abort

abort (nominative singular)
aborty (nominative plural)
abortu (genitive singular)
abortów (genitive plural)
abortowi (dative singular)
abortom (dative plural)
abort (accusative singular)
aborty (accusative plural)
abortem (instrumental singular)
abortami (instrumental plural)
aborcie (locative singular)
abortach (locative plural)
aborcie (singular vocative)
aborty (plural vocative)

Coordinate term: poronienie

(medicine) abortion (act of inducing abortion)

(computing) force quit, closing (act of stopping a program)


bit

bitowy (adjective)
bit (nominative singular)
bity (nominative plural)
bit (genitive singular)
bita (genitive singular)
bitów (genitive plural)
bitowi (dative singular)
bitom (dative plural)
bit (accusative singular)
bity (accusative plural)
bitem (instrumental singular)
bitami (instrumental plural)
bicie (locative singular)
bitach (locative plural)
bicie (singular vocative)
bity (plural vocative)

bit informacji

bit po bicie

(mathematics, computing) bit (binary digit, generally represented as a 1 or 0)


port

pl-noun

port m inan (diminutive porcik, related adjective portowy)

porcik (diminutive)
portowy (adjective)
port (nominative singular)
porty (nominative plural)
portu (genitive singular)
portów (genitive plural)
portowi (dative singular)
portom (dative plural)
port (accusative singular)
porty (accusative plural)
portem (instrumental singular)
portami (instrumental plural)
porcie (locative singular)
portach (locative plural)
porcie (singular vocative)
porty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: pòrt

Inherited from Old Polish port. Sense 4 and sense 5 are semantic loans from English port. Doublet of fiord (“fjord”).

sl

(computing) port (logical or physical construct in and from which data are transferred)

(computing, networking) port (number that delimits a connection for specific processes or parts of a network service)


bot

bot (nominative singular)
boty (nominative plural)
bota (genitive singular)
botów (genitive plural)
botowi (dative singular)
botom (dative plural)
bota (accusative singular)
boty (accusative plural)
botem (instrumental singular)
botami (instrumental plural)
bocie (locative singular)
botach (locative plural)
bocie (singular vocative)
boty (plural vocative)


tao

(philosophy, Taoism) Tao (Chinese philosophical term)


DVD

(computing) DVD (optical disc on which video is recorded in digital format)

(computing) DVD (drive in a computer that plays such discs)


software

software (nominative singular)
software'u (genitive singular)
software'owi (dative singular)
software (accusative singular)
software'em (instrumental singular)
softwarze (locative singular)
softwarze (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English software.

ubor

Coordinate term: hardware

(software) software (encoded computer instructions)


absurd

absurdzik (diminutive)
absurd (nominative singular)
absurdy (nominative plural)
absurdu (genitive singular)
absurdów (genitive plural)
absurdowi (dative singular)
absurdom (dative plural)
absurd (accusative singular)
absurdy (accusative plural)
absurdem (instrumental singular)
absurdami (instrumental plural)
absurdzie (locative singular)
absurdach (locative plural)
absurdzie (singular vocative)
absurdy (plural vocative)
absurdum (alternative obsolete)

Learned borrowing from Latin absurdus. First attested in 1564.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “absurdum”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


UFO

Orthographic borrowing from English UFO.

unidentified flying object
unidentified flying object

(science fiction, ufology) UFO, unidentified flying object


Achilles

pl-prop

Achilles m pers (related adjective achillesowy)

achillesowy (adjective)
Achilles (nominative singular)
Achillesowie (nominative plural)
Achillesi (nominative plural)
Achillesa (genitive singular)
Achillesów (genitive plural)
Achillesowi (dative singular)
Achillesom (dative plural)
Achillesa (accusative singular)
Achillesów (accusative plural)
Achillesem (instrumental singular)
Achillesami (instrumental plural)
Achillesie (locative singular)
Achillesach (locative plural)
Achillesie (singular vocative)
Achillesowie (plural vocative)
Achillesi (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Achillēs. Doublet of Achil.

(uncountable, Greek mythology) Achilles (mythical semidivine hero, the son of Peleus by the nereid Thetis, and prince of the Myrmidons, who features in the Iliad as a central character and the foremost warrior of the Achaean (Greek) camp)


Jupiter

Jupiter (nominative singular)
Jupitera (genitive singular)
Jupiterowi (dative singular)
Jupitera (accusative singular)
Jupiterem (instrumental singular)
Jupiterze (locative singular)
Jupiterze (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Iuppiter, from Proto-Italic *djowe-, ablative case of *djous, from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws. Doublet of Jowisz and Zeus.

(Roman mythology) Jupiter (the chief god, the Roman god of the sky and lightning)


DNA

Orthographic borrowing from English DNA.

kwas dezoksyrybonukleinowy
kwas dezoksyrybonukleinowy#Polish

(genetics, molecular biology) Abbreviation of kwas dezoksyrybonukleinowy.


pulpit

pulpicik (diminutive)
pulpit (nominative singular)
pulpity (nominative plural)
pulpitu (genitive singular)
pulpitów (genitive plural)
pulpitowi (dative singular)
pulpitom (dative plural)
pulpit (accusative singular)
pulpity (accusative plural)
pulpitem (instrumental singular)
pulpitami (instrumental plural)
pulpicie (locative singular)
pulpitach (locative plural)
pulpicie (singular vocative)
pulpity (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin pulpitum. Doublet of pult.

(computing) desktop (the main graphical user interface of an operating system)


symptom

symptom (nominative singular)
symptomy (nominative plural)
symptomu (genitive singular)
symptomów (genitive plural)
symptomowi (dative singular)
symptomom (dative plural)
symptom (accusative singular)
symptomy (accusative plural)
symptomem (instrumental singular)
symptomami (instrumental plural)
symptomie (locative singular)
symptomach (locative plural)
symptomie (singular vocative)
symptomy (plural vocative)

(literary, medicine) symptom (something that indicates a disease or disorder)


trapezoid

pl-noun

trapezoid m inan (related adjective trapezoidalny)

trapezoidalny (adjective)
trapezoid (nominative singular)
trapezoidy (nominative plural)
trapezoidu (genitive singular)
trapezoidów (genitive plural)
trapezoidowi (dative singular)
trapezoidom (dative plural)
trapezoid (accusative singular)
trapezoidy (accusative plural)
trapezoidem (instrumental singular)
trapezoidami (instrumental plural)
trapezoidzie (locative singular)
trapezoidach (locative plural)
trapezoidzie (singular vocative)
trapezoidy (plural vocative)

(geometry) trapezium, trapezoid (quadrilateral with two sides parallel and two sides non-parallel)


pi

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πεῖ (peî), from Phoenician 𐤐 (p /pē/).

lbor

(mathematics) pi (irrational mathematical constant)


humor

pl-noun

humor m inan (diminutive humorek, related adjective humorny)

humorek (diminutive)
humorny (adjective)
humor (nominative singular)
humory (nominative plural)
humoru (genitive singular)
humorów (genitive plural)
humorowi (dative singular)
humorom (dative plural)
humor (accusative singular)
humory (accusative plural)
humorem (instrumental singular)
humorami (instrumental plural)
humorze (locative singular)
humorach (locative plural)
humorze (singular vocative)
humory (plural vocative)

(countable, historical, medicine) humour (any of the fluids in an animal body, especially the four "cardinal humours" of blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm that were believed to control the health and mood of the human body)


argument

argumencik (diminutive)
argument (nominative singular)
argumenty (nominative plural)
argumentu (genitive singular)
argumentów (genitive plural)
argumentowi (dative singular)
argumentom (dative plural)
argument (accusative singular)
argumenty (accusative plural)
argumentem (instrumental singular)
argumentami (instrumental plural)
argumencie (locative singular)
argumentach (locative plural)
argumencie (singular vocative)
argumenty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin argūmentum.

(philosophy, logic, mathematics, programming) argument


boom

boom (nominative singular)
boomy (nominative plural)
boomu (genitive singular)
boomów (genitive plural)
boomowi (dative singular)
boomom (dative plural)
boom (accusative singular)
boomy (accusative plural)
boomem (instrumental singular)
boomami (instrumental plural)
boomie (locative singular)
boomach (locative plural)
boomie (singular vocative)
boomy (plural vocative)

(economics, business) boom (period of prosperity)


update

update (nominative singular)
update'y (nominative plural)
update'u (genitive singular)
update'ów (genitive plural)
update'owi (dative singular)
update'om (dative plural)
update (accusative singular)
update'y (accusative plural)
update'em (instrumental singular)
update'ami (instrumental plural)
updacie (locative singular)
update'ach (locative plural)
updacie (singular vocative)
update'y (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English update.

(computer science) update (action of making something up to date)


pupa

pupcia (diminutive)
pupka (diminutive)
pupa (nominative singular)
pupy (nominative plural)
pupy (genitive singular)
pup (genitive plural)
pupie (dative singular)
pupom (dative plural)
pupę (accusative singular)
pupy (accusative plural)
pupą (instrumental singular)
pupami (instrumental plural)
pupie (locative singular)
pupach (locative plural)
pupo (singular vocative)
pupy (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Perhaps borrowed from German Popo. According to Pokorny, cognate with Latin puppis (possibly) and Ancient Greek πύματος (púmatos, “the last”), from a common Proto-Indo-European *pu (“turned away”) << *h₂epó (“away, off”).

cog

(anatomy, euphemistic, somewhat childish) bum, rear, buttocks


graffiti

Internationalism; compare English graffiti, French graffiti, German Graffiti, ultimately from Italian graffiti.

(archaeology) graffiti (informal inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., as opposed to official inscriptions)


slang

slang (nominative singular)
slangi (nominative plural)
slangu (genitive singular)
slangów (genitive plural)
slangowi (dative singular)
slangom (dative plural)
slang (accusative singular)
slangi (accusative plural)
slangiem (instrumental singular)
slangami (instrumental plural)
slangu (locative singular)
slangach (locative plural)
slangu (singular vocative)
slangi (plural vocative)


vox populi

Unadapted borrowing from Latin vōx populī.

ubor

(literary, sociology) vox populi (public opinion which influences decisions on many important issues)


idiom

idiomek (diminutive)
idiom (nominative singular)
idiomy (nominative plural)
idiomu (genitive singular)
idiomów (genitive plural)
idiomowi (dative singular)
idiomom (dative plural)
idiom (accusative singular)
idiomy (accusative plural)
idiomem (instrumental singular)
idiomami (instrumental plural)
idiomie (locative singular)
idiomach (locative plural)
idiomie (singular vocative)
idiomy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English idiom, French idiome, German Idiom, ultimately from Late Latin idiōma, from Ancient Greek ἰδίωμα (idíōma).

(lexicography, rhetoric) idiom, phraseme, phraseological unit, phraseologism, set expression, set phrase, turn of phrase

(dated, linguistics, rare) idiom (language or language variety)


matka

pl-noun

matka f (diminutive mateczka or mateńka or matuchna or (dialectal) matynka or matusia or matuś, augmentative matczysko, related adjective matczyny)

mateczka (diminutive)
mateńka (diminutive)
matuchna (diminutive)
matynka (dialectal diminutive)
matusia (diminutive)
matuś (diminutive)
matczysko (augmentative)
matczyny (adjective)

Inherited from Old Polish matka. By surface analysis, mać + -ka.


wysokość

wysokość f (related adjective wysokościowy)

wysokościowy (adjective)
wysokość (nominative singular)
wysokości (nominative plural)
wysokości (genitive singular)
wysokości (genitive plural)
wysokości (dative singular)
wysokościom (dative plural)
wysokość (accusative singular)
wysokości (accusative plural)
wysokością (instrumental singular)
wysokościami (instrumental plural)
wysokości (locative singular)
wysokościach (locative plural)
wysokości (singular vocative)
wysokości (plural vocative)

/vɘˈsɔ.kɔɕt͡ɕ/

/vɨˈsɔ.kɔɕt͡ɕ/

Inherited from Old Polish wysokość. By surface analysis, wysoki + -ość. Compare Czech vysokost, Kashubian wësokòsc, and Russian высо́кость (vysókostʹ).

