UFO

Orthographic borrowing from English UFO.

unidentified flying object
unidentified flying object

(science fiction, ufology) UFO, unidentified flying object


musical

musical (nominative singular)
musicale (nominative plural)
musicalu (genitive singular)
musicali (genitive plural)
musicalowi (dative singular)
musicalom (dative plural)
musical (accusative singular)
musicale (accusative plural)
musicalem (instrumental singular)
musicalami (instrumental plural)
musicalu (locative singular)
musicalach (locative plural)
musicalu (singular vocative)
musicale (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English musical, from Middle English musical, from Old French, from Medieval Latin mūsicālis, from Latin mūsica + -ālis.

ubor

(film, music, theater) musical (stage performance, show or film)


epigram

epigram (nominative singular)
epigramy (nominative plural)
epigramu (genitive singular)
epigramów (genitive plural)
epigramowi (dative singular)
epigramom (dative plural)
epigram (accusative singular)
epigramy (accusative plural)
epigramem (instrumental singular)
epigramami (instrumental plural)
epigramie (locative singular)
epigramach (locative plural)
epigramie (singular vocative)
epigramy (plural vocative)

(poetry) epigram (short, witty or pithy poem)


lead

lead (nominative singular)
leady (nominative plural)
leadu (genitive singular)
leadów (genitive plural)
leadowi (dative singular)
leadom (dative plural)
lead (accusative singular)
leady (accusative plural)
leadem (instrumental singular)
leadami (instrumental plural)
leadzie (locative singular)
leadach (locative plural)
leadzie (singular vocative)
leady (plural vocative)

(newspapers, journalism) lead paragraph, teaser, lead-in (start of a newspaper column, telling who, what, when, where, why and how)


remake

remake (nominative singular)
remaki (nominative plural)
remake'u (genitive singular)
remake'ów (genitive plural)
remake'owi (dative singular)
remake'om (dative plural)
remake (accusative singular)
remaki (accusative plural)
remakiem (instrumental singular)
remake'ami (instrumental plural)
remake'u (locative singular)
remake'ach (locative plural)
remake'u (singular vocative)
remaki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English remake.


live

pl-adj

live (not comparable, no derived adverb)

(broadcasting, colloquial, postpositive) live (seen or heard from a broadcast, as it happens)


live

live (nominative singular)
live'y (nominative plural)
live'a (genitive singular)
live'u (genitive singular)
live'ów (genitive plural)
live'owi (dative singular)
live'om (dative plural)
live'a (accusative singular)
live'u (accusative singular)
live'y (accusative plural)
live'em (instrumental singular)
live'ami (instrumental plural)
livie (locative singular)
live'ach (locative plural)
livie (singular vocative)
live'y (plural vocative)
lajw (alternative)

(broadcasting, colloquial) live transmission


humanoid

pl-noun

humanoid m animal (related adjective humanoidalny)

humanoidalny (adjective)
humanoid (nominative singular)
humanoidy (nominative plural)
humanoida (genitive singular)
humanoidów (genitive plural)
humanoidowi (dative singular)
humanoidom (dative plural)
humanoida (accusative singular)
humanoidy (accusative plural)
humanoidem (instrumental singular)
humanoidami (instrumental plural)
humanoidzie (locative singular)
humanoidach (locative plural)
humanoidzie (singular vocative)
humanoidy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English humanoid, French humanoïde, German Humanoid, ultimately from Latin hūmānus.

(robotics, science fiction) humanoid (being having the appearance or characteristics of a human)


manga

manga (nominative singular)
mangi (nominative plural)
mangi (genitive singular)
mang (genitive plural)
mandze (dative singular)
mangom (dative plural)
mangę (accusative singular)
mangi (accusative plural)
mangą (instrumental singular)
mangami (instrumental plural)
mandze (locative singular)
mangach (locative plural)
mango (singular vocative)
mangi (plural vocative)

Coordinate term: anime

(comics) manga (comic originating in Japan)


errata

errata (nominative singular)
erraty (nominative plural)
erraty (genitive singular)
errat (genitive plural)
erracie (dative singular)
erratom (dative plural)
erratę (accusative singular)
erraty (accusative plural)
erratą (instrumental singular)
erratami (instrumental plural)
erracie (locative singular)
erratach (locative plural)
errato (singular vocative)
erraty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin errāta (“mistaken things, mistakes”), neuter plural of errātus (“mistaken”).

lbor

(typography) errata (typeface whose letters slant to the right)


ampersand

ampersand (nominative singular)
ampersandy (nominative plural)
ampersandu (genitive singular)
ampersandów (genitive plural)
ampersandowi (dative singular)
ampersandom (dative plural)
ampersand (accusative singular)
ampersandy (accusative plural)
ampersandem (instrumental singular)
ampersandami (instrumental plural)
ampersandzie (locative singular)
ampersandach (locative plural)
ampersandzie (singular vocative)
ampersandy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English ampersand. First attested in the 20th century.


pilot

pilot (nominative singular)
piloty (nominative plural)
pilota (genitive singular)
pilotów (genitive plural)
pilotowi (dative singular)
pilotom (dative plural)
pilot (accusative singular)
piloty (accusative plural)
pilotem (instrumental singular)
pilotami (instrumental plural)
pilocie (locative singular)
pilotach (locative plural)
pilocie (singular vocative)
piloty (plural vocative)

(film, marketing) trailer (preview of a film)


matrix

matrix (nominative singular)
matriksy (nominative plural)
matriksa (genitive singular)
matriksów (genitive plural)
matriksowi (dative singular)
matriksom (dative plural)
matrix (accusative singular)
matriksy (accusative plural)
matriksem (instrumental singular)
matriksami (instrumental plural)
matriksie (locative singular)
matriksach (locative plural)
matriksie (singular vocative)
matriksy (plural vocative)
matriks (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Matrix. Doublet of matryca.

(science fiction, slang) Matrix (simulated reality to which many humans are connected; in some works, it is created by sentient machines to subdue humans)


operator

pl-noun

operator m pers (female equivalent operatorka)

operatorka (feminine)
operator (nominative singular)
operatorzy (nominative plural)
operatory (derogatory nominative plural)
operatora (genitive singular)
operatorów (genitive plural)
operatorowi (dative singular)
operatorom (dative plural)
operatora (accusative singular)
operatorów (accusative plural)
operatorem (instrumental singular)
operatorami (instrumental plural)
operatorze (locative singular)
operatorach (locative plural)
operatorze (singular vocative)
operatorzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French opérateur, from Latin operātor.


plan

plan (nominative singular)
plany (nominative plural)
planu (genitive singular)
planów (genitive plural)
planowi (dative singular)
planom (dative plural)
plan (accusative singular)
plany (accusative plural)
planem (instrumental singular)
planami (instrumental plural)
planie (locative singular)
planach (locative plural)
planie (singular vocative)
plany (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: plan

Borrowed from French plan. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from English plan and German Plan. First attested in the 19th century.

ref

Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “plan”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861

(film) shot (range of view of the camera, resulting from its distance from the object being filmed)

(film) location; set (place where a movie is filmed)


drama

drama (nominative singular)
dramy (nominative plural)
dramy (genitive singular)
dram (genitive plural)
dramie (dative singular)
dramom (dative plural)
dramę (accusative singular)
dramy (accusative plural)
dramą (instrumental singular)
dramami (instrumental plural)
dramie (locative singular)
dramach (locative plural)
dramo (singular vocative)
dramy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French drame, from Latin drama, from Ancient Greek δρᾶμα (drâma). First attested in 1728. Doublet of dramat.

Wiesław Morawski (13.06.2019) “DRAMA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(drama) drama (composition, normally in prose, telling a story and intended to be represented by actors impersonating the characters and speaking the dialogue)


hymn

hymn (nominative singular)
hymny (nominative plural)
hymnu (genitive singular)
hymnów (genitive plural)
hymnowi (dative singular)
hymnom (dative plural)
hymn (accusative singular)
hymny (accusative plural)
hymnem (instrumental singular)
hymnami (instrumental plural)
hymnie (locative singular)
hymnach (locative plural)
hymnie (singular vocative)
hymny (plural vocative)

→? Belarusian: гімн m inan (himn)

desctree

→ Russian: гимн m inan (gimn) (likely)
→ Armenian: հիմն (himn)
→ Bashkir: гимн (gimn)
→ Crimean Tatar: gimn
→ Georgian: ჰიმნი (himni), გიმნი (gimni) — informal, proscribed
→ Kazakh: gïmn
→ Kildin Sami: гӣммн (gīmmn)
→ Urum: гимн
→ Uzbek: gimn

→? Ukrainian: гімн m inan (himn)

Learned borrowing from Latin hymnus, from Ancient Greek ὕμνος (húmnos).


język

pl-noun

język m inan (diminutive języczek, augmentative jęzor, related adjective językowy, abbreviation j. or jęz.)

języczek (diminutive)
jęzor (augmentative)
językowy (adjective)
j. (abbreviation)
jęz. (abbreviation)
język (nominative singular)
języki (nominative plural)
języka (genitive singular)
języków (genitive plural)
językowi (dative singular)
językom (dative plural)
język (accusative singular)
języki (accusative plural)
językiem (instrumental singular)
językami (instrumental plural)
języku (locative singular)
językach (locative plural)
języku (singular vocative)
języki (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s
Proto-Balto-Slavic *inźūˀ
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Proto-Slavic *-kъ
Proto-Slavic *ęzykъ
Old Polish język
Polish język
Inherited from Old Polish język. Cognate with English tongue and language.


poeta

pl-noun

poeta m pers (female equivalent poetka or poetessa)

poetka (feminine)
poetessa (feminine)
poeta (nominative singular)
poeci (nominative plural)
poety (derogatory nominative plural)
poety (genitive singular)
poetów (genitive plural)
poecie (dative singular)
poetom (dative plural)
poetę (accusative singular)
poetów (accusative plural)
poetą (instrumental singular)
poetami (instrumental plural)
poecie (locative singular)
poetach (locative plural)
poeto (singular vocative)
poeci (plural vocative)


trailer

trailer (nominative singular)
trailery (nominative plural)
trailera (genitive singular)
trailerów (genitive plural)
trailerowi (dative singular)
trailerom (dative plural)
trailer (accusative singular)
trailery (accusative plural)
trailerem (instrumental singular)
trailerami (instrumental plural)
trailerze (locative singular)
trailerach (locative plural)
trailerze (singular vocative)
trailery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English trailer.


moment

momencik (diminutive)
moment (nominative singular)
momenty (nominative plural)
momentu (genitive singular)
momentów (genitive plural)
momentowi (dative singular)
momentom (dative plural)
moment (accusative singular)
momenty (accusative plural)
momentem (instrumental singular)
momentami (instrumental plural)
momencie (locative singular)
momentach (locative plural)
momencie (singular vocative)
momenty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin mōmentum. First attested in 1592.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “moment”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(film, humorous, television) sex scene (segment in a movie in which characters have sex)


portal

pl-noun

portal m inan (related adjective portalowy)

portalowy (adjective)
portal (nominative singular)
portale (nominative plural)
portalu (genitive singular)
portali (genitive plural)
portalów (genitive plural)
portalowi (dative singular)
portalom (dative plural)
portal (accusative singular)
portale (accusative plural)
portalem (instrumental singular)
portalami (instrumental plural)
portalu (locative singular)
portalach (locative plural)
portalu (singular vocative)
portale (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Portal. Sense 4 is a semantic loan from English portal.

