abort

abort (nominative singular)
aborty (nominative plural)
abortu (genitive singular)
abortów (genitive plural)
abortowi (dative singular)
abortom (dative plural)
abort (accusative singular)
aborty (accusative plural)
abortem (instrumental singular)
abortami (instrumental plural)
aborcie (locative singular)
abortach (locative plural)
aborcie (singular vocative)
aborty (plural vocative)

Coordinate term: poronienie

(medicine) abortion (act of inducing abortion)


DNA

Orthographic borrowing from English DNA.

kwas dezoksyrybonukleinowy
kwas dezoksyrybonukleinowy#Polish

(genetics, molecular biology) Abbreviation of kwas dezoksyrybonukleinowy.


symptom

symptom (nominative singular)
symptomy (nominative plural)
symptomu (genitive singular)
symptomów (genitive plural)
symptomowi (dative singular)
symptomom (dative plural)
symptom (accusative singular)
symptomy (accusative plural)
symptomem (instrumental singular)
symptomami (instrumental plural)
symptomie (locative singular)
symptomach (locative plural)
symptomie (singular vocative)
symptomy (plural vocative)

(literary, medicine) symptom (something that indicates a disease or disorder)


humor

pl-noun

humor m inan (diminutive humorek, related adjective humorny)

humorek (diminutive)
humorny (adjective)
humor (nominative singular)
humory (nominative plural)
humoru (genitive singular)
humorów (genitive plural)
humorowi (dative singular)
humorom (dative plural)
humor (accusative singular)
humory (accusative plural)
humorem (instrumental singular)
humorami (instrumental plural)
humorze (locative singular)
humorach (locative plural)
humorze (singular vocative)
humory (plural vocative)

(countable, historical, medicine) humour (any of the fluids in an animal body, especially the four "cardinal humours" of blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm that were believed to control the health and mood of the human body)


pupa

pupcia (diminutive)
pupka (diminutive)
pupa (nominative singular)
pupy (nominative plural)
pupy (genitive singular)
pup (genitive plural)
pupie (dative singular)
pupom (dative plural)
pupę (accusative singular)
pupy (accusative plural)
pupą (instrumental singular)
pupami (instrumental plural)
pupie (locative singular)
pupach (locative plural)
pupo (singular vocative)
pupy (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Perhaps borrowed from German Popo. According to Pokorny, cognate with Latin puppis (possibly) and Ancient Greek πύματος (púmatos, “the last”), from a common Proto-Indo-European *pu (“turned away”) << *h₂epó (“away, off”).

cog

(anatomy, euphemistic, somewhat childish) bum, rear, buttocks


matka

pl-noun

matka f (diminutive mateczka or mateńka or matuchna or (dialectal) matynka or matusia or matuś, augmentative matczysko, related adjective matczyny)

mateczka (diminutive)
mateńka (diminutive)
matuchna (diminutive)
matynka (dialectal diminutive)
matusia (diminutive)
matuś (diminutive)
matczysko (augmentative)
matczyny (adjective)

Inherited from Old Polish matka. By surface analysis, mać + -ka.


ściana

ściana f (diminutive ścianka, related adjective ścianowy or ścienny)

ścianka (diminutive)
ścianowy (adjective)
ścienny (adjective)
ściana (nominative singular)
ściany (nominative plural)
ściany (genitive singular)
ścian (genitive plural)
ścianie (dative singular)
ścianom (dative plural)
ścianę (accusative singular)
ściany (accusative plural)
ścianą (instrumental singular)
ścianami (instrumental plural)
ścianie (locative singular)
ścianach (locative plural)
ściano (singular vocative)
ściany (plural vocative)
ściena (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Old Polish ściana. Sense 9 is a semantic loan from English wall.

sl

(anatomy, botany, zoology) wall (divisive or containing structure in an organ or cavity)


down

down (nominative singular)
downa (genitive singular)
downowi (dative singular)
downa (accusative singular)
downem (instrumental singular)
downie (locative singular)
downie (singular vocative)

Named after British physician John Langdon Down.

named-after

(informal, neurology) Down syndrome (genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 (a chromosomal excess), whereby the patients typically have a delay in cognitive ability and physical growth, as well as a small head and tilted eyelids)


krok

pl-noun

krok m inan (diminutive kroczek, related adjective kroczny)

kroczek (diminutive)
kroczny (adjective)
krok (nominative singular)
kroki (nominative plural)
kroku (genitive singular)
kroków (genitive plural)
krokowi (dative singular)
krokom (dative plural)
krok (accusative singular)
kroki (accusative plural)
krokiem (instrumental singular)
krokami (instrumental plural)
kroku (locative singular)
krokach (locative plural)
kroku (singular vocative)
kroki (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: крок (krok)

→ Ukrainian: крок (krok)

Inherited from Old Polish *krok. First attested in 1534.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “krok”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


mania

mania (nominative singular)
manie (nominative plural)
manii (genitive singular)
manii (genitive plural)
manij (archaic genitive plural)
manii (dative singular)
maniom (dative plural)
manię (accusative singular)
manie (accusative plural)
manią (instrumental singular)
maniami (instrumental plural)
manii (locative singular)
maniach (locative plural)
manio (singular vocative)
manie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin mania.

(psychiatry) mania (state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and/or energy levels)


matrix

Unadapted borrowing from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of matryca.

(cytology) intercellular substance, matrix (body substance in which tissue cells are embedded)


operator

pl-noun

operator m pers (female equivalent operatorka)

operatorka (feminine)
operator (nominative singular)
operatorzy (nominative plural)
operatory (derogatory nominative plural)
operatora (genitive singular)
operatorów (genitive plural)
operatorowi (dative singular)
operatorom (dative plural)
operatora (accusative singular)
operatorów (accusative plural)
operatorem (instrumental singular)
operatorami (instrumental plural)
operatorze (locative singular)
operatorach (locative plural)
operatorze (singular vocative)
operatorzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French opérateur, from Latin operātor.


pole

pole n (diminutive pólko or poletko, related adjective polny)

pólko (diminutive)
poletko (diminutive)
polny (adjective)
pole (nominative singular)
pola (nominative plural)
pola (genitive singular)
pól (genitive plural)
polu (dative singular)
polom (dative plural)
pole (accusative singular)
pola (accusative plural)
polem (instrumental singular)
polami (instrumental plural)
polu (locative singular)
polach (locative plural)
pole (singular vocative)
pola (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish pole. Doublet of polje.

(obsolete, anatomy) group of nerve cells located close to each other in the central nervous system and performing the same function


atlas

atlasik (diminutive)
atlas (nominative singular)
atlasy (nominative plural)
atlasu (genitive singular)
atlasów (genitive plural)
atlasowi (dative singular)
atlasom (dative plural)
atlas (accusative singular)
atlasy (accusative plural)
atlasem (instrumental singular)
atlasami (instrumental plural)
atlasie (locative singular)
atlasach (locative plural)
atlasie (singular vocative)
atlasy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἄτλας (Átlas). Doublet of atlant.

lbor

(anatomy) atlas (the uppermost vertebra of the neck)


acholia

acholia (nominative singular)
acholii (genitive singular)
acholii (dative singular)
acholię (accusative singular)
acholią (instrumental singular)
acholii (locative singular)
acholio (singular vocative)

From a- + Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ) + -ia. First attested in 1860.

ref

Tygodnik Lekarski, number R. 4, nr 46, 1860, page 405

(medicine, pathology) acholia (deficiency or absence of bile)


system

pl-noun

system m inan (diminutive systemik, related adjective systemowy)

systemik (diminutive)
systemowy (adjective)
system (nominative singular)
systemy (nominative plural)
systemu (genitive singular)
systemów (genitive plural)
systemowi (dative singular)
systemom (dative plural)
system (accusative singular)
systemy (accusative plural)
systemem (instrumental singular)
systemami (instrumental plural)
systemie (locative singular)
systemach (locative plural)
systemie (singular vocative)
systemy (plural vocative)
systema (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from French système. First attested in 1628.

ref

Maksym (Melecjusz) Smotrycki (1628) APOLOGIA PEREGRYNATIEY do Kráiow Wschodnich, Przez mię MELETIVSZA SMOTRZYSKIE[G]O … Roku P. 1623 y 24. obchodzonej, przez fałszywą Bracią słownie y na pismie spotwarzoney, do przezacnego Narodu Ruskieo … sporządzona y podana. A. 1628. Augusti, Die 25. w Monasteru Dermaniu (in Polish), page 4: “O rzecz drugą, iż Haeretyckie swe bluźnierstwá poddał pod obronę systemu Kátholikowi, mężowi wysokich cnot, y okazáłey pobożnośći.”

(physiology) system (set of body organs having a particular function)


libido

(psychoanalysis) libido (drives or mental energies related or based on sexual instincts but not necessarily sexual in and of themselves)


placebo

(pharmacology) placebo (dummy medicine containing no active ingredients; an inert treatment)


nos

pl-noun

nos m inan (diminutive nosek, augmentative nochal or nosisko, related adjective nosowy)

nosek (diminutive)
nochal (augmentative)
nosisko (augmentative)
nosowy (adjective)
nos (nominative singular)
nosy (nominative plural)
nosa (genitive singular)
nosów (genitive plural)
nosowi (dative singular)
nosom (dative plural)
nos (accusative singular)
nosy (accusative plural)
nosem (instrumental singular)
nosami (instrumental plural)
nosie (locative singular)
nosach (locative plural)
nosie (singular vocative)
nosy (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s
Proto-Balto-Slavic *nasús
Proto-Slavic *nosъ
Old Polish nos
Polish nos
Inherited from Old Polish nos.

etymon

(anatomy) nose (protuberance on the face housing the nostrils, which are used to breathe or smell, sometimes of animals)


rana

ranka (diminutive)
rana (nominative singular)
rany (nominative plural)
rany (genitive singular)
ran (genitive plural)
ranie (dative singular)
ranom (dative plural)
ranę (accusative singular)
rany (accusative plural)
raną (instrumental singular)
ranami (instrumental plural)
ranie (locative singular)
ranach (locative plural)
rano (singular vocative)
rany (plural vocative)


bok

boczny (adjective)
bok (nominative singular)
boki (nominative plural)
boku (genitive singular)
boków (genitive plural)
bokowi (dative singular)
bokom (dative plural)
bok (accusative singular)
boki (accusative plural)
bokiem (instrumental singular)
bokami (instrumental plural)
boku (locative singular)
bokach (locative plural)
boku (singular vocative)
boki (plural vocative)

(anatomy) side, flank (neither the front nor the back; lateral part of a person, animal)

(Middle Polish) physical or emotional closeness to someone


tik

tik (nominative singular)
tiki (nominative plural)
tika (genitive singular)
tików (genitive plural)
tikowi (dative singular)
tikom (dative plural)
tik (accusative singular)
tiki (accusative plural)
tikiem (instrumental singular)
tikami (instrumental plural)
tiku (locative singular)
tikach (locative plural)
tiku (singular vocative)
tiki (plural vocative)

(medicine) tic (local and habitual convulsive motion)


ADHD

Orthographic borrowing from English ADHD.

obor

(neurology, pathology, psychiatry, psychology) ADHD


RNA

Orthographic borrowing from English RNA.

kwas rybonukleinowy
kwas rybonukleinowy#Polish

(genetics, molecular biology) Abbreviation of kwas rybonukleinowy.


period

period (nominative singular)
periody (nominative plural)
periodu (genitive singular)
periodów (genitive plural)
periodowi (dative singular)
periodom (dative plural)
period (accusative singular)
periody (accusative plural)
periodem (instrumental singular)
periodami (instrumental plural)
periodzie (locative singular)
periodach (locative plural)
periodzie (singular vocative)
periody (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin periodus, Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos).

