pies

pies m animal or (canonical masculine person)
pies (nominative singular)
psy (nominative plural)
psa (genitive singular)
psów (genitive plural)
psu (dative singular)
psom (dative plural)
psa (accusative singular)
psy (accusative plural)
psów (accusative plural)
psem (instrumental singular)
psami (instrumental plural)
psie (locative singular)
psach (locative plural)
psie (singular vocative)
psy (plural vocative)

(derogatory, law enforcement, slang) cop, policeman


mandat

mandacik (diminutive)
mandat (nominative singular)
mandaty (nominative plural)
mandatu (genitive singular)
mandatów (genitive plural)
mandatowi (dative singular)
mandatom (dative plural)
mandat (accusative singular)
mandaty (accusative plural)
mandatem (instrumental singular)
mandatami (instrumental plural)
mandacie (locative singular)
mandatach (locative plural)
mandacie (singular vocative)
mandaty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Mandat, from Latin mandātum.

W ostatnich wyborach nasza partia zdobyła dwadzieścia mandatów.

In the last election our party won twenty seats.

(politics) seat (membership in an elected representative body, such as the parliament)

Rząd otrzymał silny mandat do zreformowania systemu opieki zdrowotnej.

The government has received a strong mandate to reform the healthcare system.

(politics, rare, singular only) mandate (authority granted by the electorate)


minister

pl-noun

minister m pers (female equivalent minister or ministerka, abbreviation min.)

minister (feminine)
ministerka (feminine)
min. (abbreviation)
minister (nominative singular)
ministrowie (nominative plural)
ministry (derogatory nominative plural)
ministra (genitive singular)
ministrów (genitive plural)
ministrowi (dative singular)
ministrom (dative plural)
ministra (accusative singular)
ministrów (accusative plural)
ministrem (instrumental singular)
ministrami (instrumental plural)
ministrze (locative singular)
ministrach (locative plural)
ministrze (singular vocative)
ministrowie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish minister. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French ministre.

sl

(government) minister (politician who heads a ministry)

(government) high-ranking official in the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland

(government, obsolete) official (person who works in government)


ring

ringowy (adjective)
ring (nominative singular)
ringi (nominative plural)
ringu (genitive singular)
ringów (genitive plural)
ringowi (dative singular)
ringom (dative plural)
ring (accusative singular)
ringi (accusative plural)
ringiem (instrumental singular)
ringami (instrumental plural)
ringu (locative singular)
ringach (locative plural)
ringu (singular vocative)
ringi (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English ring. Doublet of ranga and rynek.


metal

pl-noun

metal m inan (related adjective metalowy)

metalowy (adjective)
metal (nominative singular)
metale (nominative plural)
metalu (genitive singular)
metali (genitive plural)
metalowi (dative singular)
metalom (dative plural)
metal (accusative singular)
metale (accusative plural)
metalem (instrumental singular)
metalami (instrumental plural)
metalu (locative singular)
metalach (locative plural)
metalu (singular vocative)
metale (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English metal, French métal, German Metall, ultimately from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon). Sense 3 is a semantic loan from English metal.

sl

(heraldry) metal (light tincture used in a coat of arms, specifically argent (white or silver) and or (gold))


klub

pl-noun

klub m inan (diminutive klubik, related adjective klubowy)

klubik (diminutive)
klubowy (adjective)
klub (nominative singular)
kluby (nominative plural)
klubu (genitive singular)
klubów (genitive plural)
klubowi (dative singular)
klubom (dative plural)
klub (accusative singular)
kluby (accusative plural)
klubem (instrumental singular)
klubami (instrumental plural)
klubie (locative singular)
klubach (locative plural)
klubie (singular vocative)
kluby (plural vocative)

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Klub or French club, ultimately from English club.
First attested in the 18th century. Compare Silesian klub.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “klub”, in Słownik języka polskiego

Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “klub”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego

(politics) club (fraction of parliamentarians of the Polish parliament)

(politics) club (former political organization grouping the most active politicians, replaced over time by a political party)


klin

klin (nominative singular)
kliny (nominative plural)
klina (genitive singular)
klinów (genitive plural)
klinowi (dative singular)
klinom (dative plural)
klin (accusative singular)
kliny (accusative plural)
klinem (instrumental singular)
klinami (instrumental plural)
klinie (locative singular)
klinach (locative plural)
klinie (singular vocative)
kliny (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish klin, from Proto-Slavic *klinъ.


organ

pl-noun

organ m inan (related adjective organowy)

organowy (adjective)
organ (nominative singular)
organy (nominative plural)
organu (genitive singular)
organów (genitive plural)
organowi (dative singular)
organom (dative plural)
organ (accusative singular)
organy (accusative plural)
organem (instrumental singular)
organami (instrumental plural)
organie (locative singular)
organach (locative plural)
organie (singular vocative)
organy (plural vocative)

(government) organ (body of an organization dedicated to the performing of certain functions)

(politics) organ (official magazine, newsletter, or similar publication of an organization)


katana

katanka (diminutive)
katana (nominative singular)
katany (nominative plural)
katany (genitive singular)
katan (genitive plural)
katanie (dative singular)
katanom (dative plural)
katanę (accusative singular)
katany (accusative plural)
kataną (instrumental singular)
katanami (instrumental plural)
katanie (locative singular)
katanach (locative plural)
katano (singular vocative)
katany (plural vocative)

(ethnography, historical, military) a short-tailed jacket worn by soldiers in the 18th century


shogun

shogun (nominative singular)
shoguni (nominative plural)
shogunowie (nominative plural)
shoguny (derogatory nominative plural)
shoguna (genitive singular)
shogunów (genitive plural)
shogunowi (dative singular)
shogunom (dative plural)
shoguna (accusative singular)
shogunów (accusative plural)
shogunem (instrumental singular)
shogunami (instrumental plural)
shogunie (locative singular)
shogunach (locative plural)
shogunie (singular vocative)
shoguni (plural vocative)
shogunowie (plural vocative)
shoguny (derogatory plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English shogun.

(uncommon, historical, military) alternative spelling of szogun


alert

alert (nominative singular)
alerty (nominative plural)
alertu (genitive singular)
alertów (genitive plural)
alertowi (dative singular)
alertom (dative plural)
alert (accusative singular)
alerty (accusative plural)
alertem (instrumental singular)
alertami (instrumental plural)
alercie (locative singular)
alertach (locative plural)
alercie (singular vocative)
alerty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French alerte or English alert, from Italian all'erta. First attested in the second half of the 20th century.

etydate

(military) alert (state of readiness for potential combat)


CD

Unadapted borrowing from French CD, corps diplomatique.


tank

tank (nominative singular)
tanki (nominative plural)
tanku (genitive singular)
tanków (genitive plural)
tankowi (dative singular)
tankom (dative plural)
tank (accusative singular)
tanki (accusative plural)
tankiem (instrumental singular)
tankami (instrumental plural)
tanku (locative singular)
tankach (locative plural)
tanku (singular vocative)
tanki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Russian та́нк (tánk), borrowed from English tank (or the English term was directly borrowed to Polish). First attested in 1922.

gąsienice tanków

lufy tanków

niemieckie tanki

radzieckie/ruskie/sowieckie tanki

rosyjskie/ruskie tanki

(military) tank (armoured fighting vehicle)


kimono

kimonowy (adjective)
kimono (nominative singular)
kimona (nominative plural)
kimona (genitive singular)
kimon (genitive plural)
kimonu (dative singular)
kimonom (dative plural)
kimono (accusative singular)
kimona (accusative plural)
kimonem (instrumental singular)
kimonami (instrumental plural)
kimonie (locative singular)
kimonach (locative plural)
kimono (singular vocative)
kimona (plural vocative)

(martial arts) kimono (sports outfit worn by people training in certain martial arts, consisting of pants and a blouse with a slit in the front, the parts of which are worn one over the other and tied rigidly at the waist with a belt)


premier

pl-noun

premier m pers (female equivalent premier or premierka, related adjective premierowski)

premier (feminine)
premierka (feminine)
premierowski (adjective)
premier (nominative singular)
premierzy (nominative plural)
premiery (derogatory nominative plural)
premiera (genitive singular)
premierów (genitive plural)
premierowi (dative singular)
premierom (dative plural)
premiera (accusative singular)
premierów (accusative plural)
premierem (instrumental singular)
premierami (instrumental plural)
premierze (locative singular)
premierach (locative plural)
premierze (singular vocative)
premierzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French premier/premier ministre. First attested in the 19th century. Compare Kashubian premiér /premiéra and Silesian prymier.

ref

A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “premjer”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 993

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “premier”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

(government) prime minister (chief member of the cabinet and head of the government, especially in a parliamentary democracy; often the leader of the majority party)

(government) Prime Minister of Poland (head of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland)


leopard

leopard (nominative singular)
leopardy (nominative plural)
leoparda (genitive singular)
leopardów (genitive plural)
leopardowi (dative singular)
leopardom (dative plural)
leoparda (accusative singular)
leopardy (accusative plural)
leopardem (instrumental singular)
leopardami (instrumental plural)
leopardzie (locative singular)
leopardach (locative plural)
leopardzie (singular vocative)
leopardy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English leopard, French léopard, German Leopard, ultimately from Late Latin leopardus, from Ancient Greek λεόπαρδος (leópardos). Doublet of lampart.


front

pl-noun

front m inan (related adjective frontowy)

frontowy (adjective)
front (nominative singular)
fronty (nominative plural)
frontu (genitive singular)
frontów (genitive plural)
frontowi (dative singular)
frontom (dative plural)
front (accusative singular)
fronty (accusative plural)
frontem (instrumental singular)
frontami (instrumental plural)
froncie (locative singular)
frontach (locative plural)
froncie (singular vocative)
fronty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: front

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Front, French front, or English front, ultimately from Latin frōns. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Silesian frōnt.

ref

“FRONT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 13.03.2009

(military, law enforcement) front (foremost part of a line of soldiers or policemen)

(military) front (area where armies are engaged in conflict, especially the line of contact)

(military) front (military unit composed of multiple armies that sits in the line of contact)


system

pl-noun

system m inan (diminutive systemik, related adjective systemowy)

systemik (diminutive)
systemowy (adjective)
system (nominative singular)
systemy (nominative plural)
systemu (genitive singular)
systemów (genitive plural)
systemowi (dative singular)
systemom (dative plural)
system (accusative singular)
systemy (accusative plural)
systemem (instrumental singular)
systemami (instrumental plural)
systemie (locative singular)
systemach (locative plural)
systemie (singular vocative)
systemy (plural vocative)
systema (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from French système. First attested in 1628.

ref

Maksym (Melecjusz) Smotrycki (1628) APOLOGIA PEREGRYNATIEY do Kráiow Wschodnich, Przez mię MELETIVSZA SMOTRZYSKIE[G]O … Roku P. 1623 y 24. obchodzonej, przez fałszywą Bracią słownie y na pismie spotwarzoney, do przezacnego Narodu Ruskieo … sporządzona y podana. A. 1628. Augusti, Die 25. w Monasteru Dermaniu (in Polish), page 4: “O rzecz drugą, iż Haeretyckie swe bluźnierstwá poddał pod obronę systemu Kátholikowi, mężowi wysokich cnot, y okazáłey pobożnośći.”

(government) system (elites or government of a state)


glut

glut (nominative singular)
gluty (nominative plural)
glutu (genitive singular)
glutów (genitive plural)
glutowi (dative singular)
glutom (dative plural)
glut (accusative singular)
gluty (accusative plural)
glutem (instrumental singular)
glutami (instrumental plural)
glucie (locative singular)
glutach (locative plural)
glucie (singular vocative)
gluty (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish glót. Compare German Gelöte.

(obsolete, firearms) small lead or iron shot (ammunition) used in a blunderbuss or gun (cannon)


veto

veto (nominative singular)
veta (nominative plural)
veta (genitive singular)
vet (genitive plural)
vetu (dative singular)
vetom (dative plural)
veto (accusative singular)
veta (accusative plural)
vetem (instrumental singular)
vetami (instrumental plural)
vecie (locative singular)
vetach (locative plural)
veto (singular vocative)
veta (plural vocative)

(literary, politics) alternative spelling of weto


herb

herb (nominative singular)
herby (nominative plural)
herbu (genitive singular)
herbów (genitive plural)
herbowi (dative singular)
herbom (dative plural)
herb (accusative singular)
herby (accusative plural)
herbem (instrumental singular)
herbami (instrumental plural)
herbie (locative singular)
herbach (locative plural)
herbie (singular vocative)
herby (plural vocative)

→ Lithuanian: herbas

→ Old Ruthenian: гербъ (herb)

Belarusian: герб (hjerb)

Ukrainian: герб (herb)

desctree

→ Russian: герб (gerb), гербъ (gerb) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Azerbaijani: gerb
→ Kildin Sami: ге̄ррп (gierrp)
→ Latvian: ģerbonis
→ Macedonian: грб (grb)
→ Uzbek: gerb

→ Romanian: herb

→ Yiddish: הערב (herb)

Borrowed from Old Czech erb, herb, from Middle High German erbe (“heritage”), from Old High German erbi, from Proto-West Germanic *arbī, from Proto-Germanic *arbiją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃orbʰ-yo-m, from the root *h₃erbʰ- (“to change allegiance, status, ownership”). Compare German Erbe.

(heraldry) armigerous clan; cf. Polish heraldry


dragon

pl-noun

dragon m pers (related adjective dragoński)

dragoński (adjective)
dragon (nominative singular)
dragoni (nominative plural)
dragony (derogatory nominative plural)
dragona (genitive singular)
dragonów (genitive plural)
dragonowi (dative singular)
dragonom (dative plural)
dragona (accusative singular)
dragonów (accusative plural)
dragonem (instrumental singular)
dragonami (instrumental plural)
dragonie (locative singular)
dragonach (locative plural)
dragonie (singular vocative)
dragoni (plural vocative)

(military) dragoon (soldier armed with a dragoon muske who fought both on foot and mounted on a horse)


złoty

zł (abbreviation)
złoty (nominative singular)
złote (nominative plural)
złotego (genitive singular)
złotych (genitive plural)
złotemu (dative singular)
złotym (dative plural)
złotego (accusative singular)
złote (accusative plural)
złotym (instrumental singular)
złotymi (instrumental plural)
złotym (locative singular)
złotych (locative plural)
złoty (singular vocative)
złote (plural vocative)

desc

→ Arabic: زْلوتِي, زْووتِي

→ Arabic: زْلوتِي, زْووتِي

→ Armenian: զլոտի (zloti)

→ Belarusian: зло́ты (zlóty)

→ Bulgarian: зло́ти (zlóti)

→ Catalan: esloti

→ Chinese: 茲羅提 /兹罗提 (zīluótí)

→ Czech: zlotý

→ Danish: zloty

→ English: zloty, złoty

→ Esperanto: zloto

→ Finnish: zloty

→ French: zloty, złoty

→ Georgian: ზლოტი (zloṭi)

→ German: Zloty, Złoty

→ Greek: ζλότι (zlóti)

→ Hebrew: זלוטי

→ Hungarian: zloty, złoty

→ Japanese: ズロティ, ズウォティ

→ Japanese: ズロティ, ズウォティ

→ Korean: 즐로티 (jeulloti)

→ Macedonian: злоти (zloti)

→ Navajo: zwótii

→ Norwegian: zloty

→ Portuguese: zloty, zloti

→ Romanian: zlot

desctree

→ Russian: зло́тый (zlótyj)
→ Kazakh: злотый (zlotyi)

→ Serbo-Croatian: zlot, злот

→ Slovak: zlotý

→ Slovene: zlot

→ Spanish: esloti, zloty

→ Swedish: zloty, złoty

desc

→ Thai: ซวอตือ

→ Thai: ซวอตือ

→ Ukrainian: зло́тий (zlótyj)

→ Yiddish: זלאָטע (zlote)

Inherited from Old Polish złoty. Compare Silesian złoty. Doublet of chlor, zielony, and żółty. In currency sense, compare Dutch gulden.

(nominalized, heraldry) or (gold or yellow tincture on a coat of arms)


administrator

pl-noun

administrator m pers (female equivalent administratorka)

administratorka (feminine)
administrator (nominative singular)
administratorzy (nominative plural)
administratory (derogatory nominative plural)
administratora (genitive singular)
administratorów (genitive plural)
administratorowi (dative singular)
administratorom (dative plural)
administratora (accusative singular)
administratorów (accusative plural)
administratorem (instrumental singular)
administratorami (instrumental plural)
administratorze (locative singular)
administratorach (locative plural)
administratorze (singular vocative)
administratorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin administrātor. By surface analysis, administrować + -ator. First attested in 1560.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “administrator”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(government, management, technology) administrator


grunt

pl-noun

grunt m inan (diminutive gruncik, related adjective gruntowy)

gruncik (diminutive)
gruntowy (adjective)
grunt (nominative singular)
grunty (nominative plural)
grunta (nominative plural)
gruntu (genitive singular)
gruntów (genitive plural)
gruntowi (dative singular)
gruntom (dative plural)
grunt (accusative singular)
grunty (accusative plural)
grunta (accusative plural)
gruntem (instrumental singular)
gruntami (instrumental plural)
gruncie (locative singular)
gruntach (locative plural)
gruncie (singular vocative)
grunty (plural vocative)
grunta (plural vocative)
gront (alternative Middle Polish)
grąt (alternative Middle Polish)
gruńt (alternative)
grońt (alternative)

→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt

(chiefly in the plural, officialese) ground (area of land that is owned by someone)


agent

agent m pers (female equivalent agentka, diminutive agencik or agenciak)

agentka (feminine)
agencik (diminutive)
agenciak (diminutive)
agent (nominative singular)
agenci (nominative plural)
agenty (derogatory nominative plural)
agenta (genitive singular)
agentów (genitive plural)
agentowi (dative singular)
agentom (dative plural)
agenta (accusative singular)
agentów (accusative plural)
agentem (instrumental singular)
agentami (instrumental plural)
agencie (locative singular)
agentach (locative plural)
agencie (singular vocative)
agenci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Agent, from French agent, from Middle French agent, from Latin agēns. Doublet of agens. First attested in 1609.

(espionage) agent (someone who works for an intelligence agency)

(espionage) officer, peeper, secret agent


senior

senior (nominative singular)
seniorzy (nominative plural)
seniory (derogatory nominative plural)
seniora (genitive singular)
seniorów (genitive plural)
seniorowi (dative singular)
seniorom (dative plural)
seniora (accusative singular)
seniorów (accusative plural)
seniorem (instrumental singular)
seniorami (instrumental plural)
seniorze (locative singular)
seniorach (locative plural)
seniorze (singular vocative)
seniorzy (plural vocative)

(feudalism, historical) feudal lord exercising power and guardianship over his subordinate vassal


agitator

agitator m pers (female equivalent agitatorka)

agitatorka (feminine)
agitator (nominative singular)
agitatorzy (nominative plural)
agitatory (derogatory nominative plural)
agitatora (genitive singular)
agitatorów (genitive plural)
agitatorowi (dative singular)
agitatorom (dative plural)
agitatora (accusative singular)
agitatorów (accusative plural)
agitatorem (instrumental singular)
agitatorami (instrumental plural)
agitatorze (locative singular)
agitatorach (locative plural)
agitatorze (singular vocative)
agitatorzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Agitator, from Latin agitātor. By surface analysis, agitować + -ator. First attested in 1833.

partyjny agitator

prymitywny agitator

unijny agitator

polityczny agitator

młody agitator

notatnik agitatora

poradnik agitatora

rola agitatora

narada agitatorów

grupa agitatorów

agitator sekty

(politics) agitator (one who tries to gather supporters for a political ideal)


stan

st. (abbreviation)
stan (nominative singular)
stany (nominative plural)
stanu (genitive singular)
stanów (genitive plural)
stanowi (dative singular)
stanom (dative plural)
stan (accusative singular)
stany (accusative plural)
stanem (instrumental singular)
stanami (instrumental plural)
stanie (locative singular)
stanach (locative plural)
stanie (singular vocative)
stany (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish stan. Sense 1, sense 2 and sense 10 are semantic loans from Latin status.

sl

(politics) state (political division of a federation retaining a notable degree of autonomy, as in the United States, Mexico, Nigeria, or India)


protest

protest (nominative singular)
protesty (nominative plural)
protestu (genitive singular)
protestów (genitive plural)
protestowi (dative singular)
protestom (dative plural)
protest (accusative singular)
protesty (accusative plural)
protestem (instrumental singular)
protestami (instrumental plural)
proteście (locative singular)
protestach (locative plural)
proteście (singular vocative)
protesty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Protest, from Italian protesto, from Latin prōtestārī, from prō + testor, from testis (“witness”).

(government, politics) protest (demonstration)


kot

pl-noun

kot m animal (female equivalent kocica or kotka, diminutive kotek, augmentative kocur or kocisko, related adjective koci)

kocica (feminine)
kotka (feminine)
kotek (diminutive)
kocur (augmentative)
kocisko (augmentative)
koci (adjective)
kot (nominative singular)
koty (nominative plural)
kota (genitive singular)
kotów (genitive plural)
kotu (dative singular)
kotom (dative plural)
kota (accusative singular)
koty (accusative plural)
kotem (instrumental singular)
kotami (instrumental plural)
kocie (locative singular)
kotach (locative plural)
kocie (singular vocative)
koty (plural vocative)

(military slang) rookie (inexperienced recruit)


monitor

monitor m inan (related adjective monitorowy)

monitorowy (adjective)
monitor (nominative singular)
monitory (nominative plural)
monitora (genitive singular)
monitorów (genitive plural)
monitorowi (dative singular)
monitorom (dative plural)
monitor (accusative singular)
monitory (accusative plural)
monitorem (instrumental singular)
monitorami (instrumental plural)
monitorze (locative singular)
monitorach (locative plural)
monitorze (singular vocative)
monitory (plural vocative)

(military) monitor (one of a class of relatively small armored warships with only one or two turrets (but often carrying unusually large guns for a warship of its size), usually designed for shore bombardment or riverine warfare rather than open-ocean combat)


onager

onager (nominative singular)
onagery (nominative plural)
onageru (genitive singular)
onagerów (genitive plural)
onagerowi (dative singular)
onagerom (dative plural)
onager (accusative singular)
onagery (accusative plural)
onagerem (instrumental singular)
onagerami (instrumental plural)
onagerze (locative singular)
onagerach (locative plural)
onagerze (singular vocative)
onagery (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ὄναγρος (ónagros).

lbor

(military, historical) onager (a military engine acting like a sling which threw stones from a bag or wooden bucket powered by the torsion from a bundle of ropes or sinews operated by machinery; a torsion catapult)


kamera

kamerka (diminutive)
kamera (nominative singular)
kamery (nominative plural)
kamery (genitive singular)
kamer (genitive plural)
kamerze (dative singular)
kamerom (dative plural)
kamerę (accusative singular)
kamery (accusative plural)
kamerą (instrumental singular)
kamerami (instrumental plural)
kamerze (locative singular)
kamerach (locative plural)
kamero (singular vocative)
kamery (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin camera, from Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára), from Old Iranian, from Proto-Iranian *kamarā-, from *kamárati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kmárati, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂em-. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from English camera. Doublet of komora.

sl

(military) groove in the barrel into which a round is inserted


mat

mat (nominative singular)
maci (nominative plural)
matowie (nominative plural)
mata (genitive singular)
matów (genitive plural)
matowi (dative singular)
matom (dative plural)
mata (accusative singular)
matów (accusative plural)
matem (instrumental singular)
matami (instrumental plural)
macie (locative singular)
matach (locative plural)
macie (singular vocative)
maci (plural vocative)
matowie (plural vocative)

(military, nautical) mate (ship's officer)


senator

pl-noun

senator m pers (female equivalent senatorka, related adjective senatorski)

senatorka (feminine)
senatorski (adjective)
senator (nominative singular)
senatorzy (nominative plural)
senatorowie (nominative plural)
senatory (derogatory nominative plural)
senatora (genitive singular)
senatorów (genitive plural)
senatorowi (dative singular)
senatorom (dative plural)
senatora (accusative singular)
senatorów (accusative plural)
senatorem (instrumental singular)
senatorami (instrumental plural)
senatorze (locative singular)
senatorach (locative plural)
senatorze (singular vocative)
senatorzy (plural vocative)
senatorowie (plural vocative)
senatory (derogatory plural vocative)

(government, politics) senator (a member in the house or chamber of a legislature called a senate)

(government, historical) senator (a member of an assembly of higher secular and clerical officials in the Kingdom of Poland or the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)

(government) senator (a member of a local parliament in each of the states of the United States of America)

(Ancient Rome, government, historical) senator (a member of the Roman Senate)

(government) senator (a member of a city council in some cities)


judoka

judoka m pers (female equivalent judoczka)

judoczka (feminine)
judoka (nominative singular)
judocy (nominative plural)
judoki (genitive singular)
judoków (genitive plural)
judoce (dative singular)
judokom (dative plural)
judokę (accusative singular)
judoków (accusative plural)
judoką (instrumental singular)
judokami (instrumental plural)
judoce (locative singular)
judokach (locative plural)
judoko (singular vocative)
judocy (plural vocative)
dżudoka (alternative)


tabor

tabor m inan (diminutive taborek, related adjective taborowy)

taborek (diminutive)
taborowy (adjective)
tabor (nominative singular)
tabory (nominative plural)
taboru (genitive singular)
taborów (genitive plural)
taborowi (dative singular)
taborom (dative plural)
tabor (accusative singular)
tabory (accusative plural)
taborem (instrumental singular)
taborami (instrumental plural)
taborze (locative singular)
taborach (locative plural)
taborze (singular vocative)
tabory (plural vocative)

(countable, historical, military) wagon fort


ninja

ninja (nominative singular)
ninjowie (nominative plural)
ninje (derogatory nominative plural)
ninji (genitive singular)
ninjów (genitive plural)
ninji (dative singular)
ninjom (dative plural)
ninję (accusative singular)
ninjów (accusative plural)
ninje (accusative derogatory plural)
ninją (instrumental singular)
ninjami (instrumental plural)
ninji (locative singular)
ninjach (locative plural)
ninjo (singular vocative)
ninjowie (plural vocative)
ninje (derogatory plural vocative)

(espionage, historical, martial arts) ninja (person trained in ninjutsu, especially one used for espionage, assassination, and other tasks requiring stealth during Japan's shogunate period)


terror

terror (nominative singular)
terroru (genitive singular)
terrorowi (dative singular)
terror (accusative singular)
terrorem (instrumental singular)
terrorze (locative singular)
terrorze (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English terror, borrowed from Old French terreur f, borrowed from Latin terror m, from terrēre (“to frighten, terrify”).

(politics) terror (policy of political repression and violence intended to subdue political opposition)


gloria

gloria (nominative singular)
glorie (nominative plural)
glorii (genitive singular)
glorii (genitive plural)
gloryj (archaic genitive plural)
glorii (dative singular)
gloriom (dative plural)
glorię (accusative singular)
glorie (accusative plural)
glorią (instrumental singular)
gloriami (instrumental plural)
glorii (locative singular)
gloriach (locative plural)
glorio (singular vocative)
glorie (plural vocative)

(literary, military) glory (war victory)


beryl

beryl m inan (related adjective berylowy)

berylowy (adjective)
beryl (nominative singular)
beryle (nominative plural)
berylu (genitive singular)
beryli (genitive plural)
berylowi (dative singular)
berylom (dative plural)
beryl (accusative singular)
beryle (accusative plural)
berylem (instrumental singular)
berylami (instrumental plural)
berylu (locative singular)
berylach (locative plural)
berylu (singular vocative)
beryle (plural vocative)
berył (alternative Middle Polish)

(colloquial, firearms, countable) FB Beryl


prosty

prosty (nominative singular)
proste (nominative plural)
prostego (genitive singular)
prostych (genitive plural)
prostemu (dative singular)
prostym (dative plural)
prosty (accusative singular)
proste (accusative plural)
prostym (instrumental singular)
prostymi (instrumental plural)
prostym (locative singular)
prostych (locative plural)
prosty (singular vocative)
proste (plural vocative)

(nominalized, boxing) cross, jab, straight punch


poligon

poligon (nominative singular)
poligony (nominative plural)
poligonu (genitive singular)
poligonów (genitive plural)
poligonowi (dative singular)
poligonom (dative plural)
poligon (accusative singular)
poligony (accusative plural)
poligonem (instrumental singular)
poligonami (instrumental plural)
poligonie (locative singular)
poligonach (locative plural)
poligonie (singular vocative)
poligony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French polygone, from Ancient Greek πολύγωνον (polúgōnon).


Babel

Learned borrowing from Latin Babel. Doublet of Babilon and Babilonia.

(heraldry, historical) Polish coat of arms of the nobility granted in the Austrian Partition


bunt

buncik (diminutive)
bunt (nominative singular)
bunty (nominative plural)
buntu (genitive singular)
buntów (genitive plural)
buntowi (dative singular)
buntom (dative plural)
bunt (accusative singular)
bunty (accusative plural)
buntem (instrumental singular)
buntami (instrumental plural)
buncie (locative singular)
buntach (locative plural)
buncie (singular vocative)
bunty (plural vocative)

→ Russian: бунт (bunt)

Borrowed from Middle High German bund (originally any union, the "mutiny" sense since the 17th century). Compare German Bund.


hetman

hetman (nominative singular)
hetmani (nominative plural)
hetmany (derogatory nominative plural)
hetmana (genitive singular)
hetmanów (genitive plural)
hetmanowi (dative singular)
hetmanom (dative plural)
hetmana (accusative singular)
hetmanów (accusative plural)
hetmanem (instrumental singular)
hetmanami (instrumental plural)
hetmanie (locative singular)
hetmanach (locative plural)
hetmanie (singular vocative)
hetmani (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: ге́тман (hjétman)

→ Bulgarian: хе́тман (hétman)

→ English: hetman

→ French: hetman

→ German: Hetman

→ Portuguese: hétmã, hétmane

→ Romanian: hatman

→ Ukrainian: ге́тьман (hétʹman)

desctree

→ Russian: ге́тман (gétman)
→ Uzbek: getman

→ Spanish: hetman

Borrowed from Middle High German houbetman, heuptman, from houbet, heupt. Compare German Hauptmann. The e in hetman attests to a borrowing from an East Central German dialect, in which Middle High German -öu- gives -ē-.

bor+

(historical, military) Cossack military commander

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

(historical, military) title used by the senior military commanders in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (15th to 18th century)

(Middle Polish, military) any sort of military leader


junta

junta (nominative singular)
junty (nominative plural)
junty (genitive singular)
junt (genitive plural)
juncie (dative singular)
juntom (dative plural)
juntę (accusative singular)
junty (accusative plural)
juntą (instrumental singular)
juntami (instrumental plural)
juncie (locative singular)
juntach (locative plural)
junto (singular vocative)
junty (plural vocative)

(military) junta (ruling council of a military dictatorship)


pas

pasek (diminutive)
pas (nominative singular)
pasy (nominative plural)
pasa (genitive singular)
pasów (genitive plural)
pasowi (dative singular)
pasom (dative plural)
pas (accusative singular)
pasy (accusative plural)
pasem (instrumental singular)
pasami (instrumental plural)
pasie (locative singular)
pasach (locative plural)
pasie (singular vocative)
pasy (plural vocative)
pás (alternative dialectal obsolete)

→ Belarusian: пас (pas)

→ Yiddish: פּאַס (pas)


drab

pl-noun

drab m pers (diminutive (rare) drabik, augmentative drabisko)

drabik (diminutive rare)
drabisko (augmentative)
drab (nominative singular)
drabi (nominative plural)
drabowie (nominative plural)
draby (nominative plural)
draby (derogatory nominative plural)
draba (genitive singular)
drabów (genitive plural)
drabowi (dative singular)
drabom (dative plural)
draba (accusative singular)
drabów (accusative plural)
drabem (instrumental singular)
drabami (instrumental plural)
drabie (locative singular)
drabach (locative plural)
drabie (singular vocative)
drabi (plural vocative)
drabowie (plural vocative)
draby (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Old Czech dráb, from Middle High German drabant, trabant. Doublet of drabant and trabant.

(obsolete, military) footman, foot soldier, henchman, servant


imperium

imperium (nominative singular)
imperia (nominative plural)
imperium (genitive singular)
imperiów (genitive plural)
imperium (dative singular)
imperiom (dative plural)
imperium (accusative singular)
imperia (accusative plural)
imperium (instrumental singular)
imperiami (instrumental plural)
imperium (locative singular)
imperiach (locative plural)
imperium (singular vocative)
imperia (plural vocative)

(monarchy) empire (political unit, having numerous or extensive territories)


popular

popular (nominative singular)
popularzy (nominative plural)
popularowie (nominative plural)
populary (derogatory nominative plural)
populara (genitive singular)
popularów (genitive plural)
popularowi (dative singular)
popularom (dative plural)
populara (accusative singular)
popularów (accusative plural)
popularem (instrumental singular)
popularami (instrumental plural)
popularze (locative singular)
popularach (locative plural)
popularze (singular vocative)
popularzy (plural vocative)
popularowie (plural vocative)
populary (derogatory plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin populārēs. First attested in the 20th century.

(Ancient Rome, politics) popular (member of the Populares)


fort

fort (nominative singular)
forty (nominative plural)
fortu (genitive singular)
fortów (genitive plural)
fortowi (dative singular)
fortom (dative plural)
fort (accusative singular)
forty (accusative plural)
fortem (instrumental singular)
fortami (instrumental plural)
forcie (locative singular)
fortach (locative plural)
forcie (singular vocative)
forty (plural vocative)

Perhaps borrowed from German Fort or French fort.

(military) fort, fortress (fortified defensive structure stationed with troops)


garda

garda (nominative singular)
gardy (nominative plural)
gardy (genitive singular)
gard (genitive plural)
gardzie (dative singular)
gardom (dative plural)
gardę (accusative singular)
gardy (accusative plural)
gardą (instrumental singular)
gardami (instrumental plural)
gardzie (locative singular)
gardach (locative plural)
gardo (singular vocative)
gardy (plural vocative)

(boxing) guard (way in which boxers position their hands in their stance)


regiment

regiment (nominative singular)
regimenty (nominative plural)
regimentu (genitive singular)
regimentów (genitive plural)
regimentowi (dative singular)
regimentom (dative plural)
regiment (accusative singular)
regimenty (accusative plural)
regimentem (instrumental singular)
regimentami (instrumental plural)
regimencie (locative singular)
regimentach (locative plural)
regimencie (singular vocative)
regimenty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin regimentum.

lbor

(historical, military) regiment (infantry or cavalry regiment in foreign armies in Poland in the 17th and 18th centuries)


LP

Jeszcze przez parę lat po wojnie zachował się materialny ślad ich obecności w postaci osady wojennej, zbudowanej w latach 1915–1916 w miejscu postoju Komendy LP, w starym lesie wśród bagien.

2008, Paweł Kosiński, “Legiony to żołnierska nuta”, in Biuletyn IPN, numbers 5–6, Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-12, page 53:

For a few years after the war, a material trace of their presence was still preserved in the form of a war settlement, built in 1915–1916 at the site of the PL Headquarters, in an old forest among the marshes.

(military, in the plural) abbreviation of Legiony Polskie, a Polish military formation founded by Józef Piłsudzki


establishment

establishment (nominative singular)
establishmenty (nominative plural)
establishmentu (genitive singular)
establishmentów (genitive plural)
establishmentowi (dative singular)
establishmentom (dative plural)
establishment (accusative singular)
establishmenty (accusative plural)
establishmentem (instrumental singular)
establishmentami (instrumental plural)
establishmencie (locative singular)
establishmentach (locative plural)
establishmencie (singular vocative)
establishmenty (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English establishment.

ubor

(derogatory, politics) establishment (the ruling class or authority group)


Sejm

sejmowy (adjective)
Sejm (nominative singular)
Sejmu (genitive singular)
Sejmowi (dative singular)
Sejm (accusative singular)
Sejmem (instrumental singular)
Sejmie (locative singular)
Sejmie (singular vocative)

(government) Sejm (the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland)

Sejm (total number of people who sit in the Sejm)

(government, historical, pre-1946) the whole Polish parliament, including both houses


Sejm

Sejm (nominative singular)
Sejmy (nominative plural)
Sejmu (genitive singular)
Sejmów (genitive plural)
Sejmowi (dative singular)
Sejmom (dative plural)
Sejm (accusative singular)
Sejmy (accusative plural)
Sejmem (instrumental singular)
Sejmami (instrumental plural)
Sejmie (locative singular)
Sejmach (locative plural)
Sejmie (singular vocative)
Sejmy (plural vocative)

→ English: Sejm

→ German: Sejm

→ Latvian: Saeima

→ Lithuanian: Sei̇̃mas

→ Romanian: Seim

→ Russian: Сейм (Sejm)

→ Ukrainian: Сейм (Sejm)

→ Yiddish: סיים (seym)

(government, historical) any specific gathering of the Sejm


blanka

blanka (nominative singular)
blanki (nominative plural)
blanki (genitive singular)
blanek (genitive plural)
blance (dative singular)
blankom (dative plural)
blankę (accusative singular)
blanki (accusative plural)
blanką (instrumental singular)
blankami (instrumental plural)
blance (locative singular)
blankach (locative plural)
blanko (singular vocative)
blanki (plural vocative)
blank (alternative)

(architecture, military) cop, merlon (any of the upright projections between the embrasures of a battlement)


browning

browning (nominative singular)
browningi (nominative plural)
browningu (genitive singular)
browningów (genitive plural)
browningowi (dative singular)
browningom (dative plural)
browning (accusative singular)
browningi (accusative plural)
browningiem (instrumental singular)
browningami (instrumental plural)
browningu (locative singular)
browningach (locative plural)
browningu (singular vocative)
browningi (plural vocative)
brauning (alternative uncommon)

Unadapted borrowing from English Browning, named after American firearm designer John Browning.

named-after

(firearms) any type of semi-automatic pistol manufactured by Browning Arms Company


mina

mina (nominative singular)
miny (nominative plural)
miny (genitive singular)
min (genitive plural)
minie (dative singular)
minom (dative plural)
minę (accusative singular)
miny (accusative plural)
miną (instrumental singular)
minami (instrumental plural)
minie (locative singular)
minach (locative plural)
mino (singular vocative)
miny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Miene, from French mine, from Late Latin mina, from Gaulish *mēnā, from Proto-Indo-European *mēy(H)nis.

(military) mine (device intended to explode when stepped upon or touched, or when approached by a ship, vehicle, or person)


militaria

militaria (nominative plural)
militariów (genitive plural)
militariom (dative plural)
militaria (accusative plural)
militariami (instrumental plural)
militariach (locative plural)
militaria (plural vocative)

(military) militaria (military or police artifacts)


komuna

komuna (nominative singular)
komuny (nominative plural)
komuny (genitive singular)
komun (genitive plural)
komunie (dative singular)
komunom (dative plural)
komunę (accusative singular)
komuny (accusative plural)
komuną (instrumental singular)
komunami (instrumental plural)
komunie (locative singular)
komunach (locative plural)
komuno (singular vocative)
komuny (plural vocative)

(colloquial, derogatory, politics) communism, especially communist rule in Poland before 1989


adres

adresik (diminutive)
adres (nominative singular)
adresy (nominative plural)
adresu (genitive singular)
adresów (genitive plural)
adresowi (dative singular)
adresom (dative plural)
adres (accusative singular)
adresy (accusative plural)
adresem (instrumental singular)
adresami (instrumental plural)
adresie (locative singular)
adresach (locative plural)
adresie (singular vocative)
adresy (plural vocative)
adress (alternative obsolete)

desctree

→ Russian: адрес (adres)
→ Armenian: հասցե (hascʻe) (semantic loan)
→ Bashkir: адрес (adres)
→ Bezhta: адрис (adris)
→ Eastern Mari: адрес (adres)
→ Kazakh: адрес (adres)
→ Ingrian: adressi
→ Yakut: аадырыс (aadırıs)
→ Kildin Sami: а̄дресс (ādrjess)
→ Tajik: адрес (adres)
→ Tatar: адрес (adres)
→ Uyghur: ئادرىس (adris)

→ Belarusian: адрэс (adres)

Borrowed from French adresse. First attested in 1648. Doublet of adresa, a dialectal borrowing from German.

ref

Danuta Lankiewicz (09.06.2009) “ADRES”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(politics) address (formal approach to a sovereign, especially an official appeal or petition)


exit poll

Unadapted borrowing from English exit poll.


centrum

centrum (nominative singular)
centra (nominative plural)
centrum (genitive singular)
centrów (genitive plural)
centrum (dative singular)
centrom (dative plural)
centrum (accusative singular)
centra (accusative plural)
centrum (instrumental singular)
centrami (instrumental plural)
centrum (locative singular)
centrach (locative plural)
centrum (singular vocative)
centra (plural vocative)


referendum

pl-noun

referendum n (related adjective referendalny or referendowy)

referendalny (adjective)
referendowy (adjective)
referendum (nominative singular)
referenda (nominative plural)
referendum (genitive singular)
referendów (genitive plural)
referendum (dative singular)
referendom (dative plural)
referendum (accusative singular)
referenda (accusative plural)
referendum (instrumental singular)
referendami (instrumental plural)
referendum (locative singular)
referendach (locative plural)
referendum (singular vocative)
referenda (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin referendum.

(law, politics) referendum (direct popular vote on a proposed law or constitutional amendment)


legislator

legislator (nominative singular)
legislatorzy (nominative plural)
legislatory (derogatory nominative plural)
legislatora (genitive singular)
legislatorów (genitive plural)
legislatorowi (dative singular)
legislatorom (dative plural)
legislatora (accusative singular)
legislatorów (accusative plural)
legislatorem (instrumental singular)
legislatorami (instrumental plural)
legislatorze (locative singular)
legislatorach (locative plural)
legislatorze (singular vocative)
legislatorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin lēgislātor.

(government, law) legislator (person who creates or enacts laws)


znak

znak m inan (diminutive znaczek, related adjective znakowy)

znaczek (diminutive)
znakowy (adjective)
znak (nominative singular)
znaki (nominative plural)
znaku (genitive singular)
znaków (genitive plural)
znakowi (dative singular)
znakom (dative plural)
znak (accusative singular)
znaki (accusative plural)
znakiem (instrumental singular)
znakami (instrumental plural)
znaku (locative singular)
znakach (locative plural)
znaku (singular vocative)
znaki (plural vocative)

(archaic, heraldry) banner (coat of arms or a banner with a coat of arms)

(obsolete, historical, military) banner (military basic organizational and tactical unit, approximately equivalent to the current company)


ninjutsu

Unadapted borrowing from English ninjutsu.

ubor

(espionage, historical, martial arts) ninjutsu (Japanese martial art that is a collection of techniques originally practiced for Japanese espionage purposes, and includes methods of gathering information, nondetection, avoidance, and misdirection techniques)


patrol

patrol (nominative singular)
patrole (nominative plural)
patrolu (genitive singular)
patroli (genitive plural)
patrolowi (dative singular)
patrolom (dative plural)
patrol (accusative singular)
patrole (accusative plural)
patrolem (instrumental singular)
patrolami (instrumental plural)
patrolu (locative singular)
patrolach (locative plural)
patrolu (singular vocative)
patrole (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French patrouille, from Middle French patrouille, from Old French patrouille.

(military) patrol (movement by a small body of troops beyond the line of outposts)

(military) patrol (guards who go the rounds for observation)


Orient

Orient (nominative singular)
Orientu (genitive singular)
Orientowi (dative singular)
Orient (accusative singular)
Orientem (instrumental singular)
Oriencie (locative singular)
Oriencie (singular vocative)

(historical, politics) East (Eastern block, Eastern Europe)

(politics) East (Eastern Europe, non-Cold War concept)


Solon

Solon (nominative singular)
Solona (genitive singular)
Solonowi (dative singular)
Solona (accusative singular)
Solonem (instrumental singular)
Solonie (locative singular)
Solonie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Σόλων (Sólōn).

lbor

(law, politics) Solon (statesman and lawgiver)


rota

(historical, military) rota (infantry or cavalry unit in Poland in the 16th–17th c.)

(historical, military) rota (row of soldiers in formation in Poland in the 18th c.)


rota

(firefighting) group of rescuers or firefighters consisting of two people


PO

(politics) initialism of Platforma Obywatelska (“Citizens' Platform (a Polish political party)”)


intifada

intifada (nominative singular)
intifady (nominative plural)
intifady (genitive singular)
intifad (genitive plural)
intifadzie (dative singular)
intifadom (dative plural)
intifadę (accusative singular)
intifady (accusative plural)
intifadą (instrumental singular)
intifadami (instrumental plural)
intifadzie (locative singular)
intifadach (locative plural)
intifado (singular vocative)
intifady (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Arabic اِنْتِفَاضَة (intifāḍa).

bor+

اِنْتِفَاضَة

(Islam, politics) intifada (uprising, resistant struggle or rebellious protest, especially the Palestinian uprisings against Israel)


słoń

słoń (nominative singular)
słonie (nominative plural)
słonia (genitive singular)
słoni (genitive plural)
słoniowi (dative singular)
słoniom (dative plural)
słoń (accusative singular)
słonie (accusative plural)
słoniem (instrumental singular)
słoniami (instrumental plural)
słoniu (locative singular)
słoniach (locative plural)
słoniu (singular vocative)
słonie (plural vocative)

(military slang) a gas mask with a long hose


parlament

pl-noun

parlament m inan (related adjective parlamentarny)

parlamentarny (adjective)
parlament (nominative singular)
parlamenty (nominative plural)
parlamentu (genitive singular)
parlamentów (genitive plural)
parlamentowi (dative singular)
parlamentom (dative plural)
parlament (accusative singular)
parlamenty (accusative plural)
parlamentem (instrumental singular)
parlamentami (instrumental plural)
parlamencie (locative singular)
parlamentach (locative plural)
parlamencie (singular vocative)
parlamenty (plural vocative)

(government) parliament (legislative branch of government, a deliberative assembly or set of assemblies whose elected or appointed members meet to debate the major political issues of the day, make, amend, and repeal laws, authorize the executive branch of government to spend money, and in some cases exercise judicial powers)

parliament (total number of people who sit in a parliament)


Warszawa

pl-prop

Warszawa f (related adjective warszawski, demonym warszawiak, female demonym warszawianka)

warszawski (adjective)
warszawiak (demonym)
warszawianka (demonym feminine)
Warszawa (nominative singular)
Warszawy (genitive singular)
Warszawie (dative singular)
Warszawę (accusative singular)
Warszawą (instrumental singular)
Warszawie (locative singular)
Warszawo (singular vocative)
Warszewa (alternative Middle Polish)
Warszowa (alternative Middle Polish)