sl

(fantasy, science fiction) portal (magical or technological doorway leading to another location, period in time, or dimension)


spot

spot (nominative singular)
spoty (nominative plural)
spotu (genitive singular)
spotów (genitive plural)
spotowi (dative singular)
spotom (dative plural)
spot (accusative singular)
spoty (accusative plural)
spotem (instrumental singular)
spotami (instrumental plural)
spocie (locative singular)
spotach (locative plural)
spocie (singular vocative)
spoty (plural vocative)

(radio) spot (short, usually 30-second, piece of advertising material that is aired either in between or during broadcasts)

(television) spot (short commercial shown in between or during TV broadcasts)


agent

pl-noun

agent m pers (female equivalent agentka, diminutive agencik or agenciak)

agentka (feminine)
agencik (diminutive)
agenciak (diminutive)
agent (nominative singular)
agenci (nominative plural)
agenty (derogatory nominative plural)
agenta (genitive singular)
agentów (genitive plural)
agentowi (dative singular)
agentom (dative plural)
agenta (accusative singular)
agentów (accusative plural)
agentem (instrumental singular)
agentami (instrumental plural)
agencie (locative singular)
agentach (locative plural)
agencie (singular vocative)
agenci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Agent, from French agent, from Middle French agent, from Latin agēns. Doublet of agens. First attested in 1609.

agent literacki

(acting, literature) impresario, literary agent


ornament

ornament (nominative singular)
ornamenty (nominative plural)
ornamentu (genitive singular)
ornamentów (genitive plural)
ornamentowi (dative singular)
ornamentom (dative plural)
ornament (accusative singular)
ornamenty (accusative plural)
ornamentem (instrumental singular)
ornamentami (instrumental plural)
ornamencie (locative singular)
ornamentach (locative plural)
ornamencie (singular vocative)
ornamenty (plural vocative)

→ Ukrainian: орна́мент (ornáment)

Learned borrowing from Latin ōrnāmentum.

(architecture, art, typography) ornament, adornment


serial

serial (nominative singular)
seriale (nominative plural)
serialu (genitive singular)
seriali (genitive plural)
serialowi (dative singular)
serialom (dative plural)
serial (accusative singular)
seriale (accusative plural)
serialem (instrumental singular)
serialami (instrumental plural)
serialu (locative singular)
serialach (locative plural)
serialu (singular vocative)
seriale (plural vocative)

(television) series (television program which consists of several episodes that are broadcast in regular intervals)


paparazzi

paparazzi (nominative singular)
paparazzi (nominative plural)
paparazziego (genitive singular)
paparazzich (genitive plural)
paparazziemu (dative singular)
paparazzim (dative plural)
paparazziego (accusative singular)
paparazzich (accusative plural)
paparazzim (instrumental singular)
paparazzimi (instrumental plural)
paparazzim (locative singular)
paparazzich (locative plural)
paparazzi (singular vocative)
paparazzi (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Italian paparazzi.

ubor

(journalism, photography) Alternative form of paparazzo


program

pl-noun

program m inan (diminutive programik, related adjective programowy)

programik (diminutive)
programowy (adjective)
program (nominative singular)
programy (nominative plural)
programu (genitive singular)
programów (genitive plural)
programowi (dative singular)
programom (dative plural)
program (accusative singular)
programy (accusative plural)
programem (instrumental singular)
programami (instrumental plural)
programie (locative singular)
programach (locative plural)
programie (singular vocative)
programy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French programme. First attested in the 19th cenetury.

ref

Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “program”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “program”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

(broadcasting) program (a performance of a show or other broadcast on radio or television)


dystopia

dystopia (nominative singular)
dystopie (nominative plural)
dystopii (genitive singular)
dystopii (genitive plural)
dystopij (archaic genitive plural)
dystopii (dative singular)
dystopiom (dative plural)
dystopię (accusative singular)
dystopie (accusative plural)
dystopią (instrumental singular)
dystopiami (instrumental plural)
dystopii (locative singular)
dystopiach (locative plural)
dystopio (singular vocative)
dystopie (plural vocative)

(film, literature) dystopia (vision of a future that is a corrupted (usually beyond recognition) utopian society)


ufo

Orthographic borrowing from English UFO.

(science fiction, ufology) Alternative spelling of UFO


alba

alba (nominative singular)
alby (nominative plural)
alby (genitive singular)
alb (genitive plural)
albie (dative singular)
albom (dative plural)
albę (accusative singular)
alby (accusative plural)
albą (instrumental singular)
albami (instrumental plural)
albie (locative singular)
albach (locative plural)
albo (singular vocative)
alby (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Occitan alba. First attested in the 20th century.

Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “alba”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN

(historical, poetry) alba (genre of Old Occitan lyric poetry)


deus ex machina

Unadapted borrowing from Latin deus ex māchinā, itself a calque of Ancient Greek ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός (apò mēkhanês theós).

der

ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός

(Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, drama, historical, literary) deus ex machina (plot resolution in ancient tragedy involving the sudden and unexpected appearance of a deity)

(Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, drama, historical, literary) deus ex machina (deity in Greek and Roman drama who was brought in by stage machinery to intervene in a difficult situation)


tren

trenowy (adjective)
tren (nominative singular)
treny (nominative plural)
trenu (genitive singular)
trenów (genitive plural)
trenowi (dative singular)
trenom (dative plural)
tren (accusative singular)
treny (accusative plural)
trenem (instrumental singular)
trenami (instrumental plural)
trenie (locative singular)
trenach (locative plural)
trenie (singular vocative)
treny (plural vocative)

(poetry) threnody (poem of lamentation or mourning for a dead person; a dirge; an elegy)


mag

mag (nominative singular)
magowie (nominative plural)
magi (derogatory nominative plural)
maga (genitive singular)
magów (genitive plural)
magowi (dative singular)
magom (dative plural)
maga (accusative singular)
magów (accusative plural)
magiem (instrumental singular)
magami (instrumental plural)
magu (locative singular)
magach (locative plural)
magu (singular vocative)
magowie (plural vocative)
magi (derogatory plural vocative)

(folklore, fantasy) magician, wizard, sorcerer, conjurer, mage, magus (person who plays with or practices allegedly supernatural magic)


zombie

Unadapted borrowing from English zombie.

(fiction) zombie (deceased person who becomes reanimate to attack the living)


cyborg

cyborg (nominative singular)
cyborgi (nominative plural)
cyborga (genitive singular)
cyborgów (genitive plural)
cyborgowi (dative singular)
cyborgom (dative plural)
cyborga (accusative singular)
cyborgi (accusative plural)
cyborgiem (instrumental singular)
cyborgami (instrumental plural)
cyborgu (locative singular)
cyborgach (locative plural)
cyborgu (singular vocative)
cyborgi (plural vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English cyborg.

obor

(robotics, science fiction) cyborg (being which is part machine and part organic)


haiku

(poetry) haiku (Japanese poem in three lines, the first and last consisting of five morae, and the second consisting of seven morae, usually with an emphasis on the season or a naturalistic theme)

(poetry) haiku (three-line poem in any language, with five syllables in the first and last lines and seven syllables in the second, usually with an emphasis on the season or a naturalistic theme)


rondo

rondko (diminutive)
rondo (nominative singular)
ronda (nominative plural)
ronda (genitive singular)
rond (genitive plural)
rondu (dative singular)
rondom (dative plural)
rondo (accusative singular)
ronda (accusative plural)
rondem (instrumental singular)
rondami (instrumental plural)
rondzie (locative singular)
rondach (locative plural)
rondo (singular vocative)
ronda (plural vocative)


troll

troll (nominative singular)
trolle (nominative plural)
trolla (genitive singular)
trolli (genitive plural)
trollowi (dative singular)
trollom (dative plural)
trolla (accusative singular)
trolle (accusative plural)
trollem (instrumental singular)
trollami (instrumental plural)
trollu (locative singular)
trollach (locative plural)
trollu (singular vocative)
trolle (plural vocative)

(European folklore, Norse mythology) troll (grotesque humanoid creature living in caves or hills or under bridges)


lament

lament (nominative singular)
lamenty (nominative plural)
lamentu (genitive singular)
lamentów (genitive plural)
lamentowi (dative singular)
lamentom (dative plural)
lament (accusative singular)
lamenty (accusative plural)
lamentem (instrumental singular)
lamentami (instrumental plural)
lamencie (locative singular)
lamentach (locative plural)
lamencie (singular vocative)
lamenty (plural vocative)


trip

trip (nominative singular)
tripy (nominative plural)
tripu (genitive singular)
tripów (genitive plural)
tripowi (dative singular)
tripom (dative plural)
trip (accusative singular)
tripy (accusative plural)
tripem (instrumental singular)
tripami (instrumental plural)
tripie (locative singular)
tripach (locative plural)
tripie (singular vocative)
tripy (plural vocative)

(film) movie with phantasmagoric images and scenes


science fiction

pl-noun

science fiction n (indeclinable, abbreviation s.f. or SF)

Unadapted borrowing from English science fiction.

ubor

elementy science fiction

(literature) science fiction (genre of fiction)


science fiction

pl-adj

science fiction (not comparable, no derived adverb)

opowiadanie science fiction

(literature, postpositive, relational) science fiction (genre of fiction)


oda

oda (nominative singular)
ody (nominative plural)
ody (genitive singular)
od (genitive plural)
odzie (dative singular)
odom (dative plural)
odę (accusative singular)
ody (accusative plural)
odą (instrumental singular)
odami (instrumental plural)
odzie (locative singular)
odach (locative plural)
odo (singular vocative)
ody (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin ōda, from Ancient Greek ᾠδή (ōidḗ).


atelier

pl-noun

atelier n (indeclinable, related adjective atelierowy)

Unadapted borrowing from French atelier.


kreska

kreska f (diminutive kreseczka, augmentative krecha, related adjective kreskowy)

kreseczka (diminutive)
krecha (augmentative)
kreskowy (adjective)
kreska (nominative singular)
kreski (nominative plural)
kreski (genitive singular)
kresek (genitive plural)
kresce (dative singular)
kreskom (dative plural)
kreskę (accusative singular)
kreski (accusative plural)
kreską (instrumental singular)
kreskami (instrumental plural)
kresce (locative singular)
kreskach (locative plural)
kresko (singular vocative)
kreski (plural vocative)
kryska (alternative obsolete)

(orthography) diacritic closely resembling an acute accent


cyberpunk

cyberpunk (nominative singular)
cyberpunku (genitive singular)
cyberpunkowi (dative singular)
cyberpunk (accusative singular)
cyberpunkiem (instrumental singular)
cyberpunku (locative singular)
cyberpunku (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English cyberpunk.

ubor

(film, science fiction) cyberpunk (sci-fi subgenre)


cyberpunk

cyberpunk (nominative singular)
cyberpunki (nominative plural)
cyberpunka (genitive singular)
cyberpunków (genitive plural)
cyberpunkowi (dative singular)
cyberpunkom (dative plural)
cyberpunka (accusative singular)
cyberpunków (accusative plural)
cyberpunkiem (instrumental singular)
cyberpunkami (instrumental plural)
cyberpunku (locative singular)
cyberpunkach (locative plural)
cyberpunku (singular vocative)
cyberpunki (plural vocative)

(film, science fiction) cyberpunk (cyberpunk character, a hacker punk, a high-tech low life)


mimesis

Learned borrowing from Latin mīmēsis, from Ancient Greek μῑ́μησις (mī́mēsis).

