑀺 𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀫𑀼𑀳𑀅𑀁𑀤𑀁
𑀢𑀁 𑀘𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀼𑀅𑀁 𑀓𑀭𑀁𑀓𑀁 𑀤𑁄𑀡𑁆𑀳-𑀯𑀺 𑀓𑀸𑀆 𑀯𑀺𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀧𑀁𑀢𑀺
bhicchaaro pĕcchaï ṇāhimaṃḍalaṃ sā-vi tassa muhaaṃdaṃ

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 162

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
While the begging monk looks down at her navel, and the housewife looks at the moon of his face
The crows plunder the dish in her hands, and the begging bowl in his.

taṃ caṭṭuaṃ karaṃkaṃ dŏṇha-vi kāā viluṃpaṃti

𑀧𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 𑀧𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇#Prakrit

alternative form of 𑀧𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (pĕkkhaï, “to look at”)


𑀓𑀮𑁂𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कलेदि</i>

pra-head

𑀓𑀮𑁂𑀤𑀺 (kaledi) (Devanagari कलेदि) (transitive)

kaledi (romanization)
कलेदि (Devanagari)

𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇 𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇#Prakrit

alternative form of 𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇 (karei, “to do”)


𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">करेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಕರೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇 (karei) (Devanagari करेइ, Kannada ಕರೇಇ) (transitive)

karei (romanization)
करेइ (Devanagari)
ಕರೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀓𑀭𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀓𑀮𑁂𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀓𑀮𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀓𑀭𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: करना (karnā)

Urdu: کرنا (karnā)

Old Awadhi: करइ (karaï)

Awadhi: करब (karab)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: কৰ (kor), কৰিব (koribo)

Bengali: করা (kora)

Rajbanshi: कर्बा

Rohingya: gor

Sylheti: ꠇꠞꠣ (xora)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: करल (karal)

Maithili: करब (karab)

Odia: କରିବା (karibā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Dhivehi: ކުރަނީ (kuranī)

Sinhalese: කරනවා (karanawā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Central Pahari:

Kumaoni: कर्णो (karṇo), कन (kan)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: गर्नु (garnu)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: केर्नू (kernū)

Garhwali: करणु (karṇu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਰਨਾ (karnā)

Shahmukhi script: کَرنا (karnā)

Saraiki: کرݨ (karaṇ)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڪَرَڻُ

Devanagari script: करणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani:

Devanagari script: कर्चे (karce)

Kannada script: ಕರ್ಚೆ (karce)

Latin script: karche

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘎𑘨𑘜𑘹 (karaṇe)

Devanagari script: करणे (karaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Ahirani: करनं (karna)

desctree

Old Gujarati: करिवउं (karivaũ)
Gujarati: કરવું (karvũ)
Marwari: करणौ (karṇau)
Mewari: करणो (karṇo)

Romani: kerel

Prakrit verb set
 𑀓𑀻𑀭𑀇 (kīraï)
 𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇 (karei)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-
Proto-Indo-European *-néwti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *kr̥náwti
Sanskrit कृ॒णोति॑ (kṛṇóti)
Sanskrit क॒रोति॑ (karóti)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀭𑁄𑀢𑀺 (karoti)
Prakrit 𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇 (karei)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀭𑁄𑀢𑀺 (karoti), from Sanskrit क॒रोति॑ (karóti), from कृ॒णोति॑ (kṛṇóti), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kr̥náwti, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- + *-néwti. Cognate with Pali karoti.


𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">करेदि</i>

pra-head

𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀤𑀺 (karedi) (Devanagari करेदि) (transitive)

karedi (romanization)
करेदि (Devanagari)

𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇 𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇#Prakrit


𑀧𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पालेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಾಲೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀇 (pālei) (Devanagari पालेइ, Kannada ಪಾಲೇಇ) (transitive)

pālei (romanization)
पालेइ (Devanagari)
ಪಾಲೇಇ (Kannada)

desc

Old Marathi: 𑘢𑘩𑘜𑘹 (palaṇe), 𑘢𑘰𑘩𑘜𑘹 (pālaṇe), 𑘢𑘰𑘯𑘜𑘹 (pāḷaṇe)

Marathi: पाळणे (pāḷṇe)

From Sanskrit पालयति (pāláyati). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀤𑀺 (pāledi), Pali pāleti.


𑀲𑀭𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सरइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸರಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀲𑀭𑀇 (saraï) (Devanagari सरइ, Kannada ಸರಇ) (intransitive)

saraï (romanization)
सरइ (Devanagari)
ಸರಇ (Kannada)

Old Marathi: 𑘭𑘨𑘜𑘹 (saraṇe)

Marathi: सरणे (sarṇe)

From Sanskrit सरति (sárati), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *sárati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sárati, from Proto-Indo-European *sél-e-ti, from *sel- (“to run, flow”). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀲𑀭𑀤𑀺 (saradi), Pali sarati.


𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णस्सइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಣಸ್ಸಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 (ṇassaï) (Devanagari णस्सइ, Kannada ಣಸ್ಸಇ) (intransitive)

ṇassaï (romanization)
णस्सइ (Devanagari)
ಣಸ್ಸಇ (Kannada)
𑀡𑀸𑀲𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: नासना (nāsnā)

Urdu: ناسْنا (nāsnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Odia: ନସିବା (nasibā, “to be destroyed”)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Sinhalese: නසිනවා (nasinawā, “to die”)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: नास्णो (nāsṇo)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਨੱਸਣਾ (nassaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: نَسّݨا (nassṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

desc

Old Marathi: 𑘡𑘰𑘭𑘜𑘹 (nāsaṇe), 𑘡𑘰𑘫𑘜𑘹 (nāśaṇe)

Marathi: नासणे (nāsṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: નાસવું (nāsvũ)

Romani: naśel, našel (Pan-Vlax)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *neḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *náćyati
Sanskrit नश्य॑ति (náśyati)
Prakrit 𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 (ṇassaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit नश्य॑ति (náśyati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *náćyati, from Proto-Indo-European *neḱ- + *-yeti. Cognate with Pali nassati.

etymon

hi:सुभद्र झा


𑀕𑀡𑁂𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गणेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಗಣೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀕𑀡𑁂𑀇 (gaṇei) (Devanagari गणेइ, Kannada ಗಣೇಇ) (transitive)

gaṇei (romanization)
गणेइ (Devanagari)
ಗಣೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀕𑀡𑀇 (alternative)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑀦𑀤𑀺 (ganadi)

Awadhi: गनब (ganab)

Hindustani: ginnā

Hindi: गिनना

Urdu: گننا

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: গণিব (gonibo)

Bengali: গোনা (gōna), গণা (gona)

Bihari: गिनब

Bhojpuri: गनल (ganal)

Maithili: गनब (ganab)

Odia: ଗଣିବା (gaṇibā)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Kumaoni: गण्णो (gaṇṇo)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: गन्नु (gannu)

Western Pahari:

Jaunsari: गण्नोँ (gaṇnō̃)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi: giṇṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਗਿਣਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: گِݨَّہ

Lahnda: گݨݨ (gaṇaṇ)

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: gaṇaṇu

Arabic script: گَڻَڻُ

Devanagari script: गणणु

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ގުނަނީ (gunanī)

Sinhalese: ගණිනවා (gaṇinawā)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑀡𑀇 (gaṇaï)

Old Marathi: 𑘐𑘜𑘜𑘹 (gaṇaṇe)

Marathi: गणणे (gaṇṇe)

Western:

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑀦𑀤𑀺 (ganadi)

Old Gujarati: गिनइ (ginaï)

Gujarati: ગણવું (gaṇvũ)

From Sanskrit गणयति (gaṇayati). Cognate with Pali gaṇeti.


𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पसरदि</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀤𑀺 (pasaradi) (Devanagari पसरदि) (intransitive)

pasaradi (romanization)
पसरदि (Devanagari)

Gujarati: પસરવું (pasarvũ)

Hindustani: pasarnā

Hindi: पसरना

Urdu: پَسَرْنا (pasarnā)

𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀇 𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀇#Prakrit


𑀆𑀇𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">आइक्खइ</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">આઇક્ખઇ</i>

pra-head

𑀆𑀇𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (āikkhaï) (Devanagari आइक्खइ, Gujarati આઇક્ખઇ) (transitive)

āikkhaï (romanization)
आइक्खइ (Devanagari)
આઇક્ખઇ (Gujarati)

Inherited from Sanskrit *आचिख्यति (ācikhyati), from the root आख्या (ākhyā) (compare आख्याति (ākhyāti)). Cognate with Pali ācikkhati.


𑀆𑀡𑁂𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">आणेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಆಣೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀆𑀡𑁂𑀇 (āṇei) (Devanagari आणेइ, Kannada ಆಣೇಇ) (transitive)

āṇei (romanization)
आणेइ (Devanagari)
ಆಣೇಇ (Kannada)

Old Marathi: aṇaṇe, āṇaṇe

Modi script: 𑘀𑘜𑘜𑘹, 𑘁𑘜𑘜𑘹

Devanagari script: अणणे, आणणे

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀆𑀦𑀬𑀢𑀺 (ānayati). By surface analysis, 𑀆- (ā-) + 𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀆𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (āṇedi), Pali āneti.


𑀆𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">आणेदि</i>

pra-head

𑀆𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (āṇedi) (Devanagari आणेदि) (transitive)

desctree

Old Gujarati: आणिवउं (āṇivaũ)
Gujarati: આણવું (āṇavũ)

Romani: anel

Saraiki: آݨَݨ (āṇaṇ)

Sindhi: آڻَڻُ / आणणु

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀆𑀦𑀬𑀢𑀺 (ānayati). By surface analysis, 𑀆- (ā-) + 𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (ṇedi). Cognate with Maharastri Prakrit 𑀆𑀡𑁂𑀇 (āṇei), Pali āneti.


𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णेदि</i>

pra-head

𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (ṇedi) (Devanagari णेदि) (transitive)

alternative form of 𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei, “to lead, take”)


𑀓𑀅

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀢 (kata), from Sanskrit कृत (kṛtá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kr̥tás, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷr̥tós, from *kʷer- + *-tós. Cognate with Pali kata.