(physiology) period (female menstruation)


panna

pl-noun

panna f (diminutive panienka, augmentative pannica or pannisko)

panienka (diminutive)
pannica (augmentative)
pannisko (augmentative)
panna (nominative singular)
panny (nominative plural)
panny (genitive singular)
panien (genitive plural)
pannie (dative singular)
pannom (dative plural)
pannę (accusative singular)
panny (accusative plural)
panną (instrumental singular)
pannami (instrumental plural)
pannie (locative singular)
pannach (locative plural)
panno (singular vocative)
panny (plural vocative)

(Near Masovian, anatomy) Synonym of źrenica


kakao

kakao n (indeclinable, diminutive kakałko, related adjective kakaowy)

kakałko (diminutive)
kakaowy (adjective)

Borrowed from Spanish cacao, from Classical Nahuatl cacahuatl.

(anatomy, euphemistic, slang, vulgar) anus (lower opening of the digestive tract)


psyche

(literary, psychoanalysis) psyche (human soul, mind, or spirit)


stan

st. (abbreviation)
stan (nominative singular)
stany (nominative plural)
stanu (genitive singular)
stanów (genitive plural)
stanowi (dative singular)
stanom (dative plural)
stan (accusative singular)
stany (accusative plural)
stanem (instrumental singular)
stanami (instrumental plural)
stanie (locative singular)
stanach (locative plural)
stanie (singular vocative)
stany (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish stan. Sense 1, sense 2 and sense 10 are semantic loans from Latin status.

sl

(literary, anatomy) waist (the part of the body between the pelvis and the stomach)


por

por (nominative singular)
pory (nominative plural)
pora (genitive singular)
poru (genitive singular)
porów (genitive plural)
porowi (dative singular)
porom (dative plural)
por (accusative singular)
pory (accusative plural)
porem (instrumental singular)
porami (instrumental plural)
porze (locative singular)
porach (locative plural)
porze (singular vocative)
pory (plural vocative)

(dermatology) pore, sweat hole (tiny opening in the skin)


ego

Learned borrowing from Latin egō̆. Doublet of ja.

(psychoanalysis) ego (most central part of the mind which mediates with one's surroundings)


droga

dróżka (diminutive)
droga (nominative singular)
drogi (nominative plural)
drogi (genitive singular)
dróg (genitive plural)
drodze (dative singular)
drogom (dative plural)
drogę (accusative singular)
drogi (accusative plural)
drogą (instrumental singular)
drogami (instrumental plural)
drodze (locative singular)
drogach (locative plural)
drogo (singular vocative)
drogi (plural vocative)
dróga (alternative)

(anatomy) tract (series of connected body organs, such as the digestive tract)


wilk

wilk (nominative singular)
wilki (nominative plural)
wilku (genitive singular)
wilków (genitive plural)
wilkowi (dative singular)
wilkom (dative plural)
wilk (accusative singular)
wilki (accusative plural)
wilkiem (instrumental singular)
wilkami (instrumental plural)
wilku (locative singular)
wilkach (locative plural)
wilku (singular vocative)
wilki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vьlkъ. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin lupus. For the sense “meatgrinder,” compare German Fleischwolf.


idiota

pl-noun

idiota m pers (female equivalent idiotka)

idiotka (feminine)
idiota (nominative singular)
idioci (nominative plural)
idioty (derogatory nominative plural)
idioty (genitive singular)
idiotów (genitive plural)
idiocie (dative singular)
idiotom (dative plural)
idiotę (accusative singular)
idiotów (accusative plural)
idiotą (instrumental singular)
idiotami (instrumental plural)
idiocie (locative singular)
idiotach (locative plural)
idioto (singular vocative)
idioci (plural vocative)
dyjota (alternative)

Borrowed from French idiot, from Old French idiot, from Latin idiōta, from Ancient Greek ἰδιώτης (idiṓtēs, “layman”), from ἴδιος (ídios, “private”).

der

(pathology, obsolete) person with severe mental retardation


prion

pl-noun

prion m inan (related adjective prionowy)

prionowy (adjective)
prion (nominative singular)
priony (nominative plural)
prionu (genitive singular)
prionów (genitive plural)
prionowi (dative singular)
prionom (dative plural)
prion (accusative singular)
priony (accusative plural)
prionem (instrumental singular)
prionami (instrumental plural)
prionie (locative singular)
prionach (locative plural)
prionie (singular vocative)
priony (plural vocative)

(molecular biology, pathology) prion (self-propagating misfolded conformer of a protein that is responsible for a number of diseases that affect the brain and other neural tissue)


atrament

atrament m inan (related adjective atramentowy)

atramentowy (adjective)
atrament (nominative singular)
atramenty (nominative plural)
atramentu (genitive singular)
atramentów (genitive plural)
atramentowi (dative singular)
atramentom (dative plural)
atrament (accusative singular)
atramenty (accusative plural)
atramentem (instrumental singular)
atramentami (instrumental plural)
atramencie (locative singular)
atramentach (locative plural)
atramencie (singular vocative)
atramenty (plural vocative)
atramént (alternative)

(Middle Polish, medicine) iron or tin medicinal compound


oko

oko n (diminutive oczko, augmentative oczysko)

oczko (diminutive)
oczysko (augmentative)
oko (nominative singular)
oczy (nominative plural)
oka (genitive singular)
oczu (genitive plural)
ócz (genitive plural)
oczów (genitive plural)
oku (dative singular)
oczom (dative plural)
oko (accusative singular)
oczy (accusative plural)
okiem (instrumental singular)
oczami (instrumental plural)
oczyma (instrumental plural)
oku (locative singular)
oczach (locative plural)
oko (singular vocative)
oczy (plural vocative)

czego oczy nie widzą, tego sercu nie żal

źdźbło w oku bliźniego widzisz, a belki w swoim nie dostrzegasz

Twoje oczy są piękne.


id

(psychoanalysis) id (unconscious impulsive component of the personality in the Freudian psychoanalytic model)


chirurgia

chirurgia (nominative singular)
chirurgii (genitive singular)
chirurgii (dative singular)
chirurgię (accusative singular)
chirurgią (instrumental singular)
chirurgii (locative singular)
chirurgio (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin chīrūrgia, from chīrurgus, from Ancient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós).


anhedonia

anhedonia (nominative singular)
anhedonii (genitive singular)
anhedonii (dative singular)
anhedonię (accusative singular)
anhedonią (instrumental singular)
anhedonii (locative singular)
anhedonio (singular vocative)

(medicine, psychiatry) anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, such as exercise, hobbies, music, sexual activities, or social interactions)


aorta

aorta (nominative singular)
aorty (nominative plural)
aorty (genitive singular)
aort (genitive plural)
aorcie (dative singular)
aortom (dative plural)
aortę (accusative singular)
aorty (accusative plural)
aortą (instrumental singular)
aortami (instrumental plural)
aorcie (locative singular)
aortach (locative plural)
aorto (singular vocative)
aorty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀορτή (aortḗ, “the arteries springing from the heart”), from ἀορτέω (aortéō), lengthened form of ἀείρω (aeírō, “I lift, raise”).


atrium

atrium (nominative singular)
atria (nominative plural)
atrium (genitive singular)
atriów (genitive plural)
atrium (dative singular)
atriom (dative plural)
atrium (accusative singular)
atria (accusative plural)
atrium (instrumental singular)
atriami (instrumental plural)
atrium (locative singular)
atriach (locative plural)
atrium (singular vocative)
atria (plural vocative)

(anatomy) atrium (one of two upper chambers of the heart)


hymen

hymen (nominative singular)
hymeny (nominative plural)
hymenu (genitive singular)
hymenów (genitive plural)
hymenowi (dative singular)
hymenom (dative plural)
hymen (accusative singular)
hymeny (accusative plural)
hymenem (instrumental singular)
hymenami (instrumental plural)
hymenie (locative singular)
hymenach (locative plural)
hymenie (singular vocative)
hymeny (plural vocative)

(anatomy, literary) hymen (membrane which occludes the vagina)


neuron

pl-noun

neuron m inan (related adjective neuronowy or neuronalny)

neuronowy (adjective)
neuronalny (adjective)
neuron (nominative singular)
neurony (nominative plural)
neuronu (genitive singular)
neuronów (genitive plural)
neuronowi (dative singular)
neuronom (dative plural)
neuron (accusative singular)
neurony (accusative plural)
neuronem (instrumental singular)
neuronami (instrumental plural)
neuronie (locative singular)
neuronach (locative plural)
neuronie (singular vocative)
neurony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron). Doublet of nerw.

lbor

(cytology, neuroanatomy) neuron (cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites)


pas

pasek (diminutive)
pas (nominative singular)
pasy (nominative plural)
pasa (genitive singular)
pasów (genitive plural)
pasowi (dative singular)
pasom (dative plural)
pas (accusative singular)
pasy (accusative plural)
pasem (instrumental singular)
pasami (instrumental plural)
pasie (locative singular)
pasach (locative plural)
pasie (singular vocative)
pasy (plural vocative)
pás (alternative dialectal obsolete)

→ Belarusian: пас (pas)

→ Yiddish: פּאַס (pas)


soma

soma (nominative singular)
somy (nominative plural)
somy (genitive singular)
som (genitive plural)
somie (dative singular)
somom (dative plural)
somę (accusative singular)
somy (accusative plural)
somą (instrumental singular)
somami (instrumental plural)
somie (locative singular)
somach (locative plural)
somo (singular vocative)
somy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma).

(anatomy) soma (the whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail)

(anatomy) soma (the corporeal body, as distinguished from the psyche or soul)


chimera

pl-noun

chimera f (related adjective chimerny or chimeryczny)

chimerny (adjective)
chimeryczny (adjective)
chimera (nominative singular)
chimery (nominative plural)
chimery (genitive singular)
chimer (genitive plural)
chimerze (dative singular)
chimerom (dative plural)
chimerę (accusative singular)
chimery (accusative plural)
chimerą (instrumental singular)
chimerami (instrumental plural)
chimerze (locative singular)
chimerach (locative plural)
chimero (singular vocative)
chimery (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin chimaera, from Ancient Greek χίμαιρα (khímaira).

(genetics) chimera (organism with genetically distinct cells from two or more zygotes)


amyloid

amyloid (nominative singular)
amyloidy (nominative plural)
amyloidu (genitive singular)
amyloidów (genitive plural)
amyloidowi (dative singular)
amyloidom (dative plural)
amyloid (accusative singular)
amyloidy (accusative plural)
amyloidem (instrumental singular)
amyloidami (instrumental plural)
amyloidzie (locative singular)
amyloidach (locative plural)
amyloidzie (singular vocative)
amyloidy (plural vocative)

From amyl + -oid. First attested in 1852.

ref

Szymon Fabian (1852) Farmacya. T. 1, Początki botaniki i zoologii, chemia organiczna i farmakognozya (in Polish), page 61

złogi amyloidu

(medicine, biochemistry) amyloid (protein compound)


adenoid

adenoid (nominative singular)
adenoidy (nominative plural)
adenoidu (genitive singular)
adenoidów (genitive plural)
adenoidowi (dative singular)
adenoidom (dative plural)
adenoid (accusative singular)
adenoidy (accusative plural)
adenoidem (instrumental singular)
adenoidami (instrumental plural)
adenoidzie (locative singular)
adenoidach (locative plural)
adenoidzie (singular vocative)
adenoidy (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ᾰ̓δήν (ădḗn, “gland”) + -oid. First attested in 1872.

ref

Przegląd Postępów Nauki Lekarskiej we Wszystkich Jej Gałęziach i we Wszystkich Krajach (in Polish), volume 1, number 1, 1872, page 90


in vitro

pl-adj

in vitro (not comparable, no derived adverb)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin in vitro.


spleen

spleen (nominative singular)
spleeny (nominative plural)
spleenu (genitive singular)
spleenów (genitive plural)
spleenowi (dative singular)
spleenom (dative plural)
spleen (accusative singular)
spleeny (accusative plural)
spleenem (instrumental singular)
spleenami (instrumental plural)
spleenie (locative singular)
spleenach (locative plural)
spleenie (singular vocative)
spleeny (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English spleen.

