𑀪𑀫𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">भमइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಭಮಇ</i>

𑀪𑀫𑀇 (bhamaï) (Devanagari भमइ, Kannada ಭಮಇ)

bhamaï (romanization)
भमइ (Devanagari)
ಭಮಇ (Kannada)
𑀪𑀫𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit भ्रमति (bhramati). Cognate with Pali bhamati

inh+

𑀥𑀸𑀯𑀇 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀑, 𑀧𑀸𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀪𑀫𑀇, 𑀤𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀻𑀧𑀳𑀁𑀫𑀺 𑀲𑀁𑀞𑀸𑀇𑁇
𑀡𑀯𑀮𑀇𑀓𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀢𑀼𑀳 𑀳𑀮𑀺𑀅𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢! 𑀤𑁂 𑀧𑀳𑀭𑀲𑀼 𑀯𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 𑁈
dhāvaï purao, pāsesu bhamaï, diṭṭhīpahaṃmi saṃṭhāi.

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 456

As soon as you have a supple twig in your hand, she runs in front of you, hovers on either side of you and happens to be wherever you are looking.
You blockhead, can’t you see the poor girl desperately wants a good thrashing?

ṇavalaïkarassa tuha haliaütta! de paharasu varāiṃ .


𑀪𑀫𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">भमदि</i>

bhamadi (romanization)
भमदि (Devanagari)
𑀪𑀫𑀇 (alternative)


𑀝𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">टुट्टइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಟುಟ್ಟಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀝𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (ṭuṭṭaï) (Devanagari टुट्टइ, Kannada ಟುಟ್ಟಇ) (intransitive)

ṭuṭṭaï (romanization)
टुट्टइ (Devanagari)
ಟುಟ್ಟಇ (Kannada)
𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (alternative)
𑀝𑀺𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Awadhi: टूटब (ṭūṭab)

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: तूटना (tūṭnā), टूटना (ṭūṭnā)

Hindi: तूटना (tūṭnā), टूटना (ṭūṭnā)

Urdu: توٹنا, ٹوٹنا

Urdu: توٹنا, ٹوٹنا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: টুট্ (tut)

Bengali: টুটা (ṭuṭa)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: टूटल (ṭūṭal)

Maithili: टुटब (ṭuṭab)

Odia: ତୁଟିବା (tuṭibā), ଟୁଟିବା (ṭuṭibā)

Odia: ତୁଟିବା (tuṭibā), ଟୁଟିବା (ṭuṭibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Bhadrawahi: टुट्ट्णु (ṭuṭṭṇu)

Kumaoni: टुट्णो (ṭuṭṇo)

Nepali: टुट्नु (ṭuṭnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤਰੁੱਟਣਾ (taruṭṭaṇā), ਟੁੱਟਣਾ (ṭuṭṭaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: تَرُٹّْنَا (taruṭṭnā), ٹُٹّْنَا (ṭuṭṭnā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ٽرُٽَڻُ (ṭruṭaṇu)

Devanagari script: ट्रुटणु (ṭruṭaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: tuṭap

Devanagari script: तुटप

Latin script: tuttop

Kannada script: ತುಟಪ್

Marathi: तुटणे (tuṭṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: તુટવું (tuṭvũ), ટુટવું (ṭuṭvũ)

→ Sanskrit: त्रुटति (truṭati), त्रुट्यति (truṭyati)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀝𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (ṭuṭṭaï)
 𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (toḍei)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terd-
Sanskrit तृद् (tṛd)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-tás
Sanskrit -त (-ta)
Prakrit 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (tuṭṭa)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Prakrit 𑀝𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (ṭuṭṭaï)
Denominal verb of 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (tuṭṭa, “broken”) + -𑀅𑀇 (-aï), from Sanskrit *तृत्त (tṛtta, “split”), from तृद् (tṛd, “to cleave, split”) + -त (-ta). Compare the participle तृण्ण (tṛṇṇa) with a different suffix.


𑀧𑀼𑀁𑀙𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पुंछइ</i>

puṃchaï (romanization)
पुंछइ (Devanagari)
𑀧𑀼𑀲𑀇 (alternative)

Central:

desc

Old Awadhi: पौंछइ (pauṃchaï), पोंछब (poṃchaba)

Hindustani: põchnā, pochnā

Hindi: पोंछना, पोछना

Hindi: पोंछना, पोछना

Urdu: پون٘چھنا, پوچھنا

Urdu: پون٘چھنا, پوچھنا

Eastern:

Bengali: পোঁছা (pō̃cha), পুঁচা (pũca), পুঁছা (pũcha)

Bihari:

Maithili: पोछब (pōchab)

Odia: ପୋଛିବା (pochibā)

Northern:

Kumaoni: पोँछ्णो (põchṇo)

Nepali: पुछ्नु (puchnu)

Northwestern:

Punjabi: pū̃jhṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਪੂੰਝਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: پوجھنا

Southern:

Sinhalese: පිහිනවා (pihinawā)

Inherited from Sanskrit प्रोञ्छति (proñchati).


𑀙𑀸𑀬𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छायइ</i>

Assamese: ছা (sa)

Gujarati: છાવું (chāvũ)

Hindustani: chānā

Hindi: छाना

Urdu: چھانا

Kumaoni: छाणो (chāṇo)

Marwari: छाणो (chāṇo)

Odia: ଛାଇବା (chāibā)

Sindhi: chā̃iṇu

Arabic script: ڇانئِڻُ

Devanagari script: छांइणु

Inherited from Sanskrit छादयति (chādayati).


𑀘𑀲𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चसइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಚಸಇ</i>

𑀘𑀲𑀇 (casaï) (Devanagari चसइ, Kannada ಚಸಇ)

casaï (romanization)
चसइ (Devanagari)
ಚಸಇ (Kannada)
𑀘𑀲𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

desc

→ Sanskrit: चषति (caṣati, “eats”) (by Sanskritization)

*𑀘𑀲-𑀓𑁆𑀓-𑀓 (*casa-kka-ka)

Hindi: चसका (caskā, “taste”)

Cheung and Turner believe that this is a late borrowing from Proto-Iranian *čašati (“tastes”), whence Classical Persian چَشِیدَن (čašīdan).


𑀚𑀮𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जलइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಜಲಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀚𑀮𑀇 (jalaï) (Devanagari जलइ, Kannada ಜಲಇ) (intransitive)

jalaï (romanization)
जलइ (Devanagari)
ಜಲಇ (Kannada)

Apabhramsa: जलइ (jalaï) (see there for further descendants)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀚𑀮𑀇 (jalaï)
 𑀚𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀇 (jālei)
Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀚𑁆𑀯𑀮𑀢𑀺 (jválati). Cognate with Pali jalati.

inh+

𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀉𑀟𑀻𑀅-𑀯𑀺 𑀚𑀮𑀺𑀊𑀡 𑀳𑀼𑀅𑀯𑀳𑁄 𑀚𑀮𑀇 𑀚𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀯𑀸𑀟𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 𑁇
𑀡 𑀳𑀼 𑀢𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀳𑀭𑀺𑀅𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀫-𑀤𑀲𑀸-𑀲𑀁𑀞𑀺𑀆 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀺𑀲𑀸 𑁈𑁨𑁨𑁭𑁈
pāṇaüḍīa-vi jaliūṇa huavaho jalaï jaṇṇavāḍammi .

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 227

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
227. The fire that burns in the outcast’s hut
Then burns on the sacrificial altar.
Never shun a person
However wretched his circumstances.

ṇa hu te parihariavvā visama-dasā-saṃṭhiā purisā .227.


भमदि

𑀪𑀫𑀤𑀺 𑀪𑀫𑀤𑀺#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀪𑀫𑀤𑀺 (“to roam, wander, walk around”)


भमइ

Devanagari script form of 𑀪𑀫𑀇 (“to roam, wander, walk around”)


जलइ

Devanagari script form of 𑀚𑀮𑀇 (“to burn; to shine”)


𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पल्लट्टइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಲ್ಲಟ್ಟಇ</i>

𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (pallaṭṭaï) (Devanagari पल्लट्टइ, Kannada ಪಲ್ಲಟ್ಟಇ)

pallaṭṭaï (romanization)
पल्लट्टइ (Devanagari)
ಪಲ್ಲಟ್ಟಇ (Kannada)
𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Eastern:

Assamese: পালট (palot)

Bengali: পালটা (palṭa)

Maithili: palṭab

Devanagari script: पलटब

Tirhuta script: 𑒣𑒪𑒙𑒥

Odia: ପାଲଟିବା (pālaṭibā)

Northern:

Nepali: पल्टनु (palṭanu)

Northeastern:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Old Punjabi: ਪਲਟਿ (palaṭi)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪਲਟਣਾ (palṭaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: پَلٹݨا (palṭṇā)

Vracada Apabhramsa:

Sindhi:

Arabic script: پَلْٽَڻُ

Devanagari script: पल्टणु

Central:

Gurjara Apabhramsa:

Gujarati: પલટવું (palaṭvũ)

Marwari: पलटणौ (palaṭṇau)

Hindustani:

Hindi: पलटना (palaṭnā)

Urdu: پَلَٹْنا (palaṭnā)

Most likely derived from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀮𑀝𑁆 (*laṭ, “to swing, shake”) prefixed with परि- (pari-, “around”). Other possibilities include:
* Derived from Sanskrit परिवर्तते (parivartate, “revolves, returns, turns around”) through parivaṭṭ- > *paliaṭṭ- > *palyaṭṭ- > *pallaṭṭ-. This would make it a doublet of 𑀧𑀭𑀺𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (parivaṭṭaï).
* Derived from the passive of Sanskrit पर्यटति (paryaṭati, “goes round”) through *paryaṭyati > *palyaṭṭaï > *pallaṭṭaï.
* Derived from Sanskrit पर्यस्त (paryasta, “overturned”), making it a doublet of 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀢𑁆𑀣 (pallattha, “overturned”), whence Marathi पालथणे (pālathṇe, “to turn over”).
Influence or merging from multiple sources is likely.


𑀮𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लक्खइ</i>

lakkhaï (romanization)
लक्खइ (Devanagari)

Old Awadhi: लखइ (lakhaï)

Assamese: লখ (lokh)

Bengali: লখা (lokha)

Gujarati: લખવું (lakhvũ)

Hindustani: lakhnā

Hindi: लखना

desc

Urdu: لَکھْنا

Urdu: لَکھْنا

Odia: ଲଖିବା (lakhibā)

Punjabi: lakhṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਲਖਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: لکھنا

Sindhi: lakhaṇu

Arabic script: لَکَڻُ

Devanagari script: लखणु

Inherited from Sanskrit लक्षति (lakṣati).


𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀧𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लुंपइ</i>

pra-head

𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀧𑀇 (luṃpaï) (Devanagari लुंपइ) (transitive)

luṃpaï (romanization)
लुंपइ (Devanagari)

Inherited from Sanskrit लुम्पति (lumpati). Cognate with Pali lumpati.


लुंपइ

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लुंपइ (luṃpaï)

pra-head

लुंपइ (luṃpaï)

pra-verb

लुंपइ (luṃpaï)

𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀧𑀇 𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀧𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀧𑀇 (“to destroy”)


लुप्पइ

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लुप्पइ (luppaï)

pra-head

लुप्पइ (luppaï)

pra-verb

लुप्पइ (luppaï)

𑀮𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 𑀮𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀮𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 (“to be destroyed”)


𑀩𑀺𑀉𑀡𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">बिउणेइ</i>

pra-head

𑀩𑀺𑀉𑀡𑁂𑀇 (biuṇei) (Devanagari बिउणेइ) (transitive)

biuṇei (romanization)
बिउणेइ (Devanagari)

Inherited from Sanskrit द्विगुणयति (dviguṇayati). Related to 𑀩𑀺𑀉𑀡 (biuṇa, “double”, adjective).

inh+

to double, to increase (something) to twofold


बिउणेइ

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बिउणेइ (biuṇei)

𑀩𑀺𑀉𑀡𑁂𑀇 𑀩𑀺𑀉𑀡𑁂𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀩𑀺𑀉𑀡𑁂𑀇 (“to double”)


सक्कइ

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸಕ್ಕಇ</i>

𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇#Prakrit


तूसइ

तूसइ (tūsaï)

𑀢𑀽𑀲𑀇 𑀢𑀽𑀲𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀢𑀽𑀲𑀇 (“to be satisfied, to be pleased”)


तुस्सइ

तुस्सइ (tussaï)

𑀢𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 𑀢𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀢𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 (“to be satisfied, to be pleased”)


𑀢𑀽𑀲𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तूसइ</i>

pra-head

𑀢𑀽𑀲𑀇 (tūsaï) (Devanagari तूसइ) (intransitive)

𑀢𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 𑀢𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇#Prakrit

alternative form of 𑀢𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 (tussaï, “to be satisfied, to be pleased”)


𑀢𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तुस्सइ</i>

pra-head

𑀢𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 (tussaï) (Devanagari तुस्सइ) (intransitive)

tussaï (romanization)
तुस्सइ (Devanagari)
𑀢𑀽𑀲𑀇 (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit तुष्यति (tuṣyati). Cognate with Pali tussati.


रोसइ

𑀭𑁄𑀲𑀇 𑀭𑁄𑀲𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑁄𑀲𑀇 (“to be angry”)


कुप्पइ

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कुप्पइ (kuppaï)

𑀓𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 𑀓𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀓𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 (“to be angry”)


𑀭𑁄𑀲𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">रोसइ</i>

pra-head

𑀭𑁄𑀲𑀇 (rosaï) (Devanagari रोसइ) (intransitive)


𑀓𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कुप्पइ</i>

pra-head

𑀓𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 (kuppaï) (Devanagari कुप्पइ) (intransitive)

kuppaï (romanization)
कुप्पइ (Devanagari)

Inherited from Sanskrit कुप्यति (kupyati).


लुढइ

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लुढइ (luḍhaï)

𑀮𑀼𑀠𑀇 𑀮𑀼𑀠𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀮𑀼𑀠𑀇 (“to roll”)


𑀮𑀼𑀠𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लुढइ</i>

pra-head

𑀮𑀼𑀠𑀇 (luḍhaï) (Devanagari लुढइ) (intransitive)

Inherited from Sanskrit लुठति (luṭhati).


𑀚𑀻𑀯𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जीवइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಜೀವಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀚𑀻𑀯𑀇 (jīvaï) (Devanagari जीवइ, Kannada ಜೀವಇ) (intransitive)

jīvaï (romanization)
जीवइ (Devanagari)
ಜೀವಇ (Kannada)
𑀚𑀻𑀯𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: जीवइ (jīvaï)

Gujarati: જીવવું (jīvvũ)

Hindi: जीना (jīnā)

desc

Romani: ʒivel, ʒuvel (International Standard), dživel, džuvel (Pan-Vlax), zhuvel (Anglicized)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: জিয়া (jiẏa)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: जीयल (jīyal)

Maithili: जियब (jiyab)

Early Assamese: জী (jī)

Assamese: জীয়া (zia)

Odia: ଜୀବା (jibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: ज्यूणो (jyūṇo)

Nepali: जिउनु (jiunu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਜਿਊਣਾ (jiūṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: जिणे (jiṇe)

Sindhi: जिअणु (jiaṇu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *-wós
Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós
Proto-Indo-European *gʷíh₃weti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰíHwati
Sanskrit जीवति (jīvati)
Prakrit 𑀚𑀻𑀯𑀇 (jīvaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit जीवति (jīvati), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́íHwati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰíHwati, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷíh₃weti (“to live”).


𑀲𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सिव्वइ</i>

pra-head

𑀲𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇 (sivvaï) (Devanagari सिव्वइ) (transitive)

sivvaï (romanization)
सिव्वइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: sīnā

Hindi: सीना

Urdu: سينا

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਸਿਊਣਾ (siūṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘫𑘲𑘪𑘜𑘹 (śīvaṇe)

Marathi: शिवणे (śivṇe)

Konkani: शिव्चे (śivce)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: સીવવું (sīvvũ)

Inherited from Sanskrit सीव्यति (sī́vyati). Cognate with Pali sibbati.