→ Belarusian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

→ Bulgarian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

→ Czech: Varšava

→ Danish: Warszawa

→ English: Warsaw, Warszawa

desctree

→ German: Warschau
→ Dutch: Warschau
→ Afrikaans: Warschau
→ Icelandic: Varsjá
→ Luxembourgish: Warschau

→ Hungarian: Varsó

→ Japanese: ワルシャワ

desc

→ Korean: 바르샤바 (bareusyaba), 와르샤와 (wareusyawa)

desctree

→ Latin: Varsovia
Catalan: Varsòvia
French: Varsovie
Galician: Varsovia
Italian: Varsavia
Portuguese: Varsóvia
Romanian: Varșovia
Spanish: Varsovia

→ Latvian: Varšava

→ Lithuanian: Varšuva

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Warszawa

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Warszawa

→ Russian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)
→ Kyrgyz: Варшава (Varşava)
→ Mongolian: Варшав (Varšav)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Varšava, Варшава

→ Slovak: Varšava

→ Slovene: Varšava

→ Swedish: Warszawa

→ Ukrainian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

Inherited from Old Polish Warszewa with -e- replaced by -a- due to hypercorrection or assimilation.

stosunki między Warszawą a Berlinem

(government, metonymic) Warsaw (Polish presidency and its administration)

miasto stołeczne Warszawa

(government, metonymic) Warsaw authorities


persona non grata

Unadapted borrowing from Latin persōna nōn grāta.

ubor

persona non grata
persona non grata#English


binda

binda (nominative singular)
bindy (nominative plural)
bindy (genitive singular)
bind (genitive plural)
bindzie (dative singular)
bindom (dative plural)
bindę (accusative singular)
bindy (accusative plural)
bindą (instrumental singular)
bindami (instrumental plural)
bindzie (locative singular)
bindach (locative plural)
bindo (singular vocative)
bindy (plural vocative)
bieńda (alternative Middle Polish)
bińda (alternative Middle Polish)

Borrowed from German Binde. First attested in 1534.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “binda, bieńda”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish, heraldry) coat of arms element in the shape of a ribbon


bastion

bastionik (diminutive)
bastion (nominative singular)
bastiony (nominative plural)
bastionu (genitive singular)
bastionów (genitive plural)
bastionowi (dative singular)
bastionom (dative plural)
bastion (accusative singular)
bastiony (accusative plural)
bastionem (instrumental singular)
bastionami (instrumental plural)
bastionie (locative singular)
bastionach (locative plural)
bastionie (singular vocative)
bastiony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French bastion, from Old French bastille.

(military) bastion, stronghold (place built to withstand attack)


attaché

Unadapted borrowing from French attaché.

(diplomacy, politics) attaché (diplomatic officer, usually one who plays a specific role)


bazooka

bazooka (nominative singular)
bazooki (nominative plural)
bazooki (genitive singular)
bazook (genitive plural)
bazooce (dative singular)
bazookom (dative plural)
bazookę (accusative singular)
bazooki (accusative plural)
bazooką (instrumental singular)
bazookami (instrumental plural)
bazooce (locative singular)
bazookach (locative plural)
bazooko (singular vocative)
bazooki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English bazooka.

ubor

(weaponry) bazooka (shoulder-held rocket launcher used as an antitank weapon)


lobby

Unadapted borrowing from English lobby. Doublet of lodżia, loggia, and loża.

(politics) lobby (group of people who try to lobby)


aspirant

pl-noun

aspirant m pers (female equivalent aspirantka)

aspirantka (feminine)
aspirant (nominative singular)
aspiranci (nominative plural)
aspiranty (derogatory nominative plural)
aspiranta (genitive singular)
aspirantów (genitive plural)
aspirantowi (dative singular)
aspirantom (dative plural)
aspiranta (accusative singular)
aspirantów (accusative plural)
aspirantem (instrumental singular)
aspirantami (instrumental plural)
aspirancie (locative singular)
aspirantach (locative plural)
aspirancie (singular vocative)
aspiranci (plural vocative)

(law enforcement) warrant officer (in the police)


boks

boks (nominative singular)
boksu (genitive singular)
boksowi (dative singular)
boks (accusative singular)
boksem (instrumental singular)
boksie (locative singular)
boksie (singular vocative)


parada

parada (nominative singular)
parady (nominative plural)
parady (genitive singular)
parad (genitive plural)
paradzie (dative singular)
paradom (dative plural)
paradę (accusative singular)
parady (accusative plural)
paradą (instrumental singular)
paradami (instrumental plural)
paradzie (locative singular)
paradach (locative plural)
parado (singular vocative)
parady (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French parade, from Spanish parada, from parar (“to halt, stop, get ready, prepare”), from Latin parare.

(military) parade (assembling of troops for inspection or to receive orders)


czerwony

czerwony (nominative singular)
czerwone (nominative plural)
czerwonego (genitive singular)
czerwonych (genitive plural)
czerwonemu (dative singular)
czerwonym (dative plural)
czerwonego (accusative singular)
czerwonych (accusative plural)
czerwonym (instrumental singular)
czerwonymi (instrumental plural)
czerwonym (locative singular)
czerwonych (locative plural)
czerwony (singular vocative)
czerwone (plural vocative)
cyrzwony (alternative)


zielony

zielony (nominative singular)
zielone (nominative plural)
zielonego (genitive singular)
zielonych (genitive plural)
zielonemu (dative singular)
zielonym (dative plural)
zielonego (accusative singular)
zielone (accusative plural)
zielonym (instrumental singular)
zielonymi (instrumental plural)
zielonym (locative singular)
zielonych (locative plural)
zielony (singular vocative)
zielone (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zelenъ. Doublet of chlor, złoty, and żółty.


niebieski

pl-adj

niebieski (comparative bardziej niebieski, superlative najbardziej niebieski, derived adverb niebiesko)

bardziej niebieski (comparative)
najbardziej niebieski (superlative)
niebieski (masculine nominative singular)
niebieska (feminine nominative singular)
niebieskie (neuter nominative singular)
niebiescy (nominative plural virile)
niebieskie (nominative plural)
niebieskiego (genitive masculine singular)
niebieskiej (feminine genitive singular)
niebieskiego (genitive neuter singular)
niebieskich (genitive plural)
niebieskich (genitive plural virile)
niebieskiemu (dative masculine singular)
niebieskiej (dative feminine singular)
niebieskiemu (dative neuter singular)
niebieskim (dative plural)
niebieskim (dative plural virile)
niebieskiego (accusative animate masculine singular)
niebieski (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
niebieską (accusative feminine singular)
niebieskie (accusative neuter singular)
niebieskich (accusative plural virile)
niebieskie (accusative plural)
niebieskim (instrumental masculine singular)
niebieską (feminine instrumental singular)
niebieskim (instrumental neuter singular)
niebieskimi (instrumental plural)
niebieskimi (instrumental plural virile)
niebieskim (locative masculine singular)
niebieskiej (feminine locative singular)
niebieskim (locative neuter singular)
niebieskich (locative plural)
niebieskich (locative plural virile)

Inherited from Old Polish niebieśski, niebiesski, from Proto-Slavic *nebesьskъ. By surface analysis, niebo (“sky”) + -ski. Compare Czech nebeský, Serbo-Croatian нѐбескӣ, Ukrainian небе́ський (nebésʹkyj). For the semantic development compare Latin caeruleus.


czarny

czarny (nominative singular)
czarni (nominative plural)
czarnego (genitive singular)
czarnych (genitive plural)
czarnemu (dative singular)
czarnym (dative plural)
czarnego (accusative singular)
czarnych (accusative plural)
czarnym (instrumental singular)
czarnymi (instrumental plural)
czarnym (locative singular)
czarnych (locative plural)
czarny (singular vocative)
czarni (plural vocative)
carny (alternative Middle Polish)


gubernator

gubernator (nominative singular)
gubernatorzy (nominative plural)
gubernatorowie (nominative plural)
gubernatora (genitive singular)
gubernatorów (genitive plural)
gubernatorowi (dative singular)
gubernatorom (dative plural)
gubernatora (accusative singular)
gubernatorów (accusative plural)
gubernatorem (instrumental singular)
gubernatorami (instrumental plural)
gubernatorze (locative singular)
gubernatorach (locative plural)
gubernatorze (singular vocative)
gubernatorzy (plural vocative)
gubernatorowie (plural vocative)

→ Russian: губерна́тор (gubernátor)

→ Ukrainian: губерна́тор (hubernátor)

Learned borrowing from Latin gubernātor, from Ancient Greek κυβερνήτης (kubernḗtēs), from κυβερνάω (kubernáō). Doublet of guwerner (“tutor”).

(politics) governor (leader of a region or state)


plastron

plastron (nominative singular)
plastrony (nominative plural)
plastronu (genitive singular)
plastronów (genitive plural)
plastronowi (dative singular)
plastronom (dative plural)
plastron (accusative singular)
plastrony (accusative plural)
plastronem (instrumental singular)
plastronami (instrumental plural)
plastronie (locative singular)
plastronach (locative plural)
plastronie (singular vocative)
plastrony (plural vocative)

(fencing) plastron (half-jacket worn under the jacket for padding or for safety)


salon

salonik (diminutive)
salon (nominative singular)
salony (nominative plural)
salonu (genitive singular)
salonów (genitive plural)
salonowi (dative singular)
salonom (dative plural)
salon (accusative singular)
salony (accusative plural)
salonem (instrumental singular)
salonami (instrumental plural)
salonie (locative singular)
salonach (locative plural)
salonie (singular vocative)
salony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French salon, from Middle French, from Italian salone (“large hall”), augmented form of sala (“hall”), from Lombardic sala (“room, house, entrance hall”), from Proto-Germanic *salą (“dwelling, house, hall”), from Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”). Possibly a doublet of sioło.

der

(derogatory, politics, singular only) ruling class, the elite, the establishment


hydrant

hydrant (nominative singular)
hydranty (nominative plural)
hydrantu (genitive singular)
hydrantów (genitive plural)
hydrantowi (dative singular)
hydrantom (dative plural)
hydrant (accusative singular)
hydranty (accusative plural)
hydrantem (instrumental singular)
hydrantami (instrumental plural)
hydrancie (locative singular)
hydrantach (locative plural)
hydrancie (singular vocative)
hydranty (plural vocative)

(firefighting) hydrant, fire hydrant (outlet from a liquid/fluid main often consisting of an upright pipe with a valve attached from which fluid (e.g. water or fuel) can be tapped)


cel

cel (nominative singular)
cele (nominative plural)
celu (genitive singular)
celi (genitive plural)
celów (genitive plural)
celowi (dative singular)
celom (dative plural)
cel (accusative singular)
cele (accusative plural)
celem (instrumental singular)
celami (instrumental plural)
celu (locative singular)
celach (locative plural)
celu (singular vocative)
cele (plural vocative)
cyl (alternative Middle Polish)
czel (alternative Middle Polish)

→ Belarusian: цэль (celʹ)

→ Esperanto: celo

→ Kashubian: cél

→ Slovincian: cél

desctree

→ Russian: цель (celʹ), цѣль (cělʹ) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Yakut: сыал (sıal)

→ Ukrainian: ціль (cilʹ)

Inherited from Old Polish cel. Compare German Ziel.