(clinical psychology, medicine) Alternative spelling of splin


aura

aura (nominative singular)
aury (nominative plural)
aury (genitive singular)
aur (genitive plural)
aurze (dative singular)
aurom (dative plural)
aurę (accusative singular)
aury (accusative plural)
aurą (instrumental singular)
aurami (instrumental plural)
aurze (locative singular)
aurach (locative plural)
auro (singular vocative)
aury (plural vocative)

(medicine) aura (telltale sensation experienced by some people with epilepsy before a seizure)


trauma

trauma (nominative singular)
traumy (nominative plural)
traumy (genitive singular)
traum (genitive plural)
traumie (dative singular)
traumom (dative plural)
traumę (accusative singular)
traumy (accusative plural)
traumą (instrumental singular)
traumami (instrumental plural)
traumie (locative singular)
traumach (locative plural)
traumo (singular vocative)
traumy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English trauma, from Ancient Greek τραῦμα (traûma).

(medicine) trauma (serious injury to the body)


impotent

impotent (nominative singular)
impotenci (nominative plural)
impotenty (derogatory nominative plural)
impotenta (genitive singular)
impotentów (genitive plural)
impotentowi (dative singular)
impotentom (dative plural)
impotenta (accusative singular)
impotentów (accusative plural)
impotentem (instrumental singular)
impotentami (instrumental plural)
impotencie (locative singular)
impotentach (locative plural)
impotencie (singular vocative)
impotenci (plural vocative)

(pathology) impotent (man who has erectile dysfunction)


diastema

diastema (nominative singular)
diastemy (nominative plural)
diastemy (genitive singular)
diastem (genitive plural)
diastemie (dative singular)
diastemom (dative plural)
diastemę (accusative singular)
diastemy (accusative plural)
diastemą (instrumental singular)
diastemami (instrumental plural)
diastemie (locative singular)
diastemach (locative plural)
diastemo (singular vocative)
diastemy (plural vocative)

Derived from Ancient Greek διάστημα (diástēma).

der+

(dentistry, pathology) diastema (gap or space between two adjacent teeth, especially the upper front incisors (in humans))


lek

lekowy (adjective)
lek (nominative singular)
leki (nominative plural)
leku (genitive singular)
leków (genitive plural)
lekowi (dative singular)
lekom (dative plural)
lek (accusative singular)
leki (accusative plural)
lekiem (instrumental singular)
lekami (instrumental plural)
leku (locative singular)
lekach (locative plural)
leku (singular vocative)
leki (plural vocative)
lik (alternative)

(medicine) medicine, drug (substance which promotes healing)


anemia

anemia (nominative singular)
anemii (genitive singular)
anemii (dative singular)
anemię (accusative singular)
anemią (instrumental singular)
anemii (locative singular)
anemio (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀναιμία (anaimía). By surface analysis, an- + -emia. First attested in the 19th century.

ref

Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “anemja”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861

ciężka/silna anemia

zapobiegać anemii

leczyć anemię

zwalczać anemii


cholera

cholera (nominative singular)
cholery (genitive singular)
cholerze (dative singular)
cholerę (accusative singular)
cholerą (instrumental singular)
cholerze (locative singular)
cholero (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin cholera, from Ancient Greek χολέρᾰ (kholéră).


angina

angina (nominative singular)
anginy (nominative plural)
anginy (genitive singular)
angin (genitive plural)
anginie (dative singular)
anginom (dative plural)
anginę (accusative singular)
anginy (accusative plural)
anginą (instrumental singular)
anginami (instrumental plural)
anginie (locative singular)
anginach (locative plural)
angino (singular vocative)
anginy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin angina. First attested in 1680–1689.

Krystyna Siekierska (20.11.2007) “ANGINA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]


superego

From super- + ego. Calque of German Über-Ich.

(psychoanalysis) superego (part of the mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards that have been learnt)


ropa

ropa (nominative singular)
ropy (genitive singular)
ropie (dative singular)
ropę (accusative singular)
ropą (instrumental singular)
ropie (locative singular)
ropo (singular vocative)


stupor

stupor (nominative singular)
stupory (nominative plural)
stuporu (genitive singular)
stuporów (genitive plural)
stuporowi (dative singular)
stuporom (dative plural)
stupor (accusative singular)
stupory (accusative plural)
stuporem (instrumental singular)
stuporami (instrumental plural)
stuporze (locative singular)
stuporach (locative plural)
stuporze (singular vocative)
stupory (plural vocative)

(medicine) stupor (state of greatly dulled or completely suspended consciousness or sensibility; a chiefly mental condition marked by absence of spontaneous movement, greatly diminished responsiveness to stimulation, and usually impaired consciousness)


amnion

amnion (nominative singular)
amniony (nominative plural)
amnionu (genitive singular)
amnionów (genitive plural)
amnionowi (dative singular)
amnionom (dative plural)
amnion (accusative singular)
amniony (accusative plural)
amnionem (instrumental singular)
amnionami (instrumental plural)
amnionie (locative singular)
amnionach (locative plural)
amnionie (singular vocative)
amniony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀμνίον (amníon). First attested in 1810.

ref

Georg Prochaska (1810) Zasady fizyologii ludzkiej. T. 2 (in Polish), page 182

(anatomy, embryology) amnion (innermost membrane of the fetal membranes of reptiles, birds, and mammals; the sac in which the embryo is suspended)


bulimia

pl-noun

bulimia f (related adjective bulimiczny)

bulimiczny (adjective)
bulimia (nominative singular)
bulimii (genitive singular)
bulimii (dative singular)
bulimię (accusative singular)
bulimią (instrumental singular)
bulimii (locative singular)
bulimio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English bulimia, French boulimie, German Bulimie, ultimately from Ancient Greek βουλιμία (boulimía).

(pathology) bulimia (chronic eating disorder characterized by a binge-and-purge cycle: extreme overeating followed by self-induced vomiting)


znak

znak m inan (diminutive znaczek, related adjective znakowy)

znaczek (diminutive)
znakowy (adjective)
znak (nominative singular)
znaki (nominative plural)
znaku (genitive singular)
znaków (genitive plural)
znakowi (dative singular)
znakom (dative plural)
znak (accusative singular)
znaki (accusative plural)
znakiem (instrumental singular)
znakami (instrumental plural)
znaku (locative singular)
znakach (locative plural)
znaku (singular vocative)
znaki (plural vocative)

(obsolete, medicine) sign (property of the body that indicates a disease and, unlike a symptom, can be detected objectively by someone other than the patient)


mediator

mediator (nominative singular)
mediatory (nominative plural)
mediatora (genitive singular)
mediatorów (genitive plural)
mediatorowi (dative singular)
mediatorom (dative plural)
mediator (accusative singular)
mediatory (accusative plural)
mediatorem (instrumental singular)
mediatorami (instrumental plural)
mediatorze (locative singular)
mediatorach (locative plural)
mediatorze (singular vocative)
mediatory (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) mediator (chemical substance transmitting information to a targeted cell)


balsam

balsam m inan (related adjective balsamowy)

balsamowy (adjective)
balsam (nominative singular)
balsamy (nominative plural)
balsamu (genitive singular)
balsamów (genitive plural)
balsamowi (dative singular)
balsamom (dative plural)
balsam (accusative singular)
balsamy (accusative plural)
balsamem (instrumental singular)
balsamami (instrumental plural)
balsamie (locative singular)
balsamach (locative plural)
balsamie (singular vocative)
balsamy (plural vocative)
Balsamus (alternative Middle Polish)
balzam (alternative Middle Polish)
bałzam (alternative Middle Polish)
bałsam (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Old Polish balsam. Compare Kashubian balzam and Slovincian balzóm.

(cosmetics, medicine, pharmacology) lotion, balm (a low-viscosity topical preparation intended for application to skin)


tampon

tamponik (diminutive)
tampon (nominative singular)
tampony (nominative plural)
tamponu (genitive singular)
tamponów (genitive plural)
tamponowi (dative singular)
tamponom (dative plural)
tampon (accusative singular)
tampony (accusative plural)
tamponem (instrumental singular)
tamponami (instrumental plural)
tamponie (locative singular)
tamponach (locative plural)
tamponie (singular vocative)
tampony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French tampon, from Middle French tampion, a nasalised variant of tapon, a diminutive or augmented form of Old French tape (“plug, bung, tap”), from Frankish *tappo (“stopper, plug”), from Proto-Germanic *tappô (“plug, tap”).

(medicine) tampon (plug of cotton or other absorbent material)


koma

koma (nominative singular)
komy (nominative plural)
komy (genitive singular)
kom (genitive plural)
komie (dative singular)
komom (dative plural)
komę (accusative singular)
komy (accusative plural)
komą (instrumental singular)
komami (instrumental plural)
komie (locative singular)
komach (locative plural)
komo (singular vocative)
komy (plural vocative)


syfilis

syfilis (nominative singular)
syfilisu (genitive singular)
syfilisowi (dative singular)
syfilis (accusative singular)
syfilisem (instrumental singular)
syfilisie (locative singular)
syfilisie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French syphilis, from New Latin syphilis.


ucho

ucho n (diminutive uszko, augmentative uszysko, related adjective uszny)

uszko (diminutive)
uszysko (augmentative)
uszny (adjective)
ucho (nominative singular)
uszy (nominative plural)
ucha (genitive singular)
uszu (genitive plural)
uszów (genitive plural)
uchu (dative singular)
uszom (dative plural)
ucho (accusative singular)
uszy (accusative plural)
uchem (instrumental singular)
uszami (instrumental plural)
uszyma (instrumental plural)
uchu (locative singular)
uszach (locative plural)
ucho (singular vocative)
uszy (plural vocative)
ucho (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish ucho. The irregular plural forms are the result of fossilization of the old dual forms.

póty dzban wodę nosi, póki się ucho nie urwie

(anatomy) ear (external part of the organ of hearing; the auricle)


delirium tremens

Learned borrowing from Latin dēlīrium tremēns.

lbor

delirium tremens
delirium tremens#English


neuralgia

neuralgia (nominative singular)
neuralgie (nominative plural)
neuralgii (genitive singular)
neuralgii (genitive plural)
neuralgij (archaic genitive plural)
neuralgii (dative singular)
neuralgiom (dative plural)
neuralgię (accusative singular)
neuralgie (accusative plural)
neuralgią (instrumental singular)
neuralgiami (instrumental plural)
neuralgii (locative singular)
neuralgiach (locative plural)
neuralgio (singular vocative)
neuralgie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English neuralgia, from New Latin neuralgia, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”) + ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”).

(neurology, pathology) neuralgia (severe, intermittent pain that radiates along a nerve)


beri-beri

Probably borrowed from Sinhalese බැරි බැරි (bæri bæri).


chloroplast

pl-noun

chloroplast m inan (related adjective chloroplastowy)

chloroplastowy (adjective)
chloroplast (nominative singular)
chloroplasty (nominative plural)
chloroplastu (genitive singular)
chloroplastów (genitive plural)
chloroplastowi (dative singular)
chloroplastom (dative plural)
chloroplast (accusative singular)
chloroplasty (accusative plural)
chloroplastem (instrumental singular)
chloroplastami (instrumental plural)
chloroplaście (locative singular)
chloroplastach (locative plural)
chloroplaście (singular vocative)
chloroplasty (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English chloroplast, French chloroplaste, German Chloroplast.

