𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अम्हे</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅಮ್ಹೇ</i>

𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (amhe) (Devanagari अम्हे, Kannada ಅಮ್ಹೇ)

amhe (romanization)
अम्हे (Devanagari)
ಅಮ್ಹೇ (Kannada)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (nominative plural)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)

Garhwali: हम (ham)

Gujarati: અમે (ame)

Konkani: āmi

Devanagari script: आमि

Kannada script: ಆಮಿ

Latin script: ami

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘁𑘦𑘲𑘽 (āmīṃ), 𑘁𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲 (āmhī)

Devanagari script: आमीं (āmīṃ), आम्ही (āmhī)

Nepali: हामी (hāmī)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਅਸੀਂ (asī̃), ਅਸਾਂ (asā̃)

Shahmukhi script: اسیں, اساں

Romani: amen, ame

desctree

Sauraseni Apabhramsa: अम्हे (amhe)
Old Hindi: हम (hama), हंम (haṃma)
Braj: हम (ham)
Hindustani:
Hindi: हम (ham)
Urdu: ہم (ham)

Saurashtra: ꢂꢪꢶ (ami)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: اسين, اسان

Devanagari script: असीं, असां

Inherited from Sanskrit अस्मे (asmé, locative of वयम् (vayám, “we”)). First attested in Middle Indo-Aryan as Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀨𑁂 (aphe). Cognate with Magadhi Prakrit 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀫𑁂 (asme), Pali amhe.

inh

locative of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">वयम्</i> (vayám, “we”)


𑀅𑀳𑀅𑀁

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अहअं</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅಹಅಂ</i>

𑀅𑀳𑀅𑀁 (ahaaṃ) (Devanagari अहअं, Kannada ಅಹಅಂ)

ahaaṃ (romanization)
अहअं (Devanagari)
ಅಹಅಂ (Kannada)
𑀳𑀕𑁂 (alternative)
𑀅𑀳𑀬𑀁 (alternative)

Inherited from Sanskrit अहकम् (ahakam, diminutive of अहम् (ahám)). Attested c. 232-268 BCE as Ashokan Prakrit 𑀳𑀓𑀁 (hakaṃ). Related to 𑀅𑀳𑀁 (ahaṃ).

inh

diminutive of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">अहम्</i> (ahám)


𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तुमं</i>

Hindustani: tū

Hindi: तू

Urdu: تُو (tū)


𑀢𑀁

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तं</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ತಂ</i>

taṃ (romanization)
तं (Devanagari)
ತಂ (Kannada)
𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 (alternative)


𑀲𑁄

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सो</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">સો</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸೋ</i>

𑀲𑁄 (so) m (Devanagari सो, Gujarati સો, Kannada ಸೋ, feminine 𑀲𑀸, neuter 𑀢𑀁)

tlb

(attested in Māhārāṣṭrī, Jain Māhārāṣṭrī, Ardhamāgadhī, Śaurasenī, Paiśācī)

so (romanization)
सो (Devanagari)
સો (Gujarati)
ಸೋ (Kannada)
𑀲𑀸 (feminine)
𑀢𑀁 (neuter)
𑀲 (alternative)

Central:

Old Hindi: सो ~ तिस (so ~ tisa)

Hindi: सो (so)

Urdu: سو (so)

Eastern: See 𑀰𑁂 (śe)

Southern:

Old Marathi:

Marathi: तो (to)

Konkani: तो (to)

Western:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: તે (te)

Inherited from Sanskrit स (sa). Cognate with Magadhi Prakrit 𑀰𑁂 (śe).