(art, literature) mimesis (representation of aspects of the real world, especially human actions)


panorama

pl-noun

panorama f (related adjective panoramowy)

panoramowy (adjective)
panorama (nominative singular)
panoramy (nominative plural)
panoramy (genitive singular)
panoram (genitive plural)
panoramie (dative singular)
panoramom (dative plural)
panoramę (accusative singular)
panoramy (accusative plural)
panoramą (instrumental singular)
panoramami (instrumental plural)
panoramie (locative singular)
panoramach (locative plural)
panoramo (singular vocative)
panoramy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English panorama, French panorama, German Panorama, ultimately from Ancient Greek ὅραμα (hórama).

(film, literature) panorama (comprehensive presentation of an issue in a literary work or film) [with genitive ‘of what’]


sutra

sutra (nominative singular)
sutry (nominative plural)
sutry (genitive singular)
sutr (genitive plural)
sutrze (dative singular)
sutrom (dative plural)
sutrę (accusative singular)
sutry (accusative plural)
sutrą (instrumental singular)
sutrami (instrumental plural)
sutrze (locative singular)
sutrach (locative plural)
sutro (singular vocative)
sutry (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Sanskrit सूत्र (sū́tra, “thread, yarn, string; rule”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *súHtram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *súHtram, from Proto-Indo-European *súh₁trom, from *syuh₁- (“to sew”).

bor+

(literature) sutra (rule or thesis in Sanskrit grammar or Hindu law or philosophy)


interview

Unadapted borrowing from English interview.

ubor

(media) interview (conversation in which facts or opinions are sought)


forma

pl-noun

forma f (diminutive foremka, related adjective foremny)

foremka (diminutive)
foremny (adjective)
forma (nominative singular)
formy (nominative plural)
formy (genitive singular)
form (genitive plural)
formie (dative singular)
formom (dative plural)
formę (accusative singular)
formy (accusative plural)
formą (instrumental singular)
formami (instrumental plural)
formie (locative singular)
formach (locative plural)
formo (singular vocative)
formy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: fòrma

(printing) template (set of printing elements prepared for printing)


decorum

decorum (nominative singular)
decora (nominative plural)
decorum (genitive singular)
decorów (genitive plural)
decorum (dative singular)
decorom (dative plural)
decorum (accusative singular)
decora (accusative plural)
decorum (instrumental singular)
decorami (instrumental plural)
decorum (locative singular)
decorach (locative plural)
decorum (singular vocative)
decora (plural vocative)
dekorum (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin decōrum. Doublet of dekoracja and dekorować.

(literature) decorum (principle of classical rhetoric, poetry, and theatrical theory concerning the fitness or otherwise of a style to a theatrical subject)


spoiler

spoiler (nominative singular)
spoilery (nominative plural)
spoilera (genitive singular)
spoilerów (genitive plural)
spoilerowi (dative singular)
spoilerom (dative plural)
spoiler (accusative singular)
spoilery (accusative plural)
spoilerem (instrumental singular)
spoilerami (instrumental plural)
spoilerze (locative singular)
spoilerach (locative plural)
spoilerze (singular vocative)
spoilery (plural vocative)
spojler (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English spoiler.

ubor

(colloquial, media) spoiler (document, review, or comment that discloses the ending or some key surprise or twist in a story, or the internal rules controlling the behaviour of a video game, etc.)


zombi

(computing, fiction, voodoo) Alternative spelling of zombie


echolalia

echolalia (nominative singular)
echolalii (genitive singular)
echolalii (dative singular)
echolalię (accusative singular)
echolalią (instrumental singular)
echolalii (locative singular)
echolalio (singular vocative)

(rhetoric, poetry) echolalia (stylistic device consisting of the repetition of identical or similar vocal groups solely in order to emphasise the rhythmic or melodic character of the text)


thriller

thriller (nominative singular)
thrillery (nominative plural)
thrillera (genitive singular)
thrillerów (genitive plural)
thrillerowi (dative singular)
thrillerom (dative plural)
thriller (accusative singular)
thrillery (accusative plural)
thrillerem (instrumental singular)
thrillerami (instrumental plural)
thrillerze (locative singular)
thrillerach (locative plural)
thrillerze (singular vocative)
thrillery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English thriller.

Near-synonym: horror

thriller opowiada o czymś

Jest to „thriller“ w całej rozciągłości i to z rozdaju kryminalno-awanturniczego,[…].

1929 April 6, Z. Gr., “Z literatury angielskiej”, in Tygodnik Illustrowany, number 14, Warszawa: Unger, Józef, retrieved 2025-04-27, page 274:

It is a “thriller” in its entirety and from the crime-avantage rift, […].

Horrory i thrillery cieszą się nieustającym powodzeniem u publiczności, która niezależnie od panującej aktualnie w kinie mody po prostu lubi się bać.

2001 May 18, ma, “Próba sił”, in Wieczór Wybrzeża, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Wrocław: Polskapresse, oddział Prasa Bałtycka, →ISSN:

Horror movies and thrillers enjoy continued success with audiences who, regardless of the current fashion in cinema, simply like to be scared.

Nowa książka amerykańskiej pisarki. Wielbiciele thrillerów psychologicznych zacierają ręce.

2006 April 14, Marcin Wilk, “Krakowska Lista Bestsellerów Książkowych”, in Dziennik Polski, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Kraków: Jagiellonia, →ISSN, →OCLC:

A new book by an American writer. Fans of psychological thrillers cherish.

„Niewidzialny” to anglojęzyczna wersja japońskiego thrillera, który opowiada o... pośmiertnych losach zamordowanego nastolatka.

2007 October 5, X, “Ring po amerykańsku”, in Polska Głos Wielkopolski, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Poznań: Polskapresse, oddział Prasa Poznańska, →ISSN:

“The Invisible” is an English-language version of a Japanese thriller, that tells the story of... the posthumous fate of a murdered teenager.

Niskonakładowy[,] mroczny thriller science fiction osiągnął zaskakujący sukces i otworzył wrota kariery dla Arnolda Schwarzeneggera i Jamesa Camerona.

2009 July 2, Konrad Wągrowski, “Terminator: 10 najważniejszych filmów o podróżach w czasie”, in Esencja, number 05, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Warszawa: Wągrowski, Konrad, →ISSN, →OCLC:

The low-budget[,] dark science fiction thriller was a surprising success and launched the careers of Arnold Schwarzenegger and James Cameron.

(film, literature) thriller (a suspenseful, sensational genre of story, book, play, film)


motto

motto (nominative singular)
motta (nominative plural)
motta (genitive singular)
mott (genitive plural)
mottu (dative singular)
mottom (dative plural)
motto (accusative singular)
motta (accusative plural)
mottem (instrumental singular)
mottami (instrumental plural)
motcie (locative singular)
mottach (locative plural)
motto (singular vocative)
motta (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Italian motto, from Latin muttum.

(literature) epigraph (literary quotation placed at the beginning of a text)


blockbuster

blockbuster (nominative singular)
blockbustery (nominative plural)
blockbustera (genitive singular)
blockbusterów (genitive plural)
blockbusterowi (dative singular)
blockbusterom (dative plural)
blockbuster (accusative singular)
blockbustery (accusative plural)
blockbusterem (instrumental singular)
blockbusterami (instrumental plural)
blockbusterze (locative singular)
blockbusterach (locative plural)
blockbusterze (singular vocative)
blockbustery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English blockbuster. First attested in 1997.


layout

layout (nominative singular)
layouty (nominative plural)
layoutu (genitive singular)
layoutów (genitive plural)
layoutowi (dative singular)
layoutom (dative plural)
layout (accusative singular)
layouty (accusative plural)
layoutem (instrumental singular)
layoutami (instrumental plural)
layoucie (locative singular)
layoutach (locative plural)
layoucie (singular vocative)
layouty (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English layout.

(Internet, publishing) layout (physical arrangement of content on a page)


reporter

pl-noun

reporter m pers (female equivalent reporterka, augmentative reporterzyna, related adjective reporterski)

reporterka (feminine)
reporterzyna (augmentative)
reporterski (adjective)
reporter (nominative singular)
reporterzy (nominative plural)
reportery (derogatory nominative plural)
reportera (genitive singular)
reporterów (genitive plural)
reporterowi (dative singular)
reporterom (dative plural)
reportera (accusative singular)
reporterów (accusative plural)
reporterem (instrumental singular)
reporterami (instrumental plural)
reporterze (locative singular)
reporterach (locative plural)
reporterze (singular vocative)
reporterzy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare German Reporter, Russian репортёр (reportjór), Spanish reportero, ultimately from English reporter.

(journalism) reporter (journalist who investigates, edits, and reports news stories for newspapers, radio, and television)


aktor

aktor m pers (female equivalent aktorka, diminutive aktorzyk, augmentative aktorzyna or aktorzysko)

aktorka (feminine)
aktorzyk (diminutive)
aktorzyna (augmentative)
aktorzysko (augmentative)
aktor (nominative singular)
aktorzy (nominative plural)
aktory (derogatory nominative plural)
aktora (genitive singular)
aktorów (genitive plural)
aktorowi (dative singular)
aktorom (dative plural)
aktora (accusative singular)
aktorów (accusative plural)
aktorem (instrumental singular)
aktorami (instrumental plural)
aktorze (locative singular)
aktorach (locative plural)
aktorze (singular vocative)
aktorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin āctor. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French acteur. First attested in 1587.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “aktor”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(film, television, theater) actor (person who performs in a theatrical play or film)


steampunk

steampunk (nominative singular)
steampunku (genitive singular)
steampunkowi (dative singular)
steampunk (accusative singular)
steampunkiem (instrumental singular)
steampunku (locative singular)
steampunku (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English steampunk.

ubor

(film, science fiction) steampunk (sci-fi subgenre)


realia

realia (nominative plural)
realiów (genitive plural)
realiom (dative plural)
realia (accusative plural)
realiami (instrumental plural)
realiach (locative plural)
realia (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin realia, neuter plural of realis (“real”).

lbor

(literature, film) backstory, background


amant

pl-noun

amant m pers (female equivalent amantka, diminutive amancik)

amantka (feminine)
amancik (diminutive)
amant (nominative singular)
amanci (nominative plural)
amanty (derogatory nominative plural)
amanta (genitive singular)
amantów (genitive plural)
amantowi (dative singular)
amantom (dative plural)
amanta (accusative singular)
amantów (accusative plural)
amantem (instrumental singular)
amantami (instrumental plural)
amancie (locative singular)
amantach (locative plural)
amancie (singular vocative)
amanci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French amant, from Latin amāns. First attested in 1743.