सिव्वइ

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सिव्वइ (sivvaï)

𑀲𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇 𑀲𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀲𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇 (“to sew”)


𑀚𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जोडेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಜೋಡೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀚𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (joḍei) (Devanagari जोडेइ, Kannada ಜೋಡೇಇ) (transitive)

joḍei (romanization)
जोडेइ (Devanagari)
ಜೋಡೇಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: जोड़ना (joṛnā)

Urdu: جوڑْنا (joṛnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Bengali: জোড়া (jōṛa), জুড়া (juṛa)

Bihari:

Maithili: जोरब (jōrab)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: जोर्नु (jornu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Shahmukhi script: جوڑنا (joṛnā)

Gurmukhi script: ਜੋਡ਼ਣਾ (joṛṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: جوڙڻ (joṛaṇu)

Devanagari script: जोड़णु (joṛaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘕𑘻𑘚𑘜𑘹 (joḍaṇe)

Marathi: जोडणे (joḍṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: જોડવું (joḍvũ)

desc

→ Sanskrit: जोडयति (joḍayati), यौटति (yauṭati)

⇒ Sanskrit: जुड् (juḍ), जुट् (juṭ), यौट् (yauṭ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *yewg-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *yugtós
Sanskrit युक्त (yukta)
Prakrit 𑀚𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (jutta)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Prakrit -𑀏𑀇 (-ei)
Prakrit 𑀚𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (joḍei)
Denominal verb of 𑀚𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (jutta, “joined, yoked”) + -𑀏𑀇 (-ei, causative suffix), with the former element from Sanskrit यु॒क्त (yuktá, “yoked”), from the root युज् (yuj, “to yoke, join”).
Per Tedesco, the denominal verb is modelled analogically on pairs like 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (chuṭṭa, “released”) ~ 𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (choḍei, “to release”), 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (tuṭṭa, “torn”) ~ 𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (toḍei, “to tear”); see there for more.
Turner reconstructs Sanskrit *योटयति (yoṭayati) as the ancestor of this verb, but there is no evidence for the existence of this root before Middle Indo-Aryan. Attested Sanskrit यौट् (yauṭ) and जुट् (juṭ) are almost certainly Sanskritizations.

denominal verb

𑀚𑀼𑀟𑀺𑀅

joined; see there for further descendants


𑀚𑀼𑀟𑀺𑀅

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जुडिअ</i>

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *yewg-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *yugtós
Sanskrit युक्त (yukta)
Prakrit 𑀚𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (jutta)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Prakrit -𑀏𑀇 (-ei)
Prakrit 𑀚𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (joḍei)
Prakrit -𑀇𑀅 (-ia)
Prakrit 𑀚𑀼𑀟𑀺𑀅 (juḍia)
From 𑀚𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (joḍei, “to join, yoke”) + -𑀇𑀅 (-ia); see there for more.

af

𑀚𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 𑀚𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇#Prakrit


𑀔𑀁𑀘𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">खंचइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಖಂಚಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀔𑀁𑀘𑀇 (khaṃcaï) (Devanagari खंचइ, Kannada ಖಂಚಇ) (transitive)

khaṃcaï (romanization)
खंचइ (Devanagari)
ಖಂಚಇ (Kannada)
*𑀔𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀔𑁂𑀁𑀘𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀔𑁃𑀁𑀘𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

desc

Old Awadhi: खींचै (khīṃcai), खांचै (khāṃcai)

Hindustani:

Hindi: खींचना (khī̃cnā), खैंचना (kha͠icnā)

Urdu: کَھین٘چنا (kha͠icnā), کِھین٘چنا (khī̃cnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: খেঁচা (khẽca)

Odia: ଖାଞ୍ଚିବା (khāñcibā), ଖେଞ୍ଚିବା (kheñcibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: खैँच्नु (kha͠icnu), खाँच्नु (khā̃cnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਖਿੱਚਣਾ (khiccaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: کِھچّݨا (khiccṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: खेचणे (khecṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: खैंचइ (khaiṃcaï)

Gujarati: ખેંચવું (kheñcvũ)

Marwari: खंचणौ (khañcṇau)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷels-
Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati)?
Sanskrit अञ्चति (añcati)influ.?
Prakrit 𑀔𑀁𑀘𑀇 (khaṃcaï)
Unknown. Probably cognate with Kashmiri खू॑न्ज़ुन् (khū॑nzun, “to pluck”).
Perhaps inherited from Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”) with influence from 𑀅𑀇𑀁𑀘𑀇 (aïṃcaï), 𑀅𑀬𑀁𑀙𑀇 (ayaṃchaï, “to pull”), from Sanskrit *अत्यञ्चति (atyañcati), from अञ्चति (añcati, “to pull”).
Compare also *𑀖𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (*ghiccaï, “to drag, pull”) (>Nepali घिच्नु (ghicnu), Sindhi گهيچڻ (ghīcaṇu)) and *𑀨𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀇 (*phiṃcaï, “to scatter”) (>Nepali फिंज्नु (phiñjnu)).


खंचइ

pra-head

खंचइ (khaṃcaï) (Kannada ಖಂಚಇ) (transitive)

𑀔𑀁𑀘𑀇 𑀔𑀁𑀘𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀔𑀁𑀘𑀇 (“to pull”)


𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पहुच्चइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಹುಚ್ಚಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (pahuccaï) (Devanagari पहुच्चइ, Kannada ಪಹುಚ್ಚಇ) (intransitive)

pahuccaï (romanization)
पहुच्चइ (Devanagari)
ಪಹುಚ್ಚಇ (Kannada)
*𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀁𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀁𑀙𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: पहुँचना (pahũcnā), पहुचना (pahucnā)

Urdu: پَہُن٘چْنَا (pahũcnā)

Urdu: پَہُن٘چْنَا (pahũcnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bhojpuri: पहुँचल (pahũcal), (metathesised) चहुँपल (cahũpal)

Maithili: पहुँचब (pahũcab)

Middle Bengali: পহুঁছা (pohũcha)

Bengali: পৌঁছা (pōũcha)

Odia: ପହୁଞ୍ଚିବା (pahuñcibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: पहुँच्नु (pahũcnu), पौँच्नु (pa͠ucnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਪਹੁੰਚਣਾ (pahuñcṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: पोचणे (poċṇe), पोहोचणे (pohoċṇe), पोहचणे (pohaċṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: पहुचीजइ (pahucījaï)

Gujarati: પહોંચવું (pahoñcvũ)

Malvi: पोंचणो (põcṇo)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-
Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰuHtás
Sanskrit भूत (bhūta)
Sanskrit प्रभूत (prabhūta)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀳𑀽𑀅 (pahūa)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀇 (pahuvaï)
Prakrit -𑀢 (-ta)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pahutta)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Sanskrit भूच्छति (bhūcchati)influ.?
Prakrit 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (pahuccaï)
Denominal verb of 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pahutta, “strong, sufficient, reached”) + -𑀅𑀇 (-aï), by analogy with verbs of the type 𑀫𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (mutta) ~ 𑀫𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (muccaï). See there for more.
Some descendants trace back to *𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀁𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (*pahuṃccaï), by analogy with verbs like 𑀫𑀼𑀁𑀘𑀇 (muṃcaï) as in the set referred to above.
Alternatively, Chatterji posits an originally aspirated *𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (*pahucchaï), from Sanskrit *प्रभूच्छति (prabhūcchati, literally “to continue to be forward or towards (smth.)”), from प्र- (pra-, “forward”) + भूच्छति (bhūcchati, “to continue to be”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰuHšćáti, from *bʰuH-. However, aspiration is only attested in the Bengali descendant and so may be secondary from the metathesis of -h-.


𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पहुत्त</i>

pahutta (romanization)
पहुत्त (Devanagari)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-
Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰuHtás
Sanskrit भूत (bhūta)
Sanskrit प्रभूत (prabhūta)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀳𑀽𑀅 (pahūa)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀇 (pahuvaï)
Prakrit -𑀢 (-ta)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (pahutta)
From 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀇 (pahuvaï, “to be powerful, reach”) + -𑀢 (-ta) by analogy with verbs of the type 𑀲𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (sutta) ~ 𑀲𑀼𑀯𑀇 (suvaï). Ultimately from Sanskrit प्रभूत (prábhūta, “much, great”).

der

𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇#Prakrit


𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पहुवइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಹುವಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀇 (pahuvaï) (Devanagari पहुवइ, Kannada ಪಹುವಇ) (intransitive)

pahuvaï (romanization)
पहुवइ (Devanagari)
ಪಹುವಇ (Kannada)

Old Gujarati: पहुवइ (pahuvaï)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-
Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰuHtás
Sanskrit भूत (bhūta)
Sanskrit प्रभूत (prabhūta)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀳𑀽𑀅 (pahūa)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀇 (pahuvaï)
Denominal verb of 𑀧𑀳𑀽𑀅 (pahūa), 𑀧𑀪𑀽𑀬 (pabhūya, “much”) + -𑀅𑀇 (-aï). Turner proposes the derivation is by analogy with verbs of the type 𑀥𑀽𑀅 (dhūa) ~ 𑀥𑀼𑀯𑀇 (dhuvaï).

etymon

𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇#Prakrit

synonym of 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 (pahuppaï, “to be powerful; to reach”)


पहुच्चइ

pra-head

पहुच्चइ (pahuccaï) (Kannada ಪಹುಚ್ಚಇ) (intransitive)

pahuccaï (romanization)
ಪಹುಚ್ಚಇ (Kannada)

𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (“to be powerful, reach”)


पहुवइ

पहुवइ (pahuvaï) (Kannada ಪಹುವಇ) (intransitive)

𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀇 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀧𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀇 (“to be powerful, reach”)


जोडेइ

जोडेइ (joḍei) (Kannada ಜೋಡೇಇ) (transitive)

𑀚𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 𑀚𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀚𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (“to join, yoke”)


𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छोडेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಛೋಡೇಇ</i>

𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (choḍei) (Devanagari छोडेइ, Kannada ಛೋಡೇಇ)

choḍei (romanization)
छोडेइ (Devanagari)
ಛೋಡೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ud-
Sanskrit उद्- (ud-)
Proto-Indo-European *selǵ-
Sanskrit सृज् (sṛj)
Sanskrit उत्सृज् (utsṛj)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-tás
Sanskrit -त (-ta)
Sanskrit उत्सृष्ट (utsṛṣṭa)bf.?
Prakrit 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (chuṭṭa)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Prakrit -𑀏𑀇 (-ei)
Prakrit 𑀙𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (choḍei)
From 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (chuṭṭa, “released”) + -𑀏𑀇 (-ei); see there for more. For the phonology, compare 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (tuṭṭa, “broken”) ~ 𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (toḍei, “breaks”).


𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छुट्टइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಛುಟ್ಟಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (chuṭṭaï) (Devanagari छुट्टइ, Kannada ಛುಟ್ಟಇ) (intransitive)

chuṭṭaï (romanization)
छुट्टइ (Devanagari)
ಛುಟ್ಟಇ (Kannada)
𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: छूटना (chūṭnā)

desc

Urdu: چُھوٹْنا (chūṭnā)

Urdu: چُھوٹْنا (chūṭnā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: छुट्नु (chuṭnu)

⇒ Nepali: छुट्ट्याउनु (chuṭṭyāunu), छुट्टाउनु (chuṭṭāunu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਛੁੱਟਣਾ (chuṭṭaṇā, “to be freed”)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: છૂટવું (chūṭvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ud-
Sanskrit उद्- (ud-)
Proto-Indo-European *selǵ-
Sanskrit सृज् (sṛj)
Sanskrit उत्सृज् (utsṛj)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-tás
Sanskrit -त (-ta)
Sanskrit उत्सृष्ट (utsṛṣṭa)bf.?
Prakrit 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (chuṭṭa)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Prakrit 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (chuṭṭaï)
Denominal verb of 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (chuṭṭa, “released”) + -𑀅𑀇 (-aï).


𑀚𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जुत्त</i>

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *yewg-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *yugtós
Sanskrit युक्त (yukta)
Prakrit 𑀚𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (jutta)
Inherited from Sanskrit युक्त (yuktá, “yoked”).

inh+

𑀚𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀇 𑀚𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀇#Prakrit

past participle of 𑀚𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀇 (juttaï, “to join, yoke”)


𑀪𑁂𑀮𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">भेलेइ</i>

bhelei (romanization)
भेलेइ (Devanagari)
𑀪𑁂𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: भेल (bhel, “mixture”)

Urdu: بھیل (bhel)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: ভেল (bhel, “deception”)

Odia: ଭେଲ (bhela, “alloy, deception”)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: भेला (bhelā, “crowd”)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

desc

Marathi: भेळ (bheḷ, “mixture”), भेळणे (bheḷṇe, “to mix”), भेलणे (bhelṇe, “to mix”)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ભેળ (bheḷ, “mixture”), ભેળું (bheḷũ, “mixed”), ભેળવવું (bheḷvavũ, “to mix”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂énts?
Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Habʰí
Sanskrit अभि- (abhi-)
Proto-Indo-European *wert-
Sanskrit वृत् (vṛt)
Sanskrit अभिवृत् (abhivṛt)aph.?
Ashokan Prakrit *𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆 (*bhiṭ)der.
Prakrit 𑀪𑁂𑀮𑁂𑀇 (bhelei)
Derived from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆 (*bhiṭ).


𑀪𑀻𑀟𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">भीडइ</i>

Dardic:

desc

Kashmiri: [script needed] (bīr, “crowd”)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: भीड़ (bhīṛ)

Urdu: بھیڑ (bheṛ)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: भीड (bhīḍ)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: [script needed] (bhīṛa)

Punjabi: ਭੀੜ (bhīṛ, “crowd”), ਭੀੜਨਾ (bhīṛnā, “to close in”)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: ভিড় (bhiṛ)

Assamese: ভিৰ (bhir)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: भीड (bhīḍ)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ભીડ (bhīḍ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂énts?
Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Habʰí
Sanskrit अभि- (abhi-)
Proto-Indo-European *wert-
Sanskrit वृत् (vṛt)
Sanskrit अभिवृत् (abhivṛt)aph.?
Ashokan Prakrit *𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆 (*bhiṭ)der.
Prakrit 𑀪𑀻𑀟𑀇 (bhīḍaï)
Derived from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆 (*bhiṭ).


𑀪𑀺𑀟𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">भिडइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಭಿಡಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀪𑀺𑀟𑀇 (bhiḍaï) (Devanagari भिडइ, Kannada ಭಿಡಇ) (intransitive)

bhiḍaï (romanization)
भिडइ (Devanagari)
ಭಿಡಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: भिड़ना (bhiṛnā)

Urdu: بھڑنا

Gujarati: ભીડવું (bhīḍvũ)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਭਿੜਨਾ (bhiṛnā)

Sindhi: भिड़णु (bhiṛaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘥𑘲𑘚𑘜𑘹 (bhīḍaṇe)

Marathi: भिडणे (bhiḍṇe)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂énts?
Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Habʰí
Sanskrit अभि- (abhi-)
Proto-Indo-European *wert-
Sanskrit वृत् (vṛt)
Sanskrit अभिवृत् (abhivṛt)aph.?
Ashokan Prakrit *𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆 (*bhiṭ)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Prakrit 𑀪𑀺𑀟𑀇 (bhiḍaï)
From Ashokan Prakrit *𑀪𑀺𑀝𑁆 (*bhiṭ) + -𑀅𑀇 (-aï).


𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तोडेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ತೋಡೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (toḍei) (Devanagari तोडेइ, Kannada ತೋಡೇಇ) (transitive)

toḍei (romanization)
तोडेइ (Devanagari)
ತೋಡೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀢𑁄𑀟𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀝𑁄𑀟𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: तोड़ना (toṛnā)

Urdu: تورْنا (tornā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Bengali: তুড়া (tuṛa)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: तूड़ल (tūṛal)

Odia: ତୋଡ଼ିବା (toṛibā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤੋਡ਼ਨਾ (toṛnā)

Shahmukhi script: تورْنا (tornā)

Sindhi: ٽوڙَڻُ (ṭoṛaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: तोडणे (toḍṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: તોડવું (toḍvũ)

→ Sanskrit: त्रोटयति (troṭayati)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀝𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (ṭuṭṭaï)
 𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (toḍei)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terd-
Sanskrit तृद् (tṛd)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-tás
Sanskrit -त (-ta)
Prakrit 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (tuṭṭa)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Prakrit -𑀏𑀇 (-ei)
Prakrit 𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 (toḍei)
Denominal verb of 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (tuṭṭa, “broken”) + -𑀏𑀇 (-ei), from Sanskrit *तृत्त (tṛtta, “split”), from तृद् (tṛd, “to cleave, split”) + -त (-ta). Compare the participle तृण्ण (tṛṇṇa) with a different suffix.
The back-formation is by analogy with Sanskrit verbs like बुद्ध (buddhá) ~ बोधयति (bodháyati). Sanskrit forms organised under the root त्रुट् (truṭ) are Sanskritisations not attested before the Classical period.


𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उब्भेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಉಬ್ಭೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁂𑀇 (ubbhei) (Devanagari उब्भेइ, Kannada ಉಬ್ಭೇಇ) (transitive)

ubbhei (romanization)
उब्भेइ (Devanagari)
ಉಬ್ಭೇಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: ऊभना (ūbhnā)

desc

Urdu: اُوبھْنَا (ūbhnā)

Urdu: اُوبھْنَا (ūbhnā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: उभिनु (ubhinu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi:

Arabic script: اُڀَڻُ (ubhaṇu), اُبَهڻُ (ubihaṇu)

Devanagari script: उभणु (ubhaṇu), उबिहणु (ubihaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: उभणे (ubhaṇe)

Marathi: उभणे (ubhṇe)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-wós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *r̥Hdʰwás
Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhva)
Prakrit 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Prakrit -𑀏𑀇 (-ei)
Prakrit 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁂𑀇 (ubbhei)
From 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha, “raised”) + -𑀏𑀇 (-ei).


रोवइ

𑀭𑁄𑀯𑀇 𑀭𑁄𑀯𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑁄𑀯𑀇 (“to cry”)


रोअइ

𑀭𑁄𑀅𑀇 𑀭𑁄𑀅𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑁄𑀅𑀇 (“to cry”)


रोयइ

𑀭𑁄𑀬𑀇 𑀭𑁄𑀬𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑁄𑀬𑀇 (“to cry”)


रुअइ

𑀭𑀼𑀅𑀇 𑀭𑀼𑀅𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑀼𑀅𑀇 (“to cry”)


रुवइ

𑀭𑀼𑀯𑀇 𑀭𑀼𑀯𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑀼𑀯𑀇 (“to cry”)


रुव्वइ

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रुव्वइ (ruvvaï)

𑀭𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇 𑀭𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇 (“to cry”)


𑀭𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">रुव्वइ</i>

pra-head

𑀭𑀼𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀇 (ruvvaï) (Devanagari रुव्वइ) (intransitive)

ruvvaï (romanization)
रुव्वइ (Devanagari)

𑀭𑀼𑀯𑀇 𑀭𑀼𑀯𑀇#Prakrit

alternative form of 𑀭𑀼𑀯𑀇 (ruvaï, “to cry”)


𑀭𑀼𑀯𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">रुवइ</i>

pra-head

𑀭𑀼𑀯𑀇 (ruvaï) (Devanagari रुवइ) (intransitive)

𑀭𑀼𑀅𑀇 𑀭𑀼𑀅𑀇#Prakrit

hiatus-filler form of 𑀭𑀼𑀅𑀇 (ruaï, “to cry”)


𑀭𑀼𑀅𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">रुअइ</i>

pra-head

𑀭𑀼𑀅𑀇 (ruaï) (Devanagari रुअइ) (intransitive)

Inherited from Sanskrit रुदति (rudati). Related to 𑀭𑁄𑀅𑀇 (roaï). Cognate with Pali rudati.


𑀭𑁄𑀅𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">रोअइ</i>

pra-head

𑀭𑁄𑀅𑀇 (roaï) (Devanagari रोअइ) (intransitive)

roaï (romanization)
रोअइ (Devanagari)
𑀭𑁄𑀬𑀇 (alternative)
𑀭𑁄𑀯𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: ronā

Hindi: रोना

Urdu: رونا

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: रुनु (runu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਰੋਣਾ (roṇā)

Shahmukhi script: رونا (ronā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: રોવું (rovũ)

Marwari: रोणौ (roṇau)

Romani: rovel

Inherited from Sanskrit रोदति (rodati), रोदिति (roditi). Related to 𑀭𑀼𑀅𑀇 (ruaï). Cognate with Pali rodati.


𑀲𑀁𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">संवट्टेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸಂವಟ್ಟೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀲𑀁𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇 (saṃvaṭṭei) (Devanagari संवट्टेइ, Kannada ಸಂವಟ್ಟೇಇ) (transitive)

saṃvaṭṭei (romanization)
संवट्टेइ (Devanagari)
ಸಂವಟ್ಟೇಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: (intr.) सिमटना (simaṭnā), सिमिटना (simiṭnā), (tr.) समेटना (sameṭnā)

Urdu: (intr.) سِمَٹْنَا (simaṭnā), (tr.) سَمیٹْنَا (sameṭnā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: समेट्नु (sameṭnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਸਮੇਟਣਾ (sameṭṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: समेटणे (sameṭṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: સમેટવું (sameṭvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sem-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *sam-
Sanskrit सम्- (sam-)
Proto-Indo-European *wert-
Sanskrit वृत् (vṛt)
Sanskrit संवृत् (saṃvṛt)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Sanskrit संवर्तयति (saṃvartayati)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀁𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇 (saṃvaṭṭei)
Inherited from Sanskrit संवर्तयति (saṃvartayati, “to cause to turn; to clench, wrap up”), from the root संवृत् (saṃvṛt), from सं- (saṃ-) + वृत् (vṛt).
Compare the related 𑀲𑀁𑀯𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (saṃvuṭṭa), 𑀲𑀁𑀯𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (saṃvutta), from Sanskrit संवृत्त (saṃvṛtta, “approached; happened”). Descendants may be influenced by Sanskrit संवेष्टयति (saṃveṣṭayati, “to wrap up, wind around”).


𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀟𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">विहडइ</i>

vihaḍaï (romanization)
विहडइ (Devanagari)
𑀯𑀺𑀖𑀟𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

desctree

Hindi: बिगड़ना (bigaṛnā)
→ Gujarati: બગડવું (bagaḍvũ)

Urdu: بِگَڑْنَا (bigaṛnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: বিগৰ (bigor)

Bengali: বিগড়ানো (bigṛanō)

Odia: ବିଗଡ଼ିବା (bigaṛibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

desc

Nepali: बिग्रनु (bigranu), बिग्रिनु (bigrinu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਵਿਗਡ਼ਣਾ (vigṛaṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘤𑘱𑘑𑘚𑘜𑘹 (bighaḍaṇe)

Marathi: बिघडणे (bighaḍṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: विहडइ (vihaḍaï)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀟𑀇 (vihaḍaï)
 𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀟𑁂𑀇 (vihaḍei)
 𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀸𑀟𑁂𑀇 (vihāḍei)
Etymology tree
Sanskrit विघटते (vighaṭate)
Prakrit 𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀟𑀇 (vihaḍaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit विघटते (vighaṭate, “to be marred, broken”).


𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कड्ढइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಕಡ್ಢಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï) (Devanagari कड्ढइ, Kannada ಕಡ್ಢಇ) (transitive)

kaḍḍhaï (romanization)
कड्ढइ (Devanagari)
ಕಡ್ಢಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Hindi: काढना (kāḍhanā)
Hindustani:
Hindi: काढ़ना (kāṛhnā)
Urdu: کَاڑْھنَا (kāṛhnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: কঢ়া (korha)

Bengali: কাড়া (kaṛa)

Sylheti: ꠇꠣꠠꠣ (xaṛa)

Bihari:

Maithili:

Devanagari script: काढ़ब (kāṛhab)

Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒜𑓃𑒥 (kāṛhaba)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: काढ्नु (kāḍhnu)

desc

>? Mahasu Pahari: गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ, “to take out”), गड़नों (gaṛnõ)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Punjabi: ਕਢਿ (kaḍhi /kaḍḍhi/)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਕੱਢਣਾ (kaḍḍhaṇā)
Shahmukhi script: کَڈّھݨا (kaḍḍhṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڪَڍَڻُ (kaḍhaṇu)

Devanagari script: कढणु (kaḍhaṇu)

Khudabadi script: 𑊺𑋋𑋌𑋣 (kaḍhaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

desc

Devanagari script: काढणे (kāḍhaṇe), काहाडणे (kāhāḍaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘛𑘜𑘹 (kāḍhaṇe), 𑘎𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹 (kāhāḍaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: काढी (kāḍhī, “taken out”, past participle, nominative singular feminine)

Gujarati: કાઢવું (kāḍhvũ)

→? Dardic:

Phalura: gaḍíi (“to pull”)

Kalami: [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”, imperative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷels-
Sanskrit कृष् (kṛṣ)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-tás
Sanskrit -त (-ta)
Sanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa)?
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)?
Prakrit 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï)
Denominal verb from Sanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa, “drawn, ploughed”) + Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï). Cognate with Pali kaḍḍhati, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit कट्टति (kaṭṭati), Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨐𐨝𐨡𐨁 (uvakaḍhadi, “to drag along”). This verb has almost wholly displaced Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”) in Middle Indo-Aryan.
Further discussion
Bloch and Hoernlé already note that the cluster -ḍḍh- has seemingly undergone irregular voicing; the expected form is *kaṭṭhaï. Other examples of such unexpected voicing are Prakrit 𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀸 (dāḍhā, “beard”), Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺 (caghati, “to be able to”); among Pali scholars this phenomenon has usually been thought of as a dialectal feature restricted to the East (while in this case it is universal), leading to Lüders and Turner rejecting the etymology. Tedesco pushes back and argues for generalisation of a dialectal development citing parallels like Prakrit 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama, “first”) (but note that this is actually expected voicing), and is supported by von Hinüber and Oberlies.
Some scholars attempt to sidestep Sanskrit and trace the word directly to Proto-Indo-European. Gray claims derivation from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, be tall; hill”), with cognates such as English hale (“to pull, drag”), but this etymology seems unjustified given the lack of any cognates with the same extension. Bloomfield suggests -d- extension of some Indo-European root which gives a retroflex in Sanskrit when preceded by a sibilant (as in Proto-Indo-European *h₂eys-d- (“to laud”) > Sanskrit ईड् (īḍ)), but no semantically plausible root is to be found.
Compare also Kalami [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”), Phalura gaḍíi (“to pull”), Mahasu Pahari गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ), गड़नों (gaṛnõ, “to take out”). Tedesco supposes these are later developments and not indicative of a substrate source.

ncog

𑀡𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀊𑀡 𑀡𑀳𑁂 𑀕𑀅𑀲𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀅𑀯𑀮𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀥𑀅𑀯𑀟𑀢𑀡𑀼𑀇𑀁
𑀧𑀯𑀡𑁄 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀫𑀁 𑀙𑀸𑀆𑀯𑀳𑀧𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀥𑀽𑀲𑀭𑀁 𑀭𑀅𑀮𑁂𑀳𑀁
ṇivvāleūṇa ṇahe gaasukkāriavalantadhaavaḍataṇuiṃ

c. 400 CE, Pravarasena II, Rāvaṇavadha 13.58

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

pavaṇo kaḍḍhaï visamaṃ chāāvahapaṭṭhadhūsaraṃ raalehaṃ

উখড়ানো

*𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (*ukkaḍḍhaï) (with उद्- (ud-))

ओढणे

*𑀑𑀅𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (*oaḍḍhaï) < *𑀑𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (*okaḍḍhaï) (with अव- (ava-))


𑀓𑀠𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कढइ</i>

kaḍhaï (romanization)
कढइ (Devanagari)
𑀓𑀳𑀇 (alternative)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

desc

Maithili: काढ़ाएब (kāṛhāēb) (transitive)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਡ਼੍ਹਣਾ (kaṛhṇā), ਕਾਡ਼੍ਹਣਾ (kāṛhṇā) (transitive)

Saraiki: کَڑھَݨ (kaṛhaṇ)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڪَڙْهَڻُ (kaṛhaṇu), ڪاڙَهڻُ (kāṛhaṇu) (transitive)

Devanagari script: कढ़णु (kaṛhaṇu), काढ़णु (kāṛhaṇu) (transitive)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: कड्चे (kaḍce)

Old Marathi: कढणे (kaḍhaṇe)

Marathi: कढणे (kaḍhṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: કઢવું (kaḍhvũ)

→ Dardic:

Kashmiri: कारुन् (kārun)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kweth₂-
Sanskrit क्वथते (kvathate)
Prakrit 𑀓𑀠𑀇 (kaḍhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit क्वथते (kvathate), क्वथति (kvathati), with spontaneous retroflexion.

inh+

उकडणे

Old Marathi: 𑘄𑘎𑘚𑘜𑘹 (ukaḍaṇe), 𑘄𑘎𑘛𑘜𑘹 (ukaḍhaṇe)


𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सिंचइ</i>

pra-head

𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀇 (siṃcaï) (Devanagari सिंचइ) (transitive)

siṃcaï (romanization)
सिंचइ (Devanagari)

Apabhramsa: 𑆱𑆴𑆁𑆖𑆼𑆅 (siṃcei) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ-
Sanskrit सिच् (sic)
Sanskrit सिञ्चति (siñcati)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀇 (siṃcaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit सिञ्चति (siñcati). Cognate with Pali siñcati.


सिंचइ

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सिंचइ (siṃcaï)

𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀇 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀇#Prakrit


𑀧𑀠𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पढइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಢಇ</i>

𑀧𑀠𑀇 (paḍhaï) (Devanagari पढइ, Kannada ಪಢಇ)

paḍhaï (romanization)
पढइ (Devanagari)
ಪಢಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: पढ़ना (paṛhnā)

Urdu: پَڑْھنا (paṛhnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Early Assamese: পঢ়্ (poṛh)

desctree

Assamese: পঢ়া (porha)
Naga Pidgin: pora

Bengali: পড়া (poṛa)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: पढ़ल (paṛhal)

Maithili: पढ़ब (paṛhab)

Odia: ପଢ଼ିବା (paṛhibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: पढ्नु (paḍhnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪੜ੍ਹਨਾ (paṛhnā)

Shahmukhi script: پَڑْھنا (paṛhnā)

Sindhi: پَڙھَڻُ (paṛhaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘢𑘛𑘜𑘹 (paḍhaṇe)

Marathi: पढणे (paḍhṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: પઢવું (paḍhvũ)

Borrowed terms

→ Sanskrit: पठति (paṭhati)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit पृथ् (pṛth)der.
Prakrit 𑀧𑀠𑀇 (paḍhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit *पृथति (pṛthati), from the root पृथ् (pṛth, “to spread”). Cognate with Pali paṭhati, Kashmiri پَرُن (parun), re-borrowed Sanskrit पठति (paṭhati); see there for more.


𑀧𑀠𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पढावेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಢಾವೇಇ</i>

𑀧𑀠𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (paḍhāvei) (Devanagari पढावेइ, Kannada ಪಢಾವೇಇ)

paḍhāvei (romanization)
पढावेइ (Devanagari)
ಪಢಾವೇಇ (Kannada)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: paṛhāiṇu

Devanagari script: पढ़ाइणु

Arabic script: پَڙهَائِڻُ

Punjabi: paṛhāuṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਪੜ੍ਹਾਉਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: پَڑھاؤݨا

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: પઢાવવું (paḍhāvvũ)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘢𑘛𑘪𑘲𑘜𑘹 (paḍhavīṇe)

Marathi: पढवणे (paḍhavṇe)

Marwari: पडावणौ (paḍāvṇau)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: पढाउनु (paḍhāunu)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Odia: ପଢ଼ାଇବା (paṛhāibā)

Maithili:

Devanagari script: पढ़ाएब (paṛhāēb)

Tirhuta script: 𑒣𑒜𑓃𑒰𑒋𑒥 (paṛhāēba)

Bengali: পড়ানো (poṛanō)

Assamese: পঢ়োৱা (porhüa)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: paṛhānā

desc

Hindi: पढ़ाना

Hindi: पढ़ाना

Urdu: پَڑَھانَا

Urdu: پَڑَھانَا


𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">आवेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಆವೇಇ</i>

𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀇 (āvei) (Devanagari आवेइ, Kannada ಆವೇಇ)

āvei (romanization)
आवेइ (Devanagari)
ಆವೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀆𑀯𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: आना (ānā)

Urdu: آنا (ānā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Odia: ଆଇବା (āibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: आउनु (āunu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Old Punjabi: ਆਵਣਾ (āvaṇā)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਆਉਣਾ (āuṇā)

Shahmukhi script: آوݨا (āvṇā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Gujarati: आविवउं (āvivaüṃ)
Gujarati: આવવું (āvvũ)
Rajasthani:
Gojri: آننو (ānno)
Marwari: आणौ (āṇau)
Mewari: आणो (āṇo)

Romani: avel

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-
Sanskrit आप् (āp)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Sanskrit आपयति (āpayati)
Prakrit 𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀇 (āvei)
Inherited from Sanskrit आपयति (āpayati), from आप् (āp) + -अयति (-ayati). Cognate with Pali āpeti.


𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उवविट्ठ</i>

𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞 (uvaviṭṭha) (Devanagari उवविट्ठ)

uvaviṭṭha (romanization)
उवविट्ठ (Devanagari)
𑀩𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞 (alternative)
𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀝 (alternative)

desc

Apabhramsa: बइट्ठउ (baïṭṭhaü), बइट्ठइ (baïṭṭhaï)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: baiṭhā, baiṭhnā

Hindi: बैठा, ⇒ बैठना

Hindi: बैठा, ⇒ बैठना

Urdu: بَیٹھا, ⇒ بَیٹھنا

Urdu: بَیٹھا, ⇒ بَیٹھنا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bihari:

⇒ Bhojpuri: baīṭhal

Devanagari script: बईठल

Kaithi script: 𑂥𑂆𑂘𑂪

⇒ Maithili: baiṭhab

Devanagari script: बैठब

Tirhuta script: 𑒥𑒻𑒚𑒥

⇒ Odia: ବଇଠିବା (baiṭhibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Western Pahari:

⇒ Kumaoni: बैठणो

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: baiṭhā, baiṭhṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਬੈਠਾ, ⇒ ਬੈਠਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: بَیٹھا, ⇒ بَیٹھݨا

Sindhi: veṭho

Arabic script: ويٺو

Devanagari script: वेठो

Khudabadi script: 𑋛𑋥𑋇𑋧

Southern Indo-Aryan:

⇒ Old Marathi: baiṭhaṇe

Devanagari script: बैठणे

Modi script: 𑘤𑘺𑘙𑘜𑘹

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: बइठउ (baïṭhaü)

Middle Gujarati: बइठउ

Gujarati: બેઠું (beṭhũ)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit उप- (upa-)
Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-
Sanskrit विश् (viś)
Sanskrit उपविश् (upaviś)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-tás
Sanskrit -त (-ta)
Sanskrit उपविष्ट (upaviṣṭa)
Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞 (uvaviṭṭha)
Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀉𑀧𑀯𑀺𑀱𑁆𑀝 (upaviṣṭa).

inh+

𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇#Prakrit


𑀯𑀲𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">वसइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: बसना (basnā, “to prosper; settle”)

Urdu: بَسْنَا (basnā)

Old Awadhi: बसइ (basaï)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

× <i class="Brah mention" lang="pra">𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇</i> (uvavisaï)

Bengali-Assamese: (× 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 (uvavisaï))

Early Assamese: বস্ (bos)

Assamese: বহ (boh)

Bengali: বসা (bośa)

Sylheti: ꠛꠃꠣ (boua)

Bihari:

Maithili: बसब (basab)

Odia: (× 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 (uvavisaï)) ବସିବା (basibā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Sinhalese: වසනවා (wasanawā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: बसणो

Nepali: (× 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 (uvavisaï)) बस्नु (basnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Punjabi: (× 𑀉𑀯𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀇 (uvavisaï)) ਬਹਿਣਾ (bahiṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: वसणे (vasṇe)

Konkani: वस्चे (vasce)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: વસવું (vasvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéseti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwásati
Sanskrit वस॑ति (vásati)
Prakrit 𑀯𑀲𑀇 (vasaï)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀯𑀲𑀢𑀺 (vasati), from Sanskrit वस॑ति (vásati).


𑀤𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">देक्खइ</i>

dĕkkhaï (romanization)
देक्खइ (Devanagari)
𑀤𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (alternative)
𑀤𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (alternative)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀇 (alternative)
𑀤𑁂𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Awadhi: देखब (dekhab)

Braj: देखन (dekhan)

Hindustani:

Hindi: देखना (dekhnā)

Urdu: دیکْھنا (dekhnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: দেখা (dekha)

Bengali: দেখা (dekha)

Sylheti: ꠖꠦꠈꠣ (dexá)

Bihari:

Maithili: देखब (dēkhab)

Odia: ଦେଖିବା (dekhibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: देखणो

Nepali: देख्नु (dekhnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਦੇਖਣਾ (dekhṇā)

Saraiki: ݙیکَھݨ (ḏekhaṇ)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڏيکَڻُ (ḏekhaṇu)

Devanagari script: ॾेखणु (ḏekhaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: देखणे (dekhṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: દેખવું (dekhvũ)

Saurashtra: ꢣꢾꢒ꣄ꢒꢥ꣄ (dekkan)

Marwari: देखणौ (dekhṇau)

Romani: dikhel

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *derḱ-
Sanskrit दृश् (dṛś)der.
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-
Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷsder.
Sanskrit ईक्ष॑ते (ī́kṣate)
Sanskrit प्रेक्ष॑ते (prékṣate)influ.?
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀤𑁂𑀔𑀢𑀺 (dekhati)
Prakrit 𑀤𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (dĕkkhaï)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀤𑁂𑀔𑀢𑀺 (dekhati), from Sanskrit दृश् (dṛś), from Proto-Indo-European *derḱ-.
Turner suggests that -e- developed from analogy with Sanskrit प्रेक्षते (prekṣate, “to see”), which is from प्रेक्ष् (prekṣ, “to look, regard”), a compound of प्र- (pra-) + ईक्ष् (īkṣ, “to see, look”).


𑀧𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पेक्खइ</i>

pĕkkhaï (romanization)
पेक्खइ (Devanagari)
𑀧𑁂𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (alternative)
𑀧𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (alternative)
𑀧𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (alternative)
𑀧𑁂𑀳𑀇 (alternative)
𑀧𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀧𑁂𑀲𑁆𑀓𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Awadhi: पेखइ (pekhaï)

Hindustani:

Hindi: पेखना (pekhnā)

Urdu: پیکھْنا (pekhnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Middle Bengali: পেখা (pekha)

Bengali: (obsolete) পেখা (pekha)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪੇਖਣਾ (pekhṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: पेखणे (pekhṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: પેખવું (pekhvũ)

Romani: pićel

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-
Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷsder.
Sanskrit ईक्ष॑ते (ī́kṣate)
Sanskrit प्रेक्ष॑ते (prékṣate)
Prakrit 𑀧𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (pĕkkhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit प्रेक्ष॑ते (prékṣate), from प्र- (pra-) + ईक्ष॑ते (ī́kṣate). Cognate with Pali pekkhati.

etymon

sa>प्रेक्ष॑ते>see


𑀟𑀭𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">डरइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: डरना (ḍarnā), ⇒ डरपना (ḍarapnā)

desc

ڈَرَپْنَا<der>

Urdu: ڈَرْنا (ḍarnā), ⇒ ڈَرَپْنَا (ḍarapnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: डरल (ḍaral)

Odia: ଡରିବା (ḍaribā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: ⇒ डराउनु (ḍarāunu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਡਰਨਾ (ḍarnā)

Saraiki: ݙَرَݨ (ḏaraṇ)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ડરવું (ḍarvũ)

Romani: derel, daral

Etymology tree
Sanskrit दरति (darati)
Prakrit 𑀟𑀭𑀇 (ḍaraï)
Inherited from Sanskrit दरति (darati).


𑀲𑀳𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सहइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: सहना (sahnā)

Urdu: سَہْنَا (sahnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Bengali: সহা (śoha), সওয়া (śoōẇa)

Assamese: সহা (xoha)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: सहनु (sahanu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Punjabi: ਸਹਿਣਾ (sahiṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: साहणे (sāhṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: સહવું (sahvũ)

Marwari:

Devanagari script: सहणौ (sahṇau)

Mahajani script: 𑅰𑅱𑅑 (shi /sahaï/)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáȷ́ʰatay
Sanskrit सह॑ते (sáhate)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀳𑀇 (sahaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit सह॑ते (sáhate), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáȷ́ʰatay, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ-.


𑀯𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">वड्ढइ</i>

vaḍḍhaï (romanization)
वड्ढइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: बढ़ना (baṛhnā)

Urdu: بَڑْنا (baṛnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

desc

Assamese: বাঢ়া (barha), বঢ়া (borha) — Eastern/Standard Assamese

Middle Bengali: বাঢ়া (baṛha)

Bengali: বাড়া (baṛa)

Sylheti: ꠛꠣꠠꠣ (baṛa)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: बढ़ल (baṛhal)

Maithili: बाँढ़ब (bā̃ṛhab)

Odia: ବଢ଼ିବା (baṛhibā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Sinhalese: වඩිනවා (waḍinawā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: बाढ़नु (bāṛhanu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਵਧਣਾ (vadhṇā), ਵੱਧਣਾ (vaddhăṇā)

Shahmukhi script: وَدھݨا (vadhṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: وَڌَڻُ (vadhaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: वाड्चे (vāḍce)

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: वाढणे (vāḍhaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: વધવું (vadhvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ-der.?
Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ-der.?
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwárdʰati
Sanskrit वर्ध॑ति (várdhati)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀯𑀠𑀢𑀺 (vaḍhati)
Prakrit 𑀯𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (vaḍḍhaï)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀯𑀠𑀢𑀺 (vaḍhati), from Sanskrit वर्ध॑ति (várdhati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwárdʰati.


𑀧𑀖𑀺𑀭𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*पघिरइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: पघिलना (paghilanā)

Hindustani:

Hindi: पिघलना (pighalnā)

Urdu: پِگَلْنا (pigalnā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: pighalṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਪਿਘਲਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: پِگَھلْݨا

Sindhi: paghiraṇu

Arabic script: پَگهِرَڻُ

Devanagari script: पघिरणु

Khudabadi script: 𑋒𑊾𑋡𑋙𑋌𑋣

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: paghaḷaṇe

Devanagari script: पघळणे

Modi script: 𑘢𑘑𑘯𑘜𑘹

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-
Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)
Sanskrit घृ (ghṛ)
Sanskrit प्रघृ (praghṛ)der.
Prakrit *𑀧𑀖𑀺𑀭𑀇 (*paghiraï)
Inherited from Sanskrit *प्रघिरति (praghirati), an unattested class 1 verb from the root प्रघृ (praghṛ, “to ooze out”), from प्र- (pra-, “forth”) + घृ (ghṛ, “to besprinkle, moisten”).
Influenced by 𑀧𑀕𑀮𑀁𑀢 (pagalaṃta, “dripping”), from Sanskrit प्रगलति (pragalati, “to drip”).


𑀘𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चुक्कइ</i>

pra-head

𑀘𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (cukkaï) (Devanagari चुक्कइ) (ambitransitive)

cukkaï (romanization)
चुक्कइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: चूकना (cūknā), चुकना (cuknā)

Urdu: چُوکْنا (cūknā), چُکْنا (cuknā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Bengali: চুঁকা (cũka)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: चुकल (cukal)

Maithili: चुकब (cukab)

Odia: ଚୁକିବା (cukibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: चुक्नु (cuknu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

desc

Old Punjabi: ਚੁਕਿ (cuki /cukki/), ਚੂਕਿ (cūki)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਚੁੱਕਣਾ (cukkaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: چُکّْݨا (cukkṇā)

Saraiki: چُکَّݨ (cukkaṇ)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: چُڪَڻُ (cukaṇu)

Devanagari script: चुकणु (cukaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: चुकणे (cukaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: चूकिवउं (cūkivaüṃ)

Gujarati: ચૂકવું (cūkvũ)

Marwari: चूकणौ (cūkṇau)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *čyutás
Sanskrit च्यु॒त (cyutá)
Prakrit 𑀘𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (cukka)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Prakrit 𑀘𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (cukkaï)
Denominal verb of 𑀘𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (cukka, “fallen, mistaken, forgotten”) + -𑀅𑀇 (-aï), from Sanskrit च्यु॒त (cyutá, “fallen, missing”) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓𑁆𑀓- (-kka-).


𑀲𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*सेक्कइ</i>

pra-head

*𑀲𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (*sĕkkaï) (Devanagari *सेक्कइ) (transitive)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: सेंकना (sẽknā), सेकना (seknā)

desc

Urdu: سینْکْنَا (senknā), سیکْنَا (seknā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: সেকা (xeka)

Bengali: সেকা (śeka)

Odia: ସେକିବା (sekibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: सेक्नु (seknu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸੇਕਣਾ (sekṇā)

Shahmukhi script: سیکݨا (sekṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: سيڪَڻُ (sekaṇu)

Devanagari script: सेकणु (sekaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: सेखणे (sekhaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘭𑘹𑘏𑘜𑘹 (sekhaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: શેકવું (śekvũ)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit श्र॒पय॑ति (śrapáyati)?
Sanskrit स्वेदयति (svedayati)?
Prakrit *𑀲𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (*sĕkkaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit श्र॒पय॑ति (śrapáyati, “to roast, boil”) or स्वेदयति (svedayati, “to make sweat”) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓𑁆𑀓- (-kka-). Presumably, an earlier verb stem *se- was extended. No Dardic cognates are attested.

etymon

sa>श्र॒पय॑ति>roast


𑀘𑀟𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चडइ</i>

caḍaï (romanization)
चडइ (Devanagari)
𑀙𑀟𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: चढ़ना (caṛhnā)

Urdu: چَڑھْنا (caṛhnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Bengali: চড়া (coṛa)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: चढ्नु (caḍhnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਚੜ੍ਹਨਾ (caṛhnā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: چَڙهَڻُ (caṛhaṇu)

Devanagari script: चढ़णु (caṛhaṇu)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ચઢવું (caḍhvũ)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani:

Devanagari script: चड्चे (caḍce)

Kannada script: ಚಡ್ಚೆ (caḍce)

Latin script: chaddche

Marathi: च़ढणे (ċaḍhṇe)

Unknown. Hoernlé suggests derivation from Sanskrit उत्-शदति (ut-śadati, “to rise up”), from the root शद् (śad, “to fall”). Gray argues for inheritance from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise up”), but this is speculative.