𑀅𑀅𑀁

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अअं</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">અઅં</i>

𑀅𑀅𑀁 (aaṃ) (Devanagari अअं, Gujarati અઅં)

aaṃ (romanization)
अअं (Devanagari)
અઅં (Gujarati)


अहअं

𑀅𑀳𑀅𑀁 𑀅𑀳𑀅𑀁#Prakrit


𑀅𑀳𑀁

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अहं</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">અહં</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅಹಂ</i>

𑀅𑀳𑀁 (ahaṃ) (Devanagari अहं, Gujarati અહં, Kannada ಅಹಂ)

tlb

(attested in Ardhamāgadhī, Māhārāṣṭrī, Śaurasenī)

ahaṃ (romanization)
अहं (Devanagari)
અહં (Gujarati)
ಅಹಂ (Kannada)
𑀅𑀳𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (nominative plural)
𑀫𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀡𑁄 (accusative plural)
𑀫𑀏 (instrumental singular)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀫𑀫𑀸𑀤𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀫𑀫 (genitive singular)
𑀫𑁂 (genitive singular)
𑀫𑀳 (genitive singular)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀡𑁄 (genitive plural)
𑀫𑀇 (locative singular)
𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)

pra-sau-decl-noun-irregular

𑀫𑀫 or 𑀫𑁂 or 𑀫𑀳

𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸𑀡𑀁 or 𑀡𑁄

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀳𑀁 (ahaṃ).


𑀯𑀅𑀁

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">वअं</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">વઅં</i>

𑀯𑀅𑀁 (vaaṃ) (Devanagari वअं, Gujarati વઅં)

vaaṃ (romanization)
वअं (Devanagari)
વઅં (Gujarati)


𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀫𑁂

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अस्मे</i>

Bengali-Assamese:

Kamarupi Prakrit: 𑖁𑖦𑖿𑖮𑖸 (āmhe, “I, we”)

desc

Early Assamese: আমি (ami, “I, we”), আহ্মি (amhi)

Assamese: আমি (ami)

Kamta: আমি (ami)

Rajbanshi: হামি (hami)

Old Bengali: আহ্মি (āmhi)

Bengali: আমি (ami)

Rohingya: aññi

Sylheti: ꠀꠝꠤ (ami)

Bhojpuri:

Devanagari script: हम (ham)

Kaithi script: 𑂯𑂧 (ham)

Odia: ଆମେ (āme)

Derived from Sanskrit अस्मद् (asmad). This nominative and accusative form is not inherited from Vedic Sanskrit अस्मे (asmé, locative of वयम् (vayám, “we”)), but is rather an innovation based on the analogy of the masculine of the thematic pronominals. First attested in writing in Middle Indo-Aryan as the more derived Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀨𑁂 (aphe), it is shared with Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (amhe), Maharastri Prakrit 𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (amhe) and Pali amhe.

we - nominative/accusative plural of 𑀅𑀳𑀁 (ahaṃ)


𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तुम्ह</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ತುಮ್ಹ</i>

𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳 (tumha) (Devanagari तुम्ह, Kannada ತುಮ್ಹ)

tumha (romanization)
तुम्ह (Devanagari)
ತುಮ್ಹ (Kannada)

𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂#Prakrit


𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अस्स</i>


𑀫𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀁

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मज्झं</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಮಜ್ಝಂ</i>

𑀫𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀁 (majjhaṃ) (Devanagari मज्झं, Kannada ಮಜ್ಝಂ)

majjhaṃ (romanization)
मज्झं (Devanagari)
ಮಜ್ಝಂ (Kannada)
𑀫𑀳𑀁 (alternative)

Old Marathi: maja, mājhe

Devanagari script: मज, माझे

Modi script: 𑘦𑘕, 𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘹

Sauraseni Apabhramsa: मज्झु (majjhu)

Hindustani: mujh

Hindi: मुझ

Urdu: مُجھ

Sindhi:

desc

Devanagari script: मुहिंॼो m sg (muhinjjo, “my, mine”)

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀫𑀳𑁆𑀬𑀫𑁆 (máhyam).

