war

war (nominative singular)
wary (nominative plural)
waru (genitive singular)
warów (genitive plural)
warowi (dative singular)
warom (dative plural)
war (accusative singular)
wary (accusative plural)
warem (instrumental singular)
warami (instrumental plural)
warze (locative singular)
warach (locative plural)
warze (singular vocative)
wary (plural vocative)

(physics) var, volt-ampere reactive (unit of electrical power)


LED

ledowy (adjective)
LED (nominative singular)
LED-y (nominative plural)
LED-a (genitive singular)
LED-ów (genitive plural)
LED-owi (dative singular)
LED-om (dative plural)
LED (accusative singular)
LED-y (accusative plural)
LED-em (instrumental singular)
LED-ami (instrumental plural)
LED-zie (locative singular)
LED-ach (locative plural)
LED-zie (singular vocative)
LED-y (plural vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English LED.

(electronics, technology) LED (rectifying semiconductor device which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength in or near the visible spectrum of light)


pin

pin (nominative singular)
piny (nominative plural)
pinu (genitive singular)
pinów (genitive plural)
pinowi (dative singular)
pinom (dative plural)
pin (accusative singular)
piny (accusative plural)
pinem (instrumental singular)
pinami (instrumental plural)
pinie (locative singular)
pinach (locative plural)
pinie (singular vocative)
piny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English pin, from Middle English pinne, from Old English pinn, from Proto-Germanic *pinnaz, *pinnō, *pint-, from Proto-Indo-European *bend-.

(electricity) lead, pin (any of the individual connecting elements of a multipole electrical connector)


spin

spin (nominative singular)
spiny (nominative plural)
spinu (genitive singular)
spinów (genitive plural)
spinowi (dative singular)
spinom (dative plural)
spin (accusative singular)
spiny (accusative plural)
spinem (instrumental singular)
spinami (instrumental plural)
spinie (locative singular)
spinach (locative plural)
spinie (singular vocative)
spiny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English spin, from Middle English spinnen, from Old English spinnan.

(physics) spin (quantum angular momentum)


fluid

fluid (nominative singular)
fluidy (nominative plural)
fluidu (genitive singular)
fluidów (genitive plural)
fluidowi (dative singular)
fluidom (dative plural)
fluid (accusative singular)
fluidy (accusative plural)
fluidem (instrumental singular)
fluidami (instrumental plural)
fluidzie (locative singular)
fluidach (locative plural)
fluidzie (singular vocative)
fluidy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English fluid, French fluide, German Fluid, ultimately from Latin fluidus.

(electricity, historical) fluid (continuous, weightless substance that was formerly identified with or considered the essence of electricity, heat, and magnetism)


neutron

neutron (nominative singular)
neutrony (nominative plural)
neutronu (genitive singular)
neutronów (genitive plural)
neutronowi (dative singular)
neutronom (dative plural)
neutron (accusative singular)
neutrony (accusative plural)
neutronem (instrumental singular)
neutronami (instrumental plural)
neutronie (locative singular)
neutronach (locative plural)
neutronie (singular vocative)
neutrony (plural vocative)


gamma

gamma (nominative singular)
gammy (nominative plural)
gammy (genitive singular)
gamm (genitive plural)
gammie (dative singular)
gammom (dative plural)
gammę (accusative singular)
gammy (accusative plural)
gammą (instrumental singular)
gammami (instrumental plural)
gammie (locative singular)
gammach (locative plural)
gammo (singular vocative)
gammy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek γάμμα (gámma), from Phoenician 𐤂 (g /gīml/). Doublet of gama.


lambda

lambda (nominative singular)
lambdy (nominative plural)
lambdy (genitive singular)
lambd (genitive plural)
lambdzie (dative singular)
lambdom (dative plural)
lambdę (accusative singular)
lambdy (accusative plural)
lambdą (instrumental singular)
lambdami (instrumental plural)
lambdzie (locative singular)
lambdach (locative plural)
lambdo (singular vocative)
lambdy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek λάμβδα (lámbda), from Phoenician 𐤋 (l /lāmed/).


atom

atomowy (adjective)
atom (nominative singular)
atomy (nominative plural)
atomu (genitive singular)
atomów (genitive plural)
atomowi (dative singular)
atomom (dative plural)
atom (accusative singular)
atomy (accusative plural)
atomem (instrumental singular)
atomami (instrumental plural)
atomie (locative singular)
atomach (locative plural)
atomie (singular vocative)
atomy (plural vocative)

(physics) atom [with genitive ‘of what’]


generator

pl-noun

generator m inan (related adjective generatorowy)

generatorowy (adjective)
generator (nominative singular)
generatory (nominative plural)
generatora (genitive singular)
generatorów (genitive plural)
generatorowi (dative singular)
generatorom (dative plural)
generator (accusative singular)
generatory (accusative plural)
generatorem (instrumental singular)
generatorami (instrumental plural)
generatorze (locative singular)
generatorach (locative plural)
generatorze (singular vocative)
generatory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English generator, French générateur, German Generator, ultimately from Latin generātor.

(electricity) electric generator, generator (device that converts motion-based power (potential and kinetic energy) or fuel-based power (chemical energy) into electric power for use in an external circuit)


pilot

pilot (nominative singular)
piloty (nominative plural)
pilota (genitive singular)
pilotów (genitive plural)
pilotowi (dative singular)
pilotom (dative plural)
pilot (accusative singular)
piloty (accusative plural)
pilotem (instrumental singular)
pilotami (instrumental plural)
pilocie (locative singular)
pilotach (locative plural)
pilocie (singular vocative)
piloty (plural vocative)


pager

pager (nominative singular)
pagery (nominative plural)
pagera (genitive singular)
pagerów (genitive plural)
pagerowi (dative singular)
pagerom (dative plural)
pager (accusative singular)
pagery (accusative plural)
pagerem (instrumental singular)
pagerami (instrumental plural)
pagerze (locative singular)
pagerach (locative plural)
pagerze (singular vocative)
pagery (plural vocative)

(electronics, telecommunications) pager, beeper (wireless telecommunications device that receives text or voice messages)


pole

pole n (diminutive pólko or poletko, related adjective polny)

pólko (diminutive)
poletko (diminutive)
polny (adjective)
pole (nominative singular)
pola (nominative plural)
pola (genitive singular)
pól (genitive plural)
polu (dative singular)
polom (dative plural)
pole (accusative singular)
pola (accusative plural)
polem (instrumental singular)
polami (instrumental plural)
polu (locative singular)
polach (locative plural)
pole (singular vocative)
pola (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish pole. Doublet of polje.

(countable, physics) field (physical phenomenon (such as force, potential or fluid velocity) that pervades a region)


lumen

lm (abbreviation)
lumen (nominative singular)
lumeny (nominative plural)
lumena (genitive singular)
lumenu (genitive singular)
lumenów (genitive plural)
lumenowi (dative singular)
lumenom (dative plural)
lumen (accusative singular)
lumeny (accusative plural)
lumenem (instrumental singular)
lumenami (instrumental plural)
lumenie (locative singular)
lumenach (locative plural)
lumenie (singular vocative)
lumeny (plural vocative)

(physics) lumen (derived SI unit of luminous flux; the light that is emitted in a solid angle of one steradian from a source of one candela)


weber

Wb (abbreviation)
weber (nominative singular)
webery (nominative plural)
webera (genitive singular)
weberów (genitive plural)
weberowi (dative singular)
weberom (dative plural)
weber (accusative singular)
webery (accusative plural)
weberem (instrumental singular)
weberami (instrumental plural)
weberze (locative singular)
weberach (locative plural)
weberze (singular vocative)
webery (plural vocative)

Named after German physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891).

named-after

(physics) weber (derived unit of magnetic flux)


moment

momencik (diminutive)
moment (nominative singular)
momenty (nominative plural)
momentu (genitive singular)
momentów (genitive plural)
momentowi (dative singular)
momentom (dative plural)
moment (accusative singular)
momenty (accusative plural)
momentem (instrumental singular)
momentami (instrumental plural)
momencie (locative singular)
momentach (locative plural)
momencie (singular vocative)
momenty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin mōmentum. First attested in 1592.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “moment”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

moment bezwładności

moment gnący / moment zginający

moment pędu

moment siły

moment skręcający

(physics) moment (turning effect of a force applied to a rotational system at a distance from the axis of rotation)


chip

pl-noun

chip m animal or m inan (related adjective chipowy)

chip m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
chipowy (adjective)
chip (nominative singular)
chipy (nominative plural)
chipa (genitive singular)
chipu (genitive singular)
chipów (genitive plural)
chipowi (dative singular)
chipom (dative plural)
chipa (accusative singular)
chip (accusative singular)
chipy (accusative plural)
chipem (instrumental singular)
chipami (instrumental plural)
chipie (locative singular)
chipach (locative plural)
chipie (singular vocative)
chipy (plural vocative)
czip (alternative)

(computing, electronics) chip, microchip, computer chip, integrated circuit (small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors)


materia

materia (nominative singular)
materii (genitive singular)
materii (dative singular)
materię (accusative singular)
materią (instrumental singular)
materii (locative singular)
materio (singular vocative)


droga

dróżka (diminutive)
droga (nominative singular)
drogi (nominative plural)
drogi (genitive singular)
dróg (genitive plural)
drodze (dative singular)
drogom (dative plural)
drogę (accusative singular)
drogi (accusative plural)
drogą (instrumental singular)
drogami (instrumental plural)
drodze (locative singular)
drogach (locative plural)
drogo (singular vocative)
drogi (plural vocative)
dróga (alternative)

(obsolete, physics) distance travelled by a body


gloria

gloria (nominative singular)
glorie (nominative plural)
glorii (genitive singular)
glorii (genitive plural)
gloryj (archaic genitive plural)
glorii (dative singular)
gloriom (dative plural)
glorię (accusative singular)
glorie (accusative plural)
glorią (instrumental singular)
gloriami (instrumental plural)
glorii (locative singular)
gloriach (locative plural)
glorio (singular vocative)
glorie (plural vocative)


hazard

hazard (nominative singular)
hazardy (nominative plural)
hazardu (genitive singular)
hazardów (genitive plural)
hazardowi (dative singular)
hazardom (dative plural)
hazard (accusative singular)
hazardy (accusative plural)
hazardem (instrumental singular)
hazardami (instrumental plural)
hazardzie (locative singular)
hazardach (locative plural)
hazardzie (singular vocative)
hazardy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French hasard, from Old French hasart, from Arabic اَلزَّهْر (az-zahr, “the dice”).


hadron

hadron (nominative singular)
hadrony (nominative plural)
hadrona (genitive singular)
hadronów (genitive plural)
hadronowi (dative singular)
hadronom (dative plural)
hadron (accusative singular)
hadrony (accusative plural)
hadronem (instrumental singular)
hadronami (instrumental plural)
hadronie (locative singular)
hadronach (locative plural)
hadronie (singular vocative)
hadrony (plural vocative)


dynamo

dynamo (nominative singular)
dynama (nominative plural)
dynama (genitive singular)
dynam (genitive plural)
dynamu (dative singular)
dynamom (dative plural)
dynamo (accusative singular)
dynama (accusative plural)
dynamem (instrumental singular)
dynamami (instrumental plural)
dynamie (locative singular)
dynamach (locative plural)
dynamo (singular vocative)
dynama (plural vocative)

dynamo-electric machine
dynamo-electric machine

(electromagnetism) dynamo, dynamo-electric machine, DC generator (electrical machine whose main function is to convert mechanical energy into electricity)


erg

erg (nominative singular)
ergi (nominative plural)
erga (genitive singular)
ergów (genitive plural)
ergowi (dative singular)
ergom (dative plural)
erg (accusative singular)
ergi (accusative plural)
ergiem (instrumental singular)
ergami (instrumental plural)
ergu (locative singular)
ergach (locative plural)
ergu (singular vocative)
ergi (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon).