𑀆𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*आक्कडइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Eastern Hindi:

desc

Chhattisgarhi: अकड़ना (akaṛnā), अकड़ाना (akṛānā)

Western Hindi:

Bundeli: अकड़ना (akaṛnā)

Haryanvi: अकड़णा (akaṛṇā)

Middle Hindi: اکڙنا (akṛna /akṛna/)

Hindustani: akaṛnā, akṛānā

Hindi: अकड़ना, अकड़ाना

Hindi: अकड़ना, अकड़ाना

Urdu: اَکَڑْنا, اَکْڑانا

Urdu: اَکَڑْنا, اَکْڑانا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Angika:

Devanagari script: अकड़बो (akaṛbo)

Kaithi script: 𑂃𑂍𑂚𑂥𑂷 (akaṛbo)

Bhojpuri: akᵊṛal

Devanagari script: अकड़ल

Kaithi script: 𑂃𑂍𑂚𑂪

Magahi:

Devanagari script: अकड़न (akᵊṛan)

Kaithi script: 𑂃𑂍𑂚𑂢 (akṛan)

Maithili: akᵊṛab

Devanagari script: अकड़ब

Tirhuta script: 𑒁𑒏𑒛𑓃𑒥

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Central Pahari:

Garhwali: अकड़णो (akaṛṇo)

Kumaoni: अकड़णो

Eastern Pahari:

Doteli: अकड्डु (akaḍḍu), अकण्णु (akaṇṇu)

Nepali: अकडिनु (akaḍinu), अक्रनु (akranu)

Western Pahari:

Dogri: ākaṛnā

Devanagari script: आकड़ना

Dogra script: 𑠁𑠊𑠫𑠝𑠬

Jaunsari: अकड़नु (akaṛnu)

Kotgarhi: औङ्कड़नों

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabic:

Pahari-Potwari: ākaṛnā

Gurmukhi script: ਆਕੜਨਾ

Shahmukhi script: آکَڑْنا

Punjabi: ākaṛnā, akaṛāuṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਆਕੜਨਾ, ਅਕੜਾਉਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: آکَڑْنا, اَکَڑاؤُݨا

Shahmukhi script: آکَڑْنا, اَکَڑاؤُݨا

Saraiki: ākaṛaṇ

Devanagari script: आकड़ण (ākṛaṇ)

Multani script: 𑊀𑊄𑊧𑊕 (akṛṇ /ākaṛaṇ/)

Shahmukhi script: آکَڑَݨ

Sindhic:

Kachchi: akaṛṇũ

Gujarati script: અકડ઼ણું

Khudabadi script: 𑊰𑊺𑋊𑋌𑋣𑋟

Sindhi: akiṛijaṇu, ākuṛaṇu, akuṛijaṇu

Arabic script: آڪِڙِجَڻُ, آکُڙَڻُ, آڪُڙِجَڻُ

Devanagari script: आकिड़िजणु, आकुड़णु, आकुड़िजणु

Khudabadi script: 𑊰𑊺𑋡𑋊𑋡𑋂𑋌𑋣, 𑊱𑊺𑋣𑋊𑋌𑋣, 𑊰𑊺𑋣𑋊𑋡𑋂𑋌𑋣

Vaghri: અકડ઼ણુ (akaṛṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: akaḍṇe

Devanagari script: अकडणे

Modi script: 𑘀𑘎𑘚𑘜𑘹

Varhadi: akaḷna

Devanagari script: अकळनं

Modi script: 𑘀𑘎𑘯𑘡𑘽

Western Indo-Aryan:

Dhundhari: अकड़बो (akaṛbo)

Gojri: آکَڑْنو (ākaṛno)

Gujarati: અકડાવું (akṛāvũ)

Marwari:

Devanagari script: अकड़णौ (akaṛṇau)

Mahajani script: 𑅐𑅕𑅲𑅢𑅒 (akṛṇu /akaṛṇau/)

Mewati: अकड़णो (akaṛṇo)

Wagdi: अकड़वु

Wagdi: अकड़वु

Etymology tree
Sanskrit आकृ॑त (ā́kṛta)?
Prakrit *𑀆𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟 (*ākkaḍa)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Prakrit *𑀆𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟𑀇 (*ākkaḍaï)
Denominal verb of *𑀆𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟 (*ākkaḍa, “stiff”) + -𑀅𑀇 (-aï).


𑀘𑀸𑀳𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चाहइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: चाहना (cāhnā)

desc

Urdu: چَاہْنَا (cāhnā)

Urdu: چَاہْنَا (cāhnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Early Assamese: চাহ্ (cah)

Assamese: চা (sa)

Bengali: চাওয়া (caōẇa)

Chittagonian: চা (sa)

Kamta: caöa

Sylheti: ꠌꠣꠃꠀ (saua)

Bihari:

Maithili: चाहब (cāhab)

Odia: ଚାହିଁବା (cāhĩbā)

Odia: ଚାହିଁବା (cāhĩbā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: चाहनु (cāhanu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਚਾਹੁਣਾ (cāhuṇā), ਚਾਹਣਾ (cāhṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: چاهڻُ (cāhaṇu)

Devanagari script: चाहणु (cāhaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: cāhaṇe

Devanagari script: चाहणे

Modi script: 𑘓𑘰𑘮𑘜𑘹

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: ચાહવું (cāhvũ)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit चक्षते (cakṣate)?
Prakrit 𑀘𑀸𑀳𑀇 (cāhaï)
Uncertain. Perhaps derived from an unattested *𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (*cakkhaï), from Sanskrit चक्षते (cakṣate), from चक्ष् (cakṣ, “to see, become visible”), but this raises phonetic issues. Probably not from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺 (caghati, “to be able to”); see there for more on the counter-argument.


𑀧𑀘𑀸𑀳𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*पचाहइ</i>

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

>? Odia: ପାଇବା (pāibā, “to suit”)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi:

Arabic script: پَهَڻُ (pahaṇu)

Devanagari script: पहणु (pahaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: पाणे (pāṇe), पाहणे (pāhaṇe), पाहाणे (pāhāṇe)

Modi script: 𑘢𑘰𑘜𑘹 (pāṇe), 𑘢𑘰𑘮𑘜𑘹 (pāhaṇe), 𑘢𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘜𑘹 (pāhāṇe)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit प्रचक्षते (pracakṣate)?
Prakrit *𑀧𑀘𑀸𑀳𑀇 (*pacāhaï)
Possibly from Sanskrit प्रचक्षते (pracakṣate). By surface analysis, 𑀧- (pa-) + 𑀘𑀸𑀳𑀇 (cāhaï, “to want”).


𑀪𑀭𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">भरइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಭರಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀪𑀭𑀇 (bharaï) (Devanagari भरइ, Kannada ಭರಇ) (transitive)

bharaï (romanization)
भरइ (Devanagari)
ಭರಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: भरना (bharnā)

Urdu: بَھرْنا (bharnā)

Old Awadhi: भरइ (bharaï)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: ভৰ (bhor)

Bengali: ভরা (bhora)

Sylheti: ꠜꠞꠣ (bóra)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: भरल (bharal)

Maithili: भरब (bharab)

Odia: ଭରିବା (bharibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: भर्नु (bharnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi:

Devanagari script: भरणु (bharaṇu)

Arabic script: ڀرڻُ (bharaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: भरणे (bharaṇe)

Marathi: भरणे (bharṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ભરવું (bharvũ)

Romani: pherel

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰárati
Sanskrit भर॑ति (bhárati)
Prakrit 𑀪𑀭𑀇 (bharaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit भर॑ति (bhárati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰárati, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti, from *bʰer-.


रक्खइ

𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (“to guard, protect”)


𑀪𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi:

Hindustani: भीजना / بھیجنا (bhījnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: ভিজা (bhiza)

Bengali: ভিজা (bhija)

Odia: ଭିଜିଯିବା (bhijijibā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘥𑘱𑘕𑘜𑘹 (bhijaṇe)

Marathi: भिजणे (bhijṇe)

Konkani: भिज्चे (bhijce), भिजप (bhijap)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਭਿੰਨਾ (bhinnā, “wet”)

Sindhi: ڀنو (bhino)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ભીનું (bhīnũ, “wet”)

Replacing अभ्यङ्क्ते (abhyaṅkte, “annoints oneself”), from the root अभ्यञ्ज् (abhyañj), from अभि (abhi) + अञ्ज् (añj, “to annoint”), probably by analogy as if to be from a passive *अभ्यज्यते (abhyajyate). See 𑀪𑀕𑁆𑀕 (bhagga) for more.


𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अप्पेइ</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">અપ્પેઇ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅಪ್ಪೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇 (appei) (Devanagari अप्पेइ, Gujarati અપ્પેઇ, Kannada ಅಪ್ಪೇಇ) (transitive)

appei (romanization)
अप्पेइ (Devanagari)
અપ્પેઇ (Gujarati)
ಅಪ್ಪೇಇ (Kannada)

Apabhramsa: अप्पइ (appaï)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Maithili: āpab

Devanagari script: आपब

Tirhuta script: 𑒂𑒣𑒥

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: अप्पिवउं (appivaüṃ)

Gujarati: આપવું (āpvũ, “to give”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃er-
Sanskrit ऋ (ṛ)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Sanskrit अर्पयति (arpayati)
Prakrit 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇 (appei)
 Prakrit verb set
 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇 (appei)
 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (appāvei)
Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀅𑀭𑁆𑀧𑀬𑀢𑀺 (arpáyati).

ref

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “arpáyati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 30: “Pk. appēi 'hands over'”


𑀲𑀫𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">समप्पेइ</i>

samappei (romanization)
समप्पेइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: सौंपना (sauṃpanā)

Hindi: सौंपना (sa͠upnā)

Urdu: سونپنا (sa͠upnā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਸੌੰਪਣਾ / سونپݨا (saumpṇā)

desc

Sindhi: سَوْنپَڻُ

Sindhi: سَوْنپَڻُ / सौंपणु (saumpṇu)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: सुंप्नु (sumpnu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: सोपणे (sopṇe), सोपवणे (sopavṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: સોંપવું (sompvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sem-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *sam-
Sanskrit सम्- (sam-)
Proto-Indo-European *h₃er-
Sanskrit ऋ (ṛ)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Sanskrit अर्पयति (arpayati)
Sanskrit समर्पयति (samarpayati)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀫𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇 (samappei)
Inherited from Sanskrit समर्पयति (samarpayati), from सम्- (sam-) + अर्पयति (arpayati).


અપ્પેઇ

𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇#Prakrit

Gujarati script form of 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇 (“to give, hand over”)


𑀳𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*हट्टइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi:

desc

Hindi: हटना (haṭnā, “to move”), हाँड़ना (hā̃ṛnā, “to roam, loiter”)

Urdu: ہٹنا (haṭnā), ہانڑنا (hā̃ṛnā)

Urdu: ہٹنا (haṭnā), ہانڑنا (hā̃ṛnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Old Bengali:

Bengali: হটা (hṭa), হঠা (hoṭha), হাঁটা (hãṭa)

Early Assamese: হাণ্ঠ্ (haṇṭh)

Assamese: হাঁঠ (hãth)

Maithili: हटब (haṭab)

Sylheti: ꠀꠐꠣ (aṭa)

Odia: ହଟିବା (haṭibā), ହାଣ୍ଟିବା (hāṇṭibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: [script needed] (haṭṇo)

Nepali: हट्नु (haṭnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: [script needed] (haṭaṇu)

Lahnda: [script needed] (haṭaṇ)

Punjabi: ਹਟਣਾ (haṭṇā), ਹੰਢਣਾ (haṇḍhṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

Marathi: हटणे (haṭṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: હઠવું (haṭhvũ)

Probably of the same source as Classical Sanskrit अण्ठते (aṇṭhate, “moves”), हिण्डते (hiṇḍate, “wanders”), which may be Proto-Dravidian *aṇṭṭ- (“to adhere, stick”), whence Tamil அண்டு (aṇṭu, “to approach”). Cognate with Kashmiri ہٹن (haṭun). Only prefixed 𑀑𑀳𑀝𑁆𑀝 (ohaṭṭa, “gone away”) is attested.

der

ओहटा

𑀑𑀳𑀝𑁆𑀝 (ohaṭṭa, “gone away”) (with 𑀑- (o-))


𑀩𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">बज्झइ</i>

bajjhaï (romanization)
बज्झइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: बाझना (bājhnā)

desc

Urdu: باجھنا

Urdu: باجھنا

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਬੱਝਣਾ (bajjhaṇā)

Saraiki: بَجّھَݨ (bajjhaṇ), بَجھَݨ (bajhaṇ)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ٻَجهَڻُ

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: બાઝવું (bājhvũ)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀩𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (bajjhaï)
 𑀩𑀁𑀥𑀇 (baṃdhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit बध्यते (badhyate), from बन्ध् (bandh) + -यते (-yate).


𑀫𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मच्चइ</i>

maccaï (romanization)
मच्चइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: मचना (macnā), माँचना (mā̃cnā) — regional

Urdu: مَچْنَا (macnā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

>? Sinhalese: මසනවා (masanawā), මහනවා (mahanawā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Saraiki: مَچَّݨ (maccaṇ)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: مَچَڻُ

Devanagari script: मचणु

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮੱਚਣਾ (maccaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: مَچّْݨا (maccṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: माच़णे (māċṇe), मच़णे (maċṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: મચવું (macvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *matˢtás
Sanskrit म॒त्त (mattá)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀢𑁆𑀢 (matta)
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)
Sanskrit *मच्यते (macyate)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (maccaï)
A conflation of two sources:
* Denominal verb of 𑀫𑀢𑁆𑀢 (matta, “drunk, intoxicated”) + -𑀅𑀇 (-aï), with the former element from Sanskrit म॒त्त (mattá). The verb is modelled analogically on pairs like 𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀢 (sitta, “poured, sprinkled”) ~ 𑀲𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀇 (siccaï, “to irrigate”). Doublet of 𑀫𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (majjaï).
* Inherited from Sanskrit *मच्यते (macyate, “to be produced”), a hypothetical passive verb from the root मच् (mac).


𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तुट्ट</i>

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terd-
Sanskrit तृद् (tṛd)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-tás
Sanskrit -त (-ta)
Prakrit 𑀢𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (tuṭṭa)
Inherited from Sanskrit *तृत्त (tṛtta), from तृद् (tṛd, “to cleave, split”) + -त (-ta). Compare the participle तृण्ण (tṛṇṇa) with a different suffix.

af

𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇 𑀢𑁄𑀟𑁂𑀇#Prakrit


𑀨𑀸𑀟𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">फाडेइ</i>

phāḍei (romanization)
फाडेइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: फाड़ना (phāṛnā)

desc

Urdu: پھَاڑْنَا (phāṛnā)

Urdu: پھَاڑْنَا (phāṛnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Bengali: ফাড়া (phaṛa)

Bihari:

Maithili:

Devanagari script: फाड़ब (phāṛab)

Tirhuta script: 𑒤𑒰𑒛𑓃𑒥 (phāṛaba)

Odia: ଫାଡ଼ିବା (phāṛibā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Sinhalese: පළනවා (paḷanawā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: फार्नु (phārnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਫਾੜਨਾ (phāṛnā)

Shahmukhi script: پھاڑنا (phāṛnā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڦاڙَڻُ

Devanagari script: फाड़णु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘣𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹 (phāḍaṇe)

Marathi: फाडणे (phāḍṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ફાડવું (phāḍvũ)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit स्फाटयति (sphāṭayati)
Prakrit 𑀨𑀸𑀟𑁂𑀇 (phāḍei)
Inherited from Sanskrit स्फाटयति (sphāṭayati).
Compare the unrelated but synonymous and phonologically similar Prakrit 𑀧𑀸𑀟𑀇 (pāḍaï).


𑀫𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मग्गइ</i>

pra-head

𑀫𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇 (maggaï) (Devanagari मग्गइ) (transitive)

maggaï (romanization)
मग्गइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: माँगना (māṅgnā)

desc

Urdu: مان٘گْنا (māṅgnā)

Urdu: مان٘گْنا (māṅgnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Early Assamese: মাগ্ (mag)

Assamese: মাগা (maga)

Bengali: মাঙ্গা (maṅga)

Odia: ମାଗିବା (māgibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: माग्नु (māgnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Kachchi: મંગણૂ (maṅgṇū)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮੰਗਣਾ (maṅgṇā)

Shahmukhi script: مَن٘گْݨا (maṉgṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: مَڱڻُ

Devanagari script: मङणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘦𑘰𑘐𑘜𑘹 (māgaṇe)

Marathi: मागणे (māgṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: માંગવું (mā̃gvũ), માગવું (māgvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥gás
Sanskrit मृग (mṛga)vrd.
Sanskrit मार्ग (mārga)
Sanskrit मार्ग॑ति (mā́rgati)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇 (maggaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit मार्ग॑ति (mā́rgati), from मार्ग (mārga), a vṛddhi derivative of मृग (mṛga), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥gás.

etymon

sa>मार्ग॑ति>seek


𑀘𑀼𑀅𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चुअइ</i>

pra-head

𑀘𑀼𑀅𑀇 (cuaï) (Devanagari चुअइ) (intransitive)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Awadhi: चुवइ (cuvaï)

Old Hindi:

Hindi: चूना (cūnā, “to drip”)

Urdu: چونا (conā, “to drip”)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Old Bengali:

Bengali: চুয়া (cuẏa)

Odia: ଚୁଇବା (cuibā)

Bhojpuri: चुअल (cual)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: चूणो (cūṇo)

Nepali: चुहुनु (cuhunu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: [script needed] (cuaṇu)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: ચુવું (cuvũ)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit श्चुत् (ścut)
Sanskrit च्युत् (cyut)
Sanskrit च्योतति (cyotati)
Prakrit 𑀘𑀼𑀅𑀇 (cuaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit च्योतति (cyotati), with the -𑀉- (-u-) probably with influence from Prakrit 𑀘𑀼𑀅 (cua, “moved”) or from the Sanskrit aorist in अच्युतत् (acyutat).