(cytology) chloroplast (organelle found in the cells of green plants and in photosynthetic algae, where photosynthesis takes place, characterized by a high concentration of chlorophyll and two membranes)


neurotransmiter

neurotransmiter (nominative singular)
neurotransmitery (nominative plural)
neurotransmitera (genitive singular)
neurotransmiterów (genitive plural)
neurotransmiterowi (dative singular)
neurotransmiterom (dative plural)
neurotransmiter (accusative singular)
neurotransmitery (accusative plural)
neurotransmiterem (instrumental singular)
neurotransmiterami (instrumental plural)
neurotransmiterze (locative singular)
neurotransmiterach (locative plural)
neurotransmiterze (singular vocative)
neurotransmitery (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) neuromediator, neurotransmitter


drzewo

drzewo n (diminutive drzewko, related adjective drzewny)

drzewko (diminutive)
drzewny (adjective)
drzewo (nominative singular)
drzewa (nominative plural)
drzewa (genitive singular)
drzew (genitive plural)
drzewu (dative singular)
drzewom (dative plural)
drzewo (accusative singular)
drzewa (accusative plural)
drzewem (instrumental singular)
drzewami (instrumental plural)
drzewie (locative singular)
drzewach (locative plural)
drzewo (singular vocative)
drzewa (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, medicine) medicine from a tree of the species Guaiacum


globus

globus (nominative singular)
globusa (genitive singular)
globusu (genitive singular)
globusowi (dative singular)
globus (accusative singular)
globusem (instrumental singular)
globusie (locative singular)
globusie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin globus (hystericus).

lbor

(uncountable, pathology) globus, globus hystericus (sensation of having a lump in the throat)


proteza

proteza (nominative singular)
protezy (nominative plural)
protezy (genitive singular)
protez (genitive plural)
protezie (dative singular)
protezom (dative plural)
protezę (accusative singular)
protezy (accusative plural)
protezą (instrumental singular)
protezami (instrumental plural)
protezie (locative singular)
protezach (locative plural)
protezo (singular vocative)
protezy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French prothèse, from Ancient Greek πρόσθεσις (prósthesis).


arteria

arteria (nominative singular)
arterie (nominative plural)
arterii (genitive singular)
arterii (genitive plural)
arteryj (archaic genitive plural)
arterii (dative singular)
arteriom (dative plural)
arterię (accusative singular)
arterie (accusative plural)
arterią (instrumental singular)
arteriami (instrumental plural)
arterii (locative singular)
arteriach (locative plural)
arterio (singular vocative)
arterie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin artēria, from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (ărtērĭ́ā).

(anatomy) artery (blood vessel from the heart)


gen

genowy (adjective)
gen (nominative singular)
geny (nominative plural)
genu (genitive singular)
genów (genitive plural)
genowi (dative singular)
genom (dative plural)
gen (accusative singular)
geny (accusative plural)
genem (instrumental singular)
genami (instrumental plural)
genie (locative singular)
genach (locative plural)
genie (singular vocative)
geny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English gene, French gène, German Gen, ultimately from Ancient Greek γενεᾱ́ (geneā́).

(genetics) gene (theoretical unit of heredity of living organisms; it may take several values and, in principle, predetermines a precise trait of an organism's form (phenotype), such as hair color)


fantom

fantom (nominative singular)
fantomy (nominative plural)
fantomu (genitive singular)
fantomów (genitive plural)
fantomowi (dative singular)
fantomom (dative plural)
fantom (accusative singular)
fantomy (accusative plural)
fantomem (instrumental singular)
fantomami (instrumental plural)
fantomie (locative singular)
fantomach (locative plural)
fantomie (singular vocative)
fantomy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French fantôme, from Latin phantasma, from Ancient Greek φάντασμα (phántasma).


figura

figura (nominative singular)
figury (nominative plural)
figury (genitive singular)
figur (genitive plural)
figurze (dative singular)
figurom (dative plural)
figurę (accusative singular)
figury (accusative plural)
figurą (instrumental singular)
figurami (instrumental plural)
figurze (locative singular)
figurach (locative plural)
figuro (singular vocative)
figury (plural vocative)

(anatomy) figure (human figure; shape of human body)


imago

imago (nominative singular)
imaga (nominative plural)
imagines (nominative plural)
imaga (genitive singular)
imag (genitive plural)
imagu (dative singular)
imagom (dative plural)
imago (accusative singular)
imaga (accusative plural)
imagiem (instrumental singular)
imagami (instrumental plural)
imagu (locative singular)
imagach (locative plural)
imago (singular vocative)
imaga (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English imago, French imago, German Imago, ultimately from Latin imāgō. Doublet of image.

(psychoanalysis) imago (idealized concept of a loved one, formed in childhood and retained unconsciously into adult life, the basis for the psychological formation of personality archetypes)


doktor

pl-noun

doktor m pers (female equivalent doktor or doktorka, diminutive doktorek, abbreviation dr)

doktor (feminine)
doktorka (feminine)
doktorek (diminutive)
dr (abbreviation)
doktor (nominative singular)
doktorowie (nominative plural)
doktorzy (nominative plural)
doktora (genitive singular)
doktorów (genitive plural)
doktorowi (dative singular)
doktorom (dative plural)
doktora (accusative singular)
doktorów (accusative plural)
doktorem (instrumental singular)
doktorami (instrumental plural)
doktorze (locative singular)
doktorach (locative plural)
doktorze (singular vocative)
doktorowie (plural vocative)
doktorzy (plural vocative)
doktór (alternative colloquial regional)

→ Kashubian: doktór

(colloquial, medicine) physician, medical doctor


płaszcz

płaszczyk (diminutive)
płaszcz (nominative singular)
płaszcze (nominative plural)
płaszcza (genitive singular)
płaszczy (genitive plural)
płaszczów (genitive plural)
płaszczowi (dative singular)
płaszczom (dative plural)
płaszcz (accusative singular)
płaszcze (accusative plural)
płaszczem (instrumental singular)
płaszczami (instrumental plural)
płaszczu (locative singular)
płaszczach (locative plural)
płaszczu (singular vocative)
płaszcze (plural vocative)
płoszcz (alternative)


dr

dr (nominative singular)
drowie (nominative plural)
dra (genitive singular)
drów (genitive plural)
drowi (dative singular)
drom (dative plural)
dra (accusative singular)
drów (accusative plural)
drem (instrumental singular)
drami (instrumental plural)
drze (locative singular)
drach (locative plural)
drze (singular vocative)
drowie (plural vocative)
dr (nominative singular)
dr dr (nominative plural)
dr. (genitive singular)
dr. dr. (genitive plural)
dr. (dative singular)
dr. dr. (dative plural)
dr. (accusative singular)
dr. dr. (accusative plural)
dr. (instrumental singular)
dr. dr. (instrumental plural)
dr. (locative singular)
dr. dr. (locative plural)
dr. (singular vocative)
dr. dr. (plural vocative)


lanugo

Learned borrowing from Latin lānūgō. Doublet of flanela and wełna.


implant

implant (nominative singular)
implanty (nominative plural)
implantu (genitive singular)
implantów (genitive plural)
implantowi (dative singular)
implantom (dative plural)
implant (accusative singular)
implanty (accusative plural)
implantem (instrumental singular)
implantami (instrumental plural)
implancie (locative singular)
implantach (locative plural)
implancie (singular vocative)
implanty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English implant, from Middle French implanter, from Latin implantō.

(medicine) implant (anything surgically implanted in the body)


gaza

gazowy (adjective)
gaza (nominative singular)
gazy (nominative plural)
gazy (genitive singular)
gaz (genitive plural)
gazie (dative singular)
gazom (dative plural)
gazę (accusative singular)
gazy (accusative plural)
gazą (instrumental singular)
gazami (instrumental plural)
gazie (locative singular)
gazach (locative plural)
gazo (singular vocative)
gazy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French gaze, from Arabic قَزّ (qazz).

(medicine) gauze (cotton fabric used as surgical dressing)


delirium

delirium (nominative singular)
deliria (nominative plural)
delirium (genitive singular)
deliriów (genitive plural)
delirium (dative singular)
deliriom (dative plural)
delirium (accusative singular)
deliria (accusative plural)
delirium (instrumental singular)
deliriami (instrumental plural)
delirium (locative singular)
deliriach (locative plural)
delirium (singular vocative)
deliria (plural vocative)

(pathology) delirium (mental state of confusion)


abulia

abulia (nominative singular)
abulii (genitive singular)
abulii (dative singular)
abulię (accusative singular)
abulią (instrumental singular)
abulii (locative singular)
abulio (singular vocative)
abulja (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀβουλία (aboulía). First attested in 1842.

ref

Józef Majer (1842) Niemiecko-polski słownik wyrazów lekarskich, page 87


ikra

ikra (nominative singular)
ikry (genitive singular)
ikrze (dative singular)
ikrę (accusative singular)
ikrą (instrumental singular)
ikrze (locative singular)
ikro (singular vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьkra. Doublet of kra.

(Central Greater Poland, anatomy) Synonym of łydka


receptor

receptor (nominative singular)
receptorzy (nominative plural)
receptory (derogatory nominative plural)
receptora (genitive singular)
receptorów (genitive plural)
receptorowi (dative singular)
receptorom (dative plural)
receptora (accusative singular)
receptorów (accusative plural)
receptorem (instrumental singular)
receptorami (instrumental plural)
receptorze (locative singular)
receptorach (locative plural)
receptorze (singular vocative)
receptorzy (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, medicine) sensory receptor (protein on a cell wall that responds to sensory stimuli)


alter ego

Learned borrowing from Latin alter egō̆.

(psychology, psychiatry) alter ego (individual's alternate personality or persona; another self)


sonda

sonda (nominative singular)
sondy (nominative plural)
sondy (genitive singular)
sond (genitive plural)
sondzie (dative singular)
sondom (dative plural)
sondę (accusative singular)
sondy (accusative plural)
sondą (instrumental singular)
sondami (instrumental plural)
sondzie (locative singular)
sondach (locative plural)
sondo (singular vocative)
sondy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French sonde, from Middle French, from Old French sonde, from Old English sund, from Proto-Germanic *sundą, from Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)-.


serce

pl-noun

serce n (diminutive serduszko, augmentative serducho, related adjective sercowy)

serduszko (diminutive)
serducho (augmentative)
sercowy (adjective)
serce (nominative singular)
serca (nominative plural)
serca (genitive singular)
serc (genitive plural)
sercu (dative singular)
sercom (dative plural)
serce (accusative singular)
serca (accusative plural)
sercem (instrumental singular)
sercami (instrumental plural)
sercu (locative singular)
sercach (locative plural)
serce (singular vocative)
serca (plural vocative)

(anatomy) heart (muscular organ that pumps blood through the body)

(anatomy) heart (part of the chest on its left side at the level of the heart - the organ)


usta

usta nvir pl (diminutive ustka, related adjective ustny)

ustka (diminutive)
ustny (adjective)
usta (nominative plural)
ust (genitive plural)
ustom (dative plural)
usta (accusative plural)
ustami (instrumental plural)
ustach (locative plural)
usta (plural vocative)


broda

bródka (diminutive)
broda (nominative singular)
brody (nominative plural)
brody (genitive singular)
bród (genitive plural)
brodzie (dative singular)
brodom (dative plural)
brodę (accusative singular)
brody (accusative plural)
brodą (instrumental singular)
brodami (instrumental plural)
brodzie (locative singular)
brodach (locative plural)
brodo (singular vocative)
brody (plural vocative)


pacha

pacha f (diminutive paszka, related adjective pachowy)

paszka (diminutive)
pachowy (adjective)
pacha (nominative singular)
pachy (nominative plural)
pachy (genitive singular)
pach (genitive plural)
pasze (dative singular)
pachom (dative plural)
pachę (accusative singular)
pachy (accusative plural)
pachą (instrumental singular)
pachami (instrumental plural)
pasze (locative singular)
pachach (locative plural)
pacho (singular vocative)
pachy (plural vocative)
pocha (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *paxъ /*paxa.

inh+

(anatomy) armpit
armpit (part of clothing under the arm)


kuku

(childish, pathology) boo-boo (minor injury)


telomer

telomer (nominative singular)
telomery (nominative plural)
telomeru (genitive singular)
telomerów (genitive plural)
telomerowi (dative singular)
telomerom (dative plural)
telomer (accusative singular)
telomery (accusative plural)
telomerem (instrumental singular)
telomerami (instrumental plural)
telomerze (locative singular)
telomerach (locative plural)
telomerze (singular vocative)
telomery (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek τέλος (télos) + μέρος (méros).