pion

pion (nominative singular)
piony (nominative plural)
pionu (genitive singular)
pionów (genitive plural)
pionowi (dative singular)
pionom (dative plural)
pion (accusative singular)
piony (accusative plural)
pionem (instrumental singular)
pionami (instrumental plural)
pionie (locative singular)
pionach (locative plural)
pionie (singular vocative)
piony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English pion, a shortened form of pi meson.


tensor

pl-noun

tensor m inan (related adjective tensorowy)

tensorowy (adjective)
tensor (nominative singular)
tensory (nominative plural)
tensora (genitive singular)
tensorów (genitive plural)
tensorowi (dative singular)
tensorom (dative plural)
tensor (accusative singular)
tensory (accusative plural)
tensorem (instrumental singular)
tensorami (instrumental plural)
tensorze (locative singular)
tensorach (locative plural)
tensorze (singular vocative)
tensory (plural vocative)


gluon

gluon (nominative singular)
gluony (nominative plural)
gluonu (genitive singular)
gluonów (genitive plural)
gluonowi (dative singular)
gluonom (dative plural)
gluon (accusative singular)
gluony (accusative plural)
gluonem (instrumental singular)
gluonami (instrumental plural)
gluonie (locative singular)
gluonach (locative plural)
gluonie (singular vocative)
gluony (plural vocative)


fermion

fermion (nominative singular)
fermiony (nominative plural)
fermionu (genitive singular)
fermionów (genitive plural)
fermionowi (dative singular)
fermionom (dative plural)
fermion (accusative singular)
fermiony (accusative plural)
fermionem (instrumental singular)
fermionami (instrumental plural)
fermionie (locative singular)
fermionach (locative plural)
fermionie (singular vocative)
fermiony (plural vocative)


lepton

Borrowed from English lepton, from Ancient Greek λεπτόν (leptón).


neutrino

neutrino (nominative singular)
neutrina (nominative plural)
neutrina (genitive singular)
neutrin (genitive plural)
neutrinu (dative singular)
neutrinom (dative plural)
neutrino (accusative singular)
neutrina (accusative plural)
neutrinem (instrumental singular)
neutrinami (instrumental plural)
neutrinie (locative singular)
neutrinach (locative plural)
neutrino (singular vocative)
neutrina (plural vocative)


albedo

Learned borrowing from Latin albēdō. First attested in 1908.

ref

Zasady fizyki: Fizyka ogólna, dynamiczne własności materyi, akustyka (in Polish), volume 1, 1908, page x

albedo in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

niskie/małe albedo

wysokie albedo

ziemskie albedo/albedo Ziemi

albedo wynosi ileś

albedo neutronów

albedo powierzchni

albedo planety

albedo śniegu

wartość albedo

wielkości albedo

(physics, meteorology, astronomy, optics) albedo (fraction of incident light or radiation reflected by a surface or body)


terminator

terminator (nominative singular)
terminatory (nominative plural)
terminatoru (genitive singular)
terminatorów (genitive plural)
terminatorowi (dative singular)
terminatorom (dative plural)
terminator (accusative singular)
terminatory (accusative plural)
terminatorem (instrumental singular)
terminatorami (instrumental plural)
terminatorze (locative singular)
terminatorach (locative plural)
terminatorze (singular vocative)
terminatory (plural vocative)


adapter

adapterek (diminutive)
adapter (nominative singular)
adaptery (nominative plural)
adaptera (genitive singular)
adapteru (genitive singular)
adapterów (genitive plural)
adapterowi (dative singular)
adapterom (dative plural)
adapter (accusative singular)
adaptery (accusative plural)
adapterem (instrumental singular)
adapterami (instrumental plural)
adapterze (locative singular)
adapterach (locative plural)
adapterze (singular vocative)
adaptery (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English adapter. First attested in 1903.

Józef Świtkowski (1903) Fotografia praktyczna w zarysie do użytku amatorów, page 39

adapter sieciowy/sieci

adapter USB

(electronics) adapter (a device or application used to achieve operative compatibility between devices that otherwise are incompatible)


Einstein

Einstein (nominative singular)
Einsteina (genitive singular)
Einsteinowi (dative singular)
Einsteina (accusative singular)
Einsteinem (instrumental singular)
Einsteinie (locative singular)
Einsteinie (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from German Einstein.


energia

energia (nominative singular)
energie (nominative plural)
energii (genitive singular)
energii (genitive plural)
energij (archaic genitive plural)
energii (dative singular)
energiom (dative plural)
energię (accusative singular)
energie (accusative plural)
energią (instrumental singular)
energiami (instrumental plural)
energii (locative singular)
energiach (locative plural)
energio (singular vocative)
energie (plural vocative)
energija (alternative Middle Polish)
energja (alternative)

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Energie or French énergie, ultimately from Latin energīa. First attested in 1606. Compare Kashubian energiô and Silesian ynergijŏ.

ref

Rozmowa o rokoszu (in Polish), 1606, page 111: “Nuż co była sama energia, sama medulla rokoszu tego, na żołnierza utriusque partis i na sługi senatorskie i panięce: »Kto cnotliwy, do braciej!« nie zawołano.”

(physics) energy (quantity that denotes the ability to do work and is measured in a unit dimensioned in mass × distance²/time² (ML²/T²) or the equivalent)


walkman

walkman (nominative singular)
walkmany (nominative plural)
walkmana (genitive singular)
walkmanów (genitive plural)
walkmanowi (dative singular)
walkmanom (dative plural)
walkman (accusative singular)
walkmana (accusative singular)
walkmany (accusative plural)
walkmanem (instrumental singular)
walkmanami (instrumental plural)
walkmanie (locative singular)
walkmanach (locative plural)
walkmanie (singular vocative)
walkmany (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English walkman.


e-book

e-book (nominative singular)
e-booki (nominative plural)
e-booka (genitive singular)
e-booków (genitive plural)
e-bookowi (dative singular)
e-bookom (dative plural)
e-book (accusative singular)
e-booki (accusative plural)
e-bookiem (instrumental singular)
e-bookami (instrumental plural)
e-booku (locative singular)
e-bookach (locative plural)
e-booku (singular vocative)
e-booki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English e-book.


teleskop

teleskop (nominative singular)
teleskopy (nominative plural)
teleskopu (genitive singular)
teleskopów (genitive plural)
teleskopowi (dative singular)
teleskopom (dative plural)
teleskop (accusative singular)
teleskopy (accusative plural)
teleskopem (instrumental singular)
teleskopami (instrumental plural)
teleskopie (locative singular)
teleskopach (locative plural)
teleskopie (singular vocative)
teleskopy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τηλεσκόπος (tēleskópos, “far-seeing”); from τῆλε (têle, “afar”) + σκοπέω (skopéō, “I look at”).

lbor

(astronomy) telescope (any instrument used to observe distant objects)

(astronomy, optics) telescope (optical instrument that magnifies)


einstein

einstein (nominative singular)
einsteiny (nominative plural)
einsteinu (genitive singular)
einsteinów (genitive plural)
einsteinowi (dative singular)
einsteinom (dative plural)
einstein (accusative singular)
einsteiny (accusative plural)
einsteinem (instrumental singular)
einsteinami (instrumental plural)
einsteinie (locative singular)
einsteinach (locative plural)
einsteinie (singular vocative)
einsteiny (plural vocative)

Named after German physicist Albert Einstein.

named-after

(physics) Alternative spelling of ajnsztajn


mach

mach (nominative singular)
machy (nominative plural)
macha (genitive singular)
machów (genitive plural)
machowi (dative singular)
machom (dative plural)
mach (accusative singular)
machy (accusative plural)
machem (instrumental singular)
machami (instrumental plural)
machu (locative singular)
machach (locative plural)
machu (singular vocative)
machy (plural vocative)

Named after Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach.

(physics) Mach number (ratio of the speed of a body to that of sound in the surrounding medium)


kaon

kaon (nominative singular)
kaony (nominative plural)
kaonu (genitive singular)
kaonów (genitive plural)
kaonowi (dative singular)
kaonom (dative plural)
kaon (accusative singular)
kaony (accusative plural)
kaonem (instrumental singular)
kaonami (instrumental plural)
kaonie (locative singular)
kaonach (locative plural)
kaonie (singular vocative)
kaony (plural vocative)


deuteron

deuteron (nominative singular)
deuterony (nominative plural)
deuteronu (genitive singular)
deuteronów (genitive plural)
deuteronowi (dative singular)
deuteronom (dative plural)
deuteron (accusative singular)
deuterony (accusative plural)
deuteronem (instrumental singular)
deuteronami (instrumental plural)
deuteronie (locative singular)
deuteronach (locative plural)
deuteronie (singular vocative)
deuterony (plural vocative)


masa

masowy (adjective)
masa (nominative singular)
masy (nominative plural)
masy (genitive singular)
mas (genitive plural)
masie (dative singular)
masom (dative plural)
masę (accusative singular)
masy (accusative plural)
masą (instrumental singular)
masami (instrumental plural)
masie (locative singular)
masach (locative plural)
maso (singular vocative)
masy (plural vocative)
massa (alternative Middle Polish)

→ Kashubian: masa

→ Slovincian: masa

Learned borrowing from Latin māssa. First attested in 1534. Compare Silesian masa.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “massa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(countable, physics) mass (quantity of matter which a body contains, irrespective of its bulk or volume. It is one of four fundamental properties of matter)

(electricity) ground (point against which potentials are measured in an electrical or electronic system)


apertura

apertura (nominative singular)
apertury (nominative plural)
apertury (genitive singular)
apertur (genitive plural)
aperturze (dative singular)
aperturom (dative plural)
aperturę (accusative singular)
apertury (accusative plural)
aperturą (instrumental singular)
aperturami (instrumental plural)
aperturze (locative singular)
aperturach (locative plural)
aperturo (singular vocative)
apertury (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English aperture or French aperture, from Latin apertūra.

(optics) aperture (a hole which restricts the diameter of the lightpath through one plane in an optical system)


betatron

betatron (nominative singular)
betatrony (nominative plural)
betatronu (genitive singular)
betatronów (genitive plural)
betatronowi (dative singular)
betatronom (dative plural)
betatron (accusative singular)
betatrony (accusative plural)
betatronem (instrumental singular)
betatronami (instrumental plural)
betatronie (locative singular)
betatronach (locative plural)
betatronie (singular vocative)
betatrony (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English betatron.


harmonika

harmonika (nominative singular)
harmoniki (nominative plural)
harmoniki (genitive singular)
harmonik (genitive plural)
harmonice (dative singular)
harmonikom (dative plural)
harmonikę (accusative singular)
harmoniki (accusative plural)
harmoniką (instrumental singular)
harmonikami (instrumental plural)
harmonice (locative singular)
harmonikach (locative plural)
harmoniko (singular vocative)
harmoniki (plural vocative)
marmulka (alternative)

Borrowed from German Harmonika, from Latin harmonicus, from Ancient Greek ἁρμονικός (harmonikós).


beeper

beeper (nominative singular)
beepery (nominative plural)
beepera (genitive singular)
beeperów (genitive plural)
beeperowi (dative singular)
beeperom (dative plural)
beeper (accusative singular)
beepery (accusative plural)
beeperem (instrumental singular)
beeperami (instrumental plural)
beeperze (locative singular)
beeperach (locative plural)
beeperze (singular vocative)
beepery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English beeper.