𑀧𑀺𑀡𑀳𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*पिणहइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: पिन्हना (pinhanā)

desc

Hindi: पहनना (pahannā), पहिनना (pahinnā) — dated

Urdu: پَہَنْنا (pahannā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Middle Bengali: পিনহে (pinhe, “puts on”)

Bihari:

Maithili: पेन्हब (pēnhab, “to put on, wear”)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪਹਿਨਣਾ (pahinṇā)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hápi
Sanskrit अपि- (api-)
Sanskrit नह् (nah)
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Sanskrit -यति (-yati)
Sanskrit नह्यति (nahyati)
Sanskrit अपिनह्यति (apinahyati)aph.
Sanskrit पिनह्यति (pinahyati)
Prakrit *𑀧𑀺𑀡𑀳𑀇 (*piṇahaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit पिनह्यति (pinahyati), an aphetic form of अपिनह्यति (apinahyati), from अपि- (api-) + नह्यति (nahyati).
The simplification of the -hy- cluster may be explained by analogy with attested Sanskrit नहति (nahati) and later influence from descendants of the root परिधा (paridhā) (whence e.g. Hindi पहरना (paharnā, “to wear”)).


𑀮𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लेइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Eastern Hindi:

Old Awadhi: लेइ (lei)

Western Hindi:

Hindustani:

Hindi: लेना (lenā)

Urdu: لینا (lenā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: लिनु (linu)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: लेवउं (levaüṃ)

Gujarati: લેવું (levũ)

Romani: liel, lel

Etymology tree
Sanskrit रभ॑ते (rábhate)
Sanskrit लभते (labhate)
Prakrit 𑀮𑀳𑀇 (lahaï)
Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *neyH-der.
Proto-Indo-Iranian *náyHati
Sanskrit नय॑ति (náyati)
Prakrit 𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei)influ.
Proto-Indo-European *deh₃-
Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dádaHti
Sanskrit ददा॑ति (dádāti)
Prakrit 𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei)influ.
Prakrit 𑀤𑁂𑀇 (dei)influ.
Prakrit 𑀮𑁂𑀇 (lei)
Simplified from 𑀮𑀳𑀇 (lahaï, “to take”) by analogy with 𑀡𑁂𑀇 (ṇei, “to take”), 𑀤𑁂𑀇 (dei, “to give”), from Sanskrit लभते (labhate).


𑀮𑀳𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लहइ</i>

pra-head

𑀮𑀳𑀇 (lahaï) (Devanagari लहइ) (transitive)

lahaï (romanization)
लहइ (Devanagari)
𑀮𑀪𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: लहना (lahnā)

Urdu: لَہْنا (lahnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: লোৱা (lüa)

Bengali: লওয়া (loōẇa)

desc

Odia: ଲଇବା (laibā, “to take, hold, observe”)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Dhivehi: ލިބެނީ (libenī)

Sinhalese: ලබනවා (labanawā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: ल्हिअण

Western Pahari:

Bhattiyali: लैणा (laiṇā, “to take”)

Churahi: लैणा (laiṇā, “to take”)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਲਹਿਣਾ (lahiṇā, “to find”)

Shahmukhi script: لَہِݨَا (lahiṇā, “to find”)

Saraiki: لَیہَݨ (laihaṇ), لَہَݨ (lahaṇ)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: لَهَڻُ (“to obtain”)

Devanagari script: लहणु (“to obtain”)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: लाहणे (lāhṇe, “to acquire”)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: लहइ (lahaï)

Gujarati: લહેવું (lahevũ, “to listen attentively”)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit रभ॑ते (rábhate)
Sanskrit लभते (labhate)
Prakrit 𑀮𑀳𑀇 (lahaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit लभते (labhate), from रभ॑ते (rábhate).


𑀭𑀳𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">रहइ</i>

pra-head

𑀭𑀳𑀇 (rahaï) (Devanagari रहइ) (intransitive)

rahaï (romanization)
रहइ (Devanagari)
𑀭𑀳𑀏 (alternative)
𑀭𑀳𑁂𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Eastern Hindi:

Awadhi: रहब (rahab)

Western Hindi:

desctree

Old Hindi: रहना (rahanā)
Bundeli: रैबो (raibo), रहबो (rahbo)
Hindustani:
Hindi: रहना (rahnā)
Urdu: رَہْنَا (rahnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: ৰোৱা (rüa)

desc

Bengali: রহা (roha), রওয়া (rôoẇa) — Chalita

Sylheti: ꠞꠃꠣ (roua)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: रहनु (rahanu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਰਹਿਣਾ (rahiṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: رَهَڻُ

Devanagari script: रहणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: राव्चे (rāvce)

Old Marathi: राहणे (rāhaṇe)

Marathi: राहणे (rāhṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: रहइ (rahaï)

Gujarati: રહેવું (rahevũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Aryan *ráźʰati?
Sanskrit विरहयति (virahayati)der.?
Prakrit 𑀭𑀳𑀇 (rahaï)
Ultimately from Sanskrit रह् (rah, “to part, separate, leave”).
The exact derivation is unclear:
* Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *ráźʰati (“to remain”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *raȷ́ʰ-. Presumably this verb was lost in Sanskrit. However, no other Middle Indo-Aryan languages attest a cognate, and it seems that the Indo-Iranian root means "to abandon" (compare Classical Persian رَسْتَن (rastan, “to abandon”)), which is the opposite of this verb.
* Alternatively, back-formation from Sanskrit विरहयति (virahayati, “to leave”). Since the prefix वि- (vi-, “out”) often negates the meaning of a word, the development "leave" > "remain" makes sense if it removes this prefix.
Per Turner, not inherited from Sanskrit रह॑ति (ráhati), र॒हय॑ति (raháyati, “to leave”), which are secondary formations from रहित (rahita, “left, remaining”) or विरहयति (virahayati, “to leave”).


𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उट्ठइ</i>

pra-head

𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀇 (uṭṭhaï) (Devanagari उट्ठइ) (intransitive)

uṭṭhaï (romanization)
उट्ठइ (Devanagari)
𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑁂𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Eastern Hindi:

Bagheli: उठब (uṭhab)

Western Hindi:

Hindustani:

Hindi: उठना (uṭhnā)

Urdu: اُٹْھنا (uṭhnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: উঠ (uth)

Bengali: ওঠা (ōṭha)

Sylheti: ꠃꠑꠣ (uṭá)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: उठ्नु (uṭhnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਉੱਠਣਾ (uṭṭhaṇā)

Shahmukhi script: اُٹّھݨا (uṭṭhṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: اُٿَﮡُ

Devanagari script: उठणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: उठप (uṭhap)

Old Marathi: उठणे (uṭhaṇe)

Marathi: उठणे (uṭhṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Gujarati: ऊठिवउं (ūṭhivaüṃ)
Gujarati: ઊઠવું (ūṭhavũ)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀇 (uṭṭhaï)
 𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (uṭṭhāvei)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ud-
Sanskrit उद्- (ud-)
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Sanskrit स्था (sthā)
Sanskrit -आपयति (-āpayati)
Sanskrit स्थापयति (sthāpayati)
Sanskrit उत्था॑पयति (útthāpayati)
Prakrit 𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (uṭṭhāvei)bf.
Prakrit 𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀇 (uṭṭhaï)
Probably a back-formation from 𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (uṭṭhāvei, “to raise, lift”, transitive verb), from Sanskrit उत्था॑पयति (útthāpayati), from the root उत्था (utthā, “to stand up”), from उद्- (ud-, “up”) + स्था (sthā, “to stand”, root).
Compare Sanskrit उत्ति॑ष्ठति (úttiṣṭhati, “to get up”), whence 𑀉𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀇 (ucciṭṭhaï).

etymon

𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇>raise


𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उट्ठावेइ</i>

pra-head

𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (uṭṭhāvei) (Devanagari उट्ठावेइ) (transitive)

uṭṭhāvei (romanization)
उट्ठावेइ (Devanagari)

q

< Sanskrit <i class="Brah mention" lang="sa">𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢</i> (utthāpita)

Apabhramsa: उठाइउ (uṭhāiu, perfective) (< Sanskrit 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢 (utthāpita))

Central Indo-Aryan:

Eastern Hindi:

Awadhi: uṭhāib

Devanagari script: उठाइब

Kaithi script: 𑂇𑂘𑂰𑂅𑂥

Bagheli: उठाउब (uṭhāub)

Chhattisgarhi: उठाना (uṭhānā)

Western Hindi:

Bundeli: उठाबो (uṭhābo)

Hindustani: uṭhānā

Hindi: उठाना

desc

Urdu: اُٹھانا

Urdu: اُٹھانا

Kannauji: उठाइबो

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: উঠোৱা (uthüa)

Middle Bengali: উঠা (uṭha)

Bengali: উঠানো (uṭhanō)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: uṭhāval

Devanagari script: उठावल

Kaithi script: 𑂇𑂘𑂰𑂫𑂪

Maithili: uṭhāēb

Devanagari script: उठाएब

Tirhuta script: 𑒅𑒚𑒰𑒋𑒥

Sadri: uṭhāyak

Devanagari script: उठायक

Kaithi script: 𑂇𑂘𑂰𑂨𑂍

Halbi: ऊटाऊक, ऊठाऊक

Halbi: ऊटाऊक, ऊठाऊक

Odia: ଉଠାଇବା (uṭhāibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Central Pahari:

Kumaoni: उठूणो

Eastern Pahari:

Doteli: उठाउनु (uṭhāunu)

Nepali: उठाउनु (uṭhāunu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabic:

Old Punjabi: ਉਠਾਇ (uṭhāi), ਉਠਾਲਿ (uṭhāli)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਉਠਾਉਣਾ (uṭhāuṇā)

Shahmukhi script: اُٹھاݨا (uṭhāṇā)

Saraiki:

Devanagari script: उठावण (uṭhāvaṇ)

Multani script: 𑊂𑊑𑊤𑊕 (uṭhvṇ /uṭhāvaṇ/)

Shahmukhi script: اُٹھاوَݨ (uṭhāvaṇ)

Sindhi:

Kachchi: uthiyārṇu

Gujarati script: ઉથિયારણુ

Khudabadi script: 𑊴𑋎𑋡𑋘𑋠𑋙𑋌𑋣

Sindhi: uṭhāiṇu

Arabic script: اُٺائِڻُ

Devanagari script: उठाइणु

Khudabadi script: 𑊴𑋇𑋠𑊲𑋌𑋣

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: uṭhovap

Devanagari script: उठोवप

Kannada script: ಉಠೊವಪ್

Latin script: utthovop

Old Marathi: uṭhāvaṇe

Devanagari script: उठावणे

Modi script: 𑘄𑘙𑘰𑘪𑘜𑘹

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ઉઠાડવું (uṭhāṛvũ), ઉઠાવવું (uṭhāvvũ)

Rajasthani:

Dhundhari: उठाबो (uṭhābo)

Gojri: اُٹھالْنو (uṭhālno)

Malvi: उठाणो (uṭhāṇo), उठावणो (uṭhāvṇo)

Marwari:

Devanagari script: उठाणौ (uṭhāṇau), उठावणौ (uṭhāvṇau)

Mahajani script: 𑅒𑅟𑅢𑅒 (uṭhṇu /uṭhāṇau/), 𑅒𑅟𑅯𑅢𑅒 (uṭhvṇu /uṭhāvṇau/)

Mewari: उटाणो (uṭāṇo)

Mewati: उठाणो (uṭhāṇo)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀇 (uṭṭhaï)
 𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (uṭṭhāvei)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ud-
Sanskrit उद्- (ud-)
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Sanskrit स्था (sthā)
Sanskrit -आपयति (-āpayati)
Sanskrit स्थापयति (sthāpayati)
Sanskrit उत्था॑पयति (útthāpayati)
Prakrit 𑀉𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (uṭṭhāvei)
Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀸𑀧𑀬𑀢𑀺 (útthāpayati), from the root 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀸 (utthā, “to stand up”), from 𑀉𑀤𑁆- (ud-, “up”) + 𑀲𑁆𑀣𑀸 (sthā, “to stand”, root).

etymon

sa>उत्था॑पयति>raise

af

स्था<alt:𑀲𑁆𑀣𑀸>

ref

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*ut-sthāpayati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 88: “Pk. uṭṭhāvēi”


𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उत्तरइ</i>

pra-head

𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀇 (uttaraï) (Devanagari उत्तरइ) (ambitransitive)

uttaraï (romanization)
उत्तरइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Eastern Hindi:

Old Awadhi: उतरइ (utaraï)

Western Hindi:

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: उतरना (utarnā), ⇒ उतराना (utrānā)

اُتْرَانَا<der>

Urdu: اُتَرْنَا (utarnā), ⇒ اُتْرَانَا (utrānā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: উতলিব (utolibo)

Bengali: উতরা (utora), উতুলা (utula), উতুলান (utulan)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: उतरल (utᵊral)

Old Maithili: उतरइ (utᵊraɨ)

Odia: ଉତରିବା (utaribā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Dhivehi: އުތުރެނީ (uturenī)

Sinhalese: උතුරනවා (uturanawā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Central Pahari:

Garhwali: उतर्नु (utarnu)

Kumaoni: उतर्णो (utarṇo)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: उत्रनु (utranu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Jadgali: [script needed] (utarṇu)

Kachchi: ઔત્તારણું (auttārṇũ)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਉੱਤਰਣਾ (uttarṇā)

Shahmukhi script: اُتَّرݨَا (uttarṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘄𑘝𑘨𑘜𑘹 (utaraṇe), 𑘄𑘝𑘿𑘝𑘨𑘜𑘹 (uttaraṇe)

Marathi: उतरणे (utarṇe)

Western:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: ઉતરવું (utarvũ), ઊતરવું (ūtarvũ)

Old Marwari: उतरइ (utrai)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀇 (uttaraï)
 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (uttārei)
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *úd
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ud-
Sanskrit उद्- (ud-)
Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *tárHati
Sanskrit तर॑ति (tárati)
Sanskrit उत्त॑रति (úttarati)
Prakrit 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀇 (uttaraï)
Inherited from Sanskrit उत्त॑रति (úttarati), from उद्- (ud-) + तर॑ति (tárati).
Wackernagel claims contamination from Sanskrit अवतरति (avatarati, “to descend, get down”) to explain the sense "get down" in descendants, but Turner finds this unnecessary since "cross over" > "get down" is plausible on its own.


𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उत्तारेइ</i>

pra-head

𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (uttārei) (Devanagari उत्तारेइ) (transitive)

uttārei (romanization)
उत्तारेइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Eastern Hindi:

Old Awadhi: उतारइ (utāraï)

Western Hindi:

Hindustani:

Hindi: उतारना (utārnā)

desc

Urdu: اُتَارْنَا (utārnā)

Urdu: اُتَارْنَا (utārnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bihari:

Maithili: उतारब (utārab)

Odia: ଉତାରିବା (utāribā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Central Pahari:

Kumaoni: उतारणो (utārṇo)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: उतार्नु (utārnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Kachchi: ઓતારણું (otārṇũ)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਉਤਾਰਣਾ (utārṇā)

Shahmukhi script: اُتَارݨَا (utārṇā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ઉતારવું (utārvũ)

Prakrit verb set
 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀇 (uttaraï)
 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (uttārei)
Etymology tree
Sanskrit उत्तारयति (uttārayati)
Prakrit 𑀉𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (uttārei)
Inherited from Sanskrit उत्तारयति (uttārayati).