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𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇 𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇#Prakrit


𑀕𑀬

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गय</i>


𑀅𑀯𑀕𑀬

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अवगय</i>

avagaya (romanization)
अवगय (Devanagari)

𑀅𑀯𑀕𑀅 𑀅𑀯𑀕𑀅#Prakrit


𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀺𑀬

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चुंबिय</i>

cuṃbiya (romanization)
चुंबिय (Devanagari)

𑀘𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀩𑀺𑀅 𑀘𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀩𑀺𑀅#Prakrit

चुंबइ चुंबइ#Prakrit

hiatus-filler form of 𑀘𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀩𑀺𑀅 (cumbia, past participle of चुंबइ (cuṃbaï))


𑀳𑀬

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">हय</i>


𑀔𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀢

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">खित्त</i>

khitta (romanization)
खित्त (Devanagari)

Inherited from Sanskrit क्षिप्त (kṣiptá). Cognate with Pali khitta.

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𑀔𑀺𑀯𑀇 𑀔𑀺𑀯𑀇#Prakrit


𑀩𑀤𑁆𑀥

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">बद्ध</i>

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀩𑀥 (badha /baddha/), from Sanskrit बद्ध (baddhá). Cognate with Pali baddha.

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𑀩𑀁𑀥𑀇 𑀩𑀁𑀥𑀇#Prakrit


𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">ओइण्ण</i>

oiṇṇa (romanization)
ओइण्ण (Devanagari)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡 (singular vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (plural vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (nominative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀑 (nominative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀉 (nominative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀑 (accusative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀉 (accusative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀏 (instrumental singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀇 (instrumental singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀅 (instrumental singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀏 (genitive singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀇 (genitive singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀅 (genitive singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀇 (locative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀅 (locative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂 (singular vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀑 (plural vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀉 (plural vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (plural vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡 (singular vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀸𑀇 (plural vocative)

Inherited from Sanskrit अवतीर्ण (avatīrṇa). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀑𑀤𑀺𑀡𑁆𑀡 (odiṇṇa), Pali avatiṇṇa.

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𑀑𑀅𑀭𑀇 𑀑𑀅𑀭𑀇#Prakrit


𑀕𑀻𑀅

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गीअ</i>

Inherited from Sanskrit गीत (gītá). Cognate with Pali gīta.

𑀕𑀸𑀅𑀇 𑀕𑀸𑀅𑀇#Prakrit


𑀤𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">दिट्ठ</i>

diṭṭha (romanization)
दिट्ठ (Devanagari)
𑀢𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞 (alternative)
𑀤𑀝𑁆𑀞 (alternative)
𑀤𑁂𑀝𑁆𑀞 (alternative)

desc

ਡਿਠਾ<ts:ḍiṭṭhā>

Old Punjabi: ਡਿਠਾ (ḍiṭhā /ḍiṭṭhā/), ਡੀਠਾ (ḍīṭhā)

Punjabi: ḍiṭṭhā

Gurmukhi script: ਡਿੱਠਾ

Shahmukhi script: ڈِٹّھا

Saraiki:

Devanagari script: ॾिट्ठा

Multani script: 𑊓𑊑 (ḏṭh /ḏiṭṭhā/)

Shahmukhi script: ݙِٹّھا (ḏiṭṭhā)

Sindhi:(ॾिठ- Past stem of ॾिसणु - to see)

Devanagari script: ॾिठमि(verb; i saw)(Other forms : ॾिठल(past participle; seen))

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀤𑀾𑀱𑁆𑀝 (dṛṣṭá). Cognate with Pali diṭṭha.

ref

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “dr̥ṣṭá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 372: “Pk. daṭṭha-, diṭṭha-, deṭṭha- (with e from dekkhaï) 'seen'”

𑀤𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 𑀤𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇#Prakrit

𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀇 𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀇#Prakrit

past participle of 𑀤𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 (dissaï) (compare 𑀧𑀸𑀲𑀇 (pāsaï))


𑀕𑀻𑀬

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गीय</i>


𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अच्छइ</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">અચ્છઇ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅಚ್ಛಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (acchaï) (Devanagari अच्छइ, Gujarati અચ્છઇ, Kannada ಅಚ್ಛಇ) (intransitive)

acchaï (romanization)
अच्छइ (Devanagari)
અચ્છઇ (Gujarati)
ಅಚ್ಛಇ (Kannada)
𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (alternative)
𑀳𑁄𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: अछना (achnā)

Urdu: اَچْھنا (achnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: আছে (ase)

Bengali: আছ- (ach-)

Sylheti: ꠀꠍꠦ (asé)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: asaṇe

Devanagari script: असणे

Modi script: 𑘀𑘭𑘜𑘹
Marathi: असणे (asṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: अछइ (achaï), छइ (chaï)

Ahirani: से (se), शे (śe)

Middle Gujarati: छै

Gujarati: છે (che)

desctree

Romani: aćhel, acsel, áshel (Hungary), aćhol (International Standard), ačhel, ačhol (Pan-Vlax), ачел (Cyrillic)
→ Hungarian: ácsi

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Sanskrit आ (ā)
Sanskrit आ- (ā-)
Proto-Indo-European *teḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *tḱey-
Proto-Indo-European *tḱéyti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšáyti
Sanskrit क्षेति॑ (kṣéti)
Sanskrit आक्षे॑ति (ā́kṣeti)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀙𑀢𑀺 (achati)
Prakrit 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (acchaï)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀙𑀢𑀺 (achati), from Sanskrit आक्षे॑ति (ā́kṣeti), from आ- (ā-) + क्षेति॑ (kṣéti). Cognate with Pali acchati.

etymon

अच्छउ ता जणवाओ हिअअं चिअ अत्तणो तुह पमाणं ।
तह तं सि मंदणेहो जह ण उवालंभजोग्गो सि ॥
acchaü tā jaṇavāo hiaaṃ cia attaṇo tuha pamāṇaṃ .

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 201

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
Never mind the gossip:
Judge by your own feelings.
Anyway,
You have grown so cool
That you are beyond reproach.

taha taṃ si maṃdaṇeho jaha ṇa uvālaṃbhajŏggo si .


𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अच्छदि</i>

pra-head

𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀤𑀺 (acchadi) (Devanagari अच्छदि) (intransitive)

acchadi (romanization)
अच्छदि (Devanagari)

𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇#Prakrit

Śaurasenī form of 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (acchaï, “to remain”)


𑀡𑀺𑀬

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णिय</i>


𑀡𑀻𑀤

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णीद</i>

Inherited from Sanskrit नीत (nītá, “led”). Cognate with Maharastri Prakrit 𑀡𑀺𑀅 (ṇia), Ardhamagadhi Prakrit 𑀦𑀺𑀬 (niya), Magadhi Prakrit 𑀡𑀻𑀤 (ṇīda), Pali nīta.

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𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺#Prakrit


𑀡𑀻𑀬

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णीय</i>

(Jain Māhārāṣṭrī) hiatus-filler form of 𑀡𑀻𑀅 (ṇīa)


𑀡𑀻𑀅

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णीअ</i>

ṇīa (romanization)
णीअ (Devanagari)
𑀡𑀻𑀬 (alternative)


𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अक्खइ</i>

pra-head

𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (akkhaï) (Devanagari अक्खइ) (intransitive)

akkhaï (romanization)
अक्खइ (Devanagari)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Chakma: [script needed] (āge, 3sg.pres)

Bihari:

desc

Bhojpuri: खे (khē, 3sg.pres), ⇒ नैखे (naikhē, “3sg.pres.neg”)

Old Maithili: अखलु (akhᵊlʉ, “was”)

Sadri: ⇒ नखी (nakhī, 3sg.pres.neg)

𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇#Prakrit

alternative form of 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (acchaï, “to remain”)


अक्खइ

अरे, अत्थि चउत्था भासा पेसाया । ता सा इमा होहि त्ति । एत्थ वड-पायववरे पिसायान उल्लावो अक्खइ त्ति ।
are, atthi cautthā bhāsā pesāyā. tā sā imā hohi tti. ettha vaḍa-pāyavavare pisāyāna ullāvo akkhaï tti.

c. 778 CE, Uddyotana, Kuvalayamālā folio 58, lines 2c-3a

Here at the great banian tree the Piśācas are conversing. Then again he stood thinking, "What is their conversation?"

𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇#Prakrit


𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पहुप्पइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಹುಪ್ಪಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 (pahuppaï) (Devanagari पहुप्पइ, Kannada ಪಹುಪ್ಪಇ) (intransitive)

pahuppaï (romanization)
पहुप्पइ (Devanagari)
ಪಹುಪ್ಪಇ (Kannada)
𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (alternative)

hi:सुभद्र झा

Inherited from Sanskrit *प्रभुत्वति (prabhutvati), an unattested verb from the root प्रभू (prabhū, “to surpass; to control”).


𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁄𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सक्कणोदि</i>

pra-head

𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁄𑀤𑀺 (sakkaṇodi) (Devanagari सक्कणोदि) (intransitive)

sakkaṇodi (romanization)
सक्कणोदि (Devanagari)

𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇#Prakrit

Śaurasenī form of 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (sakkaï, “to be able to”)


𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सक्कइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸಕ್ಕಇ</i>

𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (sakkaï) (Devanagari सक्कइ, Kannada ಸಕ್ಕಇ)

sakkaï (romanization)
सक्कइ (Devanagari)
ಸಕ್ಕಇ (Kannada)
𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀇 (alternative)
𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁄𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀼𑀡𑁄𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Apabhramsa: सक्कइ (sakkaï) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱek-
Proto-Indo-European *-néwti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćaknáwti
Sanskrit श॒क्नोति॑ (śaknóti)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (sakkaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit श॒क्नोति॑ (śaknóti), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćaknáwti, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱek- + *-néwti. Cognate with Pali sakkoti.

etymon

sa>श॒क्नोति॑>able


𑀩𑀁𑀥𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">बंधइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಬಂಧಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀩𑀁𑀥𑀇 (baṃdhaï) (Devanagari बंधइ, Kannada ಬಂಧಇ) (transitive)

baṃdhaï (romanization)
बंधइ (Devanagari)
ಬಂಧಇ (Kannada)

Konkani: बांद्चे (bāndce)

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘤𑘰𑘽𑘠𑘜𑘹 (bāṃdhaṇe), 𑘤𑘰𑘡𑘜𑘹 (bānaṇe)

Devanagari script: बांधणे (bāṃdhaṇe), बानणे (bānaṇe)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀩𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (bajjhaï)
 𑀩𑀁𑀥𑀇 (baṃdhaï)
From Sanskrit बन्धति (bándhati), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *bándʰati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰándʰati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéndʰ-e-ti, from *bʰendʰ- (“to tie”). Cognate with Pali bandhati.