(mathematics) height (amplitude of a sine function)


kara

kara (nominative singular)
kary (nominative plural)
kary (genitive singular)
kar (genitive plural)
karze (dative singular)
karom (dative plural)
karę (accusative singular)
kary (accusative plural)
karą (instrumental singular)
karami (instrumental plural)
karze (locative singular)
karach (locative plural)
karo (singular vocative)
kary (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French carré. First attested in the middle of the 19th century.

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kara 3”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)


matematyka

matematyka (nominative singular)
matematyki (genitive singular)
matematyce (dative singular)
matematykę (accusative singular)
matematyką (instrumental singular)
matematyce (locative singular)
matematyko (singular vocative)

desctree

→ Russian: матема́тика (matemátika)
→ Kazakh: математика (matematika)
→ Mongolian: математик (matematik)
→ Uyghur: ماتېماتىكا (matëmatika)

Learned borrowing from Latin mathēmatica.


magia

magia (nominative singular)
magii (genitive singular)
magii (dative singular)
magię (accusative singular)
magią (instrumental singular)
magii (locative singular)
magio (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin magīa, from Ancient Greek μαγεία (mageía).

(occult) magic (use of supernatural rituals, forces etc.)


klawiatura

klawiatura (nominative singular)
klawiatury (nominative plural)
klawiatury (genitive singular)
klawiatur (genitive plural)
klawiaturze (dative singular)
klawiaturom (dative plural)
klawiaturę (accusative singular)
klawiatury (accusative plural)
klawiaturą (instrumental singular)
klawiaturami (instrumental plural)
klawiaturze (locative singular)
klawiaturach (locative plural)
klawiaturo (singular vocative)
klawiatury (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: клавіятура (klavijatura)

→ Ukrainian: клавіатура (klaviatura)

Borrowed from German Klaviatur, from Latin clāvis.


podłoga

podłogowy (adjective)
podłoga (nominative singular)
podłogi (nominative plural)
podłogi (genitive singular)
podłog (genitive plural)
podłodze (dative singular)
podłogom (dative plural)
podłogę (accusative singular)
podłogi (accusative plural)
podłogą (instrumental singular)
podłogami (instrumental plural)
podłodze (locative singular)
podłogach (locative plural)
podłogo (singular vocative)
podłogi (plural vocative)
pôdnôga (alternative)

→ Belarusian: падло́га (padlóha)

→ Ukrainian: підло́га (pidlóha)

→ Yiddish: פּאָדלאָגע (podloge)


ściana

pl-noun

ściana f (diminutive ścianka, related adjective ścianowy or ścienny)

ścianka (diminutive)
ścianowy (adjective)
ścienny (adjective)
ściana (nominative singular)
ściany (nominative plural)
ściany (genitive singular)
ścian (genitive plural)
ścianie (dative singular)
ścianom (dative plural)
ścianę (accusative singular)
ściany (accusative plural)
ścianą (instrumental singular)
ścianami (instrumental plural)
ścianie (locative singular)
ścianach (locative plural)
ściano (singular vocative)
ściany (plural vocative)
ściena (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Old Polish ściana. Sense 9 is a semantic loan from English wall.

sl

(geometry) wall; face (any of the flat bounding surfaces of a polyhedron)

(anatomy, botany, zoology) wall (divisive or containing structure in an organ or cavity)


lingua franca

Unadapted borrowing from Italian lingua franca.

ubor

(linguistics) lingua franca (common language)


down

down (nominative singular)
downa (genitive singular)
downowi (dative singular)
downa (accusative singular)
downem (instrumental singular)
downie (locative singular)
downie (singular vocative)

Named after British physician John Langdon Down.

named-after

(informal, neurology) Down syndrome (genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 (a chromosomal excess), whereby the patients typically have a delay in cognitive ability and physical growth, as well as a small head and tilted eyelids)


bug

bug m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
bug (nominative singular)
bugi (nominative plural)
buga (genitive singular)
bugu (genitive singular)
bugów (genitive plural)
bugowi (dative singular)
bugom (dative plural)
bug (accusative singular)
buga (accusative singular)
bugi (accusative plural)
bugiem (instrumental singular)
bugami (instrumental plural)
bugu (locative singular)
bugach (locative plural)
bugu (singular vocative)
bugi (plural vocative)

(slang, software) software bug (error, flaw, or fault in the design, development, or operation of computer software that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways)


reset

reset (nominative singular)
resety (nominative plural)
resetu (genitive singular)
resetów (genitive plural)
resetowi (dative singular)
resetom (dative plural)
reset (accusative singular)
resety (accusative plural)
resetem (instrumental singular)
resetami (instrumental plural)
resecie (locative singular)
resetach (locative plural)
resecie (singular vocative)
resety (plural vocative)

(computing) reset (device, such as a button or switch, for resetting a computer)


modem

pl-noun

modem m inan (related adjective modemowy)

modemowy (adjective)
modem (nominative singular)
modemy (nominative plural)
modemu (genitive singular)
modemów (genitive plural)
modemowi (dative singular)
modemom (dative plural)
modem (accusative singular)
modemy (accusative plural)
modemem (instrumental singular)
modemami (instrumental plural)
modemie (locative singular)
modemach (locative plural)
modemie (singular vocative)
modemy (plural vocative)


krok

krok m inan (diminutive kroczek, related adjective kroczny)

kroczek (diminutive)
kroczny (adjective)
krok (nominative singular)
kroki (nominative plural)
kroku (genitive singular)
kroków (genitive plural)
krokowi (dative singular)
krokom (dative plural)
krok (accusative singular)
kroki (accusative plural)
krokiem (instrumental singular)
krokami (instrumental plural)
kroku (locative singular)
krokach (locative plural)
kroku (singular vocative)
kroki (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: крок (krok)

→ Ukrainian: крок (krok)

Inherited from Old Polish *krok. First attested in 1534.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “krok”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


fluid

fluid (nominative singular)
fluidy (nominative plural)
fluidu (genitive singular)
fluidów (genitive plural)
fluidowi (dative singular)
fluidom (dative plural)
fluid (accusative singular)
fluidy (accusative plural)
fluidem (instrumental singular)
fluidami (instrumental plural)
fluidzie (locative singular)
fluidach (locative plural)
fluidzie (singular vocative)
fluidy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English fluid, French fluide, German Fluid, ultimately from Latin fluidus.

(chiefly in the plural, occult) fluid (mysterious energy that can be transmitted through living organisms, objects, and places, and then received by others, affecting the environment and the atmosphere in it)


augment

augment (nominative singular)
augmenty (nominative plural)
augmentu (genitive singular)
augmentów (genitive plural)
augmentowi (dative singular)
augmentom (dative plural)
augment (accusative singular)
augmenty (accusative plural)
augmentem (instrumental singular)
augmentami (instrumental plural)
augmencie (locative singular)
augmentach (locative plural)
augmencie (singular vocative)
augmenty (plural vocative)

(grammar) augment (suffix in some Indo-European languages indicating the past tense)


katana

katanka (diminutive)
katana (nominative singular)
katany (nominative plural)
katany (genitive singular)
katan (genitive plural)
katanie (dative singular)
katanom (dative plural)
katanę (accusative singular)
katany (accusative plural)
kataną (instrumental singular)
katanami (instrumental plural)
katanie (locative singular)
katanach (locative plural)
katano (singular vocative)
katany (plural vocative)

(ethnography) twin caftan worn in some regional Polish folk costumes for women

(ethnography) type of covering in men's folk costumes that reaches one's ankles

(ethnography, historical, military) a short-tailed jacket worn by soldiers in the 18th century


cylinder

pl-noun

cylinder m inan (diminutive cylinderek, related adjective cylindrowy)

cylinderek (diminutive)
cylindrowy (adjective)
cylinder (nominative singular)
cylindry (nominative plural)
cylindra (genitive singular)
cylindrów (genitive plural)
cylindrowi (dative singular)
cylindrom (dative plural)
cylinder (accusative singular)
cylindry (accusative plural)
cylindrem (instrumental singular)
cylindrami (instrumental plural)
cylindrze (locative singular)
cylindrach (locative plural)
cylindrze (singular vocative)
cylindry (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Zylinder. Doublet of kalander.

(geometry) cylinder (any object in the form of a circular cylinder)


humanoid

humanoid m animal (related adjective humanoidalny)

humanoidalny (adjective)
humanoid (nominative singular)
humanoidy (nominative plural)
humanoida (genitive singular)
humanoidów (genitive plural)
humanoidowi (dative singular)
humanoidom (dative plural)
humanoida (accusative singular)
humanoidy (accusative plural)
humanoidem (instrumental singular)
humanoidami (instrumental plural)
humanoidzie (locative singular)
humanoidach (locative plural)
humanoidzie (singular vocative)
humanoidy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English humanoid, French humanoïde, German Humanoid, ultimately from Latin hūmānus.

(robotics, science fiction) humanoid (being having the appearance or characteristics of a human)


menu

Unadapted borrowing from English menu, from French menu.

(computing, video games) menu (list from which the user may select an operation to be performed)


hardware

hardware (nominative singular)
hardware'u (genitive singular)
hardware'owi (dative singular)
hardware (accusative singular)
hardware'em (instrumental singular)
hardwarze (locative singular)
hardwarze (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English hardware.

ubor

Coordinate term: software

(computer hardware) hardware (material part of a computer)


host

host (nominative singular)
hosty (nominative plural)
hosta (genitive singular)
hostów (genitive plural)
hostowi (dative singular)
hostom (dative plural)
host (accusative singular)
hosty (accusative plural)
hostem (instrumental singular)
hostami (instrumental plural)
hoście (locative singular)
hostach (locative plural)
hoście (singular vocative)
hosty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English host. Doublet of gość.