ref

Barbara Rykiel-Kempf (20.08.2007) “AMANT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(acting) romantic role or lead (actor playing the roles of a lover or seducer)


tekst

pl-noun

tekst m inan (diminutive tekścik, related adjective tekstowy)

tekścik (diminutive)
tekstowy (adjective)
tekst (nominative singular)
teksty (nominative plural)
tekstu (genitive singular)
tekstów (genitive plural)
tekstowi (dative singular)
tekstom (dative plural)
tekst (accusative singular)
teksty (accusative plural)
tekstem (instrumental singular)
tekstami (instrumental plural)
tekście (locative singular)
tekstach (locative plural)
tekście (singular vocative)
teksty (plural vocative)

(literature) text (book, tome, or other set of writings)


rotunda

rotundowy (adjective)
rotunda (nominative singular)
rotundy (genitive singular)
rotundzie (dative singular)
rotundę (accusative singular)
rotundą (instrumental singular)
rotundzie (locative singular)
rotundo (singular vocative)

(uncountable, typography) rotunda (Gothic typeface used in early printed books in Northern Italy, based on a rounded script developed in the 13th century; the manuscript hand on which this typeface was based)


soundtrack

soundtrack (nominative singular)
soundtracki (nominative plural)
soundtracku (genitive singular)
soundtracków (genitive plural)
soundtrackowi (dative singular)
soundtrackom (dative plural)
soundtrack (accusative singular)
soundtracki (accusative plural)
soundtrackiem (instrumental singular)
soundtrackami (instrumental plural)
soundtracku (locative singular)
soundtrackach (locative plural)
soundtracku (singular vocative)
soundtracki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English soundtrack.

ubor

(film, gaming, music, television, theater) soundtrack (narrow strip running down a movie film that carries the recorded sound in synchronization with the pictures)

(film, gaming, music, television, theater) soundtrack (the sound (especially the music) component of a movie)

(film, gaming, music, television, theater) soundtrack (recording of such music for sale)


kobold

kobold (nominative singular)
koboldy (nominative plural)
kobolda (genitive singular)
koboldów (genitive plural)
koboldowi (dative singular)
koboldom (dative plural)
kobolda (accusative singular)
koboldy (accusative plural)
koboldem (instrumental singular)
koboldami (instrumental plural)
koboldzie (locative singular)
koboldach (locative plural)
koboldzie (singular vocative)
koboldy (plural vocative)

(Germanic folklore) kobold (ambivalent, sometimes vindictive, spirit that is capable of materialising as an object or human, often a child)

(Germanic folklore) kobold (mischievous elf or goblin, or one connected (and helpful) to a family or household)


mora

mora (nominative singular)
mory (nominative plural)
mory (genitive singular)
mor (genitive plural)
morze (dative singular)
morom (dative plural)
morę (accusative singular)
mory (accusative plural)
morą (instrumental singular)
morami (instrumental plural)
morze (locative singular)
morach (locative plural)
moro (singular vocative)
mory (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin mora. First attested in 1677–1690.

ref

Ewa Rodek (20.02.2023) “MORA II”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(poetry) mora (a unit used to measure lines and stanzas of poetry)


romans

pl-noun

romans m inan (diminutive romansik, related adjective romansowy)

romansik (diminutive)
romansowy (adjective)
romans (nominative singular)
romanse (nominative plural)
romansy (nominative plural)
romansu (genitive singular)
romansów (genitive plural)
romansowi (dative singular)
romansom (dative plural)
romans (accusative singular)
romanse (accusative plural)
romansy (accusative plural)
romansem (instrumental singular)
romansami (instrumental plural)
romansie (locative singular)
romansach (locative plural)
romansie (singular vocative)
romanse (plural vocative)
romansy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French romance, from Spanish romance, itself probably a borrowing from either Old French romanz or Old Occitan romans, from Vulgar Latin rōmānicē, from Latin rōmānicus. Doublet of romansz.

(literature) romance novel (story or novel dealing with idealized love, usually with little artistic value)

(literature, historical) Ancient Greek novel, romaunt


fin de siècle

fin de siècle (nominative singular)
fin de siècle'u (genitive singular)
fin de siècle'owi (dative singular)
fin de siècle (accusative singular)
fin de siècle'em (instrumental singular)
fin de siècle'u (locative singular)
fin de siècle'u (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from French fin-de-siècle.

ubor

(art, historical, literature) fin de siècle (literary and artistic climate of modernism, world-weariness, and self-indulgence)


crossover

crossover (nominative singular)
crossovery (nominative plural)
crossoveru (genitive singular)
crossoverów (genitive plural)
crossoverowi (dative singular)
crossoverom (dative plural)
crossover (accusative singular)
crossovery (accusative plural)
crossoverem (instrumental singular)
crossoverami (instrumental plural)
crossoverze (locative singular)
crossoverach (locative plural)
crossoverze (singular vocative)
crossovery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English crossover.

(film, music) crossover (blend of multiple styles of music or multiple film genres, intended to appeal to a wider audience)


werk

werk (nominative singular)
werki (nominative plural)
werku (genitive singular)
werków (genitive plural)
werkowi (dative singular)
werkom (dative plural)
werk (accusative singular)
werki (accusative plural)
werkiem (instrumental singular)
werkami (instrumental plural)
werku (locative singular)
werkach (locative plural)
werku (singular vocative)
werki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Werk, from Middle High German wërc, from Old High German werc, from Proto-West Germanic *werk, from Proto-Germanic *werką, from Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom. Possibly a doublet of wiersza (“fishing basket”).

(cinematography) photo documenting the film set


druk

druk (nominative singular)
druki (nominative plural)
druku (genitive singular)
druków (genitive plural)
drukowi (dative singular)
drukom (dative plural)
druk (accusative singular)
druki (accusative plural)
drukiem (instrumental singular)
drukami (instrumental plural)
druku (locative singular)
drukach (locative plural)
druku (singular vocative)
druki (plural vocative)
durk (alternative)

Te książki właśnie wyszły z druku.

Those books have just come from printing.

(printing) printing (process of printing)

Ten tekst napisany jest zbyt małym drukiem.

(printing) print (letters forming the text of a document)


runa

pl-noun

runa f (related adjective runiczny or runicki or runowy or runiany)

runiczny (adjective)
runicki (adjective)
runowy (adjective)
runiany (adjective)
runa (nominative singular)
runy (nominative plural)
runy (genitive singular)
run (genitive plural)
runie (dative singular)
runom (dative plural)
runę (accusative singular)
runy (accusative plural)
runą (instrumental singular)
runami (instrumental plural)
runie (locative singular)
runach (locative plural)
runo (singular vocative)
runy (plural vocative)

(chiefly in the plural, poetry) rune (Finnic or Scandinavian epic poem, or a division of one, especially a division of the Kalevala)


jamb

jamb m inan (related adjective jambiczny)

jambiczny (adjective)
jamb (nominative singular)
jamby (nominative plural)
jambu (genitive singular)
jambów (genitive plural)
jambowi (dative singular)
jambom (dative plural)
jamb (accusative singular)
jamby (accusative plural)
jambem (instrumental singular)
jambami (instrumental plural)
jambie (locative singular)
jambach (locative plural)
jambie (singular vocative)
jamby (plural vocative)

(poetry, prosody) iamb (metrical foot in verse consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable)


xenia

xenia (nominative singular)
xenie (nominative plural)
xenii (genitive singular)
xenii (genitive plural)
xenij (archaic genitive plural)
xenii (dative singular)
xeniom (dative plural)
xenię (accusative singular)
xenie (accusative plural)
xenią (instrumental singular)
xeniami (instrumental plural)
xenii (locative singular)
xeniach (locative plural)
xenio (singular vocative)
xenie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ξενίᾱ (xeníā).

lbor

(poetry) Xenien (biting epigram in the form of a two-line poem)


teaser

teaser (nominative singular)
teasery (nominative plural)
teasera (genitive singular)
teaserów (genitive plural)
teaserowi (dative singular)
teaserom (dative plural)
teaser (accusative singular)
teasery (accusative plural)
teaserem (instrumental singular)
teaserami (instrumental plural)
teaserze (locative singular)
teaserach (locative plural)
teaserze (singular vocative)
teasery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English teaser.

(film, marketing, television) teaser (short acting scene preceding the actual lead of a film or television series)

(film, marketing) trailer (preview of a film)


biga

biga (nominative singular)
bigi (nominative plural)
bigi (genitive singular)
big (genitive plural)
bidze (dative singular)
bigom (dative plural)
bigę (accusative singular)
bigi (accusative plural)
bigą (instrumental singular)
bigami (instrumental plural)
bidze (locative singular)
bigach (locative plural)
bigo (singular vocative)
bigi (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German biegen. Doublet of Boh and Bug.

(printing) crease (element of the die-cutting machine used to emboss the bend line of the paper)


kenning

kenning (nominative singular)
kenningi (nominative plural)
kenningu (genitive singular)
kenningów (genitive plural)
kenningowi (dative singular)
kenningom (dative plural)
kenning (accusative singular)
kenningi (accusative plural)
kenningiem (instrumental singular)
kenningami (instrumental plural)
kenningu (locative singular)
kenningach (locative plural)
kenningu (singular vocative)
kenningi (plural vocative)

(poetry) kenning (metaphorical compound or phrase, used especially in Germanic poetry (Old English or Old Norse) whereby a simple thing is described in an allusive way)


baj

baj (nominative singular)
baje (nominative plural)
baja (genitive singular)
bajów (genitive plural)
bajowi (dative singular)
bajom (dative plural)
baja (accusative singular)
bajów (accusative plural)
bajem (instrumental singular)
bajami (instrumental plural)
baju (locative singular)
bajach (locative plural)
baju (singular vocative)
baje (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bajь. By surface analysis, deverbal from bajać.

surf

(literature) in-story storyteller or narrator in children's literature (a narrator of a children's fable within the fable itself)


paparazzo

paparazzo (nominative singular)
paparazzi (nominative plural)
paparazzo (genitive singular)
paparazzich (genitive plural)
paparazzo (dative singular)
paparazzim (dative plural)
paparazzo (accusative singular)
paparazzich (accusative plural)
paparazzo (instrumental singular)
paparazzimi (instrumental plural)
paparazzo (locative singular)
paparazzich (locative plural)
paparazzo (singular vocative)
paparazzi (plural vocative)
paparazzi (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from Italian paparazzo.

ubor

(journalism, photography) paparazzo (freelance photographer who sells photographs of celebrities to the media, especially one who pursues celebrities and attempts to obtain candid photographs)


peon

peon (nominative singular)
peony (nominative plural)
peonu (genitive singular)
peonów (genitive plural)
peonowi (dative singular)
peonom (dative plural)
peon (accusative singular)
peony (accusative plural)
peonem (instrumental singular)
peonami (instrumental plural)
peonie (locative singular)
peonach (locative plural)
peonie (singular vocative)
peony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek παιών (paiṓn).

lbor

(poetry) paeon (foot containing any pattern of three short syllables and one long syllable)


dubbing

dubbing (nominative singular)
dubbingi (nominative plural)
dubbingu (genitive singular)
dubbingów (genitive plural)
dubbingowi (dative singular)
dubbingom (dative plural)
dubbing (accusative singular)
dubbingi (accusative plural)
dubbingiem (instrumental singular)
dubbingami (instrumental plural)
dubbingu (locative singular)
dubbingach (locative plural)
dubbingu (singular vocative)
dubbingi (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English dubbing.


miscellanea

miscellanea (nominative plural)
miscellaneów (genitive plural)
miscellaneom (dative plural)
miscellanea (accusative plural)
miscellaneami (instrumental plural)
miscellaneach (locative plural)
miscellanea (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin mīscellānea.

lbor

(literature) varia, miscellany (collection of diverse texts, thoughts, or notes collected in a publication)


dokument

pl-noun

dokument m inan (diminutive dokumencik, related adjective dokumentowy)

dokumencik (diminutive)
dokumentowy (adjective)
dokument (nominative singular)
dokumenty (nominative plural)
dokumenta (nominative plural)
dokumentu (genitive singular)
dokumentów (genitive plural)
dokumentowi (dative singular)
dokumentom (dative plural)
dokument (accusative singular)
dokumenty (accusative plural)
dokumenta (accusative plural)
dokumentem (instrumental singular)
dokumentami (instrumental plural)
dokumencie (locative singular)
dokumentach (locative plural)
dokumencie (singular vocative)
dokumenty (plural vocative)
dokumenta (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: dokùment

Learned borrowing from Latin documentum. First attested in 1564. Compare Silesian dokumynt.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “dokument”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(colloquial, film) documentary (documentary film) [with o (+ locative) ‘about whom/what’]


poema

poema (nominative singular)
poemy (nominative plural)
poemy (genitive singular)
poem (genitive plural)
poemie (dative singular)
poemom (dative plural)
poemę (accusative singular)
poemy (accusative plural)
poemą (instrumental singular)
poemami (instrumental plural)
poemie (locative singular)
poemach (locative plural)
poemo (singular vocative)
poemy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin poēma. First attested in 1752.


animator

pl-noun

animator m pers (female equivalent animatorka)

animatorka (feminine)
animator (nominative singular)
animatorzy (nominative plural)
animatory (derogatory nominative plural)
animatora (genitive singular)
animatorów (genitive plural)
animatorowi (dative singular)
animatorom (dative plural)
animatora (accusative singular)
animatorów (accusative plural)
animatorem (instrumental singular)
animatorami (instrumental plural)
animatorze (locative singular)
animatorach (locative plural)
animatorze (singular vocative)
animatorzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French animateur, from Latin animō + -ato. First attested in 1915.

ref

Dziennik Poznański : wychodzi codziennie z wyjątkiem poniedziałków i dni poświętnych (in Polish), number R.57, nr 23, 1915, page 6

(film) animator (person who makes animated films)


mangaka

mangaka (nominative singular)
mangacy (nominative plural)
mangaki (genitive singular)
mangaków (genitive plural)
mangace (dative singular)
mangakom (dative plural)
mangakę (accusative singular)
mangaków (accusative plural)
mangaką (instrumental singular)
mangakami (instrumental plural)
mangace (locative singular)
mangakach (locative plural)
mangako (singular vocative)
mangacy (plural vocative)

(comics) mangaka (professional manga or anime artist)


ogonek

pl-noun

ogonek m inan (diminutive ogoneczek, related adjective ogonkowy)

ogoneczek (diminutive)
ogonkowy (adjective)
ogonek (nominative singular)
ogonki (nominative plural)
ogonka (genitive singular)
ogonków (genitive plural)
ogonkowi (dative singular)
ogonkom (dative plural)
ogonek (accusative singular)
ogonki (accusative plural)
ogonkiem (instrumental singular)
ogonkami (instrumental plural)
ogonku (locative singular)
ogonkach (locative plural)
ogonku (singular vocative)
ogonki (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: аго́нэк (ahónek)

→ English: ogonek

→ Esperanto: ogoneko

→ German: Ogonek

→ Russian: ого́нэк (ogónɛk)

→ Ukrainian: ого́нек (ohónek)

Ponieważ jednak znaczek "ł" nie występuję w iso-8859-1, a że uskuteczniam wymianę pocztową z zagranicznikami, postanowiłem, że nieoficjalnie imię będę pisał tak, jak w pisowni oryginalnej, tj. Tomislav (w dowodzie mam Tomisław), nazwisko zaś okroję z ogonka nad "ń".

1999 April 23, Andrzej Bigus, Ogolnie syf:

Because as it turns out the letter "ł" doesn't show up in iso-8859-1, and the fact I'm realizing the postal exchange with foreigners, I decided that I'll unoffocially write my name in its original orthography, that is Tomislav (on my ID I have Tomisław), and I cut out the diacritic over "ń" in my last name.

[…] dopisano ogonki, czyli znaki diakrytyczne, by oznaczyć takimi literami np. głoski ż, ś, ć, ę, ą.

2000, Kazimierz Ożog, editor, Polonistyka zintegrowana, page 60:

Ogoneks are added, in other words diacritic marks in order to mark them with these letters, e.g. the sounds ż, ś, ć, ę, ą.

Ten zawiera wszystkie potrzebne "ogonki", to znaczy ą, ę, ć, ł i tak dalej."

2003, Bartek Chaciński, Wypasiony słownik najmłodszej polszczyzny, page 91:

This one contains all the needed diacritics, that is ą, ę, ć, ł and so forth.

(orthography, by extension, nonstandard) any diacritical mark


skręcić

skręcać (imperfective)
skręcić (infinitive)
skręcę (future singular)
skręcimy (future plural)
skręcisz (future singular)
skręcicie (future plural)
skręci (future singular third-person)
skręcą (future plural third-person)
skręci się (future impersonal)
skręciłem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m skręcił (masculine past singular)
skręciłam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m skręciła (feminine past singular)
skręciłom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m skręciło (neuter past singular)
skręciliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy skręcili (past plural virile)
skręciłyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy skręciły (nonvirile past plural)
skręciłeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś skręcił (masculine past singular)
skręciłaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś skręciła (feminine past singular)
skręciłoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś skręciło (neuter past singular)
skręciliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście skręcili (past plural virile)
skręciłyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście skręciły (nonvirile past plural)
skręcił (masculine past singular third-person)
skręciła (feminine past singular third-person)
skręciło (neuter past singular third-person)
skręcili (past plural third-person virile)
skręciły (nonvirile past plural third-person)
skręcono (impersonal past)
skręciłbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym skręcił (conditional masculine singular)
skręciłabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym skręciła (conditional feminine singular)
skręciłobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym skręciło (conditional neuter singular)
skręcilibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy skręcili (conditional plural virile)
skręciłybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy skręciły (conditional nonvirile plural)
skręciłbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś skręcił (conditional masculine singular)
skręciłabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś skręciła (conditional feminine singular)
skręciłobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś skręciło (conditional neuter singular)
skręcilibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście skręcili (conditional plural virile)
skręciłybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście skręciły (conditional nonvirile plural)
skręciłby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by skręcił (conditional masculine singular third-person)
skręciłaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by skręciła (conditional feminine singular third-person)
skręciłoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by skręciło (conditional neuter singular third-person)
skręciliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by skręcili (conditional plural third-person virile)
skręciłyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by skręciły (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
skręcono by (conditional impersonal)
niech skręcę (imperative singular)
skręćmy (imperative plural)
skręć (imperative singular)
skręćcie (imperative plural)
niech skręci (imperative singular third-person)
niech skręcą (imperative plural third-person)
skręcony (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
skręcona (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
skręcone (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
skręceni (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
skręcone (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
skręciwszy (adverbial anterior participle)
skręcenie (noun-from-verb)


zdjęcie

zdjęcie n (diminutive zdjątko, related adjective zdjęciowy)

zdjątko (diminutive)
zdjęciowy (adjective)
zdjęcie (nominative singular)
zdjęcia (nominative plural)
zdjęcia (genitive singular)
zdjęć (genitive plural)
zdjęciu (dative singular)
zdjęciom (dative plural)
zdjęcie (accusative singular)
zdjęcia (accusative plural)
zdjęciem (instrumental singular)
zdjęciami (instrumental plural)
zdjęciu (locative singular)
zdjęciach (locative plural)
zdjęcie (singular vocative)
zdjęcia (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish zjęcie. By surface analysis, zdjąć + -cie.

(in the plural, cinematography) cinematography (process of recording scenes that are transformed into a film in the editing process)

(in the plural, cinematography) video (recorded moving images)


Balzac

Balzac (nominative singular)
Balzaca (genitive singular)
Balzacowi (dative singular)
Balzaca (accusative singular)
Balzaciem (instrumental singular)
Balzacu (locative singular)
Balzacu (singular vocative)

(literature) Alternative spelling of Balzak


topos

topos (nominative singular)
toposy (nominative plural)
toposu (genitive singular)
toposów (genitive plural)
toposowi (dative singular)
toposom (dative plural)
topos (accusative singular)
toposy (accusative plural)
toposem (instrumental singular)
toposami (instrumental plural)
toposie (locative singular)
toposach (locative plural)
toposie (singular vocative)
toposy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τόπος (tópos).

lbor

(literature, rhetoric) topos (literary theme or motif; a rhetorical convention or formula)


metrum

metrum (nominative singular)
metra (nominative plural)
metrum (genitive singular)
metrów (genitive plural)
metrum (dative singular)
metrom (dative plural)
metrum (accusative singular)
metra (accusative plural)
metrum (instrumental singular)
metrami (instrumental plural)
metrum (locative singular)
metrach (locative plural)
metrum (singular vocative)
metra (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin metrum. Doublet of metr.

