relief

pl-noun

relief m inan (related adjective reliefowy)

reliefowy (adjective)
relief (nominative singular)
reliefy (nominative plural)
reliefu (genitive singular)
reliefów (genitive plural)
reliefowi (dative singular)
reliefom (dative plural)
relief (accusative singular)
reliefy (accusative plural)
reliefem (instrumental singular)
reliefami (instrumental plural)
reliefie (locative singular)
reliefach (locative plural)
reliefie (singular vocative)
reliefy (plural vocative)

(geology) relief, landform, terrain (area of land or the particular features of it)


proto-

Derived from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-).

der+

proto- + -liza → protoliza


adapter

adapterek (diminutive)
adapter (nominative singular)
adaptery (nominative plural)
adaptera (genitive singular)
adapteru (genitive singular)
adapterów (genitive plural)
adapterowi (dative singular)
adapterom (dative plural)
adapter (accusative singular)
adaptery (accusative plural)
adapterem (instrumental singular)
adapterami (instrumental plural)
adapterze (locative singular)
adapterach (locative plural)
adapterze (singular vocative)
adaptery (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English adapter. First attested in 1903.

ref

Józef Świtkowski (1903) Fotografia praktyczna w zarysie do użytku amatorów, page 39

adapter sieciowy/sieci

adapter USB

(electronics) adapter (a device or application used to achieve operative compatibility between devices that otherwise are incompatible)


admin

pl-noun

admin m pers (female equivalent adminka)

adminka (feminine)
admin (nominative singular)
admini (nominative plural)
adminy (derogatory nominative plural)
admina (genitive singular)
adminów (genitive plural)
adminowi (dative singular)
adminom (dative plural)
admina (accusative singular)
adminów (accusative plural)
adminem (instrumental singular)
adminami (instrumental plural)
adminie (locative singular)
adminach (locative plural)
adminie (singular vocative)
admini (plural vocative)

Clipping of administrator, probably under international influence. First attested in 1991.

nadgorliwy admin

rozsądny admin

dowolny admin

inny admin

admin forum

admin serwera

admin sieci

admin strony

pisać/napisać do admina

zwracać się/zwrócić się do admina

zgłaszać się/zgłosić się do/na admina

głosowanie na admina


folder

folder (nominative singular)
foldery (nominative plural)
folderu (more rarely foldera) (genitive singular)
folderów (genitive plural)
folderowi (dative singular)
folderom (dative plural)
folder (accusative singular)
foldery (accusative plural)
folderem (instrumental singular)
folderami (instrumental plural)
folderze (locative singular)
folderach (locative plural)
folderze (singular vocative)
foldery (plural vocative)


aura

aura (nominative singular)
aury (nominative plural)
aury (genitive singular)
aur (genitive plural)
aurze (dative singular)
aurom (dative plural)
aurę (accusative singular)
aury (accusative plural)
aurą (instrumental singular)
aurami (instrumental plural)
aurze (locative singular)
aurach (locative plural)
auro (singular vocative)
aury (plural vocative)

(meteorology) weather (distinctive atmosphere)


upgrade

upgrade (nominative singular)
upgrade'y (nominative plural)
upgrade'u (genitive singular)
upgrade'ów (genitive plural)
upgrade'owi (dative singular)
upgrade'om (dative plural)
upgrade (accusative singular)
upgrade'y (accusative plural)
upgrade'em (instrumental singular)
upgrade'ami (instrumental plural)
upgradzie (locative singular)
upgrade'ach (locative plural)
upgrade (singular vocative)
upgrade'y (plural vocative)
apgrejd (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English upgrade.

ubor

(colloquial, computer science) upgrade (modernisation of technology)


babka

babeczka (diminutive)
babka (nominative singular)
babki (nominative plural)
babki (genitive singular)
babek (genitive plural)
babce (dative singular)
babkom (dative plural)
babkę (accusative singular)
babki (accusative plural)
babką (instrumental singular)
babkami (instrumental plural)
babce (locative singular)
babkach (locative plural)
babko (singular vocative)
babki (plural vocative)
bábka (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish babka. By surface analysis, baba + -ka.

(obsolete, engineering) hammer with the same head on both sides


browning

browning (nominative singular)
browningi (nominative plural)
browningu (genitive singular)
browningów (genitive plural)
browningowi (dative singular)
browningom (dative plural)
browning (accusative singular)
browningi (accusative plural)
browningiem (instrumental singular)
browningami (instrumental plural)
browningu (locative singular)
browningach (locative plural)
browningu (singular vocative)
browningi (plural vocative)
brauning (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Browning, named after American firearm designer John Browning.

named-after

(firearms) any type of semi-automatic pistol manufactured by Browning Arms Company


Aldebaran

Aldebaran (nominative singular)
Aldebarana (genitive singular)
Aldebaranowi (dative singular)
Aldebarana (accusative singular)
Aldebaranem (instrumental singular)
Aldebaranie (locative singular)
Aldebaranie (singular vocative)

Derived from Arabic اَلدَّبَرَان (ad-dabarān).

der

اَلدَّبَرَان

der+

اَلدَّبَرَان


sfera

sferowy (adjective)
sfera (nominative singular)
sfery (nominative plural)
sfery (genitive singular)
sfer (genitive plural)
sferze (dative singular)
sferom (dative plural)
sferę (accusative singular)
sfery (accusative plural)
sferą (instrumental singular)
sferami (instrumental plural)
sferze (locative singular)
sferach (locative plural)
sfero (singular vocative)
sfery (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English sphere, French sphère, German Sphäre, ultimately from Latin sphaera.

(cosmology, literary) sphere (apparent outer limit of space; an abstract sphere of infinite radius which serves as the imaginary backdrop for celestial objects, and of which the visible sky is one hemisphere)

(geography) sphere (area characterized by certain climatic or natural features)


alt

alt (nominative singular)
alty (nominative plural)
altu (genitive singular)
altów (genitive plural)
altowi (dative singular)
altom (dative plural)
alt (accusative singular)
alty (accusative plural)
altem (instrumental singular)
altami (instrumental plural)
alcie (locative singular)
altach (locative plural)
alcie (singular vocative)
alty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English alt, as found on keyboards. First attested in the late 20th century.

lewy alt

prawy alt

naciskać/nacisnąć/wciskać/wcisnąć alt


forma

pl-noun

forma f (diminutive foremka, related adjective formowy)

foremka (diminutive)
formowy (adjective)
forma (nominative singular)
formy (nominative plural)
formy (genitive singular)
form (genitive plural)
formie (dative singular)
formom (dative plural)
formę (accusative singular)
formy (accusative plural)
formą (instrumental singular)
formami (instrumental plural)
formie (locative singular)
formach (locative plural)
formo (singular vocative)
formy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: fòrma

(obsolete, crystallography) form (combination of planes included under a general crystallographic symbol)


Einstein

Einstein (nominative singular)
Einsteina (genitive singular)
Einsteinowi (dative singular)
Einsteina (accusative singular)
Einsteinem (instrumental singular)
Einsteinie (locative singular)
Einsteinie (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from German Einstein.


octan

octan (nominative singular)
octany (nominative plural)
octanu (genitive singular)
octanów (genitive plural)
octanowi (dative singular)
octanom (dative plural)
octan (accusative singular)
octany (accusative plural)
octanem (instrumental singular)
octanami (instrumental plural)
octanie (locative singular)
octanach (locative plural)
octanie (singular vocative)
octany (plural vocative)

(organic chemistry) acetate (salt or ester of acetic acid)


lasso

lasso (nominative singular)
lassa (nominative plural)
lassa (genitive singular)
lass (genitive plural)
lassu (dative singular)
lassom (dative plural)
lasso (accusative singular)
lassa (accusative plural)
lassem (instrumental singular)
lassami (instrumental plural)
lassie (locative singular)
lassach (locative plural)
lasso (singular vocative)
lassa (plural vocative)

(computing) lasso (image-editing function allowing the user to capture an irregularly-shaped object by drawing an approximate outline)


energia

energia (nominative singular)
energie (nominative plural)
energii (genitive singular)
energii (genitive plural)
energij (archaic genitive plural)
energii (dative singular)
energiom (dative plural)
energię (accusative singular)
energie (accusative plural)
energią (instrumental singular)
energiami (instrumental plural)
energii (locative singular)
energiach (locative plural)
energio (singular vocative)
energie (plural vocative)
energija (alternative)
energja (alternative)

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Energie or French énergie, ultimately from Latin energīa. First attested in 1606. Compare Kashubian energiô and Silesian ynergijŏ.

ref

Rozmowa o rokoszu (in Polish), 1606, page 111: “Nuż co była sama energia, sama medulla rokoszu tego, na żołnierza utriusque partis i na sługi senatorskie i panięce: »Kto cnotliwy, do braciej!« nie zawołano.”

(physics) energy (quantity that denotes the ability to do work and is measured in a unit dimensioned in mass × distance²/time² (ML²/T²) or the equivalent)


spoiler

spoiler (nominative singular)
spoilery (nominative plural)
spoilera (genitive singular)
spoilerów (genitive plural)
spoilerowi (dative singular)
spoilerom (dative plural)
spoiler (accusative singular)
spoilery (accusative plural)
spoilerem (instrumental singular)
spoilerami (instrumental plural)
spoilerze (locative singular)
spoilerach (locative plural)
spoilerze (singular vocative)
spoilery (plural vocative)
spojler (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English spoiler.

ubor

(aeronautics) spoiler (device to reduce lift and increase drag)


separator

separator (nominative singular)
separatory (nominative plural)
seperatora (genitive singular)
separatorów (genitive plural)
separatorowi (dative singular)
separatorom (dative plural)
separator (accusative singular)
separatory (accusative plural)
separatorem (instrumental singular)
separatorami (instrumental plural)
separatorze (locative singular)
separatorach (locative plural)
separatorze (singular vocative)
separatory (plural vocative)

(computing) delimiter (unique character or series of characters that indicates the beginning or end of a specific statement, string or function body set)


walkman

walkman (nominative singular)
walkmany (nominative plural)
walkmana (genitive singular)
walkmanów (genitive plural)
walkmanowi (dative singular)
walkmanom (dative plural)
walkman (accusative singular)
walkmana (accusative singular)
walkmany (accusative plural)
walkmanem (instrumental singular)
walkmanami (instrumental plural)
walkmanie (locative singular)
walkmanach (locative plural)
walkmanie (singular vocative)
walkmany (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English walkman.


e-book

e-book (nominative singular)
e-booki (nominative plural)
e-booka (genitive singular)
e-booków (genitive plural)
e-bookowi (dative singular)
e-bookom (dative plural)
e-book (accusative singular)
e-booki (accusative plural)
e-bookiem (instrumental singular)
e-bookami (instrumental plural)
e-booku (locative singular)
e-bookach (locative plural)
e-booku (singular vocative)
e-booki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English e-book.


gluten

gluten (nominative singular)
glutenu (genitive singular)
glutenowi (dative singular)
gluten (accusative singular)
glutenem (instrumental singular)
glutenie (locative singular)
glutenie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin glūten. Doublet of glut and glutyna.