(networking) host (computer attached to a network)


CD

CD m inan or (canonical feminine neuter)
cd (alternative uncommon)


prequel

prequel (nominative singular)
prequle (nominative plural)
prequela (genitive singular)
prequelu (genitive singular)
prequli (genitive plural)
prequlowi (dative singular)
prequlom (dative plural)
prequel (accusative singular)
prequle (accusative plural)
prequlem (instrumental singular)
prequlami (instrumental plural)
prequlu (locative singular)
prequlach (locative plural)
prequlu (singular vocative)
prequle (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English prequel.


sequel

sequel (nominative singular)
sequle (nominative plural)
sequela (genitive singular)
sequelu (genitive singular)
sequli (genitive plural)
sequlowi (dative singular)
sequlom (dative plural)
sequel (accusative singular)
sequle (accusative plural)
sequlem (instrumental singular)
sequlami (instrumental plural)
sequlu (locative singular)
sequlach (locative plural)
sequlu (singular vocative)
sequle (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English sequel, from Middle English sequele, sequelle, sequile, from Middle French sequele, sequelle and its etymon, Latin sequēla, from sequī.


delta

delta (nominative singular)
delty (nominative plural)
delty (genitive singular)
delt (genitive plural)
delcie (dative singular)
deltom (dative plural)
deltę (accusative singular)
delty (accusative plural)
deltą (instrumental singular)
deltami (instrumental plural)
delcie (locative singular)
deltach (locative plural)
delto (singular vocative)
delty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek δέλτα (délta), from Phoenician 𐤃 (d /dalet/).


idea

idejka (diminutive)
idea (nominative singular)
idee (nominative plural)
idei (genitive singular)
idei (genitive plural)
idei (dative singular)
ideom (dative plural)
ideę (accusative singular)
idee (accusative plural)
ideą (instrumental singular)
ideami (instrumental plural)
idei (locative singular)
ideach (locative plural)
ideo (singular vocative)
idee (plural vocative)

(philosophy) idea (abstract archetype of a given thing, compared to which real-life examples are seen as imperfect)


chaos

chaos (nominative singular)
chaosu (genitive singular)
chaosowi (dative singular)
chaos (accusative singular)
chaosem (instrumental singular)
chaosie (locative singular)
chaosie (singular vocative)

(Greek mythology) chaos (unordered state of matter in classical accounts of cosmogony)


kappa

kappa (nominative singular)
kappy (nominative plural)
kappy (genitive singular)
kapp (genitive plural)
kappie (dative singular)
kappom (dative plural)
kappę (accusative singular)
kappy (accusative plural)
kappą (instrumental singular)
kappami (instrumental plural)
kappie (locative singular)
kappach (locative plural)
kappo (singular vocative)
kappy (plural vocative)

(Japanese mythology) kappa (tortoise-like demon or imp)


PC

(computing) PC, personal computer (small computer, built around a microprocessor, for use by one person at a time)


(mathematics) surjective usage; onto [with accusative]


terminal

terminal (nominative singular)
terminale (nominative plural)
terminalu (genitive singular)
terminala (genitive singular)
terminali (genitive plural)
terminalów (genitive plural)
terminalowi (dative singular)
terminalom (dative plural)
terminal (accusative singular)
terminale (accusative plural)
terminalem (instrumental singular)
terminalami (instrumental plural)
terminalu (locative singular)
terminalach (locative plural)
terminalu (singular vocative)
terminale (plural vocative)

(computing) computer terminal (device for entering data into a computer)


generator

pl-noun

generator m inan (related adjective generatorowy)

generatorowy (adjective)
generator (nominative singular)
generatory (nominative plural)
generatora (genitive singular)
generatorów (genitive plural)
generatorowi (dative singular)
generatorom (dative plural)
generator (accusative singular)
generatory (accusative plural)
generatorem (instrumental singular)
generatorami (instrumental plural)
generatorze (locative singular)
generatorach (locative plural)
generatorze (singular vocative)
generatory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English generator, French générateur, German Generator, ultimately from Latin generātor.

(programming) generator (subordinate piece of code which, given some initial parameters, will generate multiple output values on request)


profit

profit (nominative singular)
profity (nominative plural)
profitu (genitive singular)
profitów (genitive plural)
profitowi (dative singular)
profitom (dative plural)
profit (accusative singular)
profity (accusative plural)
profitem (instrumental singular)
profitami (instrumental plural)
proficie (locative singular)
profitach (locative plural)
proficie (singular vocative)
profity (plural vocative)

(literary, accounting, economics) profit (money acquired)


mania

mania (nominative singular)
manie (nominative plural)
manii (genitive singular)
manii (genitive plural)
manij (archaic genitive plural)
manii (dative singular)
maniom (dative plural)
manię (accusative singular)
manie (accusative plural)
manią (instrumental singular)
maniami (instrumental plural)
manii (locative singular)
maniach (locative plural)
manio (singular vocative)
manie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin mania.

(psychiatry) mania (state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and/or energy levels)


matrix

Unadapted borrowing from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of matryca.

(cytology) intercellular substance, matrix (body substance in which tissue cells are embedded)


operator

operator m pers (female equivalent operatorka)

operatorka (feminine)
operator (nominative singular)
operatorzy (nominative plural)
operatory (derogatory nominative plural)
operatora (genitive singular)
operatorów (genitive plural)
operatorowi (dative singular)
operatorom (dative plural)
operatora (accusative singular)
operatorów (accusative plural)
operatorem (instrumental singular)
operatorami (instrumental plural)
operatorze (locative singular)
operatorach (locative plural)
operatorze (singular vocative)
operatorzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French opérateur, from Latin operātor.


operator

operator (nominative singular)
operatory (nominative plural)
operatoru (genitive singular)
operatorów (genitive plural)
operatorowi (dative singular)
operatorom (dative plural)
operator (accusative singular)
operatory (accusative plural)
operatorem (instrumental singular)
operatorami (instrumental plural)
operatorze (locative singular)
operatorach (locative plural)
operatorze (singular vocative)
operatory (plural vocative)


jest

Inherited from Old Polish jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *esti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

dwa plus dwa jest cztery.

(mathematics) is, equals (see also wynosi)


import

import (nominative singular)
importu (genitive singular)
importowi (dative singular)
import (accusative singular)
importem (instrumental singular)
imporcie (locative singular)
imporcie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English import, from Middle English importen, from Old French emporter, importer, from Latin importō.

(economics) import (something brought in from a foreign country)


Zeitgeist

Zeitgeist (nominative singular)
Zeitgeisty (nominative plural)
Zeitgeistu (genitive singular)
Zeitgeistów (genitive plural)
Zeitgeistowi (dative singular)
Zeitgeistom (dative plural)
Zeitgeist (accusative singular)
Zeitgeisty (accusative plural)
Zeitgeistem (instrumental singular)
Zeitgeistami (instrumental plural)
Zeitgeiście (locative singular)
Zeitgeistach (locative plural)
Zeitgeiście (singular vocative)
Zeitgeisty (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from German Zeitgeist.


lemur

lemur (nominative singular)
lemury (nominative plural)
lemura (genitive singular)
lemurów (genitive plural)
lemurowi (dative singular)
lemurom (dative plural)
lemura (accusative singular)
lemury (accusative plural)
lemurem (instrumental singular)
lemurami (instrumental plural)
lemurze (locative singular)
lemurach (locative plural)
lemurze (singular vocative)
lemury (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English lemur, French lémur, German Lemur, ultimately from Latin lemurēs.

(Roman mythology) lemures (spirit or ghost of the dead, considered as malignant)


sigma

sigma (nominative singular)
sigmy (nominative plural)
sigmy (genitive singular)
sigm (genitive plural)
sigmie (dative singular)
sigmom (dative plural)
sigmę (accusative singular)
sigmy (accusative plural)
sigmą (instrumental singular)
sigmami (instrumental plural)
sigmie (locative singular)
sigmach (locative plural)
sigmo (singular vocative)
sigmy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma), from Phoenician 𐤔 (š /šīn/).

lbor

(mathematics) sigma (symbol Σ, used to indicate summation of a set or series)


chi

Borrowed from Mandarin 氣／气 (qì), from Middle Chinese 氣 (MC khj+jH), from Old Chinese 氣 (OC *kʰɯds).

(philosophy, mysticism) chi (fundamental life-force or energy)


translator

pl-noun

translator m pers (female equivalent translatorka)

translatorka (feminine)
translator (nominative singular)
translatorzy (nominative plural)
translatory (derogatory nominative plural)
translatora (genitive singular)
translatorów (genitive plural)
translatorowi (dative singular)
translatorom (dative plural)
translatora (accusative singular)
translatorów (accusative plural)
translatorem (instrumental singular)
translatorami (instrumental plural)
translatorze (locative singular)
translatorach (locative plural)
translatorze (singular vocative)
translatorzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English translator, from Middle English translatour, from Old French translator, translatour, translateur, from Latin trānslātor.

(literary, translation studies) translator (someone who translates)


translator

translator (nominative singular)
translatory (nominative plural)
translatora (genitive singular)
translatorów (genitive plural)
translatorowi (dative singular)
translatorom (dative plural)
translator (accusative singular)
translatory (accusative plural)
translatorem (instrumental singular)
translatorami (instrumental plural)
translatorze (locative singular)
translatorach (locative plural)
translatorze (singular vocative)
translatory (plural vocative)

(computing) translator (computer program that translates something from one language to another using machine translation)


interpreter

interpreter (nominative singular)
interpretery (nominative plural)
interpretera (genitive singular)
interpreterów (genitive plural)
interpreterowi (dative singular)
interpreterom (dative plural)
interpreter (accusative singular)
interpretery (accusative plural)
interpreterem (instrumental singular)
interpreterami (instrumental plural)
interpreterze (locative singular)
interpreterach (locative plural)
interpreterze (singular vocative)
interpretery (plural vocative)


element

elemencik (diminutive)
element (nominative singular)
elementy (nominative plural)
elementu (genitive singular)
elementów (genitive plural)
elementowi (dative singular)
elementom (dative plural)
element (accusative singular)
elementy (accusative plural)
elementem (instrumental singular)
elementami (instrumental plural)
elemencie (locative singular)
elementach (locative plural)
elemencie (singular vocative)
elementy (plural vocative)

(mathematics) element (infinitesimal interval of a quantity, a differential)


pole

pole n (diminutive pólko or poletko, related adjective polny)

pólko (diminutive)
poletko (diminutive)
polny (adjective)
pole (nominative singular)
pola (nominative plural)
pola (genitive singular)
pól (genitive plural)
polu (dative singular)
polom (dative plural)
pole (accusative singular)
pola (accusative plural)
polem (instrumental singular)
polami (instrumental plural)
polu (locative singular)
polach (locative plural)
pole (singular vocative)
pola (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish pole. Doublet of polje.

(uncountable, mathematics) field (number that expresses the area of a given geometric figure in square units)

(computing) field (area of memory or storage reserved for a particular value, subject to virtual access controls)

(obsolete, anatomy) group of nerve cells located close to each other in the central nervous system and performing the same function


font

font (nominative singular)
fonty (nominative plural)
fonta (genitive singular)
fontu (genitive singular)
fontów (genitive plural)
fontowi (dative singular)
fontom (dative plural)
font (accusative singular)
fonty (accusative plural)
fontem (instrumental singular)
fontami (instrumental plural)
foncie (locative singular)
fontach (locative plural)
foncie (singular vocative)
fonty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English font, from Middle French fonte, feminine past participle of verb fondre (“to melt”).

(computing) font (computer file containing the code used to draw and compose the glyphs)


steradian

steradian (nominative singular)
steradiany (nominative plural)
steradiana (genitive singular)
steradianów (genitive plural)
steradianowi (dative singular)
steradianom (dative plural)
steradian (accusative singular)
steradiany (accusative plural)
steradianem (instrumental singular)
steradianami (instrumental plural)
steradianie (locative singular)
steradianach (locative plural)
steradianie (singular vocative)
steradiany (plural vocative)

(geometry) steradian (derived unit of solid angle; the solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the surface of the sphere that has area r²)


spam

spam (nominative singular)
spamu (genitive singular)
spamowi (dative singular)
spam (accusative singular)
spamem (instrumental singular)
spamie (locative singular)
spamie (singular vocative)

(computing, Internet) spam (unsolicited bulk electronic messages)


atlas

atlasik (diminutive)
atlas (nominative singular)
atlasy (nominative plural)
atlasu (genitive singular)
atlasów (genitive plural)
atlasowi (dative singular)
atlasom (dative plural)
atlas (accusative singular)
atlasy (accusative plural)
atlasem (instrumental singular)
atlasami (instrumental plural)
atlasie (locative singular)
atlasach (locative plural)
atlasie (singular vocative)
atlasy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἄτλας (Átlas). Doublet of atlant.

lbor

(anatomy) atlas (the uppermost vertebra of the neck)


Zeus

Zeus (nominative singular)
Zeusa (genitive singular)
Zeusowi (dative singular)
Zeusa (accusative singular)
Zeusem (instrumental singular)
Zeusie (locative singular)
Zeusie (singular vocative)
Dzeus (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Zeus. Doublet of Jowisz and Jupiter.