(genetics) telomere (either of the sequences of DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome)


muskuł

muskułek (diminutive)
muskuł (nominative singular)
muskuły (nominative plural)
muskułu (genitive singular)
muskułów (genitive plural)
muskułowi (dative singular)
muskułom (dative plural)
muskuł (accusative singular)
muskuły (accusative plural)
muskułem (instrumental singular)
muskułami (instrumental plural)
muskule (locative singular)
muskułach (locative plural)
muskule (singular vocative)
muskuły (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin mūsculus. Doublet of mul and muszla.


mięsień

mięsień (nominative singular)
mięśnie (nominative plural)
mięśnia (genitive singular)
mięśni (genitive plural)
mięśniowi (dative singular)
mięśniom (dative plural)
mięsień (accusative singular)
mięśnie (accusative plural)
mięśniem (instrumental singular)
mięśniami (instrumental plural)
mięśniu (locative singular)
mięśniach (locative plural)
mięśniu (singular vocative)
mięśnie (plural vocative)

/ˈmjɛw̃.ɕɛɲ/


otok

otok (nominative singular)
otoki (nominative plural)
otoku (genitive singular)
otoka (genitive singular)
otoków (genitive plural)
otokowi (dative singular)
otokom (dative plural)
otok (accusative singular)
otoki (accusative plural)
otokiem (instrumental singular)
otokami (instrumental plural)
otoku (locative singular)
otokach (locative plural)
otoku (singular vocative)
otoki (plural vocative)

(Kielce, pathology) Synonym of ropa (“pus”)


keloid

keloid (nominative singular)
keloidy (nominative plural)
keloidu (genitive singular)
keloidów (genitive plural)
keloidowi (dative singular)
keloidom (dative plural)
keloid (accusative singular)
keloidy (accusative plural)
keloidem (instrumental singular)
keloidami (instrumental plural)
keloidzie (locative singular)
keloidach (locative plural)
keloidzie (singular vocative)
keloidy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English keloid, from French chéloïde, from Ancient Greek χηλή (khēlḗ, “hoof”).


blok

bloczek (diminutive)
blok (nominative singular)
bloki (nominative plural)
bloku (genitive singular)
bloków (genitive plural)
blokowi (dative singular)
blokom (dative plural)
blok (accusative singular)
bloki (accusative plural)
blokiem (instrumental singular)
blokami (instrumental plural)
bloku (locative singular)
blokach (locative plural)
bloku (singular vocative)
bloki (plural vocative)
bloch (alternative)

Borrowed from German Block. Sense 8 is a semantic loan from English code block, sense 9 is a semantic loan from English block, sense 10 is a semantic loan from English heart block, and sense 11 is a semantic loan from English engine block. First attested in 1782.

sl

blok serca

blok przedsionkowo-komorowy


debil

pl-noun

debil m pers (female equivalent debilka)

debilka (feminine)
debil (nominative singular)
debile (nominative plural)
debila (genitive singular)
debili (genitive plural)
debilów (genitive plural)
debilowi (dative singular)
debilom (dative plural)
debila (accusative singular)
debili (accusative plural)
debilów (accusative plural)
debilem (instrumental singular)
debilami (instrumental plural)
debilu (locative singular)
debilach (locative plural)
debilu (singular vocative)
debile (plural vocative)

(obsolete, pathology) person with slight mental retardation


astma

astma (nominative singular)
astmy (genitive singular)
astmie (dative singular)
astmę (accusative singular)
astmą (instrumental singular)
astmie (locative singular)
astmo (singular vocative)

Probably a learned borrowing from Latin asthma, from Ancient Greek ἆσθμα (âsthma).


genom

genom (nominative singular)
genomy (nominative plural)
genomu (genitive singular)
genomów (genitive plural)
genomowi (dative singular)
genomom (dative plural)
genom (accusative singular)
genomy (accusative plural)
genomem (instrumental singular)
genomami (instrumental plural)
genomie (locative singular)
genomach (locative plural)
genomie (singular vocative)
genomy (plural vocative)

(genetics) genome (complete genetic information (either DNA or, in some viruses, RNA) of an organism)


atrofia

atrofia (nominative singular)
atrofii (genitive singular)
atrofii (dative singular)
atrofię (accusative singular)
atrofią (instrumental singular)
atrofii (locative singular)
atrofio (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀτροφία (atrophía). By surface analysis, a- + -trofia.


aparat

pl-noun

aparat m inan (diminutive aparacik, related adjective aparatowy)

aparacik (diminutive)
aparatowy (adjective)
aparat (nominative singular)
aparaty (nominative plural)
aparatu (genitive singular)
aparatów (genitive plural)
aparatowi (dative singular)
aparatom (dative plural)
aparat (accusative singular)
aparaty (accusative plural)
aparatem (instrumental singular)
aparatami (instrumental plural)
aparacie (locative singular)
aparatach (locative plural)
aparacie (singular vocative)
aparaty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin apparātus. First attested in 1549.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “aparat”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

aparat słuchowy

(medicine) device (tool that helps someone with a defect or after a disease)


biofeedback

biofeedback (nominative singular)
biofeedbacku (genitive singular)
biofeedbackowi (dative singular)
biofeedback (accusative singular)
biofeedbackiem (instrumental singular)
biofeedbacku (locative singular)
biofeedbacku (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English biofeedback. By surface analysis, bio- + feedback. First attested in 1976.

ubor

technika biofeedbacku

(physiology, psychiatry, psychology) biofeedback (technique of gaining greater awareness of the many physiological functions of one's own body by using electronic or other instruments, and with the goal of being able to manipulate the body's systems at will)


adynamia

adynamia (nominative singular)
adynamii (genitive singular)
adynamii (dative singular)
adynamię (accusative singular)
adynamią (instrumental singular)
adynamii (locative singular)
adynamio (singular vocative)
adynamja (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀδύναμος (adúnamos). By surface analysis, a- + dynamo- + -ia. First attested in 1816.

ref

August Ferdynand Wolff (1816) Rys sztuki leczenia czyli terapia ogólna i szczególna. Cz. 1, Obeymuiąca terapią ogólną i główne formy chorób gorączkowych, page 308

(pathology) adynamia (lack or loss of strength, usually due to a disease)


purpura

purpura (nominative singular)
purpury (genitive singular)
purpurze (dative singular)
purpurę (accusative singular)
purpurą (instrumental singular)
purpurze (locative singular)
purpuro (singular vocative)


blastema

blastema (nominative singular)
blastemy (nominative plural)
blastemy (genitive singular)
blastem (genitive plural)
blastemie (dative singular)
blastemom (dative plural)
blastemę (accusative singular)
blastemy (accusative plural)
blastemą (instrumental singular)
blastemami (instrumental plural)
blastemie (locative singular)
blastemach (locative plural)
blastemo (singular vocative)
blastemy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek βλάστημα (blástēma). First attested in 1824.


morfologia

morfologia (nominative singular)
morfologie (nominative plural)
morfologii (genitive singular)
morfologii (genitive plural)
morfologij (archaic genitive plural)
morfologii (dative singular)
morfologiom (dative plural)
morfologię (accusative singular)
morfologie (accusative plural)
morfologią (instrumental singular)
morfologiami (instrumental plural)
morfologii (locative singular)
morfologiach (locative plural)
morfologio (singular vocative)
morfologie (plural vocative)

complete blood count
complete blood count


aneuploid

aneuploid (nominative singular)
aneuploidy (nominative plural)
aneuploidu (genitive singular)
aneuploidów (genitive plural)
aneuploidowi (dative singular)
aneuploidom (dative plural)
aneuploid (accusative singular)
aneuploidy (accusative plural)
aneuploidem (instrumental singular)
aneuploidami (instrumental plural)
aneuploidzie (locative singular)
aneuploidach (locative plural)
aneuploidzie (singular vocative)
aneuploidy (plural vocative)

From an- + eu- + -ploid. First attested in 1942.

ref

aneuploid in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

(genetics) aneuploid (a cell or an organism having an incorrect amount of chromosomes)


gastrula

gastrula (nominative singular)
gastrule (nominative plural)
gastruli (genitive singular)
gastrul (genitive plural)
gastruli (dative singular)
gastrulom (dative plural)
gastrulę (accusative singular)
gastrule (accusative plural)
gastrulą (instrumental singular)
gastrulami (instrumental plural)
gastruli (locative singular)
gastrulach (locative plural)
gastrulo (singular vocative)
gastrule (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin gastrula.

lbor

faza/stadium gastruli

(embryology) gastrula (stage in the development of embryos of most animals consisting of a three-layered sac of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)


lobotomia

lobotomia (nominative singular)
lobotomii (genitive singular)
lobotomii (dative singular)
lobotomię (accusative singular)
lobotomią (instrumental singular)
lobotomii (locative singular)
lobotomio (singular vocative)


prostata

prostata (nominative singular)
prostaty (nominative plural)
prostaty (genitive singular)
prostat (genitive plural)
prostacie (dative singular)
prostatom (dative plural)
prostatę (accusative singular)
prostaty (accusative plural)
prostatą (instrumental singular)
prostatami (instrumental plural)
prostacie (locative singular)
prostatach (locative plural)
prostato (singular vocative)
prostaty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French prostate, from Medieval Latin prostata, from Ancient Greek προστάτης (prostátēs), from πρό (pró) + ἵστημι (hístēmi).


terapia

terapia (nominative singular)
terapii (genitive singular)
terapii (dative singular)
terapię (accusative singular)
terapią (instrumental singular)
terapii (locative singular)
terapio (singular vocative)


deuteranopia

deuteranopia (nominative singular)
deuteranopii (genitive singular)
deuteranopii (dative singular)
deuteranopię (accusative singular)
deuteranopią (instrumental singular)
deuteranopii (locative singular)
deuteranopio (singular vocative)


patologia

patologia (nominative singular)
patologie (nominative plural)
patologii (genitive singular)
patologii (genitive plural)
patologij (archaic genitive plural)
patologii (dative singular)
patologiom (dative plural)
patologię (accusative singular)
patologie (accusative plural)
patologią (instrumental singular)
patologiami (instrumental plural)
patologii (locative singular)
patologiach (locative plural)
patologio (singular vocative)
patologie (plural vocative)

(medicine) pathology (branch of medicine)

(medicine) pathology (medical specialty)


blastula

blastula (nominative singular)
blastule (nominative plural)
blastuli (genitive singular)
blastul (genitive plural)
blastuli (dative singular)
blastulom (dative plural)
blastulę (accusative singular)
blastule (accusative plural)
blastulą (instrumental singular)
blastulami (instrumental plural)
blastuli (locative singular)
blastulach (locative plural)
blastulo (singular vocative)
blastule (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin blastula. First attested in 1879.

faza/stadium blastuli

(embryology) blastula (early form in the development of an embryo, consisting of a spherical layer of cells filled with fluid)


franca

franca (nominative singular)
france (nominative plural)
francy (genitive singular)
franc (genitive plural)
francy (dative singular)
francom (dative plural)
francę (accusative singular)
france (accusative plural)
francą (instrumental singular)
francami (instrumental plural)
francy (locative singular)
francach (locative plural)
franco (singular vocative)
france (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Franze, Franzose, from Middle High German franzōse, franzoise, from Old French françois. Doublet of Francja and Francuz.

