𑀧𑀡𑀲

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पणस</i>

Hindustani: panas

Hindi: पनस

Urdu: پَنَس (panas)

Konkani: पोणोस (poṇos)

Alternative form of 𑀨𑀡𑀲 (phaṇasa, “jackfruit”)


𑀨𑀡𑀲

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">फणस</i>

phaṇasa (romanization)
फणस (Devanagari)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀨𑀡𑀲 (singular vocative)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀨𑀡𑀲𑀸 (plural vocative)

Gujarati: ફણસ (phaṇas)

Hindustani: phanas

Hindi: फनस

Urdu: پَھنَس (phanas)

Marathi: फणस (phaṇas)

Marwari: फणस (phaṇas)

q

< New Indo-Aryan <i class="Latn mention" lang="und">phanas/phaṇas</i>

→ Swahili: fenesi (< New Indo-Aryan phanas/phaṇas)


𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">सिंगिवेर</i>

𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭 (siṃgivera) (Devanagari सिंगिवेर)

siṃgivera (romanization)
सिंगिवेर (Devanagari)

→ Middle Iranian:

desc

Middle Persian: [script needed] (sngypyl /singapēr ~ sangipēl/)

Persian: شنگویر (šangevir), شنگویل (šangevil), شنگبیر (šangebir), شنگبیل (šangebil)

Sogdian: [script needed] (snkrpyl)

זַנְגְּבִילָא

→ Aramaic: זַנְגְּבִילָא (zangəḇīlā)

→ Aramaic: זַנְגְּבִילָא (zangəḇīlā) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Armenian: սնգրուեղ (sngrueł)

Armenian: սնգրվեղ (sngrveġ)

→ Ancient Greek: ζιγγίβερῐς (zingíberĭs) (see there for further descendants)

→ Dhivehi: އިނގިރި (iⁿgiri, “ginger”), އިނގުރު (iⁿguru)

→ Pali: siṅgivera

→⇒ Sanskrit: शृङ्गवेर (śṛṅgavera)

→ Shina: شِنٛگوٰر, śiŋo̍or (“ginger”)

→ Burushaski: شِݣݸر, śiŋór (“ginger”)

→ Sinhalese: ඉඟුරු (iⁿguru, “ginger”)

Borrowed from Old Tamil 𑀇𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭𑁆 (iñcivēr), from 𑀇𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀺 (iñci, “ginger”) + 𑀯𑁂𑀭𑁆 (vēr, “root”).


𑀚𑀯

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जव</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಜವ</i>

java (romanization)
जव (Devanagari)
𑀚𑀯𑁂 (nominative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀤𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀤𑀼 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀰𑀼𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀰𑀼𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀳𑀺 (ablative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀑 (ablative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀉 (ablative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀤𑁄 (ablative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀤𑀼 (ablative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀰𑁆𑀰 (genitive singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀳 (genitive singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀚𑀯𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀰𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀰𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀚𑀯 (singular vocative)
𑀚𑀯𑁂 (singular vocative)
𑀚𑀯𑀸 (plural vocative)
𑀚𑀯𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀚𑀯𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀚𑀯𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀚𑀯 (singular vocative)
𑀚𑀯𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀚𑀯𑀸 (plural vocative)

Helu Prakrit:

Sinhalese: යව (yawa)

Khasa Prakrit:

Garhwali: जो (jo)

Kumaoni: जौ (jau)

Nepali: जौ (jau)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: যব (jobo)

Bihari: जौ (jau)

Maithili: जौ (jau)

Odia: ଯଅ (jaa)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Old Marathi: jau

Devanagari script: जउ (jaü)

Modi script: 𑘕𑘄 (jau)

Paisaci Prakrit:

Takka Apabhramsa:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਜੌਂ (jaũ)

Shahmukhi script: جوں (joṉ)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Gurjara Apabhramsa:

Gujarati: જવ (jav)

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Hindustani: jau

Hindi: जौ

Urdu: جَو (jau)

Romani: džov


𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">गोहूम</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಗೋಹೂಮ</i>

𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma) m (Devanagari गोहूम, Kannada ಗೋಹೂಮ)

tlb

(Māhārāṣṭrī)

gohūma (romanization)
गोहूम (Devanagari)
ಗೋಹೂಮ (Kannada)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (singular vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫𑀸 (plural vocative)

Central:

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Awadhi: गेहूँ (gehū̃)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)

Romani: giv, ghiu

Lomavren: gihu, giu

Sauraseni Apabhramsa:

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: गोहूँ (gohū̃), गेहूँ (gehū̃), गहूँ (gahū̃)

Urdu: گوہُوں (gohū̃), گیہُوں (gehū̃), گَہُوں (gahū̃)

Eastern:

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গম (gom), গোম (güm), ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গোমধান (gümodhan)