(Greek mythology) Zeus (supreme ruler of all Greek gods)


acholia

acholia (nominative singular)
acholii (genitive singular)
acholii (dative singular)
acholię (accusative singular)
acholią (instrumental singular)
acholii (locative singular)
acholio (singular vocative)

From a- + Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ) + -ia. First attested in 1860.

ref

Tygodnik Lekarski, number R. 4, nr 46, 1860, page 405

(medicine, pathology) acholia (deficiency or absence of bile)


metanoia

metanoia (nominative singular)
metanoii (genitive singular)
metanoii (dative singular)
metanoię (accusative singular)
metanoią (instrumental singular)
metanoii (locative singular)
metanoio (singular vocative)

Metanoia niesie z sobą także nowe i pogłębione rozumienie Boga i Jego świętej woli.

1996, Janusz Nagórny, Andrzej Derdziuk, Vivere in Christo: chrześcijański horyzont moralności : księga pamiątkowa ku czci księdza profesora Seweryna Rosika w 65. rocznicę urodzin:

Metanoia also brings with it a new and deeper understanding of God and His holy will

(philosophy, rare) Alternative spelling of metanoja


język

pl-noun

język m inan (diminutive języczek, augmentative jęzor, related adjective językowy, abbreviation j. or jęz.)

języczek (diminutive)
jęzor (augmentative)
językowy (adjective)
j. (abbreviation)
jęz. (abbreviation)
język (nominative singular)
języki (nominative plural)
języka (genitive singular)
języków (genitive plural)
językowi (dative singular)
językom (dative plural)
język (accusative singular)
języki (accusative plural)
językiem (instrumental singular)
językami (instrumental plural)
języku (locative singular)
językach (locative plural)
języku (singular vocative)
języki (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s
Proto-Balto-Slavic *inźūˀ
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Proto-Slavic *-kъ
Proto-Slavic *ęzykъ
Old Polish język
Polish język
Inherited from Old Polish język. Cognate with English tongue and language.

etymon

(programming) language (computer language; a machine language)


harmonia

harmonia (nominative singular)
harmonie (nominative plural)
harmonii (genitive singular)
harmonii (genitive plural)
harmonij (archaic genitive plural)
harmonii (dative singular)
harmoniom (dative plural)
harmonię (accusative singular)
harmonie (accusative plural)
harmonią (instrumental singular)
harmoniami (instrumental plural)
harmonii (locative singular)
harmoniach (locative plural)
harmonio (singular vocative)
harmonie (plural vocative)

(uncountable, prosody) consonance (form of rhyme having the same consonants but different vowels)


system

pl-noun

system m inan (diminutive systemik, related adjective systemowy)

systemik (diminutive)
systemowy (adjective)
system (nominative singular)
systemy (nominative plural)
systemu (genitive singular)
systemów (genitive plural)
systemowi (dative singular)
systemom (dative plural)
system (accusative singular)
systemy (accusative plural)
systemem (instrumental singular)
systemami (instrumental plural)
systemie (locative singular)
systemach (locative plural)
systemie (singular vocative)
systemy (plural vocative)
systema (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from French système. First attested in 1628.

ref

Maksym (Melecjusz) Smotrycki (1628) APOLOGIA PEREGRYNATIEY do Kráiow Wschodnich, Przez mię MELETIVSZA SMOTRZYSKIE[G]O … Roku P. 1623 y 24. obchodzonej, przez fałszywą Bracią słownie y na pismie spotwarzoney, do przezacnego Narodu Ruskieo … sporządzona y podana. A. 1628. Augusti, Die 25. w Monasteru Dermaniu (in Polish), page 4: “O rzecz drugą, iż Haeretyckie swe bluźnierstwá poddał pod obronę systemu Kátholikowi, mężowi wysokich cnot, y okazáłey pobożnośći.”

(physiology) system (set of body organs having a particular function)

Near-synonym: teoria

(literary, philosophy) system (comprehensive and logically organized set of propositions or philosophical beliefs)

(mathematics) system (set of equations involving the same variables, which are to be solved simultaneously)

(computing) system (set of hardware and software operating in a computer)


medium

medium (nominative singular)
media (nominative plural)
medium (genitive singular)
mediów (genitive plural)
medium (dative singular)
mediom (dative plural)
medium (accusative singular)
media (accusative plural)
medium (instrumental singular)
mediami (instrumental plural)
medium (locative singular)
mediach (locative plural)
medium (singular vocative)
media (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English medium, from Latin medium. Doublet of miedza and między.


libido

(psychoanalysis) libido (drives or mental energies related or based on sexual instincts but not necessarily sexual in and of themselves)


placebo

(pharmacology) placebo (dummy medicine containing no active ingredients; an inert treatment)


ton

tonowy (adjective)
ton (nominative singular)
tony (nominative plural)
tonu (genitive singular)
tonów (genitive plural)
tonowi (dative singular)
tonom (dative plural)
ton (accusative singular)
tony (accusative plural)
tonem (instrumental singular)
tonami (instrumental plural)
tonie (locative singular)
tonach (locative plural)
tonie (singular vocative)
tony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin tonus, from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos), from Proto-Hellenic *tónos, from Proto-Indo-European *tónos, from *ten-.


moment

momencik (diminutive)
moment (nominative singular)
momenty (nominative plural)
momentu (genitive singular)
momentów (genitive plural)
momentowi (dative singular)
momentom (dative plural)
moment (accusative singular)
momenty (accusative plural)
momentem (instrumental singular)
momentami (instrumental plural)
momencie (locative singular)
momentach (locative plural)
momencie (singular vocative)
momenty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin mōmentum. First attested in 1592.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “moment”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(obsolete, mathematics) moment (infinitesimal change in a varying quantity; an increment or decrement)


centaur

centaur (nominative singular)
centaury (nominative plural)
centaura (genitive singular)
centaurów (genitive plural)
centaurowi (dative singular)
centaurom (dative plural)
centaura (accusative singular)
centaury (accusative plural)
centaurem (instrumental singular)
centaurami (instrumental plural)
centaurze (locative singular)
centaurach (locative plural)
centaurze (singular vocative)
centaury (plural vocative)

(Greek mythology) centaur (mythical half-man, half-horse)


nos

pl-noun

nos m inan (diminutive nosek, augmentative nochal or nosisko, related adjective nosowy)

nosek (diminutive)
nochal (augmentative)
nosisko (augmentative)
nosowy (adjective)
nos (nominative singular)
nosy (nominative plural)
nosa (genitive singular)
nosów (genitive plural)
nosowi (dative singular)
nosom (dative plural)
nos (accusative singular)
nosy (accusative plural)
nosem (instrumental singular)
nosami (instrumental plural)
nosie (locative singular)
nosach (locative plural)
nosie (singular vocative)
nosy (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s
Proto-Balto-Slavic *nasús
Proto-Slavic *nosъ
Old Polish nos
Polish nos
Inherited from Old Polish nos.

etymon

(anatomy) nose (protuberance on the face housing the nostrils, which are used to breathe or smell, sometimes of animals)


rana

ranka (diminutive)
rana (nominative singular)
rany (nominative plural)
rany (genitive singular)
ran (genitive plural)
ranie (dative singular)
ranom (dative plural)
ranę (accusative singular)
rany (accusative plural)
raną (instrumental singular)
ranami (instrumental plural)
ranie (locative singular)
ranach (locative plural)
rano (singular vocative)
rany (plural vocative)


Saturn

Saturn (nominative singular)
Saturna (genitive singular)
Saturnowi (dative singular)
Saturna (accusative singular)
Saturnem (instrumental singular)
Saturnie (locative singular)
Saturnie (singular vocative)


token

token (nominative singular)
tokeny (nominative plural)
tokena (genitive singular)
tokenów (genitive plural)
tokenowi (dative singular)
tokenom (dative plural)
token (accusative singular)
tokeny (accusative plural)
tokenem (instrumental singular)
tokenami (instrumental plural)
tokenie (locative singular)
tokenach (locative plural)
tokenie (singular vocative)
tokeny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English token. Doublet of cecha and cych.

(computing) security token (peripheral device used to gain access to an electronically restricted resource)


diagonal

diagonal (nominative singular)
diagonale (nominative plural)
diagonalu (genitive singular)
diagonali (genitive plural)
diagonalów (genitive plural)
diagonalowi (dative singular)
diagonalom (dative plural)
diagonal (accusative singular)
diagonale (accusative plural)
diagonalem (instrumental singular)
diagonalami (instrumental plural)
diagonalu (locative singular)
diagonalach (locative plural)
diagonalu (singular vocative)
diagonale (plural vocative)
djagonal (alternative)


abandonware

abandonware (nominative singular)
abandonware'u (genitive singular)
abandonware'owi (dative singular)
abandonware (accusative singular)
abandonware'em (instrumental singular)
abandonwarze (locative singular)
abandonwarze (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English abandonware. First attested in 2000.

ref

Pęzik, Piotr, Przepiórkowski, A., Bańko, M., Górski, R., Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B (2012) Wyszukiwarka PELCRA dla danych NKJP. Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego [National Polish Language Corpus, PELCRA search engine], Wydawnictwo PWN

[…], a które to cechy ewentualnie umożliwiałyby kwalifikację danego programu komputerowego do kategorii abandonware.

2019, Łukasz Koźbiał, “ABANDONWARE W ŚWIETLE PRAWA AUTORSKIEGO – UWAGI OGÓLNE”, in Małgorzata Babula, archived from the original on 2023-01-20:

[…], which traits could potentially allow for the possibility to qualify the given program as abandonware.

(software) abandonware (software product that is no longer updated or maintained, or whose copyright is no longer defended or which is no longer marketed even by the company who made it)


bok

boczny (adjective)
bok (nominative singular)
boki (nominative plural)
boku (genitive singular)
boków (genitive plural)
bokowi (dative singular)
bokom (dative plural)
bok (accusative singular)
boki (accusative plural)
bokiem (instrumental singular)
bokami (instrumental plural)
boku (locative singular)
bokach (locative plural)
boku (singular vocative)
boki (plural vocative)

(anatomy) side, flank (neither the front nor the back; lateral part of a person, animal)

(Middle Polish) physical or emotional closeness to someone

(geometry) side (segment connecting two vertices of a polygon)


tik

tik (nominative singular)
tiki (nominative plural)
tika (genitive singular)
tików (genitive plural)
tikowi (dative singular)
tikom (dative plural)
tik (accusative singular)
tiki (accusative plural)
tikiem (instrumental singular)
tikami (instrumental plural)
tiku (locative singular)
tikach (locative plural)
tiku (singular vocative)
tiki (plural vocative)

(medicine) tic (local and habitual convulsive motion)


historia

pl-noun

historia f (diminutive historyjka, related adjective historyczny, abbreviation hist.)

historyjka (diminutive)
historyczny (adjective)
historia (nominative singular)
historie (nominative plural)
historii (genitive singular)
historii (genitive plural)
historyj (archaic genitive plural)
historii (dative singular)
historiom (dative plural)
historię (accusative singular)
historie (accusative plural)
historią (instrumental singular)
historiami (instrumental plural)
historii (locative singular)
historiach (locative plural)
historio (singular vocative)
historie (plural vocative)
historyja (alternative Middle Polish)
istoryja (alternative Middle Polish)
historya (alternative)
historja (alternative)
kfisteryja (alternative)

→ Kashubian: historiô

(countable, computing) history (record of previous user events, especially of visited web pages in a browser)


agape

Learned borrowing from Latin agapē. Doublet of agapa.