𑀢𑀸𑀟𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">ताडइ</i>

pra-head

𑀢𑀸𑀟𑀇 (tāḍaï) (Devanagari ताडइ) (transitive)

tāḍaï (romanization)
ताडइ (Devanagari)
𑀢𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: ताड़ना (tāṛnā)

desc

Urdu: تاڑْنا (tāṛnā)

Urdu: تاڑْنا (tāṛnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: তাৰিব (taribo)

Bengali: তাড়ানো (taṛanō)

Odia: ତାଡ଼ିବା (tāṛibā)

Odia: ତାଡ଼ିବା (tāṛibā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Dhivehi: ތަޅަނީ (taḷanī), ތެޅެނީ (teḷenī)

Sinhalese: තළනවා (taḷanawā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Central Pahari:

Kumaoni: ताड़णो (tāṛṇo)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤਾੜਨਾ (tāṛnā)

Shahmukhi script: تَاڑنَا (tāṛnā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: ताडणे (tāḍṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: તાડવું (tāḍvũ)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit तड् (taḍ)
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Sanskrit ता॒डय॑ति (tāḍáyati)
Prakrit 𑀢𑀸𑀟𑀇 (tāḍaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit ता॒डय॑ति (tāḍáyati), from तड् (taḍ) + -अयति (-ayati). Turner separates the two senses into different etymologies, reconstructing a sense "to spread out" for the root that gave rise to the sense "multiply".

etymon

sa>ता॒डय॑ति>beat


𑀢𑀸𑀟𑀇

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: ताड़ना (tāṛnā, “to understand”)

Urdu: تاڑْنا (tāṛnā, “to understand”)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: ताड़्नु (tāṛnu, “to guess”)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤਾੜਨਾ (tāṛnā)

Shahmukhi script: تَاڑنَا (tāṛnā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: ताडणे (tāḍṇe)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit ताडयति (tāḍayati)
Prakrit 𑀢𑀸𑀟𑀇 (tāḍaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit ताडयति (tāḍayati).


𑀧𑀟𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पडिक्खइ</i>

pra-head

𑀧𑀟𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (paḍikkhaï) (Devanagari पडिक्खइ) (transitive)

paḍikkhaï (romanization)
पडिक्खइ (Devanagari)
𑀧𑀟𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (alternative)

Apabhramsa: पडिक्खइ (paḍikkhaï)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

desc

Doteli: पर्खदु (parkhadu), पर्खनु (parkhanu, “to wait for”)

Nepali: पर्खनु (parkhanu, “to wait for”)

Southern Indo-Aryan: (< *𑀧𑀇𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (*païkkhaï))

Marathi: paikṇe, paikhṇe (poetic)

Devanagari script: पैकणे, पैखणे

Modi script: 𑘢𑘺𑘎𑘜𑘹, 𑘢𑘺𑘏𑘜𑘹

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: पडखिवउं (paḍakhivaüṃ)

desctree

Middle Gujarati: पडखिवुं
Gujarati: પડખવું (paḍakhvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.
Sanskrit प्रति- (prati-)
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷsder.
Sanskrit ईक्ष॑ते (ī́kṣate)
Sanskrit प्रती॑क्षते (prátīkṣate)
Prakrit 𑀧𑀟𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (paḍikkhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀢𑀻𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀢𑁂 (prátīkṣate).

etymon

sa>प्रती॑क्षते>look at

ref

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “prátīkṣatē”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 487: “Pk. paḍikkhaï, paḍicchaï”


𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मण्णइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಮಣ್ಣಇ</i>

𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀇 (maṇṇaï) (Devanagari मण्णइ, Kannada ಮಣ್ಣಇ)

maṇṇaï (romanization)
मण्णइ (Devanagari)
ಮಣ್ಣಇ (Kannada)
𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: मानना (mānanā)

Hindi: मानना (mānnā)

Urdu: مانْنا (mānnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: মান (man)

Bengali: মানা (mana)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮੰਨਣਾ (mannṇā)

Shahmukhi script: مَنّݨا (mannṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: مَڃَڻُ

Devanagari script: मञणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: मानणे (mānṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: માનવું (mānvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mn̥yétor
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mányatay
Sanskrit मन्यते (manyate)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀇 (maṇṇaï)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀫𑀁𑀜𑀢𑁂 (maṃñate), from Sanskrit 𑀫𑀦𑁆𑀬𑀢𑁂 (manyate, “thinks”).


𑀅𑀯𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अवेक्खइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅವೆಕ್ಖಇ</i>

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𑀅𑀯𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (avĕkkhaï) (Devanagari अवेक्खइ, Kannada ಅವೆಕ್ಖಇ) (transitive)

avĕkkhaï (romanization)
अवेक्खइ (Devanagari)
ಅವೆಕ್ಖಇ (Kannada)
𑀅𑀯𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (alternative)
𑀯𑁂𑀳𑀇 (alternative)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਵੇਖਣਾ (vekhṇā)

Shahmukhi script: ویکھݨا (vekhṇā)

Saraiki: ویکھَݨ (vekhaṇ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háwa
Sanskrit अव (ava)
Sanskrit अव- (ava-)
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷsder.
Sanskrit ईक्ष॑ते (ī́kṣate)
Sanskrit अवेक्ष॑ते (ávékṣate)
Proto-Indo-European *wí
Sanskrit वि- (vi-)
Sanskrit ईक्ष॑ते (ī́kṣate)
Sanskrit वीक्ष॑ते (vī́kṣate)influ.?
Prakrit 𑀅𑀯𑁂𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀇 (avĕkkhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit अवेक्ष॑ते (ávékṣate), from अव- (ava-) + ईक्ष॑ते (ī́kṣate).

etymon

sa>अवेक्ष॑ते>see

sa>वीक्ष॑ते>see


एइ

Devanagari script form of 𑀏𑀇 (“to come”)


𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">वट्टइ</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">વટ્ટઇ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ವಟ್ಟಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (vaṭṭaï) (Devanagari वट्टइ, Gujarati વટ્ટઇ, Kannada ವಟ್ಟಇ) (intransitive)

vaṭṭaï (romanization)
वट्टइ (Devanagari)
વટ્ટઇ (Gujarati)
ವಟ್ಟಇ (Kannada)
𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

hi:सुभद्र झा

Central Indo-Aryan:

Eastern Hindi:

Awadhi: बाटे (bāṭe)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: बाटे (bāṭē)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Sinhalese: වටිනවා (waṭinawā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: vaṭaṇu (“to turn”)

Arabic script: وَٽَڻُ

Devanagari script: वटणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘪𑘰𑘘𑘜𑘹 (vāṭaṇe)

Marathi: वाटणे (vāṭṇe)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wert-der.
Sanskrit वर्त॑ते (vártate)
Prakrit 𑀯𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (vaṭṭaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit वर्त॑ते (vártate), from Proto-Indo-European *wert-. Cognate with Pali vaṭṭati, vattati.


𑀉𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀟𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*उम्मडइ</i>

Nepali: उम्रनु (umranu)

Uncertain. Phonetically, a relation to Sanskrit उन्मर्दयति (unmardayati, “rubs”) is appealing. Compare *𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀭𑀇 (*ubbaraï) and *𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀮𑀇 (*ubbalaï), whence Hindi उबलना (ubalnā, “to boil”).

der

उन्मर्दयति<t:rubs>

ਉਮਡਣਾ

*𑀉𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (*ummaḍḍaï) (analogized passive)

उमाडा

*𑀉𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀟𑁂𑀇 (*ummāḍei) (analogized causative)


𑀥𑀼𑀁𑀠𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*धुंढइ</i>

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Odia: ଧୁଂଢିବା (dhuṇḍhibā, “to search”)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ઢૂંઢવું (ḍhū̃ḍhvũ)

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: ढूँढना (ḍhūṇḍhnā)

Hindi: ढूँढना (ḍhūṇḍhnā), ढूँढ़ना (ḍhū̃ṛhnā)

Urdu: ڈھونڈنا (ḍhūnḍnā)

Urdu: ڈھونڈنا (ḍhūnḍnā)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: ਢੁੰਡਣਾ (ḍhuṇḍṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: धुंडणे (dhuṇḍṇe), धुंडाळणे (dhuṇḍāḷṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ધુંઢવું (dhuṇḍhvũ), ઢૂંઢવું (ḍhū̃ḍhvũ)

>? Romani: rodel

Uncertain. CDIAL reconstructs an older form with an original long -ū-. Descendants with and without the initial retroflex suggest substrate origin. Attested only with suffixes, e.g. 𑀠𑀼𑀁𑀠𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (ḍhuṃḍhullaï, “wanders, seeks”). From the same source as Late Sanskrit ढुण्ढ् (ḍhuṇḍh) and ढुण्ढन (ḍhuṇḍhana).


𑀪𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">भुल्लइ</i>

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𑀪𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀇 (bhullaï) (Devanagari भुल्लइ) (ambitransitive)

bhullaï (romanization)
भुल्लइ (Devanagari)

Bengali: ভোলা (bhōla)

Gujarati: ભૂલવું (bhūlvũ)

Hindustani: bhūlnā

Hindi: भूलना

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Urdu: بُھولْنا

Urdu: بُھولْنا

Punjabi: bhullṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਭੁੱਲਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: بُھلّݨا

Marathi: भुलणे (bhulṇe)

Nepali: भुल्नु (bhulnu)

ભોળવવું

𑀪𑁄𑀮𑀯𑀇 (bholavaï, “deceives”) (analogized causative)


𑀨𑀺𑀭𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">फिरइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಫಿರಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀨𑀺𑀭𑀇 (phiraï) (Devanagari फिरइ, Kannada ಫಿರಇ) (intransitive)

phiraï (romanization)
फिरइ (Devanagari)
ಫಿರಇ (Kannada)

Takka Apabhramsa: 𑆦𑆴𑆫𑆅 (phiraï) (see there for further descendants)

Compare Late Sanskrit फलति (phalati), फेलति (phelati, “goes”). Possibly from the Sanskrit root स्पृ (spṛ, “to release”), or otherwise related to Persian سپردن (separdan, “to traverse”).


𑀩𑀼𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">बुड्डइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಬುಡ್ಡಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀩𑀼𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (buḍḍaï) (Devanagari बुड्डइ, Kannada ಬುಡ್ಡಇ) (intransitive)

buḍḍaï (romanization)
बुड्डइ (Devanagari)
ಬುಡ್ಡಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: बूडना (būḍanā)

Hindi: बूड़ना (būṛnā)

Urdu: بوڑنا (būṛnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: বুৰ (bur), বুৰা (bura)

Bengali: বুড়া (buṛa)

⇒ Bengali: বুড় (buṛ)

Bhojpuri: बुड़ल (buṛal)

Maithili: बूड़ब (būṛab)

Old Awadhi: बूडइ (būḍaï)

Odia: ବୁଡ଼ିବା (buṛibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: बुड़णो

Nepali: बुड़्नु (buṛnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

desc

Lahnda: [script needed] (buḍḍaṇ), [script needed] (ḇuḍ̠aṇ), [script needed] (buḍḍā)

Punjabi: ਬੁੱਦਣਾ (buddaṇā)

Sindhi: [script needed] (ḇuḍ̠aṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: बुडणे (buḍṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: બુડવું (buḍvũ)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: डूबना (ḍūbanā)

Hindi: डूबना (ḍūbnā)

Urdu: ڈوبنا (ḍūbnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: ডুবা (duba)

Bengali: ডুবা (ḍuba), ডোবা (ḍōba)

Maithili: डुबब / 𑒛𑒳𑒥𑒥 (ḍubaba)

Odia: ଡୁବିବା (ḍubibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: डुबणो

Nepali: डुब्नु (ḍubnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਡੁੱਬਣਾ / ڈُبّݨا (ḍubbṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: डुबणे (ḍubṇe, “drown”), डुबकणे (ḍubakṇe, “dive”), डुबकळणे (ḍubkaḷṇe), डुंबणे (ḍumbṇe), डुंभणे (ḍumbhṇe), डुमणे (ḍumṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ડૂબવું (ḍūbvũ)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Lahnda: [script needed] (ṭubbaṇ, “dive”), [script needed] (ṭuḇḇaṇ)

Punjabi: ਟੁੱਬਣਾ (ṭubbaṇā)

Sindhi: [script needed] (ṭuḇaṇu)

Unknown. Late Sanskrit व्रुडति (vruḍati), ब्रुडति (bruḍati), बोलयति (bolayati), and बुड्डति (buḍḍati) are artificial and derived from Prakrit. Turner reconstructs older *buḍyati for this term, with the causative *boḍayati, whence 𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁂𑀇 (bolei).
Dardic cognates include Kashmiri [script needed] (bŏḍun, “to sink, dive”). The metathesized variant *𑀟𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩- (*ḍubba-) may have occurred early given the Dardic cognates Pashayi [script needed] (ḍub-, “to be drowned”) and Kashmiri [script needed] (ḍubun, “to sink”).


बुड्डइ

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बुड्डइ (buḍḍaï)

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बुड्डइ (buḍḍaï)

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बुड्डइ (buḍḍaï)

𑀩𑀼𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 𑀩𑀼𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇#Prakrit


𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पग्गइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಗ್ಗಇ</i>

𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇 (paggaï) (Devanagari पग्गइ, Kannada ಪಗ್ಗಇ)

paggaï (romanization)
पग्गइ (Devanagari)
ಪಗ್ಗಇ (Kannada)
𑀧𑀁𑀕𑀇 (alternative)
𑀧𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀧𑀓𑁆𑀓- (alternative)
*𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕- (alternative)

*𑀧𑀓𑁆𑀓- (*pakka-) + -𑀟- (-ḍa-)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi:

Hindi: पकड़ना (pakaṛnā)

Urdu: پکڑنا (pakaṛnā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: पकडणे (pakaḍṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: પકડવું (pakaḍvũ)

Uncertain. Note the variation in forms. Compare
* Pali 𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀡𑁆𑀳𑀢𑀺 (paggaṇhati, “seizes”), from प्रगृह्णाति (pragṛhṇāti, “to hold”), from गृह्णाति (gṛhṇāti, “to grab, seize”)
* Pali 𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢 (paggahita) / Prakrit 𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀬 (paggahiya, “seized”), related to the word above.
* Prakrit 𑀧𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠 (pakaḍḍha), possibly from प्रकृष्ट (prakṛṣṭa, “drawn, pulled”), from कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa)
* Prakrit 𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳 (paggaha, “tether”), from प्रग्रह (pragraha)


𑀖𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">घट्टइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಘಟ್ಟಇ</i>

𑀖𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (ghaṭṭaï) (Devanagari घट्टइ, Kannada ಘಟ್ಟಇ)

ghaṭṭaï (romanization)
घट्टइ (Devanagari)
ಘಟ್ಟಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindi: घटना (ghaṭnā)

Urdu: گھٹنا (ghaṭnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: ঘটা (ghota)

Bengali: ঘাটা (ghaṭa)

Maithili: घटब (ghaṭab) / 𑒒𑒙𑒥 (ghaṭaba)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: घट्नु (ghaṭnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਘਟਣਾ (ghaṭṇā) / گَھٹݨا (ghaṭṇā)

Saraiki: گَھٹَّݨ (ghaṭṭaṇ)

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Sindhi: گَهٽَڻُ

Sindhi: گَهٽَڻُ / घटणु / 𑊾𑋆𑋌𑋣 (ghaṭaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: घटणे (ghaṭṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gojri: گھٹنو (ghaṭno)

Gujarati: ઘટવું (ghaṭvũ)

Marwari: घटणौ (ghaṭṇau) / 𑅘𑅞𑅢𑅒 (ghṭṇu)

Unknown. Possibly an irregular development from Sanskrit घृष्ट (ghṛṣṭa, “rubbed, crushed”). For the phonetic development, compare 𑀙𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (chuṭṭaï). For the semantics, compare Sanskrit घट्ट् (ghaṭṭ, “to rub, malign”). Dardic cognates include Dameli gā̆ṭ- (“to want, wish”), Kalasha ghāṭ- (“to decrease, be wanting”), and Kashmiri گَٹُن (gaṭun, “to become less”).