pra-mah-verb set

नोंदणे

𑀡𑀺𑀩𑀁𑀥𑀇 (ṇibaṃdhaï)


𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उवविसइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಉವವಿಸಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 (uvavisaï) (Devanagari उवविसइ, Kannada ಉವವಿಸಇ) (intransitive)

uvavisaï (romanization)
उवविसइ (Devanagari)
ಉವವಿಸಇ (Kannada)
𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀰𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: (dialectal) बैसना (baisnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

>? Bengali-Assamese:

Early Assamese: বস্ (bos)

Assamese: বহ (boh)

Bengali: বসা (bośa)

Sylheti: ꠛꠃꠣ (boua)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: बैसल (baisal)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

>? Nepali: बस्नु (basnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

>? Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਬਹਿਣਾ (bahiṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ويهَڻُ (vehaṇu)

Devanagari script: वेहणु (vehaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: बस्चे (basce), बसप (basap)

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: बैसणे (baisaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘤𑘺𑘭𑘜𑘹 (baisaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gurjara Apabhramsa: बइसइ (baïsaï)

Gujarati: બેસવું (besvũ)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit उप- (upa-)
Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-
Sanskrit विशति (viśati)
Sanskrit उप॑विशति (úpaviśati)
Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 (uvavisaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit उप॑विशति (úpaviśati). By surface analysis, 𑀉𑀯- (uva-) + 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 (visaï). Cognate with Pali upavisati.

etymon

sa>उप॑विशति>sit


𑀔𑀸𑀅𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">खाअइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಖಾಅಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀔𑀸𑀅𑀇 (khāaï) (Devanagari खाअइ, Kannada ಖಾಅಇ) (transitive)

khāaï (romanization)
खाअइ (Devanagari)
ಖಾಅಇ (Kannada)
𑀔𑀸𑀇 (alternative)

Konkani: khāvce

Devanagari script: खाव्चे (khāvce)

Kannada script: ಖಾವ್ಚೆ (khāvce)

Latin script: khavche

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘏𑘰𑘜𑘹 (khāṇe)

Devanagari script: खाणे (khāṇe)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀔𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (khajjaï)
 𑀔𑀸𑀅𑀇 (khāaï)
From Sanskrit खादति (khā́dati), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *kʰā́dati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰā́dati, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷh₂ḗdeti ~ *kʷh₂édeti, from *kʷh₂ed-. Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀔𑀸𑀤𑀺 (khādi), Magadhi Prakrit 𑀔𑀸𑀤𑀺 (khādi), Pali khādati.


𑀤𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">देइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ದೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀤𑁂𑀇 (dei) (Devanagari देइ, Kannada ದೇಇ) (transitive)

dei (romanization)
देइ (Devanagari)
ದೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀤𑁂𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Eastern Hindi:

Awadhi: देब (deb)

Western Hindi:

desctree

Old Hindi: देना (denā)
Hindustani:
Hindi: देना (denā)
Urdu: دینا (denā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: দে (de)

Bengali: দেওয়া (deōẇa)

Sylheti: ꠖꠦꠅꠀ (deoa)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Sinhalese: දෙනවා (denawā)

Dhivehi: ދެނީ (denī)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: दिनु (dinu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਦੇਣਾ (deṇā)

Shahmukhi script: دیݨا (deṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڏِئَڻُ

Devanagari script: ॾिअणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani:

Devanagari script: दिव्चे (divce)

Kannada script: ದಿವ್ಚೆ (divce)

Latin script: divche

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘟𑘹𑘜𑘹 (deṇe), 𑘠𑘹𑘜𑘹 (dheṇe)

desc

Devanagari script: देणे (deṇe), धेणे (dheṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: દેવું (devũ)

Marwari: देणो (deṇo)

Romani: del

Prakrit verb set
 𑀤𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (dijjaï)
 𑀤𑁂𑀇 (dei)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dádaHti
Sanskrit ददा॑ति (dádāti)
Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *neyH-der.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *náyHati
Sanskrit नय॑ति (náyati)
Prakrit 𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei)influ.
Prakrit 𑀤𑁂𑀇 (dei)
Inherited from Sanskrit ददा॑ति (dádāti, “to give”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *dádaHti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dádaHti, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti. The verb was reshaped by analogy with Prakrit 𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei, “to take”); also compare Vedic Sanskrit दाति॑ (dā́ti, “to give”), whence Prakrit 𑀤𑀸𑀇 (dāi).
Cognate with Pali dadāti.

inh+

hi:सुभद्र झा


𑀤𑀺𑀡𑁆𑀡

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">दिण्ण</i>

diṇṇa (romanization)
दिण्ण (Devanagari)
𑀤𑀢𑁆𑀢 (alternative proper-noun)

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀤𑀺𑀁𑀦 (diṃna /diṇṇa/), from Sanskrit *दिन्न (dinna), दत्त (dattá), from Proto-Indo-European *de-dh₃-tó-s, from *deh₃- (“to give”). Cognate with Pali dinna.


𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पिवइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಿವಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀇 (pivaï) (Devanagari पिवइ, Kannada ಪಿವಇ) (transitive)

pivaï (romanization)
पिवइ (Devanagari)
ಪಿವಇ (Kannada)
𑀧𑀺𑀅𑀇 (alternative)
𑀧𑀺𑀩𑀇 (alternative)

Konkani: pivce, piyevce

Devanagari script: पिव्चे, पियेव्चे

Kannada script: ಪಿವ್ಚೆ, ಪಿಯೆವ್ಚೆ

Latin script: pivche, piyevche

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘢𑘲𑘜𑘹 (pīṇe), 𑘢𑘹𑘜𑘹 (peṇe)

Devanagari script: पिणे (piṇe), पेणे (peṇe)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀧𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (pijjaï)
 𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀇 (pivaï)
From Sanskrit पिबति (píbati), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *píbati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *píbati, from Proto-Indo-European *píbeti, late variant of *píph₃eti, reduplication of *peh₃- (“to drink”). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀤𑀺 (pivadi), Magadhi Prakrit 𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀤𑀺 (pivadi), Pali pivati.

pra-mah-verb set

𑀉𑀤𑁆𑀥𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁄 𑀧𑀺𑀅𑀇 𑀚𑀮𑀁 𑀚𑀳-𑀚𑀳 𑀯𑀺𑀭𑀮𑀁𑀕𑀼𑀮𑀻 𑀘𑀺𑀭𑀁 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀑
𑀧𑀸𑀯𑀸𑀮𑀺𑀆-𑀯𑀺 𑀢𑀳-𑀢𑀳 𑀥𑀸𑀭𑀁 𑀢𑀡𑀼𑀅𑀁-𑀧𑀺 𑀢𑀡𑀼𑀏𑀇
uddhaccho piaï jalaṃ jaha-jaha viralaṃgulī ciraṃ pahio

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 161

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
For some time the traveller has been sipping water from his cupped hand, keeping his fingers wide apart
all the while looking up towards the woman at the well who in turn has reduced the already thin stream to a mere trickle.

pāvāliā-vi taha-taha dhāraṃ taṇuaṃ-pi taṇuei


𑀧𑀻𑀅

pīa (romanization)
𑀧𑀻𑀑 (nominative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀅𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀏 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀅 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (nominative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀑 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀉 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀅𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀑 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀉 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀏 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀇 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀅 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀏 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀇 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀅 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀇 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀅 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀏 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀑 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀉 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀅𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀅𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀏𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀻𑀅 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀆 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀆𑀇 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀻𑀬 (alternative)

Assamese: পি (pi)

Gujarati: પીયું (pīyũ)

Hindi: पिया (piyā)

Nepali: पिए (pie)

>? Punjabi: ਪੀਤਾ (pītā)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *ph₃tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pHtás
Sanskrit पीत (pīta)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀻𑀅 (pīa)
Inherited from Sanskrit पीत (pītá). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀻𑀤 (pīda), Pali pīta.

etymon

𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀇 𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀇#Prakrit


𑀧𑀻𑀬

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पीय</i>

पिवइ पिवइ#Prakrit

hiatus-filler form of 𑀧𑀻𑀅 (pīa, past participle of पिवइ (pivaï))


𑀕𑀸𑀅𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गाअइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಗಾಅಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀕𑀸𑀅𑀇 (gāaï) (Devanagari गाअइ, Kannada ಗಾಅಇ) (transitive)

gāaï (romanization)
गाअइ (Devanagari)
ಗಾಅಇ (Kannada)
𑀕𑀸𑀬𑀇 (alternative)
𑀕𑀸𑀅𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀕𑀸𑀇 (alternative)

Konkani:

Devanagari script: गाव्चे

Kannada script: ಗಾವ್ಚೆ

Latin script: gavche

Old Marathi: gāṇe

Modi script: 𑘐𑘰𑘜𑘹

Devanagari script: गाणे

Prakrit verb set
 𑀕𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (gijjaï)
 𑀕𑀸𑀅𑀇 (gāaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit गायति (gā́yati). Cognate with Pali gāyati.


𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जाणइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಜಾಣಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀇 (jāṇaï) (Devanagari जाणइ, Kannada ಜಾಣಇ) (transitive)

jāṇaï (romanization)
जाणइ (Devanagari)
ಜಾಣಇ (Kannada)
𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀬𑀸𑀡𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀸𑀇 (alternative)

Konkani: jāṇce

Devanagari script: जाण्चे

Kannada script: ಜಾಣ್ಚೆ

Latin script: zannche

Old Marathi: jāṇaṇe

Modi script: 𑘕𑘰𑘜𑘜𑘹

Devanagari script: जाणणे

Prakrit verb set
 𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀇 (jāṇaï)
 𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (jāṇāvei)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀚𑀸𑀦𑀢𑀺 (jānati), from Sanskrit जानाति (jānā́ti). Cognate with Pali jānāti.


𑀏𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">एइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಏಇ</i>

ei (romanization)
एइ (Devanagari)
ಏಇ (Kannada)
𑀏𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Konkani: yevce

Devanagari script: येव्चे

Kannada script: ಯೆವ್ಚೆ

Latin script: ievchem

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘊𑘜𑘹 (eṇe), 𑘧𑘹𑘜𑘹 (yeṇe)

Devanagari script: एणे (eṇe), येणे (yeṇe)

From Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀢𑀺 (eti), from Sanskrit एति (éti). Cognate with Pali eti.


