𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सुणइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸುಣಇ</i>

tlb

(Māhārāṣṭrī)

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𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇 (suṇaï) (Devanagari सुणइ, Kannada ಸುಣಇ) (transitive)

suṇaï (romanization)
सुणइ (Devanagari)
ಸುಣಇ (Kannada)
𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀇 (alternative)
𑀰𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: শুন (xun)

Bengali: শোনা (śōna), হুনা (huna)

Odia: ଶୁଣିବା (śuṇibā)

Sylheti: ꠢꠥꠘꠣ (huna)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: सुन्नु (sunnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਸੁਣਨਾ / سُننا (suṇnā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: सुणइ (suṇaï)

Gujarati: સુણવું (suṇvũ)

Romani: śunel (see there for further descendants)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: sunnā

Hindi: सुनना

Urdu: سننا

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-
Proto-Indo-European *-né-
Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥néwti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćr̥náwti
Sanskrit शृणोति (śṛṇoti)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇 (suṇaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit शृणोति (śṛṇóti) where irregular ṛ > u when not preceded by a labial consonant is probably due to influence from the past participle 𑀲𑀼𑀅 (sua, “heard”) < Sanskrit श्रुत (śruta). Cognate with Pali suṇāti.


𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छुवदि</i>

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𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀤𑀺 (chuvadi) (Devanagari छुवदि) (transitive)

chuvadi (romanization)
छुवदि (Devanagari)

𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇 𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇#Prakrit


𑀕𑁄𑀭

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गोर</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಗೋರ</i>

𑀕𑁄𑀭 (gora) (Devanagari गोर, Kannada ಗೋರ)

gora (romanization)
गोर (Devanagari)
ಗೋರ (Kannada)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭 (singular vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸 (plural vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻 (nominative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀑 (nominative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻 (nominative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀺𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀑 (accusative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻 (accusative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀏 (instrumental singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀏 (genitive singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀺 (singular vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻 (singular vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻𑀑 (plural vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀻 (plural vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀭 (singular vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀇 (plural vocative)

Apabhramsa: गउर (gaüra)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: gorā

Hindi: गोरा

Urdu: گورا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: গোরা (gōra)

Odia: ଗୋରା (gorā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: गोरो (goro)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: gorā

Gurmukhi script: ਗੋਰਾ

Shahmukhi script: گورا

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: gora

Devanagari script: गोर

Modi script: 𑘐𑘻𑘨

Western Indo-Aryan:

Middle Gujarati: गउर

Gujarati: ગોરું (gorũ)

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀕𑁅𑀭 (gaurá). Cognate with Pali gora.

ref

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “gōra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 233: “Pk. gōra- 'white'”


𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सुणेदि</i>

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𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀤𑀺 (suṇedi) (Devanagari सुणेदि) (transitive)

suṇedi (romanization)
सुणेदि (Devanagari)
𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀸𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇 𑀲𑀼𑀡𑀇#Prakrit


𑀚𑁄𑀅𑀡

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जोअण</i>

Inherited from Sanskrit द्योतन (dyotana, “seeing, sight”).


𑀲𑁂𑀅

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सेअ</i>

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀲𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀢 (sveta, Girnar), 𑀲𑁂𑀢 (seta, Delhi-Topra), from Sanskrit श्वेत (śvetá). Cognate with Pali seta.


𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छुवइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಛುವಇ</i>

tlb

(Māhārāṣṭrī)

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𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇 (chuvaï) (Devanagari छुवइ, Kannada ಛುವಇ) (transitive)

chuvaï (romanization)
छुवइ (Devanagari)
ಛುವಇ (Kannada)
𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀙𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀤𑀺 (alternative)
𑀙𑀺𑀯𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Western Hindi:

Braj: छुन (chun)

Hindustani: chūnā

Hindi: छूना

desc

Urdu: چُھونا

Urdu: چُھونا

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali–Assamese:

Assamese: ছো (sü)

Bengali: ছোঁয়া (chō̃ẇa)

Bihari:

Maithili:

Devanagari script: छुअब

Tirhuta script: 𑒕𑒳𑒁𑒥

Odia: ଛୁଇଁବା (chuĩbā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: छुनु (chunu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Old Punjabi: ਛੁਹਿ (chuhi)

Punjabi: chūhṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਛੂਹਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: چُھوہݨا

Sindhi: chuhaṇu

Arabic script: ڇُهَڻُ

Devanagari script: छुहणु

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: છોવું (chovũ)

Marwari: छवणौ (chavṇau), छूणौ (chūṇau)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *skupéti?
Sanskrit स्पृश् (spṛś)?
Sanskrit छुपति (chupati)
Prakrit 𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇 (chuvaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit छुपति (chupati).


𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चिक्कण</i>

cikkaṇa (romanization)
चिक्कण (Devanagari)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡 (singular vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (plural vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (nominative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀑 (nominative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀉 (nominative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀑 (accusative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀉 (accusative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀏 (instrumental singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀇 (instrumental singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀅 (instrumental singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀏 (genitive singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀇 (genitive singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀅 (genitive singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀇 (locative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀅 (locative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂 (singular vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀑 (plural vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀉 (plural vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (plural vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡 (singular vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡𑀸𑀇 (plural vocative)
𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀺𑀡 (alternative)

Assamese: চিকণ (sikon), চিকুণ (sikun)

Bengali: চিকন (cikon)

Maithili: cikan

Devanagari script: चिकन

Tirhuta script: 𑒔𑒱𑒏𑒢

Marathi: चिकण (cikaṇ)

Odia: ଚିକଣ (cikaṇa)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: چِڪَڻِ

Devanagari script: चिकणि

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀘𑀺𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀡 (cikkaṇa).


𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">दूसिआ</i>

dūsiā (romanization)
दूसिआ (Devanagari)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆 (nominative singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀑 (nominative plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀉 (nominative plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆 (nominative plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀅𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀑 (accusative plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀉 (accusative plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆 (accusative plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀏 (instrumental singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀇 (instrumental singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀅 (instrumental singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀏 (genitive singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀇 (genitive singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀅 (genitive singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀇 (locative singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀅 (locative singular)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀏 (singular vocative)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆 (singular vocative)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀑 (plural vocative)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆𑀉 (plural vocative)
𑀤𑀽𑀲𑀺𑀆 (plural vocative)

Inherited from Sanskrit दूषिका (dūṣikā), दूषीका (dūṣī́kā).


𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अक्खि</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">અક્ખિ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅಕ್ಖಿ</i>

𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺 (akkhi) n (Devanagari अक्खि, Gujarati અક્ખિ, Kannada ಅಕ್ಖಿ)

tlb

(Ardhamāgadhī, Jain Māhārāṣṭrī, Śaurasenī)

akkhi (romanization)
अक्खि (Devanagari)
અક્ખિ (Gujarati)
ಅಕ್ಖಿ (Kannada)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺 (nominative singular)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀻𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺 (accusative singular)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀻𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡𑀸 (instrumental singular)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀻𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀻𑀤𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀡𑁄 (genitive singular)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀻𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀻𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀻𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺 (singular vocative)
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀻𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: आँख (ā̃kh)

Urdu: آن٘کھ (ā̃kh)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Early Assamese: আখি (akhi)

Assamese: আখি (akhi)

Old Bengali: আখি

Bengali: আঁখ (ãkh), আঁখি (ãkhi)

Odia: ଆଖି (ākhi)

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< <i class="Brah mention" lang="pra">𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀺</i> (acchi)

Insular Indo-Aryan: (< 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀺 (acchi))

Sinhalese: ඇස (æsa)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: आँखा (ā̃khā)

Dogri: हाख्खि (hākhkhi)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਅੱਖ (akkha)

Shahmukhi script: اَکّھ (akkh)

Sindhi: अखि (akhi)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: આંખ (ā̃kha)

Romani: jakh

Marwari: [script needed] (ākhi)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hákši
Sanskrit अक्षि (akṣi)
Prakrit 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀺 (akkhi)
Inherited from Sanskrit अक्षि (akṣi). Cognate with Pali akkhi, acchi.


𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लोणिय</i>

loṇiya (romanization)
लोणिय (Devanagari)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬 (singular vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (plural vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (nominative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀑 (nominative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀉 (nominative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀑 (accusative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀉 (accusative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀏 (instrumental singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀇 (instrumental singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀅 (instrumental singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀏 (genitive singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀇 (genitive singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀅 (genitive singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀇 (locative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀅 (locative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂 (singular vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀑 (plural vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀉 (plural vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (plural vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬 (singular vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀇 (plural vocative)

Northwestern:

Punjabi: ਲੂਣੀ (lūṇī)

Western:

Gujarati: લૂની (lūnī)

Central:

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: लोनिया (loniyā), लूनिया (lūniyā), नोनिया (noniyā), नूनिया (nūniyā)

Urdu: لُونِیا (lūniyā)

Eastern:

Odia: ଲୁଣିଆ (luṇiā)

Inherited from Sanskrit लवणित (lavaṇita), लावणिक (lāvaṇika). Cognate with Pali loṇiya, loṇika.


𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">दस्सण</i>

dassaṇa (romanization)
दस्सण (Devanagari)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡 (singular vocative)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀡𑀸𑀇 (plural vocative)
𑀤𑀁𑀲𑀡 (alternative)

Sindhi: ḍ̠asiṇī

Arabic script: ڏَسِڻِي

Devanagari script: ॾसिणी

Khudabadi script: 𑋉𑋝𑋡𑋌𑋢

Sinhalese: දසුන (dasuna)

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀤𑀭𑁆𑀰𑀦 (dárśana). Cognate with Pali dassana. Doublet of 𑀤𑀭𑀺𑀲𑀡 (darisaṇa)

ref

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “dárśana”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 355: “Pk. dassaṇa-, daṁsaṇa-, darisaṇa- n.”


𑀓𑀸𑀮

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">काल</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Awadhi: करिआ (kariā)

Domaaki: کال (kāla)

Hindustani:

Hindi: काला (kālā), कालिया (kāliyā)

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Urdu: کَالَا (kālā), کَالِیَا (kāliyā)

Urdu: کَالَا (kālā), کَالِیَا (kāliyā)

desctree

Romani: kalo
Angloromani: kalo, kala, kali, kalli, kallo, kawla, kawlo, kawlu, kora, kowlo, kula
Caló: caló (“tanned, dark-skinned; Romani”)
→ Catalan: caló, calé
→ Portuguese: caló, calão
→ Spanish: caló

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: ক’লা (kola)

Bengali: কালো (kalō), কালা (kala)

Bihari:

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Bhojpuri: कारी (kārī), करिया (kariyā), करिआ (kariā)

Magahi: करिआ (kariā)

Maithili: कारी (kārī), कारि (kārɨ), करिया (kariyā)

Odia: କଲା (kalā)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Dhivehi: ކަޅު (kaḷu)

Sinhalese: කළු (kaḷu), කැලි (kæli)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: कालो (kālo), काव (kāw)

Nepali: कालो (kālo)

Bhadrawahi: काओ (kāo)

Jaunsari: कावो (kāvo)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਲ਼ਾ (kāḷā)

Shahmukhi script: کالا (kālā)

Saraiki: کالا (kālā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڪارو (kāro)

Devanagari script: कारो (kāro)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: kāḷễ, kāḷo

Devanagari script: काळें, काळो

Kannada script: ಕಾಳೆಂ, ಕಾಳೊ

Latin script: kallem, kallo

Marathi: काळा (kāḷā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: કાળું (kāḷũ), કાળિયું (kāḷiyũ)

Maranao: काळो

Etymology tree
Proto-Dravidian *kārder.
Sanskrit काल (kāla)
Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)
Inherited from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “black, dark blue”).


𑀓𑀸𑀮

Central Indo-Aryan:

Romani: kal

Hindustani:

Hindi: काल (kāl), काला (kālā)

Urdu: کَال (kāl), کَالَا (kālā)

→ Maithili: काल (kāl)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: কাল (kal)

Bengali: কাল (kal)

Chakma: 𑄇𑄣𑄴 (kāl)

Odia: କାଳ (kāḷa)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Central Pahari:

Garhwali: काळ (kāḷ)

desc

Kumaoni: काल (kāl), काव (kāw), कार (kār)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: काल (kāl)

Western Pahari:

Pangwali: काल (kāl)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਲ (kāl)

Shahmukhi script: کَال (kāl)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڪَالُ (kālu)

Devanagari script: कालु (kālu)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Sinhalese: කල (kala)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: kāḷu

Devanagari script: काळु

Kannada script: ಕಾಳು

Latin script: kallu

Marathi: काळ (kāḷ)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: કાળ (kāḷ)

Old Marwari: काल (kāl)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit काल (kāla)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)
Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla), from Sanskrit काल (kālá, “time”).


𑀲𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सुक्क</i>

𑀲𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (canonical)
sukka (romanization)
सुक्क (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi:

Hindi: सूक (sūk), सुक (suk)

Urdu: سک (suk), سوک (sūk)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Old Bengali:

⇒ Bengali: শুকতারা (śuktara, “Venus”)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: छुक (chuk)

Kumaoni: (Gaṅgoī dialect) शुक (“Venus”)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

Marathi: सूक (sūk)

Western Indo-Aryan:

desc

⇒ Old Gujarati: सूकडि (sūkaḍi, “sandal-wood”)

⇒? Gujarati: સુખડ (sukhaḍ, “sandal-wood”)

desctree

Romani: śukar, shukar (Anglicized), šukar (Pan-Vlax)
Tavringer Romani: sjucker, sjycker
→ Swedish: sjucker
→ Romanian: șucar

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀰𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀭 (śukra) or 𑀰𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀮 (śukla), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *śukrás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćukrás (“white, bright”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱuk-ró-s. Cognate with Pali 𑀲𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (sukka).