(cooking, biochemistry) gluten (the major protein in cereal grains, especially wheat; responsible for the elasticity in dough and the structure in baked bread)


agat

agatowy (adjective)
agat (nominative singular)
agaty (nominative plural)
agatu (genitive singular)
agatów (genitive plural)
agatowi (dative singular)
agatom (dative plural)
agat (accusative singular)
agaty (accusative plural)
agatem (instrumental singular)
agatami (instrumental plural)
agacie (locative singular)
agatach (locative plural)
agacie (singular vocative)
agaty (plural vocative)
achat (alternative)
achatek (alternative)
achates (alternative)
agatek (alternative)

agat oprawiony w coś

przepiękne agaty

agat mszysty

wykonany z agatu

(mineralogy) agate (semitransparent, uncrystallized silicate mineral and semiprecious stone, presenting various tints in the same specimen, with colors delicately arranged and often curved in parallel alternating dark and light stripes or bands, or blended in clouds; various authorities call it a variety of chalcedony, a variety of quartz, or a combination of the two)


adres

adresik (diminutive)
adres (nominative singular)
adresy (nominative plural)
adresu (genitive singular)
adresów (genitive plural)
adresowi (dative singular)
adresom (dative plural)
adres (accusative singular)
adresy (accusative plural)
adresem (instrumental singular)
adresami (instrumental plural)
adresie (locative singular)
adresach (locative plural)
adresie (singular vocative)
adresy (plural vocative)
adress (alternative)

desctree

→ Russian: адрес (adres)
→ Armenian: հասցե (hascʻe) (semantic loan)
→ Bashkir: адрес (adres)
→ Bezhta: адрис (adris)
→ Eastern Mari: адрес (adres)
→ Kazakh: адрес (adres)
→ Ingrian: adressi
→ Yakut: аадырыс (aadırıs)
→ Kildin Sami: а̄дресс (ādrjess)
→ Tajik: адрес (adres)
→ Tatar: адрес (adres)
→ Uyghur: ئادرىس (adris)

→ Belarusian: адрэс (adres)

Borrowed from French adresse. First attested in 1648. Doublet of adresa, a dialectal borrowing from German.

ref

Danuta Lankiewicz (09.06.2009) “ADRES”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(computing) address (number identifying a specific storage location in computer memory)

(computing) address (number identifying an account or user, such as an email address)


tablet

tablet (nominative singular)
tablety (nominative plural)
tabletu (genitive singular)
tabletów (genitive plural)
tabletowi (dative singular)
tabletom (dative plural)
tablet (accusative singular)
tablety (accusative plural)
tabletem (instrumental singular)
tabletami (instrumental plural)
tablecie (locative singular)
tabletach (locative plural)
tablecie (singular vocative)
tablety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English tablet, from Middle English tablet, from Old French tablete.

(computing) digitizer, graphics tablet (small, easily swallowed portion of a substance)


zombi

(computing, fiction, voodoo) Alternative spelling of zombie


profil

profil (nominative singular)
profile (nominative plural)
profilu (genitive singular)
profili (genitive plural)
profilów (genitive plural)
profilowi (dative singular)
profilom (dative plural)
profil (accusative singular)
profile (accusative plural)
profilem (instrumental singular)
profilami (instrumental plural)
profilu (locative singular)
profilach (locative plural)
profilu (singular vocative)
profile (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French profil, from Italian profilo.

(geology) profile (vertical cross-section showing the geological structure of a given section of the earth's crust)

(engineering) profile (hot rolled structural steel shape like an I-beam)


steroid

pl-noun

steroid m inan (related adjective steroidowy)

steroidowy (adjective)
steroid (nominative singular)
steroidy (nominative plural)
steroidu (genitive singular)
steroidów (genitive plural)
steroidowi (dative singular)
steroidom (dative plural)
steroid (accusative singular)
steroidy (accusative plural)
steroidem (instrumental singular)
steroidami (instrumental plural)
steroidzie (locative singular)
steroidach (locative plural)
steroidzie (singular vocative)
steroidy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English steroid. Doublet of steryd.

(biochemistry) steroid (class of organic compounds)


cholesterol

cholesterol m inan (related adjective cholesterolowy)

cholesterolowy (adjective)
cholesterol (nominative singular)
cholesterolu (genitive singular)
cholesterolowi (dative singular)
cholesterol (accusative singular)
cholesterolem (instrumental singular)
cholesterolu (locative singular)
cholesterolu (singular vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English cholesterol.

obor

(organic chemistry) cholesterol (essential component of mammalian cell membranes)


ferment

ferment (nominative singular)
fermenty (nominative plural)
fermentu (genitive singular)
fermentów (genitive plural)
fermentowi (dative singular)
fermentom (dative plural)
ferment (accusative singular)
fermenty (accusative plural)
fermentem (instrumental singular)
fermentami (instrumental plural)
fermencie (locative singular)
fermentach (locative plural)
fermencie (singular vocative)
fermenty (plural vocative)


bod

bod (nominative singular)
body (nominative plural)
bodu (genitive singular)
bodów (genitive plural)
bodowi (dative singular)
bodom (dative plural)
bod (accusative singular)
body (accusative plural)
bodem (instrumental singular)
bodami (instrumental plural)
bodzie (locative singular)
bodach (locative plural)
bodzie (singular vocative)
body (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French baud, named after French telegraph engineer and inventor Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot.


produkt

pl-noun

produkt m inan (related adjective produktowy)

produktowy (adjective)
produkt (nominative singular)
produkty (nominative plural)
produktu (genitive singular)
produktów (genitive plural)
produktowi (dative singular)
produktom (dative plural)
produkt (accusative singular)
produkty (accusative plural)
produktem (instrumental singular)
produktami (instrumental plural)
produkcie (locative singular)
produktach (locative plural)
produkcie (singular vocative)
produkty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: produkt

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Produkt or English produkt, ultimately from Latin prōductus. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “produkt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(chemistry) product (chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction)


multimedia

pl-noun

multimedia nvir pl (related adjective multimedialny)

multimedialny (adjective)
multimedia (nominative plural)
multimediów (genitive plural)
multimediom (dative plural)
multimedia (accusative plural)
multimediami (instrumental plural)
multimediach (locative plural)
multimedia (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English multimedia, French multimédia, German Multimedia. By surface analysis, multi- + media.

(computing) multimedia (IT products in the form of programs, games, etc., using images, sound, animation, or other means that affect the active use of the user)


teleskop

teleskop (nominative singular)
teleskopy (nominative plural)
teleskopu (genitive singular)
teleskopów (genitive plural)
teleskopowi (dative singular)
teleskopom (dative plural)
teleskop (accusative singular)
teleskopy (accusative plural)
teleskopem (instrumental singular)
teleskopami (instrumental plural)
teleskopie (locative singular)
teleskopach (locative plural)
teleskopie (singular vocative)
teleskopy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τηλεσκόπος (tēleskópos, “far-seeing”); from τῆλε (têle, “afar”) + σκοπέω (skopéō, “I look at”).

lbor

(astronomy) telescope (any instrument used to observe distant objects)

(astronomy, optics) telescope (optical instrument that magnifies)

(colloquial, technology) telescopic hydraulic cylinder


acyl

acyl (nominative singular)
acylu (genitive singular)
acylowi (dative singular)
acyl (accusative singular)
acylem (instrumental singular)
acylu (locative singular)
acylu (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English acyl. First attested in 1900.

ref

Rozprawy Akademii Umiejętności: Wydział Matematyczno-Przyrodniczy (in Polish), 1900, page 134

chlorek acylu

(organic chemistry) acyl (any of class of organic radicals, RCO-, formed by the removal of a hydroxyl group from a carboxylic acid)


morena

morena (nominative singular)
moreny (nominative plural)
moreny (genitive singular)
moren (genitive plural)
morenie (dative singular)
morenom (dative plural)
morenę (accusative singular)
moreny (accusative plural)
moreną (instrumental singular)
morenami (instrumental plural)
morenie (locative singular)
morenach (locative plural)
moreno (singular vocative)
moreny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French moraine, from Italian morena, from Franco-Provençal mor, morre, from Vulgar Latin *murrum.

(geology) moraine (accumulation of rocks and debris carried and deposited by a glacier)


znak

pl-noun

znak m inan (diminutive znaczek, related adjective znakowy)

znaczek (diminutive)
znakowy (adjective)
znak (nominative singular)
znaki (nominative plural)
znaku (genitive singular)
znaków (genitive plural)
znakowi (dative singular)
znakom (dative plural)
znak (accusative singular)
znaki (accusative plural)
znakiem (instrumental singular)
znakami (instrumental plural)
znaku (locative singular)
znakach (locative plural)
znaku (singular vocative)
znaki (plural vocative)


soda

soda (nominative singular)
sody (nominative plural)
sody (genitive singular)
sód (genitive plural)
sodzie (dative singular)
sodom (dative plural)
sodę (accusative singular)
sody (accusative plural)
sodą (instrumental singular)
sodami (instrumental plural)
sodzie (locative singular)
sodach (locative plural)
sodo (singular vocative)
sody (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare German Soda, Italian soda, Spanish soda, ultimately from Medieval Latin soda, from Arabic سُوَيْدَاء (suwaydāʔ). Doublet of sód.

(chemistry) soda, sodium carbonate, washing soda

(baking, chemistry) baking soda, soda, sodium bicarbonate


Hebe

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἥβη (Hḗbē), from ἥβη (hḗbē).


Hydra

Hydra (nominative singular)
Hydry (genitive singular)
Hydrze (dative singular)
Hydrę (accusative singular)
Hydrą (instrumental singular)
Hydrze (locative singular)
Hydro (singular vocative)

(astronomy) Hydra (spring constellation of the northern sky, said to resemble a serpent)


Macintosh

Macintosh (nominative singular)
Macintosha (genitive singular)
Macintoshowi (dative singular)
Macintosha (accusative singular)
Macintoshem (instrumental singular)
Macintoshu (locative singular)
Macintoshu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Macintosh.

ubor

(computing) Macintosh (brand of personal computer manufactured by Apple Inc.)


Pan

Pan (nominative singular)
Pana (genitive singular)
Panowi (dative singular)
Pana (accusative singular)
Panem (instrumental singular)
Panie (locative singular)
Panie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Pan, from Ancient Greek Πάν (Pán).


Panna

Panna (nominative singular)
Panny (genitive singular)
Pannie (dative singular)
Pannę (accusative singular)
Panną (instrumental singular)
Pannie (locative singular)
Panno (singular vocative)


Regulus

Regulus (nominative singular)
Regulusa (genitive singular)
Regulusowi (dative singular)
Regulusa (accusative singular)
Regulusem (instrumental singular)
Regulusie (locative singular)
Regulusie (singular vocative)

(astronomy) Regulus (blue-white subgiant star)


Spica

Spica (nominative singular)
Spicy (genitive singular)
Spicy (dative singular)
Spicę (accusative singular)
Spicą (instrumental singular)
Spicy (locative singular)
Spico (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin spīca virginis.

lbor

(astronomy) Spica (blue-white giant star)


einstein

einstein (nominative singular)
einsteiny (nominative plural)
einsteinu (genitive singular)
einsteinów (genitive plural)
einsteinowi (dative singular)
einsteinom (dative plural)
einstein (accusative singular)
einsteiny (accusative plural)
einsteinem (instrumental singular)
einsteinami (instrumental plural)
einsteinie (locative singular)
einsteinach (locative plural)
einsteinie (singular vocative)
einsteiny (plural vocative)

Named after German physicist Albert Einstein.

named-after

(physics) Alternative spelling of ajnsztajn


mach

mach (nominative singular)
machy (nominative plural)
macha (genitive singular)
machów (genitive plural)
machowi (dative singular)
machom (dative plural)
mach (accusative singular)
machy (accusative plural)
machem (instrumental singular)
machami (instrumental plural)
machu (locative singular)
machach (locative plural)
machu (singular vocative)
machy (plural vocative)

Named after Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach.