𑀉𑀟𑁆𑀟𑁂𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उड्डेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಉಡ್ಡೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀉𑀟𑁆𑀟𑁂𑀇 (uḍḍei) (Devanagari उड्डेइ, Kannada ಉಡ್ಡೇಇ) (intransitive)

uḍḍei (romanization)
उड्डेइ (Devanagari)
ಉಡ್ಡೇಇ (Kannada)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: উৰ (ur)

Bengali: উড়া (uṛa), ওড়া (ōṛa)

Bihari:

desc

Bhojpuri: उड़ल (uṛal), उड़ावल (uṛāval), उड़वावल (uṛᵊvāval)

Maithili: उड़ब (uṛab)

Odia: ଉଡ଼ିବା (uṛibā)

Sylheti: ꠃꠠ (uṛ)

Central Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Hindi: उडना (uḍanā)
Braj: उडन (uḍan), उड़न (uṛan)
Hindustani: uṛnā
Hindi: उड़ना
Urdu: اُڑْنَا (uṛnā)

Romani: ural

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: उड्नु (uḍnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Old Punjabi: ਉਡਿ (uḍi), ਊਡਿ (ūḍi)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਉੱਡਣਾ (uḍḍaṇā), ਉਡਣਾ (uḍaṇā)
Shahmukhi script: اُڈّݨا (uḍḍṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘄𑘚𑘜𑘹 (uḍaṇe)

Devanagari script: उडणे (uḍaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

desc

Old Gujarati: उडए (uḍae), ऊडए (ūḍae), ऊडइ (ūḍaï)

Gujarati: ઊડવું (ūḍavũ)

Inherited from Sanskrit उड्डयते (uḍḍayate), a variant of उड्डीयते (uḍḍīyate), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *uẓḍiHyáti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *udᶻdiHyáti (“to fly upwards or away”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd-s-dih₁yéti, a compound of *úd (“upwards, away”) + *dih₁yéti (“to chase”). Cognate with Pali uḍḍeti.


𑀚𑀸𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जाइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಜಾಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀚𑀸𑀇 (jāi) (Devanagari जाइ, Kannada ಜಾಇ) (intransitive)

jāi (romanization)
जाइ (Devanagari)
ಜಾಇ (Kannada)
𑀚𑀸𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀚𑀸𑀅𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: जाना (jānā)

Urdu: جانا (jānā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: যা (za)

Bengali: যাওয়া (jaōẇa)

Sylheti: ꠎꠣꠃꠣ (zaua)

Bihari:

Maithili: जाएब (jāēb)

Odia: ଯିବା (jibā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Dhivehi: ދަނީ (danī)

Sinhalese: යනවා (yanawā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: जानु (jānu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਜਾਣਾ (jāṇā)

Shahmukhi script: جانا (jānā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: जाणे (jāṇe)

Modi script: 𑘕𑘰𑘜𑘹 (jāṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: जाइ (jāi)

Gujarati: જવું (javũ), જાવું (jāvũ)

Marwari: जावइ (jāvai)

Mewari: जाणो (jāṇo)

Romani: ʒal

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂-
Sanskrit याति॑ (yā́ti)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀬𑀸𑀢𑀺 (yāti)
Prakrit 𑀚𑀸𑀇 (jāi)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀬𑀸𑀢𑀺 (yāti), from Sanskrit याति॑ (yā́ti), from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂-. Cognate with Pali yāti.

etymon

𑀧𑀁𑀘-𑀡𑀫𑁄𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀭-𑀲𑀫𑀸 𑀅𑀁𑀢𑁂 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀁𑀢𑀺 𑀚𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀤𑀲 𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀸
𑀲𑁄 𑀚𑀇 𑀡 𑀚𑀸𑀇 𑀫𑁄𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀁 𑀅𑀯𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀯𑁂𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀑 𑀳𑁄𑀇
paṃca-ṇamŏkkāra-samā aṃte vaccaṃti jassa dasa pāṇā
so jaï ṇa jāi mŏkkhaṃ avassa vemāṇio hoi
If he whose ten vital airs depart at the end, while they have become one with the formula of worship,

c. 1122 – 1123, Devendra, Uttarādhyayana-Vṛtti VI. Nami lines 68-69

does not reach final emancipation, he certainly becomes a Vemāṇiya god.


𑀮𑀺𑀳𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लिहइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಲಿಹಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀮𑀺𑀳𑀇 (lihaï) (Devanagari लिहइ, Kannada ಲಿಹಇ) (transitive)

lihaï (romanization)
लिहइ (Devanagari)
ಲಿಹಇ (Kannada)
𑀮𑁂𑀳𑀇 (alternative)

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: लहणे (lahaṇe), लिखणे (likhaṇe), लिहणे (lihaṇe), लेहणे (lehaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘩𑘮𑘜𑘹 (lahaṇe), 𑘩𑘲𑘏𑘜𑘹 (līkhaṇe), 𑘩𑘲𑘮𑘜𑘹 (līhaṇe), 𑘩𑘹𑘮𑘜𑘹 (lehaṇe)

From Sanskrit लिखति (likháti), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *rikʰ-á-ti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *rikʰ-á-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *rikh₂-é-ti, from *reyk(ʷ)h₂- (“to scratch”). Cognate with Pali likhati.

𑀚𑀁-𑀚𑀁 𑀧𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀧𑀇𑀆 𑀧𑀺𑀅𑀅𑀫𑀡𑀸𑀫𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀁 𑀮𑀺𑀳𑀇 𑀮𑁂𑀳𑁂
𑀢𑀁-𑀢𑀁 𑀢𑀮𑁆𑀮𑁂𑀳𑀡𑀺𑀆-𑀡𑀼𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀕𑀮𑀺𑀑 𑀧𑀼𑀲𑀇 𑀲𑁂𑀑
jaṃ-jaṃ paütthapaïā piaamaṇāmakkharaṃ lihaï lehe

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 841

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
Each time she tries to write a letter to her husband on his travels,
the drops of sweat running down her pen blot out the syllables of his dear name.

taṃ-taṃ tallehaṇiā-ṇusāragalio pusaï seo


𑀮𑀺𑀳𑀇

Konkani: lễvce

Devanagari script: लेंव्चे

Kannada script: ಲೆಂವ್ಚೆ

Latin script: levnche

From Sanskrit लिहति (liháti), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *lizʰáti, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *liȷ́ʰáti, from Proto-Indo-European *liǵʰ-é-ti, from *leyǵʰ- (“to lick”). Cognate with Pali lihati.


𑀧𑀼𑀲𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पुसइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪುಸಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀼𑀲𑀇 (pusaï) (Devanagari पुसइ, Kannada ಪುಸಇ) (transitive)

pusaï (romanization)
पुसइ (Devanagari)
ಪುಸಇ (Kannada)
𑀧𑀼𑀁𑀙𑀇 (alternative)

Sindhi:

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘢𑘳𑘭𑘜𑘹 (pusaṇe)

Devanagari script: पुसणे (pusaṇe)

From Sanskrit प्रोञ्छति (proñchati). Cognate with Pali puñchati.

𑀧𑀼𑀲𑀇 𑀔𑀡𑀁, 𑀥𑀼𑀅𑀇 𑀔𑀡𑀁, 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀨𑁄𑀟𑀇 𑀢𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀡𑀁 𑀅𑀆𑀡𑀁𑀢𑀻
𑀫𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥𑀯𑀳𑀽 𑀣𑀡𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂 𑀤𑀺𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 𑀤𑀇𑀏𑀡 𑀡𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀯𑀅𑀁
pusaï khaṇaṃ, dhuaï khaṇaṃ, papphoḍaï takkhaṇaṃ aāṇaṃtī

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 433

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
One moment she tried wiping, the next scrubbing, and after that rubbing.
The young wife was completely at a loss, what to do with the nail mark her husband had left on her breast.

muddhavahū thaṇavaṭṭe diṇṇaṃ daïeṇa ṇakkhavaaṃ


𑀘𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चट्टेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಚಟ್ಟೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀘𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇 (caṭṭei) (Devanagari चट्टेइ, Kannada ಚಟ್ಟೇಇ) (transitive)

caṭṭei (romanization)
चट्टेइ (Devanagari)
ಚಟ್ಟೇಇ (Kannada)

Bengali: চাটা (caṭa)

Gurjara Apabhramsa:

Gujarati: ચાટવું (cāṭvũ)

Marwari: चाटणौ (cāṭṇau)

Old Marathi: cāṭaṇe

Devanagari script: चाटणे

Modi script: 𑘓𑘰𑘘𑘜𑘹

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Hindustani: cāṭnā

Hindi: चाटना

desc

Urdu: چَاٹْنَا (cāṭnā)

Urdu: چَاٹْنَا (cāṭnā)

Onomatopoeic, whence also 𑀘𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (caḍḍaï, “eats”) and 𑀘𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀡 (caḍḍaṇa, “meal”).

𑀦𑀺𑀬𑀬-𑀓𑀮𑀁𑀓𑀁 𑀏𑀲𑁄 𑀅𑀯𑀡𑁂𑀉𑀁 𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀏 𑀓𑀼𑀁𑀲𑀺𑀁 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀁 𑀘𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 𑀇𑀬 𑀲𑁄𑀉𑀁 𑀫𑀦𑁆𑀦𑀇 𑀘𑀸𑀮𑀺𑀊𑀡 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀁

c. 700 CE, Anonymous, Maṇipati-Carita 990

‘He wishes to remove the stain of guilt by licking a red-hot ploughshare.’ Hearing this he assented by moving his head.

niyaya-kalaṃkaṃ eso avaṇeuṃ icchae kuṃsiṃ tattaṃ caṭṭittā iya souṃ mannaï cāliūṇa siraṃ

𑀦 𑀏𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 𑀧𑀟𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀭𑁂 𑀤𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀦𑀺 𑀓𑀭𑀯𑀸𑀮𑀸𑀇𑀁 𑀫𑀸𑀬𑀁𑀢𑀺, 𑀦 𑀬 𑀅𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀁 𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀁 𑀓𑁄𑀇 𑀘𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇

c. 1122 – 1123, Devendra, Uttarādhyayana-Vṛtti VIII. Mūladeva page 58, line 32

Two swords do not find room in one scabbard, nor does anyone eat the gleaned ear of corn without salt.

na ekammi paḍiyāre dŏnni karavālāiṃ māyaṃti, na ya aloṇiyaṃ silaṃ koi caṭṭei


𑀲𑀁𑀩𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">संबुज्झइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸಂಬುಜ್ಝಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀲𑀁𑀩𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (saṃbujjhaï) (Devanagari संबुज्झइ, Kannada ಸಂಬುಜ್ಝಇ) (transitive)

saṃbujjhaï (romanization)
संबुज्झइ (Devanagari)
ಸಂಬುಜ್ಝಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

desc

Old Hindi: समझना (samajhanā), समुझना (samujhanā)