(colloquial, pathology) nagging, chronic illness

(colloquial, dermatology) pimple, pustule


afta

afta (nominative singular)
afty (nominative plural)
afty (genitive singular)
aft (genitive plural)
afcie (dative singular)
aftom (dative plural)
aftę (accusative singular)
afty (accusative plural)
aftą (instrumental singular)
aftami (instrumental plural)
afcie (locative singular)
aftach (locative plural)
afto (singular vocative)
afty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French aphte. First attested in 1807.

(chiefly in the plural, dentistry, pathology) aphtha, canker sore, aphthous ulcer (ulcer in the mouth caused by a break in the mucous membrane)


palec

pl-noun

palec m inan (diminutive paluszek, augmentative paluch, related adjective palcowy)

paluszek (diminutive)
paluch (augmentative)
palcowy (adjective)
palec (nominative singular)
palce (nominative plural)
palca (genitive singular)
palców (genitive plural)
palcowi (dative singular)
palcom (dative plural)
palec (accusative singular)
palce (accusative plural)
palcem (instrumental singular)
palcami (instrumental plural)
palcu (locative singular)
palcach (locative plural)
palcu (singular vocative)
palce (plural vocative)
palic (alternative)


ametropia

ametropia (nominative singular)
ametropii (genitive singular)
ametropii (dative singular)
ametropię (accusative singular)
ametropią (instrumental singular)
ametropii (locative singular)
ametropio (singular vocative)

From a- + Ancient Greek μετρος (metros, “measurable”) + -opia. First attested in 1867.

ref

Dodatek Kwartalny do Czasopisma Lekarskiego pod Tytułem Klinika. (1867) T.1, z.2 (in Polish), page 209

(medicine, pathology, ophthalmology) ametropia


hemeralopia

hemeralopia (nominative singular)
hemeralopii (genitive singular)
hemeralopii (dative singular)
hemeralopię (accusative singular)
hemeralopią (instrumental singular)
hemeralopii (locative singular)
hemeralopio (singular vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἡμέρα (hēméra) + Ancient Greek ἀλαός (alaós) + -opia.


stok

stoczek (diminutive)
stok (nominative singular)
stoki (nominative plural)
stoku (genitive singular)
stoków (genitive plural)
stokowi (dative singular)
stokom (dative plural)
stok (accusative singular)
stoki (accusative plural)
stokiem (instrumental singular)
stokami (instrumental plural)
stoku (locative singular)
stokach (locative plural)
stoku (singular vocative)
stoki (plural vocative)


alalia

alalia (nominative singular)
alalii (genitive singular)
alalii (dative singular)
alalię (accusative singular)
alalią (instrumental singular)
alalii (locative singular)
alalio (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Greek αλαλία (alalía). By surface analysis, a- + -lalia. First attested in the 20th c..

ref

Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “alalia”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN


anuria

anuria (nominative singular)
anurii (genitive singular)
anurii (dative singular)
anurię (accusative singular)
anurią (instrumental singular)
anurii (locative singular)
anurio (singular vocative)


embrion

pl-noun

embrion m inan (related adjective embrionalny)

embrionalny (adjective)
embrion (nominative singular)
embriony (nominative plural)
embrionu (genitive singular)
embrionów (genitive plural)
embrionowi (dative singular)
embrionom (dative plural)
embrion (accusative singular)
embriony (accusative plural)
embrionem (instrumental singular)
embrionami (instrumental plural)
embrionie (locative singular)
embrionach (locative plural)
embrionie (singular vocative)
embriony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἔμβρυον (émbruon).

lbor

(embryology) embryo (fertilized egg before developing into a fetus)


azoospermia

azoospermia (nominative singular)
azoospermii (genitive singular)
azoospermii (dative singular)
azoospermię (accusative singular)
azoospermią (instrumental singular)
azoospermii (locative singular)
azoospermio (singular vocative)

From a- + zoo- + Ancient Greek σπέρμα (spérma).


kompleks

kompleks (nominative singular)
kompleksy (nominative plural)
kompleksu (genitive singular)
kompleksów (genitive plural)
kompleksowi (dative singular)
kompleksom (dative plural)
kompleks (accusative singular)
kompleksy (accusative plural)
kompleksem (instrumental singular)
kompleksami (instrumental plural)
kompleksie (locative singular)
kompleksach (locative plural)
kompleksie (singular vocative)
kompleksy (plural vocative)

(psychoanalysis) complex (psychologically based dislike or fear)


opona

pl-noun

opona f (diminutive oponka, related adjective oponowy)

oponka (diminutive)
oponowy (adjective)
opona (nominative singular)
opony (nominative plural)
opony (genitive singular)
opon (genitive plural)
oponie (dative singular)
oponom (dative plural)
oponę (accusative singular)
opony (accusative plural)
oponą (instrumental singular)
oponami (instrumental plural)
oponie (locative singular)
oponach (locative plural)
opono (singular vocative)
opony (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *opona. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic опона (opona, “curtain”) and Czech opona (“theater curtain”).

cog

opona miękka

opona twarda

opona pajęcza

opona mózgowo-rdzeniowa


adaptogen

adaptogen (nominative singular)
adaptogeny (nominative plural)
adaptogenu (genitive singular)
adaptogenów (genitive plural)
adaptogenowi (dative singular)
adaptogenom (dative plural)
adaptogen (accusative singular)
adaptogeny (accusative plural)
adaptogenem (instrumental singular)
adaptogenami (instrumental plural)
adaptogenie (locative singular)
adaptogenach (locative plural)
adaptogenie (singular vocative)
adaptogeny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Russian адаптоген (adaptogen), coined by Soviet toxicologist and pharmacologist Nikolai Vasilyevich Lazarev. By surface analysis, adaptować + -o- + -gen First attested in 2000.

ref

Pęzik, Piotr, Przepiórkowski, A., Bańko, M., Górski, R., Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B (2012) Wyszukiwarka PELCRA dla danych NKJP. Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego [National Polish Language Corpus, PELCRA search engine], Wydawnictwo PWN

alternative medicine
alternative medicine


urologia

urologia (nominative singular)
urologii (genitive singular)
urologii (dative singular)
urologię (accusative singular)
urologią (instrumental singular)
urologii (locative singular)
urologio (singular vocative)


dermatologia

dermatologia (nominative singular)
dermatologii (genitive singular)
dermatologii (dative singular)
dermatologię (accusative singular)
dermatologią (instrumental singular)
dermatologii (locative singular)
dermatologio (singular vocative)


genotyp

pl-noun

genotyp m inan (related adjective genotypowy)

genotypowy (adjective)
genotyp (nominative singular)
genotypy (nominative plural)
genotypu (genitive singular)
genotypów (genitive plural)
genotypowi (dative singular)
genotypom (dative plural)
genotyp (accusative singular)
genotypy (accusative plural)
genotypem (instrumental singular)
genotypami (instrumental plural)
genotypie (locative singular)
genotypach (locative plural)
genotypie (singular vocative)
genotypy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Genotyp. By surface analysis, geno- + typ.

(genetics) genotype (part (DNA sequence) of the genetic makeup of an organism which determines a specific characteristic (phenotype) of that organism)


pediatria

pediatria (nominative singular)
pediatrii (genitive singular)
pediatrii (dative singular)
pediatrię (accusative singular)
pediatrią (instrumental singular)
pediatrii (locative singular)
pediatrio (singular vocative)


pediatra

pediatra (nominative singular)
pediatrzy (nominative plural)
pediatry (derogatory nominative plural)
pediatry (genitive singular)
pediatrów (genitive plural)
pediatrze (dative singular)
pediatrom (dative plural)
pediatrę (accusative singular)
pediatrów (accusative plural)
pediatrą (instrumental singular)
pediatrami (instrumental plural)
pediatrze (locative singular)
pediatrach (locative plural)
pediatro (singular vocative)
pediatrzy (plural vocative)


ortopedia

ortopedia (nominative singular)
ortopedii (genitive singular)
ortopedii (dative singular)
ortopedię (accusative singular)
ortopedią (instrumental singular)
ortopedii (locative singular)
ortopedio (singular vocative)


andrologia

andrologia (nominative singular)
andrologii (genitive singular)
andrologii (dative singular)
andrologię (accusative singular)
andrologią (instrumental singular)
andrologii (locative singular)
andrologio (singular vocative)

From andro- + -logia. First attested in 1886.

ref

Alfred Obaliński (1886) Wykłady z zakresu chorób dróg moczowych męzkich (in Polish), page 2


geriatria

geriatria (nominative singular)
geriatrii (genitive singular)
geriatrii (dative singular)
geriatrię (accusative singular)
geriatrią (instrumental singular)
geriatrii (locative singular)
geriatrio (singular vocative)


geriatra

geriatra (nominative singular)
geriatrzy (nominative plural)
geriatry (derogatory nominative plural)
geriatry (genitive singular)
geriatrów (genitive plural)
geriatrze (dative singular)
geriatrom (dative plural)
geriatrę (accusative singular)
geriatrów (accusative plural)
geriatrą (instrumental singular)
geriatrami (instrumental plural)
geriatrze (locative singular)
geriatrach (locative plural)
geriatro (singular vocative)
geriatrzy (plural vocative)


neonatologia

neonatologia (nominative singular)
neonatologie (nominative plural)
neonatologii (genitive singular)
neonatologii (genitive plural)
neonatologij (archaic genitive plural)
neonatologii (dative singular)
neonatologiom (dative plural)
neonatologię (accusative singular)
neonatologie (accusative plural)
neonatologią (instrumental singular)
neonatologiami (instrumental plural)
neonatologii (locative singular)
neonatologiach (locative plural)
neonatologio (singular vocative)
neonatologie (plural vocative)

(uncountable, medicine) neonatology (branch of medicine that deals with newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn infant)


ogień

pl-noun

ogień m inan (diminutive ogienek or ogieniek, related adjective ogniowy)

ogienek (diminutive)
ogieniek (diminutive)
ogniowy (adjective)
ogień (nominative singular)
ognie (nominative plural)
ognia (genitive singular)
ogni (genitive plural)
ogniów (genitive plural)
ogniowi (dative singular)
ogniom (dative plural)
ogień (accusative singular)
ognie (accusative plural)
ogniem (instrumental singular)
ogniami (instrumental plural)
ogniu (locative singular)
ogniach (locative plural)
ogniu (singular vocative)
ognie (plural vocative)

(uncountable, obsolete, pathology) dysentery


nefrologia

nefrologia (nominative singular)
nefrologii (genitive singular)
nefrologii (dative singular)
nefrologię (accusative singular)
nefrologią (instrumental singular)
nefrologii (locative singular)
nefrologio (singular vocative)


akromegalia

akromegalia (nominative singular)
akromegalii (genitive singular)
akromegalii (dative singular)
akromegalię (accusative singular)
akromegalią (instrumental singular)
akromegalii (locative singular)
akromegalio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English acromegaly. Ultimately from Ancient Greek ἄκρον (ákron) and μέγας (mégas). First attested in 1891.

ref

Władysław Gajkiewicz (1891) O akromegalii, page Cover

akromegalia in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

(pathology) acromegaly (a chronic disease marked by enlargement of the bones of the extremities, face, and jaw that is caused by over-activity of the pituitary gland)


epidemiologia

epidemiologia (nominative singular)
epidemiologii (genitive singular)
epidemiologii (dative singular)
epidemiologię (accusative singular)
epidemiologią (instrumental singular)
epidemiologii (locative singular)
epidemiologio (singular vocative)


etiologia

etiologia (nominative singular)
etiologie (nominative plural)
etiologii (genitive singular)
etiologii (genitive plural)
etiologij (archaic genitive plural)
etiologii (dative singular)
etiologiom (dative plural)
etiologię (accusative singular)
etiologie (accusative plural)
etiologią (instrumental singular)
etiologiami (instrumental plural)
etiologii (locative singular)
etiologiach (locative plural)
etiologio (singular vocative)
etiologie (plural vocative)
ajtiologia (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Latin aetiologia.

(medicine) aetiology (study or investigation of the causes of disease)


chirurg

chirurg (nominative singular)
chirurdzy (nominative plural)
chirurgi (derogatory nominative plural)
chirurga (genitive singular)
chirurgów (genitive plural)
chirurgowi (dative singular)
chirurgom (dative plural)
chirurga (accusative singular)
chirurgów (accusative plural)
chirurgiem (instrumental singular)
chirurgami (instrumental plural)
chirurgu (locative singular)
chirurgach (locative plural)
chirurgu (singular vocative)
chirurdzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin chīrūrgus, from Ancient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós).


udar

udar (nominative singular)
udary (nominative plural)
udaru (genitive singular)
udarów (genitive plural)
udarowi (dative singular)
udarom (dative plural)
udar (accusative singular)
udary (accusative plural)
udarem (instrumental singular)
udarami (instrumental plural)
udarze (locative singular)
udarach (locative plural)
udarze (singular vocative)
udary (plural vocative)


talia

talia (nominative singular)
talie (nominative plural)
talii (genitive singular)
talii (genitive plural)
talij (archaic genitive plural)
talii (dative singular)
taliom (dative plural)
talię (accusative singular)
talie (accusative plural)
talią (instrumental singular)
taliami (instrumental plural)
talii (locative singular)
taliach (locative plural)
talio (singular vocative)
talie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French taille, from Old French taille, from Latin tālea.

(anatomy) waist (part of the body between the pelvis and the stomach)


maligna

maligna (nominative singular)
maligny (genitive singular)
malignie (dative singular)
malignę (accusative singular)
maligną (instrumental singular)
malignie (locative singular)
maligno (singular vocative)

(literary, medicine) high fever with disturbance of consciousness and delirium


refleks

refleks (nominative singular)
refleksy (nominative plural)
refleksu (genitive singular)
refleksów (genitive plural)
refleksowi (dative singular)
refleksom (dative plural)
refleks (accusative singular)
refleksy (accusative plural)
refleksem (instrumental singular)
refleksami (instrumental plural)
refleksie (locative singular)
refleksach (locative plural)
refleksie (singular vocative)
refleksy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English reflex, from Late Latin reflexus.

(physiology) reflex (involuntary movement in response to a stimulus)


bęben

pl-noun

bęben m inan (diminutive bębenek, related adjective bębnowy)

bębenek (diminutive)
bębnowy (adjective)
bęben (nominative singular)
bębeny (nominative plural)
bębenu (genitive singular)
bębenów (genitive plural)
bębenowi (dative singular)
bębenom (dative plural)
bęben (accusative singular)
bębeny (accusative plural)
bębenem (instrumental singular)
bębenami (instrumental plural)
bębenie (locative singular)
bębenach (locative plural)
bębenie (singular vocative)
bębeny (plural vocative)

(obsolete, anatomy) eardrum (tympanic membrane)


łóżko

łóżko n (diminutive łóżeczko, related adjective łóżkowy)

łóżeczko (diminutive)
łóżkowy (adjective)
łóżko (nominative singular)
łóżka (nominative plural)
łóżka (genitive singular)
łóżek (genitive plural)
łóżku (dative singular)
łóżkom (dative plural)
łóżko (accusative singular)
łóżka (accusative plural)
łóżkiem (instrumental singular)
łóżkami (instrumental plural)
łóżku (locative singular)
łóżkach (locative plural)
łóżko (singular vocative)
łóżka (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish łóżko. By surface analysis, łoże + -ko. Compare Czech lůžko and Kashubian łóżkò.


błona bębenkowa

błona bębenkowa (nominative singular)
błony bębenkowe (nominative plural)
błony bębenkowej (genitive singular)
błon bębenkowych (genitive plural)
błonie bębenkowej (dative singular)
błonom bębenkowym (dative plural)
błonę bębenkową (accusative singular)
błony bębenkowe (accusative plural)
błoną bębenkową (instrumental singular)
błonami bębenkowymi (instrumental plural)
błonie bębenkowej (locative singular)
błonach bębenkowych (locative plural)
błono bębenkowa (singular vocative)
błony bębenkowe (plural vocative)

Literally, “drum membrane”. Calque of New Latin tympanum.

(anatomy) eardrum, myringa, tympanic membrane


morula

morula (nominative singular)
morule (nominative plural)
moruli (genitive singular)
morul (genitive plural)
moruli (dative singular)
morulom (dative plural)
morulę (accusative singular)
morule (accusative plural)
morulą (instrumental singular)
morulami (instrumental plural)
moruli (locative singular)
morulach (locative plural)
morulo (singular vocative)
morule (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin morula.

faza/stadium moruli

(embryology) morula (spherical mass of blastomeres that forms following the splitting of a zygote)


hematologia

hematologia (nominative singular)
hematologii (genitive singular)
hematologii (dative singular)
hematologię (accusative singular)
hematologią (instrumental singular)
hematologii (locative singular)
hematologio (singular vocative)


atopia

atopia (nominative singular)
atopii (genitive singular)
atopii (dative singular)
atopię (accusative singular)
atopią (instrumental singular)
atopii (locative singular)
atopio (singular vocative)


katharsis

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κάθαρσις (kátharsis).

lbor

(psychoanalysis) catharsis (therapeutic technique to relieve tension)


siatkówka

siatkówka (nominative singular)
siatkówki (nominative plural)
siatkówki (genitive singular)
siatkówek (genitive plural)
siatkówce (dative singular)
siatkówkom (dative plural)
siatkówkę (accusative singular)
siatkówki (accusative plural)
siatkówką (instrumental singular)
siatkówkami (instrumental plural)
siatkówce (locative singular)
siatkówkach (locative plural)
siatkówko (singular vocative)
siatkówki (plural vocative)


diazepam

diazepam (nominative singular)
diazepamu (genitive singular)
diazepamowi (dative singular)
diazepam (accusative singular)
diazepamem (instrumental singular)
diazepamie (locative singular)
diazepamie (singular vocative)


mózg

pl-noun

mózg m inan (diminutive móżdżek, related adjective mózgowy)

móżdżek (diminutive)
mózgowy (adjective)
mózg (nominative singular)
mózgi (nominative plural)
mózgu (genitive singular)
mózgów (genitive plural)
mózgowi (dative singular)
mózgom (dative plural)
mózg (accusative singular)
mózgi (accusative plural)
mózgiem (instrumental singular)
mózgami (instrumental plural)
mózgu (locative singular)
mózgach (locative plural)
mózgu (singular vocative)
mózgi (plural vocative)

(neuroanatomy) brain (control center of the central nervous system of an animal located in the skull which is responsible for perception, cognition, attention, memory, emotion, and action)


analizator

analizator (nominative singular)
analizatory (nominative plural)
analizatoru (genitive singular)
analizatorów (genitive plural)
analizatorowi (dative singular)
analizatorom (dative plural)
analizator (accusative singular)
analizatory (accusative plural)
analizatorem (instrumental singular)
analizatorami (instrumental plural)
analizatorze (locative singular)
analizatorach (locative plural)
analizatorze (singular vocative)
analizatory (plural vocative)

From analizować + -ator. First attested in 1839.

ref

Tygodnik Petersburski (in Polish), number R.10, cz. 19, nr 43, 1839, page 246

analizator węchowy

analizator wzrokowy

analizator słuchowy

(physiology) sensory receptor (set of nervous system parts that analyze external stimulus)


alergolog

pl-noun

alergolog m pers (female equivalent alergolog or alergolożka)

alergolog (feminine)
alergolożka (feminine)
alergolog (nominative singular)
alergolodzy (nominative plural)
alergologowie (nominative plural)
alergologa (genitive singular)
alergologów (genitive plural)
alergologowi (dative singular)
alergologom (dative plural)
alergologa (accusative singular)
alergologów (accusative plural)
alergologiem (instrumental singular)
alergologami (instrumental plural)
alergologu (locative singular)
alergologach (locative plural)
alergologu (singular vocative)
alergolodzy (plural vocative)
alergologowie (plural vocative)

Back-formation from alergologia. First attested in 1935.

ref

Polski slownik biograficzny: Niemirycz Władysław-Olszak Wacław (in Polish), 1935, page 472

alergolog in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego


hemoroid

hemoroid (nominative singular)
hemoroidy (nominative plural)
hemoroidu (genitive singular)
hemoroidów (genitive plural)
hemoroidowi (dative singular)
hemoroidom (dative plural)
hemoroid (accusative singular)
hemoroidy (accusative plural)
hemoroidem (instrumental singular)
hemoroidami (instrumental plural)
hemoroidzie (locative singular)
hemoroidach (locative plural)
hemoroidzie (singular vocative)
hemoroidy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin haemorrhoides, from Ancient Greek αἱμορροΐς (haimorrhoḯs).


antabus

antabus (nominative singular)
antabusu (genitive singular)
antabusowi (dative singular)
antabus (accusative singular)
antabusem (instrumental singular)
antabusie (locative singular)
antabusie (singular vocative)


morfina

morfinowy (adjective)
morfina (nominative singular)
morfiny (genitive singular)
morfinie (dative singular)
morfinę (accusative singular)
morfiną (instrumental singular)
morfinie (locative singular)
morfino (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English morphine, French morphine, German Morphin, ultimately from Ancient Greek Μορφεύς (Morpheús).

(biochemistry, pharmacology) morphine (opioid used as an anaesthetic or recreational drug)


napletek

napletek (nominative singular)
napletki (nominative plural)
napletka (genitive singular)
napletków (genitive plural)
napletkowi (dative singular)
napletkom (dative plural)
napletek (accusative singular)
napletki (accusative plural)
napletkiem (instrumental singular)
napletkami (instrumental plural)
napletku (locative singular)
napletkach (locative plural)
napletku (singular vocative)
napletki (plural vocative)
napłetek (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish napłetek. By surface analysis, na- + płeć + -ek. The change of -ł- to -l- is probably due to influence from napleciony.


angiologia

angiologia (nominative singular)
angiologii (genitive singular)
angiologii (dative singular)
angiologię (accusative singular)
angiologią (instrumental singular)
angiologii (locative singular)
angiologio (singular vocative)

From angio- + -logia. First attested in 1808.

ref

Franciszek Ksawery Ryszkowski (1808) Stan człowieka zdrowego naturalny : podług pism sławnych nauką mężów (in Polish), page 313


głowa

główka (diminutive)
głowa (nominative singular)
głowy (nominative plural)
głowy (genitive singular)
głów (genitive plural)
głowie (dative singular)
głowom (dative plural)
głowę (accusative singular)
głowy (accusative plural)
głową (instrumental singular)
głowami (instrumental plural)
głowie (locative singular)
głowach (locative plural)
głowo (singular vocative)
głowy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish głowa. Doublet of hołowa, a form borrowed from East Slavic.


lekarstwo

lekarstwo (nominative singular)
lekarstwa (nominative plural)
lekarstwa (genitive singular)
lekarstw (genitive plural)
lekarstwu (dative singular)
lekarstwom (dative plural)
lekarstwo (accusative singular)
lekarstwa (accusative plural)
lekarstwem (instrumental singular)
lekarstwami (instrumental plural)
lekarstwie (locative singular)
lekarstwach (locative plural)
lekarstwo (singular vocative)
lekarstwa (plural vocative)

From lekarz + -stwo. Compare Bulgarian лека́рство (lekárstvo), Macedonian лекарство (lekarstvo), and Russian лека́рство (lekárstvo).