Bengali: গম (gom), গোম (gōm), গম (gom)

→ Burmese: ဂျုံ (gyum)

Bihari: गोहुँ (gohũ), गहुम (gahum)

Bhojpuri: गोहूँ (gōhū̃)

Maithili: गोहुम (gōhum), गहूम (gahūm)

Odia: ଗହୁଁ (gahũ), ଗହମ (gahama)

Northern:

Khasa Prakrit:

Central Pahari:

Garhwali: गेवुँ (gevũ)

Kumaoni: ग्यूँ (gyū̃)

Eastern Pahari:

Nepali: गहुँ (gahũ), गउँ (ga͠u)

Western Pahari:

Bhadrawahi: गहूं (gahū̃), गेउं (geũ)

Pangwali: गिऊंह (giū̃h)

Northwestern:

Paisaci Prakrit:

Vracada Apabhramsa:

गेहूं//گيهُون

Sindhi: गेहूं /گيهُون (g̠ehū̃)

Sindhi: गेहूं /گيهُون (g̠ehū̃)

Jadgali: [script needed] (gī̃ū̃)

Southern:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ގޮދަން (godan̊)

Sinhalese: ගොයම (goyama)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)

Konkani: gãv

Devanagari script: गंव

Kannada script: ಗಂವ್

Latin script: gonv

Marathi: गहू (gahū)

Western:

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)

Gurjara Apabhramsa:

Gujarati: ઘઉં (ghaũ), ઘઉં (ghaũ)

Inherited from Sanskrit गोधूम (godhū́ma). Cognate with Pali godhūma, Niya Prakrit 𐨒𐨆𐨡𐨂𐨨 (goduma), Gandhari 𐨒𐨆𐨢𐨂𐨨 (godhuma).


𑀅𑀁𑀩

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अंब</i>

aṃba (romanization)
अंब (Devanagari)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀅𑀁𑀩 (singular vocative)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀸𑀇 (plural vocative)

Old Marathi:

Devanagari script: आंब (āṃba)

Modi script: 𑘁𑘽𑘤 (āṃba)

From Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀁𑀩 (aṃba), from Sanskrit आम्र (āmrá). Cognate with Pali amba.

Marathi: आंबा→ Iraqi Arabic: عَمْبَة→ Israeli Hebrew: עַמְבָּה→ English: amba

→ Somali: cámbe

→ Arabic: عَنْبَة (ʕanba), عَنْبَا (ʕanbā)


𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀅

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पूइवाअ</i>

pūivāa (romanization)
पूइवाअ (Devanagari)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀑 (nominative singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆 (nominative plural)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀅𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀏 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆 (accusative plural)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀅 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆 (singular vocative)
𑀧𑀽𑀇𑀯𑀸𑀆 (plural vocative)

Inherited from Sanskrit पूतिवात (pūtivāta). Equivalent to 𑀧𑀽𑀇 (pūi) + 𑀯𑀸𑀅 (vāa).


𑀉𑀟𑀺𑀤

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उडिद</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: उड़द (uṛad) (see there for further descendants)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Sinhalese: උඳු (uⁿdu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਉੜਦ (uṛad)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘄𑘚𑘲𑘟𑘰𑘡 (uḍīdāna)

Marathi: उडीद (uḍīd)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: અડદ (aḍad)

Vaghri: ઊડ઼દ (ūṛad)

Etymology tree
Proto-Dravidian *uẓuntuder.?
Prakrit 𑀉𑀟𑀺𑀤 (uḍida)
Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *uẓuntu.


𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">दाडिम</i>

dāḍima (romanization)
दाडिम (Devanagari)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫 (singular vocative)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀤𑀸𑀟𑀺𑀫𑀸𑀇 (plural vocative)

Nepali: दारिम (dārim)

Inherited from Sanskrit दाडिम (dāḍima). Cognate with Pali dālima.


𑀲𑀫𑀺𑀆

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">समिआ</i>

Central:

Hindi: सेवँई (sevãī)

Northwestern:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸੇਉਣੀ (seuṇī), ਸੇਮੀਆਂ (semīā̃)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: سينئِين (sẽī̃)

Southern:

Marathi: शेवई (śevaī), शेवय (śevay)

Western:

Gujarati: સેવ (sev)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit समिता (samitā)
Prakrit 𑀲𑀫𑀺𑀆 (samiā)
Inherited from Sanskrit समिता (samitā, “wheat flour”), शमिता (śamitā, “rice powder”).