(poetry) metre (rhythm or measure in verse)


spin-off

spin-off (nominative singular)
spin-offy (nominative plural)
spin-offu (genitive singular)
spin-offów (genitive plural)
spin-offowi (dative singular)
spin-offom (dative plural)
spin-off (accusative singular)
spin-offy (accusative plural)
spin-offem (instrumental singular)
spin-offami (instrumental plural)
spin-offie (locative singular)
spin-offach (locative plural)
spin-offie (singular vocative)
spin-offy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English spin-off.

ubor

(fiction) spin-off (fictional work where the protagonist was introduced in a preceding work or at least shares the same setting, often in a different aspect)


toner

pl-noun

toner m inan (related adjective tonerowy)

tonerowy (adjective)
toner (nominative singular)
tonery (nominative plural)
toneru (genitive singular)
tonerów (genitive plural)
tonerowi (dative singular)
tonerom (dative plural)
toner (accusative singular)
tonery (accusative plural)
tonerem (instrumental singular)
tonerami (instrumental plural)
tonerze (locative singular)
tonerach (locative plural)
tonerze (singular vocative)
tonery (plural vocative)

(printing) toner (powder used in laser printers and photocopiers to form the text and images on the printed paper)

(printing) toner cartridge (consumable component of a laser printer)


tetralogia

tetralogia f (related adjective tetralogiczny)

tetralogiczny (adjective)
tetralogia (nominative singular)
tetralogie (nominative plural)
tetralogii (genitive singular)
tetralogii (genitive plural)
tetralogij (archaic genitive plural)
tetralogii (dative singular)
tetralogiom (dative plural)
tetralogię (accusative singular)
tetralogie (accusative plural)
tetralogią (instrumental singular)
tetralogiami (instrumental plural)
tetralogii (locative singular)
tetralogiach (locative plural)
tetralogio (singular vocative)
tetralogie (plural vocative)

(film, literature, music, painting, theater) tetralogy (set of four works of art that are connected, and that can be seen either as a single work or as four individual works)


apostrof

apostrof (nominative singular)
apostrofy (nominative plural)
apostrofu (genitive singular)
apostrofów (genitive plural)
apostrofowi (dative singular)
apostrofom (dative plural)
apostrof (accusative singular)
apostrofy (accusative plural)
apostrofem (instrumental singular)
apostrofami (instrumental plural)
apostrofie (locative singular)
apostrofach (locative plural)
apostrofie (singular vocative)
apostrofy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin apostrophus, from Ancient Greek ἀπόστροφος (apóstrophos). Doublet of apostrofa.

lbor

(orthography) apostrophe (the text character ’)


procedural

procedural (nominative singular)
procedurale (nominative plural)
procedurala (genitive singular)
procedurali (genitive plural)
proceduralów (genitive plural)
proceduralowi (dative singular)
proceduralom (dative plural)
procedural (accusative singular)
procedurale (accusative plural)
proceduralem (instrumental singular)
proceduralami (instrumental plural)
proceduralu (locative singular)
proceduralach (locative plural)
proceduralu (singular vocative)
procedurale (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English procedural. By surface analysis, back-formation from proceduralny.

surf

(colloquial, film, television) procedural, police procedural (television series, or film characterized by detailed, realistic treatment of professional procedures, especially police procedures)


skald

skald (nominative singular)
skaldowie (nominative plural)
skalda (genitive singular)
skaldów (genitive plural)
skaldowi (dative singular)
skaldom (dative plural)
skalda (accusative singular)
skaldów (accusative plural)
skaldem (instrumental singular)
skaldami (instrumental plural)
skaldzie (locative singular)
skaldach (locative plural)
skaldzie (singular vocative)
skaldowie (plural vocative)

(historical, poetry) skald (Nordic poet)


katabasis

Unadapted borrowing from Ancient Greek κατάβασις (katábasis).

ubor

(literature, mythology) katabasis (mytheme or trope in which the hero embarks on a journey to the underworld)


kadr

kadr (nominative singular)
kadry (nominative plural)
kadru (genitive singular)
kadrów (genitive plural)
kadrowi (dative singular)
kadrom (dative plural)
kadr (accusative singular)
kadry (accusative plural)
kadrem (instrumental singular)
kadrami (instrumental plural)
kadrze (locative singular)
kadrach (locative plural)
kadrze (singular vocative)
kadry (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French cadre, from Italian quadro, from Latin quadrum.

(animation, film) frame (piece of photographic film containing an image)


seria

seryjka (diminutive)
seria (nominative singular)
serie (nominative plural)
serii (genitive singular)
serii (genitive plural)
seryj (archaic genitive plural)
serii (dative singular)
seriom (dative plural)
serię (accusative singular)
serie (accusative plural)
serią (instrumental singular)
seriami (instrumental plural)
serii (locative singular)
seriach (locative plural)
serio (singular vocative)
serie (plural vocative)


triolet

triolet (nominative singular)
triolety (nominative plural)
trioletu (genitive singular)
trioletów (genitive plural)
trioletowi (dative singular)
trioletom (dative plural)
triolet (accusative singular)
triolety (accusative plural)
trioletem (instrumental singular)
trioletami (instrumental plural)
triolecie (locative singular)
trioletach (locative plural)
triolecie (singular vocative)
triolety (plural vocative)


epizod

epizodzik (diminutive)
epizod (nominative singular)
epizody (nominative plural)
epizodu (genitive singular)
epizodów (genitive plural)
epizodowi (dative singular)
epizodom (dative plural)
epizod (accusative singular)
epizody (accusative plural)
epizodem (instrumental singular)
epizodami (instrumental plural)
epizodzie (locative singular)
epizodach (locative plural)
epizodzie (singular vocative)
epizody (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French épisode, from Ancient Greek ἐπεισόδιον (epeisódion).

(art, colloquial, film, literature, theater) episode (instalment of a drama told in parts)


epitet

epitet (nominative singular)
epitety (nominative plural)
epitetu (genitive singular)
epitetów (genitive plural)
epitetowi (dative singular)
epitetom (dative plural)
epitet (accusative singular)
epitety (accusative plural)
epitetem (instrumental singular)
epitetami (instrumental plural)
epitecie (locative singular)
epitetach (locative plural)
epitecie (singular vocative)
epitety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French épithète, from Middle French épithète, from Latin epitheton, from Ancient Greek ἐπίθετον (epítheton), the neuter of ἐπίθετος (epíthetos), from ἐπιτίθημι (epitíthēmi), from ἐπι- (epi-) + τίθημι (títhēmi).

(rhetoric, poetry) epithet (term used to characterize a person or thing)


lektor

lektor (nominative singular)
lektorzy (nominative plural)
lektory (derogatory nominative plural)
lektora (genitive singular)
lektorów (genitive plural)
lektorowi (dative singular)
lektorom (dative plural)
lektora (accusative singular)
lektorów (accusative plural)
lektorem (instrumental singular)
lektorami (instrumental plural)
lektorze (locative singular)
lektorach (locative plural)
lektorze (singular vocative)
lektorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin lēctor (“lecturer, reader”).

lbor

(television) off-screen reader, narrator, lector; in particular a voice-over artist

(television, by metonymy, colloquial) voice-over (a voice-overed release of foreign content, as opposed to a lip-sync-dubbed one)


makulatura

makulatura (nominative singular)
makulatury (nominative plural)
makulatury (genitive singular)
makulatur (genitive plural)
makulaturze (dative singular)
makulaturom (dative plural)
makulaturę (accusative singular)
makulatury (accusative plural)
makulaturą (instrumental singular)
makulaturami (instrumental plural)
makulaturze (locative singular)
makulaturach (locative plural)
makulaturo (singular vocative)
makulatury (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French maculature, from Latin maculāre, from macula.

(colloquial, literature) junk, trash (low-quality literature)


mikrofon

pl-noun

mikrofon m inan (diminutive mikrofonik, related adjective mikrofonowy)

mikrofonik (diminutive)
mikrofonowy (adjective)
mikrofon (nominative singular)
mikrofony (nominative plural)
mikrofonu (genitive singular)
mikrofonów (genitive plural)
mikrofonowi (dative singular)
mikrofonom (dative plural)
mikrofon (accusative singular)
mikrofony (accusative plural)
mikrofonem (instrumental singular)
mikrofonami (instrumental plural)
mikrofonie (locative singular)
mikrofonach (locative plural)
mikrofonie (singular vocative)
mikrofony (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English microphone, French microphone, German Mikrofon, ultimately from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós) + φωνή (phōnḗ).

(broadcasting, sound engineering) microphone (transducer of sound waves to electricity)


mimika

mimiczny (adjective)
mimika (nominative singular)
mimiki (genitive singular)
mimice (dative singular)
mimikę (accusative singular)
mimiką (instrumental singular)
mimice (locative singular)
mimiko (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French mimique. Doublet of mimik.

(acting) facial expressions (element of acting which consists in conveying content with the help of facial muscular movements)


varia

varia (nominative plural)
variów (genitive plural)
variom (dative plural)
varia (accusative plural)
variami (instrumental plural)
variach (locative plural)
varia (plural vocative)

(literature) varia, miscellany (collection of diverse texts, thoughts, or notes collected in a publication)


elegia

elegia (nominative singular)
elegie (nominative plural)
elegii (genitive singular)
elegii (genitive plural)
elegij (archaic genitive plural)
elegii (dative singular)
elegiom (dative plural)
elegię (accusative singular)
elegie (accusative plural)
elegią (instrumental singular)
elegiami (instrumental plural)
elegii (locative singular)
elegiach (locative plural)
elegio (singular vocative)
elegie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin elegīa, from Ancient Greek ἐλεγεία ᾠδή (elegeía ōidḗ, “an elegiac song”), from ἐλεγεία (elegeía), feminine of ἐλεγεῖος (elegeîos, “elegiac”), from ἔλεγος (élegos, “poem or song of lament”), perhaps from Phrygian.

der

(poetry) elegy (mournful or plaintive poem or song)


fotos

fotos (nominative singular)
fotosy (nominative plural)
fotosu (genitive singular)
fotosów (genitive plural)
fotosowi (dative singular)
fotosom (dative plural)
fotos (accusative singular)
fotosy (accusative plural)
fotosem (instrumental singular)
fotosami (instrumental plural)
fotosie (locative singular)
fotosach (locative plural)
fotosie (singular vocative)
fotosy (plural vocative)


kanon

pl-noun

kanon m inan (related adjective kanonowy)

kanonowy (adjective)
kanon (nominative singular)
kanony (nominative plural)
kanonu (genitive singular)
kanonów (genitive plural)
kanonowi (dative singular)
kanonom (dative plural)
kanon (accusative singular)
kanony (accusative plural)
kanonem (instrumental singular)
kanonami (instrumental plural)
kanonie (locative singular)
kanonach (locative plural)
kanonie (singular vocative)
kanony (plural vocative)

(literature) canon (group of literary works that are generally accepted as representing a field)

(literature) canon (works of a writer that have been accepted as authentic)

(printing) canon (large size of type formerly used for printing the church canons, standardized as 48-point)


protagonista

protagonista m pers (female equivalent protagonistka)

protagonistka (feminine)
protagonista (nominative singular)
protagoniści (nominative plural)
protagonisty (derogatory nominative plural)
protagonisty (genitive singular)
protagonistów (genitive plural)
protagoniście (dative singular)
protagonistom (dative plural)
protagonistę (accusative singular)
protagonistów (accusative plural)
protagonistą (instrumental singular)
protagonistami (instrumental plural)
protagoniście (locative singular)
protagonistach (locative plural)
protagonisto (singular vocative)
protagoniści (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French protagoniste, from Ancient Greek πρωταγωνιστής (prōtagōnistḗs).

der

πρωταγωνιστής

(film, literature, theater) protagonist (main character)


pauza

pauza (nominative singular)
pauzy (nominative plural)
pauzy (genitive singular)
pauz (genitive plural)
pauzie (dative singular)
pauzom (dative plural)
pauzę (accusative singular)
pauzy (accusative plural)
pauzą (instrumental singular)
pauzami (instrumental plural)
pauzie (locative singular)
pauzach (locative plural)
pauzo (singular vocative)
pauzy (plural vocative)


cezura

cezura (nominative singular)
cezury (nominative plural)
cezury (genitive singular)
cezur (genitive plural)
cezurze (dative singular)
cezurom (dative plural)
cezurę (accusative singular)
cezury (accusative plural)
cezurą (instrumental singular)
cezurami (instrumental plural)
cezurze (locative singular)
cezurach (locative plural)
cezuro (singular vocative)
cezury (plural vocative)

(poetry) caesura (pause or interruption)


katharsis

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κάθαρσις (kátharsis).

lbor

(drama) catharsis (release of emotional tension)


antena

antenka (diminutive)
antena (nominative singular)
anteny (nominative plural)
anteny (genitive singular)
anten (genitive plural)
antenie (dative singular)
antenom (dative plural)
antenę (accusative singular)
anteny (accusative plural)
anteną (instrumental singular)
antenami (instrumental plural)
antenie (locative singular)
antenach (locative plural)
anteno (singular vocative)
anteny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English antenna, French antenne, German Antenne, ultimately from Latin antenna.

(broadcasting, television) program or channel on a given radio or television station


akcent

akcencik (diminutive)
akcent (nominative singular)
akcenty (nominative plural)
akcentu (genitive singular)
akcentów (genitive plural)
akcentowi (dative singular)
akcentom (dative plural)
akcent (accusative singular)
akcenty (accusative plural)
akcentem (instrumental singular)
akcentami (instrumental plural)
akcencie (locative singular)
akcentach (locative plural)
akcencie (singular vocative)
akcenty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin accentus. First attested in 1566.

znak akcentu

liczba akcentów

przesuwać/przesunąć/przenosić akcenty

(typography) accent (mark placed above a letter)


dramaturgia

dramaturgia (nominative singular)
dramaturgii (genitive singular)
dramaturgii (dative singular)
dramaturgię (accusative singular)
dramaturgią (instrumental singular)
dramaturgii (locative singular)
dramaturgio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English dramaturgy, French dramaturgie, German Dramaturgie, ultimately from Ancient Greek δραματουργία (dramatourgía).

der

δραματουργία

(film, literature, music, theater) drama (act of building tension in the course of the plot in a literary, theatrical, cinematic, or musical work)


reporterka

reporter (masculine)
reporterka (nominative singular)
reporterki (nominative plural)
reporterki (genitive singular)
reporterek (genitive plural)
reporterce (dative singular)
reporterkom (dative plural)
reporterkę (accusative singular)
reporterki (accusative plural)
reporterką (instrumental singular)
reporterkami (instrumental plural)
reporterce (locative singular)
reporterkach (locative plural)
reporterko (singular vocative)
reporterki (plural vocative)

(colloquial, journalism) reporterism (activity or profession of being a reporter)


akut

akutowy (adjective)
akut (nominative singular)
akuty (nominative plural)
akutu (genitive singular)
akutów (genitive plural)
akutowi (dative singular)
akutom (dative plural)
akut (accusative singular)
akuty (accusative plural)
akutem (instrumental singular)
akutami (instrumental plural)
akucie (locative singular)
akutach (locative plural)
akucie (singular vocative)
akuty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin acūtus. First attested in 1807.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “akut”, in Słownik języka polskiego


strofa

strofka (diminutive)
strofa (nominative singular)
strofy (nominative plural)
strofy (genitive singular)
strof (genitive plural)
strofie (dative singular)
strofom (dative plural)
strofę (accusative singular)
strofy (accusative plural)
strofą (instrumental singular)
strofami (instrumental plural)
strofie (locative singular)
strofach (locative plural)
strofo (singular vocative)
strofy (plural vocative)


notatka

pl-noun

notatka f (diminutive notateczka, augmentative notata)

notateczka (diminutive)
notata (augmentative)
notatka (nominative singular)
notatki (nominative plural)
notatki (genitive singular)
notatek (genitive plural)
notatce (dative singular)
notatkom (dative plural)
notatkę (accusative singular)
notatki (accusative plural)
notatką (instrumental singular)
notatkami (instrumental plural)
notatce (locative singular)
notatkach (locative plural)
notatko (singular vocative)
notatki (plural vocative)


prowadzić

pl-verb

prowadzić impf (frequentative prowadzać)

prowadzać (frequentative)
prowadzić (infinitive)
prowadzę (present singular)
prowadzimy (plural present)
prowadzisz (present singular)
prowadzicie (plural present)
prowadzi (present singular third-person)
prowadzą (plural present third-person)
prowadzi się (impersonal present)
prowadziłem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m prowadził (masculine past singular)
prowadziłam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m prowadziła (feminine past singular)
prowadziłom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m prowadziło (neuter past singular)
prowadziliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy prowadzili (past plural virile)
prowadziłyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy prowadziły (nonvirile past plural)
prowadziłeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś prowadził (masculine past singular)
prowadziłaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś prowadziła (feminine past singular)
prowadziłoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś prowadziło (neuter past singular)
prowadziliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście prowadzili (past plural virile)
prowadziłyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście prowadziły (nonvirile past plural)
prowadził (masculine past singular third-person)
prowadziła (feminine past singular third-person)
prowadziło (neuter past singular third-person)
prowadzili (past plural third-person virile)
prowadziły (nonvirile past plural third-person)
prowadzono (impersonal past)
będę prowadził (future masculine singular)
będę prowadzić (future masculine singular)
będę prowadziła (feminine future singular)
będę prowadzić (feminine future singular)
będę prowadziło (future neuter singular)
będę prowadzić (future neuter singular)
będziemy prowadzili (future plural virile)
będziemy prowadzić (future plural virile)
będziemy prowadziły (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy prowadzić (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz prowadził (future masculine singular)
będziesz prowadzić (future masculine singular)
będziesz prowadziła (feminine future singular)
będziesz prowadzić (feminine future singular)
będziesz prowadziło (future neuter singular)
będziesz prowadzić (future neuter singular)
będziecie prowadzili (future plural virile)
będziecie prowadzić (future plural virile)
będziecie prowadziły (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie prowadzić (future nonvirile plural)
będzie prowadził (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie prowadzić (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie prowadziła (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie prowadzić (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie prowadziło (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie prowadzić (future neuter singular third-person)
będą prowadzili (future plural third-person virile)
będą prowadzić (future plural third-person virile)
będą prowadziły (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą prowadzić (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie prowadzić się (future impersonal)
prowadziłbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym prowadził (conditional masculine singular)
prowadziłabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym prowadziła (conditional feminine singular)
prowadziłobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym prowadziło (conditional neuter singular)
prowadzilibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy prowadzili (conditional plural virile)
prowadziłybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy prowadziły (conditional nonvirile plural)
prowadziłbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś prowadził (conditional masculine singular)
prowadziłabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś prowadziła (conditional feminine singular)
prowadziłobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś prowadziło (conditional neuter singular)
prowadzilibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście prowadzili (conditional plural virile)
prowadziłybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście prowadziły (conditional nonvirile plural)
prowadziłby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by prowadził (conditional masculine singular third-person)
prowadziłaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by prowadziła (conditional feminine singular third-person)
prowadziłoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by prowadziło (conditional neuter singular third-person)
prowadziliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by prowadzili (conditional plural third-person virile)
prowadziłyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by prowadziły (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
prowadzono by (conditional impersonal)
niech prowadzę (imperative singular)
prowadźmy (imperative plural)
prowadź (imperative singular)
prowadźcie (imperative plural)
niech prowadzi (imperative singular third-person)
niech prowadzą (imperative plural third-person)
prowadzący (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
prowadząca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
prowadzące (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
prowadzący (active adjectival participle plural virile)
prowadzące (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
prowadzony (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
prowadzona (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
prowadzone (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
prowadzeni (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
prowadzone (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
prowadząc (adjectival contemporary participle)
prowadzenie (noun-from-verb)

→ Kashubian: prowadzëc

→ Slovincian: prôwadzëc

(transitive, film, literature) to direct (to give a specific course to the plot of a literary or film work)


spiker

pl-noun

spiker m pers (female equivalent spikerka)

spikerka (feminine)
spiker (nominative singular)
spikerzy (nominative plural)
spikery (derogatory nominative plural)
spikera (genitive singular)
spikerów (genitive plural)
spikerowi (dative singular)
spikerom (dative plural)
spikera (accusative singular)
spikerów (accusative plural)
spikerem (instrumental singular)
spikerami (instrumental plural)
spikerze (locative singular)
spikerach (locative plural)
spikerze (singular vocative)
spikerzy (plural vocative)

(television, radio) announcer, newsreader


sonet

sonecik (diminutive)
sonet (nominative singular)
sonety (nominative plural)
sonetu (genitive singular)
sonetów (genitive plural)
sonetowi (dative singular)
sonetom (dative plural)
sonet (accusative singular)
sonety (accusative plural)
sonetem (instrumental singular)
sonetami (instrumental plural)
sonecie (locative singular)
sonetach (locative plural)
sonecie (singular vocative)
sonety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Italian sonetto, from Old Occitan sonet, diminutive of son, from Latin sonus.


akcja

akcyjny (adjective)
akcja (nominative singular)
akcje (nominative plural)
akcji (genitive singular)
akcji (genitive plural)
akcyj (archaic genitive plural)
akcji (dative singular)
akcjom (dative plural)
akcję (accusative singular)
akcje (accusative plural)
akcją (instrumental singular)
akcjami (instrumental plural)
akcji (locative singular)
akcjach (locative plural)
akcjo (singular vocative)
akcje (plural vocative)
akcyja (alternative Middle Polish)
akcya (alternative)

→ Kashubian: akcjô

Learned borrowing from Latin āctiō (“act of doing or making”). Sense 1 and sense 6 are semantic loans from German Aktion or French action. First attested in 1553.

sl

akcja sceniczna

akcja dramatyczna

gra akcji

akcja sztuki

film akcji

akcja filmu

(film, literature, theater, video games) action (fast-paced activity especially in literature, play acting, or film)


bohater

pl-noun

bohater m pers (female equivalent bohaterka)

bohaterka (feminine)
bohater (nominative singular)
bohaterowie (nominative plural)
bohaterzy (nominative plural)
bohatera (genitive singular)
bohaterów (genitive plural)
bohaterowi (dative singular)
bohaterom (dative plural)
bohatera (accusative singular)
bohaterów (accusative plural)
bohaterem (instrumental singular)
bohaterami (instrumental plural)
bohaterze (locative singular)
bohaterach (locative plural)
bohaterze (singular vocative)
bohaterowie (plural vocative)
bohaterzy (plural vocative)
bohatyr (alternative obsolete)

Borrowed from Old East Slavic богатꙑрь (bogatyrĭ), from a Turkic language. First attested in 1606. Doublet of bogatyr. Compare Kyrgyz баатыр (baatır), Mongolian баатар (baatar) and Persian بهادر (bahâdor).

główny bohater

tytułowy bohater

filmowy bohater

bohater literacki

pierwszoplanowy bohater

telewizyjny bohater

bohater baśni

bohater dramatu

bohater powieści

bohater utworu

bohater filmu

bohater książki

bohater epopei/eposu

bohater serialu

dzieje bohatera

losy bohatera

przygody bohatera

śledzić losy bohaterów

(film, literature, narratology) character, protagonist


diabeł

diabeł m animal or m pers (female equivalent diablica, diminutive diabełek, related adjective diabli)

diabeł m animal or (canonical masculine person)
diablica (feminine)
diabełek (diminutive)
diabli (adjective)
diabeł (nominative singular)
diabły (nominative plural)
diabli (nominative plural)
diabła (genitive singular)
diabłów (genitive plural)
diabłu (dative singular)
diabłom (dative plural)
diabła (accusative singular)
diabły (accusative plural)
diabłów (accusative plural)
diabłem (instrumental singular)
diabłami (instrumental plural)
diable (locative singular)
diabłach (locative plural)
diable (singular vocative)
diabły (plural vocative)
diabli (plural vocative)
dyjabeł (alternative Middle Polish)
dejabeł (alternative Middle Polish)
dyjaboł (alternative Middle Polish)
diacheł (alternative Middle Polish)
dyabeł (alternative)
djabeł (alternative)
debeł (alternative)
dyjacheł (alternative)