(physics) Mach number (ratio of the speed of a body to that of sound in the surrounding medium)


mediator

mediator (nominative singular)
mediatory (nominative plural)
mediatora (genitive singular)
mediatorów (genitive plural)
mediatorowi (dative singular)
mediatorom (dative plural)
mediator (accusative singular)
mediatory (accusative plural)
mediatorem (instrumental singular)
mediatorami (instrumental plural)
mediatorze (locative singular)
mediatorach (locative plural)
mediatorze (singular vocative)
mediatory (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) mediator (chemical substance transmitting information to a targeted cell)


kras

kras (nominative singular)
krasy (nominative plural)
krasu (genitive singular)
krasów (genitive plural)
krasowi (dative singular)
krasom (dative plural)
kras (accusative singular)
krasy (accusative plural)
krasem (instrumental singular)
krasami (instrumental plural)
krasie (locative singular)
krasach (locative plural)
krasie (singular vocative)
krasy (plural vocative)


jura

jura (nominative singular)
jury (genitive singular)
jurze (dative singular)
jurę (accusative singular)
jurą (instrumental singular)
jurze (locative singular)
juro (singular vocative)

(geology, paleontology) Jurassic (period)


gleba

gleba (nominative singular)
gleby (nominative plural)
gleby (genitive singular)
gleb (genitive plural)
glebie (dative singular)
glebom (dative plural)
glebę (accusative singular)
gleby (accusative plural)
glebą (instrumental singular)
glebami (instrumental plural)
glebie (locative singular)
glebach (locative plural)
glebo (singular vocative)
gleby (plural vocative)


dane

dane (nominative plural)
danych (genitive plural)
danym (dative plural)
dane (accusative plural)
danymi (instrumental plural)
danych (locative plural)
dane (plural vocative)

(nominalized, computing) data (representation of facts or ideas in a formalized manner capable of being communicated or manipulated by some process)


login

login (nominative singular)
loginy (nominative plural)
loginu (genitive singular)
loginów (genitive plural)
loginowi (dative singular)
loginom (dative plural)
login (accusative singular)
loginy (accusative plural)
loginem (instrumental singular)
loginami (instrumental plural)
loginie (locative singular)
loginach (locative plural)
loginie (singular vocative)
loginy (plural vocative)

(computing) login (user's identification)


planeta

pl-noun

planeta f (diminutive planetka, related adjective planetarny or planetowy)

planetka (diminutive)
planetarny (adjective)
planetowy (adjective)
planeta (nominative singular)
planety (nominative plural)
planety (genitive singular)
planet (genitive plural)
planecie (dative singular)
planetom (dative plural)
planetę (accusative singular)
planety (accusative plural)
planetą (instrumental singular)
planetami (instrumental plural)
planecie (locative singular)
planetach (locative plural)
planeto (singular vocative)
planety (plural vocative)

(astronomy) planet (body which is massive enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium (generally resulting in being an ellipsoid) but not enough to attain nuclear fusion, and, in IAU usage, which directly orbits a star (or multiple stars) and dominates the region of its orbit; specifically, in the case of the Solar system, the eight major bodies of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune)


C++

(programming) C++ (programming language)


singleton

singleton (nominative singular)
singletony (nominative plural)
singletonu (genitive singular)
singletonów (genitive plural)
singletonowi (dative singular)
singletonom (dative plural)
singleton (accusative singular)
singletony (accusative plural)
singletonem (instrumental singular)
singletonami (instrumental plural)
singletonie (locative singular)
singletonach (locative plural)
singletonie (singular vocative)
singletony (plural vocative)

Coordinate term: multiton

object-oriented programming
object-oriented programming

software engineering
software engineering

(object-oriented programming, software engineering) singleton, singleton pattern (creational design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object)


koma

koma (nominative singular)
komy (nominative plural)
komy (genitive singular)
kom (genitive plural)
komie (dative singular)
komom (dative plural)
komę (accusative singular)
komy (accusative plural)
komą (instrumental singular)
komami (instrumental plural)
komie (locative singular)
komach (locative plural)
komo (singular vocative)
komy (plural vocative)

(astronomy) coma (cloud surrounding a comet nucleu)


kotka

kotka f (male equivalent kot, diminutive koteczka, augmentative kocica)

kot (masculine)
koteczka (diminutive)
kocica (augmentative)
kotka (nominative singular)
kotki (nominative plural)
kotki (genitive singular)
kotek (genitive plural)
kotce (dative singular)
kotkom (dative plural)
kotkę (accusative singular)
kotki (accusative plural)
kotką (instrumental singular)
kotkami (instrumental plural)
kotce (locative singular)
kotkach (locative plural)
kotko (singular vocative)
kotki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kòtъka. By surface analysis, kot + -ka.


kaon

kaon (nominative singular)
kaony (nominative plural)
kaonu (genitive singular)
kaonów (genitive plural)
kaonowi (dative singular)
kaonom (dative plural)
kaon (accusative singular)
kaony (accusative plural)
kaonem (instrumental singular)
kaonami (instrumental plural)
kaonie (locative singular)
kaonach (locative plural)
kaonie (singular vocative)
kaony (plural vocative)


deuteron

deuteron (nominative singular)
deuterony (nominative plural)
deuteronu (genitive singular)
deuteronów (genitive plural)
deuteronowi (dative singular)
deuteronom (dative plural)
deuteron (accusative singular)
deuterony (accusative plural)
deuteronem (instrumental singular)
deuteronami (instrumental plural)
deuteronie (locative singular)
deuteronach (locative plural)
deuteronie (singular vocative)
deuterony (plural vocative)


cd

cd m inan or (canonical feminine neuter)

(computing, music) Alternative spelling of CD (“CD, compact disc”)


cd

(computing, music) Alternative spelling of CD (“CD player”)


iBook

iBook m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
iBook (nominative singular)
iBooki (nominative plural)
iBooka (genitive singular)
iBooków (genitive plural)
iBookowi (dative singular)
iBookom (dative plural)
iBook (accusative singular)
iBooka (accusative singular)
iBooki (accusative plural)
iBookiem (instrumental singular)
iBookami (instrumental plural)
iBooku (locative singular)
iBookach (locative plural)
iBooku (singular vocative)
iBooki (plural vocative)

Coordinate term: MacBook

(computing) iBook (computer of a line of lower-end laptop computers formerly manufactured by Apple Computer)


iMac

iMac m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
iMac (nominative singular)
iMaci (nominative plural)
iMaca (genitive singular)
iMaców (genitive plural)
iMacowi (dative singular)
iMacom (dative plural)
iMac (accusative singular)
iMaca (accusative singular)
iMaci (accusative plural)
iMakiem (instrumental singular)
iMacami (instrumental plural)
iMacu (locative singular)
iMacach (locative plural)
iMacu (singular vocative)
iMaci (plural vocative)

(computing) iMac (one of a line of all-in-one Macintosh computers made by Apple Inc.)


sól

solny (adjective)
sól (nominative singular)
sole (nominative plural)
soli (genitive singular)
soli (genitive plural)
soli (dative singular)
solom (dative plural)
sól (accusative singular)
sole (accusative plural)
solą (instrumental singular)
solami (instrumental plural)
soli (locative singular)
solach (locative plural)
soli (singular vocative)
sole (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish sól, from Proto-Slavic *sȍlь.


trufla

trufla f (diminutive trufelka, related adjective truflowy)

trufelka (diminutive)
truflowy (adjective)
trufla (nominative singular)
trufle (nominative plural)
trufli (genitive singular)
trufli (genitive plural)
trufli (dative singular)
truflom (dative plural)
truflę (accusative singular)
trufle (accusative plural)
truflą (instrumental singular)
truflami (instrumental plural)
trufli (locative singular)
truflach (locative plural)
truflo (singular vocative)
trufle (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Trüffel, from French truffe, from Old Occitan trufa, from Latin tuber, from Proto-Italic *tūβos, from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂-. Doublet of trufel.


kultura

kultura f (diminutive kulturka, related adjective kulturowy, abbreviation kult.)

kulturka (diminutive)
kulturowy (adjective)
kult. (abbreviation)
kultura (nominative singular)
kultury (nominative plural)
kultury (genitive singular)
kultur (genitive plural)
kulturze (dative singular)
kulturom (dative plural)
kulturę (accusative singular)
kultury (accusative plural)
kulturą (instrumental singular)
kulturami (instrumental plural)
kulturze (locative singular)
kulturach (locative plural)
kulturo (singular vocative)
kultury (plural vocative)

Kashubian: kùltura

Silesian: kultura

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Kultur or French culture, ultimately from Latin cultūra. First attested in 1732.

ref

Franciszek Gościecki (1732) Jadwiga Sokołowska, Kazimiera Żukowska, editors, Poeci polskiego Baroku (in Polish), volume 2, published 1965, POSELSTWO WIELKIE JAŚNIE WIELMOŻNEGO STANISŁAWA CHOMENTOWSKIEGO WOJEWODY MAZOWIECKIEGO OD NAJAŚNIEJSZEGO AUGUSTA II, KRÓLA POLSKIEGO, KSIĄŻĘCIA SASKIEGO..., page 461: “Większą pilność mają Grecy i cudzoziemcy, którzy tu mieszkają, Koło tego, albowiem jeden nad drugiego Przesadza się w kulturze wirydarza swego.”

(countable, microbiology) culture (the process of growing a bacterial or other biological entity in an artificial medium)

(countable, botany, agriculture) culture (cultivation)


Skorpion

Skorpion (nominative singular)
Skorpiona (genitive singular)
Skorpionowi (dative singular)
Skorpiona (accusative singular)
Skorpionem (instrumental singular)
Skorpionie (locative singular)
Skorpionie (singular vocative)


chloroplast

pl-noun

chloroplast m inan (related adjective chloroplastowy)

chloroplastowy (adjective)
chloroplast (nominative singular)
chloroplasty (nominative plural)
chloroplastu (genitive singular)
chloroplastów (genitive plural)
chloroplastowi (dative singular)
chloroplastom (dative plural)
chloroplast (accusative singular)
chloroplasty (accusative plural)
chloroplastem (instrumental singular)
chloroplastami (instrumental plural)
chloroplaście (locative singular)
chloroplastach (locative plural)
chloroplaście (singular vocative)
chloroplasty (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English chloroplast, French chloroplaste, German Chloroplast.

(cytology) chloroplast (organelle found in the cells of green plants and in photosynthetic algae, where photosynthesis takes place, characterized by a high concentration of chlorophyll and two membranes)


alabaster

alabaster (nominative singular)
alabastry (nominative plural)
alabastru (genitive singular)
alabastrów (genitive plural)
alabastrowi (dative singular)
alabastrom (dative plural)
alabaster (accusative singular)
alabastry (accusative plural)
alabastrem (instrumental singular)
alabastrami (instrumental plural)
alabastrze (locative singular)
alabastrach (locative plural)
alabastrze (singular vocative)
alabastry (plural vocative)
alabastr (alternative)

kopalnia alabastru

(zrobiony, wykonany) z alabastru

(mineralogy) alabaster (fine-grained white or lightly-tinted variety of gypsum)


bazooka

bazooka (nominative singular)
bazooki (nominative plural)
bazooki (genitive singular)
bazook (genitive plural)
bazooce (dative singular)
bazookom (dative plural)
bazookę (accusative singular)
bazooki (accusative plural)
bazooką (instrumental singular)
bazookami (instrumental plural)
bazooce (locative singular)
bazookach (locative plural)
bazooko (singular vocative)
bazooki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English bazooka.

ubor

(weaponry) bazooka (shoulder-held rocket launcher used as an antitank weapon)


ikona

ikonka (diminutive)
ikona (nominative singular)
ikony (nominative plural)
ikony (genitive singular)
ikon (genitive plural)
ikonie (dative singular)
ikonom (dative plural)
ikonę (accusative singular)
ikony (accusative plural)
ikoną (instrumental singular)
ikonami (instrumental plural)
ikonie (locative singular)
ikonach (locative plural)
ikono (singular vocative)
ikony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Russian ико́на (ikóna), from Greek εικόνα (eikóna), from Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn).

graphical user interface
graphical user interface

(graphical user interface) computer icon


neurotransmiter

neurotransmiter (nominative singular)
neurotransmitery (nominative plural)
neurotransmitera (genitive singular)
neurotransmiterów (genitive plural)
neurotransmiterowi (dative singular)
neurotransmiterom (dative plural)
neurotransmiter (accusative singular)
neurotransmitery (accusative plural)
neurotransmiterem (instrumental singular)
neurotransmiterami (instrumental plural)
neurotransmiterze (locative singular)
neurotransmiterach (locative plural)
neurotransmiterze (singular vocative)
neurotransmitery (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) neuromediator, neurotransmitter


drzewo

pl-noun

drzewo n (diminutive drzewko, related adjective drzewny)

drzewko (diminutive)
drzewny (adjective)
drzewo (nominative singular)
drzewa (nominative plural)
drzewa (genitive singular)
drzew (genitive plural)
drzewu (dative singular)
drzewom (dative plural)
drzewo (accusative singular)
drzewa (accusative plural)
drzewem (instrumental singular)
drzewami (instrumental plural)
drzewie (locative singular)
drzewach (locative plural)
drzewo (singular vocative)
drzewa (plural vocative)

(countable, obsolete, chemistry) tree (mass of crystals, aggregated in arborescent forms, obtained by precipitation of a metal from solution)


mamut

mamut m animal (related adjective mamuci or mamutowy)

mamuci (adjective)
mamutowy (adjective)
mamut (nominative singular)
mamuty (nominative plural)
mamuta (genitive singular)
mamutów (genitive plural)
mamutowi (dative singular)
mamutom (dative plural)
mamuta (accusative singular)
mamuty (accusative plural)
mamutem (instrumental singular)
mamutami (instrumental plural)
mamucie (locative singular)
mamutach (locative plural)
mamucie (singular vocative)
mamuty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: mamùt

Internationalism; compare English mammoth, French mammouth, German Mammut, ultimately from Russian ма́монт (mámont).

(paleontology) mammoth (any elephant-like mammal of the genus Mammuthus)


gen

genowy (adjective)
gen (nominative singular)
geny (nominative plural)
genu (genitive singular)
genów (genitive plural)
genowi (dative singular)
genom (dative plural)
gen (accusative singular)
geny (accusative plural)
genem (instrumental singular)
genami (instrumental plural)
genie (locative singular)
genach (locative plural)
genie (singular vocative)
geny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English gene, French gène, German Gen, ultimately from Ancient Greek γενεᾱ́ (geneā́).

(genetics) gene (theoretical unit of heredity of living organisms; it may take several values and, in principle, predetermines a precise trait of an organism's form (phenotype), such as hair color)


orkan

orkan m inan (related adjective orkanowy)

orkanowy (adjective)
orkan (nominative singular)
orkany (nominative plural)
orkanu (genitive singular)
orkanów (genitive plural)
orkanowi (dative singular)
orkanom (dative plural)
orkan (accusative singular)
orkany (accusative plural)
orkanem (instrumental singular)
orkanami (instrumental plural)
orkanie (locative singular)
orkanach (locative plural)
orkanie (singular vocative)
orkany (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Orkan. Doublet of huragan.

(meteorology) European windstorm (strongest kind of extratropical cyclone occurring across the continent of Europe, associated with areas of low atmospheric pressure)

(meteorology) strong wind with a thunderstorm


astronom

astronom m pers (female equivalent astronom or astronomka)

astronom (feminine)
astronomka (feminine)
astronom (nominative singular)
astronomi (nominative plural)
astronomy (derogatory nominative plural)
astronoma (genitive singular)
astronomów (genitive plural)
astronomowi (dative singular)
astronomom (dative plural)
astronoma (accusative singular)
astronomów (accusative plural)
astronomem (instrumental singular)
astronomami (instrumental plural)
astronomie (locative singular)
astronomach (locative plural)
astronomie (singular vocative)
astronomi (plural vocative)


biblioteka

biblioteka f (diminutive biblioteczka, related adjective biblioteczny)

biblioteczka (diminutive)
biblioteczny (adjective)
biblioteka (nominative singular)
biblioteki (nominative plural)
biblioteki (genitive singular)
bibliotek (genitive plural)
bibliotece (dative singular)
bibliotekom (dative plural)
bibliotekę (accusative singular)
biblioteki (accusative plural)
biblioteką (instrumental singular)
bibliotekami (instrumental plural)
bibliotece (locative singular)
bibliotekach (locative plural)
biblioteko (singular vocative)
biblioteki (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin bibliothēca.

lbor

(programming) library (collection of software routines for a program to use)


masa

masowy (adjective)
masa (nominative singular)
masy (nominative plural)
masy (genitive singular)
mas (genitive plural)
masie (dative singular)
masom (dative plural)
masę (accusative singular)
masy (accusative plural)
masą (instrumental singular)
masami (instrumental plural)
masie (locative singular)
masach (locative plural)
maso (singular vocative)
masy (plural vocative)
massa (alternative)

→ Kashubian: masa

→ Slovincian: masa

Learned borrowing from Latin māssa. First attested in 1534. Compare Silesian masa.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “massa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(countable, physics) mass (quantity of matter which a body contains, irrespective of its bulk or volume. It is one of four fundamental properties of matter)

(electricity) ground (point against which potentials are measured in an electrical or electronic system)

(obsolete, uncountable, metallurgy) a type of greasy sand used in the production of steel castings


gaz

pl-noun

gaz m inan (diminutive gazik, related adjective gazowy)

gazik (diminutive)
gazowy (adjective)
gaz (nominative singular)
gazy (nominative plural)
gazu (genitive singular)
gazów (genitive plural)
gazowi (dative singular)
gazom (dative plural)
gaz (accusative singular)
gazy (accusative plural)
gazem (instrumental singular)
gazami (instrumental plural)
gazie (locative singular)
gazach (locative plural)
gazie (singular vocative)
gazy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: gaz

Borrowed from French gaz. First attested in the end of the 19th century. Compare Silesian gaz.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “gaz”, in Słownik języka polskiego

(countable, chemistry) gas (matter in an intermediate state between liquid and plasma that can be contained only if it is fully surrounded by a solid; chemical element or compound in such a state)


apertura

apertura (nominative singular)
apertury (nominative plural)
apertury (genitive singular)
apertur (genitive plural)
aperturze (dative singular)
aperturom (dative plural)
aperturę (accusative singular)
apertury (accusative plural)
aperturą (instrumental singular)
aperturami (instrumental plural)
aperturze (locative singular)
aperturach (locative plural)
aperturo (singular vocative)
apertury (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English aperture or French aperture, from Latin apertūra.

(optics) aperture (a hole which restricts the diameter of the lightpath through one plane in an optical system)


imago

imago (nominative singular)
imaga (nominative plural)
imagines (nominative plural)
imaga (genitive singular)
imag (genitive plural)
imagu (dative singular)
imagom (dative plural)
imago (accusative singular)
imaga (accusative plural)
imagiem (instrumental singular)
imagami (instrumental plural)
imagu (locative singular)
imagach (locative plural)
imago (singular vocative)
imaga (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English imago, French imago, German Imago, ultimately from Latin imāgō. Doublet of image.

(entomology, lepidopterology) imago (final developmental stage of an insect after undergoing metamorphosis)


ozon

ozon (nominative singular)
ozonu (genitive singular)
ozonowi (dative singular)
ozon (accusative singular)
ozonem (instrumental singular)
ozonie (locative singular)
ozonie (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English ozone, French ozone, German Ozon, ultimately from Ancient Greek ὄζον (ózon).


betatron

betatron (nominative singular)
betatrony (nominative plural)
betatronu (genitive singular)
betatronów (genitive plural)
betatronowi (dative singular)
betatronom (dative plural)
betatron (accusative singular)
betatrony (accusative plural)
betatronem (instrumental singular)
betatronami (instrumental plural)
betatronie (locative singular)
betatronach (locative plural)
betatronie (singular vocative)
betatrony (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English betatron.


skarpeta

skarpetka (diminutive)
skarpeta (nominative singular)
skarpety (nominative plural)
skarpety (genitive singular)
skarpet (genitive plural)
skarpecie (dative singular)
skarpetom (dative plural)
skarpetę (accusative singular)
skarpety (accusative plural)
skarpetą (instrumental singular)
skarpetami (instrumental plural)
skarpecie (locative singular)
skarpetach (locative plural)
skarpeto (singular vocative)
skarpety (plural vocative)

(aviation, informal, meteorology) windsock


płaszcz

płaszczyk (diminutive)
płaszcz (nominative singular)
płaszcze (nominative plural)
płaszcza (genitive singular)
płaszczy (genitive plural)
płaszczów (genitive plural)
płaszczowi (dative singular)
płaszczom (dative plural)
płaszcz (accusative singular)
płaszcze (accusative plural)
płaszczem (instrumental singular)
płaszczami (instrumental plural)
płaszczu (locative singular)
płaszczach (locative plural)
płaszczu (singular vocative)
płaszcze (plural vocative)
płoszcz (alternative)

płaszcz ziemski

płaszcz górny

płaszcz dolny


pulsar

pulsar (nominative singular)
pulsary (nominative plural)
pulsara (genitive singular)
pulsarów (genitive plural)
pulsarowi (dative singular)
pulsarom (dative plural)
pulsar (accusative singular)
pulsary (accusative plural)
pulsarem (instrumental singular)
pulsarami (instrumental plural)
pulsarze (locative singular)
pulsarach (locative plural)
pulsarze (singular vocative)
pulsary (plural vocative)

(astronomy) pulsar (rotating neutron star that emits radio pulses periodically)


magnetar

magnetar (nominative singular)
magnetary (nominative plural)
magnetara (genitive singular)
magnetarów (genitive plural)
magnetarowi (dative singular)
magnetarom (dative plural)
magnetar (accusative singular)
magnetary (accusative plural)
magnetarem (instrumental singular)
magnetarami (instrumental plural)
magnetarze (locative singular)
magnetarach (locative plural)
magnetarze (singular vocative)
magnetary (plural vocative)

(astronomy) magnetar (neutron star or pulsar with an extremely powerful magnetic field, especially those on which starquakes occur, thought to be the source of some gamma-ray bursts)


meteoroid

pl-noun

meteoroid m inan (related adjective meteoroidowy)

meteoroidowy (adjective)
meteoroid (nominative singular)
meteoroidy (nominative plural)
meteoroidu (genitive singular)
meteoroidów (genitive plural)
meteoroidowi (dative singular)
meteoroidom (dative plural)
meteoroid (accusative singular)
meteoroidy (accusative plural)
meteoroidem (instrumental singular)
meteoroidami (instrumental plural)
meteoroidzie (locative singular)
meteoroidach (locative plural)
meteoroidzie (singular vocative)
meteoroidy (plural vocative)

(astronomy) meteoroid (relatively small (sand- to boulder-sized) fragment of debris in a star system that produces a meteor when it hits the atmosphere)

(astronomy) meteor, falling star, shooting star (fast-moving streak of light in the night sky caused by the entry of extraterrestrial matter into the earth's atmosphere; a shooting star or falling star)


marker

marker (nominative singular)
markery (nominative plural)
markera (genitive singular)
markerów (genitive plural)
markerowi (dative singular)
markerom (dative plural)
marker (accusative singular)
markery (accusative plural)
markerem (instrumental singular)
markerami (instrumental plural)
markerze (locative singular)
markerach (locative plural)
markerze (singular vocative)
markery (plural vocative)

(biology) marker (gene or DNA sequence with a known location)


amon

amon (nominative singular)
amony (nominative plural)
amonu (genitive singular)
amonów (genitive plural)
amonowi (dative singular)
amonom (dative plural)
amon (accusative singular)
amony (accusative plural)
amonem (instrumental singular)
amonami (instrumental plural)
amonie (locative singular)
amonach (locative plural)
amonie (singular vocative)
amony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin ammonium, from Latin ammōniacum. First attested in the 19th centeury.

ref

amon in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego


harmonika

harmonika (nominative singular)
harmoniki (nominative plural)
harmoniki (genitive singular)
harmonik (genitive plural)
harmonice (dative singular)
harmonikom (dative plural)
harmonikę (accusative singular)
harmoniki (accusative plural)
harmoniką (instrumental singular)
harmonikami (instrumental plural)
harmonice (locative singular)
harmonikach (locative plural)
harmoniko (singular vocative)
harmoniki (plural vocative)
marmulka (alternative)

Borrowed from German Harmonika, from Latin harmonicus, from Ancient Greek ἁρμονικός (harmonikós).


laptop

pl-noun

laptop m inan or m animal (related adjective laptopowy)

laptop m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
laptopowy (adjective)
laptop (nominative singular)
laptopy (nominative plural)
laptopa (genitive singular)
laptopu (genitive singular)
laptopów (genitive plural)
laptopowi (dative singular)
laptopom (dative plural)
laptop (accusative singular)
laptopa (accusative singular)
laptopy (accusative plural)
laptopem (instrumental singular)
laptopami (instrumental plural)
laptopie (locative singular)
laptopach (locative plural)
laptopie (singular vocative)
laptopy (plural vocative)

(computing) laptop, laptop computer (portable computer that is small enough and light enough to be used on one's lap, but large enough to have an integrated keyboard)


werk

werk (nominative singular)
werki (nominative plural)
werku (genitive singular)
werków (genitive plural)
werkowi (dative singular)
werkom (dative plural)
werk (accusative singular)
werki (accusative plural)
werkiem (instrumental singular)
werkami (instrumental plural)
werku (locative singular)
werkach (locative plural)
werku (singular vocative)
werki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Werk, from Middle High German wërc, from Old High German werc, from Proto-West Germanic *werk, from Proto-Germanic *werką, from Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom. Possibly a doublet of wiersza (“fishing basket”).


ster

ster (nominative singular)
stery (nominative plural)
steru (genitive singular)
sterów (genitive plural)
sterowi (dative singular)
sterom (dative plural)
ster (accusative singular)
stery (accusative plural)
sterem (instrumental singular)
sterami (instrumental plural)
sterze (locative singular)
sterach (locative plural)
sterze (singular vocative)
stery (plural vocative)

(aeronautics) control surface (of an aircraft)


kapot

kapot (nominative singular)
kapoty (nominative plural)
kapotu (genitive singular)
kapotów (genitive plural)
kapotowi (dative singular)
kapotom (dative plural)
kapot (accusative singular)
kapoty (accusative plural)
kapotem (instrumental singular)
kapotami (instrumental plural)
kapocie (locative singular)
kapotach (locative plural)
kapocie (singular vocative)
kapoty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French capot, from Old French capote, diminutive of cape, from Late Latin cappa.

(aviation) cover for protruding elements of the airframe


Ariel

Ariel (nominative singular)
Ariele (nominative plural)
Arile (derogatory nominative plural)
Arila (genitive singular)
Arili (genitive plural)
Arilowi (dative singular)
Arilom (dative plural)
Arila (accusative singular)
Arili (accusative plural)
Arilem (instrumental singular)
Arilami (instrumental plural)
Arilu (locative singular)
Arilach (locative plural)
Arilu (singular vocative)
Ariele (plural vocative)

(astronomy) Ariel (brightest moon of the planet Uranus)


plastron

plastron (nominative singular)
plastrony (nominative plural)
plastronu (genitive singular)
plastronów (genitive plural)
plastronowi (dative singular)
plastronom (dative plural)
plastron (accusative singular)
plastrony (accusative plural)
plastronem (instrumental singular)
plastronami (instrumental plural)
plastronie (locative singular)
plastronach (locative plural)
plastronie (singular vocative)
plastrony (plural vocative)

(biology) plastron (film of air trapped by specialized hairs against the body of an aquatic insect, and which acts as an external gill)


-ol

-ol (nominative singular)
-ole (nominative plural)
-ola (genitive singular)
-oli (genitive plural)
-olowi (dative singular)
-olom (dative plural)
-ola (accusative singular)
-oli (accusative plural)
-olem (instrumental singular)
-olami (instrumental plural)
-olu (locative singular)
-olach (locative plural)
-olu (singular vocative)
-ole (plural vocative)

(organic chemistry) forms names of alcohols


kosa

kosa (nominative singular)
kosy (nominative plural)
kosy (genitive singular)
kos (genitive plural)
kosie (dative singular)
kosom (dative plural)
kosę (accusative singular)
kosy (accusative plural)
kosą (instrumental singular)
kosami (instrumental plural)
kosie (locative singular)
kosach (locative plural)
koso (singular vocative)
kosy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish kosa, from Proto-Slavic *kosa.

(geography) spit that extends into the deep sea, instead of closing off a lagoon


Altair

(astronomy) Altair (white main-sequence star)


beeper

beeper (nominative singular)
beepery (nominative plural)
beepera (genitive singular)
beeperów (genitive plural)
beeperowi (dative singular)
beeperom (dative plural)
beeper (accusative singular)
beepery (accusative plural)
beeperem (instrumental singular)
beeperami (instrumental plural)
beeperze (locative singular)
beeperach (locative plural)
beeperze (singular vocative)
beepery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English beeper.

(electronics, telecommunications) Alternative spelling of biper


inhibitor

inhibitor (nominative singular)
inhibitory (nominative plural)
inhibitora (genitive singular)
inhibitorów (genitive plural)
inhibitorowi (dative singular)
inhibitorom (dative plural)
inhibitor (accusative singular)
inhibitory (accusative plural)
inhibitorem (instrumental singular)
inhibitorami (instrumental plural)
inhibitorze (locative singular)
inhibitorach (locative plural)
inhibitorze (singular vocative)
inhibitory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English inhibitor, French inhibiteur, German Inhibitor.


restart

restart (nominative singular)
restarty (nominative plural)
restartu (genitive singular)
restartów (genitive plural)
restartowi (dative singular)
restartom (dative plural)
restart (accusative singular)
restarty (accusative plural)
restartem (instrumental singular)
restartami (instrumental plural)
restarcie (locative singular)
restartach (locative plural)
restarcie (singular vocative)
restarty (plural vocative)

(computing) restart (act of restarting a computer)


kreda

kreda (nominative singular)
kredy (nominative plural)
kredy (genitive singular)
kred (genitive plural)
kredzie (dative singular)
kredom (dative plural)
kredę (accusative singular)
kredy (accusative plural)
kredą (instrumental singular)
kredami (instrumental plural)
kredzie (locative singular)
kredach (locative plural)
kredo (singular vocative)
kredy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Kreide, from Middle High German krīde, from Old High German krīda, from Vulgar Latin *crēda, from Latin crēta. Doublet of Kreta.


Enceladus

Enceladus (nominative singular)
Enceladusi (nominative plural)
Enceladusy (derogatory nominative plural)
Enceladusa (genitive singular)
Enceladusów (genitive plural)
Enceladusowi (dative singular)
Enceladusom (dative plural)
Enceladusa (accusative singular)
Enceladusów (accusative plural)
Enceladusem (instrumental singular)
Enceladusami (instrumental plural)
Enceladusie (locative singular)
Enceladusach (locative plural)
Enceladusie (singular vocative)
Enceladusi (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἐγκέλαδος (Enkélados).


stela

stela (nominative singular)
stele (nominative plural)
steli (genitive singular)
stel (genitive plural)
steli (dative singular)
stelom (dative plural)
stelę (accusative singular)
stele (accusative plural)
stelą (instrumental singular)
stelami (instrumental plural)
steli (locative singular)
stelach (locative plural)
stelo (singular vocative)
stele (plural vocative)

(botany) stele (central core of the root and shoot system)


autopilot

autopilot (nominative singular)
autopiloty (nominative plural)
autopilota (genitive singular)
autopilotów (genitive plural)
autopilotowi (dative singular)
autopilotom (dative plural)
autopilota (accusative singular)
autopiloty (accusative plural)
autopilotem (instrumental singular)
autopilotami (instrumental plural)
autopilocie (locative singular)
autopilotach (locative plural)
autopilocie (singular vocative)
autopiloty (plural vocative)

From auto- + pilot. First attested in 1927.

(aviation, nautical, navigation, technology) autopilot


cel

cel (nominative singular)
cele (nominative plural)
celu (genitive singular)
celi (genitive plural)
celów (genitive plural)
celowi (dative singular)
celom (dative plural)
cel (accusative singular)
cele (accusative plural)
celem (instrumental singular)
celami (instrumental plural)
celu (locative singular)
celach (locative plural)
celu (singular vocative)
cele (plural vocative)
cyl (alternative)
czel (alternative)

→ Belarusian: цэль (celʹ)

→ Esperanto: celo

→ Kashubian: cél

→ Slovincian: cél

→ Russian: цель (celʹ)

→ Ukrainian: ціль (cilʹ)

Inherited from Old Polish cel. Compare German Ziel.

(archaic, firearms) foresight (front sight of a rifle)


symbiont

symbiont (nominative singular)
symbionty (nominative plural)
symbiontu (genitive singular)
symbiontów (genitive plural)
symbiontowi (dative singular)
symbiontom (dative plural)
symbiont (accusative singular)
symbionty (accusative plural)
symbiontem (instrumental singular)
symbiontami (instrumental plural)
symbioncie (locative singular)
symbiontach (locative plural)
symbioncie (singular vocative)
symbionty (plural vocative)


soliton

soliton (nominative singular)
solitony (nominative plural)
solitonu (genitive singular)
solitonów (genitive plural)
solitonowi (dative singular)
solitonom (dative plural)
soliton (accusative singular)
solitony (accusative plural)
solitonem (instrumental singular)
solitonami (instrumental plural)
solitonie (locative singular)
solitonach (locative plural)
solitonie (singular vocative)
solitony (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English soliton, French soliton, Italian solitone.


Bluetooth

Unadapted borrowing from English Bluetooth, a calque from Old Norse Blátǫnn.

ubor

(networking) Bluetooth (personal area wireless network)


tutaj

Inherited from Old Polish tuta, influenced by dzisiaj and wczoraj. Compare Silesian tukej, Russian тут (tut).

(colloquial, telephony) used by the speaker to introduce themselves on the telephone; speaking


benzofuran

benzofuran (nominative singular)
benzofuranu (genitive singular)
benzofuranowi (dative singular)
benzofuran (accusative singular)
benzofuranem (instrumental singular)
benzofuranie (locative singular)
benzofuranie (singular vocative)


huta

huta (nominative singular)
huty (nominative plural)
huty (genitive singular)
hut (genitive plural)
hucie (dative singular)
hutom (dative plural)
hutę (accusative singular)
huty (accusative plural)
hutą (instrumental singular)
hutami (instrumental plural)
hucie (locative singular)
hutach (locative plural)
huto (singular vocative)
huty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Hütte, from Middle High German hütte, from Old High German hutta, possibly from Proto-Germanic *hudjǭ.


kosz

koszyk (diminutive)
kosz (nominative singular)
kosze (nominative plural)
kosza (genitive singular)
koszy (genitive plural)
koszów (genitive plural)
koszowi (dative singular)
koszom (dative plural)
kosz (accusative singular)
kosze (accusative plural)
koszem (instrumental singular)
koszami (instrumental plural)
koszu (locative singular)
koszach (locative plural)
koszu (singular vocative)
kosze (plural vocative)


tarka

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *tьrka. By surface analysis, trzeć + -ka.


chloroform

pl-noun

chloroform m inan (related adjective chloroformowy)

chloroformowy (adjective)
chloroform (nominative singular)
chloroformu (genitive singular)
chloroformowi (dative singular)
chloroform (accusative singular)
chloroformem (instrumental singular)
chloroformie (locative singular)
chloroformie (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English chloroform, French chloroforme, German Chloroform.


mol

mol m inan (related adjective molowy or molalny)

molowy (adjective)
molalny (adjective)
mol (nominative singular)
mole (nominative plural)
mola (genitive singular)
moli (genitive plural)
molowi (dative singular)
molom (dative plural)
mol (accusative singular)
mole (accusative plural)
molem (instrumental singular)
molami (instrumental plural)
molu (locative singular)
molach (locative plural)
molu (singular vocative)
mole (plural vocative)

(chemistry, physics) mole (unit of amount)

(chemistry, physics) gram molecule (amount of a compound whose mass in grams is that of its molecular weight)


potok

potoczek (diminutive)
potok (nominative singular)
potoki (nominative plural)
potoku (genitive singular)
potoków (genitive plural)
potokowi (dative singular)
potokom (dative plural)
potok (accusative singular)
potoki (accusative plural)
potokiem (instrumental singular)
potokami (instrumental plural)
potoku (locative singular)
potokach (locative plural)
potoku (singular vocative)
potoki (plural vocative)


baran

baran m animal (diminutive baranek, augmentative baranisko, related adjective barani)

baranek (diminutive)
baranisko (augmentative)
barani (adjective)
baran (nominative singular)
barany (nominative plural)
barana (genitive singular)
baranów (genitive plural)
baranowi (dative singular)
baranom (dative plural)
barana (accusative singular)
barany (accusative plural)
baranem (instrumental singular)
baranami (instrumental plural)
baranie (locative singular)
baranach (locative plural)
baranie (singular vocative)
barany (plural vocative)
barón (alternative)
baron (alternative)

(obsolete, engineering) pile driver (machine for forcing a pile, a long beam, into the ground)


kil

kilowy (adjective)
kil (nominative singular)
kile (nominative plural)
kila (genitive singular)
kilu (genitive singular)
kili (genitive plural)
kilowi (dative singular)
kilom (dative plural)
kil (accusative singular)
kile (accusative plural)
kilem (instrumental singular)
kilami (instrumental plural)
kilu (locative singular)
kilach (locative plural)
kilu (singular vocative)
kile (plural vocative)

(aeronautics) keel (construction similar in form and use to a ship's keel; in an aeroplane, a fin or fixed surface employed to increase stability and to hold the machine to its course)

(zoology) keel (periphery of a whorl extended to form a more or less flattened plate; a prominent spiral ridge)


receptor

receptor (nominative singular)
receptorzy (nominative plural)
receptory (derogatory nominative plural)
receptora (genitive singular)
receptorów (genitive plural)
receptorowi (dative singular)
receptorom (dative plural)
receptora (accusative singular)
receptorów (accusative plural)
receptorem (instrumental singular)
receptorami (instrumental plural)
receptorze (locative singular)
receptorach (locative plural)
receptorze (singular vocative)
receptorzy (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, medicine) sensory receptor (protein on a cell wall that responds to sensory stimuli)

(biology) receptor (any specialized cell or structure that responds to sensory stimuli)


liść

listek (diminutive)
liść (nominative singular)
liście (nominative plural)
liścia (genitive singular)
liści (genitive plural)
liściowi (dative singular)
liściom (dative plural)
liść (accusative singular)
liście (accusative plural)
liściem (instrumental singular)
liśćmi (instrumental plural)
liściu (locative singular)
liściach (locative plural)
liściu (singular vocative)
liście (plural vocative)

Back-formation of liście, from Proto-Slavic *listьje (“foliage”), from *listъ (“leaf”), whence list (“letter”).


fala

falowy (adjective)
fala (nominative singular)
fale (nominative plural)
fali (genitive singular)
fal (genitive plural)
fali (dative singular)
falom (dative plural)
falę (accusative singular)
fale (accusative plural)
falą (instrumental singular)
falami (instrumental plural)
fali (locative singular)
falach (locative plural)
falo (singular vocative)
fale (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: хва́ля (xválja)

→ Ukrainian: хви́ля (xvýlja)

Borrowed from German Welle. First attested in 1594. Displaced wełn.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “fala”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(physics) wave (moving disturbance in the energy level of a field)

(physics) wave (moving disturbance in a field)


taon

taon (nominative singular)
taony (nominative plural)
taonu (genitive singular)
taonów (genitive plural)
taonowi (dative singular)
taonom (dative plural)
taon (accusative singular)
taony (accusative plural)
taonem (instrumental singular)
taonami (instrumental plural)
taonie (locative singular)
taonach (locative plural)
taonie (singular vocative)
taony (plural vocative)


sonda

sonda (nominative singular)
sondy (nominative plural)
sondy (genitive singular)
sond (genitive plural)
sondzie (dative singular)
sondom (dative plural)
sondę (accusative singular)
sondy (accusative plural)
sondą (instrumental singular)
sondami (instrumental plural)
sondzie (locative singular)
sondach (locative plural)
sondo (singular vocative)
sondy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French sonde, from Middle French, from Old French sonde, from Old English sund, from Proto-Germanic *sundą, from Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)-.


planetarium

planetarium (nominative singular)
planetaria (nominative plural)
planetarium (genitive singular)
planetariów (genitive plural)
planetarium (dative singular)
planetariom (dative plural)
planetarium (accusative singular)
planetaria (accusative plural)
planetarium (instrumental singular)
planetariami (instrumental plural)
planetarium (locative singular)
planetariach (locative plural)
planetarium (singular vocative)
planetaria (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English planetarium, from New Latin planētārium.

(astronomy) planetarium (museum which displays images of space)


moc

moc (nominative singular)
moce (nominative plural)
mocy (genitive singular)
mocy (genitive plural)
mocy (dative singular)
mocom (dative plural)
moc (accusative singular)
moce (accusative plural)
mocą (instrumental singular)
mocami (instrumental plural)
mocy (locative singular)
mocach (locative plural)
mocy (singular vocative)
moce (plural vocative)

(uncountable, physics, mechanics) power, strength (measure of the effectiveness that a force producing a physical effect has over time)


winda

windowy (adjective)
winda (nominative singular)
windy (nominative plural)
windy (genitive singular)
wind (genitive plural)
windzie (dative singular)
windom (dative plural)
windę (accusative singular)
windy (accusative plural)
windą (instrumental singular)
windami (instrumental plural)
windzie (locative singular)
windach (locative plural)
windo (singular vocative)
windy (plural vocative)

(mechanics) elevator, lift (permanent construction with a built-in platform or cab that can be raised and lowered, used to transport people and goods, as between different floors of a building)


ruda

ruda (nominative singular)
rudy (nominative plural)
rudy (genitive singular)
rud (genitive plural)
rudzie (dative singular)
rudom (dative plural)
rudę (accusative singular)
rudy (accusative plural)
rudą (instrumental singular)
rudami (instrumental plural)
rudzie (locative singular)
rudach (locative plural)
rudo (singular vocative)
rudy (plural vocative)


mada

madowy (adjective)
mada (nominative singular)
mady (nominative plural)
mady (genitive singular)
mad (genitive plural)
madzie (dative singular)
madom (dative plural)
madę (accusative singular)
mady (accusative plural)
madą (instrumental singular)
madami (instrumental plural)
madzie (locative singular)
madach (locative plural)
mado (singular vocative)
mady (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Perhaps borrowed from German Mud, from Middle Low German mudde. Per Trubachyov inherited from Proto-Slavic *mada, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d-.


jagoda

pl-noun

jagoda f (diminutive jagódka, related adjective jagodowy)

jagódka (diminutive)
jagodowy (adjective)
jagoda (nominative singular)
jagody (nominative plural)
jagody (genitive singular)
jagód (genitive plural)
jagodzie (dative singular)
jagodom (dative plural)
jagodę (accusative singular)
jagody (accusative plural)
jagodą (instrumental singular)
jagodami (instrumental plural)
jagodzie (locative singular)
jagodach (locative plural)
jagodo (singular vocative)
jagody (plural vocative)

(botany) berry (small succulent fruit, of any one of many varieties)


ciało

ciało n (diminutive ciałko, augmentative cielsko, related adjective cielesny)

ciałko (diminutive)
cielsko (augmentative)
cielesny (adjective)
ciało (nominative singular)
ciała (nominative plural)
ciała (genitive singular)
ciał (genitive plural)
ciału (dative singular)
ciałom (dative plural)
ciało (accusative singular)
ciała (accusative plural)
ciałem (instrumental singular)
ciałami (instrumental plural)
ciele (locative singular)
ciałach (locative plural)
ciało (singular vocative)
ciała (plural vocative)
ciele (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish ciało. Sense 5 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) and Latin corpus. Sense 6 is a semantic loan from Latin corpus. Sense 7 is a semantic loan from French corps.

sl

(countable, chemistry, physics) body (object with specific physical or chemical properties)


altocumulus

altocumulus m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
altocumulus (nominative singular)
altocumulusy (nominative plural)
altocumulusa (genitive singular)
altocumulusów (genitive plural)
altocumulusowi (dative singular)
altocumulusom (dative plural)
altocumulus (accusative singular)
altocumulusy (accusative plural)
altocumulusem (instrumental singular)
altocumulusami (instrumental plural)
altocumulusie (locative singular)
altocumulusach (locative plural)
altocumulusie (singular vocative)
altocumulusy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English altocumulus. Ultimately from Latin altō + cumulus. First attested in 1895.

ref

Rozprawy Akademii Umieje̜tności Matematyczno-Przyrodniczy (in Polish), volume 7, 1895

chmura altocumulus


altostratus

altostratus m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
altostratus (nominative singular)
altostratusy (nominative plural)
altostratusa (genitive singular)
altostratusów (genitive plural)
altostratusowi (dative singular)
altostratusom (dative plural)
altostratus (accusative singular)
altostratusy (accusative plural)
altostratusem (instrumental singular)
altostratusami (instrumental plural)
altostratusie (locative singular)
altostratusach (locative plural)
altostratusie (singular vocative)
altostratusy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English altostratus. Ultimately from Latin altō + strātus. First attested in 1893.

Sprawozdania (in Polish), volume 30, 1893, page 267


cirrus

cirrus (nominative singular)
cirrusy (nominative plural)
cirrusa (genitive singular)
cirrusów (genitive plural)
cirrusowi (dative singular)
cirrusom (dative plural)
cirrusa (accusative singular)
cirrusy (accusative plural)
cirrusem (instrumental singular)
cirrusami (instrumental plural)
cirrusie (locative singular)
cirrusach (locative plural)
cirrusie (singular vocative)
cirrusy (plural vocative)


armatura

pl-noun

armatura f (related adjective armaturowy)

armaturowy (adjective)
armatura (nominative singular)
armatury (genitive singular)
armaturze (dative singular)
armaturę (accusative singular)
armaturą (instrumental singular)
armaturze (locative singular)
armaturo (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin armātūra. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from German Armatur and sense 2 is a semantic loan from Italian armatura.

sl

(engineering) fixture, faucet, valve or tap, most prominently of a washbasin or sink


kolor

kolorek (diminutive)
kolor (nominative singular)
kolory (nominative plural)
koloru (genitive singular)
kolorów (genitive plural)
kolorowi (dative singular)
kolorom (dative plural)
kolor (accusative singular)
kolory (accusative plural)
kolorem (instrumental singular)
kolorami (instrumental plural)
kolorze (locative singular)
kolorach (locative plural)
kolorze (singular vocative)
kolory (plural vocative)


Helena

Helenka (diminutive)
Hela (diminutive)
Helena (nominative singular)
Heleny (nominative plural)
Heleny (genitive singular)
Helen (genitive plural)
Helenie (dative singular)
Helenom (dative plural)
Helenę (accusative singular)
Heleny (accusative plural)
Heleną (instrumental singular)
Helenami (instrumental plural)
Helenie (locative singular)
Helenach (locative plural)
Heleno (singular vocative)
Heleny (plural vocative)

(uncountable, astronomy) Helene (moon of Saturn)


telomer

telomer (nominative singular)
telomery (nominative plural)
telomeru (genitive singular)
telomerów (genitive plural)
telomerowi (dative singular)
telomerom (dative plural)
telomer (accusative singular)
telomery (accusative plural)
telomerem (instrumental singular)
telomerami (instrumental plural)
telomerze (locative singular)
telomerach (locative plural)
telomerze (singular vocative)
telomery (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek τέλος (télos) + μέρος (méros).

(genetics) telomere (either of the sequences of DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome)

(chemistry) telomer (extremely small polymer)


reforming

reforming (nominative singular)
reformingu (genitive singular)
reformingowi (dative singular)
reforming (accusative singular)
reformingiem (instrumental singular)
reformingu (locative singular)
reformingu (singular vocative)

(chemistry) reforming (catalytic process, whereby short-chain molecules are combined to make larger ones; used in the petrochemical industry)


Miranda

Miranda (nominative singular)
Mirandy (nominative plural)
Mirandy (genitive singular)
Mirand (genitive plural)
Mirandzie (dative singular)
Mirandom (dative plural)
Mirandę (accusative singular)
Mirandy (accusative plural)
Mirandą (instrumental singular)
Mirandami (instrumental plural)
Mirandzie (locative singular)
Mirandach (locative plural)
Mirando (singular vocative)
Mirandy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Miranda.

ubor

(astronomy) Miranda (one of the moons of Uranus)


Umbriel

Umbriel (nominative singular)
Umbriele (nominative plural)
Umbrile (derogatory nominative plural)
Umbrila (genitive singular)
Umbrili (genitive plural)
Umbrilowi (dative singular)
Umbrilom (dative plural)
Umbrila (accusative singular)
Umbrili (accusative plural)
Umbrilem (instrumental singular)
Umbrilami (instrumental plural)
Umbrilu (locative singular)
Umbrilach (locative plural)
Umbrilu (singular vocative)
Umbriele (plural vocative)


kość

pl-noun

kość f (diminutive kostka, augmentative kościsko, related adjective kostny)

kostka (diminutive)
kościsko (augmentative)
kostny (adjective)
kość (nominative singular)
kości (nominative plural)
kości (genitive singular)
kości (genitive plural)
kości (dative singular)
kościom (dative plural)
kość (accusative singular)
kości (accusative plural)
kością (instrumental singular)
kośćmi (instrumental plural)
kościami (instrumental plural)
kości (locative singular)
kościach (locative plural)
kości (singular vocative)
kości (plural vocative)

(colloquial, computing, electronics) chip, microchip, computer chip, integrated circuit (small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors)


teflon

teflon m inan (related adjective teflonowy)

teflonowy (adjective)
teflon (nominative singular)
teflonu (genitive singular)
teflonowi (dative singular)
teflon (accusative singular)
teflonem (instrumental singular)
teflonie (locative singular)
teflonie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Teflon. Genericized trademark.

(organic chemistry) teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE


blok

bloczek (diminutive)
blok (nominative singular)
bloki (nominative plural)
bloku (genitive singular)
bloków (genitive plural)
blokowi (dative singular)
blokom (dative plural)
blok (accusative singular)
bloki (accusative plural)
blokiem (instrumental singular)
blokami (instrumental plural)
bloku (locative singular)
blokach (locative plural)
bloku (singular vocative)
bloki (plural vocative)
bloch (alternative)

Borrowed from German Block. Sense 8 is a semantic loan from English code block, sense 9 is a semantic loan from English block, sense 10 is a semantic loan from English heart block, and sense 11 is a semantic loan from English engine block. First attested in 1782.

sl

(computing) code block (block of source code, often one that is delimited by brackets or in some similar way, depending on the programming language)


emulator

emulator (nominative singular)
emulatory (nominative plural)
emulatora (genitive singular)
emulatorów (genitive plural)
emulatorowi (dative singular)
emulatorom (dative plural)
emulator (accusative singular)
emulatory (accusative plural)
emulatorem (instrumental singular)
emulatorami (instrumental plural)
emulatorze (locative singular)
emulatorach (locative plural)
emulatorze (singular vocative)
emulatory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English emulator, French émulateur, German Emulator, ultimately from Latin aemulātor.

(computing) emulator (piece of software or hardware that simulates another system)


dokument

pl-noun

dokument m inan (diminutive dokumencik, related adjective dokumentowy)

dokumencik (diminutive)
dokumentowy (adjective)
dokument (nominative singular)
dokumenty (nominative plural)
dokumenta (nominative plural)
dokumentu (genitive singular)
dokumentów (genitive plural)
dokumentowi (dative singular)
dokumentom (dative plural)
dokument (accusative singular)
dokumenty (accusative plural)
dokumenta (accusative plural)
dokumentem (instrumental singular)
dokumentami (instrumental plural)
dokumencie (locative singular)
dokumentach (locative plural)
dokumencie (singular vocative)
dokumenty (plural vocative)
dokumenta (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: dokùment

Learned borrowing from Latin documentum. First attested in 1564. Compare Silesian dokumynt.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “dokument”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(computing) document (file that contains text)


sandr

pl-noun

sandr m inan (related adjective sandrowy)

sandrowy (adjective)
sandr (nominative singular)
sandry (nominative plural)
sandru (genitive singular)
sandrów (genitive plural)
sandrowi (dative singular)
sandrom (dative plural)
sandr (accusative singular)
sandry (accusative plural)
sandrem (instrumental singular)
sandrami (instrumental plural)
sandrze (locative singular)
sandrach (locative plural)
sandrze (singular vocative)
sandry (plural vocative)
zandr (alternative)

(geology) sandur (plain created by the outwash of glacial meltwater)


paternoster

paternoster (nominative singular)
paternostery (nominative plural)
paternosteru (genitive singular)
paternosterów (genitive plural)
paternosterowi (dative singular)
paternosterom (dative plural)
paternoster (accusative singular)
paternostery (accusative plural)
paternosterem (instrumental singular)
paternosterami (instrumental plural)
paternosterze (locative singular)
paternosterach (locative plural)
paternosterze (singular vocative)
paternostery (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Pater noster.

lbor

(mechanics) paternoster (slow, continuously moving lift or elevator consisting of a loop of open-fronted cabins running the height of a building)


krater

krater (nominative singular)
kratery (nominative plural)
krateru (genitive singular)
kraterów (genitive plural)
kraterowi (dative singular)
kraterom (dative plural)
krater (accusative singular)
kratery (accusative plural)
kraterem (instrumental singular)
kraterami (instrumental plural)
kraterze (locative singular)
kraterach (locative plural)
kraterze (singular vocative)
kratery (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English crater, French cratère, German Krater, ultimately from Latin crātēr, from Ancient Greek κρατήρ (kratḗr).


realgar

realgar (nominative singular)
realgary (nominative plural)
realgaru (genitive singular)
realgarów (genitive plural)
realgarowi (dative singular)
realgarom (dative plural)
realgar (accusative singular)
realgary (accusative plural)
realgarem (instrumental singular)
realgarami (instrumental plural)
realgarze (locative singular)
realgarach (locative plural)
realgarze (singular vocative)
realgary (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin realgar, from Arabic رَهْج اَلْغَار (rahj al-ḡār).

der

رَهْج اَلْغَار


membrana

membrana (nominative singular)
membrany (nominative plural)
membrany (genitive singular)
membran (genitive plural)
membranie (dative singular)
membranom (dative plural)
membranę (accusative singular)
membrany (accusative plural)
membraną (instrumental singular)
membranami (instrumental plural)
membranie (locative singular)
membranach (locative plural)
membrano (singular vocative)
membrany (plural vocative)

(mechanics) membrane (mechanical part that can deform or vibrate when excited by an external force)


mira

mira (nominative singular)
miry (nominative plural)
miry (genitive singular)
mir (genitive plural)
mirze (dative singular)
mirom (dative plural)
mirę (accusative singular)
miry (accusative plural)
mirą (instrumental singular)
mirami (instrumental plural)
mirze (locative singular)
mirach (locative plural)
miro (singular vocative)
miry (plural vocative)

(astronomy, geodesy) reference point for azimuth measurements


protoplast

protoplast (nominative singular)
protoplasty (nominative plural)
protoplastu (genitive singular)
protoplastów (genitive plural)
protoplastowi (dative singular)
protoplastom (dative plural)
protoplast (accusative singular)
protoplasty (accusative plural)
protoplastem (instrumental singular)
protoplastami (instrumental plural)
protoplaście (locative singular)
protoplastach (locative plural)
protoplaście (singular vocative)
protoplasty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos).

lbor

πρωτόπλαστος

(biology) protoplast (contents of a plant cell)


roaming

roaming (nominative singular)
roamingu (genitive singular)
roamingowi (dative singular)
roaming (accusative singular)
roamingiem (instrumental singular)
roamingu (locative singular)
roamingu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English roaming.

ubor

(computing, telecommunications) roaming (using a cell phone outside of its original registering zone)


SEM

siła elektromotoryczna
siła elektromotoryczna#Polish

(physics) Initialism of siła elektromotoryczna (“electromotive force”).


genom

genom (nominative singular)
genomy (nominative plural)
genomu (genitive singular)
genomów (genitive plural)
genomowi (dative singular)
genomom (dative plural)
genom (accusative singular)
genomy (accusative plural)
genomem (instrumental singular)
genomami (instrumental plural)
genomie (locative singular)
genomach (locative plural)
genomie (singular vocative)
genomy (plural vocative)

(genetics) genome (complete genetic information (either DNA or, in some viruses, RNA) of an organism)


kasta

kastowy (adjective)
kasta (nominative singular)
kasty (nominative plural)
kasty (genitive singular)
kast (genitive plural)
kaście (dative singular)
kastom (dative plural)
kastę (accusative singular)
kasty (accusative plural)
kastą (instrumental singular)
kastami (instrumental plural)
kaście (locative singular)
kastach (locative plural)
kasto (singular vocative)
kasty (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English caste, French caste, German Kaste, ultimately from Portuguese casta.

(zoology) caste (class of polymorphous eusocial insects of a particular size and function within a colony)


Oberon

Oberon (nominative singular)
Oberoni (nominative plural)
Oberony (derogatory nominative plural)
Oberona (genitive singular)
Oberonów (genitive plural)
Oberonowi (dative singular)
Oberonom (dative plural)
Oberona (accusative singular)
Oberonów (accusative plural)
Oberonem (instrumental singular)
Oberonami (instrumental plural)
Oberonie (locative singular)
Oberonach (locative plural)
Oberonie (singular vocative)
Oberoni (plural vocative)

(astronomy) Oberon (outermost major moon of Uranus)


adsorbent

adsorbent (nominative singular)
adsorbenty (nominative plural)
adsorbentu (genitive singular)
adsorbentów (genitive plural)
adsorbentowi (dative singular)
adsorbentom (dative plural)
adsorbent (accusative singular)
adsorbenty (accusative plural)
adsorbentem (instrumental singular)
adsorbentami (instrumental plural)
adsorbencie (locative singular)
adsorbentach (locative plural)
adsorbencie (singular vocative)
adsorbenty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English adsorbent, from Latin ad- + sorbeō. First attested in 1910.

ref

adsorbent in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

adsorbent mikroporowaty

powierzchnia adsorbentu

(chemistry, physics) adsorbent (the solid or liquid in the process of adsorption on which the adsorbate accumulates)


glob

globowy (adjective)
glob (nominative singular)
globy (nominative plural)
globu (genitive singular)
globów (genitive plural)
globowi (dative singular)
globom (dative plural)
glob (accusative singular)
globy (accusative plural)
globem (instrumental singular)
globami (instrumental plural)
globie (locative singular)
globach (locative plural)
globie (singular vocative)
globy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French globe. Doublet of globus.