(medicine) medicine, drug (substance which promotes healing)


powietrze

pl-noun

powietrze n (related adjective powietrzny)

powietrzny (adjective)
powietrze (nominative singular)
powietrza (genitive singular)
powietrzu (dative singular)
powietrze (accusative singular)
powietrzem (instrumental singular)
powietrzu (locative singular)
powietrze (singular vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish powietrze. By surface analysis, po- + wiatr + -e.

(obsolete, pathology) paralysis (loss of movement, especially in the limbs)


ramię

ramię n (diminutive ramionko, related adjective ramieniowy or ramienny)

ramionko (diminutive)
ramieniowy (adjective)
ramienny (adjective)
ramię (nominative singular)
ramiona (nominative plural)
ramienia (genitive singular)
ramion (genitive plural)
ramieniu (dative singular)
ramionom (dative plural)
ramię (accusative singular)
ramiona (accusative plural)
ramieniem (instrumental singular)
ramionami (instrumental plural)
ramieniu (locative singular)
ramionach (locative plural)
ramię (singular vocative)
ramiona (plural vocative)
remię (alternative)

(anatomy) upper arm
(anatomy) arm (entire upper limb)


kciuk

kciuk (nominative singular)
kciuki (nominative plural)
kciuka (genitive singular)
kciuków (genitive plural)
kciukowi (dative singular)
kciukom (dative plural)
kciuk (accusative singular)
kciuki (accusative plural)
kciukiem (instrumental singular)
kciukami (instrumental plural)
kciuku (locative singular)
kciukach (locative plural)
kciuku (singular vocative)
kciuki (plural vocative)

Possibly from unattested *kcić + -uk, a variation of to baptize as the sign of the cross on one's forehead is performed using the thumb.


punkt

punkt m inan (diminutive punkcik, abbreviation p. or pkt)

punkcik (diminutive)
p. (abbreviation)
pkt (abbreviation)
punkt (nominative singular)
punkty (nominative plural)
punktu (genitive singular)
punktów (genitive plural)
punktowi (dative singular)
punktom (dative plural)
punkt (accusative singular)
punkty (accusative plural)
punktem (instrumental singular)
punktami (instrumental plural)
punkcie (locative singular)
punktach (locative plural)
punkcie (singular vocative)
punkty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin pūnctum. First attested in 1566. Doublet of puenta.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “punkt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “punkt I”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

punkt widzenia zależy od punktu siedzenia

(obsolete, anatomy) duct, particularly tear duct


leukocyt

leukocyt (nominative singular)
leukocyty (nominative plural)
leukocytu (genitive singular)
leukocytów (genitive plural)
leukocytowi (dative singular)
leukocytom (dative plural)
leukocyt (accusative singular)
leukocyty (accusative plural)
leukocytem (instrumental singular)
leukocytami (instrumental plural)
leukocycie (locative singular)
leukocytach (locative plural)
leukocycie (singular vocative)
leukocyty (plural vocative)

Internationalism. Compare English leucocyte, French leucocyte, or German Leukozyt, from Latin leucocytus.


kostka

kosteczka (diminutive)
kostka (nominative singular)
kostki (nominative plural)
kostki (genitive singular)
kostek (genitive plural)
kostce (dative singular)
kostkom (dative plural)
kostkę (accusative singular)
kostki (accusative plural)
kostką (instrumental singular)
kostkami (instrumental plural)
kostce (locative singular)
kostkach (locative plural)
kostko (singular vocative)
kostki (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kost-der.
Proto-Slavic *kȍstь
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ
Proto-Slavic *-ъka
Proto-Slavic *kostъka
Old Polish kostka
Polish kostka
Inherited from Old Polish kostka. By surface analysis, kość + -ka.

etymon

(anatomy) ankle (bulge on both sides of the leg directly above the foot)

(anatomy) knuckle (bulge on the back of the hand at the joint)


prognoza

prognoza (nominative singular)
prognozy (nominative plural)
prognozy (genitive singular)
prognoz (genitive plural)
prognozie (dative singular)
prognozom (dative plural)
prognozę (accusative singular)
prognozy (accusative plural)
prognozą (instrumental singular)
prognozami (instrumental plural)
prognozie (locative singular)
prognozach (locative plural)
prognozo (singular vocative)
prognozy (plural vocative)

(medicine) prognosis (forecast of the future course or outcome of a disease or disorder based on current medical knowledge)


fenotyp

pl-noun

fenotyp m inan (related adjective fenotypowy)

fenotypowy (adjective)
fenotyp (nominative singular)
fenotypy (nominative plural)
fenotypu (genitive singular)
fenotypów (genitive plural)
fenotypowi (dative singular)
fenotypom (dative plural)
fenotyp (accusative singular)
fenotypy (accusative plural)
fenotypem (instrumental singular)
fenotypami (instrumental plural)
fenotypie (locative singular)
fenotypach (locative plural)
fenotypie (singular vocative)
fenotypy (plural vocative)

(evolutionary theory, genetics) phenotype (appearance of an organism based on a multifactorial combination of genetic traits and environmental factors, especially used in pedigrees)

(evolutionary theory, genetics) phenotype (any observable characteristic of an organism, such as its morphological, developmental, biochemical, or physiological properties, or its behavior)


astenia

astenia (nominative singular)
astenii (genitive singular)
astenii (dative singular)
astenię (accusative singular)
astenią (instrumental singular)
astenii (locative singular)
astenio (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Asthenie, from Ancient Greek ἀσθένεια (asthéneia).


gameta

gameta (nominative singular)
gamety (nominative plural)
gamety (genitive singular)
gamet (genitive plural)
gamecie (dative singular)
gametom (dative plural)
gametę (accusative singular)
gamety (accusative plural)
gametą (instrumental singular)
gametami (instrumental plural)
gamecie (locative singular)
gametach (locative plural)
gameto (singular vocative)
gamety (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek γαμετή (gametḗ).


aborter

pl-noun

aborter m pers (female equivalent aborterka)

aborterka (feminine)
aborter (nominative singular)
aborterzy (nominative plural)
abortery (derogatory nominative plural)
abortera (genitive singular)
aborterów (genitive plural)
aborterowi (dative singular)
aborterom (dative plural)
abortera (accusative singular)
aborterów (accusative plural)
aborterem (instrumental singular)
aborterami (instrumental plural)
aborterze (locative singular)
aborterach (locative plural)
aborterze (singular vocative)
aborterzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English aborter. First attested in 1978.

(medicine) aborter (person performing a medical abortion)


otwarty

pl-adj

otwarty (not generally comparable, comparative otwartszy or bardziej otwarty, superlative najotwartszy or najbardziej otwarty, derived adverb otwarcie)

otwartszy (comparative)
bardziej otwarty (comparative)
najotwartszy (superlative)
najbardziej otwarty (superlative)
otwarty (masculine nominative singular)
otwarta (feminine nominative singular)
otwarte (neuter nominative singular)
otwarci (nominative plural virile)
otwarte (nominative plural)
otwartego (genitive masculine singular)
otwartej (feminine genitive singular)
otwartego (genitive neuter singular)
otwartych (genitive plural)
otwartych (genitive plural virile)
otwartemu (dative masculine singular)
otwartej (dative feminine singular)
otwartemu (dative neuter singular)
otwartym (dative plural)
otwartym (dative plural virile)
otwartego (accusative animate masculine singular)
otwarty (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
otwartą (accusative feminine singular)
otwarte (accusative neuter singular)
otwartych (accusative plural virile)
otwarte (accusative plural)
otwartym (instrumental masculine singular)
otwartą (feminine instrumental singular)
otwartym (instrumental neuter singular)
otwartymi (instrumental plural)
otwartymi (instrumental plural virile)
otwartym (locative masculine singular)
otwartej (feminine locative singular)
otwartym (locative neuter singular)
otwartych (locative plural)
otwartych (locative plural virile)

Inherited from Old Polish otwarty. By surface analysis, odewrzeć + -ty.

(medicine) open (of a wound, resulting from an incision, puncture or any other process by which the skin no longer protects an internal part of the body)


otwierać

otworzyć (perfective)
otwierać (infinitive)
otwieram (present singular)
otwieramy (plural present)
otwierasz (present singular)
otwieracie (plural present)
otwiera (present singular third-person)
otwierają (plural present third-person)
otwiera się (impersonal present)
otwierałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m otwierał (masculine past singular)
otwierałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m otwierała (feminine past singular)
otwierałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m otwierało (neuter past singular)
otwieraliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy otwierali (past plural virile)
otwierałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy otwierały (nonvirile past plural)
otwierałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś otwierał (masculine past singular)
otwierałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś otwierała (feminine past singular)
otwierałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś otwierało (neuter past singular)
otwieraliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście otwierali (past plural virile)
otwierałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście otwierały (nonvirile past plural)
otwierał (masculine past singular third-person)
otwierała (feminine past singular third-person)
otwierało (neuter past singular third-person)
otwierali (past plural third-person virile)
otwierały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
otwierano (impersonal past)
będę otwierał (future masculine singular)
będę otwierać (future masculine singular)
będę otwierała (feminine future singular)
będę otwierać (feminine future singular)
będę otwierało (future neuter singular)
będę otwierać (future neuter singular)
będziemy otwierali (future plural virile)
będziemy otwierać (future plural virile)
będziemy otwierały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy otwierać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz otwierał (future masculine singular)
będziesz otwierać (future masculine singular)
będziesz otwierała (feminine future singular)
będziesz otwierać (feminine future singular)
będziesz otwierało (future neuter singular)
będziesz otwierać (future neuter singular)
będziecie otwierali (future plural virile)
będziecie otwierać (future plural virile)
będziecie otwierały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie otwierać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie otwierał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie otwierać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie otwierała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie otwierać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie otwierało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie otwierać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą otwierali (future plural third-person virile)
będą otwierać (future plural third-person virile)
będą otwierały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą otwierać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie otwierać się (future impersonal)
otwierałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym otwierał (conditional masculine singular)
otwierałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym otwierała (conditional feminine singular)
otwierałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym otwierało (conditional neuter singular)
otwieralibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy otwierali (conditional plural virile)
otwierałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy otwierały (conditional nonvirile plural)
otwierałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś otwierał (conditional masculine singular)
otwierałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś otwierała (conditional feminine singular)
otwierałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś otwierało (conditional neuter singular)
otwieralibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście otwierali (conditional plural virile)
otwierałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście otwierały (conditional nonvirile plural)
otwierałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by otwierał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
otwierałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by otwierała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
otwierałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by otwierało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
otwieraliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by otwierali (conditional plural third-person virile)
otwierałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by otwierały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
otwierano by (conditional impersonal)
niech otwieram (imperative singular)
otwierajmy (imperative plural)
otwieraj (imperative singular)
otwierajcie (imperative plural)
niech otwiera (imperative singular third-person)
niech otwierają (imperative plural third-person)
otwierający (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
otwierająca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
otwierające (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
otwierający (active adjectival participle plural virile)
otwierające (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
otwierany (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
otwierana (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
otwierane (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
otwierani (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
otwierane (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
otwierając (adjectival contemporary participle)
otwieranie (noun-from-verb)

From otworzyć + -ać. Sense 7 is a semantic loan from English open.

sl

(transitive, medicine) to open (to cut apart)