(archaic, firearms) foresight (front sight of a rifle)


salut

salut (nominative singular)
saluty (nominative plural)
salutu (genitive singular)
salutów (genitive plural)
salutowi (dative singular)
salutom (dative plural)
salut (accusative singular)
saluty (accusative plural)
salutem (instrumental singular)
salutami (instrumental plural)
salucie (locative singular)
salutach (locative plural)
salucie (singular vocative)
saluty (plural vocative)

(military) salute (discharge of cannon or similar arms, as a mark of honour or respect)


izba

pl-noun

izba f (diminutive izbeczka or izbina or izdebka, related adjective izbowy)

izbeczka (diminutive)
izbina (diminutive)
izdebka (diminutive)
izbowy (adjective)
izba (nominative singular)
izby (nominative plural)
izby (genitive singular)
izb (genitive plural)
izbie (dative singular)
izbom (dative plural)
izbę (accusative singular)
izby (accusative plural)
izbą (instrumental singular)
izbami (instrumental plural)
izbie (locative singular)
izbach (locative plural)
izbo (singular vocative)
izby (plural vocative)
izdba (alternative)
istba (alternative)
zdba (alternative)
źba (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish izba. Doublet of sztuba.

(government) chamber, house, office (governmental body)


armada

armada (nominative singular)
armady (nominative plural)
armady (genitive singular)
armad (genitive plural)
armadzie (dative singular)
armadom (dative plural)
armadę (accusative singular)
armady (accusative plural)
armadą (instrumental singular)
armadami (instrumental plural)
armadzie (locative singular)
armadach (locative plural)
armado (singular vocative)
armady (plural vocative)

(military) armada (a fleet of warships, especially with reference to the Spanish Armada)

(military) armada (any large army or fleet of military vessels)


hak

hak m inan (diminutive haczyk, related adjective hakowy)

haczyk (diminutive)
hakowy (adjective)
hak (nominative singular)
haki (nominative plural)
haka (genitive singular)
haków (genitive plural)
hakowi (dative singular)
hakom (dative plural)
hak (accusative singular)
haki (accusative plural)
hakiem (instrumental singular)
hakami (instrumental plural)
haku (locative singular)
hakach (locative plural)
haku (singular vocative)
haki (plural vocative)
hok (alternative)

Borrowed from Middle High German hāke, hāken, from Old High German hako.

bor+

(boxing) hook (type of punch delivered with the arm rigid and partially bent and the fist travelling nearly horizontally mesially along an arc)


baran

pl-noun

baran m animal (diminutive baranek, augmentative baranisko, related adjective barani)

baranek (diminutive)
baranisko (augmentative)
barani (adjective)
baran (nominative singular)
barany (nominative plural)
barana (genitive singular)
baranów (genitive plural)
baranowi (dative singular)
baranom (dative plural)
barana (accusative singular)
barany (accusative plural)
baranem (instrumental singular)
baranami (instrumental plural)
baranie (locative singular)
baranach (locative plural)
baranie (singular vocative)
barany (plural vocative)
barón (alternative)
baron (alternative)

(heraldry) ram (image of this animal as used in coats of arms)


fala

falowy (adjective)
fala (nominative singular)
fale (nominative plural)
fali (genitive singular)
fal (genitive plural)
fali (dative singular)
falom (dative plural)
falę (accusative singular)
fale (accusative plural)
falą (instrumental singular)
falami (instrumental plural)
fali (locative singular)
falach (locative plural)
falo (singular vocative)
fale (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: хва́ля (xválja)

→ Ukrainian: хви́ля (xvýlja)

Borrowed from German Welle. First attested in 1594. Displaced wełn.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “fala”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(military) time remaining until the end of military service

(military) soldiers from a singular draft


harc

harc (nominative singular)
harce (nominative plural)
harcu (genitive singular)
harców (genitive plural)
harcowi (dative singular)
harcom (dative plural)
harc (accusative singular)
harce (accusative plural)
harcem (instrumental singular)
harcami (instrumental plural)
harcu (locative singular)
harcach (locative plural)
harcu (singular vocative)
harce (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Old Czech harc, from Hungarian harc.


glina

glina (canonical masculine person)
glina (canonical feminine)
glina (nominative singular)
gliny (nominative plural)
gliny (genitive singular)
glin (genitive plural)
glinie (dative singular)
glinom (dative plural)
glinę (accusative singular)
gliny (accusative plural)
gliną (instrumental singular)
glinami (instrumental plural)
glinie (locative singular)
glinach (locative plural)
glino (singular vocative)
gliny (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *glina, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gléiˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y-.

(colloquial, law enforcement) cop (police officer)


druh

pl-noun

druh m pers (female equivalent druhna or drużka)

druhna (feminine)
drużka (feminine)
druh (nominative singular)
druhowie (nominative plural)
druhy (derogatory nominative plural)
druha (genitive singular)
druhów (genitive plural)
druhowi (dative singular)
druhom (dative plural)
druha (accusative singular)
druhów (accusative plural)
druhem (instrumental singular)
druhami (instrumental plural)
druhu (locative singular)
druhach (locative plural)
druhu (singular vocative)
druhowie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ukrainian друг (druh). Doublet of drug, an inherited form.


kozak

kozak m pers (female equivalent kozaczka, diminutive kozaczek)

kozaczka (feminine)
kozaczek (diminutive)
kozak (nominative singular)
kozacy (nominative plural)
kozaki (derogatory nominative plural)
kozaka (genitive singular)
kozaków (genitive plural)
kozakowi (dative singular)
kozakom (dative plural)
kozaka (accusative singular)
kozaków (accusative plural)
kozakiem (instrumental singular)
kozakami (instrumental plural)
kozaku (locative singular)
kozakach (locative plural)
kozaku (singular vocative)
kozacy (plural vocative)

(military) Cossack (member of a Cossack military unit)


aga

aga (nominative singular)
agowie (nominative plural)
agi (genitive singular)
agów (genitive plural)
adze (dative singular)
agom (dative plural)
agę (accusative singular)
agów (accusative plural)
agą (instrumental singular)
agami (instrumental plural)
adze (locative singular)
agach (locative plural)
ago (singular vocative)
agowie (plural vocative)

(Islam, military) agha (honorific for high officials used in Turkey and certain Muslim countries)


kolor

kolorek (diminutive)
kolor (nominative singular)
kolory (nominative plural)
koloru (genitive singular)
kolorów (genitive plural)
kolorowi (dative singular)
kolorom (dative plural)
kolor (accusative singular)
kolory (accusative plural)
kolorem (instrumental singular)
kolorami (instrumental plural)
kolorze (locative singular)
kolorach (locative plural)
kolorze (singular vocative)
kolory (plural vocative)


kraj

krajowy (adjective)
kraj (nominative singular)
kraje (nominative plural)
kraju (genitive singular)
krajów (genitive plural)
krajowi (dative singular)
krajom (dative plural)
kraj (accusative singular)
kraje (accusative plural)
krajem (instrumental singular)
krajami (instrumental plural)
kraju (locative singular)
krajach (locative plural)
kraju (singular vocative)
kraje (plural vocative)

(government) krai (administrative division of some countries)


blok

bloczek (diminutive)
blok (nominative singular)
bloki (nominative plural)
bloku (genitive singular)
bloków (genitive plural)
blokowi (dative singular)
blokom (dative plural)
blok (accusative singular)
bloki (accusative plural)
blokiem (instrumental singular)
blokami (instrumental plural)
bloku (locative singular)
blokach (locative plural)
bloku (singular vocative)
bloki (plural vocative)
bloch (alternative)

Borrowed from German Block. Sense 8 is a semantic loan from English code block, sense 9 is a semantic loan from English block, sense 10 is a semantic loan from English heart block, and sense 11 is a semantic loan from English engine block. First attested in 1782.


waga

wagowy (adjective)
waga (nominative singular)
wagi (nominative plural)
wagi (genitive singular)
wag (genitive plural)
wadze (dative singular)
wagom (dative plural)
wagę (accusative singular)
wagi (accusative plural)
wagą (instrumental singular)
wagami (instrumental plural)
wadze (locative singular)
wagach (locative plural)
wago (singular vocative)
wagi (plural vocative)
wága (alternative)

→ Kashubian: wôga

→ Russian: ва́га (vága)

→ Slovincian: wogha

→ Ukrainian: ва́га (váha)

→ Belarusian: ва́гі (váhi)

(obsolete, boxing, wrestling) weightlifting


riposta

riposta (nominative singular)
riposty (nominative plural)
riposty (genitive singular)
ripost (genitive plural)
ripoście (dative singular)
ripostom (dative plural)
ripostę (accusative singular)
riposty (accusative plural)
ripostą (instrumental singular)
ripostami (instrumental plural)
ripoście (locative singular)
ripostach (locative plural)
riposto (singular vocative)
riposty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French riposte, from Italian risposta.


Hannibal

Hannibal (nominative singular)
Hannibala (genitive singular)
Hannibalowi (dative singular)
Hannibala (accusative singular)
Hannibalem (instrumental singular)
Hannibalu (locative singular)
Hannibalu (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Hannibal, from Punic 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋 (ḥnbʿl /ḥannībaʿl/).

(historical, politics) Hannibal (Carthaginian general and statesman)


przykład

pl-noun

przykład m inan (diminutive przykładzik or przykładek)

przykładzik (diminutive)
przykładek (diminutive)
przykład (nominative singular)
przykłady (nominative plural)
przykładu (genitive singular)
przykładów (genitive plural)
przykładowi (dative singular)
przykładom (dative plural)
przykład (accusative singular)
przykłady (accusative plural)
przykładem (instrumental singular)
przykładami (instrumental plural)
przykładzie (locative singular)
przykładach (locative plural)
przykładzie (singular vocative)
przykłady (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: пры́клад (prýklad)

→ Kashubian: przëkłôd

→ Ukrainian: при́клад (prýklad)

Inherited from Old Polish przykład. By surface analysis, deverbal from przykładać.


figurant

pl-noun

figurant m pers (female equivalent figurantka)

figurantka (feminine)
figurant (nominative singular)
figuranci (nominative plural)
figuranty (derogatory nominative plural)
figuranta (genitive singular)
figurantów (genitive plural)
figurantowi (dative singular)
figurantom (dative plural)
figuranta (accusative singular)
figurantów (accusative plural)
figurantem (instrumental singular)
figurantami (instrumental plural)
figurancie (locative singular)
figurantach (locative plural)
figurancie (singular vocative)
figuranci (plural vocative)

(politics) figurehead, puppet, stooge (person in a nominal position of leadership but with no actual power)


żubr

żubr (nominative singular)
żubrowie (nominative plural)
żubry (derogatory nominative plural)
żubra (genitive singular)
żubrów (genitive plural)
żubrowi (dative singular)
żubrom (dative plural)
żubra (accusative singular)
żubrów (accusative plural)
żubrem (instrumental singular)
żubrami (instrumental plural)
żubrze (locative singular)
żubrach (locative plural)
żubrze (singular vocative)
żubrowie (plural vocative)
żubry (derogatory plural vocative)

→ English: zubr

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: жубръ (žubr), żubr — alternative spelling
⇒ Ukrainian: жуброви́й (žubrovýj)

→ Vilamovian: żubr

Inherited from Old Polish zubr. The current form being żubr and not zubr is a result of hypercorrection due to avoiding mazuration.