(philosophy) agape (spiritual, altruistic, beneficial love which wills good for others)


alias

alias (nominative singular)
aliasy (nominative plural)
aliasu (genitive singular)
aliasów (genitive plural)
aliasowi (dative singular)
aliasom (dative plural)
alias (accusative singular)
aliasy (accusative plural)
aliasem (instrumental singular)
aliasami (instrumental plural)
aliasie (locative singular)
aliasach (locative plural)
aliasie (singular vocative)
aliasy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin aliās. First attested in the 19 century.

(computing) alias (abbreviation that replaces a string of commands and thereby reduces typing when performing routine actions or tasks)


chip

chip m animal or m inan (related adjective chipowy)

chip m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
chipowy (adjective)
chip (nominative singular)
chipy (nominative plural)
chipa (genitive singular)
chipu (genitive singular)
chipów (genitive plural)
chipowi (dative singular)
chipom (dative plural)
chipa (accusative singular)
chip (accusative singular)
chipy (accusative plural)
chipem (instrumental singular)
chipami (instrumental plural)
chipie (locative singular)
chipach (locative plural)
chipie (singular vocative)
chipy (plural vocative)
czip (alternative)

(computing, electronics) chip, microchip, computer chip, integrated circuit (small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors)


demon

demon (nominative singular)
demony (nominative plural)
demona (genitive singular)
demonów (genitive plural)
demonowi (dative singular)
demonom (dative plural)
demona (accusative singular)
demony (accusative plural)
demonem (instrumental singular)
demonami (instrumental plural)
demonie (locative singular)
demonach (locative plural)
demonie (singular vocative)
demony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin daemon (“lar, genius, guardian spirit”), from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn, “dispenser, god, protective spirit”). Sense 2 is a semantic loan from English daemon.

sl

(mythology, religion) demon (evil supernatural spirit)

(computing) daemon (running program that does not have a controlling terminal)


pidgin

pidgin (nominative singular)
pidginy (nominative plural)
pidginu (genitive singular)
pidginów (genitive plural)
pidginowi (dative singular)
pidginom (dative plural)
pidgin (accusative singular)
pidginy (accusative plural)
pidginem (instrumental singular)
pidginami (instrumental plural)
pidginie (locative singular)
pidginach (locative plural)
pidginie (singular vocative)
pidginy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English pidgin, from pidgin English, from a Chinese Pidgin English pronunciation of English business during trade in the Far East.

(linguistics) Alternative spelling of pidżyn


film

pl-noun

film m inan (diminutive filmik, related adjective filmowy)

filmik (diminutive)
filmowy (adjective)
film (nominative singular)
filmy (nominative plural)
filmu (genitive singular)
filmów (genitive plural)
filmowi (dative singular)
filmom (dative plural)
film (accusative singular)
filmy (accusative plural)
filmem (instrumental singular)
filmami (instrumental plural)
filmie (locative singular)
filmach (locative plural)
filmie (singular vocative)
filmy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: film

Borrowed from English film. First attested in the 19th century.

ref

J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “film”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 742

film in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

(engineering, sciences) film (thin layer of some substance; a pellicle; a membranous covering, causing opacity)


manager

pl-noun

manager m pers (female equivalent managerka)

managerka (feminine)
manager (nominative singular)
managerowie (nominative plural)
managera (genitive singular)
managerów (genitive plural)
managerowi (dative singular)
managerom (dative plural)
managera (accusative singular)
managerów (accusative plural)
managerem (instrumental singular)
managerami (instrumental plural)
managerze (locative singular)
managerach (locative plural)
managerze (singular vocative)
managerowie (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English manager.

ubor

(computing) Alternative spelling of menedżer


Adonis

Adonis (nominative singular)
Adonisa (genitive singular)
Adonisowi (dative singular)
Adonisa (accusative singular)
Adonisem (instrumental singular)
Adonisie (locative singular)
Adonisie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἄδωνῐς (Ádōnĭs).

lbor

(Greek mythology) Adonis (beautiful young man loved by Aphrodite)


ADHD

Orthographic borrowing from English ADHD.

obor

(neurology, pathology, psychiatry, psychology) ADHD


RNA

Orthographic borrowing from English RNA.

kwas rybonukleinowy
kwas rybonukleinowy#Polish

(genetics, molecular biology) Abbreviation of kwas rybonukleinowy.


period

period (nominative singular)
periody (nominative plural)
periodu (genitive singular)
periodów (genitive plural)
periodowi (dative singular)
periodom (dative plural)
period (accusative singular)
periody (accusative plural)
periodem (instrumental singular)
periodami (instrumental plural)
periodzie (locative singular)
periodach (locative plural)
periodzie (singular vocative)
periody (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin periodus, Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos).

(physiology) period (female menstruation)


panna

pl-noun

panna f (diminutive panienka, augmentative pannica or pannisko)

panienka (diminutive)
pannica (augmentative)
pannisko (augmentative)
panna (nominative singular)
panny (nominative plural)
panny (genitive singular)
panien (genitive plural)
pannie (dative singular)
pannom (dative plural)
pannę (accusative singular)
panny (accusative plural)
panną (instrumental singular)
pannami (instrumental plural)
pannie (locative singular)
pannach (locative plural)
panno (singular vocative)
panny (plural vocative)

(Near Masovian, anatomy) Synonym of źrenica


coach

coach (nominative singular)
coachowie (nominative plural)
coachy (derogatory nominative plural)
coacha (genitive singular)
coachów (genitive plural)
coachowi (dative singular)
coachom (dative plural)
coacha (accusative singular)
coachów (accusative plural)
coachem (instrumental singular)
coachami (instrumental plural)
coachu (locative singular)
coachach (locative plural)
coachu (singular vocative)
coachowie (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English coach, from Middle French coche, from German Kutsche, from Hungarian kocsi.


kakao

kakao n (indeclinable, diminutive kakałko, related adjective kakaowy)

kakałko (diminutive)
kakaowy (adjective)

Borrowed from Spanish cacao, from Classical Nahuatl cacahuatl.

(anatomy, euphemistic, slang, vulgar) anus (lower opening of the digestive tract)


program

program m inan (diminutive programik, related adjective programowy)

programik (diminutive)
programowy (adjective)
program (nominative singular)
programy (nominative plural)
programu (genitive singular)
programów (genitive plural)
programowi (dative singular)
programom (dative plural)
program (accusative singular)
programy (accusative plural)
programem (instrumental singular)
programami (instrumental plural)
programie (locative singular)
programach (locative plural)
programie (singular vocative)
programy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French programme. First attested in the 19th cenetury.

ref

Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “program”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “program”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

(computing) program (a computer program)


ulica

pl-noun

ulica f (diminutive uliczka, abbreviation ul.)

uliczka (diminutive)
ul. (abbreviation)
ulica (nominative singular)
ulice (nominative plural)
ulicy (genitive singular)
ulic (genitive plural)
ulicy (dative singular)
ulicom (dative plural)
ulicę (accusative singular)
ulice (accusative plural)
ulicą (instrumental singular)
ulicami (instrumental plural)
ulicy (locative singular)
ulicach (locative plural)
ulico (singular vocative)
ulice (plural vocative)

(colloquial, sociology) public opinion (society as an exponent of views and assessments of current political, social, and cultural life)


umlaut

umlaut (nominative singular)
umlauty (nominative plural)
umlautu (genitive singular)
umlautów (genitive plural)
umlautowi (dative singular)
umlautom (dative plural)
umlaut (accusative singular)
umlauty (accusative plural)
umlautem (instrumental singular)
umlautami (instrumental plural)
umlaucie (locative singular)
umlautach (locative plural)
umlaucie (singular vocative)
umlauty (plural vocative)

(phonology) umlaut (the partial assimilation of vowels in some Germanic languages)


ufo

Orthographic borrowing from English UFO.

(science fiction, ufology) Alternative spelling of UFO


psyche

(literary, psychoanalysis) psyche (human soul, mind, or spirit)


enter

enter (nominative singular)
entery (nominative plural)
entera (genitive singular)
enterów (genitive plural)
enterowi (dative singular)
enterom (dative plural)
enter (accusative singular)
entery (accusative plural)
enterem (instrumental singular)
enterami (instrumental plural)
enterze (locative singular)
enterach (locative plural)
enterze (singular vocative)
entery (plural vocative)

(computing) Enter (key on a computer keyboard)


golem

golem (nominative singular)
golemy (nominative plural)
golema (genitive singular)
golemów (genitive plural)
golemowi (dative singular)
golemom (dative plural)
golema (accusative singular)
golemy (accusative plural)
golemów (accusative plural)
golemem (instrumental singular)
golemami (instrumental plural)
golemie (locative singular)
golemach (locative plural)
golemie (singular vocative)
golemy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Hebrew גולם \ גֹּלֶם (gólem).

bor+

גולם \ גֹּלֶם


stan

st. (abbreviation)
stan (nominative singular)
stany (nominative plural)
stanu (genitive singular)
stanów (genitive plural)
stanowi (dative singular)
stanom (dative plural)
stan (accusative singular)
stany (accusative plural)
stanem (instrumental singular)
stanami (instrumental plural)
stanie (locative singular)
stanach (locative plural)
stanie (singular vocative)
stany (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish stan. Sense 1, sense 2 and sense 10 are semantic loans from Latin status.

sl

(literary, anatomy) waist (the part of the body between the pelvis and the stomach)


por

por (nominative singular)
pory (nominative plural)
pora (genitive singular)
poru (genitive singular)
porów (genitive plural)
porowi (dative singular)
porom (dative plural)
por (accusative singular)
pory (accusative plural)
porem (instrumental singular)
porami (instrumental plural)
porze (locative singular)
porach (locative plural)
porze (singular vocative)
pory (plural vocative)

(dermatology) pore, sweat hole (tiny opening in the skin)


geometria

pl-noun

geometria f (related adjective geometryczny)

geometryczny (adjective)
geometria (nominative singular)
geometrii (genitive singular)
geometrii (dative singular)
geometrię (accusative singular)
geometrią (instrumental singular)
geometrii (locative singular)
geometrio (singular vocative)


ego

Learned borrowing from Latin egō̆. Doublet of ja.