Hindustani: samajhnā

Hindi: समझना

Urdu: سَمَجْھنَا

Urdu: سَمَجْھنَا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Middle Bengali: সমুঝা (śomujha)

Bengali: সমঝা (śomojha)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸਮਝਣਾ (samjhaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: سَمجھݨا (samjhṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: समजणे (samajṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: સમજવું (samajvũ)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit सम्- (sam-)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ-
Sanskrit बुध्य॑ते (búdhyate)
Sanskrit सम्बुध्यते (sambudhyate)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀁𑀩𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (saṃbujjhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit सम्बुध्यते (sambudhyate), from सम्- (sam-) + बुध्य॑ते (búdhyate). Cognate with Pali sambujjhati.
By surface analysis, 𑀲𑀁- (saṃ-) + 𑀩𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (bujjhaï).

etymon

sa>सम्बुध्यते>wake up

surf

[…] 𑀲𑀁𑀩𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀁𑀢𑀻 𑀦𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀁 𑀦 𑀬 𑀧𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀧𑀺 𑀲𑁄 𑀧𑀪𑀸𑀬𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 𑀢𑁄 𑀲𑁄 𑀤𑀁𑀲𑀡-𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀻-𑀭𑀳𑀺𑀑 𑀦 𑀢𑀭𑁂𑀇 𑀘𑀁𑀓𑀫𑀺𑀉𑀁
[…] saṃbujjhaṃtī niccaṃ na ya piccaï kiṃpi so pabhāyammi to so daṃsaṇa-sattī-rahio na tarei caṃkamiuṃ

c. 700 CE, Haribhadra, Maṇipati-Carita 478

[…] and always on waking [the koel bird] could not see anything at daybreak and devoid of the faculty of sight it could not move about.

𑀤𑁂𑀯𑁄 𑀉𑀤𑀸𑀬𑀡𑀁 𑀩𑁄𑀳𑁂𑀇; 𑀦 𑀲𑀁𑀩𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇
devo udāyaṇaṃ bohei; na saṃbujjhaï

c. 1122 – 1123, Devendra, Uttarādhyayana-Vṛtti III. Udāyaṇa page 31, line 14

The god tried to convert Udāyaṇa, but he was not converted.


𑀑𑀮𑀁𑀟𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">ओलंडेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಓಲಂಡೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀑𑀮𑀁𑀟𑁂𑀇 (olaṃḍei) (Devanagari ओलंडेइ, Kannada ಓಲಂಡೇಇ) (transitive)

olaṃḍei (romanization)
ओलंडेइ (Devanagari)
ಓಲಂಡೇಇ (Kannada)

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: उलंडणे (ulaṃḍaṇe), ओलांडणे (olāṃḍaṇe), वोलांडणे (volāṃḍaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘄𑘩𑘽𑘚𑘜𑘹 (ulaṃḍaṇe), 𑘌𑘩𑘰𑘽𑘚𑘜𑘹 (olāṃḍaṇe), 𑘪𑘻𑘩𑘰𑘽𑘚𑘜𑘹 (volāṃḍaṇe)

Compare Sanskrit ओलण्डति (olaṇḍati, “to throw out”).


𑀉𑀯𑀮𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उवलक्खेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಉವಲಕ್ಖೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀉𑀯𑀮𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀇 (uvalakkhei) (Devanagari उवलक्खेइ, Kannada ಉವಲಕ್ಖೇಇ) (transitive)

uvalakkhei (romanization)
उवलक्खेइ (Devanagari)
ಉವಲಕ್ಖೇಇ (Kannada)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Odia: ଉଲାଖିବା (ulākhibā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi:

Arabic script: اوکاڻڻُ

Devanagari script: ओखाणणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: ओलखणे (olakhaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘌𑘩𑘏𑘜𑘹 (olakhaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Gujarati: उलखिवउं (ulakhivaüṃ), उलषिवउं (ulaṣivaüṃ)
Gujarati: ઓળખવું (oḷkhavũ)

Inherited from Sanskrit उपलक्षयति (upalakṣayati). Cognate with Pali upalakkheti.


𑀮𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लुक्कइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಲುಕ್ಕಇ</i>

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𑀮𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (lukkaï) (Devanagari लुक्कइ, Kannada ಲುಕ್ಕಇ) (intransitive)

lukkaï (romanization)
लुक्कइ (Devanagari)
ಲುಕ್ಕಇ (Kannada)

See 𑀮𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 (luppaï, “to be destroyed, lost”).


𑀭𑀽𑀲𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">रूसइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ರೂಸಇ</i>

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𑀭𑀽𑀲𑀇 (rūsaï) (Devanagari रूसइ, Kannada ರೂಸಇ) (intransitive)

rūsaï (romanization)
रूसइ (Devanagari)
ರೂಸಇ (Kannada)

Hindustani: rūsnā

Hindi: रूसना

Urdu: رُوسْنا (rūsnā)

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: रुसणे (rusaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘨𑘳𑘭𑘜𑘹 (rusaṇe)

Inherited from Sanskrit रुष्यति (ruṣyati).


𑀚𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जग्गइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಜಗ್ಗಇ</i>

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𑀚𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇 (jaggaï) (Devanagari जग्गइ, Kannada ಜಗ್ಗಇ) (intransitive)

jaggaï (romanization)
जग्गइ (Devanagari)
ಜಗ್ಗಇ (Kannada)

Central:

Hindustani: jāgnā

Hindi: जागना

Urdu: جاگنا

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: જાગવું (jāgvũ)

Southern:

Konkani: jāgce

Devanagari script: जाग्चे

Kannada script: ಜಾಗ್ಚೆ

Latin script: zagche

Old Marathi: jāgaṇe

Modi script: 𑘕𑘰𑘐𑘜𑘹

Devanagari script: जागणे

Eastern:

Bengali: জাগা (jaga)

Assamese: জাগা (zaga)

Odia: ଜାଗିବା (jāgibā)

Maithili: जागब (jāgab)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀚𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇 (jaggaï)
 𑀚𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀸𑀯𑀇 (jaggāvaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit जाग्रति (jā́grati). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀚𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀤𑀺 (jaggadi).


𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">दुक्खेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ದುಕ್ಖೇಇ</i>

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𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀇 (dukkhei) (Devanagari दुक्खेइ, Kannada ದುಕ್ಖೇಇ) (ambitransitive)

dukkhei (romanization)
दुक्खेइ (Devanagari)
ದುಕ್ಖೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Braj: दूखन (dūkhan)

Hindustani:

Hindi: दुखना (dukhnā)

Urdu: دُکھْنا (dukhnā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: दुख्नु (dukhnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Punjabi: ਦੁਖਿ (dukhi)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਦੁਖਣਾ (dukhṇā)
Shahmukhi script: دُکھݨا (dukhṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڏُکَڻُ

Devanagari script: ॾुखणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘟𑘳𑘏𑘜𑘹 (dukhaṇe)

Devanagari script: दुखणे (dukhaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: દુખવું (dukhvũ)

Saurashtra: ꢣꢸꢒ꣄ꢒꢥ꣄ (dukkan)

Marwari: दुखणौ (dukhṇau)

Etymology tree
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀤𑀼𑀔𑀻𑀬𑀢𑀺 (dukhīyati)
Prakrit 𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀇 (dukkhei)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀤𑀼𑀔𑀻𑀬𑀢𑀺 (dukhīyati, Dhauli) from Sanskrit 𑀤𑀼𑀂𑀔𑀢𑀺 (duḥkhati), 𑀤𑀼𑀂𑀔𑀬𑀢𑀺 (duḥkhayati), 𑀤𑀼𑀂𑀔𑀻𑀬𑀢𑀺 (duḥkhīyati).


𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">परिणीअ</i>

pariṇīa (romanization)
परिणीअ (Devanagari)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀑 (nominative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (nominative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀑 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀉 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀑 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀉 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀏 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀇 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀅 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀏 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀇 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀅 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀇 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀅 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀑 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀉 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀏𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀆𑀇 (plural vocative)
𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀺𑀬 (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀢 (pariṇīta). By surface analysis, 𑀧𑀭𑀺- (pari-) + 𑀡𑀻𑀅 (ṇīa). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀤 (pariṇīda).

surf

𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑁂𑀇 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑁂𑀇#Prakrit

past participle of 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑁂𑀇 (pariṇei, “to marry”)


𑀮𑀤𑁆𑀥

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लद्ध</i>

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀮𑀥 (ladha /laddha/), 𐨫𐨢 (ladha /laddha/), from Sanskrit लब्ध (labdha).

inh+

(Māhārāṣṭrī) past participle of 𑀮𑀳𑀇 (lahaï)

𑀮𑀳𑀤𑀺 𑀮𑀳𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

(Śaurasenī) past participle of 𑀮𑀳𑀤𑀺 (lahadi)


𑀲𑁄𑀳𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सोहदि</i>

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𑀲𑁄𑀳𑀤𑀺 (sohadi) (Devanagari सोहदि) (intransitive)

sohadi (romanization)
सोहदि (Devanagari)
𑀲𑁄𑀪𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Gurjara Apabhramsa:

Old Gujarati: सोहइ (sohaï)

Gujarati: સોહવું (sohvũ)

Marwari: सोहणौ (sohṇau)

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Old Hindi: सोहना (sohanā)

Braj: सोहन (sohan)

Hindustani: sohnā

Hindi: सोहना

desc

Urdu: سوہ٘نا

Urdu: سوہ٘نا

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀰𑁄𑀪𑀢𑀺 (śóbhati). Cognate with Maharastri Prakrit 𑀲𑁄𑀳𑀇 (sohaï), Pali sobhati.