(historical, politics) żubr kresowy (representative of a group of conservative Polish landowners who lived in the early 20th century in the eastern territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, now part of Lithuania or Belarus)


pułk

pułk (nominative singular)
pułki (nominative plural)
pułku (genitive singular)
pułków (genitive plural)
pułkowi (dative singular)
pułkom (dative plural)
pułk (accusative singular)
pułki (accusative plural)
pułkiem (instrumental singular)
pułkami (instrumental plural)
pułku (locative singular)
pułkach (locative plural)
pułku (singular vocative)
pułki (plural vocative)

→ German: Pulk

From earlier półk, połk, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *pъlkъ. The phonetic change of oł > ół > uł suggests a borrowing from Old Ruthenian полкъ (polk), although the evolution l̥ > oł > uł or l̥ > oł or uł after a labial consonant is probably also possible in Polish. Displaced native Old Polish *pełk, found in Polish given names and toponyms.


nomenklatura

pl-noun

nomenklatura f (related adjective nomenklaturowy)

nomenklaturowy (adjective)
nomenklatura (nominative singular)
nomenklatury (nominative plural)
nomenklatury (genitive singular)
nomenklatur (genitive plural)
nomenklaturze (dative singular)
nomenklaturom (dative plural)
nomenklaturę (accusative singular)
nomenklatury (accusative plural)
nomenklaturą (instrumental singular)
nomenklaturami (instrumental plural)
nomenklaturze (locative singular)
nomenklaturach (locative plural)
nomenklaturo (singular vocative)
nomenklatury (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin nōmenclātūra. Sense 3, sense 4 and sense 5 are semantic loans from Russian номенклату́ра (nomenklatúra).

sl

номенклату́ра

(uncountable, derogatory, historical, politics) nomenklatura (list of bureaucratic posts in government and industry in the former Soviet Union (or other communist countries), filled by those appointed by the Party)

(uncountable, collective, derogatory, historical, politics) nomenklatura (people on such lists)

(uncountable, collective, derogatory, politics) nomenklatura (any privileged class; a social or political elite)


floret

floret (nominative singular)
florety (nominative plural)
floretu (genitive singular)
floretów (genitive plural)
floretowi (dative singular)
floretom (dative plural)
floret (accusative singular)
florety (accusative plural)
floretem (instrumental singular)
floretami (instrumental plural)
florecie (locative singular)
floretach (locative plural)
florecie (singular vocative)
florety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Florett, from French fleuret, from Italian fioretto.


autonomia

autonomia (nominative singular)
autonomii (genitive singular)
autonomii (dative singular)
autonomię (accusative singular)
autonomią (instrumental singular)
autonomii (locative singular)
autonomio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English autonomy, French autonomie, German Autonomie, ultimately from Ancient Greek αὐτονομία (autonomía). By surface analysis, auto- + -nomia.

(politics) autonomy (the right or condition of self-government; freedom to act or function independently)


kaczysta

pl-noun

kaczysta m pers (female equivalent kaczystka)

kaczystka (feminine)
kaczysta (nominative singular)
kaczyści (nominative plural)
kaczysty (derogatory nominative plural)
kaczysty (genitive singular)
kaczystów (genitive plural)
kaczyście (dative singular)
kaczystom (dative plural)
kaczystę (accusative singular)
kaczystów (accusative plural)
kaczystą (instrumental singular)
kaczystami (instrumental plural)
kaczyście (locative singular)
kaczystach (locative plural)
kaczysto (singular vocative)
kaczyści (plural vocative)

(colloquial, derogatory, politics) a supporter of the Kaczyński brothers


kaczyzm

kaczyzm (nominative singular)
kaczyzmu (genitive singular)
kaczyzmowi (dative singular)
kaczyzm (accusative singular)
kaczyzmem (instrumental singular)
kaczyzmie (locative singular)
kaczyzmie (singular vocative)

From Kaczyński + -yzm, after Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński.

(derogatory, politics) political slogan for the period corresponding to the fifth term of the Sejm, which lasted from 19 October 2005 to 7 September 2007, during which the Kaczyński brothers had the largest influence in Poland


legenda

legendowy (adjective)
legenda (nominative singular)
legendy (nominative plural)
legendy (genitive singular)
legend (genitive plural)
legendzie (dative singular)
legendom (dative plural)
legendę (accusative singular)
legendy (accusative plural)
legendą (instrumental singular)
legendami (instrumental plural)
legendzie (locative singular)
legendach (locative plural)
legendo (singular vocative)
legendy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English legend, French légende, German Legende, ultimately from Medieval Latin legenda.

(heraldry) legend (inscription, motto, or title, especially one surrounding the field in a medal or coin, or placed upon a heraldic shield or beneath an engraving or illustration)

(espionage, slang) legend (fabricated backstory for a spy, with associated documents and records)


pantera

panterka (diminutive)
pantera (nominative singular)
pantery (nominative plural)
pantery (genitive singular)
panter (genitive plural)
panterze (dative singular)
panterom (dative plural)
panterę (accusative singular)
pantery (accusative plural)
panterą (instrumental singular)
panterami (instrumental plural)
panterze (locative singular)
panterach (locative plural)
pantero (singular vocative)
pantery (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English panther, French panthère, German Panther, ultimately from Latin panthēra, from Ancient Greek πάνθηρ (pánthēr). First attested in 1568.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “pantera”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(military, historical) type of German tank used in World War II


ataman

pl-noun

ataman m pers (female equivalent atamanka)

atamanka (feminine)
ataman (nominative singular)
atamani (nominative plural)
atamanowie (nominative plural)
atamana (genitive singular)
atamanów (genitive plural)
atamanowi (dative singular)
atamanom (dative plural)
atamana (accusative singular)
atamanów (accusative plural)
atamanem (instrumental singular)
atamanami (instrumental plural)
atamanie (locative singular)
atamanach (locative plural)
atamanie (singular vocative)
atamani (plural vocative)
atamanowie (plural vocative)
wataman (alternative Middle Polish)


grupa

grupa f (diminutive grupka, related adjective grupowy)

grupka (diminutive)
grupowy (adjective)
grupa (nominative singular)
grupy (nominative plural)
grupy (genitive singular)
grup (genitive plural)
grupie (dative singular)
grupom (dative plural)
grupę (accusative singular)
grupy (accusative plural)
grupą (instrumental singular)
grupami (instrumental plural)
grupie (locative singular)
grupach (locative plural)
grupo (singular vocative)
grupy (plural vocative)

→ Silesian: grupa

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Gruppe, French groupe, or Italian gruppo, ultimately from Latin grupus. First attested in 1765.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “grupa”, in Słownik języka polskiego

(military) group (units from various sectors of the military placed together)


baza

bazowy (adjective)
baza (nominative singular)
bazy (nominative plural)
bazy (genitive singular)
baz (genitive plural)
bazie (dative singular)
bazom (dative plural)
bazę (accusative singular)
bazy (accusative plural)
bazą (instrumental singular)
bazami (instrumental plural)
bazie (locative singular)
bazach (locative plural)
bazo (singular vocative)
bazy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: baza

→ Silesian: baza

Borrowed from French base. First attested in 1683.

Danuta Lankiewicz (22.06.2015) “BAZA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(military) base (permanent structure for housing military)


jeż

jeżyk (diminutive)
jeż (nominative singular)
jeże (nominative plural)
jeża (genitive singular)
jeży (genitive plural)
jeżów (genitive plural)
jeżowi (dative singular)
jeżom (dative plural)
jeża (accusative singular)
jeże (accusative plural)
jeżem (instrumental singular)
jeżami (instrumental plural)
jeżu (locative singular)
jeżach (locative plural)
jeżu (singular vocative)
jeże (plural vocative)
iz (alternative)


sekundant

pl-noun

sekundant m pers (female equivalent sekndantka)

sekndantka (feminine)
sekundant (nominative singular)
sekundanci (nominative plural)
sekundanty (derogatory nominative plural)
sekundanta (genitive singular)
sekundantów (genitive plural)
sekundantowi (dative singular)
sekundantom (dative plural)
sekundanta (accusative singular)
sekundantów (accusative plural)
sekundantem (instrumental singular)
sekundantami (instrumental plural)
sekundancie (locative singular)
sekundantach (locative plural)
sekundancie (singular vocative)
sekundanci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Sekundant. By surface analysis, sekundować + -ant.

(boxing) second (attendant of a boxing match standing in for a contestant)


automat

automat (nominative singular)
automaty (nominative plural)
automatu (genitive singular)
automatów (genitive plural)
automatowi (dative singular)
automatom (dative plural)
automat (accusative singular)
automaty (accusative plural)
automatem (instrumental singular)
automatami (instrumental plural)
automacie (locative singular)
automatach (locative plural)
automacie (singular vocative)
automaty (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek αὐτόμᾰτος (autómătos)der.
German Automatbor.
Polish automat
Borrowed from German Automat. By surface analysis, auto- + -mat.

etymon

(colloquial, firearms) submachine gun, SMG (type of short range machine gun that is carried as a personal weapon and uses pistol ammunition)


konsul

konsul (nominative singular)
konsulowie (nominative plural)
konsula (genitive singular)
konsulów (genitive plural)
konsulowi (dative singular)
konsulom (dative plural)
konsula (accusative singular)
konsulów (accusative plural)
konsulem (instrumental singular)
konsulami (instrumental plural)
konsulu (locative singular)
konsulach (locative plural)
konsulu (singular vocative)
konsulowie (plural vocative)

(politics) consul (official representative of the government of one state in the territory of another)


korpus

pl-noun

korpus m inan (diminutive korpusik, related adjective korpusowy)

korpusik (diminutive)
korpusowy (adjective)
korpus (nominative singular)
korpusy (nominative plural)
korpusu (genitive singular)
korpusów (genitive plural)
korpusowi (dative singular)
korpusom (dative plural)
korpus (accusative singular)
korpusy (accusative plural)
korpusem (instrumental singular)
korpusami (instrumental plural)
korpusie (locative singular)
korpusach (locative plural)
korpusie (singular vocative)
korpusy (plural vocative)

(military) corps (battlefield formation)


kurator

kurator m pers (female equivalent kuratorka)

kuratorka (feminine)
kurator (nominative singular)
kuratorowie (nominative plural)
kuratorzy (nominative plural)
kuratora (genitive singular)
kuratorów (genitive plural)
kuratorowi (dative singular)
kuratorom (dative plural)
kuratora (accusative singular)
kuratorów (accusative plural)
kuratorem (instrumental singular)
kuratorami (instrumental plural)
kuratorze (locative singular)
kuratorach (locative plural)
kuratorze (singular vocative)
kuratorowie (plural vocative)
kuratorzy (plural vocative)

(law enforcement) custodian, probation officer


magistrat

magistrat m inan (related adjective magistracki or magistratowy)

magistracki (adjective)
magistratowy (adjective)
magistrat (nominative singular)
magistraty (nominative plural)
magistratu (genitive singular)
magistratów (genitive plural)
magistratowi (dative singular)
magistratom (dative plural)
magistrat (accusative singular)
magistraty (accusative plural)
magistratem (instrumental singular)
magistratami (instrumental plural)
magistracie (locative singular)
magistratach (locative plural)
magistracie (singular vocative)
magistraty (plural vocative)

(collective, government) city council, municipal office, magistracy (governing body of people elected to oversee management of a city and represent the interests of residents)

(government) city council, municipal office, magistracy (building that houses the headquarters of a city council)


ultras

ultras (nominative singular)
ultrasi (nominative plural)
ultrasy (derogatory nominative plural)
ultrasa (genitive singular)
ultrasów (genitive plural)
ultrasowi (dative singular)
ultrasom (dative plural)
ultrasa (accusative singular)
ultrasów (accusative plural)
ultrasem (instrumental singular)
ultrasami (instrumental plural)
ultrasie (locative singular)
ultrasach (locative plural)
ultrasie (singular vocative)
ultrasi (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French ultras, French Ultraroyaliste.

(historical, politics) ultra (group militantly opposed to Algerian independence during the Algerian War, such as the Organisation armée secrète)


kuria

kuria (nominative singular)
kurie (nominative plural)
kurii (genitive singular)
kurii (genitive plural)
kuryj (archaic genitive plural)
kurii (dative singular)
kuriom (dative plural)
kurię (accusative singular)
kurie (accusative plural)
kurią (instrumental singular)
kuriami (instrumental plural)
kurii (locative singular)
kuriach (locative plural)
kurio (singular vocative)
kurie (plural vocative)


klucz

klucz m inan (diminutive kluczyk, related adjective kluczowy)

kluczyk (diminutive)
kluczowy (adjective)
klucz (nominative singular)
klucze (nominative plural)
klucza (genitive singular)
kluczy (genitive plural)
kluczowi (dative singular)
kluczom (dative plural)
klucz (accusative singular)
klucze (accusative plural)
kluczem (instrumental singular)
kluczami (instrumental plural)
kluczu (locative singular)
kluczach (locative plural)
kluczu (singular vocative)
klucze (plural vocative)


reformizm

reformizm m inan (related adjective reformistyczny)

reformistyczny (adjective)
reformizm (nominative singular)
reformizmu (genitive singular)
reformizmowi (dative singular)
reformizm (accusative singular)
reformizmem (instrumental singular)
reformizmie (locative singular)
reformizmie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French réformisme. By surface analysis, reforma + -izm. First attested in 1858.