(psychoanalysis) ego (most central part of the mind which mediates with one's surroundings)


format

format (nominative singular)
formaty (nominative plural)
formatu (genitive singular)
formatów (genitive plural)
formatowi (dative singular)
formatom (dative plural)
format (accusative singular)
formaty (accusative plural)
formatem (instrumental singular)
formatami (instrumental plural)
formacie (locative singular)
formatach (locative plural)
formacie (singular vocative)
formaty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French format, from German Format, from New Latin liber fōrmātus.


macintosh

macintosh (nominative singular)
macintoshe (nominative plural)
macintosha (genitive singular)
macintoshów (genitive plural)
macintoshy (genitive plural)
macintoshowi (dative singular)
macintoshom (dative plural)
macintosha (accusative singular)
macintoshe (accusative plural)
macintoshem (instrumental singular)
macintoshami (instrumental plural)
macintoshu (locative singular)
macintoshach (locative plural)
macintoshu (singular vocative)
macintoshe (plural vocative)

(computing) Macintosh-brand notebook computer, manufactured by Apple Computer


deus ex machina

Unadapted borrowing from Latin deus ex māchinā, itself a calque of Ancient Greek ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός (apò mēkhanês theós).

der

ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός

(literary, narratology) deus ex machina (contrived plot resolution)


rentier

pl-noun

rentier m pers (female equivalent rentierka)

rentierka (feminine)
rentier (nominative singular)
rentierzy (nominative plural)
rentiery (derogatory nominative plural)
rentiera (genitive singular)
rentierów (genitive plural)
rentierowi (dative singular)
rentierom (dative plural)
rentiera (accusative singular)
rentierów (accusative plural)
rentierem (instrumental singular)
rentierami (instrumental plural)
rentierze (locative singular)
rentierach (locative plural)
rentierze (singular vocative)
rentierzy (plural vocative)


droga

dróżka (diminutive)
droga (nominative singular)
drogi (nominative plural)
drogi (genitive singular)
dróg (genitive plural)
drodze (dative singular)
drogom (dative plural)
drogę (accusative singular)
drogi (accusative plural)
drogą (instrumental singular)
drogami (instrumental plural)
drodze (locative singular)
drogach (locative plural)
drogo (singular vocative)
drogi (plural vocative)
dróga (alternative)

(anatomy) tract (series of connected body organs, such as the digestive tract)


wilk

wilk (nominative singular)
wilki (nominative plural)
wilku (genitive singular)
wilków (genitive plural)
wilkowi (dative singular)
wilkom (dative plural)
wilk (accusative singular)
wilki (accusative plural)
wilkiem (instrumental singular)
wilkami (instrumental plural)
wilku (locative singular)
wilkach (locative plural)
wilku (singular vocative)
wilki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vьlkъ. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin lupus. For the sense “meatgrinder,” compare German Fleischwolf.


monitor

pl-noun

monitor m inan (related adjective monitorowy)

monitorowy (adjective)
monitor (nominative singular)
monitory (nominative plural)
monitora (genitive singular)
monitorów (genitive plural)
monitorowi (dative singular)
monitorom (dative plural)
monitor (accusative singular)
monitory (accusative plural)
monitorem (instrumental singular)
monitorami (instrumental plural)
monitorze (locative singular)
monitorach (locative plural)
monitorze (singular vocative)
monitory (plural vocative)

(computer hardware) monitor, screen (output device that displays information in pictorial or textual form)


serwer

serwer (nominative singular)
serwery (nominative plural)
serwera (genitive singular)
serwerów (genitive plural)
serwerowi (dative singular)
serwerom (dative plural)
serwer (accusative singular)
serwery (accusative plural)
serwerem (instrumental singular)
serwerami (instrumental plural)
serwerze (locative singular)
serwerach (locative plural)
serwerze (singular vocative)
serwery (plural vocative)


komputer

komputer m inan (diminutive komputerek, related adjective komputerowy)

komputerek (diminutive)
komputerowy (adjective)
komputer (nominative singular)
komputery (nominative plural)
komputera (genitive singular)
komputerów (genitive plural)
komputerowi (dative singular)
komputerom (dative plural)
komputer (accusative singular)
komputery (accusative plural)
komputerem (instrumental singular)
komputerami (instrumental plural)
komputerze (locative singular)
komputerach (locative plural)
komputerze (singular vocative)
komputery (plural vocative)

komputer osobisty

(computing) computer (programmable electronic device that performs mathematical calculations and logical operations, especially one that can process, store and retrieve large amounts of data very quickly; now especially, a small one for personal or home use employed for manipulating text or graphics, accessing the Internet, or playing games or media)


kula

kulka (diminutive)
kula (nominative singular)
kule (nominative plural)
kuli (genitive singular)
kul (genitive plural)
kuli (genitive plural)
kuli (dative singular)
kulom (dative plural)
kulę (accusative singular)
kule (accusative plural)
kulą (instrumental singular)
kulami (instrumental plural)
kuli (locative singular)
kulach (locative plural)
kulo (singular vocative)
kule (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: ку́ля (kúlja)

desc

→ Russian: пу́ля (púlja) (with sound changes)

→ Ukrainian: ку́ля (kúlja)

Apparently borrowed from Middle High German kūle. In most senses cognate with German Kugel, in the sense “crutch” cognate with German Keule.


idiota

pl-noun

idiota m pers (female equivalent idiotka)

idiotka (feminine)
idiota (nominative singular)
idioci (nominative plural)
idioty (derogatory nominative plural)
idioty (genitive singular)
idiotów (genitive plural)
idiocie (dative singular)
idiotom (dative plural)
idiotę (accusative singular)
idiotów (accusative plural)
idiotą (instrumental singular)
idiotami (instrumental plural)
idiocie (locative singular)
idiotach (locative plural)
idioto (singular vocative)
idioci (plural vocative)
dyjota (alternative)

Borrowed from French idiot, from Old French idiot, from Latin idiōta, from Ancient Greek ἰδιώτης (idiṓtēs, “layman”), from ἴδιος (ídios, “private”).

der

(pathology, obsolete) person with severe mental retardation


prion

pl-noun

prion m inan (related adjective prionowy)

prionowy (adjective)
prion (nominative singular)
priony (nominative plural)
prionu (genitive singular)
prionów (genitive plural)
prionowi (dative singular)
prionom (dative plural)
prion (accusative singular)
priony (accusative plural)
prionem (instrumental singular)
prionami (instrumental plural)
prionie (locative singular)
prionach (locative plural)
prionie (singular vocative)
priony (plural vocative)

(molecular biology, pathology) prion (self-propagating misfolded conformer of a protein that is responsible for a number of diseases that affect the brain and other neural tissue)


trans

trans m inan (related adjective transowy)

transowy (adjective)
trans (nominative singular)
transy (nominative plural)
transu (genitive singular)
transów (genitive plural)
transowi (dative singular)
transom (dative plural)
trans (accusative singular)
transy (accusative plural)
transem (instrumental singular)
transami (instrumental plural)
transie (locative singular)
transach (locative plural)
transie (singular vocative)
transy (plural vocative)

(psychology) trance (such a state induced by hypnosis)


astrologia

astrologia (nominative singular)
astrologii (genitive singular)
astrologii (dative singular)
astrologię (accusative singular)
astrologią (instrumental singular)
astrologii (locative singular)
astrologio (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin astrologia.


mag

mag (nominative singular)
magowie (nominative plural)
magi (derogatory nominative plural)
maga (genitive singular)
magów (genitive plural)
magowi (dative singular)
magom (dative plural)
maga (accusative singular)
magów (accusative plural)
magiem (instrumental singular)
magami (instrumental plural)
magu (locative singular)
magach (locative plural)
magu (singular vocative)
magowie (plural vocative)
magi (derogatory plural vocative)

(folklore, fantasy) magician, wizard, sorcerer, conjurer, mage, magus (person who plays with or practices allegedly supernatural magic)


logika

logika (nominative singular)
logiki (genitive singular)
logice (dative singular)
logikę (accusative singular)
logiką (instrumental singular)
logice (locative singular)
logiko (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin logica, from Ancient Greek λογική (logikḗ). Displaced Old Polish wielemowna.


atrament

atrament m inan (related adjective atramentowy)

atramentowy (adjective)
atrament (nominative singular)
atramenty (nominative plural)
atramentu (genitive singular)
atramentów (genitive plural)
atramentowi (dative singular)
atramentom (dative plural)
atrament (accusative singular)
atramenty (accusative plural)
atramentem (instrumental singular)
atramentami (instrumental plural)
atramencie (locative singular)
atramentach (locative plural)
atramencie (singular vocative)
atramenty (plural vocative)
atramént (alternative)

(Middle Polish, medicine) iron or tin medicinal compound


okno

okno n (diminutive okienko, related adjective okienny)

okienko (diminutive)
okienny (adjective)
okno (nominative singular)
okna (nominative plural)
okna (genitive singular)
okien (genitive plural)
oknu (dative singular)
oknom (dative plural)
okno (accusative singular)
okna (accusative plural)
oknem (instrumental singular)
oknami (instrumental plural)
oknie (locative singular)
oknach (locative plural)
okno (singular vocative)
okna (plural vocative)
ôkno (alternative)

graphical user interface
graphical user interface

(graphical user interface) window (rectangular area on a computer terminal or screen containing some kind of user interface, displaying the output of and allowing input for one of a number of simultaneously running computer processes)


Charon

Charon (nominative singular)
Charoni (nominative plural)
Charony (derogatory nominative plural)
Charona (genitive singular)
Charonów (genitive plural)
Charonowi (dative singular)
Charonom (dative plural)
Charona (accusative singular)
Charonów (accusative plural)
Charonem (instrumental singular)
Charonami (instrumental plural)
Charonie (locative singular)
Charonach (locative plural)
Charonie (singular vocative)
Charoni (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Χάρων (Khárōn).

lbor

(Greek mythology) Charon (ferryman of Hades, who rowed the shades of the dead across the river Styx)


kraken

kraken (nominative singular)
krakena (genitive singular)
krakenowi (dative singular)
krakena (accusative singular)
krakenem (instrumental singular)
krakenie (locative singular)
krakenie (singular vocative)
Kraken (alternative)


zombie

Unadapted borrowing from English zombie.

(computing) zombie (computer affected by malware)


tag

tag (nominative singular)
tagi (nominative plural)
tagu (genitive singular)
tagów (genitive plural)
tagowi (dative singular)
tagom (dative plural)
tag (accusative singular)
tagi (accusative plural)
tagiem (instrumental singular)
tagami (instrumental plural)
tagu (locative singular)
tagach (locative plural)
tagu (singular vocative)
tagi (plural vocative)

(computing) tag (piece of markup representing an element in a markup language)


pentagram

pentagram (nominative singular)
pentagramy (nominative plural)
pentagramu (genitive singular)
pentagramów (genitive plural)
pentagramowi (dative singular)
pentagramom (dative plural)
pentagram (accusative singular)
pentagramy (accusative plural)
pentagramem (instrumental singular)
pentagramami (instrumental plural)
pentagramie (locative singular)
pentagramach (locative plural)
pentagramie (singular vocative)
pentagramy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πεντάγραμμον (pentágrammon).

πεντάγραμμον

(geometry) pentagram (shape of five-pointed star)


absolut

absolut (nominative singular)
absoluty (nominative plural)
absolutu (genitive singular)
absolutów (genitive plural)
absolutowi (dative singular)
absolutom (dative plural)
absolut (accusative singular)
absoluty (accusative plural)
absolutem (instrumental singular)
absolutami (instrumental plural)
absolucie (locative singular)
absolutach (locative plural)
absolucie (singular vocative)
absoluty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Absolutes or French absolut, from Latin absolūtus. First attested in 1701–1750.

ref

Wiesław Morawski (28.10.2021) “ABSOLUT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

jedyny absolut

boski absolut

filozoficzny absolut

głód absolutu

droga do absolutu

wiara w absolut

istnienie absolutu

poszukiwanie absolutu

dążenie do absolutu

obcowanie z absolutem


abstrakt

abstrakt (nominative singular)
abstrakty (nominative plural)
abstraktu (genitive singular)
abstraktów (genitive plural)
abstraktowi (dative singular)
abstraktom (dative plural)
abstrakt (accusative singular)
abstrakty (accusative plural)
abstraktem (instrumental singular)
abstraktami (instrumental plural)
abstrakcie (locative singular)
abstraktach (locative plural)
abstrakcie (singular vocative)
abstrakty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English abstract, from Middle English abstract, from Latin abstractus. First attested in 1816.

Stanisław Staszic (1816) Dzieła Stanisława Staszica. T. 5, Religia : poema w języku francuskim napisane, page 82

abstrakt matematyczny

tworzenie abstraktu

słowa abstraktu

abstrakty prac

(sciences) abstract, abstraction (abridgement or summary of a longer publication)


oko

pl-noun

oko n (diminutive oczko, augmentative oczysko)

oczko (diminutive)
oczysko (augmentative)
oko (nominative singular)
oczy (nominative plural)
oka (genitive singular)
oczu (genitive plural)
ócz (genitive plural)
oczów (genitive plural)
oku (dative singular)
oczom (dative plural)
oko (accusative singular)
oczy (accusative plural)
okiem (instrumental singular)
oczami (instrumental plural)
oczyma (instrumental plural)
oku (locative singular)
oczach (locative plural)
oko (singular vocative)
oczy (plural vocative)

czego oczy nie widzą, tego sercu nie żal

źdźbło w oku bliźniego widzisz, a belki w swoim nie dostrzegasz

Twoje oczy są piękne.


id

(psychoanalysis) id (unconscious impulsive component of the personality in the Freudian psychoanalytic model)


transfer

transfer (nominative singular)
transfery (nominative plural)
transferu (genitive singular)
transferów (genitive plural)
transferowi (dative singular)
transferom (dative plural)
transfer (accusative singular)
transfery (accusative plural)
transferem (instrumental singular)
transferami (instrumental plural)
transferze (locative singular)
transferach (locative plural)
transferze (singular vocative)
transfery (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English transfer, French transfert, German Transfer, ultimately from Latin trānsferō.

(economics) transfer (payment to an individual or institution that does not arise out of current productive activity)

(computing) transfer (number of operations transferring data that occur in each second in some given data-transfer channel)


parka

parka (nominative singular)
parki (nominative plural)
parki (genitive singular)
parek (genitive plural)
parce (dative singular)
parkom (dative plural)
parkę (accusative singular)
parki (accusative plural)
parką (instrumental singular)
parkami (instrumental plural)
parce (locative singular)
parkach (locative plural)
parko (singular vocative)
parki (plural vocative)

(Roman mythology) Parca (one of the Fates)


Hera

Hera (nominative singular)
Hery (genitive singular)
Herze (dative singular)
Herę (accusative singular)
Herą (instrumental singular)
Herze (locative singular)
Hero (singular vocative)

(Greek mythology) Hera (queen of the gods, wife of Zeus)


chirurgia

chirurgia (nominative singular)
chirurgii (genitive singular)
chirurgii (dative singular)
chirurgię (accusative singular)
chirurgią (instrumental singular)
chirurgii (locative singular)
chirurgio (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin chīrūrgia, from chīrurgus, from Ancient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós).


freeware

freeware m inan (related adjective freeware'owy)

freeware'owy (adjective)
freeware (nominative singular)
freeware'u (genitive singular)
freeware'owi (dative singular)
freeware (accusative singular)
freeware'em (instrumental singular)
freewarze (locative singular)
freewarze (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English freeware.

ubor

(software) freeware (complete and functional software that does not require payment or other compensation (such as viewing advertising) for its use; it may be a proprietary license with no access to the source code)


abugida

abugida (nominative singular)
abugidy (nominative plural)
abugidy (genitive singular)
abugid (genitive plural)
abugidzie (dative singular)
abugidom (dative plural)
abugidę (accusative singular)
abugidy (accusative plural)
abugidą (instrumental singular)
abugidami (instrumental plural)
abugidzie (locative singular)
abugidach (locative plural)
abugido (singular vocative)
abugidy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ge'ez አቡጊዳ (ʾäbugida). First attested in the 21st century.

Podstawowe pole badań nad pismem fonograficznym podzielone jest na cztery obszary grafemiczne: pisma głoskowe (alfabet), sylabiczne, abdżad oraz abugidę.

2018, Aleksandra Smoczyńska, “Grafemika jako dział językoznawstwa-rozważania teoretyczne i perspektywy badań interdyscyplinarnych”, in Linguistica Copernicana, volume 15, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, →ISSN:

The basic field of the studies on phonographic writing is divided into four graphemic fields: vocalic writing (alphabet), syllabic, abjad, as well as abugida.


lag

lag (nominative singular)
lagi (nominative plural)
laga (genitive singular)
lagów (genitive plural)
lagowi (dative singular)
lagom (dative plural)
lag (accusative singular)
lagi (accusative plural)
lagiem (instrumental singular)
lagami (instrumental plural)
lagu (locative singular)
lagach (locative plural)
lagu (singular vocative)
lagi (plural vocative)

(computing, slang) lag (bad connection, loss of connection)


cyborg

cyborg (nominative singular)
cyborgi (nominative plural)
cyborga (genitive singular)
cyborgów (genitive plural)
cyborgowi (dative singular)
cyborgom (dative plural)
cyborga (accusative singular)
cyborgi (accusative plural)
cyborgiem (instrumental singular)
cyborgami (instrumental plural)
cyborgu (locative singular)
cyborgach (locative plural)
cyborgu (singular vocative)
cyborgi (plural vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English cyborg.

obor

(robotics, science fiction) cyborg (being which is part machine and part organic)


narrator

pl-noun

narrator m pers (female equivalent narratorka, related adjective narratorski)

narratorka (feminine)
narratorski (adjective)
narrator (nominative singular)
narratorzy (nominative plural)
narratory (derogatory nominative plural)
narratora (genitive singular)
narratorów (genitive plural)
narratorowi (dative singular)
narratorom (dative plural)
narratora (accusative singular)
narratorów (accusative plural)
narratorem (instrumental singular)
narratorami (instrumental plural)
narratorze (locative singular)
narratorach (locative plural)
narratorze (singular vocative)
narratorzy (plural vocative)

(narratology) narrator (one who narrates or tells stories)


Demeter

(Greek mythology) Demeter (goddess of the fertility of the Earth and harvests, protector of marriage and social order; daughter of Cronos and Rhea, mother to Persephone)


cena

cena (nominative singular)
ceny (nominative plural)
ceny (genitive singular)
cen (genitive plural)
cenie (dative singular)
cenom (dative plural)
cenę (accusative singular)
ceny (accusative plural)
ceną (instrumental singular)
cenami (instrumental plural)
cenie (locative singular)
cenach (locative plural)
ceno (singular vocative)
ceny (plural vocative)
czyna (alternative Middle Polish)

(Middle Polish, mathematics) value; size (size of a number; property of measurability)


anagram

anagram (nominative singular)
anagramy (nominative plural)
anagramu (genitive singular)
anagramów (genitive plural)
anagramowi (dative singular)
anagramom (dative plural)
anagram (accusative singular)
anagramy (accusative plural)
anagramem (instrumental singular)
anagramami (instrumental plural)
anagramie (locative singular)
anagramach (locative plural)
anagramie (singular vocative)
anagramy (plural vocative)
anagrama (alternative obsolete)
anagramma (alternative obsolete)
anagramat (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from French anagramme. By surface analysis, ana- + -gram. First attested in 1677–1694.

ref

Barbara Rykiel-Kempf (30.08.2022) “ANAGRAMA, *ANAGRAMAT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

anagram nazwiska

anagram imienia

anagram słowa

anagram nazwy

+obj

(linguistics) anagram [with genitive or od (+ genitive) ‘of what’]


Europa

europejski (adjective)
Europa (nominative singular)
Europy (genitive singular)
Europie (dative singular)
Europę (accusative singular)
Europą (instrumental singular)
Europie (locative singular)
Europo (singular vocative)

Etymology tree
Doric Greek Εὐρώπα (Eurṓpa)bor.
Latin Eurōpalbor.
Polish Europa
Learned borrowing from Latin Eurōpa, from Ancient Greek Εὐρώπη (Eurṓpē).

etymon

(Greek mythology) Europa (several characters, most notably a Phoenician princess abducted to Crete by Zeus)


prosty

pl-adj

prosty (comparative prostszy, superlative najprostszy, derived adverb prosto)

prostszy (comparative)
najprostszy (superlative)
prosty (masculine nominative singular)
prosta (feminine nominative singular)
proste (neuter nominative singular)
prości (nominative plural virile)
proste (nominative plural)
prostego (genitive masculine singular)
prostej (feminine genitive singular)
prostego (genitive neuter singular)
prostych (genitive plural)
prostych (genitive plural virile)
prostemu (dative masculine singular)
prostu (archaic dative masculine singular)
prostej (dative feminine singular)
prostemu (dative neuter singular)
prostu (archaic dative neuter singular)
prostym (dative plural)
prostym (dative plural virile)
prostego (accusative animate masculine singular)
prosty (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
prostą (accusative feminine singular)
proste (accusative neuter singular)
prostych (accusative plural virile)
proste (accusative plural)
prostym (instrumental masculine singular)
prostą (feminine instrumental singular)
prostym (instrumental neuter singular)
prostymi (instrumental plural)
prostymi (instrumental plural virile)
prostym (locative masculine singular)
prostej (feminine locative singular)
prostym (locative neuter singular)
prostych (locative plural)
prostych (locative plural virile)


anhedonia

anhedonia (nominative singular)
anhedonii (genitive singular)
anhedonii (dative singular)
anhedonię (accusative singular)
anhedonią (instrumental singular)
anhedonii (locative singular)
anhedonio (singular vocative)

(medicine, psychiatry) anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, such as exercise, hobbies, music, sexual activities, or social interactions)


alfabet

alfabet (nominative singular)
alfabety (nominative plural)
alfabetu (genitive singular)
alfabetów (genitive plural)
alfabetowi (dative singular)
alfabetom (dative plural)
alfabet (accusative singular)
alfabety (accusative plural)
alfabetem (instrumental singular)
alfabetami (instrumental plural)
alfabecie (locative singular)
alfabetach (locative plural)
alfabecie (singular vocative)
alfabety (plural vocative)

Internationalism; borrowed from German Alphabet or French alphabet, ultimately from Latin alphabētum. First attested in 1624–1639.

ref

Barbara Rykiel-Kempf (08.02.2018) “ALFABET”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(linguistics) alphabet (collection of letters in a given order)


angst

angst (nominative singular)
angsty (nominative plural)
angstu (genitive singular)
angstów (genitive plural)
angstowi (dative singular)
angstom (dative plural)
angst (accusative singular)
angsty (accusative plural)
angstem (instrumental singular)
angstami (instrumental plural)
angście (locative singular)
angstach (locative plural)
angście (singular vocative)
angsty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle High German angest.