(electronics, telecommunications) Alternative spelling of biper


soliton

soliton (nominative singular)
solitony (nominative plural)
solitonu (genitive singular)
solitonów (genitive plural)
solitonowi (dative singular)
solitonom (dative plural)
soliton (accusative singular)
solitony (accusative plural)
solitonem (instrumental singular)
solitonami (instrumental plural)
solitonie (locative singular)
solitonach (locative plural)
solitonie (singular vocative)
solitony (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English soliton, French soliton, Italian solitone.


mol

pl-noun

mol m inan (related adjective molowy or molalny)

molowy (adjective)
molalny (adjective)
mol (nominative singular)
mole (nominative plural)
mola (genitive singular)
moli (genitive plural)
molowi (dative singular)
molom (dative plural)
mol (accusative singular)
mole (accusative plural)
molem (instrumental singular)
molami (instrumental plural)
molu (locative singular)
molach (locative plural)
molu (singular vocative)
mole (plural vocative)

(chemistry, physics) mole (unit of amount)

(chemistry, physics) gram molecule (amount of a compound whose mass in grams is that of its molecular weight)


fala

falowy (adjective)
fala (nominative singular)
fale (nominative plural)
fali (genitive singular)
fal (genitive plural)
fali (dative singular)
falom (dative plural)
falę (accusative singular)
fale (accusative plural)
falą (instrumental singular)
falami (instrumental plural)
fali (locative singular)
falach (locative plural)
falo (singular vocative)
fale (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: хва́ля (xválja)

→ Ukrainian: хви́ля (xvýlja)

Borrowed from German Welle. First attested in 1594. Displaced wełn.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “fala”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(physics) wave (moving disturbance in the energy level of a field)

(physics) wave (moving disturbance in a field)


taon

taon (nominative singular)
taony (nominative plural)
taonu (genitive singular)
taonów (genitive plural)
taonowi (dative singular)
taonom (dative plural)
taon (accusative singular)
taony (accusative plural)
taonem (instrumental singular)
taonami (instrumental plural)
taonie (locative singular)
taonach (locative plural)
taonie (singular vocative)
taony (plural vocative)


moc

moc (nominative singular)
moce (nominative plural)
mocy (genitive singular)
mocy (genitive plural)
mocy (dative singular)
mocom (dative plural)
moc (accusative singular)
moce (accusative plural)
mocą (instrumental singular)
mocami (instrumental plural)
mocy (locative singular)
mocach (locative plural)
mocy (singular vocative)
moce (plural vocative)

(uncountable, physics, mechanics) power, strength (measure of the effectiveness that a force producing a physical effect has over time)


ciało

pl-noun

ciało n (diminutive ciałko, augmentative cielsko, related adjective cielesny)

ciałko (diminutive)
cielsko (augmentative)
cielesny (adjective)
ciało (nominative singular)
ciała (nominative plural)
ciała (genitive singular)
ciał (genitive plural)
ciału (dative singular)
ciałom (dative plural)
ciało (accusative singular)
ciała (accusative plural)
ciałem (instrumental singular)
ciałami (instrumental plural)
ciele (locative singular)
ciałach (locative plural)
ciało (singular vocative)
ciała (plural vocative)
ciele (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish ciało. Sense 5 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) and Latin corpus. Sense 6 is a semantic loan from Latin corpus. Sense 7 is a semantic loan from French corps.

sl

(countable, chemistry, physics) body (object with specific physical or chemical properties)


kolor

kolorek (diminutive)
kolor (nominative singular)
kolory (nominative plural)
koloru (genitive singular)
kolorów (genitive plural)
kolorowi (dative singular)
kolorom (dative plural)
kolor (accusative singular)
kolory (accusative plural)
kolorem (instrumental singular)
kolorami (instrumental plural)
kolorze (locative singular)
kolorach (locative plural)
kolorze (singular vocative)
kolory (plural vocative)


kość

pl-noun

kość f (diminutive kostka, augmentative kościsko, related adjective kostny)

kostka (diminutive)
kościsko (augmentative)
kostny (adjective)
kość (nominative singular)
kości (nominative plural)
kości (genitive singular)
kości (genitive plural)
kości (dative singular)
kościom (dative plural)
kość (accusative singular)
kości (accusative plural)
kością (instrumental singular)
kośćmi (instrumental plural)
kościami (instrumental plural)
kości (locative singular)
kościach (locative plural)
kości (singular vocative)
kości (plural vocative)

(colloquial, computing, electronics) chip, microchip, computer chip, integrated circuit (small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors)


SEM

siła elektromotoryczna
siła elektromotoryczna#Polish

(physics) Initialism of siła elektromotoryczna (“electromotive force”).


adsorbent

adsorbent (nominative singular)
adsorbenty (nominative plural)
adsorbentu (genitive singular)
adsorbentów (genitive plural)
adsorbentowi (dative singular)
adsorbentom (dative plural)
adsorbent (accusative singular)
adsorbenty (accusative plural)
adsorbentem (instrumental singular)
adsorbentami (instrumental plural)
adsorbencie (locative singular)
adsorbentach (locative plural)
adsorbencie (singular vocative)
adsorbenty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English adsorbent, from Latin ad- + sorbeō. First attested in 1910.

ref

adsorbent in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

adsorbent mikroporowaty

powierzchnia adsorbentu

(chemistry, physics) adsorbent (the solid or liquid in the process of adsorption on which the adsorbate accumulates)


alternator

alternator (nominative singular)
alternatory (nominative plural)
alternatora (genitive singular)
alternatorów (genitive plural)
alternatorowi (dative singular)
alternatorom (dative plural)
alternator (accusative singular)
alternatory (accusative plural)
alternatorem (instrumental singular)
alternatorami (instrumental plural)
alternatorze (locative singular)
alternatorach (locative plural)
alternatorze (singular vocative)
alternatory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English alternator, from Latin alternō. First attested in 1892.

Józef Jerzy Boguski (1892) Wstęp do elektrotechniki : odczyty wygłoszone na posiedzeniach Sekcyi 1-ej technicznej Warszawskiego Tow. popierania przemysłu i handlu. Cz. 1 (in Polish), page III

alternator in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

zacisk alternatora

electrical engineering
electrical engineering

(electrical engineering) alternator (electric generator which produces alternating current through mechanical means)


adsorber

adsorber (nominative singular)
adsorbery (nominative plural)
adsorbera (genitive singular)
adsorberów (genitive plural)
adsorberowi (dative singular)
adsorberom (dative plural)
adsorber (accusative singular)
adsorbery (accusative plural)
adsorberem (instrumental singular)
adsorberami (instrumental plural)
adsorberze (locative singular)
adsorberach (locative plural)
adsorberze (singular vocative)
adsorbery (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English adsorber, from Latin ad- + sorbeō. By surface analysis, adsorbować + -er. First attested in 1923.

adsorber in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

(chemistry, physics) adsorber (something which adsorbs, especially a solid material, such as activated carbon, that has a high surface area and is used to capture a gas or liquid)


kabel

kabel (nominative singular)
kable (nominative plural)
kabla (genitive singular)
kabli (genitive plural)
kablowi (dative singular)
kablom (dative plural)
kabel (accusative singular)
kable (accusative plural)
kablem (instrumental singular)
kablami (instrumental plural)
kablu (locative singular)
kablach (locative plural)
kablu (singular vocative)
kable (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Kabel, from Middle High German kabel, from Middle Low German, from Middle Dutch cabel, from Old French cable, an Old Northern French (i.e. Old Norman or Picard) variant of chable, cheable, chaable, from Vulgar Latin *caplum, contracted form of Late Latin capulum, from Latin capiō.

(electricity) cable (large wire or rope)


entropia

entropia (nominative singular)
entropii (genitive singular)
entropii (dative singular)
entropię (accusative singular)
entropią (instrumental singular)
entropii (locative singular)
entropio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English entropy, French entropie, German Entropie, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon) + τροπή (tropḗ).

(thermodynamics) entropy (measure of the amount of energy in a physical system that cannot be used to do work)


boombox

boombox (nominative singular)
boomboksy (nominative plural)
boomboksu (genitive singular)
boomboksów (genitive plural)
boomboksowi (dative singular)
boomboksom (dative plural)
boombox (accusative singular)
boomboksy (accusative plural)
boomboksem (instrumental singular)
boomboksami (instrumental plural)
boomboksie (locative singular)
boomboksach (locative plural)
boomboksie (singular vocative)
boomboksy (plural vocative)
boombox (nominative singular)
boomboksy (nominative plural)
boomboksa (genitive singular)
boomboksów (genitive plural)
boomboksowi (dative singular)
boomboksom (dative plural)
boomboksa (accusative singular)
boomboksy (accusative plural)
boomboksem (instrumental singular)
boomboksami (instrumental plural)
boomboksie (locative singular)
boomboksach (locative plural)
boomboksie (singular vocative)
boomboksy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English boom box.


baza

bazowy (adjective)
baza (nominative singular)
bazy (nominative plural)
bazy (genitive singular)
baz (genitive plural)
bazie (dative singular)
bazom (dative plural)
bazę (accusative singular)
bazy (accusative plural)
bazą (instrumental singular)
bazami (instrumental plural)
bazie (locative singular)
bazach (locative plural)
bazo (singular vocative)
bazy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: baza

→ Silesian: baza

Borrowed from French base. First attested in 1683.

ref

Danuta Lankiewicz (22.06.2015) “BAZA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(electronics) charging base (the part of a device permanently connected to electricity in which its movable part is placed in order to charge it)


kondensator

kondensator (nominative singular)
kondensatory (nominative plural)
kondensatora (genitive singular)
kondensatorów (genitive plural)
kondensatorowi (dative singular)
kondensatorom (dative plural)
kondensator (accusative singular)
kondensatory (accusative plural)
kondensatorem (instrumental singular)
kondensatorami (instrumental plural)
kondensatorze (locative singular)
kondensatorach (locative plural)
kondensatorze (singular vocative)
kondensatory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English condenser, French condensateur, German Kondensator, ultimately from Latin condēnsō.


chipset

chipset (nominative singular)
chipsety (nominative plural)
chipsetu (genitive singular)
chipsetów (genitive plural)
chipsetowi (dative singular)
chipsetom (dative plural)
chipset (accusative singular)
chipsety (accusative plural)
chipsetem (instrumental singular)
chipsetami (instrumental plural)
chipsecie (locative singular)
chipsetach (locative plural)
chipsecie (singular vocative)
chipsety (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English chipset.

ubor

(computing, electronics) chipset (group of integrated circuits that are designed to work together, and are usually marketed as a single product)


kontakt

pl-noun

kontakt m inan (related adjective kontaktowy)

kontaktowy (adjective)
kontakt (nominative singular)
kontakty (nominative plural)
kontaktu (genitive singular)
kontaktów (genitive plural)
kontaktowi (dative singular)
kontaktom (dative plural)
kontakt (accusative singular)
kontakty (accusative plural)
kontaktem (instrumental singular)
kontaktami (instrumental plural)
kontakcie (locative singular)
kontaktach (locative plural)
kontakcie (singular vocative)
kontakty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: kòntakt

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from French contact or German Kontakt, ultimately from Latin contāctus. First attested in 1745–1747. Semantic loan from German Kontakt. Compare Silesian kōntakt.

ref

“Materiały źródłowe do dziejów kultury i sztuki XVI-XVIII w.”, in Materiały źródłowe do dziejów kultury i sztuki XVI-XVIII w., opr. M. Gębarowicz, Wrocław- Warszawa-Kraków. (in Polish), 1745-1747, published 1983, Trzy umowy między Sebastianem Fensingerem rzeźbiarzem a trynitarzami lwowskimi z 1745, 1746 i 1747 r., page 374: “Kontakt z Panem Sebestianem Fesingerem Snicerzem, na ołtarz S. Jana Nepomucena do Ś. Mikołaja.”

(colloquial, electricity) contact (device designed for repetitive connections)

(colloquial, electricity) socket, outlet


faza

faza (nominative singular)
fazy (nominative plural)
fazy (genitive singular)
faz (genitive plural)
fazie (dative singular)
fazom (dative plural)
fazę (accusative singular)
fazy (accusative plural)
fazą (instrumental singular)
fazami (instrumental plural)
fazie (locative singular)
fazach (locative plural)
fazo (singular vocative)
fazy (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis, “an appearance”).


fokus

pl-noun

fokus m inan (related adjective fokusowy)

fokusowy (adjective)
fokus (nominative singular)
fokusy (nominative plural)
fokusu (genitive singular)
fokusów (genitive plural)
fokusowi (dative singular)
fokusom (dative plural)
fokus (accusative singular)
fokusy (accusative plural)
fokusem (instrumental singular)
fokusami (instrumental plural)
fokusie (locative singular)
fokusach (locative plural)
fokusie (singular vocative)
fokusy (plural vocative)
focus (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Latin focus. Doublet of foyer.


rezonans

rezonans (nominative singular)
rezonanse (nominative plural)
rezonansu (genitive singular)
rezonansów (genitive plural)
rezonansowi (dative singular)
rezonansom (dative plural)
rezonans (accusative singular)
rezonanse (accusative plural)
rezonansem (instrumental singular)
rezonansami (instrumental plural)
rezonansie (locative singular)
rezonansach (locative plural)
rezonansie (singular vocative)
rezonanse (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French résonance, from Latin resonantia, from resonō.

(physics) resonance (increase in the amplitude of an oscillation of a system under the influence of a periodic force whose frequency is close to that of the system's natural frequency)

(particle physics) resonance (short-lived subatomic particle or state of atomic excitation that results from the collision of atomic particles)


fotometria

fotometria (nominative singular)
fotometrii (genitive singular)
fotometrii (dative singular)
fotometrię (accusative singular)
fotometrią (instrumental singular)
fotometrii (locative singular)
fotometrio (singular vocative)


propagator

propagator (nominative singular)
propagatory (nominative plural)
propagatora (genitive singular)
propagatorów (genitive plural)
propagatorowi (dative singular)
propagatorom (dative plural)
propagator (accusative singular)
propagatory (accusative plural)
propagatorem (instrumental singular)
propagatorami (instrumental plural)
propagatorze (locative singular)
propagatorach (locative plural)
propagatorze (singular vocative)
propagatory (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin prōpāgātor.


analizator

analizator (nominative singular)
analizatory (nominative plural)
analizatoru (genitive singular)
analizatorów (genitive plural)
analizatorowi (dative singular)
analizatorom (dative plural)
analizator (accusative singular)
analizatory (accusative plural)
analizatorem (instrumental singular)
analizatorami (instrumental plural)
analizatorze (locative singular)
analizatorach (locative plural)
analizatorze (singular vocative)
analizatory (plural vocative)

From analizować + -ator. First attested in 1839.

ref

Tygodnik Petersburski (in Polish), number R.10, cz. 19, nr 43, 1839, page 246

polaryzacji analizatora


agregat

agregat (nominative singular)
agregaty (nominative plural)
agregatu (genitive singular)
agregatów (genitive plural)
agregatowi (dative singular)
agregatom (dative plural)
agregat (accusative singular)
agregaty (accusative plural)
agregatem (instrumental singular)
agregatami (instrumental plural)
agregacie (locative singular)
agregatach (locative plural)
agregacie (singular vocative)
agregaty (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English aggregate. Possibly borrowed from German Aggregat or French agrégat, ultimately from Latin aggregātus. First attested in 1825.

(chemistry, physics) aggregate (mass formed by the union of homogeneous particles)


akcelerator

akcelerator (nominative singular)
akceleratory (nominative plural)
akceleratora (genitive singular)
akceleratorów (genitive plural)
akceleratorowi (dative singular)
akceleratorom (dative plural)
akcelerator (accusative singular)
akceleratory (accusative plural)
akceleratorem (instrumental singular)
akceleratorami (instrumental plural)
akceleratorze (locative singular)
akceleratorach (locative plural)
akceleratorze (singular vocative)
akceleratory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English accelerator. Ultimately from Latin accelerō + -ator. First attested in 1910.

particle accelerator
particle accelerator

(physics) accelerator, particle accelerator (machine or device used for accelerating particles)


amplituda

amplituda (nominative singular)
amplitudy (nominative plural)
amplitudy (genitive singular)
amplitud (genitive plural)
amplitudzie (dative singular)
amplitudom (dative plural)
amplitudę (accusative singular)
amplitudy (accusative plural)
amplitudą (instrumental singular)
amplitudami (instrumental plural)
amplitudzie (locative singular)
amplitudach (locative plural)
amplitudo (singular vocative)
amplitudy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin amplitūdō. First attested in 1859.

Encyklopedyja powszechna. T. 1, (A-Aos). (in Polish), 1859, page 678

(physics) amplitude (maximum absolute value of some quantity that varies)


anoda

anoda (nominative singular)
anody (nominative plural)
anody (genitive singular)
anod (genitive plural)
anodzie (dative singular)
anodom (dative plural)
anodę (accusative singular)
anody (accusative plural)
anodą (instrumental singular)
anodami (instrumental plural)
anodzie (locative singular)
anodach (locative plural)
anodo (singular vocative)
anody (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English anode, from Ancient Greek ἀνα (ana) + Ancient Greek ὁδός (hodós). Doublet of nachód (“invasion”).

(chemistry, electricity) anode (electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs)

(electronics) anode (electrode which collects electrons emitted by the cathode in a vacuum tube or gas-filled tube)


katoda

katoda (nominative singular)
katody (nominative plural)
katody (genitive singular)
katod (genitive plural)
katodzie (dative singular)
katodom (dative plural)
katodę (accusative singular)
katody (accusative plural)
katodą (instrumental singular)
katodami (instrumental plural)
katodzie (locative singular)
katodach (locative plural)
katodo (singular vocative)
katody (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English cathode, French cathode, German Kathode, ultimately from Ancient Greek κατα- (kata-) + ὁδός (hodós).

(chemistry, electricity) cathode (electrode through which current flows outward)

(electronics) cathode (electrode from which electrons are emitted into a vacuum tube or gas-filled tube)


akceptor

akceptor (nominative singular)
akceptory (nominative plural)
akceptora (genitive singular)
akceptorów (genitive plural)
akceptorowi (dative singular)
akceptorom (dative plural)
akceptor (accusative singular)
akceptory (accusative plural)
akceptorem (instrumental singular)
akceptorami (instrumental plural)
akceptorze (locative singular)
akceptorach (locative plural)
akceptorze (singular vocative)
akceptory (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin acceptor. First attested in 1912.

akceptor elektronów

akceptor protonu

(physics, chemistry) acceptor (atom or molecule which can accept an electron to form a chemical bond, or a chemical acceptor atom forming a positive hole in a semiconductor)


bioelektronika

bioelektronika (nominative singular)
bioelektroniki (genitive singular)
bioelektronice (dative singular)
bioelektronikę (accusative singular)
bioelektroniką (instrumental singular)
bioelektronice (locative singular)
bioelektroniko (singular vocative)

From bio- + elektronika. First attested in 1953, but in common usage only as of 1971.

etydate

(biology, electronics) bioelectronics (application of electronics in the field of biology)


elektron

Coordinate term: antyelektron

(particle physics) electron (the negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit atoms)


kombajn

kombajn (nominative singular)
kombajny (nominative plural)
kombajnu (genitive singular)
kombajnów (genitive plural)
kombajnowi (dative singular)
kombajnom (dative plural)
kombajn (accusative singular)
kombajny (accusative plural)
kombajnem (instrumental singular)
kombajnami (instrumental plural)
kombajnie (locative singular)
kombajnach (locative plural)
kombajnie (singular vocative)
kombajny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English combine, from Middle French combiner, from Late Latin combīnāre.


fonon

fonon (nominative singular)
fonony (nominative plural)
fononu (genitive singular)
fononów (genitive plural)
fononowi (dative singular)
fononom (dative plural)
fonon (accusative singular)
fonony (accusative plural)
fononem (instrumental singular)
fononami (instrumental plural)
fononie (locative singular)
fononach (locative plural)
fononie (singular vocative)
fonony (plural vocative)


bateria

pl-noun

bateria f (diminutive bateryjka, related adjective bateriowy or bateryjny)

bateryjka (diminutive)
bateriowy (adjective)
bateryjny (adjective)

Borrowed from French batterie. Compare Slovincian batrëja.

(electronics) battery (a device that produces electricity by a chemical reaction)


siła

siła (nominative singular)
siły (nominative plural)
siły (genitive singular)
sił (genitive plural)
sile (dative singular)
siłom (dative plural)
siłę (accusative singular)
siły (accusative plural)
siłą (instrumental singular)
siłami (instrumental plural)
sile (locative singular)
siłach (locative plural)
siło (singular vocative)
siły (plural vocative)
sieła (alternative Middle Polish)

(physics) force (physical quantity that denotes ability to push, pull, twist or accelerate a body and which has a direction and is measured in a unit dimensioned in mass × distance/time² (ML/T²): SI: newton (N); CGS: dyne (dyn))


kostka

kosteczka (diminutive)
kostka (nominative singular)
kostki (nominative plural)
kostki (genitive singular)
kostek (genitive plural)
kostce (dative singular)
kostkom (dative plural)
kostkę (accusative singular)
kostki (accusative plural)
kostką (instrumental singular)
kostkami (instrumental plural)
kostce (locative singular)
kostkach (locative plural)
kostko (singular vocative)
kostki (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kost-der.
Proto-Slavic *kȍstь
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ
Proto-Slavic *-ъka
Proto-Slavic *kostъka
Old Polish kostka
Polish kostka
Inherited from Old Polish kostka. By surface analysis, kość + -ka.

etymon

(colloquial, computing, electronics) chip, microchip, computer chip, integrated circuit (small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors)


korek

korek (nominative singular)
korki (nominative plural)
korka (genitive singular)
korków (genitive plural)
korkowi (dative singular)
korkom (dative plural)
korek (accusative singular)
korki (accusative plural)
korkiem (instrumental singular)
korkami (instrumental plural)
korku (locative singular)
korkach (locative plural)
korku (singular vocative)
korki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Kork, from Spanish corcho, from Latin cortex.

(electrical engineering) fuse (a device to prevent excessive overcurrent from overload or short circuit in an electrical circuit)


praca

praca (nominative singular)
prace (nominative plural)
pracy (genitive singular)
prac (genitive plural)
pracy (dative singular)
pracom (dative plural)
pracę (accusative singular)
prace (accusative plural)
pracą (instrumental singular)
pracami (instrumental plural)
pracy (locative singular)
pracach (locative plural)
praco (singular vocative)
prace (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: prôca

→ Russian: пра́ца (práca)

→ Slovincian: proca

(physics) work (measure of energy expended in moving an object)


wartość

wartość (nominative singular)
wartości (nominative plural)
wartości (genitive singular)
wartości (genitive plural)
wartości (dative singular)
wartościom (dative plural)
wartość (accusative singular)
wartości (accusative plural)
wartością (instrumental singular)
wartościami (instrumental plural)
wartości (locative singular)
wartościach (locative plural)
wartości (singular vocative)
wartości (plural vocative)

From wart + -ość. First attested in the 18th century. Compare Silesian wartość, Kashubian wôrtosc/wôrtnosc, and Ukrainian ва́ртість (vártistʹ).