𑀯𑀸𑀇𑀁𑀕𑀡

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">वाइंगण</i>

vāiṃgaṇa (romanization)
वाइंगण (Devanagari)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Deccani: بَیگَن (baigan)

desctree

Hindi: बैंगन (baiṅgan)
→ Fijian: baigani
→ Guyanese Creole English: baigan
→? Santali: ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ (bẽgaṛ)

Urdu: بَین٘گَن (baiṅgan)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: বেগুন (begun)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: बैगन (baigan)

Middle Assamese: বেঙ্গনা (beṅgona)
Assamese: বেঙেনা (beṅena)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: बैगुन (baiguna)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

desc

Gurmukhi script: ਬੈਂਗਣ (baiṅgaṇ), >? ਬਤਾਊਂ (batāū̃)

Shahmukhi script: بینگݨ (baiṅgaṇ), >? بتاؤں (btā'oṉ)

>? Saraiki: وَتاؤُں (vatāūṉ) (unexpected retention of -t-)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: वांगे (vāṅge)

Konkani: वांगी (vāṅgī)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: વેંગણ (veṅgaṇ)

→ Sanskrit: वङ्गन (vaṅgana)

Etymology tree
Proto-Dravidian *waẓVtVder.
Sanskrit वातिङ्गण (vātiṅgaṇa)
Prakrit 𑀯𑀸𑀇𑀁𑀕𑀡 (vāiṃgaṇa)
Inherited from Sanskrit वातिङ्गण (vātiṅgaṇa).

inh+

Solanum melongena
Solanum melongena#Translingual

aubergine, eggplant, Solanum melongena (tree and fruit)


𑀨𑀮

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">फल</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: फल (phal)

Urdu: پھَل (phal)

Old Awadhi: फल (phala)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali–Assamese:

Assamese: ফল (phol)

Bengali: ফল (phol)

Bishnupriya Manipuri: ফল

Chakma: 𑄜𑄧𑄣𑄴 (phal)

Hajong: ফল

Rajbanshi: फल

Sylheti: ꠚꠟ (fôl)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: फर (phar)

Maithili: फर (phar)

Odia: ଫଳ (phaḷa)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: फल (phal)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਫਲ (phal)

Shahmukhi script: پھَل (phal)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڦَرُ (pharu)

Devanagari script: फरु (pharu)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: फल (phala)

Gujarati: ફળ (phaḷ)

Marwari: फळ (phaḷ)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: फळ (phaḷ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Dravidian *paẓambor.
Sanskrit फल (phala)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)
Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀨𑀮 (phala), from Sanskrit फल (phala), borrowed from Proto-Dravidian *paẓam.


𑀫𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀭

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: मटर (maṭar)

Urdu: مَٹَر (maṭar)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali–Assamese:

Bengali: মটর (moṭor)

Odia: ମଟର (maṭara)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: मटर (maṭar)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮਟਰ (maṭar)

Shahmukhi script: مَٹَر (maṭar)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: مَٽَرُ (maṭaru)

Devanagari script: मटरु (maṭaru)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: मटार (maṭār)

Unknown. Perhaps borrowed from substrate.
Compare various terms for beans:
* Prakrit *𑀫𑀝𑁆𑀞 (*maṭṭha, “pea”), whence Gujarati મઠ (maṭh), Marathi मठ (maṭh).
* Prakrit *𑀫𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀞 (*mŏṭṭha, “Vigna aconitifolia”), Sanskritised as Sanskrit मुकुष्ठ (mukuṣṭha, “kind of bean”) etc., whence Hindi मोठ (moṭh) and others.
* Sanskrit मु॒द्ग (mudgá, “Vigna radiata”), Prakrit 𑀫𑀼𑀕𑁆𑀕 (mugga), whence Hindi मूँग (mūṅg).
* Pashto مستک (masták, “Lathyrus sativus”), folk-etymologically connected to Classical Persian مَسْت (mast, “drunk”).
* Sanskrit मुकुल (mukula, “bud”), मुकुर (mukura), मकुल (makula), मकुर (makura), मुद्गर (mudgara, “bud”), all probably from Dravidian (cf. Tamil மொக்குள் (mokkuḷ, “bubble”)).
Some New Indo-Aryan languages instead use a Dravidian word for the pea, e.g. Marathi वाटाणा (vāṭāṇā), Gujarati વટાણા (vaṭāṇā) (cf. Kannada ಬಟಾಣಿ (baṭāṇi)).

cog

Marathi वाटाणा (vāṭāṇā)

Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum#Translingual


𑀫𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀞

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*𑀫𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀞 (*mŏṭṭha) m

pra-head

*𑀫𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀞 (*mŏṭṭha) m

pra-noun

*𑀫𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀞 (*mŏṭṭha) m

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: मोठ (moṭh)

Urdu: موٹھ (moṭh)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Punjabi: ਮੋਠੁ (moṭhu)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਮੋਠ (moṭh)
Shahmukhi script: موٹھ (moṭh)
Saraiki: موٹھ (moṭh)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: موٺُ (moṭhu)