𑀆𑀫𑁄𑀟𑀊𑀡 𑀩𑀮𑀸𑀉 𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀁 𑀫𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀁 𑀕𑀑-𑀲𑀺 𑀪𑁄 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀅
𑀳𑀺𑀅𑀆𑀉 𑀚𑀇-𑀅 𑀡𑀻𑀳𑀲𑀺 𑀲𑀸𑀫𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀁 𑀢𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛 𑀚𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀁
āmoḍaūṇa balāu hatthaṃ majjhaṃ gao-si bho pahia

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 749

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
Having wrenched yourself from my grip, you left for the road,
But only when you manage to escape from my heart as well will I acknowledge your power.

hiaāu jaï-a ṇīhasi sāmatthaṃ tujjha jāṇissaṃ


𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तुम्हे</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ತುಮ್ಹೇ</i>

𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (tumhe) (Devanagari तुम्हे, Kannada ತುಮ್ಹೇ)

tumhe (romanization)
तुम्हे (Devanagari)
ತುಮ್ಹೇ (Kannada)
𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (nominative plural)
𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀢𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁂 (alternative)

Gujarati: તમે (tame)

Konkani: तुमि (tumi)

Old Marathi:

Modi script: 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘹 (tumhe), 𑘝𑘳𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲𑘽 (tumhīṃ)

Devanagari script: तुम्हे (tumhe), तुम्ही (tumhī)

Punjabi: ਤੁਸੀਂ (tusī̃)

Romani: tumen, tume

Sauraseni Apabhramsa: तुम्हि (tumhi)

Hindustani: tum, tame

Hindi: तुम, तमे

Urdu: تم, تمہیں

Inherited from Sanskrit युष्मे (yuṣme, locative of युष्मद् (yuṣmad, “you all”)), with the initial consonant replaced by that of त्वम् (tvám, whence 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 (tumaṃ)). Attested c. 268-232 BCE in Middle Indo-Aryan as Ashokan Prakrit 𑀢𑀼𑀨𑁂 (tuphe). Cognate with Pali tumhe.

inh

locative of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">युष्मद्</i> (yuṣmad, “you all”)

inh+

you all; second-person plural personal pronoun


𑀅𑀳𑀬𑀁

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अहयं</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅಹಯಂ</i>

𑀅𑀳𑀬𑀁 (ahayaṃ) (Devanagari अहयं, Kannada ಅಹಯಂ)

ahayaṃ (romanization)
अहयं (Devanagari)
ಅಹಯಂ (Kannada)

𑀅𑀳𑀅𑀁 𑀅𑀳𑀅𑀁#Prakrit


अहयं

𑀅𑀳𑀬𑀁 𑀅𑀳𑀬𑀁#Prakrit

अहअं अहअं#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀅𑀳𑀬𑀁 (“I”, hiatus-filler form of अहअं (ahaaṃ))


तुमं

अहुणा तुमं किं पढेसि।

1999, Udayacanda Jaina, Bāla rūpa Prākr̥ta, page 17:

𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁#Prakrit


𑀓𑀻𑀇𑀲

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कीइस</i>

Central:

Hindustani: kaisā

Hindi: कैसा

Urdu: کیسا


𑀓𑀻𑀲

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कीस</i>

Central:

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀓𑀻𑀇𑀲 (kīisa)

Hindustani: kaisā

Hindi: कैसा

Urdu: کیسا

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bhojpuri: 𑂍𑂶𑂮𑂢 (kaisan)

Magahi: 𑂍𑂶𑂮𑂢 (kaisan)

Maithili: कैसन (kaisan), केहन (kēhan)

Odia: କିସ (kisa)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Punjabi: kihā, kihṛā

Gurmukhi script: ਕਿਹਾ, ਕਿਹੜਾ

Shahmukhi script: کِہا, کِہْڑا

Sindhi: kihaṛo

Arabic script: ڪِهَڙو

Devanagari script: किहड़ो

Southern:

Maharastri Prakrit:

Marathi: कसा (kasā)

Western:

Old Gujarati: किसिउ (kisiu)

Gujarati: કીસ (kīs)


𑀫𑀏

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *máyaH
Sanskrit मया (mayā)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀫𑀬𑀸 (mayā)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀏 (mae)
From Ashokan Prakrit 𑀫𑀬𑀸 (mayā), from Sanskrit मया (mayā), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *máyaH.


𑀓𑁄𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कोइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಕೋಇ</i>

koi (romanization)
कोइ (Devanagari)
ಕೋಇ (Kannada)

Northeastern:

desc

Lahnda: [script needed] m (kōī), [script needed] f (kāī)

Punjabi: ਕੋਈ / کوئی (ko'ī)

Sindhi: ڪس (kisi)

Northern:

Nepali: कोही (kohī), कसै (kasai, gen.)