घट्टइ

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घट्टइ (ghaṭṭaï)

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घट्टइ (ghaṭṭaï)

pra-verb

घट्टइ (ghaṭṭaï)

𑀖𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 𑀖𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇#Prakrit


𑀲𑀁𑀥𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">संधइ</i>

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𑀲𑀁𑀥𑀇 (saṃdhaï) (Devanagari संधइ) (transitive)

saṃdhaï (romanization)
संधइ (Devanagari)
𑀲𑀁𑀥𑀸𑀇 (alternative)
𑀲𑀁𑀥𑁂𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

desc

Old Hindi: साँधना (sām̐dhanā), सानना (sānanā)

Hindi: सानना (sānnā)

Urdu: سَانْنَا (sānnā)

Urdu: سَانْنَا (sānnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: সান (xan)

Bhojpuri: सानल (sānal)

Odia: ସାନ୍ଧିବା (sāndhibā), ସାନିବା (sānibā)

Old Awadhi: सांधइ (sāṃdhaï)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: सानणो (sānṇo)

Nepali: साँध्नु (sā̃dhnu), साँद्नु (sā̃dnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: سَنڌَڻُ

Sindhi: سَنڌَڻُ / संधणु (sandhaṇu)

Lahnda: [script needed] (sãdhaṇ)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘭𑘰𑘽𑘟𑘜𑘹 (sāṃdaṇe), 𑘭𑘰𑘽𑘠𑘜𑘹 (sāṃdhaṇe)

Marathi: सांधणे (sāndhṇe)

Sinhalese: අනනවා (ananawā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: सांधइ (sāṃdhaï)

Gujarati: સાંધવું (sā̃dhvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sem-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *sam-
Sanskrit सम्- (sam-)
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰádʰaHti
Sanskrit दधाति (dadhāti)
Sanskrit संदधाति (saṃdadhāti)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀁𑀥𑀇 (saṃdhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀲𑀁𑀤𑀥𑀸𑀢𑀺 (saṃdadhāti). For the phonetic reduction, compare other conjugated forms like 𑀲𑀁𑀥𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (saṃdhatte). Some descendants have undergone 𑀲𑀁𑀥𑁆- (saṃdh-) > *𑀲𑀁𑀡𑁆- (*saṃṇ-), probably under influence of *𑀲𑀁𑀡𑁂𑀇 (*saṃṇei), from Sanskrit 𑀲𑀁𑀦𑀬𑀢𑀺 (sáṃnayati), for which compare Pali 𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀦𑁂𑀢𑀺 (sanneti, “to mix”).


𑀮𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लुट्टइ</i>

luṭṭaï (romanization)
लुट्टइ (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindi: लूटना (lūṭnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: লুটা (luṭa)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: [script needed] (luṭṇo)

Nepali: लुट्नु (luṭnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਲੁੱਟਣਾ (luṭṭaṇā)

Sindhi: لُٽَڻُ / लुटणु (luṭaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: लुटणे (luṭṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: લૂંટવું (lū̃ṭvũ)

Uncertain. 𑀮𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (luṭṭa, “robbed”), 𑀮𑀽𑀟𑀇 (lūḍaï, “robs”), 𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀝𑀇 (luṃṭaï, “robs”), Kashmiri لوٗٹُن (lūṭun), Pali 𑀮𑀼𑀞𑀢𑀺 (luṭhati), and लुण्टति (lúnṭati) are all of the same origin. Tedesco proposes 𑀮𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝 (luṭṭa, “robbed”) < 𑀮𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (lutta, “hidden”) < लुप्त (luptá) as the origin, but Turner doubts this.


𑀮𑀮𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">ललइ</i>

lalaï (romanization)
ललइ (Devanagari)
*𑀮𑀟𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀮𑀠𑀇 (alternative)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: লড়া (loṛa)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi:

Hindi: लड़ना (laṛnā)

Urdu: لَڑْنا (laṛnā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਲੜਨਾ (laṛnā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: लड्नु (laḍnu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: लढणे (laḍhṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: લડવું (laḍvũ)

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀮𑀮𑀢𑀺 (lalati) / 𑀮𑀟𑀢𑀺 (laḍati, “sports, dallies”). Cognate with Pali 𑀮𑀴𑀢𑀺 (laḷati).


𑀙𑀺𑀁𑀤𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छिंदइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಛಿಂದಇ</i>

𑀙𑀺𑀁𑀤𑀇 (chiṃdaï) (Devanagari छिंदइ, Kannada ಛಿಂದಇ)

chiṃdaï (romanization)
छिंदइ (Devanagari)
ಛಿಂದಇ (Kannada)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: ছিঙা (siṅa)

Bengali: ছিনা (china)

Odia: ଛିନ୍ଦିବା (chindibā)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindi: छीनना (chīnnā)

Urdu: چھینا (chīnnā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: छिन्ण (chinṇo)

Nepali: छिन्नु (chinnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: छिनणु

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: છીનવું (chīnvũ)

Romani: ćhinel

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sek-?
Proto-Indo-European *-éyti?
Proto-Indo-European *skey-
Proto-Indo-European *skeyd-
Proto-Indo-European *-né-
Proto-Indo-European *skinédti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *śćinátˢti
Sanskrit छिनत्ति (chinatti)
Prakrit 𑀙𑀺𑀁𑀤𑀇 (chiṃdaï)
From Sanskrit छिनत्ति (chinatti) ~ छिन्दन्ति (chindanti).


पुच्छइ

𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 (“to ask”)


𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पुच्छदि</i>

pucchadi (romanization)
पुच्छदि (Devanagari)

𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇 𑀧𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀇#Prakrit


𑀳𑁂𑀭𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">हेरइ</i>

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: হেৰ (her)

Bengali: হেরা (hera)

Maithili: हेरब (hērab) / 𑒯𑒺𑒩𑒥 (heraba)

Odia: ହେରିବା (heribā)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: ہیرْنَا (hernā) / हेरना (hernā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: हेर्नु (hernu)

Kumaoni: [script needed] (herṇo)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: हेरणे (herṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gojri: ہَیرْنو (hairno)

Gujarati: હેરવું (hervũ)

Marwari: हेरणौ (herṇau) / 𑅱𑅓𑅭𑅢𑅒 (herṇu)

Borrowed from Dravidian, whence Kui (India) ଏର (ero, “to spy”). Compare Sanskrit हेरक (heraka, “spy”) and हैरिक (hairika, “thief”).


हेरइ

𑀳𑁂𑀭𑀇 𑀳𑁂𑀭𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀳𑁂𑀭𑀇 (“to look at”)


𑀮𑀁𑀖𑁂𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लंघेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಲಂಘೇಇ</i>

𑀮𑀁𑀖𑁂𑀇 (laṃghei) (Devanagari लंघेइ, Kannada ಲಂಘೇಇ)

laṃghei (romanization)
लंघेइ (Devanagari)
ಲಂಘೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀮𑀁𑀖𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Awadhi: नांघब (nāṅghab, “to cross”)

Hindustani:

Hindi: लाँघना (lāṅghnā)

desc

Urdu: لان٘گھنا (lāṉghnā)

Urdu: لان٘گھنا (lāṉghnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: লাঙ্ঘা (laṅgha, “to transgress”)

Odia: ନଙ୍ଘିବା (naṅghibā, “to cross, transgress”)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Garhwali: लाँघणुँ (lāṅghṇũ)

Kumaoni: नाँग्ङो (nā̃gṇo, “to leap over, cross”)

Nepali: नाँघ्नु (nā̃ghnu), नाङ्नु (nāṅnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਲੰਘਣਾ (laṅghṇā)

Shahmukhi script: لَن٘گْھݨا (laṉghṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: لَڱگهَڻُ (laṅghaṇu)

Devanagari script: लङ्घणु (laṅghaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ނަގަނީ (naganī)

Sinhalese: නගිනවා (naginawā), නගනවා (naganawā)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Marathi: लांघणें (lāṅghṇẽ, “to pass by, grow weak from fasting”)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: લાંઘવું (lā̃ghvũ, “to fast”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ-
Sanskrit लङ्घयति (laṅghayati)
Prakrit 𑀮𑀁𑀖𑁂𑀇 (laṃghei)
Inherited from Sanskrit लङ्घयति (laṅghayati).


लंघेइ

𑀮𑀁𑀖𑁂𑀇 𑀮𑀁𑀖𑁂𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀮𑀁𑀖𑁂𑀇 (“leap”)


𑀪𑁂𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*भेज्जइ</i>

Hindustani: भेजना / بھیجنا (bhejnā)

Maithili: भेजब (bhejab)

Nepali: भेज्नु (bhejnu)

Odia: ଭେଜିବା (bhejibā)

Punjabi: ਭੇਜਣਾ / بھیجݨا (bhejṇā)

Uncertain. Restricted to Central and Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.
Per Tedesco, from older 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (visajjaï), 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀚𑁆𑀚𑁂𑀇 (visajjei), from Sanskrit विसर्जयति (visarjayati, “to send, utter”), with the development visajj > *vihajj > undergoing metathesis *vhiajj > *vhejj. Changes from s to h in Prakrit are not uncommon—compare Prakrit 𑀧𑀸𑀳𑀸𑀡 (pāhāṇa) from Sanskrit 𑀧𑀸𑀱𑀸𑀡 (pāṣāṇá, “stone”)—and so it is plausible.
Turner disagrees and derives this term from Sanskrit *अभ्यज्यते (abhyajyate), from अभि- (abhi-) + अज् (aj, “to drive, propel”) or as a causative to Prakrit *𑀪𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀇 (*bhijjaï), from Sanskrit *अभीयति (abhīyati), from अभि- (abhi-) + इ (i, “to go”), for which compare Vedic Sanskrit अभ्येति (abhyḗti, “goes along or after”). The loss of initial 𑀅- (a-) is due to apheresis.


𑀧𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पुक्कारेइ</i>

𑀧𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (pukkārei) (Devanagari पुक्कारेइ)

pukkārei (romanization)
पुक्कारेइ (Devanagari)
𑀧𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀭𑁂𑀇 (alternative)
𑀧𑁄𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (alternative)
𑀧𑁄𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀭𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: पुकारना / پکارنا (pukārnā)

Old Awadhi: पुकारइ (pukāraï)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: पुकार्नु (pukārnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਪੁਕਾਰਨਾ / پکارنا (pukārnā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: पुकारणे (pukārṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: પુકારવું (pukārvũ)

Ultimately onomatopoeic. Compare Sanskrit फुत्करोति (phutkaroti, “to puff”).


पुक्कारेइ

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पुक्कारेइ (pukkārei)

pra-head

पुक्कारेइ (pukkārei)

pra-verb

पुक्कारेइ (pukkārei)

𑀧𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 𑀧𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀧𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀇 (“shout”)


𑀕𑀠𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गढइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: गढ़ना / گڑھنا (gaṛhnā)

Old Awadhi: गढाइ (gaḍhāi)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ગઢવું (gaḍhvũ)


𑀅𑀟𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*अडइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: अड़ना / اڑنا (aṛnā), आड़ना / آڑنا (āṛnā), आड़ / آڑ (āṛ), अटकना / اٹکنا (aṭaknā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: আঁৰ (ãr), আটক (atok)

Bengali: আটক (aṭok), আটকানা (aṭkana)

Maithili: अड़ाएब (aṛāēb), अटकब (aṭᵊkab)

desc

Odia: ଆଡ଼ିବା (āṛibā), ଅଟକିବା (aṭakibā)

Odia: ଆଡ଼ିବା (āṛibā), ଅଟକିବା (aṭakibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: अड़णो (aṛṇo, “to persist”), आड़ो (āṛo), अटकणो (aṭakaṇo)

Nepali: आड़ (āṛ, “cover”), अड़िनु (aṛinu), अड़्किनु (aṛkinu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Lahnda: اڑݨ (aṛaṇ), اڈ (aḍḍ), اٹکݨ (aṭkaṇ)

Punjabi: ਅੜਨਾ / اڑنا (aṛnā), ਅੱਡਾ / اڈا (aḍḍā), ਅਟਕਣਾ / اٹکݨا (aṭakṇā)

Sindhi: [script needed] (aḍaṇu), [script needed] (aṭkaṇu)

→ Hindustani: अड्डा / اڈا (aḍḍā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: अडणे (aḍṇe), अटणे (aṭṇe), अडकणे (aḍakṇe)

Helu Prakrit:

Sinhalese: අඩය (aḍaya)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: અડવું (aḍavũ), આડણી (āḍaṇī), અટકવું (aṭakvũ)

Vaghri: અડ્ડણુ (aḍḍaṇu)

Probably borrowed from Dravidian, whence Kannada ಅಡ್ಡ (aḍḍa, “obstruction”), Tamil அடை (aṭai, “be obstructed”), Tulu ಅಟಕ (aṭaka), ಅಡಕ (aḍaka, “obstacle”), and Brahui اڑ (aṛ, “obstruction”). Possibly related to attested 𑀅𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀡 (aḍḍaṇa, “shield”).

𑀅𑀟𑁆𑀟

transverse; see there for further descendants


𑀅𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*अट्टइ</i>

Bengali: আঁটা (ãṭa)

Hindustani: ãṭnā, aṭnā

desc

Hindi: अँटना, अटना

Hindi: अँटना, अटना

Urdu: انٹنا, اٹنا

Urdu: انٹنا, اٹنا

Nepali: अटाउनु (aṭāunu)

Punjabi: ਅੱਟਣਾ / اٹݨا (aṭṭaṇā)

Early Assamese: আণ্ট্ (aṇṭ)

Assamese: আঁট (ãt)

Uncertain. Turner suggests a development from Sanskrit आर्त (ārta, “fallen into”) with -𑀅𑀇 (-aï).


𑀤𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">*दब्बइ</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: dāb, dābnā, dabnā

desc

Hindi: दाब, दाबना, दबना

Hindi: दाब, दाबना, दबना

Urdu: داب, دابنا, دبنا

Urdu: داب, دابنا, دبنا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese:

Bengali: দাবা (daba)

Odia: ଦାବିବା (dābibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: [script needed] (dābṇo)

Nepali: दाब्नु (dābnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Lahnda: دبݨ (dabbaṇ)

Punjabi: dabb, dabbṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਦੱਬ, ਦੱਬਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: دب, دبݨا

Sindhi: [script needed] (daḇaṇu), [script needed] (daḇāiṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: दाबणे (dābṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: દાબ (dāb), દાબવું (dābvũ)

Borrowed from Dravidian, whence Telugu దబ్బు (dabbu, “to cover”). Per Turner, to be separated from *𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀇 (*drappaï, “presses”) and Sanskrit दृप् (dṛp) though he suggests that these roots may have collided with each other.


𑀖𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">घुट्टइ</i>

ghuṭṭaï (romanization)
घुट्टइ (Devanagari)
𑀖𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀖𑀼𑀁𑀝𑀇 (alternative)

desc

Apabhramsa: घुंटइ (ghuṃṭaï), घुंट m (ghuṃṭa)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: ghū̃ṭ, ghū̃ṭnā

घूंट<alt:घूँट>

घूंटना<alt:घूँटना>

Hindi: घूँट, घूँटना

Hindi: घूँट, घूँटना

Urdu: گھونٹ, گھونٹنا

Urdu: گھونٹ, گھونٹنا

Northern Indo-Aryan:

घुड़्क्याउनु

Nepali: घुड़्को (ghuṛko), घुर्को (ghurko), घुड़्क्याउनु (ghuṛkyāunu), घुटुक्क (ghuṭukka)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: [script needed] (ghuṭaṇu), [script needed] (ghuṭko), [script needed] (ghuṭkaṇu)

Punjabi: ghuṭṭa, ghuṭṭā

Gurmukhi script: ਘੁੱਟ, ਘੁੱਟਾ

Shahmukhi script: گھٹ, گھٹا

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: घोट (ghoṭ), घोटणे (ghoṭṇe), घुटघुट (ghuṭghuṭ, “by gulps”), घुटका (ghuṭkā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ઘૂંટ (ghū̃ṭ)

Borrowed from Dravidian, whence Kota (India) [script needed] (guṛakn), Telugu గుటగుట (guṭaguṭa), గుటక (guṭaka, “gulp”) and Kannada ಕುಟುಕು (kuṭuku).


𑀖𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">घोट्टइ</i>

ghŏṭṭaï (romanization)
घोट्टइ (Devanagari)

𑀖𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 𑀖𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇#Prakrit


घोट्टइ

घोट्टइ (ghŏṭṭaï)

pra-head

घोट्टइ (ghŏṭṭaï)

pra-verb

घोट्टइ (ghŏṭṭaï)

𑀖𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 𑀖𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀖𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (“gulp”)


घुट्टइ

head

घुट्टइ (ghuṭṭaï)

pra-head

घुट्टइ (ghuṭṭaï)

pra-verb

घुट्टइ (ghuṭṭaï)

𑀖𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 𑀖𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀖𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀇 (“gulp”)