abort

abort (nominative singular)
aborty (nominative plural)
abortu (genitive singular)
abortów (genitive plural)
abortowi (dative singular)
abortom (dative plural)
abort (accusative singular)
aborty (accusative plural)
abortem (instrumental singular)
abortami (instrumental plural)
aborcie (locative singular)
abortach (locative plural)
aborcie (singular vocative)
aborty (plural vocative)

(computing) force quit, closing (act of stopping a program)


bit

bitowy (adjective)
bit (nominative singular)
bity (nominative plural)
bit (genitive singular)
bita (genitive singular)
bitów (genitive plural)
bitowi (dative singular)
bitom (dative plural)
bit (accusative singular)
bity (accusative plural)
bitem (instrumental singular)
bitami (instrumental plural)
bicie (locative singular)
bitach (locative plural)
bicie (singular vocative)
bity (plural vocative)

bit informacji

bit po bicie

(mathematics, computing) bit (binary digit, generally represented as a 1 or 0)


port

pl-noun

port m inan (diminutive porcik, related adjective portowy)

porcik (diminutive)
portowy (adjective)
port (nominative singular)
porty (nominative plural)
portu (genitive singular)
portów (genitive plural)
portowi (dative singular)
portom (dative plural)
port (accusative singular)
porty (accusative plural)
portem (instrumental singular)
portami (instrumental plural)
porcie (locative singular)
portach (locative plural)
porcie (singular vocative)
porty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: pòrt

Inherited from Old Polish port. Sense 4 and sense 5 are semantic loans from English port. Doublet of fiord (“fjord”).

sl

(computing) port (logical or physical construct in and from which data are transferred)

(computing, networking) port (number that delimits a connection for specific processes or parts of a network service)


bot

bot (nominative singular)
boty (nominative plural)
bota (genitive singular)
botów (genitive plural)
botowi (dative singular)
botom (dative plural)
bota (accusative singular)
boty (accusative plural)
botem (instrumental singular)
botami (instrumental plural)
bocie (locative singular)
botach (locative plural)
bocie (singular vocative)
boty (plural vocative)


DVD

(computing) DVD (optical disc on which video is recorded in digital format)

(computing) DVD (drive in a computer that plays such discs)


software

software (nominative singular)
software'u (genitive singular)
software'owi (dative singular)
software (accusative singular)
software'em (instrumental singular)
softwarze (locative singular)
softwarze (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English software.

ubor

Coordinate term: hardware

(software) software (encoded computer instructions)


absurd

absurdzik (diminutive)
absurd (nominative singular)
absurdy (nominative plural)
absurdu (genitive singular)
absurdów (genitive plural)
absurdowi (dative singular)
absurdom (dative plural)
absurd (accusative singular)
absurdy (accusative plural)
absurdem (instrumental singular)
absurdami (instrumental plural)
absurdzie (locative singular)
absurdach (locative plural)
absurdzie (singular vocative)
absurdy (plural vocative)
absurdum (alternative obsolete)

Learned borrowing from Latin absurdus. First attested in 1564.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “absurdum”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


pulpit

pulpicik (diminutive)
pulpit (nominative singular)
pulpity (nominative plural)
pulpitu (genitive singular)
pulpitów (genitive plural)
pulpitowi (dative singular)
pulpitom (dative plural)
pulpit (accusative singular)
pulpity (accusative plural)
pulpitem (instrumental singular)
pulpitami (instrumental plural)
pulpicie (locative singular)
pulpitach (locative plural)
pulpicie (singular vocative)
pulpity (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin pulpitum. Doublet of pult.

(computing) desktop (the main graphical user interface of an operating system)


trapezoid

pl-noun

trapezoid m inan (related adjective trapezoidalny)

trapezoidalny (adjective)
trapezoid (nominative singular)
trapezoidy (nominative plural)
trapezoidu (genitive singular)
trapezoidów (genitive plural)
trapezoidowi (dative singular)
trapezoidom (dative plural)
trapezoid (accusative singular)
trapezoidy (accusative plural)
trapezoidem (instrumental singular)
trapezoidami (instrumental plural)
trapezoidzie (locative singular)
trapezoidach (locative plural)
trapezoidzie (singular vocative)
trapezoidy (plural vocative)

(geometry) trapezium, trapezoid (quadrilateral with two sides parallel and two sides non-parallel)


pi

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πεῖ (peî), from Phoenician 𐤐 (p /pē/).

lbor

(mathematics) pi (irrational mathematical constant)


argument

argumencik (diminutive)
argument (nominative singular)
argumenty (nominative plural)
argumentu (genitive singular)
argumentów (genitive plural)
argumentowi (dative singular)
argumentom (dative plural)
argument (accusative singular)
argumenty (accusative plural)
argumentem (instrumental singular)
argumentami (instrumental plural)
argumencie (locative singular)
argumentach (locative plural)
argumencie (singular vocative)
argumenty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin argūmentum.

(philosophy, logic, mathematics, programming) argument


update

update (nominative singular)
update'y (nominative plural)
update'u (genitive singular)
update'ów (genitive plural)
update'owi (dative singular)
update'om (dative plural)
update (accusative singular)
update'y (accusative plural)
update'em (instrumental singular)
update'ami (instrumental plural)
updacie (locative singular)
update'ach (locative plural)
updacie (singular vocative)
update'y (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English update.

(computer science) update (action of making something up to date)


wysokość

pl-noun

wysokość f (related adjective wysokościowy)

wysokościowy (adjective)
wysokość (nominative singular)
wysokości (nominative plural)
wysokości (genitive singular)
wysokości (genitive plural)
wysokości (dative singular)
wysokościom (dative plural)
wysokość (accusative singular)
wysokości (accusative plural)
wysokością (instrumental singular)
wysokościami (instrumental plural)
wysokości (locative singular)
wysokościach (locative plural)
wysokości (singular vocative)
wysokości (plural vocative)

/vɘˈsɔ.kɔɕt͡ɕ/

/vɨˈsɔ.kɔɕt͡ɕ/

Inherited from Old Polish wysokość. By surface analysis, wysoki + -ość. Compare Czech vysokost, Kashubian wësokòsc, and Russian высо́кость (vysókostʹ).

(mathematics) height (amplitude of a sine function)


kara

kara (nominative singular)
kary (nominative plural)
kary (genitive singular)
kar (genitive plural)
karze (dative singular)
karom (dative plural)
karę (accusative singular)
kary (accusative plural)
karą (instrumental singular)
karami (instrumental plural)
karze (locative singular)
karach (locative plural)
karo (singular vocative)
kary (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French carré. First attested in the middle of the 19th century.

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kara 3”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)


matematyka

matematyka (nominative singular)
matematyki (genitive singular)
matematyce (dative singular)
matematykę (accusative singular)
matematyką (instrumental singular)
matematyce (locative singular)
matematyko (singular vocative)

desctree

→ Russian: матема́тика (matemátika)
→ Kazakh: математика (matematika)
→ Mongolian: математик (matematik)
→ Uyghur: ماتېماتىكا (matëmatika)

Learned borrowing from Latin mathēmatica.


klawiatura

klawiatura (nominative singular)
klawiatury (nominative plural)
klawiatury (genitive singular)
klawiatur (genitive plural)
klawiaturze (dative singular)
klawiaturom (dative plural)
klawiaturę (accusative singular)
klawiatury (accusative plural)
klawiaturą (instrumental singular)
klawiaturami (instrumental plural)
klawiaturze (locative singular)
klawiaturach (locative plural)
klawiaturo (singular vocative)
klawiatury (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: клавіятура (klavijatura)

→ Ukrainian: клавіатура (klaviatura)

Borrowed from German Klaviatur, from Latin clāvis.


podłoga

podłogowy (adjective)
podłoga (nominative singular)
podłogi (nominative plural)
podłogi (genitive singular)
podłog (genitive plural)
podłodze (dative singular)
podłogom (dative plural)
podłogę (accusative singular)
podłogi (accusative plural)
podłogą (instrumental singular)
podłogami (instrumental plural)
podłodze (locative singular)
podłogach (locative plural)
podłogo (singular vocative)
podłogi (plural vocative)
pôdnôga (alternative)

→ Belarusian: падло́га (padlóha)

→ Ukrainian: підло́га (pidlóha)

→ Yiddish: פּאָדלאָגע (podloge)


ściana

pl-noun

ściana f (diminutive ścianka, related adjective ścianowy or ścienny)

ścianka (diminutive)
ścianowy (adjective)
ścienny (adjective)
ściana (nominative singular)
ściany (nominative plural)
ściany (genitive singular)
ścian (genitive plural)
ścianie (dative singular)
ścianom (dative plural)
ścianę (accusative singular)
ściany (accusative plural)
ścianą (instrumental singular)
ścianami (instrumental plural)
ścianie (locative singular)
ścianach (locative plural)
ściano (singular vocative)
ściany (plural vocative)
ściena (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Old Polish ściana. Sense 9 is a semantic loan from English wall.

sl

(geometry) wall; face (any of the flat bounding surfaces of a polyhedron)


bug

bug m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
bug (nominative singular)
bugi (nominative plural)
buga (genitive singular)
bugu (genitive singular)
bugów (genitive plural)
bugowi (dative singular)
bugom (dative plural)
bug (accusative singular)
buga (accusative singular)
bugi (accusative plural)
bugiem (instrumental singular)
bugami (instrumental plural)
bugu (locative singular)
bugach (locative plural)
bugu (singular vocative)
bugi (plural vocative)

(slang, software) software bug (error, flaw, or fault in the design, development, or operation of computer software that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways)


reset

reset (nominative singular)
resety (nominative plural)
resetu (genitive singular)
resetów (genitive plural)
resetowi (dative singular)
resetom (dative plural)
reset (accusative singular)
resety (accusative plural)
resetem (instrumental singular)
resetami (instrumental plural)
resecie (locative singular)
resetach (locative plural)
resecie (singular vocative)
resety (plural vocative)

(computing) reset (device, such as a button or switch, for resetting a computer)


modem

pl-noun

modem m inan (related adjective modemowy)

modemowy (adjective)
modem (nominative singular)
modemy (nominative plural)
modemu (genitive singular)
modemów (genitive plural)
modemowi (dative singular)
modemom (dative plural)
modem (accusative singular)
modemy (accusative plural)
modemem (instrumental singular)
modemami (instrumental plural)
modemie (locative singular)
modemach (locative plural)
modemie (singular vocative)
modemy (plural vocative)


cylinder

cylinder m inan (diminutive cylinderek, related adjective cylindrowy)

cylinderek (diminutive)
cylindrowy (adjective)
cylinder (nominative singular)
cylindry (nominative plural)
cylindra (genitive singular)
cylindrów (genitive plural)
cylindrowi (dative singular)
cylindrom (dative plural)
cylinder (accusative singular)
cylindry (accusative plural)
cylindrem (instrumental singular)
cylindrami (instrumental plural)
cylindrze (locative singular)
cylindrach (locative plural)
cylindrze (singular vocative)
cylindry (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Zylinder. Doublet of kalander.

(geometry) cylinder (any object in the form of a circular cylinder)


humanoid

humanoid m animal (related adjective humanoidalny)

humanoidalny (adjective)
humanoid (nominative singular)
humanoidy (nominative plural)
humanoida (genitive singular)
humanoidów (genitive plural)
humanoidowi (dative singular)
humanoidom (dative plural)
humanoida (accusative singular)
humanoidy (accusative plural)
humanoidem (instrumental singular)
humanoidami (instrumental plural)
humanoidzie (locative singular)
humanoidach (locative plural)
humanoidzie (singular vocative)
humanoidy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English humanoid, French humanoïde, German Humanoid, ultimately from Latin hūmānus.

(robotics, science fiction) humanoid (being having the appearance or characteristics of a human)


menu

Unadapted borrowing from English menu, from French menu.

(computing, video games) menu (list from which the user may select an operation to be performed)


hardware

hardware (nominative singular)
hardware'u (genitive singular)
hardware'owi (dative singular)
hardware (accusative singular)
hardware'em (instrumental singular)
hardwarze (locative singular)
hardwarze (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English hardware.

ubor

Coordinate term: software

(computer hardware) hardware (material part of a computer)


host

host (nominative singular)
hosty (nominative plural)
hosta (genitive singular)
hostów (genitive plural)
hostowi (dative singular)
hostom (dative plural)
host (accusative singular)
hosty (accusative plural)
hostem (instrumental singular)
hostami (instrumental plural)
hoście (locative singular)
hostach (locative plural)
hoście (singular vocative)
hosty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English host. Doublet of gość.

(networking) host (computer attached to a network)


CD

CD m inan or (canonical feminine neuter)
cd (alternative uncommon)


delta

delta (nominative singular)
delty (nominative plural)
delty (genitive singular)
delt (genitive plural)
delcie (dative singular)
deltom (dative plural)
deltę (accusative singular)
delty (accusative plural)
deltą (instrumental singular)
deltami (instrumental plural)
delcie (locative singular)
deltach (locative plural)
delto (singular vocative)
delty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek δέλτα (délta), from Phoenician 𐤃 (d /dalet/).


PC

(computing) PC, personal computer (small computer, built around a microprocessor, for use by one person at a time)


(mathematics) surjective usage; onto [with accusative]


terminal

terminal (nominative singular)
terminale (nominative plural)
terminalu (genitive singular)
terminala (genitive singular)
terminali (genitive plural)
terminalów (genitive plural)
terminalowi (dative singular)
terminalom (dative plural)
terminal (accusative singular)
terminale (accusative plural)
terminalem (instrumental singular)
terminalami (instrumental plural)
terminalu (locative singular)
terminalach (locative plural)
terminalu (singular vocative)
terminale (plural vocative)

(computing) computer terminal (device for entering data into a computer)


generator

pl-noun

generator m inan (related adjective generatorowy)

generatorowy (adjective)
generator (nominative singular)
generatory (nominative plural)
generatora (genitive singular)
generatorów (genitive plural)
generatorowi (dative singular)
generatorom (dative plural)
generator (accusative singular)
generatory (accusative plural)
generatorem (instrumental singular)
generatorami (instrumental plural)
generatorze (locative singular)
generatorach (locative plural)
generatorze (singular vocative)
generatory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English generator, French générateur, German Generator, ultimately from Latin generātor.

(programming) generator (subordinate piece of code which, given some initial parameters, will generate multiple output values on request)


operator

operator (nominative singular)
operatory (nominative plural)
operatoru (genitive singular)
operatorów (genitive plural)
operatorowi (dative singular)
operatorom (dative plural)
operator (accusative singular)
operatory (accusative plural)
operatorem (instrumental singular)
operatorami (instrumental plural)
operatorze (locative singular)
operatorach (locative plural)
operatorze (singular vocative)
operatory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French opérateur, from Latin operātor.


jest

Inherited from Old Polish jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *esti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

dwa plus dwa jest cztery.

(mathematics) is, equals (see also wynosi)


sigma

sigma (nominative singular)
sigmy (nominative plural)
sigmy (genitive singular)
sigm (genitive plural)
sigmie (dative singular)
sigmom (dative plural)
sigmę (accusative singular)
sigmy (accusative plural)
sigmą (instrumental singular)
sigmami (instrumental plural)
sigmie (locative singular)
sigmach (locative plural)
sigmo (singular vocative)
sigmy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma), from Phoenician 𐤔 (š /šīn/).

lbor

(mathematics) sigma (symbol Σ, used to indicate summation of a set or series)


translator

translator (nominative singular)
translatory (nominative plural)
translatora (genitive singular)
translatorów (genitive plural)
translatorowi (dative singular)
translatorom (dative plural)
translator (accusative singular)
translatory (accusative plural)
translatorem (instrumental singular)
translatorami (instrumental plural)
translatorze (locative singular)
translatorach (locative plural)
translatorze (singular vocative)
translatory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English translator, from Middle English translatour, from Old French translator, translatour, translateur, from Latin trānslātor.

(computing) translator (computer program that translates something from one language to another using machine translation)


interpreter

interpreter (nominative singular)
interpretery (nominative plural)
interpretera (genitive singular)
interpreterów (genitive plural)
interpreterowi (dative singular)
interpreterom (dative plural)
interpreter (accusative singular)
interpretery (accusative plural)
interpreterem (instrumental singular)
interpreterami (instrumental plural)
interpreterze (locative singular)
interpreterach (locative plural)
interpreterze (singular vocative)
interpretery (plural vocative)


element

elemencik (diminutive)
element (nominative singular)
elementy (nominative plural)
elementu (genitive singular)
elementów (genitive plural)
elementowi (dative singular)
elementom (dative plural)
element (accusative singular)
elementy (accusative plural)
elementem (instrumental singular)
elementami (instrumental plural)
elemencie (locative singular)
elementach (locative plural)
elemencie (singular vocative)
elementy (plural vocative)

(mathematics) element (infinitesimal interval of a quantity, a differential)


pole

pl-noun

pole n (diminutive pólko or poletko, related adjective polny)

pólko (diminutive)
poletko (diminutive)
polny (adjective)
pole (nominative singular)
pola (nominative plural)
pola (genitive singular)
pól (genitive plural)
polu (dative singular)
polom (dative plural)
pole (accusative singular)
pola (accusative plural)
polem (instrumental singular)
polami (instrumental plural)
polu (locative singular)
polach (locative plural)
pole (singular vocative)
pola (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish pole. Doublet of polje.

(uncountable, mathematics) field (number that expresses the area of a given geometric figure in square units)

(computing) field (area of memory or storage reserved for a particular value, subject to virtual access controls)


font

font (nominative singular)
fonty (nominative plural)
fonta (genitive singular)
fontu (genitive singular)
fontów (genitive plural)
fontowi (dative singular)
fontom (dative plural)
font (accusative singular)
fonty (accusative plural)
fontem (instrumental singular)
fontami (instrumental plural)
foncie (locative singular)
fontach (locative plural)
foncie (singular vocative)
fonty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English font, from Middle French fonte, feminine past participle of verb fondre (“to melt”).

(computing) font (computer file containing the code used to draw and compose the glyphs)


steradian

steradian (nominative singular)
steradiany (nominative plural)
steradiana (genitive singular)
steradianów (genitive plural)
steradianowi (dative singular)
steradianom (dative plural)
steradian (accusative singular)
steradiany (accusative plural)
steradianem (instrumental singular)
steradianami (instrumental plural)
steradianie (locative singular)
steradianach (locative plural)
steradianie (singular vocative)
steradiany (plural vocative)

(geometry) steradian (derived unit of solid angle; the solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the surface of the sphere that has area r²)


spam

spam (nominative singular)
spamu (genitive singular)
spamowi (dative singular)
spam (accusative singular)
spamem (instrumental singular)
spamie (locative singular)
spamie (singular vocative)

(computing, Internet) spam (unsolicited bulk electronic messages)


język

język m inan (diminutive języczek, augmentative jęzor, related adjective językowy, abbreviation j. or jęz.)

języczek (diminutive)
jęzor (augmentative)
językowy (adjective)
j. (abbreviation)
jęz. (abbreviation)
język (nominative singular)
języki (nominative plural)
języka (genitive singular)
języków (genitive plural)
językowi (dative singular)
językom (dative plural)
język (accusative singular)
języki (accusative plural)
językiem (instrumental singular)
językami (instrumental plural)
języku (locative singular)
językach (locative plural)
języku (singular vocative)
języki (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s
Proto-Balto-Slavic *inźūˀ
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Proto-Slavic *-kъ
Proto-Slavic *ęzykъ
Old Polish język
Polish język
Inherited from Old Polish język. Cognate with English tongue and language.

etymon

(programming) language (computer language; a machine language)


system

pl-noun

system m inan (diminutive systemik, related adjective systemowy)

systemik (diminutive)
systemowy (adjective)
system (nominative singular)
systemy (nominative plural)
systemu (genitive singular)
systemów (genitive plural)
systemowi (dative singular)
systemom (dative plural)
system (accusative singular)
systemy (accusative plural)
systemem (instrumental singular)
systemami (instrumental plural)
systemie (locative singular)
systemach (locative plural)
systemie (singular vocative)
systemy (plural vocative)
systema (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from French système. First attested in 1628.

ref

Maksym (Melecjusz) Smotrycki (1628) APOLOGIA PEREGRYNATIEY do Kráiow Wschodnich, Przez mię MELETIVSZA SMOTRZYSKIE[G]O … Roku P. 1623 y 24. obchodzonej, przez fałszywą Bracią słownie y na pismie spotwarzoney, do przezacnego Narodu Ruskieo … sporządzona y podana. A. 1628. Augusti, Die 25. w Monasteru Dermaniu (in Polish), page 4: “O rzecz drugą, iż Haeretyckie swe bluźnierstwá poddał pod obronę systemu Kátholikowi, mężowi wysokich cnot, y okazáłey pobożnośći.”

(mathematics) system (set of equations involving the same variables, which are to be solved simultaneously)

(computing) system (set of hardware and software operating in a computer)


moment

momencik (diminutive)
moment (nominative singular)
momenty (nominative plural)
momentu (genitive singular)
momentów (genitive plural)
momentowi (dative singular)
momentom (dative plural)
moment (accusative singular)
momenty (accusative plural)
momentem (instrumental singular)
momentami (instrumental plural)
momencie (locative singular)
momentach (locative plural)
momencie (singular vocative)
momenty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin mōmentum. First attested in 1592.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “moment”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(obsolete, mathematics) moment (infinitesimal change in a varying quantity; an increment or decrement)


token

token (nominative singular)
tokeny (nominative plural)
tokena (genitive singular)
tokenów (genitive plural)
tokenowi (dative singular)
tokenom (dative plural)
token (accusative singular)
tokeny (accusative plural)
tokenem (instrumental singular)
tokenami (instrumental plural)
tokenie (locative singular)
tokenach (locative plural)
tokenie (singular vocative)
tokeny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English token. Doublet of cecha and cych.

(computing) security token (peripheral device used to gain access to an electronically restricted resource)


diagonal

diagonal (nominative singular)
diagonale (nominative plural)
diagonalu (genitive singular)
diagonali (genitive plural)
diagonalów (genitive plural)
diagonalowi (dative singular)
diagonalom (dative plural)
diagonal (accusative singular)
diagonale (accusative plural)
diagonalem (instrumental singular)
diagonalami (instrumental plural)
diagonalu (locative singular)
diagonalach (locative plural)
diagonalu (singular vocative)
diagonale (plural vocative)
djagonal (alternative)


abandonware

abandonware (nominative singular)
abandonware'u (genitive singular)
abandonware'owi (dative singular)
abandonware (accusative singular)
abandonware'em (instrumental singular)
abandonwarze (locative singular)
abandonwarze (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English abandonware. First attested in 2000.

ref

Pęzik, Piotr, Przepiórkowski, A., Bańko, M., Górski, R., Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B (2012) Wyszukiwarka PELCRA dla danych NKJP. Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego [National Polish Language Corpus, PELCRA search engine], Wydawnictwo PWN

[…], a które to cechy ewentualnie umożliwiałyby kwalifikację danego programu komputerowego do kategorii abandonware.

2019, Łukasz Koźbiał, “ABANDONWARE W ŚWIETLE PRAWA AUTORSKIEGO – UWAGI OGÓLNE”, in Małgorzata Babula, archived from the original on 2023-01-20:

[…], which traits could potentially allow for the possibility to qualify the given program as abandonware.

(software) abandonware (software product that is no longer updated or maintained, or whose copyright is no longer defended or which is no longer marketed even by the company who made it)


bok

boczny (adjective)
bok (nominative singular)
boki (nominative plural)
boku (genitive singular)
boków (genitive plural)
bokowi (dative singular)
bokom (dative plural)
bok (accusative singular)
boki (accusative plural)
bokiem (instrumental singular)
bokami (instrumental plural)
boku (locative singular)
bokach (locative plural)
boku (singular vocative)
boki (plural vocative)

(geometry) side (segment connecting two vertices of a polygon)


historia

pl-noun

historia f (diminutive historyjka, related adjective historyczny, abbreviation hist.)

historyjka (diminutive)
historyczny (adjective)
historia (nominative singular)
historie (nominative plural)
historii (genitive singular)
historii (genitive plural)
historyj (archaic genitive plural)
historii (dative singular)
historiom (dative plural)
historię (accusative singular)
historie (accusative plural)
historią (instrumental singular)
historiami (instrumental plural)
historii (locative singular)
historiach (locative plural)
historio (singular vocative)
historie (plural vocative)
historyja (alternative Middle Polish)
istoryja (alternative Middle Polish)
historya (alternative)
historja (alternative)
kfisteryja (alternative)

→ Kashubian: historiô

(countable, computing) history (record of previous user events, especially of visited web pages in a browser)


alias

alias (nominative singular)
aliasy (nominative plural)
aliasu (genitive singular)
aliasów (genitive plural)
aliasowi (dative singular)
aliasom (dative plural)
alias (accusative singular)
aliasy (accusative plural)
aliasem (instrumental singular)
aliasami (instrumental plural)
aliasie (locative singular)
aliasach (locative plural)
aliasie (singular vocative)
aliasy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin aliās. First attested in the 19 century.

(computing) alias (abbreviation that replaces a string of commands and thereby reduces typing when performing routine actions or tasks)


chip

chip m animal or m inan (related adjective chipowy)

chip m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
chipowy (adjective)
chip (nominative singular)
chipy (nominative plural)
chipa (genitive singular)
chipu (genitive singular)
chipów (genitive plural)
chipowi (dative singular)
chipom (dative plural)
chipa (accusative singular)
chip (accusative singular)
chipy (accusative plural)
chipem (instrumental singular)
chipami (instrumental plural)
chipie (locative singular)
chipach (locative plural)
chipie (singular vocative)
chipy (plural vocative)
czip (alternative)

(computing, electronics) chip, microchip, computer chip, integrated circuit (small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors)


demon

demon (nominative singular)
demony (nominative plural)
demona (genitive singular)
demonów (genitive plural)
demonowi (dative singular)
demonom (dative plural)
demona (accusative singular)
demony (accusative plural)
demonem (instrumental singular)
demonami (instrumental plural)
demonie (locative singular)
demonach (locative plural)
demonie (singular vocative)
demony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin daemon (“lar, genius, guardian spirit”), from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn, “dispenser, god, protective spirit”). Sense 2 is a semantic loan from English daemon.

sl

(computing) daemon (running program that does not have a controlling terminal)


manager

pl-noun

manager m pers (female equivalent managerka)

managerka (feminine)
manager (nominative singular)
managerowie (nominative plural)
managera (genitive singular)
managerów (genitive plural)
managerowi (dative singular)
managerom (dative plural)
managera (accusative singular)
managerów (accusative plural)
managerem (instrumental singular)
managerami (instrumental plural)
managerze (locative singular)
managerach (locative plural)
managerze (singular vocative)
managerowie (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English manager.

ubor

(computing) Alternative spelling of menedżer


program

pl-noun

program m inan (diminutive programik, related adjective programowy)

programik (diminutive)
programowy (adjective)
program (nominative singular)
programy (nominative plural)
programu (genitive singular)
programów (genitive plural)
programowi (dative singular)
programom (dative plural)
program (accusative singular)
programy (accusative plural)
programem (instrumental singular)
programami (instrumental plural)
programie (locative singular)
programach (locative plural)
programie (singular vocative)
programy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French programme. First attested in the 19th cenetury.

ref

Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “program”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “program”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

(computing) program (a computer program)


enter

enter (nominative singular)
entery (nominative plural)
entera (genitive singular)
enterów (genitive plural)
enterowi (dative singular)
enterom (dative plural)
enter (accusative singular)
entery (accusative plural)
enterem (instrumental singular)
enterami (instrumental plural)
enterze (locative singular)
enterach (locative plural)
enterze (singular vocative)
entery (plural vocative)

(computing) Enter (key on a computer keyboard)


geometria

pl-noun

geometria f (related adjective geometryczny)

geometryczny (adjective)
geometria (nominative singular)
geometrii (genitive singular)
geometrii (dative singular)
geometrię (accusative singular)
geometrią (instrumental singular)
geometrii (locative singular)
geometrio (singular vocative)


format

format (nominative singular)
formaty (nominative plural)
formatu (genitive singular)
formatów (genitive plural)
formatowi (dative singular)
formatom (dative plural)
format (accusative singular)
formaty (accusative plural)
formatem (instrumental singular)
formatami (instrumental plural)
formacie (locative singular)
formatach (locative plural)
formacie (singular vocative)
formaty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French format, from German Format, from New Latin liber fōrmātus.


macintosh

macintosh (nominative singular)
macintoshe (nominative plural)
macintosha (genitive singular)
macintoshów (genitive plural)
macintoshy (genitive plural)
macintoshowi (dative singular)
macintoshom (dative plural)
macintosha (accusative singular)
macintoshe (accusative plural)
macintoshem (instrumental singular)
macintoshami (instrumental plural)
macintoshu (locative singular)
macintoshach (locative plural)
macintoshu (singular vocative)
macintoshe (plural vocative)

(computing) Macintosh-brand notebook computer, manufactured by Apple Computer


monitor

monitor m inan (related adjective monitorowy)

monitorowy (adjective)
monitor (nominative singular)
monitory (nominative plural)
monitora (genitive singular)
monitorów (genitive plural)
monitorowi (dative singular)
monitorom (dative plural)
monitor (accusative singular)
monitory (accusative plural)
monitorem (instrumental singular)
monitorami (instrumental plural)
monitorze (locative singular)
monitorach (locative plural)
monitorze (singular vocative)
monitory (plural vocative)

(computer hardware) monitor, screen (output device that displays information in pictorial or textual form)


serwer

serwer (nominative singular)
serwery (nominative plural)
serwera (genitive singular)
serwerów (genitive plural)
serwerowi (dative singular)
serwerom (dative plural)
serwer (accusative singular)
serwery (accusative plural)
serwerem (instrumental singular)
serwerami (instrumental plural)
serwerze (locative singular)
serwerach (locative plural)
serwerze (singular vocative)
serwery (plural vocative)


komputer

komputer m inan (diminutive komputerek, related adjective komputerowy)

komputerek (diminutive)
komputerowy (adjective)
komputer (nominative singular)
komputery (nominative plural)
komputera (genitive singular)
komputerów (genitive plural)
komputerowi (dative singular)
komputerom (dative plural)
komputer (accusative singular)
komputery (accusative plural)
komputerem (instrumental singular)
komputerami (instrumental plural)
komputerze (locative singular)
komputerach (locative plural)
komputerze (singular vocative)
komputery (plural vocative)

komputer osobisty

(computing) computer (programmable electronic device that performs mathematical calculations and logical operations, especially one that can process, store and retrieve large amounts of data very quickly; now especially, a small one for personal or home use employed for manipulating text or graphics, accessing the Internet, or playing games or media)


kula

kulka (diminutive)
kula (nominative singular)
kule (nominative plural)
kuli (genitive singular)
kul (genitive plural)
kuli (genitive plural)
kuli (dative singular)
kulom (dative plural)
kulę (accusative singular)
kule (accusative plural)
kulą (instrumental singular)
kulami (instrumental plural)
kuli (locative singular)
kulach (locative plural)
kulo (singular vocative)
kule (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: ку́ля (kúlja)

desc

→ Russian: пу́ля (púlja) (with sound changes)

→ Ukrainian: ку́ля (kúlja)

Apparently borrowed from Middle High German kūle. In most senses cognate with German Kugel, in the sense “crutch” cognate with German Keule.


logika

logika (nominative singular)
logiki (genitive singular)
logice (dative singular)
logikę (accusative singular)
logiką (instrumental singular)
logice (locative singular)
logiko (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin logica, from Ancient Greek λογική (logikḗ). Displaced Old Polish wielemowna.


okno

pl-noun

okno n (diminutive okienko, related adjective okienny)

okienko (diminutive)
okienny (adjective)
okno (nominative singular)
okna (nominative plural)
okna (genitive singular)
okien (genitive plural)
oknu (dative singular)
oknom (dative plural)
okno (accusative singular)
okna (accusative plural)
oknem (instrumental singular)
oknami (instrumental plural)
oknie (locative singular)
oknach (locative plural)
okno (singular vocative)
okna (plural vocative)
ôkno (alternative)

graphical user interface
graphical user interface

(graphical user interface) window (rectangular area on a computer terminal or screen containing some kind of user interface, displaying the output of and allowing input for one of a number of simultaneously running computer processes)


zombie

Unadapted borrowing from English zombie.

(computing) zombie (computer affected by malware)


tag

tag (nominative singular)
tagi (nominative plural)
tagu (genitive singular)
tagów (genitive plural)
tagowi (dative singular)
tagom (dative plural)
tag (accusative singular)
tagi (accusative plural)
tagiem (instrumental singular)
tagami (instrumental plural)
tagu (locative singular)
tagach (locative plural)
tagu (singular vocative)
tagi (plural vocative)

(computing) tag (piece of markup representing an element in a markup language)


pentagram

pentagram (nominative singular)
pentagramy (nominative plural)
pentagramu (genitive singular)
pentagramów (genitive plural)
pentagramowi (dative singular)
pentagramom (dative plural)
pentagram (accusative singular)
pentagramy (accusative plural)
pentagramem (instrumental singular)
pentagramami (instrumental plural)
pentagramie (locative singular)
pentagramach (locative plural)
pentagramie (singular vocative)
pentagramy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πεντάγραμμον (pentágrammon).

lbor

πεντάγραμμον

(geometry) pentagram (shape of five-pointed star)


transfer

transfer (nominative singular)
transfery (nominative plural)
transferu (genitive singular)
transferów (genitive plural)
transferowi (dative singular)
transferom (dative plural)
transfer (accusative singular)
transfery (accusative plural)
transferem (instrumental singular)
transferami (instrumental plural)
transferze (locative singular)
transferach (locative plural)
transferze (singular vocative)
transfery (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English transfer, French transfert, German Transfer, ultimately from Latin trānsferō.

(computing) transfer (number of operations transferring data that occur in each second in some given data-transfer channel)


freeware

pl-noun

freeware m inan (related adjective freeware'owy)

freeware'owy (adjective)
freeware (nominative singular)
freeware'u (genitive singular)
freeware'owi (dative singular)
freeware (accusative singular)
freeware'em (instrumental singular)
freewarze (locative singular)
freewarze (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English freeware.

ubor

(software) freeware (complete and functional software that does not require payment or other compensation (such as viewing advertising) for its use; it may be a proprietary license with no access to the source code)


lag

lag (nominative singular)
lagi (nominative plural)
laga (genitive singular)
lagów (genitive plural)
lagowi (dative singular)
lagom (dative plural)
lag (accusative singular)
lagi (accusative plural)
lagiem (instrumental singular)
lagami (instrumental plural)
lagu (locative singular)
lagach (locative plural)
lagu (singular vocative)
lagi (plural vocative)

(computing, slang) lag (bad connection, loss of connection)


cyborg

cyborg (nominative singular)
cyborgi (nominative plural)
cyborga (genitive singular)
cyborgów (genitive plural)
cyborgowi (dative singular)
cyborgom (dative plural)
cyborga (accusative singular)
cyborgi (accusative plural)
cyborgiem (instrumental singular)
cyborgami (instrumental plural)
cyborgu (locative singular)
cyborgach (locative plural)
cyborgu (singular vocative)
cyborgi (plural vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English cyborg.

obor

(robotics, science fiction) cyborg (being which is part machine and part organic)


cena

cena (nominative singular)
ceny (nominative plural)
ceny (genitive singular)
cen (genitive plural)
cenie (dative singular)
cenom (dative plural)
cenę (accusative singular)
ceny (accusative plural)
ceną (instrumental singular)
cenami (instrumental plural)
cenie (locative singular)
cenach (locative plural)
ceno (singular vocative)
ceny (plural vocative)
czyna (alternative Middle Polish)

(Middle Polish, mathematics) value; size (size of a number; property of measurability)


prosty

pl-adj

prosty (comparative prostszy, superlative najprostszy, derived adverb prosto)

prostszy (comparative)
najprostszy (superlative)
prosty (masculine nominative singular)
prosta (feminine nominative singular)
proste (neuter nominative singular)
prości (nominative plural virile)
proste (nominative plural)
prostego (genitive masculine singular)
prostej (feminine genitive singular)
prostego (genitive neuter singular)
prostych (genitive plural)
prostych (genitive plural virile)
prostemu (dative masculine singular)
prostu (archaic dative masculine singular)
prostej (dative feminine singular)
prostemu (dative neuter singular)
prostu (archaic dative neuter singular)
prostym (dative plural)
prostym (dative plural virile)
prostego (accusative animate masculine singular)
prosty (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
prostą (accusative feminine singular)
proste (accusative neuter singular)
prostych (accusative plural virile)
proste (accusative plural)
prostym (instrumental masculine singular)
prostą (feminine instrumental singular)
prostym (instrumental neuter singular)
prostymi (instrumental plural)
prostymi (instrumental plural virile)
prostym (locative masculine singular)
prostej (feminine locative singular)
prostym (locative neuter singular)
prostych (locative plural)
prostych (locative plural virile)


baton

baton m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
baton (nominative singular)
batony (nominative plural)
batona (genitive singular)
batonu (genitive singular)
batonów (genitive plural)
batonowi (dative singular)
batonom (dative plural)
batona (accusative singular)
baton (accusative singular)
batony (accusative plural)
batonem (instrumental singular)
batonami (instrumental plural)
batonie (locative singular)
batonach (locative plural)
batonie (singular vocative)
batony (plural vocative)

(graphical user interface) Alternative spelling of button


cache

cache (nominative singular)
cache'u (genitive singular)
cache'owi (dative singular)
cache (accusative singular)
cache'em (instrumental singular)
cache'u (locative singular)
cache'u (singular vocative)

(computing) cache (fast temporary storage where recently or frequently used information is stored to avoid having to reload it from a slower storage medium)


tensor

pl-noun

tensor m inan (related adjective tensorowy)

tensorowy (adjective)
tensor (nominative singular)
tensory (nominative plural)
tensora (genitive singular)
tensorów (genitive plural)
tensorowi (dative singular)
tensorom (dative plural)
tensor (accusative singular)
tensory (accusative plural)
tensorem (instrumental singular)
tensorami (instrumental plural)
tensorze (locative singular)
tensorach (locative plural)
tensorze (singular vocative)
tensory (plural vocative)


notebook

notebook m inan or m animal (related adjective notebookowy)

notebook m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
notebookowy (adjective)
notebook (nominative singular)
notebooki (nominative plural)
notebooka (genitive singular)
notebooków (genitive plural)
notebookowi (dative singular)
notebookom (dative plural)
notebook (accusative singular)
notebooka (accusative singular)
notebooki (accusative plural)
notebookiem (instrumental singular)
notebookami (instrumental plural)
notebooku (locative singular)
notebookach (locative plural)
notebooku (singular vocative)
notebooki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English notebook.

ubor

Coordinate term: netbook

(computing) notebook, notebook computer (class of laptop computer that is around the size of a spiral-bound notebook with A4 or letter-sized pages)


assembler

assembler (nominative singular)
assemblery (nominative plural)
assemblera (genitive singular)
assemblerów (genitive plural)
assemblerowi (dative singular)
assemblerom (dative plural)
assembler (accusative singular)
assemblery (accusative plural)
assemblerem (instrumental singular)
assemblerami (instrumental plural)
assemblerze (locative singular)
assemblerach (locative plural)
assemblerze (singular vocative)
assemblery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English assembler.

(computer languages, countable or uncountable) Alternative spelling of asembler


a priori

pl-adj

a priori (not comparable, no derived adverb)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ā priōrī (“involving reasoning from cause to effect; from first principles”, literally “from the former”).


a posteriori

pl-adj

a posteriori (not comparable, no derived adverb)

Learned borrowing from Latin ā posteriōrī.

lbor

(literary, logic, philosophy) a posteriori


parabola

parabola (nominative singular)
parabole (nominative plural)
paraboli (genitive singular)
paraboli (genitive plural)
parabol (genitive plural)
paraboli (dative singular)
parabolom (dative plural)
parabolę (accusative singular)
parabole (accusative plural)
parabolą (instrumental singular)
parabolami (instrumental plural)
paraboli (locative singular)
parabolach (locative plural)
parabolo (singular vocative)
parabole (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin parabola. Doublet of parol.


folder

folder (nominative singular)
foldery (nominative plural)
folderu (more rarely foldera) (genitive singular)
folderów (genitive plural)
folderowi (dative singular)
folderom (dative plural)
folder (accusative singular)
foldery (accusative plural)
folderem (instrumental singular)
folderami (instrumental plural)
folderze (locative singular)
folderach (locative plural)
folderze (singular vocative)
foldery (plural vocative)


upgrade

upgrade (nominative singular)
upgrade'y (nominative plural)
upgrade'u (genitive singular)
upgrade'ów (genitive plural)
upgrade'owi (dative singular)
upgrade'om (dative plural)
upgrade (accusative singular)
upgrade'y (accusative plural)
upgrade'em (instrumental singular)
upgrade'ami (instrumental plural)
upgradzie (locative singular)
upgrade'ach (locative plural)
upgrade (singular vocative)
upgrade'y (plural vocative)
apgrejd (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English upgrade.

ubor

(colloquial, computer science) upgrade (modernisation of technology)


sfera

sferowy (adjective)
sfera (nominative singular)
sfery (nominative plural)
sfery (genitive singular)
sfer (genitive plural)
sferze (dative singular)
sferom (dative plural)
sferę (accusative singular)
sfery (accusative plural)
sferą (instrumental singular)
sferami (instrumental plural)
sferze (locative singular)
sferach (locative plural)
sfero (singular vocative)
sfery (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English sphere, French sphère, German Sphäre, ultimately from Latin sphaera.

Coordinate term: kula

(geometry) sphere (three-dimensional shape consisting of all points equidistant from a center)


forma

pl-noun

forma f (diminutive foremka, related adjective foremny)

foremka (diminutive)
foremny (adjective)
forma (nominative singular)
formy (nominative plural)
formy (genitive singular)
form (genitive plural)
formie (dative singular)
formom (dative plural)
formę (accusative singular)
formy (accusative plural)
formą (instrumental singular)
formami (instrumental plural)
formie (locative singular)
formach (locative plural)
formo (singular vocative)
formy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: fòrma


lasso

lasso (nominative singular)
lassa (nominative plural)
lassa (genitive singular)
lass (genitive plural)
lassu (dative singular)
lassom (dative plural)
lasso (accusative singular)
lassa (accusative plural)
lassem (instrumental singular)
lassami (instrumental plural)
lassie (locative singular)
lassach (locative plural)
lasso (singular vocative)
lassa (plural vocative)

(computing) lasso (image-editing function allowing the user to capture an irregularly-shaped object by drawing an approximate outline)


separator

separator (nominative singular)
separatory (nominative plural)
separatora (genitive singular)
separatorów (genitive plural)
separatorowi (dative singular)
separatorom (dative plural)
separator (accusative singular)
separatory (accusative plural)
separatorem (instrumental singular)
separatorami (instrumental plural)
separatorze (locative singular)
separatorach (locative plural)
separatorze (singular vocative)
separatory (plural vocative)

(computing) delimiter (unique character or series of characters that indicates the beginning or end of a specific statement, string or function body set)


bróg

bróg m inan (diminutive brożek, related adjective brogowy)

brożek (diminutive)
brogowy (adjective)
bróg (nominative singular)
brogi (nominative plural)
brogu (genitive singular)
brogów (genitive plural)
brogowi (dative singular)
brogom (dative plural)
bróg (accusative singular)
brogi (accusative plural)
brogiem (instrumental singular)
brogami (instrumental plural)
brogu (locative singular)
brogach (locative plural)
brogu (singular vocative)
brogi (plural vocative)

→? Russian: брог (brog)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ-
Proto-Slavic *borgъ
Old Polish bróg
Polish bróg
Inherited from Old Polish bróg.

etymon

(Middle Polish, mathematics) Synonym of stożek


adres

adresik (diminutive)
adres (nominative singular)
adresy (nominative plural)
adresu (genitive singular)
adresów (genitive plural)
adresowi (dative singular)
adresom (dative plural)
adres (accusative singular)
adresy (accusative plural)
adresem (instrumental singular)
adresami (instrumental plural)
adresie (locative singular)
adresach (locative plural)
adresie (singular vocative)
adresy (plural vocative)
adress (alternative obsolete)

desctree

→ Russian: адрес (adres)
→ Armenian: հասցե (hascʻe) (semantic loan)
→ Bashkir: адрес (adres)
→ Bezhta: адрис (adris)
→ Eastern Mari: адрес (adres)
→ Kazakh: адрес (adres)
→ Ingrian: adressi
→ Yakut: аадырыс (aadırıs)
→ Kildin Sami: а̄дресс (ādrjess)
→ Tajik: адрес (adres)
→ Tatar: адрес (adres)
→ Uyghur: ئادرىس (adris)

→ Belarusian: адрэс (adres)

Borrowed from French adresse. First attested in 1648. Doublet of adresa, a dialectal borrowing from German.

ref

Danuta Lankiewicz (09.06.2009) “ADRES”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(computing) address (number identifying a specific storage location in computer memory)

(computing) address (number identifying an account or user, such as an email address)


tablet

tablet (nominative singular)
tablety (nominative plural)
tabletu (genitive singular)
tabletów (genitive plural)
tabletowi (dative singular)
tabletom (dative plural)
tablet (accusative singular)
tablety (accusative plural)
tabletem (instrumental singular)
tabletami (instrumental plural)
tablecie (locative singular)
tabletach (locative plural)
tablecie (singular vocative)
tablety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English tablet, from Middle English tablet, from Old French tablete.

(computing) digitizer, graphics tablet (small, easily swallowed portion of a substance)


grad

grad (nominative singular)
grady (nominative plural)
gradu (genitive singular)
gradów (genitive plural)
gradowi (dative singular)
gradom (dative plural)
grad (accusative singular)
grady (accusative plural)
gradem (instrumental singular)
gradami (instrumental plural)
gradzie (locative singular)
gradach (locative plural)
gradzie (singular vocative)
grady (plural vocative)

(geometry, trigonometry) gradian (unit of angle equal to 0.9 degrees, so that there are 100 gradians in a right angle)


zombi

(computing, fiction, voodoo) Alternative spelling of zombie


profil

profil (nominative singular)
profile (nominative plural)
profilu (genitive singular)
profili (genitive plural)
profilów (genitive plural)
profilowi (dative singular)
profilom (dative plural)
profil (accusative singular)
profile (accusative plural)
profilem (instrumental singular)
profilami (instrumental plural)
profilu (locative singular)
profilach (locative plural)
profilu (singular vocative)
profile (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French profil, from Italian profilo.

(geometry) profile (outline of the cross-section of an object)


gradient

gradient (nominative singular)
gradienty (nominative plural)
gradientu (genitive singular)
gradientów (genitive plural)
gradientowi (dative singular)
gradientom (dative plural)
gradient (accusative singular)
gradienty (accusative plural)
gradientem (instrumental singular)
gradientami (instrumental plural)
gradiencie (locative singular)
gradientach (locative plural)
gradiencie (singular vocative)
gradienty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English gradient, from Latin gradiēns.

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis

(mathematical analysis) gradient (differential operator that maps each point of a scalar field to a vector pointed in the direction of the greatest rate of change of the scalar)


bod

bod (nominative singular)
body (nominative plural)
bodu (genitive singular)
bodów (genitive plural)
bodowi (dative singular)
bodom (dative plural)
bod (accusative singular)
body (accusative plural)
bodem (instrumental singular)
bodami (instrumental plural)
bodzie (locative singular)
bodach (locative plural)
bodzie (singular vocative)
body (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French baud, named after French telegraph engineer and inventor Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot.


multimedia

pl-noun

multimedia nvir pl (related adjective multimedialny)

multimedialny (adjective)
multimedia (nominative plural)
multimediów (genitive plural)
multimediom (dative plural)
multimedia (accusative plural)
multimediami (instrumental plural)
multimediach (locative plural)
multimedia (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English multimedia, French multimédia, German Multimedia. By surface analysis, multi- + media.

(computing) multimedia (IT products in the form of programs, games, etc., using images, sound, animation, or other means that affect the active use of the user)


Macintosh

Macintosh (nominative singular)
Macintosha (genitive singular)
Macintoshowi (dative singular)
Macintosha (accusative singular)
Macintoshem (instrumental singular)
Macintoshu (locative singular)
Macintoshu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Macintosh.

ubor

(computing) Macintosh (brand of personal computer manufactured by Apple Inc.)


dane

dane (nominative plural)
danych (genitive plural)
danym (dative plural)
dane (accusative plural)
danymi (instrumental plural)
danych (locative plural)
dane (plural vocative)

From dany + -e. Cognate with and calque of English data.

(nominalized, computing) data (representation of facts or ideas in a formalized manner capable of being communicated or manipulated by some process)


minuta

pl-noun

minuta f (diminutive minutka, related adjective minutowy, abbreviation min or min.)

minutka (diminutive)
minutowy (adjective)
min (abbreviation)
min. (abbreviation)
minuta (nominative singular)
minuty (nominative plural)
minuty (genitive singular)
minut (genitive plural)
minucie (dative singular)
minutom (dative plural)
minutę (accusative singular)
minuty (accusative plural)
minutą (instrumental singular)
minutami (instrumental plural)
minucie (locative singular)
minutach (locative plural)
minuto (singular vocative)
minuty (plural vocative)

desc

→ Kashubian: minuta, mënuta, manuta (regional)

Inherited from Old Polish minuta. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French minute and German Minute. Doublet of menu.

sl

(geometry) arcminute (1/60th of a degree)


login

login (nominative singular)
loginy (nominative plural)
loginu (genitive singular)
loginów (genitive plural)
loginowi (dative singular)
loginom (dative plural)
login (accusative singular)
loginy (accusative plural)
loginem (instrumental singular)
loginami (instrumental plural)
loginie (locative singular)
loginach (locative plural)
loginie (singular vocative)
loginy (plural vocative)

(computing) login (user's identification)


C++

(programming) C++ (programming language)


singleton

singleton (nominative singular)
singletony (nominative plural)
singletonu (genitive singular)
singletonów (genitive plural)
singletonowi (dative singular)
singletonom (dative plural)
singleton (accusative singular)
singletony (accusative plural)
singletonem (instrumental singular)
singletonami (instrumental plural)
singletonie (locative singular)
singletonach (locative plural)
singletonie (singular vocative)
singletony (plural vocative)

Coordinate term: multiton

object-oriented programming
object-oriented programming

software engineering
software engineering

(object-oriented programming, software engineering) singleton, singleton pattern (creational design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object)

(set theory) singleton, unit set, one-point set (set with exactly one element)


graf

graf (nominative singular)
grafy (nominative plural)
grafu (genitive singular)
grafów (genitive plural)
grafowi (dative singular)
grafom (dative plural)
graf (accusative singular)
grafy (accusative plural)
grafem (instrumental singular)
grafami (instrumental plural)
grafie (locative singular)
grafach (locative plural)
grafie (singular vocative)
grafy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English graph, French graphe, German Graph, ultimately from Ancient Greek γράφειν (gráphein).


sinus

pl-noun

sinus m inan (related adjective sinusowy)

sinusowy (adjective)
sinus (nominative singular)
sinusy (nominative plural)
sinusa (genitive singular)
sinusu (genitive singular)
sinusów (genitive plural)
sinusowi (dative singular)
sinusom (dative plural)
sinus (accusative singular)
sinusy (accusative plural)
sinusem (instrumental singular)
sinusami (instrumental plural)
sinusie (locative singular)
sinusach (locative plural)
sinusie (singular vocative)
sinusy (plural vocative)

(trigonometry) sine, sinus (in a right triangle, the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse)


cd

cd m inan or (canonical feminine neuter)

(computing, music) Alternative spelling of CD (“CD, compact disc”)


cd

(computing, music) Alternative spelling of CD (“CD player”)


pierwszy

pl-adj

pierwszy (not comparable, no derived adverb, abbreviation 1.)

pierwszy (masculine nominative singular)
pierwsza (feminine nominative singular)
pierwsze (neuter nominative singular)
pierwsi (nominative plural virile)
pierwsze (nominative plural)
pierwszego (genitive masculine singular)
pierwszej (feminine genitive singular)
pierwszego (genitive neuter singular)
pierwszych (genitive plural)
pierwszych (genitive plural virile)
pierwszemu (dative masculine singular)
pierwszej (dative feminine singular)
pierwszemu (dative neuter singular)
pierwszym (dative plural)
pierwszym (dative plural virile)
pierwszego (accusative animate masculine singular)
pierwszy (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
pierwszą (accusative feminine singular)
pierwsze (accusative neuter singular)
pierwszych (accusative plural virile)
pierwsze (accusative plural)
pierwszym (instrumental masculine singular)
pierwszą (feminine instrumental singular)
pierwszym (instrumental neuter singular)
pierwszymi (instrumental plural)
pierwszymi (instrumental plural virile)
pierwszym (locative masculine singular)
pierwszej (feminine locative singular)
pierwszym (locative neuter singular)
pierwszych (locative plural)
pierwszych (locative plural virile)
pierwy (alternative Middle Polish)
pirwszy (alternative Middle Polish)
najpierwszy (alternative Middle Polish)
najpirwszy (alternative Middle Polish)
napierwszy (alternative Middle Polish)
napirwszy (alternative Middle Polish)
pierszy (alternative Middle Polish)
najpierszy (alternative Middle Polish)
najpirszy (alternative Middle Polish)
napierszy (alternative Middle Polish)
napir (alternative Middle Polish)
piersy (alternative)
pirszy (alternative)

From Old Polish pierwy + -szy (forms comparative adjectives).

af

liczba pierwsza

czynnik pierwszy


iBook

iBook m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
iBook (nominative singular)
iBooki (nominative plural)
iBooka (genitive singular)
iBooków (genitive plural)
iBookowi (dative singular)
iBookom (dative plural)
iBook (accusative singular)
iBooka (accusative singular)
iBooki (accusative plural)
iBookiem (instrumental singular)
iBookami (instrumental plural)
iBooku (locative singular)
iBookach (locative plural)
iBooku (singular vocative)
iBooki (plural vocative)

Coordinate term: MacBook

(computing) iBook (computer of a line of lower-end laptop computers formerly manufactured by Apple Computer)


iMac

iMac m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
iMac (nominative singular)
iMaci (nominative plural)
iMaca (genitive singular)
iMaców (genitive plural)
iMacowi (dative singular)
iMacom (dative plural)
iMac (accusative singular)
iMaca (accusative singular)
iMaci (accusative plural)
iMakiem (instrumental singular)
iMacami (instrumental plural)
iMacu (locative singular)
iMacach (locative plural)
iMacu (singular vocative)
iMaci (plural vocative)

(computing) iMac (one of a line of all-in-one Macintosh computers made by Apple Inc.)


ikona

ikonka (diminutive)
ikona (nominative singular)
ikony (nominative plural)
ikony (genitive singular)
ikon (genitive plural)
ikonie (dative singular)
ikonom (dative plural)
ikonę (accusative singular)
ikony (accusative plural)
ikoną (instrumental singular)
ikonami (instrumental plural)
ikonie (locative singular)
ikonach (locative plural)
ikono (singular vocative)
ikony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Russian ико́на (ikóna), from Greek εικόνα (eikóna), from Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn).

(graphical user interface) computer icon


drzewo

pl-noun

drzewo n (diminutive drzewko, related adjective drzewny)

drzewko (diminutive)
drzewny (adjective)
drzewo (nominative singular)
drzewa (nominative plural)
drzewa (genitive singular)
drzew (genitive plural)
drzewu (dative singular)
drzewom (dative plural)
drzewo (accusative singular)
drzewa (accusative plural)
drzewem (instrumental singular)
drzewami (instrumental plural)
drzewie (locative singular)
drzewach (locative plural)
drzewo (singular vocative)
drzewa (plural vocative)

(countable, graph theory) tree (connected graph with no cycles or, if the graph is finite, equivalently a connected graph with n vertices and n−1 edges)


biblioteka

biblioteka f (diminutive biblioteczka, related adjective biblioteczny)

biblioteczka (diminutive)
biblioteczny (adjective)
biblioteka (nominative singular)
biblioteki (nominative plural)
biblioteki (genitive singular)
bibliotek (genitive plural)
bibliotece (dative singular)
bibliotekom (dative plural)
bibliotekę (accusative singular)
biblioteki (accusative plural)
biblioteką (instrumental singular)
bibliotekami (instrumental plural)
bibliotece (locative singular)
bibliotekach (locative plural)
biblioteko (singular vocative)
biblioteki (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin bibliothēca.

lbor

(programming) library (collection of software routines for a program to use)


procent

pl-noun

procent m inan (diminutive procencik, related adjective procentowy, abbreviation proc.)

procencik (diminutive)
procentowy (adjective)
proc. (abbreviation)
procent (nominative singular)
procenty (nominative plural)
procenta (genitive singular)
procentu (genitive singular)
procentów (genitive plural)
procentowi (dative singular)
procentom (dative plural)
procent (accusative singular)
procenty (accusative plural)
procentem (instrumental singular)
procentami (instrumental plural)
procencie (locative singular)
procentach (locative plural)
procencie (singular vocative)
procenty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: procent

Borrowed from German Prozent. First attested in the 18th century.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “procent”, in Słownik języka polskiego

(finance, mathematics) percent (one part per hundred; one percent, represented with the symbol %)


deltoid

deltoid (nominative singular)
deltoidy (nominative plural)
deltoidu (genitive singular)
deltoidów (genitive plural)
deltoidowi (dative singular)
deltoidom (dative plural)
deltoid (accusative singular)
deltoidy (accusative plural)
deltoidem (instrumental singular)
deltoidami (instrumental plural)
deltoidzie (locative singular)
deltoidach (locative plural)
deltoidzie (singular vocative)
deltoidy (plural vocative)


harmonika

harmonika (nominative singular)
harmoniki (nominative plural)
harmoniki (genitive singular)
harmonik (genitive plural)
harmonice (dative singular)
harmonikom (dative plural)
harmonikę (accusative singular)
harmoniki (accusative plural)
harmoniką (instrumental singular)
harmonikami (instrumental plural)
harmonice (locative singular)
harmonikach (locative plural)
harmoniko (singular vocative)
harmoniki (plural vocative)
marmulka (alternative)

Borrowed from German Harmonika, from Latin harmonicus, from Ancient Greek ἁρμονικός (harmonikós).


laptop

pl-noun

laptop m inan or m animal (related adjective laptopowy)

laptop m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
laptopowy (adjective)
laptop (nominative singular)
laptopy (nominative plural)
laptopa (genitive singular)
laptopu (genitive singular)
laptopów (genitive plural)
laptopowi (dative singular)
laptopom (dative plural)
laptop (accusative singular)
laptopa (accusative singular)
laptopy (accusative plural)
laptopem (instrumental singular)
laptopami (instrumental plural)
laptopie (locative singular)
laptopach (locative plural)
laptopie (singular vocative)
laptopy (plural vocative)

(computing) laptop, laptop computer (portable computer that is small enough and light enough to be used on one's lap, but large enough to have an integrated keyboard)


restart

restart (nominative singular)
restarty (nominative plural)
restartu (genitive singular)
restartów (genitive plural)
restartowi (dative singular)
restartom (dative plural)
restart (accusative singular)
restarty (accusative plural)
restartem (instrumental singular)
restartami (instrumental plural)
restarcie (locative singular)
restartach (locative plural)
restarcie (singular vocative)
restarty (plural vocative)

(computing) restart (act of restarting a computer)


obraz

obraz m inan (diminutive obrazek, related adjective obrazowy)

obrazek (diminutive)
obrazowy (adjective)
obraz (nominative singular)
obrazy (nominative plural)
obrazu (genitive singular)
obrazów (genitive plural)
obrazowi (dative singular)
obrazom (dative plural)
obraz (accusative singular)
obrazy (accusative plural)
obrazem (instrumental singular)
obrazami (instrumental plural)
obrazie (locative singular)
obrazach (locative plural)
obrazie (singular vocative)
obrazy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish obraz. By surface analysis, deverbal from obrazić.

surf

Gadał dziad do obrazu, a obraz do niego ani razu

(mathematics) image (something mapped to by a function)

(mathematics) image (subset of a codomain comprising those elements that are images of something)


soliton

soliton (nominative singular)
solitony (nominative plural)
solitonu (genitive singular)
solitonów (genitive plural)
solitonowi (dative singular)
solitonom (dative plural)
soliton (accusative singular)
solitony (accusative plural)
solitonem (instrumental singular)
solitonami (instrumental plural)
solitonie (locative singular)
solitonach (locative plural)
solitonie (singular vocative)
solitony (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English soliton, French soliton, Italian solitone.


Bluetooth

Unadapted borrowing from English Bluetooth, a calque from Old Norse Blátǫnn.

ubor

(networking) Bluetooth (personal area wireless network)


kosz

koszyk (diminutive)
kosz (nominative singular)
kosze (nominative plural)
kosza (genitive singular)
koszy (genitive plural)
koszów (genitive plural)
koszowi (dative singular)
koszom (dative plural)
kosz (accusative singular)
kosze (accusative plural)
koszem (instrumental singular)
koszami (instrumental plural)
koszu (locative singular)
koszach (locative plural)
koszu (singular vocative)
kosze (plural vocative)


potok

potoczek (diminutive)
potok (nominative singular)
potoki (nominative plural)
potoku (genitive singular)
potoków (genitive plural)
potokowi (dative singular)
potokom (dative plural)
potok (accusative singular)
potoki (accusative plural)
potokiem (instrumental singular)
potokami (instrumental plural)
potoku (locative singular)
potokach (locative plural)
potoku (singular vocative)
potoki (plural vocative)


liść

listek (diminutive)
liść (nominative singular)
liście (nominative plural)
liścia (genitive singular)
liści (genitive plural)
liściowi (dative singular)
liściom (dative plural)
liść (accusative singular)
liście (accusative plural)
liściem (instrumental singular)
liśćmi (instrumental plural)
liściu (locative singular)
liściach (locative plural)
liściu (singular vocative)
liście (plural vocative)

Back-formation from liście, from Proto-Slavic *listьje (“foliage”), from *listъ (“leaf”), whence list (“letter”).


sekunda

sekundka (diminutive)
sekunda (nominative singular)
sekundy (nominative plural)
sekundy (genitive singular)
sekund (genitive plural)
sekundzie (dative singular)
sekundom (dative plural)
sekundę (accusative singular)
sekundy (accusative plural)
sekundą (instrumental singular)
sekundami (instrumental plural)
sekundzie (locative singular)
sekundach (locative plural)
sekundo (singular vocative)
sekundy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin (pars horae minuta) secunda.

lbor

(geometry) arcsecond (1/3600th of a degree)


ciało

pl-noun

ciało n (diminutive ciałko, augmentative cielsko, related adjective cielesny)

ciałko (diminutive)
cielsko (augmentative)
cielesny (adjective)
ciało (nominative singular)
ciała (nominative plural)
ciała (genitive singular)
ciał (genitive plural)
ciału (dative singular)
ciałom (dative plural)
ciało (accusative singular)
ciała (accusative plural)
ciałem (instrumental singular)
ciałami (instrumental plural)
ciele (locative singular)
ciałach (locative plural)
ciało (singular vocative)
ciała (plural vocative)
ciele (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish ciało. Sense 5 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) and Latin corpus. Sense 6 is a semantic loan from Latin corpus. Sense 7 is a semantic loan from French corps.

sl

(mathematics) field (algebraic structure)


kość

pl-noun

kość f (diminutive kostka, augmentative kościsko, related adjective kostny)

kostka (diminutive)
kościsko (augmentative)
kostny (adjective)
kość (nominative singular)
kości (nominative plural)
kości (genitive singular)
kości (genitive plural)
kości (dative singular)
kościom (dative plural)
kość (accusative singular)
kości (accusative plural)
kością (instrumental singular)
kośćmi (instrumental plural)
kościami (instrumental plural)
kości (locative singular)
kościach (locative plural)
kości (singular vocative)
kości (plural vocative)

(colloquial, computing, electronics) chip, microchip, computer chip, integrated circuit (small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors)


blok

bloczek (diminutive)
blok (nominative singular)
bloki (nominative plural)
bloku (genitive singular)
bloków (genitive plural)
blokowi (dative singular)
blokom (dative plural)
blok (accusative singular)
bloki (accusative plural)
blokiem (instrumental singular)
blokami (instrumental plural)
bloku (locative singular)
blokach (locative plural)
bloku (singular vocative)
bloki (plural vocative)
bloch (alternative)

Borrowed from German Block. Sense 8 is a semantic loan from English code block, sense 9 is a semantic loan from English block, sense 10 is a semantic loan from English heart block, and sense 11 is a semantic loan from English engine block. First attested in 1782.

sl

(computing) code block (block of source code, often one that is delimited by brackets or in some similar way, depending on the programming language)


granica

graniczny (adjective)
granica (nominative singular)
granice (nominative plural)
granicy (genitive singular)
granic (genitive plural)
granicy (dative singular)
granicom (dative plural)
granicę (accusative singular)
granice (accusative plural)
granicą (instrumental singular)
granicami (instrumental plural)
granicy (locative singular)
granicach (locative plural)
granico (singular vocative)
granice (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *granь
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas
Proto-Slavic *-ica
Proto-Slavic *granica
Old Polish granica
Polish granica
Inherited from Old Polish granica. By surface analysis, grań + -ica.

etymon

(mathematics) limit (value to which a sequence converges)


emulator

emulator (nominative singular)
emulatory (nominative plural)
emulatora (genitive singular)
emulatorów (genitive plural)
emulatorowi (dative singular)
emulatorom (dative plural)
emulator (accusative singular)
emulatory (accusative plural)
emulatorem (instrumental singular)
emulatorami (instrumental plural)
emulatorze (locative singular)
emulatorach (locative plural)
emulatorze (singular vocative)
emulatory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English emulator, French émulateur, German Emulator, ultimately from Latin aemulātor.

(computing) emulator (piece of software or hardware that simulates another system)


dokument

pl-noun

dokument m inan (diminutive dokumencik, related adjective dokumentowy)

dokumencik (diminutive)
dokumentowy (adjective)
dokument (nominative singular)
dokumenty (nominative plural)
dokumenta (nominative plural)
dokumentu (genitive singular)
dokumentów (genitive plural)
dokumentowi (dative singular)
dokumentom (dative plural)
dokument (accusative singular)
dokumenty (accusative plural)
dokumenta (accusative plural)
dokumentem (instrumental singular)
dokumentami (instrumental plural)
dokumencie (locative singular)
dokumentach (locative plural)
dokumencie (singular vocative)
dokumenty (plural vocative)
dokumenta (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: dokùment

Learned borrowing from Latin documentum. First attested in 1564. Compare Silesian dokumynt.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “dokument”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(computing) document (file that contains text)


roaming

roaming (nominative singular)
roamingu (genitive singular)
roamingowi (dative singular)
roaming (accusative singular)
roamingiem (instrumental singular)
roamingu (locative singular)
roamingu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English roaming.

ubor

(computing, telecommunications) roaming (using a cell phone outside of its original registering zone)


obszar

pl-noun

obszar m inan (related adjective obszarowy)

obszarowy (adjective)
obszar (nominative singular)
obszary (nominative plural)
obszaru (genitive singular)
obszarów (genitive plural)
obszarowi (dative singular)
obszarom (dative plural)
obszar (accusative singular)
obszary (accusative plural)
obszarem (instrumental singular)
obszarami (instrumental plural)
obszarze (locative singular)
obszarach (locative plural)
obszarze (singular vocative)
obszary (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: абшар (abšar)

→ Ukrainian: о́бшар (óbšar)

(topology) domain, region (non-empty connected open set in a topological space)


suma

suma f (diminutive sumka, related adjective sumowy)

sumka (diminutive)
sumowy (adjective)
suma (nominative singular)
sumy (nominative plural)
sumy (genitive singular)
sum (genitive plural)
sumie (dative singular)
sumom (dative plural)
sumę (accusative singular)
sumy (accusative plural)
sumą (instrumental singular)
sumami (instrumental plural)
sumie (locative singular)
sumach (locative plural)
sumo (singular vocative)
sumy (plural vocative)

(mathematics) sum (quantity obtained by addition)


chmura

chmura f (diminutive chmurka, augmentative chmurzysko)

chmurka (diminutive)
chmurzysko (augmentative)
chmura (nominative singular)
chmury (nominative plural)
chmury (genitive singular)
chmur (genitive plural)
chmurze (dative singular)
chmurom (dative plural)
chmurę (accusative singular)
chmury (accusative plural)
chmurą (instrumental singular)
chmurami (instrumental plural)
chmurze (locative singular)
chmurach (locative plural)
chmuro (singular vocative)
chmury (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xmura. Compare Belarusian, Ukrainian хмара (xmara).


słowo

słówko (diminutive)
słowo (nominative singular)
słowa (nominative plural)
słowa (genitive singular)
słów (genitive plural)
słowu (dative singular)
słowom (dative plural)
słowo (accusative singular)
słowa (accusative plural)
słowem (instrumental singular)
słowami (instrumental plural)
słowy (instrumental plural)
słowie (locative singular)
słowach (locative plural)
słowo (singular vocative)
słowa (plural vocative)

(computing) word (fixed-size group of bits handled as a unit by a machine and which can be stored in or retrieved from a typical register so that it has the same size as such a register)


fraktal

fraktal (nominative singular)
fraktale (nominative plural)
fraktalu (genitive singular)
fraktali (genitive plural)
fraktalowi (dative singular)
fraktalom (dative plural)
fraktal (accusative singular)
fraktale (accusative plural)
fraktalem (instrumental singular)
fraktalami (instrumental plural)
fraktalu (locative singular)
fraktalach (locative plural)
fraktalu (singular vocative)
fraktale (plural vocative)

(geometry) fractal (self-similar geometric figure)


moda

moda (nominative singular)
mody (nominative plural)
mody (genitive singular)
mód (genitive plural)
modzie (dative singular)
modom (dative plural)
modę (accusative singular)
mody (accusative plural)
modą (instrumental singular)
modami (instrumental plural)
modzie (locative singular)
modach (locative plural)
modo (singular vocative)
mody (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French mode, from Latin modus.


funktor

funktor (nominative singular)
funktory (nominative plural)
funktora (genitive singular)
funktorów (genitive plural)
funktorowi (dative singular)
funktorom (dative plural)
funktor (accusative singular)
funktory (accusative plural)
funktorem (instrumental singular)
funktorami (instrumental plural)
funktorze (locative singular)
funktorach (locative plural)
funktorze (singular vocative)
funktory (plural vocative)


topos

topos (nominative singular)
toposy (nominative plural)
toposu (genitive singular)
toposów (genitive plural)
toposowi (dative singular)
toposom (dative plural)
topos (accusative singular)
toposy (accusative plural)
toposem (instrumental singular)
toposami (instrumental plural)
toposie (locative singular)
toposach (locative plural)
toposie (singular vocative)
toposy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τόπος (tópos).

lbor

(category theory) topos, elementary topos (Cartesian closed category which has a subobject classifier)


oktant

oktant (nominative singular)
oktanty (nominative plural)
oktantu (genitive singular)
oktantów (genitive plural)
oktantowi (dative singular)
oktantom (dative plural)
oktant (accusative singular)
oktanty (accusative plural)
oktantem (instrumental singular)
oktantami (instrumental plural)
oktancie (locative singular)
oktantach (locative plural)
oktancie (singular vocative)
oktanty (plural vocative)


personalia

personalia (nominative plural)
personaliów (genitive plural)
personaliom (dative plural)
personalia (accusative plural)
personaliami (instrumental plural)
personaliach (locative plural)
personalia (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin persōnālia.


klik

klik (nominative singular)
kliki (nominative plural)
kliku (genitive singular)
klików (genitive plural)
klikowi (dative singular)
klikom (dative plural)
klik (accusative singular)
kliki (accusative plural)
klikiem (instrumental singular)
klikami (instrumental plural)
kliku (locative singular)
klikach (locative plural)
kliku (singular vocative)
kliki (plural vocative)

(colloquial, graphical user interface) click (act of pressing a button on a computer mouse or similar input device, both as a physical act and a reaction in the software)


tapeta

tapetka (diminutive)
tapeta (nominative singular)
tapety (nominative plural)
tapety (genitive singular)
tapet (genitive plural)
tapecie (dative singular)
tapetom (dative plural)
tapetę (accusative singular)
tapety (accusative plural)
tapetą (instrumental singular)
tapetami (instrumental plural)
tapecie (locative singular)
tapetach (locative plural)
tapeto (singular vocative)
tapety (plural vocative)


ontologia

ontologia (nominative singular)
ontologii (genitive singular)
ontologii (dative singular)
ontologię (accusative singular)
ontologią (instrumental singular)
ontologii (locative singular)
ontologio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English ontology, French ontologie, German Ontologie, ultimately from New Latin ontologia, from Ancient Greek ὄντος (óntos) + λόγος (lógos). By surface analysis, onto- + -logia.

(computer science, information science) ontology (system model in computer science)


entropia

entropia (nominative singular)
entropii (genitive singular)
entropii (dative singular)
entropię (accusative singular)
entropią (instrumental singular)
entropii (locative singular)
entropio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English entropy, French entropie, German Entropie, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon) + τροπή (tropḗ).

(information theory) entropy (measure of the amount of information in a signal)


palec

pl-noun

palec m inan (diminutive paluszek, augmentative paluch, related adjective palcowy)

paluszek (diminutive)
paluch (augmentative)
palcowy (adjective)
palec (nominative singular)
palce (nominative plural)
palca (genitive singular)
palców (genitive plural)
palcowi (dative singular)
palcom (dative plural)
palec (accusative singular)
palce (accusative plural)
palcem (instrumental singular)
palcami (instrumental plural)
palcu (locative singular)
palcach (locative plural)
palcu (singular vocative)
palce (plural vocative)
palic (alternative)

(Middle Polish, astronomy, geometry) uncia (unit of length equal to 1/12 of the diameter)


grupa

grupa f (diminutive grupka, related adjective grupowy)

grupka (diminutive)
grupowy (adjective)
grupa (nominative singular)
grupy (nominative plural)
grupy (genitive singular)
grup (genitive plural)
grupie (dative singular)
grupom (dative plural)
grupę (accusative singular)
grupy (accusative plural)
grupą (instrumental singular)
grupami (instrumental plural)
grupie (locative singular)
grupach (locative plural)
grupo (singular vocative)
grupy (plural vocative)

→ Silesian: grupa

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Gruppe, French groupe, or Italian gruppo, ultimately from Latin grupus. First attested in 1765.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “grupa”, in Słownik języka polskiego

(group theory) group (a set with an associative binary operation, under which there exists an identity element, and such that each element has an inverse)


baza

bazowy (adjective)
baza (nominative singular)
bazy (nominative plural)
bazy (genitive singular)
baz (genitive plural)
bazie (dative singular)
bazom (dative plural)
bazę (accusative singular)
bazy (accusative plural)
bazą (instrumental singular)
bazami (instrumental plural)
bazie (locative singular)
bazach (locative plural)
bazo (singular vocative)
bazy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: baza

→ Silesian: baza

Borrowed from French base. First attested in 1683.

Danuta Lankiewicz (22.06.2015) “BAZA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(mathematics) basis (linearly independent set of vectors spanning the whole vector space)

(topology) base (set of sets from which a topology is derived)


karta

karta (nominative singular)
karty (nominative plural)
karty (genitive singular)
kart (genitive plural)
karcie (dative singular)
kartom (dative plural)
kartę (accusative singular)
karty (accusative plural)
kartą (instrumental singular)
kartami (instrumental plural)
karcie (locative singular)
kartach (locative plural)
karto (singular vocative)
karty (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: ка́рта (kárta)

→ Lithuanian: korta

desctree

→ Russian: ка́рта (kárta)
→ Armenian: կարտ (kart)
→ Bashkir: кәрт (kərt)
→ Bulgarian: карта (karta)
→ Ingrian: kartta
→ Kazakh: карта (karta)
→ Yup'ik: kaal'taaq
→ Kyrgyz: карта (karta)
→ Mongolian: карт (kart)
→ Tajik: корт (kort)
→ Tatar: карта (qarta)
→ Turkmen: karta
→ Uyghur: قارتا (qarta)
→ Uzbek: karta
→ Yakut: хаарта (qaarta)

→ Ukrainian: ка́рта (kárta)


semafor

pl-noun

semafor m inan (related adjective semaforowy)

semaforowy (adjective)
semafor (nominative singular)
semafory (nominative plural)
semafora (genitive singular)
semaforów (genitive plural)
semaforowi (dative singular)
semaforom (dative plural)
semafor (accusative singular)
semafory (accusative plural)
semaforem (instrumental singular)
semaforami (instrumental plural)
semaforze (locative singular)
semaforach (locative plural)
semaforze (singular vocative)
semafory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French sémaphore. First attested in 1830.

(countable, computing) semaphore (bit, token, fragment of code, or some other mechanism which is used to restrict access to a shared function or device to a single process at a time, or to synchronize and coordinate events in different processes)


rekord

rekord (nominative singular)
rekordy (nominative plural)
rekordu (genitive singular)
rekordów (genitive plural)
rekordowi (dative singular)
rekordom (dative plural)
rekord (accusative singular)
rekordy (accusative plural)
rekordem (instrumental singular)
rekordami (instrumental plural)
rekordzie (locative singular)
rekordach (locative plural)
rekordzie (singular vocative)
rekordy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English record, from Middle English, from Old French record, from recorder, from Vulgar Latin recordāre, from Latin recordārī.

(computing) record (set of data relating to a single individual or item)


chipset

chipset (nominative singular)
chipsety (nominative plural)
chipsetu (genitive singular)
chipsetów (genitive plural)
chipsetowi (dative singular)
chipsetom (dative plural)
chipset (accusative singular)
chipsety (accusative plural)
chipsetem (instrumental singular)
chipsetami (instrumental plural)
chipsecie (locative singular)
chipsetach (locative plural)
chipsecie (singular vocative)
chipsety (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English chipset.

ubor

(computing, electronics) chipset (group of integrated circuits that are designed to work together, and are usually marketed as a single product)


kosinus

pl-noun

kosinus m inan (related adjective kosinusowy)

kosinusowy (adjective)
kosinus (nominative singular)
kosinusy (nominative plural)
kosinusa (genitive singular)
kosinusu (genitive singular)
kosinusów (genitive plural)
kosinusowi (dative singular)
kosinusom (dative plural)
kosinus (accusative singular)
kosinusy (accusative plural)
kosinusem (instrumental singular)
kosinusami (instrumental plural)
kosinusie (locative singular)
kosinusach (locative plural)
kosinusie (singular vocative)
kosinusy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin cosinus.

lbor

(trigonometry) Alternative spelling of cosinus


tangens

pl-noun

tangens m inan (related adjective tangensowy)

tangensowy (adjective)
tangens (nominative singular)
tangensy (nominative plural)
tangensa (genitive singular)
tangensu (genitive singular)
tangensów (genitive plural)
tangensowi (dative singular)
tangensom (dative plural)
tangens (accusative singular)
tangensy (accusative plural)
tangensem (instrumental singular)
tangensami (instrumental plural)
tangensie (locative singular)
tangensach (locative plural)
tangensie (singular vocative)
tangensy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin tangēns.

lbor

(trigonometry) tangent (in a right triangle, the ratio of the sine to the cosine of an angle)


kotangens

pl-noun

kotangens m inan (related adjective kotangensowy)

kotangensowy (adjective)
kotangens (nominative singular)
kotangensy (nominative plural)
kotangensa (genitive singular)
kotangensu (genitive singular)
kotangensów (genitive plural)
kotangensowi (dative singular)
kotangensom (dative plural)
kotangens (accusative singular)
kotangensy (accusative plural)
kotangensem (instrumental singular)
kotangensami (instrumental plural)
kotangensie (locative singular)
kotangensach (locative plural)
kotangensie (singular vocative)
kotangensy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin cotangēns.

lbor

(trigonometry) Alternative spelling of cotangens


sekans

pl-noun

sekans m inan (related adjective sekansowy)

sekansowy (adjective)
sekans (nominative singular)
sekansy (nominative plural)
sekansa (genitive singular)
sekansu (genitive singular)
sekansów (genitive plural)
sekansowi (dative singular)
sekansom (dative plural)
sekans (accusative singular)
sekansy (accusative plural)
sekansem (instrumental singular)
sekansami (instrumental plural)
sekansie (locative singular)
sekansach (locative plural)
sekansie (singular vocative)
sekansy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin secāns.

(trigonometry) Alternative spelling of secans


procedura

procedura (nominative singular)
procedury (nominative plural)
procedury (genitive singular)
procedur (genitive plural)
procedurze (dative singular)
procedurom (dative plural)
procedurę (accusative singular)
procedury (accusative plural)
procedurą (instrumental singular)
procedurami (instrumental plural)
procedurze (locative singular)
procedurach (locative plural)
proceduro (singular vocative)
procedury (plural vocative)

(computing) procedure (subroutine or function coded to perform a specific task)


proces

proces m inan (diminutive procesik, related adjective procesowy)

procesik (diminutive)
procesowy (adjective)
proces (nominative singular)
procesy (nominative plural)
procesu (genitive singular)
procesów (genitive plural)
procesowi (dative singular)
procesom (dative plural)
proces (accusative singular)
procesy (accusative plural)
procesem (instrumental singular)
procesami (instrumental plural)
procesie (locative singular)
procesach (locative plural)
procesie (singular vocative)
procesy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: proces

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Prozess or French procès, ultimately from Latin prōcessus. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “proces”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(computing) process (executable task or program)


faktor

faktor (nominative singular)
faktory (nominative plural)
faktoru (genitive singular)
faktorów (genitive plural)
faktorowi (dative singular)
faktorom (dative plural)
faktor (accusative singular)
faktory (accusative plural)
faktorem (instrumental singular)
faktorami (instrumental plural)
faktorze (locative singular)
faktorach (locative plural)
faktorze (singular vocative)
faktory (plural vocative)

pl:Praktyczny słownik współczesnej polszczyzny

Learned borrowing from Latin factor. First attested in 1588. Compare Silesian faktōr.

(obsolete, mathematics) Synonym of czynnik (“factor”) (any of various objects multiplied together to form some whole)


filtr

filtr (nominative singular)
filtry (nominative plural)
filtru (genitive singular)
filtrów (genitive plural)
filtrowi (dative singular)
filtrom (dative plural)
filtr (accusative singular)
filtry (accusative plural)
filtrem (instrumental singular)
filtrami (instrumental plural)
filtrze (locative singular)
filtrach (locative plural)
filtrze (singular vocative)
filtry (plural vocative)

(mathematics, order theory) filter (non-empty upper set (of a partially ordered set) which is closed under binary infima (a.k.a. meets))


mediana

mediana (nominative singular)
mediany (nominative plural)
mediany (genitive singular)
median (genitive plural)
medianie (dative singular)
medianom (dative plural)
medianę (accusative singular)
mediany (accusative plural)
medianą (instrumental singular)
medianami (instrumental plural)
medianie (locative singular)
medianach (locative plural)
mediano (singular vocative)
mediany (plural vocative)


komp

komp (nominative singular)
kompy (nominative plural)
kompa (genitive singular)
kompów (genitive plural)
kompowi (dative singular)
kompom (dative plural)
kompa (accusative singular)
kompy (accusative plural)
kompem (instrumental singular)
kompami (instrumental plural)
kompie (locative singular)
kompach (locative plural)
kompie (singular vocative)
kompy (plural vocative)

(colloquial, computing) comp, computer (programmable electronic device that performs mathematical calculations and logical operations, especially one that can process, store and retrieve large amounts of data very quickly; now especially, a small one for personal or home use employed for manipulating text or graphics, accessing the Internet, or playing games or media)


architektura

archit. (abbreviation)
architektura (nominative singular)
architektury (genitive singular)
architekturze (dative singular)
architekturę (accusative singular)
architekturą (instrumental singular)
architekturze (locative singular)
architekturo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Architektur, from Latin architectūra.

(computing) architecture (specific model of a microchip or CPU)


klucz

pl-noun

klucz m inan (diminutive kluczyk, related adjective kluczowy)

kluczyk (diminutive)
kluczowy (adjective)
klucz (nominative singular)
klucze (nominative plural)
klucza (genitive singular)
kluczy (genitive plural)
kluczowi (dative singular)
kluczom (dative plural)
klucz (accusative singular)
klucze (accusative plural)
kluczem (instrumental singular)
kluczami (instrumental plural)
kluczu (locative singular)
kluczach (locative plural)
kluczu (singular vocative)
klucze (plural vocative)


czytać

pl-verb

czytać impf (determinate, frequentative czytywać)

czytywać (frequentative)
czytać (infinitive)
czytam (present singular)
czytamy (plural present)
czytasz (present singular)
czytacie (plural present)
czyta (present singular third-person)
czytają (plural present third-person)
czyta się (impersonal present)
czytałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m czytał (masculine past singular)
czytałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m czytała (feminine past singular)
czytałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m czytało (neuter past singular)
czytaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy czytali (past plural virile)
czytałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy czytały (nonvirile past plural)
czytałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś czytał (masculine past singular)
czytałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś czytała (feminine past singular)
czytałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś czytało (neuter past singular)
czytaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście czytali (past plural virile)
czytałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście czytały (nonvirile past plural)
czytał (masculine past singular third-person)
czytała (feminine past singular third-person)
czytało (neuter past singular third-person)
czytali (past plural third-person virile)
czytały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
czytano (impersonal past)
będę czytał (future masculine singular)
będę czytać (future masculine singular)
będę czytała (feminine future singular)
będę czytać (feminine future singular)
będę czytało (future neuter singular)
będę czytać (future neuter singular)
będziemy czytali (future plural virile)
będziemy czytać (future plural virile)
będziemy czytały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy czytać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz czytał (future masculine singular)
będziesz czytać (future masculine singular)
będziesz czytała (feminine future singular)
będziesz czytać (feminine future singular)
będziesz czytało (future neuter singular)
będziesz czytać (future neuter singular)
będziecie czytali (future plural virile)
będziecie czytać (future plural virile)
będziecie czytały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie czytać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie czytał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie czytać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie czytała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie czytać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie czytało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie czytać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą czytali (future plural third-person virile)
będą czytać (future plural third-person virile)
będą czytały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą czytać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie czytać się (future impersonal)
czytałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym czytał (conditional masculine singular)
czytałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym czytała (conditional feminine singular)
czytałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym czytało (conditional neuter singular)
czytalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy czytali (conditional plural virile)
czytałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy czytały (conditional nonvirile plural)
czytałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś czytał (conditional masculine singular)
czytałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś czytała (conditional feminine singular)
czytałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś czytało (conditional neuter singular)
czytalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście czytali (conditional plural virile)
czytałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście czytały (conditional nonvirile plural)
czytałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by czytał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
czytałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by czytała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
czytałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by czytało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
czytaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by czytali (conditional plural third-person virile)
czytałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by czytały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
czytano by (conditional impersonal)
niech czytam (imperative singular)
czytajmy (imperative plural)
czytaj (imperative singular)
czytajcie (imperative plural)
niech czyta (imperative singular third-person)
niech czytają (imperative plural third-person)
czytający (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
czytająca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
czytające (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
czytający (active adjectival participle plural virile)
czytające (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
czytany (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
czytana (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
czytane (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
czytani (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
czytane (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
czytając (adjectival contemporary participle)
czytanie (noun-from-verb)

Inherited from Old Polish czytać. By surface analysis, czyść + -ać.

(transitive, computing) to read (to fetch data from (a storage medium, etc.))


procesor

pl-noun

procesor m inan (related adjective procesorowy)

procesorowy (adjective)
procesor (nominative singular)
procesory (nominative plural)
procesora (genitive singular)
procesorów (genitive plural)
procesorowi (dative singular)
procesorom (dative plural)
procesor (accusative singular)
procesory (accusative plural)
procesorem (instrumental singular)
procesorami (instrumental plural)
procesorze (locative singular)
procesorach (locative plural)
procesorze (singular vocative)
procesory (plural vocative)

(computer hardware) computer processor, processor


prefiks

prefiks (nominative singular)
prefiksy (nominative plural)
prefiksu (genitive singular)
prefiksów (genitive plural)
prefiksowi (dative singular)
prefiksom (dative plural)
prefiks (accusative singular)
prefiksy (accusative plural)
prefiksem (instrumental singular)
prefiksami (instrumental plural)
prefiksie (locative singular)
prefiksach (locative plural)
prefiksie (singular vocative)
prefiksy (plural vocative)