𑀓𑀺𑀤𑀯𑀺𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀆[…]𑀲𑁄𑀳𑀤𑀺


𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀤

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">परिणीद</i>

pariṇīda (romanization)
परिणीद (Devanagari)

Hindustani: parnī

Hindi: परनी

Urdu: پَرْنی (parnī)

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀢 (pariṇīta). By surface analysis, 𑀧𑀭𑀺- (pari-) + 𑀡𑀻𑀤 (ṇīda). Cognate with Maharastri Prakrit 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅 (pariṇīa).

surf

𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

past participle of 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (pariṇedi, “to marry”)


ಪರಿಣೀಅ

pariṇīa (romanization)
परिणीअ (Devanagari)
ಪರಿಣೀಓ (nominative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (nominative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಅಂ (accusative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಏ (accusative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (accusative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಣ (instrumental singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಣಂ (instrumental singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಹಿ (instrumental plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಹಿಂ (instrumental plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಅ (dative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಓ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಉ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಹಿ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಹಿಂತೋ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಅಸ್ಸ (genitive singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಣ (genitive plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಣಂ (genitive plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಅಮ್ಮಿ (locative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಏ (locative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಸು (locative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಸುಂ (locative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಅ (singular vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (singular vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (plural vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (nominative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಓ (nominative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಉ (nominative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (nominative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಅಂ (accusative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಓ (accusative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಉ (accusative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (accusative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಏ (instrumental singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಇ (instrumental singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಅ (instrumental singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಹಿ (instrumental plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಹಿಂ (instrumental plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಓ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಉ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಹಿಂತೋ (ablative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಏ (genitive singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಇ (genitive singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಅ (genitive singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಣ (genitive plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಣಂ (genitive plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಏ (locative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಇ (locative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಅ (locative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಸು (locative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಸುಂ (locative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಏ (singular vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (singular vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಓ (plural vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಉ (plural vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (plural vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಅಂ (nominative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಇಂ (nominative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಇ (nominative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಅಂ (accusative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಇಂ (accusative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಇ (accusative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಣ (instrumental singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಣಂ (instrumental singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಹಿ (instrumental plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಹಿಂ (instrumental plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಅ (dative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಓ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಉ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಹಿ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಹಿಂತೋ (ablative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಅಸ್ಸ (genitive singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಣ (genitive plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಣಂ (genitive plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಅಮ್ಮಿ (locative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಏ (locative singular)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಸು (locative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಏಸುಂ (locative plural)
ಪರಿಣೀಅ (singular vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಆ (singular vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಇಂ (plural vocative)
ಪರಿಣೀಆಇ (plural vocative)
ಪರಿಣಿಯ (alternative)

𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅#Prakrit

ಪರಿಣೇಇ ಪರಿಣೇಇ#Prakrit

Kannada script form of 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀡𑀻𑀅 (past participle of ಪರಿಣೇಇ (pariṇei))


𑀓𑀠𑀺𑀤

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कढिद</i>

kaḍhida (romanization)
कढिद (Devanagari)

Gurjara Apabhramsa:

Gujarati: કઢી (kaḍhī)

Marwari: कढी (kaḍhī)

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Hindustani: kaṛhī

Hindi: कढ़ी

Urdu: کَڑھی (kaṛhī)

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀣𑀺𑀢 (kvathita, “boiled”). Compare Maharastri Prakrit 𑀓𑀠𑀺𑀅 (kaḍhia), Prakrit 𑀓𑀠𑀺𑀆 (kaḍhiā, “kadhi”), Pali kaṭhita.

inh+

𑀓𑀠𑀤𑀺 𑀓𑀠𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

past participle of 𑀓𑀠𑀤𑀺 (kaḍhadi, “to boil”)


𑀮𑀳𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लहदि</i>

pra-head

𑀮𑀳𑀤𑀺 (lahadi) (Devanagari लहदि) (ambitransitive)

lahadi (romanization)
लहदि (Devanagari)
𑀮𑀪𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit लभते (lábhate). Cognate with Maharastri Prakrit 𑀮𑀳𑀇 (lahaï).


लहदि

भूदो तावदि कालं लहदि सुहं इंदियं विविहं।

1972, Prakṛta-gadya-padya-bandha - Part 2, Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainalogy, and Ahimsa, page 14:

bhūdo tāvadi kālaṃ lahadi suhaṃ iṃdiyaṃ vivihaṃ.

णाणेण लहदि लक्खं तम्हा णाणं च णायव्वं।

1989, Kundakunda, Śrutasāgarasūri, Jaina, Pannālāla, Aṣṭapāhuḍa, Bhāratavarṣīya Anekānta Vidvat Pariṣad, page 170:

One can fulfil [lit. gain] a lakh desires with knowledge and knowledge in itself is knowable.

ṇāṇeṇa lahadi lakkhaṃ tamhā ṇāṇaṃ ca ṇāyavvaṃ.

...लहदि सुहमणिंदियमणंतं।

2000, Pancastikaya-Sangraha, Bharatiya Jnanpith, page 64:

Gets endless, pleasure, which is beyond the reach of indriyas [senses].

𑀮𑀳𑀤𑀺 𑀮𑀳𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀮𑀳𑀤𑀺 (“to take, gain, acquire”)


𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छुवइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಛುವಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇 (chuvaï) (Devanagari छुवइ, Kannada ಛುವಇ) (transitive)

chuvaï (romanization)
छुवइ (Devanagari)
ಛುವಇ (Kannada)
𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀙𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀙𑀺𑀯𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Western Hindi:

Braj: छुन (chun)

Hindustani: chūnā

Hindi: छूना

desc

Urdu: چُھونا

Urdu: چُھونا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: ছো (sü)

Bengali: ছোঁয়া (chō̃ẇa)

Bihari:

Maithili:

Devanagari script: छुअब

Tirhuta script: 𑒕𑒳𑒁𑒥

Odia: ଛୁଇଁବା (chuĩbā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: छुनु (chunu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Old Punjabi: ਛੁਹਿ (chuhi)

Punjabi: (chūhṇā)

Gurmukhi script: ਛੂਹਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: چُھوہݨا

Sindhi: chuhaṇu

Arabic script: ڇُهَڻُ

Devanagari script: छुहणु

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: છોવું (chovũ)

Marwari: छवणौ (chavṇau), छूणौ (chūṇau)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *skupéti?
Sanskrit स्पृश् (spṛś)?
Sanskrit छुपति (chupati)
Prakrit 𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇 (chuvaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit छुपति (chupati).


दुक्खेइ

dukkhei (romanization)
ದುಕ್ಖೇಇ (Kannada)

𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀇 𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀇#Prakrit


𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">दुक्खेदि</i>

pra-head

𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀤𑀺 (dukkhedi) (Devanagari दुक्खेदि) (ambitransitive)

dukkhedi (romanization)
दुक्खेदि (Devanagari)

𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀇 𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀇#Prakrit

Śaurasenī form of 𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀇 (dukkhei, “to ache, hurt, pain”)


दुक्खेदि

𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀤𑀺 𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀤𑀺#Prakrit


𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">दुक्खदि</i>

dukkhadi (romanization)
दुक्खदि (Devanagari)

𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀤𑀺 𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑁂𑀤𑀺#Prakrit


दुक्खदि

णाएण य दाउण को णरो दुक्खदि विलवदि वा॥

1978, Sivakotyacarya, Bhagavati aradhana, Jaina-Samskrti-Samrakshaka-Sangha, page 733:

By giving justice, who [lit. which man] feels sad or cries?

ṇāeṇa ya dāuṇa ko ṇaro dukkhadi vilavadi vā.

𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀤𑀺 𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀤𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀤𑀺 (“to pain; to feel sad”)


अणुगच्छइ

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅಣುಗಚ್ಛಇ</i>

अणुगच्छइ (aṇugacchaï) (Kannada ಅಣುಗಚ್ಛಇ)

aṇugacchaï (romanization)
ಅಣುಗಚ್ಛಇ (Kannada)

𑀅𑀡𑀼𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 𑀅𑀡𑀼𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀅𑀡𑀼𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (“to follow”)


𑀅𑀡𑀼𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अणुगच्छइ</i>

pra-head

𑀅𑀡𑀼𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (aṇugacchaï) (Devanagari अणुगच्छइ, Kannada ಅಣುಗಚ್ಛಇ) (ambitransitive)

aṇugacchaï (romanization)
अणुगच्छइ (Devanagari)
ಅಣುಗಚ್ಛಇ (Kannada)
𑀅𑀡𑀼𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit अनुगच्छति (anugacchati). By surface analysis, 𑀅𑀡𑀼- (aṇu-) + 𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁃 (gacchai).


उवविसइ

head

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಉವವಿಸಇ</i>

uvavisaï (romanization)
ಉವವಿಸಇ (Kannada)

𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 (“to sit”)


ಉವವಿಸಇ

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उवविसइ</i>

uvavisaï (romanization)
उवविसइ (Devanagari)

𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇#Prakrit

Kannada script form of 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 (“to sit”)


ओइण्ण

ओइण्ण (oiṇṇa)

pra-head

ओइण्ण (oiṇṇa)

𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡 𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡#Prakrit

ओअरइ ओअरइ#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀑𑀇𑀡𑁆𑀡 (past participle of ओअरइ (oaraï))


चट्टेइ

𑀘𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇 𑀘𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇#Prakrit


𑀘𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चिंतेइ</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">ચિંતેઇ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಚಿಂತೇಇ</i>

tlb

(attested in Māhārāṣṭrī, Jain Māhārāṣṭrī, Ardhamāgadhī)

pra-head

𑀘𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁂𑀇 (ciṃtei) (Devanagari चिंतेइ, Gujarati ચિંતેઇ, Kannada ಚಿಂತೇಇ) (transitive)

ciṃtei (romanization)
चिंतेइ (Devanagari)
ચિંતેઇ (Gujarati)
ಚಿಂತೇಇ (Kannada)

Dhivehi: ހިތަނީ (hitanī)

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: चिंतणे (ciṃtaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘓𑘲𑘽𑘝𑘜𑘹 (cīṃtaṇe)

Sinhalese: හිතනවා (hitanawā)

Inherited from Sanskrit चिन्तयति (cintayati). Cognate with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀘𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁂𑀤𑀺 (ciṃtedi).

inh+

𑀏𑀢𑁆𑀣 𑀫𑀏 𑀭𑀫𑀺𑀅𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀁 𑀢𑀻𑀅 𑀲𑀫𑀁 𑀘𑀺𑀁𑀢𑀺𑀊𑀡 𑀳𑀺𑀅𑀏𑀡
𑀧𑀸𑀫𑀭𑀓𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀉𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀸 𑀡𑀺𑀯𑀟𑀇 𑀢𑀼𑀯𑀭𑀻 𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀁𑀢𑀻
ĕttha mae ramiavvaṃ tīa samaṃ ciṃtiūṇa hiaeṇa