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “wartość”, in Słownik języka polskiego

(countable, mathematics, physics) value (definite numerical quantity or other mathematical object, determined by being measured, computed, or otherwise defined)


aplanat

aplanat (nominative singular)
aplanaty (nominative plural)
aplanatu (genitive singular)
aplanatów (genitive plural)
aplanatowi (dative singular)
aplanatom (dative plural)
aplanat (accusative singular)
aplanaty (accusative plural)
aplanatem (instrumental singular)
aplanatami (instrumental plural)
aplanacie (locative singular)
aplanatach (locative plural)
aplanacie (singular vocative)
aplanaty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Aplanat, from Ancient Greek ἁπλοῦς (haploûs). Doublet of apla.


jądro

jądro (nominative singular)
jądra (nominative plural)
jądra (genitive singular)
jąder (genitive plural)
jądru (dative singular)
jądrom (dative plural)
jądro (accusative singular)
jądra (accusative plural)
jądrem (instrumental singular)
jądrami (instrumental plural)
jądrze (locative singular)
jądrach (locative plural)
jądro (singular vocative)
jądra (plural vocative)

desc

→ Yiddish: יאָדער (yoder), יאָדערע (yodere), יאָדרע (yodre), יאָנדרע (yondre), יאָנדערע (yondere)

jądro atomowe


możliwy

pl-adj

możliwy (comparative możliwszy, superlative najmożliwszy, derived adverb możliwie)

możliwszy (comparative)
najmożliwszy (superlative)
możliwy (masculine nominative singular)
możliwa (feminine nominative singular)
możliwe (neuter nominative singular)
możliwi (nominative plural virile)
możliwe (nominative plural)
możliwego (genitive masculine singular)
możliwej (feminine genitive singular)
możliwego (genitive neuter singular)
możliwych (genitive plural)
możliwych (genitive plural virile)
możliwemu (dative masculine singular)
możliwej (dative feminine singular)
możliwemu (dative neuter singular)
możliwym (dative plural)
możliwym (dative plural virile)
możliwego (accusative animate masculine singular)
możliwy (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
możliwą (accusative feminine singular)
możliwe (accusative neuter singular)
możliwych (accusative plural virile)
możliwe (accusative plural)
możliwym (instrumental masculine singular)
możliwą (feminine instrumental singular)
możliwym (instrumental neuter singular)
możliwymi (instrumental plural)
możliwymi (instrumental plural virile)
możliwym (locative masculine singular)
możliwej (feminine locative singular)
możliwym (locative neuter singular)
możliwych (locative plural)
możliwych (locative plural virile)

→ Belarusian: мажлі́вы (mažlívy)

→ Kashubian: mòżlëwi

→ Silesian: możliwy

→ Ukrainian: можли́вий (možlývyj)

From móc + -liwy. First attested in 1811.

ref

Gazeta Krakowska (in Polish), number 50, 1811 June 23, page 595


magnes

magnesik (diminutive)
magnes (nominative singular)
magnesy (nominative plural)
magnesu (genitive singular)
magnesów (genitive plural)
magnesowi (dative singular)
magnesom (dative plural)
magnes (accusative singular)
magnesy (accusative plural)
magnesem (instrumental singular)
magnesami (instrumental plural)
magnesie (locative singular)
magnesach (locative plural)
magnesie (singular vocative)
magnesy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin magnēs, from Ancient Greek μαγνῆτις (magnêtis). Doublet of magnez.

(electromagnetism) magnet (piece of material that attracts some metals by magnetism)


stopień

st. (abbreviation)
stopień (nominative singular)
stopnie (nominative plural)
stopnia (genitive singular)
stopni (genitive plural)
stopniowi (dative singular)
stopniom (dative plural)
stopień (accusative singular)
stopnie (accusative plural)
stopniem (instrumental singular)
stopniami (instrumental plural)
stopniu (locative singular)
stopniach (locative plural)
stopniu (singular vocative)
stopnie (plural vocative)

Jutro ma być dwanaście stopni.

It's supposed to be twelve degrees tomorrow.

(countable, physics) degree (a unit of measurement of temperature on any of several scales, such as Celsius or Fahrenheit)


krokodyl

pl-noun

krokodyl m animal (diminutive krokodylek, related adjective krokodyli or krokodylowy)

krokodylek (diminutive)
krokodyli (adjective)
krokodylowy (adjective)
krokodyl (nominative singular)
krokodyle (nominative plural)
krokodyla (genitive singular)
krokodyli (genitive plural)
krokodylowi (dative singular)
krokodylom (dative plural)
krokodyla (accusative singular)
krokodyle (accusative plural)
krokodylem (instrumental singular)
krokodylami (instrumental plural)
krokodylu (locative singular)
krokodylach (locative plural)
krokodylu (singular vocative)
krokodyle (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin crocodīlus.

(colloquial, electronics) component used to connect electrical wires, consisting of two unraveling parts that are clamped on the part of the device that is connected to electricity


ognisko

ognisko (nominative singular)
ogniska (nominative plural)
ogniska (genitive singular)
ognisk (genitive plural)
ognisku (dative singular)
ogniskom (dative plural)
ognisko (accusative singular)
ogniska (accusative plural)
ogniskiem (instrumental singular)
ogniskami (instrumental plural)
ognisku (locative singular)
ogniskach (locative plural)
ognisko (singular vocative)
ogniska (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ognisko. By surface analysis, ogień + -isko. Sense 3 and sense 5 are semantic loans from Latin focus (“hearth”).


atraktor

atraktor (nominative singular)
atraktory (nominative plural)
atraktora (genitive singular)
atraktorów (genitive plural)
atraktorowi (dative singular)
atraktorom (dative plural)
atraktor (accusative singular)
atraktory (accusative plural)
atraktorem (instrumental singular)
atraktorami (instrumental plural)
atraktorze (locative singular)
atraktorach (locative plural)
atraktorze (singular vocative)
atraktory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English attractor. First attested in 1912.


elektrotechnika

pl-noun

elektrotechnika f (related adjective elektrotechniczny)

elektrotechniczny (adjective)
elektrotechnika (nominative singular)
elektrotechniki (genitive singular)
elektrotechnice (dative singular)
elektrotechnikę (accusative singular)
elektrotechniką (instrumental singular)
elektrotechnice (locative singular)
elektrotechniko (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare French électrotechnique, German Elektrotechnik, Russian электроте́хника (elektrotéxnika). By surface analysis, elektro- + technika.

cog

электроте́хника

surf

(electrical engineering) electrical engineering (branch of engineering that deals with the technology of electricity, especially the design and application of circuitry and equipment for power generation and distribution, machine control, and communications)


spektroskopia

spektroskopia (nominative singular)
spektroskopii (genitive singular)
spektroskopii (dative singular)
spektroskopię (accusative singular)
spektroskopią (instrumental singular)
spektroskopii (locative singular)
spektroskopio (singular vocative)

Spektroskopia pozwala na znaczne pogłębienie naszej wiedzy o ruchach ciał niebieskich.

1952, Krzysztof Serkowski, Instrumenty astronomiczne, Warszawa: Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych, page 98:

Spectroscopy allows us to significantly deepen our knowledge of the movements of celestial bodies.

(astronomy, physics, uncountable) spectroscopy (the scientific study of spectra)


stała

stała (nominative singular)
stałe (nominative plural)
stałej (genitive singular)
stałych (genitive plural)
stałej (dative singular)
stałym (dative plural)
stałą (accusative singular)
stałe (accusative plural)
stałą (instrumental singular)
stałymi (instrumental plural)
stałej (locative singular)
stałych (locative plural)
stała (singular vocative)
stałe (plural vocative)

Coordinate term: zmienna

(nominalized, mathematics, physics, sciences) constant (any property of an experiment, determined numerically, that does not change under given circumstances)


wyłącznik

wyłącznik (nominative singular)
wyłączniki (nominative plural)
wyłącznika (genitive singular)
wyłączników (genitive plural)
wyłącznikowi (dative singular)
wyłącznikom (dative plural)
wyłącznik (accusative singular)
wyłączniki (accusative plural)
wyłącznikiem (instrumental singular)
wyłącznikami (instrumental plural)
wyłączniku (locative singular)
wyłącznikach (locative plural)
wyłączniku (singular vocative)
wyłączniki (plural vocative)

(electrical engineering) switch (device to turn electric current on and off or direct its flow)


koszulka

pl-noun

koszulka f (diminutive koszuleczka or koszuleńka)

koszuleczka (diminutive)
koszuleńka (diminutive)
koszulka (nominative singular)
koszulki (nominative plural)
koszulki (genitive singular)
koszulek (genitive plural)
koszulce (dative singular)
koszulkom (dative plural)
koszulkę (accusative singular)
koszulki (accusative plural)
koszulką (instrumental singular)
koszulkami (instrumental plural)
koszulce (locative singular)
koszulkach (locative plural)
koszulko (singular vocative)
koszulki (plural vocative)

(physics) coating that protects the fuel rod in a nuclear reactor


elektronowy

pl-adj

elektronowy (not comparable, no derived adverb)

elektronowy (masculine nominative singular)
elektronowa (feminine nominative singular)
elektronowe (neuter nominative singular)
elektronowi (nominative plural virile)
elektronowe (nominative plural)
elektronowego (genitive masculine singular)
elektronowej (feminine genitive singular)
elektronowego (genitive neuter singular)
elektronowych (genitive plural)
elektronowych (genitive plural virile)
elektronowemu (dative masculine singular)
elektronowej (dative feminine singular)
elektronowemu (dative neuter singular)
elektronowym (dative plural)
elektronowym (dative plural virile)
elektronowego (accusative animate masculine singular)
elektronowy (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
elektronową (accusative feminine singular)
elektronowe (accusative neuter singular)
elektronowych (accusative plural virile)
elektronowe (accusative plural)
elektronowym (instrumental masculine singular)
elektronową (feminine instrumental singular)
elektronowym (instrumental neuter singular)
elektronowymi (instrumental plural)
elektronowymi (instrumental plural virile)
elektronowym (locative masculine singular)
elektronowej (feminine locative singular)
elektronowym (locative neuter singular)
elektronowych (locative plural)
elektronowych (locative plural virile)

mikroskop elektronowy

(particle physics, relational) electron (of or pertaining to an electron)


mion

mion (nominative singular)
miony (nominative plural)
mionu (genitive singular)
mionów (genitive plural)
mionowi (dative singular)
mionom (dative plural)
mion (accusative singular)
miony (accusative plural)
mionem (instrumental singular)
mionami (instrumental plural)
mionie (locative singular)
mionach (locative plural)
mionie (singular vocative)
miony (plural vocative)


magnetofon

magnetofon (nominative singular)
magnetofony (nominative plural)
magnetofonu (genitive singular)
magnetofonów (genitive plural)
magnetofonowi (dative singular)
magnetofonom (dative plural)
magnetofon (accusative singular)
magnetofony (accusative plural)
magnetofonem (instrumental singular)
magnetofonami (instrumental plural)
magnetofonie (locative singular)
magnetofonach (locative plural)
magnetofonie (singular vocative)
magnetofony (plural vocative)

(electronics, sound engineering) tape recorder


cząstka

cząsteczka (diminutive)
cząstka (nominative singular)
cząstki (nominative plural)
cząstki (genitive singular)
cząstek (genitive plural)
cząstce (dative singular)
cząstkom (dative plural)
cząstkę (accusative singular)
cząstki (accusative plural)
cząstką (instrumental singular)
cząstkami (instrumental plural)
cząstce (locative singular)
cząstkach (locative plural)
cząstko (singular vocative)
cząstki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish cząstka. By surface analysis, część + -ka.

(physics) particle (elementary particle or subatomic particle)


opór

opór (nominative singular)
opory (nominative plural)
oporu (genitive singular)
oporów (genitive plural)
oporowi (dative singular)
oporom (dative plural)
opór (accusative singular)
opory (accusative plural)
oporem (instrumental singular)
oporami (instrumental plural)
oporze (locative singular)
oporach (locative plural)
oporze (singular vocative)
opory (plural vocative)


elektronika

elektronika (nominative singular)
elektroniki (genitive singular)
elektronice (dative singular)
elektronikę (accusative singular)
elektroniką (instrumental singular)
elektronice (locative singular)
elektroniko (singular vocative)


absorpcja

absorpcja (nominative singular)
absorpcje (nominative plural)
absorpcji (genitive singular)
absorpcji (genitive plural)
absorpcyj (archaic genitive plural)
absorpcji (dative singular)
absorpcjom (dative plural)
absorpcję (accusative singular)
absorpcje (accusative plural)
absorpcją (instrumental singular)
absorpcjami (instrumental plural)
absorpcji (locative singular)
absorpcjach (locative plural)
absorpcjo (singular vocative)
absorpcje (plural vocative)
absorbcja (alternative obsolete proscribed)

Borrowed from German Absorption, or French absorption, from Latin absorptiō. First attested in 1825.

ref

Kurjer Warszawski, number 283, 1825, page 1246

(chemistry, physics) absorption (imbibing or reception by molecular or chemical action)

(optics, physics) absorption (reception of electromagnetic radiation)


napięcie

pl-noun

napięcie n (related adjective napięciowy)

napięciowy (adjective)
napięcie (nominative singular)
napięcia (nominative plural)
napięcia (genitive singular)
napięć (genitive plural)
napięciu (dative singular)
napięciom (dative plural)
napięcie (accusative singular)
napięcia (accusative plural)
napięciem (instrumental singular)
napięciami (instrumental plural)
napięciu (locative singular)
napięciach (locative plural)
napięcie (singular vocative)
napięcia (plural vocative)

From napiąć + -cie. First attested in 1621.

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “napięcie”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

(uncountable, physics) tension (voltage)

(uncountable, physics, engineering) tension (state of an elastic object which is stretched in a way which increases its length)

(uncountable, physics, engineering) tension (state of stress between the particles of a deformed elastic body due to the pressure force acting on them)


pęd

pęd (nominative singular)
pędy (nominative plural)
pędu (genitive singular)
pędów (genitive plural)
pędowi (dative singular)
pędom (dative plural)
pęd (accusative singular)
pędy (accusative plural)
pędem (instrumental singular)
pędami (instrumental plural)
pędzie (locative singular)
pędach (locative plural)
pędzie (singular vocative)
pędy (plural vocative)


prędkość

pl-noun

prędkość f (related adjective prędkościowy)

prędkościowy (adjective)
prędkość (nominative singular)
prędkości (nominative plural)
prędkości (genitive singular)
prędkości (genitive plural)
prędkości (dative singular)
prędkościom (dative plural)
prędkość (accusative singular)
prędkości (accusative plural)
prędkością (instrumental singular)
prędkościami (instrumental plural)
prędkości (locative singular)
prędkościach (locative plural)
prędkości (singular vocative)
prędkości (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish prędkość. By surface analysis, prędki + -ość. Compare Kashubian prãdkòsc.

(countable, physics) velocity (vector quantity that denotes the rate of change of position with respect to time, combining speed with a directional component)


obwód

obwód m inan (related adjective obwodowy)

obwodowy (adjective)
obwód (nominative singular)
obwody (nominative plural)
obwodu (genitive singular)
obwodów (genitive plural)
obwodowi (dative singular)
obwodom (dative plural)
obwód (accusative singular)
obwody (accusative plural)
obwodem (instrumental singular)
obwodami (instrumental plural)
obwodzie (locative singular)
obwodach (locative plural)
obwodzie (singular vocative)
obwody (plural vocative)


tranzystor

tranzystor m inan (diminutive tranzystorek, related adjective tranzystorowy)

tranzystorek (diminutive)
tranzystorowy (adjective)
tranzystor (nominative singular)
tranzystory (nominative plural)
tranzystora (genitive singular)
tranzystorów (genitive plural)
tranzystorowi (dative singular)
tranzystorom (dative plural)
tranzystor (accusative singular)
tranzystory (accusative plural)
tranzystorem (instrumental singular)
tranzystorami (instrumental plural)
tranzystorze (locative singular)
tranzystorach (locative plural)
tranzystorze (singular vocative)
tranzystory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English transistor. sense 1 is probably derived from the similarities between words tranzystor and transseksualista.

(dated, electronics, radio) transistor radio


bryła

bryła f (diminutive bryłka, related adjective bryłowy)

bryłka (diminutive)
bryłowy (adjective)
bryła (nominative singular)
bryły (nominative plural)
bryły (genitive singular)
brył (genitive plural)
bryle (dative singular)
bryłom (dative plural)
bryłę (accusative singular)
bryły (accusative plural)
bryłą (instrumental singular)
bryłami (instrumental plural)
bryle (locative singular)
bryłach (locative plural)
bryło (singular vocative)
bryły (plural vocative)
breła (alternative Middle Polish)
brela (alternative Middle Polish)
baryła (alternative)

(physics) solid, mas (body whose geometric shape is treated as constant)


ciało stałe

ciało stałe (nominative singular)
ciała stałe (nominative plural)
ciała stałego (genitive singular)
ciał stałych (genitive plural)
ciału stałemu (dative singular)
ciałom stałym (dative plural)
ciało stałe (accusative singular)
ciała stałe (accusative plural)
ciałem stałym (instrumental singular)
ciałami stałymi (instrumental plural)
ciele stałym (locative singular)
ciałach stałych (locative plural)
ciało stałe (singular vocative)
ciała stałe (plural vocative)


plazma

plazma (nominative singular)
plazmy (nominative plural)
plazmy (genitive singular)
plazm (genitive plural)
plazmie (dative singular)
plazmom (dative plural)
plazmę (accusative singular)
plazmy (accusative plural)
plazmą (instrumental singular)
plazmami (instrumental plural)
plazmie (locative singular)
plazmach (locative plural)
plazmo (singular vocative)
plazmy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English plasma, from Late Latin plasma, from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma).

(physics) plasma (a state of matter consisting of fully ionized gas)


Archimedes

Archimedes (nominative singular)
Archimedesa (genitive singular)
Archimedesowi (dative singular)
Archimedesa (accusative singular)
Archimedesem (instrumental singular)
Archimedesie (locative singular)
Archimedesie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Archimēdēs, from Ancient Greek Ἀρχιμήδης (Arkhimḗdēs).

(engineering, historical, mathematics, physics) Archimedes (Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, and engineer)


elektrownia

elektrownia (nominative singular)
elektrownie (nominative plural)
elektrowni (genitive singular)
elektrowni (genitive plural)
elektrowni (dative singular)
elektrowniom (dative plural)
elektrownię (accusative singular)
elektrownie (accusative plural)
elektrownią (instrumental singular)
elektrowniami (instrumental plural)
elektrowni (locative singular)
elektrowniach (locative plural)
elektrownio (singular vocative)
elektrownie (plural vocative)

(electricity) power plant, power station


aberracja

aberracja (nominative singular)
aberracje (nominative plural)
aberracji (genitive singular)
aberracji (genitive plural)
aberracyj (archaic genitive plural)
aberracji (dative singular)
aberracjom (dative plural)
aberrację (accusative singular)
aberracje (accusative plural)
aberracją (instrumental singular)
aberracjami (instrumental plural)
aberracji (locative singular)
aberracjach (locative plural)
aberracjo (singular vocative)
aberracje (plural vocative)
aberacja (alternative obsolete)

Learned borrowing from Latin aberrātiō. First attested in 1816.

ref

Pamiętnik Lwowski, volume 3, number 9, 1816, page 55

(electronics, photography, optics) aberration (defect in the lens or image)


wektor

wektor (nominative singular)
wektory (nominative plural)
wektora (genitive singular)
wektorów (genitive plural)
wektorowi (dative singular)
wektorom (dative plural)
wektor (accusative singular)
wektory (accusative plural)
wektorem (instrumental singular)
wektorami (instrumental plural)
wektorze (locative singular)
wektorach (locative plural)
wektorze (singular vocative)
wektory (plural vocative)


zwrot

zwrot (nominative singular)
zwroty (nominative plural)
zwrotu (genitive singular)
zwrotów (genitive plural)
zwrotowi (dative singular)
zwrotom (dative plural)
zwrot (accusative singular)
zwroty (accusative plural)
zwrotem (instrumental singular)
zwrotami (instrumental plural)
zwrocie (locative singular)
zwrotach (locative plural)
zwrocie (singular vocative)
zwroty (plural vocative)


płynąć

pl-verb

płynąć impf (determinate, perfective popłynąć, indeterminate pływać)

popłynąć (perfective)
pływać (indeterminate)
płynąć (infinitive)
płynę (present singular)
płyniemy (plural present)
płyniesz (present singular)
płyniecie (plural present)
płynie (present singular third-person)
płyną (plural present third-person)
płynie się (impersonal present)
płynąłem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m płynął (masculine past singular)
płynęłam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m płynęła (feminine past singular)
płynęłom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m płynęło (neuter past singular)
płynęliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy płynęli (past plural virile)
płynęłyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy płynęły (nonvirile past plural)
płynąłeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś płynął (masculine past singular)
płynęłaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś płynęła (feminine past singular)
płynęłoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś płynęło (neuter past singular)
płynęliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście płynęli (past plural virile)
płynęłyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście płynęły (nonvirile past plural)
płynął (masculine past singular third-person)
płynęła (feminine past singular third-person)
płynęło (neuter past singular third-person)
płynęli (past plural third-person virile)
płynęły (nonvirile past plural third-person)
płynięto (impersonal past)
będę płynął (future masculine singular)
będę płynąć (future masculine singular)
będę płynęła (feminine future singular)
będę płynąć (feminine future singular)
będę płynęło (future neuter singular)
będę płynąć (future neuter singular)
będziemy płynęli (future plural virile)
będziemy płynąć (future plural virile)
będziemy płynęły (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy płynąć (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz płynął (future masculine singular)
będziesz płynąć (future masculine singular)
będziesz płynęła (feminine future singular)
będziesz płynąć (feminine future singular)
będziesz płynęło (future neuter singular)
będziesz płynąć (future neuter singular)
będziecie płynęli (future plural virile)
będziecie płynąć (future plural virile)
będziecie płynęły (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie płynąć (future nonvirile plural)
będzie płynął (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie płynąć (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie płynęła (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie płynąć (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie płynęło (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie płynąć (future neuter singular third-person)
będą płynęli (future plural third-person virile)
będą płynąć (future plural third-person virile)
będą płynęły (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą płynąć (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie płynąć się (future impersonal)
płynąłbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym płynął (conditional masculine singular)
płynęłabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym płynęła (conditional feminine singular)
płynęłobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym płynęło (conditional neuter singular)
płynęlibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy płynęli (conditional plural virile)
płynęłybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy płynęły (conditional nonvirile plural)
płynąłbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś płynął (conditional masculine singular)
płynęłabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś płynęła (conditional feminine singular)
płynęłobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś płynęło (conditional neuter singular)
płynęlibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście płynęli (conditional plural virile)
płynęłybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście płynęły (conditional nonvirile plural)
płynąłby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by płynął (conditional masculine singular third-person)
płynęłaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by płynęła (conditional feminine singular third-person)
płynęłoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by płynęło (conditional neuter singular third-person)
płynęliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by płynęli (conditional plural third-person virile)
płynęłyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by płynęły (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
płynięto by (conditional impersonal)
niech płynę (imperative singular)
płyńmy (imperative plural)
płyń (imperative singular)
płyńcie (imperative plural)
niech płynie (imperative singular third-person)
niech płyną (imperative plural third-person)
płynący (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
płynąca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
płynące (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
płynący (active adjectival participle plural virile)
płynące (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
płynąc (adjectival contemporary participle)
płynięcie (noun-from-verb)

(intransitive, sailing, of a fluid, gas, a flow, or electricity) to flow


domena

domena (nominative singular)
domeny (nominative plural)
domeny (genitive singular)
domen (genitive plural)
domenie (dative singular)
domenom (dative plural)
domenę (accusative singular)
domeny (accusative plural)
domeną (instrumental singular)
domenami (instrumental plural)
domenie (locative singular)
domenach (locative plural)
domeno (singular vocative)
domeny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Domäne, from French domaine, from Old French domaine, demaine, from Latin dominium or dominicus. Doublet of dominium.

(physics) domain (small region of magnetic material)


autofocus

autofocus (nominative singular)
autofocusy (nominative plural)
autofocusu (genitive singular)
autofocusów (genitive plural)
autofocusowi (dative singular)
autofocusom (dative plural)
autofocus (accusative singular)
autofocusy (accusative plural)
autofocusem (instrumental singular)
autofocusami (instrumental plural)
autofocusie (locative singular)
autofocusach (locative plural)
autofocusie (singular vocative)
autofocusy (plural vocative)
autofokus (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English autofocus.


gaus

gaus (nominative singular)
gausy (nominative plural)
gausu (genitive singular)
gausów (genitive plural)
gausowi (dative singular)
gausom (dative plural)
gaus (accusative singular)
gausy (accusative plural)
gausem (instrumental singular)
gausami (instrumental plural)
gausie (locative singular)
gausach (locative plural)
gausie (singular vocative)
gausy (plural vocative)

Named after German physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss.

named-after

(physics) gauss (CGS unit of magnetic induction)


perpetuum mobile

Unadapted borrowing from Latin perpetuum mōbile.

ubor

perpetual motion machine
perpetual motion machine

(physics) perpetual motion machine (hypothetical contraption capable of remaining in perpetual motion without needing any additional energy ever)


blenda

blenda (nominative singular)
blendy (nominative plural)
blendy (genitive singular)
blend (genitive plural)
blendzie (dative singular)
blendom (dative plural)
blendę (accusative singular)
blendy (accusative plural)
blendą (instrumental singular)
blendami (instrumental plural)
blendzie (locative singular)
blendach (locative plural)
blendo (singular vocative)
blendy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Blende. First attested in 1782.

(optics, photography) diaphragm (thin opaque structure with a central aperture, used to limit the passage of light into a camera or similar device)


reaktor

reaktor (nominative singular)
reaktory (nominative plural)
reaktora (genitive singular)
reaktorów (genitive plural)
reaktorowi (dative singular)
reaktorom (dative plural)
reaktor (accusative singular)
reaktory (accusative plural)
reaktorem (instrumental singular)
reaktorami (instrumental plural)
reaktorze (locative singular)
reaktorach (locative plural)
reaktorze (singular vocative)
reaktory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English reactor, French réacteur, German Reaktor.

(physics) reactor (device which uses atomic energy to produce heat)


zmienna

zmienna (nominative singular)
zmienne (nominative plural)
zmiennej (genitive singular)
zmiennych (genitive plural)
zmiennej (dative singular)
zmiennym (dative plural)
zmienną (accusative singular)
zmienne (accusative plural)
zmienną (instrumental singular)
zmiennymi (instrumental plural)
zmiennej (locative singular)
zmiennych (locative plural)
zmienna (singular vocative)
zmienne (plural vocative)

Coordinate term: stała

(nominalized, mathematics, physics, sciences) variable (any property of an experiment, determined numerically, that changes under given circumstances)


magnetowid

magnetowid (nominative singular)
magnetowidy (nominative plural)
magnetowidu (genitive singular)
magnetowidów (genitive plural)
magnetowidowi (dative singular)
magnetowidom (dative plural)
magnetowid (accusative singular)
magnetowidy (accusative plural)
magnetowidem (instrumental singular)
magnetowidami (instrumental plural)
magnetowidzie (locative singular)
magnetowidach (locative plural)
magnetowidzie (singular vocative)
magnetowidy (plural vocative)


grawitacja

pl-noun

grawitacja f (related adjective grawitacyjny)

grawitacyjny (adjective)
grawitacja (nominative singular)
grawitacji (genitive singular)
grawitacji (dative singular)
grawitację (accusative singular)
grawitacją (instrumental singular)
grawitacji (locative singular)
grawitacjo (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare French gravitation, German Gravitation, Russian гравита́ция (gravitácija), ultimately from English gravitation, from New Latin gravitātiō.

(physics) gravity, gravitation (fundamental force of attraction that exists between all matter in the universe, caused by the curvature of spacetime caused by matter)


grawitacyjny

pl-adj

grawitacyjny (not comparable, no derived adverb)

grawitacyjny (masculine nominative singular)
grawitacyjna (feminine nominative singular)
grawitacyjne (neuter nominative singular)
grawitacyjni (nominative plural virile)
grawitacyjne (nominative plural)
grawitacyjnego (genitive masculine singular)
grawitacyjnej (feminine genitive singular)
grawitacyjnego (genitive neuter singular)
grawitacyjnych (genitive plural)
grawitacyjnych (genitive plural virile)
grawitacyjnemu (dative masculine singular)
grawitacyjnej (dative feminine singular)
grawitacyjnemu (dative neuter singular)
grawitacyjnym (dative plural)
grawitacyjnym (dative plural virile)
grawitacyjnego (accusative animate masculine singular)
grawitacyjny (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
grawitacyjną (accusative feminine singular)
grawitacyjne (accusative neuter singular)
grawitacyjnych (accusative plural virile)
grawitacyjne (accusative plural)
grawitacyjnym (instrumental masculine singular)
grawitacyjną (feminine instrumental singular)
grawitacyjnym (instrumental neuter singular)
grawitacyjnymi (instrumental plural)
grawitacyjnymi (instrumental plural virile)
grawitacyjnym (locative masculine singular)
grawitacyjnej (feminine locative singular)
grawitacyjnym (locative neuter singular)
grawitacyjnych (locative plural)
grawitacyjnych (locative plural virile)

(physics, relational) gravitational (pertaining to, or caused by, gravity or gravitation)


kwark

kwark (nominative singular)
kwarki (nominative plural)
kwarka (genitive singular)
kwarków (genitive plural)
kwarkowi (dative singular)
kwarkom (dative plural)
kwark (accusative singular)
kwarki (accusative plural)
kwarkiem (instrumental singular)
kwarkami (instrumental plural)
kwarku (locative singular)
kwarkach (locative plural)
kwarku (singular vocative)
kwarki (plural vocative)

kwark górny

kwark dolny

kwark powabny

kwark dziwny

kwark t

kwark b

(particle physics) quark (in the Standard Model, an elementary subatomic particle which forms matter)


antymateria

antymateria (nominative singular)
antymaterii (genitive singular)
antymaterii (dative singular)
antymaterię (accusative singular)
antymaterią (instrumental singular)
antymaterii (locative singular)
antymaterio (singular vocative)


antycząstka

antycząstka (nominative singular)
antycząstki (nominative plural)
antycząstki (genitive singular)
antycząstek (genitive plural)
antycząstce (dative singular)
antycząstkom (dative plural)
antycząstkę (accusative singular)
antycząstki (accusative plural)
antycząstką (instrumental singular)
antycząstkami (instrumental plural)
antycząstce (locative singular)
antycząstkach (locative plural)
antycząstko (singular vocative)
antycząstki (plural vocative)


mezon

mezon (nominative singular)
mezony (nominative plural)
mezonu (genitive singular)
mezonów (genitive plural)
mezonowi (dative singular)
mezonom (dative plural)
mezon (accusative singular)
mezony (accusative plural)
mezonem (instrumental singular)
mezonami (instrumental plural)
mezonie (locative singular)
mezonach (locative plural)
mezonie (singular vocative)
mezony (plural vocative)


barion

barion (nominative singular)
bariony (nominative plural)
barionu (genitive singular)
barionów (genitive plural)
barionowi (dative singular)
barionom (dative plural)
barion (accusative singular)
bariony (accusative plural)
barionem (instrumental singular)
barionami (instrumental plural)
barionie (locative singular)
barionach (locative plural)
barionie (singular vocative)
bariony (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English baryon, ultimately from Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús).


fermionowy

fermionowy (not comparable, no derived adverb)

fermionowy (masculine nominative singular)
fermionowa (feminine nominative singular)
fermionowe (neuter nominative singular)
fermionowi (nominative plural virile)
fermionowe (nominative plural)
fermionowego (genitive masculine singular)
fermionowej (feminine genitive singular)
fermionowego (genitive neuter singular)
fermionowych (genitive plural)
fermionowych (genitive plural virile)
fermionowemu (dative masculine singular)
fermionowej (dative feminine singular)
fermionowemu (dative neuter singular)
fermionowym (dative plural)
fermionowym (dative plural virile)
fermionowego (accusative animate masculine singular)
fermionowy (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
fermionową (accusative feminine singular)
fermionowe (accusative neuter singular)
fermionowych (accusative plural virile)
fermionowe (accusative plural)
fermionowym (instrumental masculine singular)
fermionową (feminine instrumental singular)
fermionowym (instrumental neuter singular)
fermionowymi (instrumental plural)
fermionowymi (instrumental plural virile)
fermionowym (locative masculine singular)
fermionowej (feminine locative singular)
fermionowym (locative neuter singular)
fermionowych (locative plural)
fermionowych (locative plural virile)

(particle physics, relational) fermionic


hiperon

hiperon (nominative singular)
hiperony (nominative plural)
hiperonu (genitive singular)
hiperonów (genitive plural)
hiperonowi (dative singular)
hiperonom (dative plural)
hiperon (accusative singular)
hiperony (accusative plural)
hiperonem (instrumental singular)
hiperonami (instrumental plural)
hiperonie (locative singular)
hiperonach (locative plural)
hiperonie (singular vocative)
hiperony (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ῠ̔πέρ (hŭpér, “over, above”) + -on (forms masculine nouns). Compare Polish elektron (“electron”).

af

(physics) hyperon (baryon with nonzero strangeness)


kwant

pl-noun

kwant m inan (related adjective kwantowy)

kwantowy (adjective)
kwant (nominative singular)
kwanty (nominative plural)
kwantu (genitive singular)
kwantów (genitive plural)
kwantowi (dative singular)
kwantom (dative plural)
kwant (accusative singular)
kwanty (accusative plural)
kwantem (instrumental singular)
kwantami (instrumental plural)
kwancie (locative singular)
kwantach (locative plural)
kwancie (singular vocative)
kwanty (plural vocative)

(physics) quantum (smallest possible, and therefore indivisible, unit of a given quantity or quantifiable phenomenon)


kwantowy

pl-adj

kwantowy (not comparable, no derived adverb)

kwantowy (masculine nominative singular)
kwantowa (feminine nominative singular)
kwantowe (neuter nominative singular)
kwantowi (nominative plural virile)
kwantowe (nominative plural)
kwantowego (genitive masculine singular)
kwantowej (feminine genitive singular)
kwantowego (genitive neuter singular)
kwantowych (genitive plural)
kwantowych (genitive plural virile)
kwantowemu (dative masculine singular)
kwantowej (dative feminine singular)
kwantowemu (dative neuter singular)
kwantowym (dative plural)
kwantowym (dative plural virile)
kwantowego (accusative animate masculine singular)
kwantowy (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
kwantową (accusative feminine singular)
kwantowe (accusative neuter singular)
kwantowych (accusative plural virile)
kwantowe (accusative plural)
kwantowym (instrumental masculine singular)
kwantową (feminine instrumental singular)
kwantowym (instrumental neuter singular)
kwantowymi (instrumental plural)
kwantowymi (instrumental plural virile)
kwantowym (locative masculine singular)
kwantowej (feminine locative singular)
kwantowym (locative neuter singular)
kwantowych (locative plural)
kwantowych (locative plural virile)

mechanika kwantowa

(physics, relational) quantum (smallest possible, and therefore indivisible, unit of a given quantity or quantifiable phenomenon)


słuchawka

pl-noun

słuchawka f (related adjective słuchawkowy)

słuchawkowy (adjective)
słuchawka (nominative singular)
słuchawki (nominative plural)
słuchawki (genitive singular)
słuchawek (genitive plural)
słuchawce (dative singular)
słuchawkom (dative plural)
słuchawkę (accusative singular)
słuchawki (accusative plural)
słuchawką (instrumental singular)
słuchawkami (instrumental plural)
słuchawce (locative singular)
słuchawkach (locative plural)
słuchawko (singular vocative)
słuchawki (plural vocative)

(in the plural, electronics) headphones, earphones (pair of cushioned speakers worn over or in the ears so only the wearer can hear the sound)


kwarc

kwarc (nominative singular)
kwarce (nominative plural)
kwarcu (genitive singular)
kwarców (genitive plural)
kwarcowi (dative singular)
kwarcom (dative plural)
kwarc (accusative singular)
kwarce (accusative plural)
kwarcem (instrumental singular)
kwarcami (instrumental plural)
kwarcu (locative singular)
kwarcach (locative plural)
kwarcu (singular vocative)
kwarce (plural vocative)
kwarzec (alternative)

Borrowed from German Quarz, from Middle High German quarz, from twarc, from a West Slavic language, from Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Doublet of kwarzec and twardy.

(countable, electronics, informal) quartz resonator


antyproton

antyproton (nominative singular)
antyprotony (nominative plural)
antyprotonu (genitive singular)
antyprotonów (genitive plural)
antyprotonowi (dative singular)
antyprotonom (dative plural)
antyproton (accusative singular)
antyprotony (accusative plural)
antyprotonem (instrumental singular)
antyprotonami (instrumental plural)
antyprotonie (locative singular)
antyprotonach (locative plural)
antyprotonie (singular vocative)
antyprotony (plural vocative)


antywodór

antywodór (nominative singular)
antywodory (nominative plural)
antywodoru (genitive singular)
antywodorów (genitive plural)
antywodorowi (dative singular)
antywodorom (dative plural)
antywodór (accusative singular)
antywodory (accusative plural)
antywodorem (instrumental singular)
antywodorami (instrumental plural)
antywodorze (locative singular)
antywodorach (locative plural)
antywodorze (singular vocative)
antywodory (plural vocative)


dyssypacja

dyssypacja (nominative singular)
dyssypacje (nominative plural)
dyssypacji (genitive singular)
dyssypacji (genitive plural)
dyssypacyj (archaic genitive plural)
dyssypacji (dative singular)
dyssypacjom (dative plural)
dyssypację (accusative singular)
dyssypacje (accusative plural)
dyssypacją (instrumental singular)
dyssypacjami (instrumental plural)
dyssypacji (locative singular)
dyssypacjach (locative plural)
dyssypacjo (singular vocative)
dyssypacje (plural vocative)


fuzja

fuzja (nominative singular)
fuzje (nominative plural)
fuzji (genitive singular)
fuzji (genitive plural)
fuzyj (archaic genitive plural)
fuzji (dative singular)
fuzjom (dative plural)
fuzję (accusative singular)
fuzje (accusative plural)
fuzją (instrumental singular)
fuzjami (instrumental plural)
fuzji (locative singular)
fuzjach (locative plural)
fuzjo (singular vocative)
fuzje (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French fusion, German Fusion, from Latin fūsiō.


ciąg

ciągowy (adjective)
ciąg (nominative singular)
ciągi (nominative plural)
ciągu (genitive singular)
ciągów (genitive plural)
ciągowi (dative singular)
ciągom (dative plural)
ciąg (accusative singular)
ciągi (accusative plural)
ciągiem (instrumental singular)
ciągami (instrumental plural)
ciągu (locative singular)
ciągach (locative plural)
ciągu (singular vocative)
ciągi (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish ciąg. By surface analysis, deverbal from ciągać.

surf

(aerodynamics) thrust (the force generated by propulsion, as in a jet engine)


czasoprzestrzeń

czasoprzestrzeń (nominative singular)
czasoprzestrzenie (nominative plural)
czasoprzestrzeni (genitive singular)
czasoprzestrzeni (genitive plural)
czasoprzestrzeni (dative singular)
czasoprzestrzeniom (dative plural)
czasoprzestrzeń (accusative singular)
czasoprzestrzenie (accusative plural)
czasoprzestrzenią (instrumental singular)
czasoprzestrzeniami (instrumental plural)
czasoprzestrzeni (locative singular)
czasoprzestrzeniach (locative plural)
czasoprzestrzeni (singular vocative)
czasoprzestrzenie (plural vocative)

(physics) spacetime (four dimensional continuum)


taśma

pl-noun

taśma f (diminutive tasiemka, related adjective taśmowy)

tasiemka (diminutive)
taśmowy (adjective)
taśma (nominative singular)
taśmy (nominative plural)
taśmy (genitive singular)
taśm (genitive plural)
taśmie (dative singular)
taśmom (dative plural)
taśmę (accusative singular)
taśmy (accusative plural)
taśmą (instrumental singular)
taśmami (instrumental plural)
taśmie (locative singular)
taśmach (locative plural)
taśmo (singular vocative)
taśmy (plural vocative)

(electronics) tape (magnetic or optical recording media in a roll; videotape or audio tape)

(electronics) tape, cassette (small flat case containing magnetic tape on two reels, used to record and play back audio and video material)


przekaźnik

przekaźnik (nominative singular)
przekaźniki (nominative plural)
przekaźnika (genitive singular)
przekaźników (genitive plural)
przekaźnikowi (dative singular)
przekaźnikom (dative plural)
przekaźnik (accusative singular)
przekaźniki (accusative plural)
przekaźnikiem (instrumental singular)
przekaźnikami (instrumental plural)
przekaźniku (locative singular)
przekaźnikach (locative plural)
przekaźniku (singular vocative)
przekaźniki (plural vocative)


atomista

atomista (nominative singular)
atomiści (nominative plural)
atomisty (derogatory nominative plural)
atomisty (genitive singular)
atomistów (genitive plural)
atomiście (dative singular)
atomistom (dative plural)
atomistę (accusative singular)
atomistów (accusative plural)
atomistą (instrumental singular)
atomistami (instrumental plural)
atomiście (locative singular)
atomistach (locative plural)
atomisto (singular vocative)
atomiści (plural vocative)


biper

biper (nominative singular)
bipery (nominative plural)
bipera (genitive singular)
biperów (genitive plural)
biperowi (dative singular)
biperom (dative plural)
biper (accusative singular)
bipery (accusative plural)
biperem (instrumental singular)
biperami (instrumental plural)
biperze (locative singular)
biperach (locative plural)
biperze (singular vocative)
bipery (plural vocative)
beeper (alternative)

Borrowed from English beeper. First attested in 1988.

(electronics, telecommunications) beeper, pager (telecommunications device)


dioda

dioda f (diminutive diodka, related adjective diodowy)

diodka (diminutive)
diodowy (adjective)
dioda (nominative singular)
diody (nominative plural)
diody (genitive singular)
diod (genitive plural)
diodzie (dative singular)
diodom (dative plural)
diodę (accusative singular)
diody (accusative plural)
diodą (instrumental singular)
diodami (instrumental plural)
diodzie (locative singular)
diodach (locative plural)
diodo (singular vocative)
diody (plural vocative)

(electronics, technology) diode (electronic device that allows current to flow in one direction only; used chiefly as a rectifier)


transformator

transformator (nominative singular)
transformatory (nominative plural)
transformatora (genitive singular)
transformatorów (genitive plural)
transformatorowi (dative singular)
transformatorom (dative plural)
transformator (accusative singular)
transformatory (accusative plural)
transformatorem (instrumental singular)
transformatorami (instrumental plural)
transformatorze (locative singular)
transformatorach (locative plural)
transformatorze (singular vocative)
transformatory (plural vocative)


oddziaływanie podstawowe

oddziaływanie podstawowe (nominative singular)
oddziaływania podstawowe (nominative plural)
oddziaływania podstawowego (genitive singular)
oddziaływań podstawowych (genitive plural)
oddziaływaniu podstawowemu (dative singular)
oddziaływaniom podstawowym (dative plural)
oddziaływanie podstawowe (accusative singular)
oddziaływania podstawowe (accusative plural)
oddziaływaniem podstawowym (instrumental singular)
oddziaływaniami podstawowymi (instrumental plural)
oddziaływaniu podstawowym (locative singular)
oddziaływaniach podstawowych (locative plural)
oddziaływanie podstawowe (singular vocative)
oddziaływania podstawowe (plural vocative)

fundamental interaction
fundamental interaction


oddziaływanie elektromagnetyczne

oddziaływanie elektromagnetyczne (nominative singular)
oddziaływania elektromagnetyczne (nominative plural)
oddziaływania elektromagnetycznego (genitive singular)
oddziaływań elektromagnetycznych (genitive plural)
oddziaływaniu elektromagnetycznemu (dative singular)
oddziaływaniom elektromagnetycznym (dative plural)
oddziaływanie elektromagnetyczne (accusative singular)
oddziaływania elektromagnetyczne (accusative plural)
oddziaływaniem elektromagnetycznym (instrumental singular)
oddziaływaniami elektromagnetycznymi (instrumental plural)
oddziaływaniu elektromagnetycznym (locative singular)
oddziaływaniach elektromagnetycznych (locative plural)
oddziaływanie elektromagnetyczne (singular vocative)
oddziaływania elektromagnetyczne (plural vocative)

/ɔd.d͡ʑa.wɘˈva.ɲɛ ɛ.lɛk.trɔ.maɡ.nɛˈtɘt͡ʂ.nɛ/

electromagnetic interaction
electromagnetic interaction


oddziaływanie silne

oddziaływanie silne (nominative singular)
oddziaływania silne (nominative plural)
oddziaływania silnego (genitive singular)
oddziaływań silnych (genitive plural)
oddziaływaniu silnemu (dative singular)
oddziaływaniom silnym (dative plural)
oddziaływanie silne (accusative singular)
oddziaływania silne (accusative plural)
oddziaływaniem silnym (instrumental singular)
oddziaływaniami silnymi (instrumental plural)
oddziaływaniu silnym (locative singular)
oddziaływaniach silnych (locative plural)
oddziaływanie silne (singular vocative)
oddziaływania silne (plural vocative)


oddziaływanie słabe

oddziaływanie słabe (nominative singular)
oddziaływania słabe (nominative plural)
oddziaływania słabego (genitive singular)
oddziaływań słabych (genitive plural)
oddziaływaniu słabemu (dative singular)
oddziaływaniom słabym (dative plural)
oddziaływanie słabe (accusative singular)
oddziaływania słabe (accusative plural)
oddziaływaniem słabym (instrumental singular)
oddziaływaniami słabymi (instrumental plural)
oddziaływaniu słabym (locative singular)
oddziaływaniach słabych (locative plural)
oddziaływanie słabe (singular vocative)
oddziaływania słabe (plural vocative)


oddziaływanie grawitacyjne

oddziaływanie grawitacyjne (nominative singular)
oddziaływania grawitacyjne (nominative plural)
oddziaływania grawitacyjnego (genitive singular)
oddziaływań grawitacyjnych (genitive plural)
oddziaływaniu grawitacyjnemu (dative singular)
oddziaływaniom grawitacyjnym (dative plural)
oddziaływanie grawitacyjne (accusative singular)
oddziaływania grawitacyjne (accusative plural)
oddziaływaniem grawitacyjnym (instrumental singular)
oddziaływaniami grawitacyjnymi (instrumental plural)
oddziaływaniu grawitacyjnym (locative singular)
oddziaływaniach grawitacyjnych (locative plural)
oddziaływanie grawitacyjne (singular vocative)
oddziaływania grawitacyjne (plural vocative)

gravitational interaction
gravitational interaction


wymiar

wymiar (nominative singular)
wymiary (nominative plural)
wymiaru (genitive singular)
wymiarów (genitive plural)
wymiarowi (dative singular)
wymiarom (dative plural)
wymiar (accusative singular)
wymiary (accusative plural)
wymiarem (instrumental singular)
wymiarami (instrumental plural)
wymiarze (locative singular)
wymiarach (locative plural)
wymiarze (singular vocative)
wymiary (plural vocative)

→ Ukrainian: ви́мір (výmir)