(countable, astronomy) globe, planet (large celestial body belonging to a planetary system)


adrenalina

adrenalina (nominative singular)
adrenaliny (genitive singular)
adrenalinie (dative singular)
adrenalinę (accusative singular)
adrenaliną (instrumental singular)
adrenalinie (locative singular)
adrenalino (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French adrénaline, from English adrenalina, from Latin ad- + Latin rēnālis + -ina, coined by Japanese chemist Takamine Jōkichi in 1901. Genericized trademark. First attested in 1901.

coin

(biochemistry) adrenaline (epinephrine, the hormone and neurotransmitter)


alternator

alternator (nominative singular)
alternatory (nominative plural)
alternatora (genitive singular)
alternatorów (genitive plural)
alternatorowi (dative singular)
alternatorom (dative plural)
alternator (accusative singular)
alternatory (accusative plural)
alternatorem (instrumental singular)
alternatorami (instrumental plural)
alternatorze (locative singular)
alternatorach (locative plural)
alternatorze (singular vocative)
alternatory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English alternator, from Latin alternō. First attested in 1892.

ref

Józef Jerzy Boguski (1892) Wstęp do elektrotechniki : odczyty wygłoszone na posiedzeniach Sekcyi 1-ej technicznej Warszawskiego Tow. popierania przemysłu i handlu. Cz. 1 (in Polish), page III

alternator in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

zacisk alternatora

electrical engineering
electrical engineering

(electrical engineering) alternator (electric generator which produces alternating current through mechanical means)


adular

adular (nominative singular)
adulary (nominative plural)
adularu (genitive singular)
adularów (genitive plural)
adularowi (dative singular)
adularom (dative plural)
adular (accusative singular)
adulary (accusative plural)
adularem (instrumental singular)
adularami (instrumental plural)
adularze (locative singular)
adularach (locative plural)
adularze (singular vocative)
adulary (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Adular. First attested in 1827.

Ignacy Jakowicki (1827) Wykład oryktognozyi i początków geognozyi, page 119


muł

muł (nominative singular)
muły (nominative plural)
mułu (genitive singular)
mułów (genitive plural)
mułowi (dative singular)
mułom (dative plural)
muł (accusative singular)
muły (accusative plural)
mułem (instrumental singular)
mułami (instrumental plural)
mule (locative singular)
mułach (locative plural)
mule (singular vocative)
muły (plural vocative)

(geology) silt, slitch (mud or fine earth deposited from running or standing water)

szlam i muł

(geology) slime, sludge, slurry (natural muddy sediment accumulating on the bottom and banks of water bodies)


asfalten

asfalten (nominative singular)
asfalteny (nominative plural)
asfaltenu (genitive singular)
asfaltenów (genitive plural)
asfaltenowi (dative singular)
asfaltenom (dative plural)
asfalten (accusative singular)
asfalteny (accusative plural)
asfaltenem (instrumental singular)
asfaltenami (instrumental plural)
asfaltenie (locative singular)
asfaltenach (locative plural)
asfaltenie (singular vocative)
asfalteny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English asphaltene.


balas

balasek (diminutive)
balas (nominative singular)
balasy (nominative plural)
balasa (genitive singular)
balasów (genitive plural)
balasowi (dative singular)
balasom (dative plural)
balas (accusative singular)
balasy (accusative plural)
balasem (instrumental singular)
balasami (instrumental plural)
balasie (locative singular)
balasach (locative plural)
balasie (singular vocative)
balasy (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, gemology) type of red gemstone


acetat

acetat (nominative singular)
acetaty (nominative plural)
acetatu (genitive singular)
acetatów (genitive plural)
acetatowi (dative singular)
acetatom (dative plural)
acetat (accusative singular)
acetaty (accusative plural)
acetatem (instrumental singular)
acetatami (instrumental plural)
acetacie (locative singular)
acetatach (locative plural)
acetacie (singular vocative)
acetaty (plural vocative)

From Latin acētum + -at. First attested in 1862.

Maurycy Hryszkiewicz (1862) Przyjaciel domu homeopata, udzielający dobrą poradę we wszelkich chorobach i dolegliwościach ludzkich : ułożony szczególnie dla wieśniaków (in Polish), page 28

(organic chemistry) acetate (any ester or salt of acetic acid)


przykład

pl-noun

przykład m inan (diminutive przykładzik or przykładek)

przykładzik (diminutive)
przykładek (diminutive)
przykład (nominative singular)
przykłady (nominative plural)
przykładu (genitive singular)
przykładów (genitive plural)
przykładowi (dative singular)
przykładom (dative plural)
przykład (accusative singular)
przykłady (accusative plural)
przykładem (instrumental singular)
przykładami (instrumental plural)
przykładzie (locative singular)
przykładach (locative plural)
przykładzie (singular vocative)
przykłady (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: пры́клад (prýklad)

→ Kashubian: przëkłôd

→ Ukrainian: при́клад (prýklad)

Inherited from Old Polish przykład. By surface analysis, deverbal of przykładać.


osad

osad (nominative singular)
osady (nominative plural)
osadu (genitive singular)
osadów (genitive plural)
osadowi (dative singular)
osadom (dative plural)
osad (accusative singular)
osady (accusative plural)
osadem (instrumental singular)
osadami (instrumental plural)
osadzie (locative singular)
osadach (locative plural)
osadzie (singular vocative)
osady (plural vocative)


MMS

pl-noun

MMS m animal or m inan (related adjective MMS-owy)

MMS m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
MMS-owy (adjective)
MMS (nominative singular)
MMS-y (nominative plural)
MMS-a (genitive singular)
MMS-u (genitive singular)
MMS-ów (genitive plural)
MMS-owi (dative singular)
MMS-om (dative plural)
MMS-a (accusative singular)
MMS (accusative singular)
MMS-y (accusative plural)
MMS-em (instrumental singular)
MMS-ami (instrumental plural)
MMS-ie (locative singular)
MMS-ach (locative plural)
MMS-ie (singular vocative)
MMS-y (plural vocative)
mms (alternative)

Orthographic borrowing from English MMS.

(uncountable, telecommunications) Multimedia Messaging Service (standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from a mobile phone over a cellular network)


chmura

chmura f (diminutive chmurka, augmentative chmurzysko)

chmurka (diminutive)
chmurzysko (augmentative)
chmura (nominative singular)
chmury (nominative plural)
chmury (genitive singular)
chmur (genitive plural)
chmurze (dative singular)
chmurom (dative plural)
chmurę (accusative singular)
chmury (accusative plural)
chmurą (instrumental singular)
chmurami (instrumental plural)
chmurze (locative singular)
chmurach (locative plural)
chmuro (singular vocative)
chmury (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xmura. Compare Belarusian, Ukrainian хмара (xmara).


ogonek

ogonek m inan (diminutive ogoneczek, related adjective ogonkowy)

ogoneczek (diminutive)
ogonkowy (adjective)
ogonek (nominative singular)
ogonki (nominative plural)
ogonka (genitive singular)
ogonków (genitive plural)
ogonkowi (dative singular)
ogonkom (dative plural)
ogonek (accusative singular)
ogonki (accusative plural)
ogonkiem (instrumental singular)
ogonkami (instrumental plural)
ogonku (locative singular)
ogonkach (locative plural)
ogonku (singular vocative)
ogonki (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: аго́нэк (ahónek)

→ English: ogonek

→ Esperanto: ogoneko

→ German: Ogonek

→ Russian: ого́нэк (ogónɛk)

→ Ukrainian: ого́нек (ohónek)


rodzina

rodzina f (diminutive rodzinka, related adjective rodzinny, abbreviation rodz.)

rodzinka (diminutive)
rodzinny (adjective)
rodz. (abbreviation)
rodzina (nominative singular)
rodziny (nominative plural)
rodziny (genitive singular)
rodzin (genitive plural)
rodzinie (dative singular)
rodzinom (dative plural)
rodzinę (accusative singular)
rodziny (accusative plural)
rodziną (instrumental singular)
rodzinami (instrumental plural)
rodzinie (locative singular)
rodzinach (locative plural)
rodzino (singular vocative)
rodziny (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish rodzina. By surface analysis, ród + -ina.

z rodziną najlepiej wychodzi się na zdjęciu

family (group or aggregation of things classed together as kindred or related from possessing in common characteristics which distinguish them from other things of the same order)

(biology, taxonomy) family (category in the classification of organisms, ranking below order and above genus; a taxon at that rank)


słowo

słówko (diminutive)
słowo (nominative singular)
słowa (nominative plural)
słowa (genitive singular)
słów (genitive plural)
słowu (dative singular)
słowom (dative plural)
słowo (accusative singular)
słowa (accusative plural)
słowem (instrumental singular)
słowami (instrumental plural)
słowy (instrumental plural)
słowie (locative singular)
słowach (locative plural)
słowo (singular vocative)
słowa (plural vocative)

(computing) word (fixed-size group of bits handled as a unit by a machine and which can be stored in or retrieved from a typical register so that it has the same size as such a register)


zdjęcie

zdjęcie n (diminutive zdjątko, related adjective zdjęciowy)

zdjątko (diminutive)
zdjęciowy (adjective)
zdjęcie (nominative singular)
zdjęcia (nominative plural)
zdjęcia (genitive singular)
zdjęć (genitive plural)
zdjęciu (dative singular)
zdjęciom (dative plural)
zdjęcie (accusative singular)
zdjęcia (accusative plural)
zdjęciem (instrumental singular)
zdjęciami (instrumental plural)
zdjęciu (locative singular)
zdjęciach (locative plural)
zdjęcie (singular vocative)
zdjęcia (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish zjęcie. By surface analysis, zdjąć + -ęcie.

(obsolete, countable, geology, metrology) survey (measurement of an area and drawing it with details at a certain scale)


aparat

aparat m inan (diminutive aparacik, related adjective aparatowy)

aparacik (diminutive)
aparatowy (adjective)
aparat (nominative singular)
aparaty (nominative plural)
aparatu (genitive singular)
aparatów (genitive plural)
aparatowi (dative singular)
aparatom (dative plural)
aparat (accusative singular)
aparaty (accusative plural)
aparatem (instrumental singular)
aparatami (instrumental plural)
aparacie (locative singular)
aparatach (locative plural)
aparacie (singular vocative)
aparaty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin apparātus. First attested in 1549.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “aparat”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

apparatus (device with some function) [with do (+ genitive) ‘for what’]

apparatus (device with some function)
mobile phone, handset

(biology) system (set of organs responsible for carrying out specific body functions)


bimetal

bimetal (nominative singular)
bimetale (nominative plural)
bimetalu (genitive singular)
bimetali (genitive plural)
bimetalowi (dative singular)
bimetalom (dative plural)
bimetal (accusative singular)
bimetale (accusative plural)
bimetalem (instrumental singular)
bimetalami (instrumental plural)
bimetalu (locative singular)
bimetalach (locative plural)
bimetalu (singular vocative)
bimetale (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English bimetal. By surface analysis, bi- + metal. First attested in 1900.


alkan

alkan (nominative singular)
alkany (nominative plural)
alkanu (genitive singular)
alkanów (genitive plural)
alkanowi (dative singular)
alkanom (dative plural)
alkan (accusative singular)
alkany (accusative plural)
alkanem (instrumental singular)
alkanami (instrumental plural)
alkanie (locative singular)
alkanach (locative plural)
alkanie (singular vocative)
alkany (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English alkane, French alcane, and German Alkan, ultimately from Arabic اَلْقِلْي (al-qily).