(philosophy) angst (philosophical anxiety)


aorta

aorta (nominative singular)
aorty (nominative plural)
aorty (genitive singular)
aort (genitive plural)
aorcie (dative singular)
aortom (dative plural)
aortę (accusative singular)
aorty (accusative plural)
aortą (instrumental singular)
aortami (instrumental plural)
aorcie (locative singular)
aortach (locative plural)
aorto (singular vocative)
aorty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀορτή (aortḗ, “the arteries springing from the heart”), from ἀορτέω (aortéō), lengthened form of ἀείρω (aeírō, “I lift, raise”).


argot

argot (nominative singular)
argoty (nominative plural)
argotu (genitive singular)
argotów (genitive plural)
argotowi (dative singular)
argotom (dative plural)
argot (accusative singular)
argoty (accusative plural)
argotem (instrumental singular)
argotami (instrumental plural)
argocie (locative singular)
argotach (locative plural)
argocie (singular vocative)
argoty (plural vocative)

(linguistics, literary) argot, jargon, slang


Argus

Argus (nominative singular)
Argusa (genitive singular)
Argusowi (dative singular)
Argusa (accusative singular)
Argusem (instrumental singular)
Argusie (locative singular)
Argusie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἄργος (Árgos).


atrium

atrium (nominative singular)
atria (nominative plural)
atrium (genitive singular)
atriów (genitive plural)
atrium (dative singular)
atriom (dative plural)
atrium (accusative singular)
atria (accusative plural)
atrium (instrumental singular)
atriami (instrumental plural)
atrium (locative singular)
atriach (locative plural)
atrium (singular vocative)
atria (plural vocative)

(anatomy) atrium (one of two upper chambers of the heart)


baton

baton m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
baton (nominative singular)
batony (nominative plural)
batona (genitive singular)
batonu (genitive singular)
batonów (genitive plural)
batonowi (dative singular)
batonom (dative plural)
batona (accusative singular)
baton (accusative singular)
batony (accusative plural)
batonem (instrumental singular)
batonami (instrumental plural)
batonie (locative singular)
batonach (locative plural)
batonie (singular vocative)
batony (plural vocative)

(graphical user interface) Alternative spelling of button


cache

cache (nominative singular)
cache'u (genitive singular)
cache'owi (dative singular)
cache (accusative singular)
cache'em (instrumental singular)
cache'u (locative singular)
cache'u (singular vocative)

(computing) cache (fast temporary storage where recently or frequently used information is stored to avoid having to reload it from a slower storage medium)


hymen

hymen (nominative singular)
hymeny (nominative plural)
hymenu (genitive singular)
hymenów (genitive plural)
hymenowi (dative singular)
hymenom (dative plural)
hymen (accusative singular)
hymeny (accusative plural)
hymenem (instrumental singular)
hymenami (instrumental plural)
hymenie (locative singular)
hymenach (locative plural)
hymenie (singular vocative)
hymeny (plural vocative)

(anatomy, literary) hymen (membrane which occludes the vagina)


lar

lar (nominative singular)
lary (nominative plural)
lara (genitive singular)
larów (genitive plural)
larowi (dative singular)
larom (dative plural)
lara (accusative singular)
lary (accusative plural)
larem (instrumental singular)
larami (instrumental plural)
larze (locative singular)
larach (locative plural)
larze (singular vocative)
lary (plural vocative)

(Roman mythology, chiefly in the plural) lar (household god, particularly overseeing the family itself)


lemma

lemma (nominative singular)
lemmy (nominative plural)
lemmy (genitive singular)
lemm (genitive plural)
lemmie (dative singular)
lemmom (dative plural)
lemmę (accusative singular)
lemmy (accusative plural)
lemmą (instrumental singular)
lemmami (instrumental plural)
lemmie (locative singular)
lemmach (locative plural)
lemmo (singular vocative)
lemmy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek λῆμμα (lêmma, “premise, assumption”), from λαμβάνω (lambánō, “I take”).


mig

migowy (adjective)
mig (nominative singular)
migi (nominative plural)
migu (genitive singular)
migów (genitive plural)
migowi (dative singular)
migom (dative plural)
mig (accusative singular)
migi (accusative plural)
migiem (instrumental singular)
migami (instrumental plural)
migu (locative singular)
migach (locative plural)
migu (singular vocative)
migi (plural vocative)

(linguistics) sign (specific gesture or motion used to communicate by those with speaking or hearing difficulties; now specifically, a linguistic unit in sign language equivalent to a word in spoken languages)


neuron

pl-noun

neuron m inan (related adjective neuronowy or neuronalny)

neuronowy (adjective)
neuronalny (adjective)
neuron (nominative singular)
neurony (nominative plural)
neuronu (genitive singular)
neuronów (genitive plural)
neuronowi (dative singular)
neuronom (dative plural)
neuron (accusative singular)
neurony (accusative plural)
neuronem (instrumental singular)
neuronami (instrumental plural)
neuronie (locative singular)
neuronach (locative plural)
neuronie (singular vocative)
neurony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron). Doublet of nerw.

lbor

(cytology, neuroanatomy) neuron (cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites)


pas

pasek (diminutive)
pas (nominative singular)
pasy (nominative plural)
pasa (genitive singular)
pasów (genitive plural)
pasowi (dative singular)
pasom (dative plural)
pas (accusative singular)
pasy (accusative plural)
pasem (instrumental singular)
pasami (instrumental plural)
pasie (locative singular)
pasach (locative plural)
pasie (singular vocative)
pasy (plural vocative)
pás (alternative dialectal obsolete)

→ Belarusian: пас (pas)

→ Yiddish: פּאַס (pas)


soma

soma (nominative singular)
somy (nominative plural)
somy (genitive singular)
som (genitive plural)
somie (dative singular)
somom (dative plural)
somę (accusative singular)
somy (accusative plural)
somą (instrumental singular)
somami (instrumental plural)
somie (locative singular)
somach (locative plural)
somo (singular vocative)
somy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma).

(anatomy) soma (the whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail)

(anatomy) soma (the corporeal body, as distinguished from the psyche or soul)


tensor

pl-noun

tensor m inan (related adjective tensorowy)

tensorowy (adjective)
tensor (nominative singular)
tensory (nominative plural)
tensora (genitive singular)
tensorów (genitive plural)
tensorowi (dative singular)
tensorom (dative plural)
tensor (accusative singular)
tensory (accusative plural)
tensorem (instrumental singular)
tensorami (instrumental plural)
tensorze (locative singular)
tensorach (locative plural)
tensorze (singular vocative)
tensory (plural vocative)


berserk

berserk (nominative singular)
berserkowie (nominative plural)
berserka (genitive singular)
berserków (genitive plural)
berserkowi (dative singular)
berserkom (dative plural)
berserka (accusative singular)
berserków (accusative plural)
berserkiem (instrumental singular)
berserkami (instrumental plural)
berserku (locative singular)
berserkach (locative plural)
berserku (singular vocative)
berserkowie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Old Norse berserkr.

lbor

(historical, Norse mythology) berserker (Norse warrior who purportedly fought in a trance-like frenzy)


chimera

pl-noun

chimera f (related adjective chimerny or chimeryczny)

chimerny (adjective)
chimeryczny (adjective)
chimera (nominative singular)
chimery (nominative plural)
chimery (genitive singular)
chimer (genitive plural)
chimerze (dative singular)
chimerom (dative plural)
chimerę (accusative singular)
chimery (accusative plural)
chimerą (instrumental singular)
chimerami (instrumental plural)
chimerze (locative singular)
chimerach (locative plural)
chimero (singular vocative)
chimery (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin chimaera, from Ancient Greek χίμαιρα (khímaira).

(genetics) chimera (organism with genetically distinct cells from two or more zygotes)


notebook

notebook m inan or m animal (related adjective notebookowy)

notebook m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
notebookowy (adjective)
notebook (nominative singular)
notebooki (nominative plural)
notebooka (genitive singular)
notebooków (genitive plural)
notebookowi (dative singular)
notebookom (dative plural)
notebook (accusative singular)
notebooka (accusative singular)
notebooki (accusative plural)
notebookiem (instrumental singular)
notebookami (instrumental plural)
notebooku (locative singular)
notebookach (locative plural)
notebooku (singular vocative)
notebooki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English notebook.

ubor

Coordinate term: netbook

(computing) notebook, notebook computer (class of laptop computer that is around the size of a spiral-bound notebook with A4 or letter-sized pages)


troll

troll (nominative singular)
trolle (nominative plural)
trolla (genitive singular)
trolli (genitive plural)
trollowi (dative singular)
trollom (dative plural)
trolla (accusative singular)
trolle (accusative plural)
trollem (instrumental singular)
trollami (instrumental plural)
trollu (locative singular)
trollach (locative plural)
trollu (singular vocative)
trolle (plural vocative)

(European folklore, Norse mythology) troll (grotesque humanoid creature living in caves or hills or under bridges)


assembler

assembler (nominative singular)
assemblery (nominative plural)
assemblera (genitive singular)
assemblerów (genitive plural)
assemblerowi (dative singular)
assemblerom (dative plural)
assembler (accusative singular)
assemblery (accusative plural)
assemblerem (instrumental singular)
assemblerami (instrumental plural)
assemblerze (locative singular)
assemblerach (locative plural)
assemblerze (singular vocative)
assemblery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English assembler.

(computer languages, countable or uncountable) Alternative spelling of asembler


amyloid

amyloid (nominative singular)
amyloidy (nominative plural)
amyloidu (genitive singular)
amyloidów (genitive plural)
amyloidowi (dative singular)
amyloidom (dative plural)
amyloid (accusative singular)
amyloidy (accusative plural)
amyloidem (instrumental singular)
amyloidami (instrumental plural)
amyloidzie (locative singular)
amyloidach (locative plural)
amyloidzie (singular vocative)
amyloidy (plural vocative)

From amyl + -oid. First attested in 1852.

ref

Szymon Fabian (1852) Farmacya. T. 1, Początki botaniki i zoologii, chemia organiczna i farmakognozya (in Polish), page 61

złogi amyloidu

(medicine, biochemistry) amyloid (protein compound)


Baal

Baal (nominative singular)
Baala (genitive singular)
Baalowi (dative singular)
Baala (accusative singular)
Baalem (instrumental singular)
Baalu (locative singular)
Baalu (singular vocative)

(mythology, biblical) Baal (storm and fertility god of the Phoenician and Canaanite pantheons)


adenoid

adenoid (nominative singular)
adenoidy (nominative plural)
adenoidu (genitive singular)
adenoidów (genitive plural)
adenoidowi (dative singular)
adenoidom (dative plural)
adenoid (accusative singular)
adenoidy (accusative plural)
adenoidem (instrumental singular)
adenoidami (instrumental plural)
adenoidzie (locative singular)
adenoidach (locative plural)
adenoidzie (singular vocative)
adenoidy (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ᾰ̓δήν (ădḗn, “gland”) + -oid. First attested in 1872.

ref

Przegląd Postępów Nauki Lekarskiej we Wszystkich Jej Gałęziach i we Wszystkich Krajach (in Polish), volume 1, number 1, 1872, page 90


Hades

Hades (nominative singular)
Hadesa (genitive singular)
Hadesowi (dative singular)
Hadesa (accusative singular)
Hadesem (instrumental singular)
Hadesie (locative singular)
Hadesie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ᾍδης (Hā́idēs).


Hades

Hades (nominative singular)
Hadesu (genitive singular)
Hadesowi (dative singular)
Hades (accusative singular)
Hadesem (instrumental singular)
Hadesie (locative singular)
Hadesie (singular vocative)


a priori

pl-adj

a priori (not comparable, no derived adverb)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ā priōrī (“involving reasoning from cause to effect; from first principles”, literally “from the former”).


in vitro

pl-adj

in vitro (not comparable, no derived adverb)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin in vitro.


etymon

etymon (nominative singular)
etymony (nominative plural)
etymonu (genitive singular)
etymonów (genitive plural)
etymonowi (dative singular)
etymonom (dative plural)
etymon (accusative singular)
etymony (accusative plural)
etymonem (instrumental singular)
etymonami (instrumental plural)
etymonie (locative singular)
etymonach (locative plural)
etymonie (singular vocative)
etymony (plural vocative)

(linguistics) etymon (ancestral form or source word)


spleen

spleen (nominative singular)
spleeny (nominative plural)
spleenu (genitive singular)
spleenów (genitive plural)
spleenowi (dative singular)
spleenom (dative plural)
spleen (accusative singular)
spleeny (accusative plural)
spleenem (instrumental singular)
spleenami (instrumental plural)
spleenie (locative singular)
spleenach (locative plural)
spleenie (singular vocative)
spleeny (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English spleen.

(clinical psychology, medicine) Alternative spelling of splin


aporia

aporia (nominative singular)
aporii (genitive singular)
aporii (dative singular)
aporię (accusative singular)
aporią (instrumental singular)
aporii (locative singular)
aporio (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀπορία (aporía).