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 358

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
As he sows, the seeds stick to the farmer's hands, which grow moist
When he thinks that soon he might be making love with his girl in this very field.

pāmarakaraseullā ṇivaḍaï tuvarī vavijjaṃtī


𑀙𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छिक्कइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಛಿಕ್ಕಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀙𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (chikkaï) (Devanagari छिक्कइ, Kannada ಛಿಕ್ಕಇ) (intransitive)

chikkaï (romanization)
छिक्कइ (Devanagari)
ಛಿಕ್ಕಇ (Kannada)
𑀙𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀇 (alternative)

Gurjara Apabhramsa:

Gujarati: છીંકવું (chī̃kvũ)

desc

Marwari: छिंकणौ (chiṅkṇau), छींकणौ (chī̃kṇau)

Hindustani: chī̃knā

Hindi: छींकना

Hindi: छींकना

Urdu: چِھین٘کْنَا (chī̃knā)

Urdu: چِھین٘کْنَا (chī̃knā)

Konkani: śiṅkce

Devanagari script: शिंक्चे

Kannada script: ಶಿಂಕ್ಚೆ

Latin script: xinkce

Maithili: chikab

Devanagari script: छिकब

Tirhuta script: 𑒕𑒱𑒏𑒥

Old Marathi: sīkaṇe

Devanagari script: सीकणे

Modi script: 𑘭𑘲𑘎𑘜𑘹

Odia: ଛିଙ୍କିବା (chiṅkibā)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਛਿੱਕਣਾ (chikkaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: چھِکّݨا (chikkṇā)

From 𑀙𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓 (chikka), 𑀙𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸 (chikkā), from Sanskrit छिक्का (chikkā), possibly influenced by or adapted from छिक्कति (chikkati). Ultimately an onomatopoeia.

onom

onomatopoeia


𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">थुक्कइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಥುಕ್ಕಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (thukkaï) (Devanagari थुक्कइ, Kannada ಥುಕ್ಕಇ) (ambitransitive)

thukkaï (romanization)
थुक्कइ (Devanagari)
ಥುಕ್ಕಇ (Kannada)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀇 (alternative)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: थूकना (thūknā)

desc

Urdu: تُھوکْنَا (thūknā)

Urdu: تُھوکْنَا (thūknā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Odia: ଥୁକିବା (thukibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: थुक्नु (thuknu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਥੁੱਕਣਾ (thukkaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: تُھکّݨا (thukkṇā)

Sindhi: thukaṇu

Arabic script: ٿُڪَڻُ

Devanagari script: थुकणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: thuṃkaṇe

Devanagari script: थुंकणे

Modi script: 𑘞𑘳𑘽𑘎𑘜𑘹

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: થૂંકવું (thū̃kvũ)

Onomatopoeic. Compare Sanskrit थूथू (thūthū), ष्ठ्यूत (ṣṭhyūta, “spit out, ejected; the act of spitting”, past participle; noun).


𑀮𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लुप्पइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಲುಪ್ಪಇ</i>

𑀮𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 (luppaï) (Devanagari लुप्पइ, Kannada ಲುಪ್ಪಇ)

luppaï (romanization)
लुप्पइ (Devanagari)
ಲುಪ್ಪಇ (Kannada)

Inherited from Sanskrit लुप्यति (lupyati, class 4 parasmaipada). Related to 𑀮𑁄𑀯 (lova).


उड्डेइ

head

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಉಡ್ಡೇಇ</i>

उड्डेइ (uḍḍei) (Kannada ಉಡ್ಡೇಇ)

pra-head

उड्डेइ (uḍḍei) (Kannada ಉಡ್ಡೇಇ)

pra-verb

उड्डेइ (uḍḍei) (Kannada ಉಡ್ಡೇಇ)

𑀉𑀟𑁆𑀟𑁂𑀇 𑀉𑀟𑁆𑀟𑁂𑀇#Prakrit


हसदि

सो हसदि […] सो कंददि […] सो झादि

2001, Prem Suman Jain, शौरसेनी प्राकृत भाषा और व्याकरण [Sauraseni Prakrit language and grammar], Varanasi: Bhartiya Vidya Prakashan, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 159, →ISBN:

𑀳𑀲𑀤𑀺 𑀳𑀲𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀳𑀲𑀤𑀺 (“to laugh”)


कंददि

सो हसदि […] सो कंददि […] सो झादि

𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀤𑀺 𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀤𑀺 (“to cry”)


𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कंददि</i>

pra-head

𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀤𑀺 (kaṃdadi) (Devanagari कंददि) (intransitive)

kaṃdadi (romanization)
कंददि (Devanagari)
𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀇 (alternative)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: কান্দ (kand)

Bengali: কাঁদা (kãda)

Sylheti: ꠇꠣꠘ꠆ꠖ (xand)

Maithili: kānab, kā̃dab

Devanagari script: कानब, काँदब

Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒢𑒥, 𑒏𑒰𑒿𑒠𑒥

Odia: କାନ୍ଦିବା (kāndibā)

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Hindi: काँदना (kā̃dnā)

Sinhalese: කැන්දවනවා (kændawanawā)

Inherited from Sanskrit क्रन्दति (krándati). Cognate with Pali kandati.


𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कंदइ</i>

pra-head

𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀇 (kaṃdaï) (Devanagari कंदइ) (intransitive)

𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀤𑀺 𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

Maharastri variant of 𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀤𑀺 (kaṃdadi, “to cry”)


कंदइ

head

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಕಂದಇ</i>

𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀇 𑀓𑀁𑀤𑀇#Prakrit


𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">हस्सइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಹಸ್ಸಇ</i>

𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 (hassaï) (Devanagari हस्सइ, Kannada ಹಸ್ಸಇ)

hassaï (romanization)
हस्सइ (Devanagari)
ಹಸ್ಸಇ (Kannada)


आणंदेदि

आणंदेदि (āṇaṃdedi)

𑀆𑀡𑀁𑀤𑁂𑀤𑀺 𑀆𑀡𑀁𑀤𑁂𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀆𑀡𑀁𑀤𑁂𑀤𑀺 (“to make happy; gladden, please”)


𑀆𑀡𑀁𑀤𑁂𑀤𑀺

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">आणंदेदि</i>

pra-head

𑀆𑀡𑀁𑀤𑁂𑀤𑀺 (āṇaṃdedi) (Devanagari आणंदेदि) (transitive)

āṇaṃdedi (romanization)
आणंदेदि (Devanagari)

Inherited from Sanskrit आनन्दयति (ānandayati).


𑀧𑀰𑀮𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पशलदि</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀰𑀮𑀤𑀺 (paśaladi) (Devanagari पशलदि) (intransitive)

paśaladi (romanization)
पशलदि (Devanagari)

𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀇 𑀧𑀲𑀭𑀇#Prakrit


थुक्कइ

𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇#Prakrit


ಬೊಲ್ಲಇ

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">बोल्लइ</i>

pra-head

ಬೊಲ್ಲಇ (bŏllaï) (Devanagari बोल्लइ) (intransitive)

bŏllaï (romanization)
बोल्लइ (Devanagari)

𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇#Prakrit

Kannada script form of 𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (“to speak, say”)


ಪಿವಇ

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पिवइ</i>

pra-head

ಪಿವಇ (pivaï) (Devanagari पिवइ) (intransitive)

𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀇 𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀇#Prakrit

Kannada script form of 𑀧𑀺𑀯𑀇 (“to drink”)


बोल्लइ

head

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಬೊಲ್ಲಇ</i>

pra-head

बॊल्लइ (bŏllaï) (Kannada ಬೊಲ್ಲಇ) (intransitive)

बॊल्लइ (canonical)
bŏllaï (romanization)
ಬೊಲ್ಲಇ (Kannada)

𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (“to speak, say”)


𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णच्चदि</i>

pra-head

𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀤𑀺 (ṇaccadi) (Devanagari णच्चदि) (intransitive)

ṇaccadi (romanization)
णच्चदि (Devanagari)

desctree

Old Gujarati: नाचिवउं (nācivaüṃ)
Gojri: نَچنو (nacno)
Middle Gujarati: नच्चइ
Gujarati: નાચવું (nācvũ)
Malvi: नाचणो (nācṇo)
Marwari:
Devanagari script: नाचणौ (nācṇau)
Mahajani script: 𑅧𑅙𑅢𑅒 (ncṇu)
Nimadi: नाचणूं (nācṇū̃)

Old Hindi: नाचना (nācanā)
Braj: नाचन (nācan)
Bundeli: नचबो (nacbo)
Hindustani: nācnā
Hindi: नाचना
Urdu: نَاچْنَا (nācnā)

𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇#Prakrit

Sauraseni variant of 𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (ṇaccaï, “to dance”)


𑀡𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">णट्टइ</i>

pra-head

𑀡𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (ṇaṭṭaï) (Devanagari णट्टइ) (intransitive)

ṇaṭṭaï (romanization)
णट्टइ (Devanagari)

Dhivehi: ނަށަނީ (naṣanī)

Sinhalese: නටනවා (naṭanawā)

𑀰𑀓𑀸𑀤𑀻𑀦𑀸𑀁 𑀤𑁆𑀯𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀯𑀫𑁆 𑁈𑁨𑁩𑁦𑁈
𑀰𑀓𑀸𑀤𑀻𑀦𑀸𑀫𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁆𑀬𑀲𑁆𑀬 𑀤𑁆𑀯𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀯𑀁 𑀪𑀯𑀢𑀺𑁇 𑀰𑀓𑁆 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇𑁇 𑀚𑀺𑀫𑁆 𑀚𑀺𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀇𑁇 𑀮𑀕𑁆 𑀮𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇𑁇 𑀫𑀕𑁆 𑀫𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇𑁇 𑀓𑀼𑀧𑁆 𑀓𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇𑁇 𑀦𑀰𑁆 𑀦𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇𑁇 𑀅𑀝𑁆 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀅𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇𑁇 𑀮𑀼𑀝𑁆 𑀧𑀮𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇𑁇 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇𑁇 𑀦𑀝𑁆 𑀦𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇𑁇 𑀲𑀺𑀯𑁆 𑀲𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇𑁇 𑀇𑀢𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀤𑀺𑁇
śakādīnāṃ dvitvam .230.

c. 1088 – 1173, Hemachandra, Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana Chapter 8 4, 230

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

śakādīnāmantyasya dvitvaṃ bhavati. śak sakkaï. jim jimmaï. lag laggaï. mag maggaï. kup kuppaï. naś nassaï. aṭ pariaṭṭaï. luṭ palŏṭṭaï. tuṭ tuṭṭaï. naṭ naṭṭaï. siv sivvaï. ityādi.

𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇#Prakrit

Ardhamagadhi variant of 𑀡𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (ṇaccaï, “to dance”)


𑀥𑀸𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">धाइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಧಾಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀥𑀸𑀇 (dhāi) (Devanagari धाइ, Kannada ಧಾಇ) (transitive)

dhāi (romanization)
धाइ (Devanagari)
ಧಾಇ (Kannada)
𑀥𑀸𑀅𑀇 (alternative)

From a derivative of Sanskrit धा (dhā) (compare दधाति (dadhāti)).


𑀥𑀸𑀇

𑀥𑀸𑀇 (dhāi) (Devanagari धाइ, Kannada ಧಾಇ) (ambitransitive)

dhāi (romanization)
धाइ (Devanagari)
ಧಾಇ (Kannada)

𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀇 𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀇#Prakrit


𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तम्मइ</i>

pra-head

𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀇 (tammaï) (Devanagari तम्मइ) (intransitive)

tammaï (romanization)
तम्मइ (Devanagari)

Inherited from Sanskrit ताम्यति (tā́myati).


𑀥𑀸𑀅𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">धाअइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಧಾಅಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀥𑀸𑀅𑀇 (dhāaï) (Devanagari धाअइ, Kannada ಧಾಅಇ) (transitive)

dhāaï (romanization)
धाअइ (Devanagari)
ಧಾಅಇ (Kannada)


𑀥𑀸𑀅𑀇

𑀥𑀸𑀅𑀇 (dhāaï) (Devanagari धाअइ, Kannada ಧಾಅಇ) (ambitransitive)

𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀇 𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀇#Prakrit


धाअइ

head

धाअइ (dhāaï)

pra-head

धाअइ (dhāaï)

pra-verb

धाअइ (dhāaï)

𑀥𑀸𑀅𑀇 𑀥𑀸𑀅𑀇#Prakrit


𑀫𑀤𑁆𑀤𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मद्दइ</i>

maddaï (romanization)
मद्दइ (Devanagari)
𑀫𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (alternative)

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Awadhi: माड़ब (māṛab)

Hindustani: māṛnā, mā̃ḍnā

desc

Hindi: माड़ना, माँडना

Hindi: माड़ना, माँडना

Urdu: مَاڑنَا, مَاںڈنَا

Urdu: مَاڑنَا, مَاںڈنَا

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: মাৰিব (maribo)

Bengali: মাড়া (maṛa)

Bihari:

Maithili: māṛab

Devanagari script: माड़ब

Tirhuta script: 𑒧𑒰𑒛𑓃𑒥

Odia: ମାଡ଼ିବା (māṛibā), ମାଣ୍ଡିବା (māṇḍibā)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: mā̃ḍun

Devanagari script: माँडुन

Arabic script: مَاںڈُن

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Nepali: माँडनु (mā̃ḍanu)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: मडणू (maḍṇū)

Inherited from Sanskrit मर्दति (mardati, “to pound, crush, tread on, squeeze, rub”)


𑀕𑀡𑁆𑀳𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गण्हइ</i>

gaṇhaï (romanization)
गण्हइ (Devanagari)

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Early Assamese: ঘেনাইব (ghenaibo)

desc

Odia: ଘିନିବା (ghinibā), ଘେନିବା (ghenibā)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: घिन्न्णू (ghinnṇū)

Churahi: घिन्णा (ghinṇā)

Jaunsari: घीन्णोँ (ghīnṇō̃)

Pangwali: घिन्णा (ghinṇā)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Lahnda: گھنݨ (ghinnaṇ), گھدھا (ghiddā)

Punjabi: ghinnaṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਘਿੰਨਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: گھِنَّݨَا

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi: g̠iṇhaṇu, g̠iddhā

Arabic script: گِڻهَڻُ, گِدڌَا

Devanagari script: गिण्हणु, गिद्धा

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ގަންނަނީ (gan̊nanī)

Sinhalese: ගන්නවා (gannawā)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑁂𑀡𑁆𑀳𑀇 (geṇhaï), 𑀕𑀡𑁆𑀳𑀇 (gaṇhaï)

Konkani: ghevce

Devanagari script: घेव्चे

Latin script: ghevche

Kannada script: ಘೆವ್ಛೆ

Marathi: घेणे (gheṇe)


𑀕𑀳𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गहइ</i>

Central:

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Old Awadhi: गहइ (gahaï)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindustani: gahnā

Hindi: गहना

desc

Urdu: گَہنَا

Urdu: گَہنَا

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bihari:

Maithili: गहब (gahab)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi: gahiṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਗਹਿਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: گَہِݨَا

Southern:

Maharastri Prakrit:

Konkani: gheṇẽ

Devanagari script: घेणें

Kannada script: ಘೆನೆಂ

Latin script: ghennem

Marathi: घेणे (gheṇe)

Western:

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gujarati: ગ્રહવું (grahvũ)


𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छुट्टदि</i>

pra-head

𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀤𑀺 (chuṭṭadi) (Devanagari छुट्टदि) (intransitive)

chuṭṭadi (romanization)
छुट्टदि (Devanagari)

𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇#Prakrit

Śaurasenī form of 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (chuṭṭaï, “to be released”)


𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀤𑀺

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छोडेदि</i>

choḍedi (romanization)
छोडेदि (Devanagari)

𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇#Prakrit

Śaurasenī form of 𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (choḍei, “to release, loosen”)


𑀔𑁂𑀮𑀤𑀺

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">खेलदि</i>

kheladi (romanization)
खेलदि (Devanagari)

𑀔𑁂𑀮𑀇 𑀔𑁂𑀮𑀇#Prakrit


𑀔𑁂𑀮𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">खेलइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಖೇಲಇ</i>

𑀔𑁂𑀮𑀇 (khelaï) (Devanagari खेलइ, Kannada ಖೇಲಇ)

khelaï (romanization)
खेलइ (Devanagari)
ಖೇಲಇ (Kannada)
𑀔𑁂𑀮𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀔𑁂𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (alternative)
𑀔𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (alternative)
𑀔𑁂𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀔𑁂𑀟𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀔𑀺𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀔𑀻𑀮𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: khelnā

Hindi: खेलना

desc

Urdu: کھیلنا

Urdu: کھیلنا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: খেলা (khela)

Bengali: খেলা (khela)

Odia: ଖେଳିବା (kheḷibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: खेल्नु (khelnu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: खेळ्चे (kheḷce)

Old Marathi: 𑘏𑘹𑘯𑘜𑘹 (kheḷaṇe), 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘹𑘯𑘜𑘹 (kṣeḷaṇe)

Marathi: खेळणे (kheḷṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ખેળો (kheḷo)

→ Sanskrit: खेलति (khelati), क्ष्वेलति (kṣvelati)

Uncertain. Classical Sanskrit खेलति (khelati, “to shake”), क्ष्वेलति (kṣvelati), केलि (keli, “play, sport”), etc are derived from Prakrit by Sanskritization.
Of unclear relation with Vedic Sanskrit क्रीळ॑ति (krī́ḷati, “plays”), the source of later Sanskrit क्रीडति (krīḍati) and Prakrit 𑀓𑀻𑀟𑀇 (kīḍaï), 𑀓𑀻𑀮𑀇 (kīlaï), 𑀓𑀺𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (kiḍḍaï), which is itself of unclear origin. It is thus possible that this group of terms is of substrate origin or influenced by a subtrate term.


𑀫𑀼𑀁𑀘𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मुंचइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಮುಂಚಇ</i>

𑀫𑀼𑀁𑀘𑀇 (muṃcaï) (Devanagari मुंचइ, Kannada ಮುಂಚಇ)

muṃcaï (romanization)
मुंचइ (Devanagari)
ಮುಂಚಇ (Kannada)
𑀫𑀼𑀁𑀘𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit मुञ्चति (muñcati).


𑀠𑀮𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">ढलइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಢಲಇ</i>

𑀠𑀮𑀇 (ḍhalaï) (Devanagari ढलइ, Kannada ಢಲಇ)

ḍhalaï (romanization)
ढलइ (Devanagari)
ಢಲಇ (Kannada)

Punjabi: ਢਲਣਾ / ڈھلݨا (ḍhalṇā)

Nepali: ढल्नु (ḍhalnu)

Bengali: ঢলা (ḍhola)

Sylheti: ꠓꠣꠟꠣ (ḍála)

Hindi: ढलना (ḍhalnā)

Urdu: ڈھلنا (ḍhalnā)

Marathi: ढळणे (ḍhaḷṇe)

Gujarati: ઢળવું (ḍhaḷvũ)

Punjabi: ਢਲਕਨਾ / ڈھلکنا (ḍhalaknā)

Nepali: ढल्कनु (ḍhalkanu)

Bengali: ঢলকা (ḍholoka)

Hindi: ढलकना (ḍhalaknā)

Urdu: ڈھالکنا (ḍhalaknā)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀠𑀮𑀇 (ḍhalaï)
 𑀠𑀸𑀮𑀇 (ḍhālaï)
Possibly inherited from Sanskrit ध्वरति (dhvarati), from the root ध्वृ (dhvṛ), but also compare the reconstructed *𑀟𑀸𑀮𑀇 (*ḍālaï, “pours, puts”) and *𑀠𑀼𑀮𑀇 (*ḍhulaï, “bends, falls”).


𑀢𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तच्छइ</i>

tacchaï (romanization)
तच्छइ (Devanagari)
𑀘𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (alternative)
𑀘𑀁𑀙𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: चाँछना (cā̃chnā)

desc

Urdu: چانچھنا

Urdu: چانچھنا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: চাঁচ (sãs)

Bengali: চাঁছা (cãcha)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: चाँछल (cā̃chal)

Odia: ଟାଞ୍ଛିବା (ṭāñchibā), ଚାଞ୍ଛିବା (cāñchibā), ଛାଞ୍ଚିବା (chāñcibā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Sinhalese: සහිනවා (sahinawā), හහිනවා (hahinawā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: ताछ्णो (tāchṇo)

Nepali: ताछ्नु (tāchnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤੱਛਣਾ (tacchaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: تچھنا (tchnā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: तासणे (tāsṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: તાછવું (tāchvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *táćšati
Sanskrit तक्ष॑ति (tákṣati)
Prakrit 𑀢𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (tacchaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit तक्ष॑ति (tákṣati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *táćšati.