(politics) reformism (workers' movement that emerged in England at the end of the 19th century, rejecting revolutionary methods of fighting for socialism in favor of systemic reforms)


bęben

bęben m inan (diminutive bębenek, related adjective bębnowy)

bębenek (diminutive)
bębnowy (adjective)
bęben (nominative singular)
bębeny (nominative plural)
bębenu (genitive singular)
bębenów (genitive plural)
bębenowi (dative singular)
bębenom (dative plural)
bęben (accusative singular)
bębeny (accusative plural)
bębenem (instrumental singular)
bębenami (instrumental plural)
bębenie (locative singular)
bębenach (locative plural)
bębenie (singular vocative)
bębeny (plural vocative)

(obsolete, military) recruitment, recruiting; conscription


tyran

tyran m pers (female equivalent tyranka, diminutive tyranek)

tyranka (feminine)
tyranek (diminutive)
tyran (nominative singular)
tyrani (nominative plural)
tyrany (derogatory nominative plural)
tyrana (genitive singular)
tyranów (genitive plural)
tyranowi (dative singular)
tyranom (dative plural)
tyrana (accusative singular)
tyranów (accusative plural)
tyranem (instrumental singular)
tyranami (instrumental plural)
tyranie (locative singular)
tyranach (locative plural)
tyranie (singular vocative)
tyrani (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin tyrannus, from Ancient Greek τύραννος (túrannos). Doublet of tyrania and tyranozaur.

(politics) tyrant (harsh and cruel ruler)

(Ancient Greece, historical, politics) tyrant (usurper; one who gains power and rules extralegally, distinguished from kings elevated by election or succession)


asker

asker (nominative singular)
askerzy (nominative plural)
askery (derogatory nominative plural)
askera (genitive singular)
askerów (genitive plural)
askerowi (dative singular)
askerom (dative plural)
askera (accusative singular)
askerów (accusative plural)
askerem (instrumental singular)
askerami (instrumental plural)
askerze (locative singular)
askerach (locative plural)
askerze (singular vocative)
askerzy (plural vocative)
askar (alternative)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish عسكر (ʿasker), from Arabic عَسْكَر (ʕaskar).


AK

(historical, military) abbreviation of Armia Krajowa


bantustan

bantustan (nominative singular)
bantustany (nominative plural)
bantustanu (genitive singular)
bantustanów (genitive plural)
bantustanowi (dative singular)
bantustanom (dative plural)
bantustan (accusative singular)
bantustany (accusative plural)
bantustanem (instrumental singular)
bantustanami (instrumental plural)
bantustanie (locative singular)
bantustanach (locative plural)
bantustanie (singular vocative)
bantustany (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English bantustan, ultimately from bantu + Persian ـستان.

(derogatory, politics) bantustan (political entity reminiscent of the old apartheid-era territories of the same name)


atentat

atentat (nominative singular)
atentaty (nominative plural)
atentatu (genitive singular)
atentatów (genitive plural)
atentatowi (dative singular)
atentatom (dative plural)
atentat (accusative singular)
atentaty (accusative plural)
atentatem (instrumental singular)
atentatami (instrumental plural)
atentacie (locative singular)
atentatach (locative plural)
atentacie (singular vocative)
atentaty (plural vocative)

Either borrowed from French attentat or borrowed from German Attentat.

(archaic, politics) attenant, political assassination


agentura

agenturka (diminutive)
agentura (nominative singular)
agentury (nominative plural)
agentury (genitive singular)
agentur (genitive plural)
agenturze (dative singular)
agenturom (dative plural)
agenturę (accusative singular)
agentury (accusative plural)
agenturą (instrumental singular)
agenturami (instrumental plural)
agenturze (locative singular)
agenturach (locative plural)
agenturo (singular vocative)
agentury (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Agentur. By surface analysis, agent + -ura. First attested in 1811.


legislatura

legislatura (nominative singular)
legislatury (genitive singular)
legislaturze (dative singular)
legislaturę (accusative singular)
legislaturą (instrumental singular)
legislaturze (locative singular)
legislaturo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French législature, from Latin legō.

(government, law) legislative branch, legislature (all the governmental bodies with the power to make, amend, and repeal laws)


ekspres

ekspres (nominative singular)
ekspresy (nominative plural)
ekspresu (genitive singular)
ekspresów (genitive plural)
ekspresowi (dative singular)
ekspresom (dative plural)
ekspres (accusative singular)
ekspresy (accusative plural)
ekspresem (instrumental singular)
ekspresami (instrumental plural)
ekspresie (locative singular)
ekspresach (locative plural)
ekspresie (singular vocative)
ekspresy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English express, from French exprès, from Latin expressus.

(firearms) type of double-barrelled rifle


orda

orda (nominative singular)
ordy (nominative plural)
ordy (genitive singular)
ord (genitive plural)
ordzie (dative singular)
ordom (dative plural)
ordę (accusative singular)
ordy (accusative plural)
ordą (instrumental singular)
ordami (instrumental plural)
ordzie (locative singular)
ordach (locative plural)
ordo (singular vocative)
ordy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Tatar орда (orda). Doublet of horda.

(historical, military) horde, army (especially of Tatars)

(historical, military, politics) orda (political and military organizational structure used by Turkic and Mongol peoples)


srebrny

srebrny (nominative singular)
srebrni (nominative plural)
srebrnego (genitive singular)
srebrnych (genitive plural)
srebrnemu (dative singular)
srebrnym (dative plural)
srebrnego (accusative singular)
srebrnych (accusative plural)
srebrnym (instrumental singular)
srebrnymi (instrumental plural)
srebrnym (locative singular)
srebrnych (locative plural)
srebrny (singular vocative)
srebrni (plural vocative)


marsz

→ Russian: марш (marš)

Borrowed from German Marsch, from French marche.


zakład

zakładzik (diminutive)
zakład (nominative singular)
zakłady (nominative plural)
zakładu (genitive singular)
zakładów (genitive plural)
zakładowi (dative singular)
zakładom (dative plural)
zakład (accusative singular)
zakłady (accusative plural)
zakładem (instrumental singular)
zakładami (instrumental plural)
zakładzie (locative singular)
zakładach (locative plural)
zakładzie (singular vocative)
zakłady (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish zakład. By surface analysis, deverbal from zakładać. Compare Kashubian zakłôd and Slovincian zaklod.

surf

(obsolete, military) formation (group of soldiers)


etap

etapowy (adjective)
etap (nominative singular)
etapy (nominative plural)
etapu (genitive singular)
etapów (genitive plural)
etapowi (dative singular)
etapom (dative plural)
etap (accusative singular)
etapy (accusative plural)
etapem (instrumental singular)
etapami (instrumental plural)
etapie (locative singular)
etapach (locative plural)
etapie (singular vocative)
etapy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: etap

Borrowed from French étape. Sense 3 is a semantic loan from Russian эта́п (etáp). First attested in 1808. Compare Silesian etapa.

ref

Gazeta Warszawska (in Polish), number 13, 1808 February 13, page 197

(obsolete, military) étape (place where troops on a march halt overnight for rest and resupply)

(obsolete, military) étape (supplies issued to troops on the march)


bateria

pl-noun

bateria f (related adjective bateriowy or bateryjny)

bateriowy (adjective)
bateryjny (adjective)
bateria (nominative singular)
baterie (nominative plural)
baterii (genitive singular)
baterii (genitive plural)
bateryj (archaic genitive plural)
baterii (dative singular)
bateriom (dative plural)
baterię (accusative singular)
baterie (accusative plural)
baterią (instrumental singular)
bateriami (instrumental plural)
baterii (locative singular)
bateriach (locative plural)
baterio (singular vocative)
baterie (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: bateriô

Borrowed from French batterie. Compare Slovincian batrëja.


pała

pała (nominative singular)
pały (nominative plural)
pały (genitive singular)
pał (genitive plural)
pale (dative singular)
pałom (dative plural)
pałę (accusative singular)
pały (accusative plural)
pałą (instrumental singular)
pałami (instrumental plural)
pale (locative singular)
pałach (locative plural)
pało (singular vocative)
pały (plural vocative)


róża

róża f (diminutive różyczka, related adjective różany)

różyczka (diminutive)
różany (adjective)
róża (nominative singular)
róże (nominative plural)
róży (genitive singular)
róż (genitive plural)
róży (dative singular)
różom (dative plural)
różę (accusative singular)
róże (accusative plural)
różą (instrumental singular)
różami (instrumental plural)
róży (locative singular)
różach (locative plural)
różo (singular vocative)
róże (plural vocative)

(heraldry) rose (rose flower, usually depicted with five petals, five barbs, and a circular seed)


siła

siła (nominative singular)
siły (nominative plural)
siły (genitive singular)
sił (genitive plural)
sile (dative singular)
siłom (dative plural)
siłę (accusative singular)
siły (accusative plural)
siłą (instrumental singular)
siłami (instrumental plural)
sile (locative singular)
siłach (locative plural)
siło (singular vocative)
siły (plural vocative)
sieła (alternative Middle Polish)

(in the plural, military) forces (military unit)


jednostka

jednostka f (related adjective jednostkowy)

jednostkowy (adjective)
jednostka (nominative singular)
jednostki (nominative plural)
jednostki (genitive singular)
jednostek (genitive plural)
jednostce (dative singular)
jednostkom (dative plural)
jednostkę (accusative singular)
jednostki (accusative plural)
jednostką (instrumental singular)
jednostkami (instrumental plural)
jednostce (locative singular)
jednostkach (locative plural)
jednostko (singular vocative)
jednostki (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: jednostka

→ Silesian: jednostka

From jedność + -ka. First attested in 1801.

ref

Fortuna, czyli odmiana szczęścia przez losy wierszem wypadaiąca. (in Polish), 1801, page 6

unit (organized group comprising people in uniform who perform particular tasks)


dłoń

dłoniowy (adjective)
dłoń (nominative singular)
dłonie (nominative plural)
dłoni (genitive singular)
dłoni (genitive plural)
dłoni (dative singular)
dłoniom (dative plural)
dłoń (accusative singular)
dłonie (accusative plural)
dłonią (instrumental singular)
dłońmi (instrumental plural)
dłoniami (instrumental plural)
dłoni (locative singular)
dłoniach (locative plural)
dłoni (singular vocative)
dłonie (plural vocative)

(obsolete, fencing) fencing position covering the upper right part of one's hit box


teka

teczka (diminutive)
teka (nominative singular)
teki (nominative plural)
teki (genitive singular)
tek (genitive plural)
tece (dative singular)
tekom (dative plural)
tekę (accusative singular)
teki (accusative plural)
teką (instrumental singular)
tekami (instrumental plural)
tece (locative singular)
tekach (locative plural)
teko (singular vocative)
teki (plural vocative)

→ Yiddish: טעקע (teke)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek θήκη (thḗkē).


spiker

pl-noun

spiker m pers (female equivalent spikerka)

spikerka (feminine)
spiker (nominative singular)
spikerzy (nominative plural)
spikery (derogatory nominative plural)
spikera (genitive singular)
spikerów (genitive plural)
spikerowi (dative singular)
spikerom (dative plural)
spikera (accusative singular)
spikerów (accusative plural)
spikerem (instrumental singular)
spikerami (instrumental plural)
spikerze (locative singular)
spikerach (locative plural)
spikerze (singular vocative)
spikerzy (plural vocative)