Eastern:

Bengali: কেউ (keu), কেই (kei), কেও (keō)

Assamese: কেও (keü)

Odia: କେଇ (kei)

Awadhi: कोइ (koi), केउ (keu)

Central:

Old Hindi: कोई (koī)

Hindi: कोई (koī)

Urdu: کوئی (koī)

Braj: कोऊ (koū)

Western:

Old Gujarati: कांई (kāṃī) (probably by analogy from Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀘𑀺 (kāṇici, n. pl. nom.))

Gujarati: કોઈ (koī)

From older 𑀓𑁄𑀘𑀺 (koci), from Sanskrit कश्चिद् m sg (kaścid, “anything”), from कः m sg (kaḥ, “what, who”) + चिद् (cid). In Sanskrit, this sequence regularly undergoes external sandhi and univerbation (-aḥ c- > -aśc-). Middle Indo-Aryan masculine nominative singular 𑀓𑁄𑀇 (koi) or 𑀓𑁄𑀘𑀺 (koci) was probably formed by analogy to other inflected forms of 𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀺 n sg (kiṃci), like 𑀓𑀸𑀇 f sg (kāi) and 𑀓𑁂𑀇 m pl (kei), on the basis that the Sanskrit masculine nominative singular ending -अः (-aḥ) regularly becomes Prakrit -𑀑 (-o). Other literature attributes this to influence from Sanskrit कोऽपि (kó’pi, “whoever, whatever”), from कः (kaḥ) + अपि (api).

ncog

𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀺 𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀺#Prakrit

masculine nominative singular of 𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀺 (kiṃci)


𑀓𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कस्सइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಕಸ್ಸಇ</i>

𑀓𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀇 (kassaï) (Devanagari कस्सइ, Kannada ಕಸ್ಸಇ)

kassaï (romanization)
कस्सइ (Devanagari)
ಕಸ್ಸಇ (Kannada)

Northern:

Nepali: कसै (kasai)

Central:

Old Hindi:

Hindi: किसी (kisī)

Urdu: کسی (kisī)

Northwestern:

Punjabi: ਕਿਸੇ (kise)

Inherited from Sanskrit कस्यचिद् (kasyacid), masculine/neuter singular genitive of किंचिद् (kiṃcid, “anyone, anything”). For descendants with medial -i-, compare 𑀓𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 (kissa).

inh+

𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀺 𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀺#Prakrit

inflection of 𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀺 (kiṃci):
masculine genitive singular

𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀺 𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀺#Prakrit

inflection of 𑀓𑀺𑀁𑀘𑀺 (kiṃci):
neuter genitive singular


𑀓𑀲𑁆𑀲

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कस्स</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಕಸ್ಸ</i>

𑀓𑀲𑁆𑀲 (kassa) (Devanagari कस्स, Kannada ಕಸ್ಸ)

kassa (romanization)
कस्स (Devanagari)
ಕಸ್ಸ (Kannada)
𑀓𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 (alternative)

Northern:

Nepali: कस (kas)

Central:

Old Hindi: किस (kisa)

Hindi: किस (kis)

Urdu: کس (kis)

Northwestern:

Punjabi: ਕਿਸ (kis)

Inherited from Sanskrit कस्य (kasya). Alternative 𑀓𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 (kissa) is by analogy to the -i- in 𑀓𑀺𑀁 (kiṃ). Cognate with Pali kassa.

inflection of 𑀓𑀺𑀁 (kiṃ):
masculine genitive singular

inflection of 𑀓𑀺𑀁 (kiṃ):
neuter genitive singular


𑀓𑀺𑀁

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">किं</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಕಿಂ</i>

kiṃ (romanization)
किं (Devanagari)
ಕಿಂ (Kannada)


𑀰𑁂

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">शे</i>

Eastern:

Old Bengali:

Bengali: সে (śe)

Early Assamese:

Assamese: সি (xi)

Odia: ସେ (se)

Maithili: 𑂮𑂵 (se)