Devanagari script: मोठु (moṭhu)

desc

→ Pashto: موت (mot), موټ (moṭ, “Lathyrus sativus”)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: मठ (maṭh)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: મઠ (maṭh)

→ Kashmiri:

Devanagari script: मुठु॒ (muṭhu॒)

→ Sanskrit: मुकुष्ठ (mukuṣṭha), मुकुष्ठक (mukuṣṭhaka), मकुष्ट (makuṣṭa), मपष्ट (mapaṣṭa), मपुष्ठक (mapuṣṭhaka), मयुष्ठक (mayuṣṭhaka), मुकुष्ट (mukuṣṭa) — Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, मुद्गष्ठ (mudgaṣṭha)

Unknown; probably borrowed from substrate. Formally inherited from Sanskrit मुकुष्ठ (mukuṣṭha, “kind of bean”), but that is probably a Sanskritisation of this word. Compare Prakrit *𑀫𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀭 (*maṭṭara, “pea”) ~ *𑀫𑀝𑁆𑀞 (*maṭṭha, “pea”), Sanskrit मु॒द्ग (mudgá, “mung bean”), Sanskrit मुकुल (mukula, “bud”) ~ मुद्गर (mudgara, “bud; hammer”).
Compare Kannada ಮಡಕಿ (maḍaki), ಮಡಿಕೆ (maḍike), ಮಡಿಗೆ (maḍige), referring to the same plant, but probably unrelated.
Also note that Classical Persian موتھی (mothi) is attested in an Indian text from 1357, and refers to the same bean.
:
1357, Ziauddin Barani, Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi, page 568:
و موتهی و کنجد که در آن زمین میکاشتند و در بیابانها فرود میبردند بجای آن از قوت آب نیشکر و حفظه و نخود خواهند کاشت و در خانهها آورد
v mvthy v knjd kh dr ān zmyn my-kaśtnd v dr byaban-ha frvd my-brdnd bjay ān az qvt āb nyśkr v ḥfz̤h v nxvd xvahnd kaśt v dr xanh-ha āvrd
They used to cultivate moṭh [coarse grain] and sesame in that land and harvested them in wilderness. Now owing to the aid of water they will grow and bring home sugarcane, wheat and gram […]
This is probably the earliest mention; also see Old Punjabi ਮੋਠੁ (moṭhu) attested from the 17th century.

quote-book

Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi

They used to cultivate moṭh 􂀿coarse grain􂁀 and sesame in that land and harvested them in wilderness. Now owing to the aid of water they will grow and bring home sugarcane, wheat and gram […]


𑀫𑀼𑀕𑁆𑀕

head

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मुग्ग</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: मूँग (mūṅg)

Urdu: مُونگ (mūng)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali–Assamese:

Assamese: মগু (mogu)

Bengali: মুগ (mug)

Odia: ମୁଗ (muga)

Insular Indo-Aryan:

Dhivehi: މުގު (mugu)

Sinhalese: මුං (muṁ)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

desc

Gurmukhi script: ਮੁੰਗ (muṅg), ਮੂੰਗ (mūṅg)

Shahmukhi script: مُنگ (mung), مُونگ (mūng)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: مُڱُ (muṅu)

Devanagari script: मुङु (muṅu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: मूग (mūg)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: મગ (mag)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit मु॒द्ग (mudgá)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀼𑀕𑁆𑀕 (mugga)
Inherited from Sanskrit मु॒द्ग (mudgá). Cognate with Pali mugga.
Also compare Prakrit *𑀫𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀭 (*maṭṭara, “Pisum sativum”), *𑀫𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀞 (*mŏṭṭha, “Vigna aconitifolia”).

ncog

Vigna radiata
Vigna radiata#Translingual


𑀅𑀁𑀟

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अंड</i>

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: अंडा (aṇḍā), आँड़ (ā̃ṛ)

Hindi: अंडा (aṇḍā), आँड़ (ā̃ṛ)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali–Assamese:

Bengali: আঁড় (ãṛ), আণ্ডা (anḍa)

Chittagonian: আণ্ডা

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: अण्डा (aṇḍā)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਆਂਡਾ (āṇḍā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: آنو

Devanagari script: आनो

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: अंडे (aṇḍe)

Konkani: अंडें (aṇḍẽ)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: ઈંડું (ī̃ḍũ)

Romani: anro

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Aryan *āndrám
Sanskrit आ॒ण्ड (āṇḍá)
Sanskrit अ॒ण्ड (aṇḍá)
Prakrit 𑀅𑀁𑀟 (aṃḍa)
Inherited from Sanskrit अ॒ण्ड (aṇḍá), from आ॒ण्ड (āṇḍá), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *āndrám.