→ Kashubian: diôbéł, diabéł, diobéł

→ Slovincian: djôùbel

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁
Proto-Indo-European *dwísder.
Ancient Greek διά (diá)
Ancient Greek δια- (dia-)
Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH-der.
Ancient Greek βᾰ́λλω (bắllō)
Ancient Greek διαβάλλω (diabállō)
Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos)bor.
Latin diaboluslbor.
Old Czech diábelbor.
Old Polish dyjabeł
Polish diabeł
Inherited from Old Polish dyjabeł. Doublet of diabolo.

etymon

gdy się człowiek spieszy, to się diabeł cieszy

modli się pod figurą, a diabła ma za skórą

ubrał się diabeł w ornat i ogonem na mszę dzwoni

Coordinate term: anioł

(countable, folklore) devil (fictional image of a man, usually red or orange in skin color; with a set of horns on his head, a pointed goatee, and a long tail, and carrying a pitchfork; that represents evil and portrayed to children in an effort to discourage bad behavior)


typ

typ (nominative singular)
typy (nominative plural)
typu (genitive singular)
typów (genitive plural)
typowi (dative singular)
typom (dative plural)
typ (accusative singular)
typy (accusative plural)
typem (instrumental singular)
typami (instrumental plural)
typie (locative singular)
typach (locative plural)
typie (singular vocative)
typy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French type. First attested in 1688.

ref

Aleksandra Wieczorek (20.04.2021) “TYP”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(countable, film, literature) archetype (character presented as devoid of individual features and having only schematic features)

(countable, obsolete, typography) type (letter or character used for printing, historically a cast or engraved block)


obcy

pl-adj

obcy (comparative bardziej obcy, superlative najbardziej obcy, derived adverb obco)

bardziej obcy (comparative)
najbardziej obcy (superlative)
obcy (masculine nominative singular)
obca (feminine nominative singular)
obce (neuter nominative singular)
obcy (nominative plural virile)
obce (nominative plural)
obcego (genitive masculine singular)
obcej (feminine genitive singular)
obcego (genitive neuter singular)
obcych (genitive plural)
obcych (genitive plural virile)
obcemu (dative masculine singular)
obcej (dative feminine singular)
obcemu (dative neuter singular)
obcym (dative plural)
obcym (dative plural virile)
obcego (accusative animate masculine singular)
obcy (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
obcą (accusative feminine singular)
obce (accusative neuter singular)
obcych (accusative plural virile)
obce (accusative plural)
obcym (instrumental masculine singular)
obcą (feminine instrumental singular)
obcym (instrumental neuter singular)
obcymi (instrumental plural)
obcymi (instrumental plural virile)
obcym (locative masculine singular)
obcej (feminine locative singular)
obcym (locative neuter singular)
obcych (locative plural)
obcych (locative plural virile)
obski (alternative)

(nominalized, science fiction, ufology) extraterrestrial, alien (not coming from Earth)


wiersz

pl-noun

wiersz m inan (diminutive wierszyk, augmentative wierszydło)

wierszyk (diminutive)
wierszydło (augmentative)
wiersz (nominative singular)
wiersze (nominative plural)
wiersza (genitive singular)
wierszy (genitive plural)
wierszowi (dative singular)
wierszom (dative plural)
wiersz (accusative singular)
wiersze (accusative plural)
wierszem (instrumental singular)
wierszami (instrumental plural)
wierszu (locative singular)
wierszach (locative plural)
wierszu (singular vocative)
wiersze (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: верш (zamš)

→ Russian: вирш (virš), ви́рша (vírša)

→ Ukrainian: вірш (virš)

Learned borrowing from Latin versus. Compare Belarusian верш (vjerš), Ukrainian вірш (virš). Doublet of wers.

(poetry) poem (literary piece written in verse)


antologia

antologia (nominative singular)
antologie (nominative plural)
antologii (genitive singular)
antologii (genitive plural)
antologij (archaic genitive plural)
antologii (dative singular)
antologiom (dative plural)
antologię (accusative singular)
antologie (accusative plural)
antologią (instrumental singular)
antologiami (instrumental plural)
antologii (locative singular)
antologiach (locative plural)
antologio (singular vocative)
antologie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin anthologia, from Ancient Greek ἀνθολογία (anthología).

lbor

(literature) anthology (a collection of literary works)


synchron

synchron (nominative singular)
synchrony (nominative plural)
synchronu (genitive singular)
synchronów (genitive plural)
synchronowi (dative singular)
synchronom (dative plural)
synchron (accusative singular)
synchrony (accusative plural)
synchronem (instrumental singular)
synchronami (instrumental plural)
synchronie (locative singular)
synchronach (locative plural)
synchronie (singular vocative)
synchrony (plural vocative)

Clipping of synchronizm /synchronizacja.

(film, music) synchronization (act of recording sound on one medium)


inkunabuł

inkunabuł (nominative singular)
inkunabuły (nominative plural)
inkunabułu (genitive singular)
inkunabułów (genitive plural)
inkunabułowi (dative singular)
inkunabułom (dative plural)
inkunabuł (accusative singular)
inkunabuły (accusative plural)
inkunabułem (instrumental singular)
inkunabułami (instrumental plural)
inkunabule (locative singular)
inkunabułach (locative plural)
inkunabule (singular vocative)
inkunabuły (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin incūnābula.

(historical, printing) incunabulum, palaeotype (book, single sheet, or image that was printed before the year 1501 in Europe)


antagonista

pl-noun

antagonista m pers (female equivalent antagonistka)

antagonistka (feminine)
antagonista (nominative singular)
antagoniści (nominative plural)
antagonisty (derogatory nominative plural)
antagonisty (genitive singular)
antagonistów (genitive plural)
antagoniście (dative singular)
antagonistom (dative plural)
antagonistę (accusative singular)
antagonistów (accusative plural)
antagonistą (instrumental singular)
antagonistami (instrumental plural)
antagoniście (locative singular)
antagonistach (locative plural)
antagonisto (singular vocative)
antagoniści (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French antagoniste, from Latin antagōnista, from Ancient Greek ἀνταγωνιστής (antagōnistḗs).

der

ἀνταγωνιστής

(film, literature, theater) antagonist (main opponent)


miniatura

pl-noun

miniatura f (diminutive miniaturka, related adjective miniaturowy)

miniaturka (diminutive)
miniaturowy (adjective)
miniatura (nominative singular)
miniatury (nominative plural)
miniatury (genitive singular)
miniatur (genitive plural)
miniaturze (dative singular)
miniaturom (dative plural)
miniaturę (accusative singular)
miniatury (accusative plural)
miniaturą (instrumental singular)
miniaturami (instrumental plural)
miniaturze (locative singular)
miniaturach (locative plural)
miniaturo (singular vocative)
miniatury (plural vocative)

(film, literature, music, theater) miniature (composition which is short in duration)


gazeta

gazeta f (diminutive gazetka, augmentative gazecidło or gazecisko, related adjective gazetowy)

gazetka (diminutive)
gazecidło (augmentative)
gazecisko (augmentative)
gazetowy (adjective)
gazeta (nominative singular)
gazety (nominative plural)
gazety (genitive singular)
gazet (genitive plural)
gazecie (dative singular)
gazetom (dative plural)
gazetę (accusative singular)
gazety (accusative plural)
gazetą (instrumental singular)
gazetami (instrumental plural)
gazecie (locative singular)
gazetach (locative plural)
gazeto (singular vocative)
gazety (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: gazéta

Borrowed from French gazette. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Silesian gazyta.

ref

“GAZETA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 12.04.2023

(publishing) newspaper (publication, usually published daily or weekly and usually printed on cheap, low-quality paper, containing news and other articles)

newspaper (editing team of such a publication)

newspaper (building where such a publication is headquarted)

newspaper (those working for such a publication)

newspaper (single edition of such a publication)

(publishing) newspaper, newsprint (paper on which newspapers are printed)


ligatura

ligatura (nominative singular)
ligatury (nominative plural)
ligatury (genitive singular)
ligatur (genitive plural)
ligaturze (dative singular)
ligaturom (dative plural)
ligaturę (accusative singular)
ligatury (accusative plural)
ligaturą (instrumental singular)
ligaturami (instrumental plural)
ligaturze (locative singular)
ligaturach (locative plural)
ligaturo (singular vocative)
ligatury (plural vocative)


duży

pl-adj

duży (comparative większy, superlative największy, Middle Polish comparative duższy, Middle Polish superlative naduższy or najduższy, derived adverb dużo)

większy (comparative)
największy (superlative)
duższy (Middle Polish comparative)
naduższy (Middle Polish superlative)
najduższy (Middle Polish superlative)
duży (masculine nominative singular)
duża (feminine nominative singular)
duże (neuter nominative singular)
duzi (nominative plural virile)
duże (nominative plural)
dużego (genitive masculine singular)
dużej (feminine genitive singular)
dużego (genitive neuter singular)
dużych (genitive plural)
dużych (genitive plural virile)
dużemu (dative masculine singular)
dużej (dative feminine singular)
dużemu (dative neuter singular)
dużym (dative plural)
dużym (dative plural virile)
dużego (accusative animate masculine singular)
duży (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
dużą (accusative feminine singular)
duże (accusative neuter singular)
dużych (accusative plural virile)
duże (accusative plural)
dużym (instrumental masculine singular)
dużą (feminine instrumental singular)
dużym (instrumental neuter singular)
dużymi (instrumental plural)
dużymi (instrumental plural virile)
dużym (locative masculine singular)
dużej (feminine locative singular)
dużym (locative neuter singular)
dużych (locative plural)
dużych (locative plural virile)
duż (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dužь. First attested in 1551.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “duży, duż”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

małe dzieci - mały kłopot, duże dzieci - duży kłopot

Coordinate term: mały


wielki

pl-adj

wielki (comparative większy, superlative największy, derived adverb wielce)

większy (comparative)
największy (superlative)
wielki (masculine nominative singular)
wielka (feminine nominative singular)
wielkie (neuter nominative singular)
wielcy (nominative plural virile)
wielkie (nominative plural)
wielkiego (genitive masculine singular)
wielkiej (feminine genitive singular)
wielkiego (genitive neuter singular)
wielkich (genitive plural)
wielkich (genitive plural virile)
wielkiemu (dative masculine singular)
wielkiej (dative feminine singular)
wielkiemu (dative neuter singular)
wielkim (dative plural)
wielkim (dative plural virile)
wielkiego (accusative animate masculine singular)
wielki (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
wielką (accusative feminine singular)
wielkie (accusative neuter singular)
wielkich (accusative plural virile)
wielkie (accusative plural)
wielkim (instrumental masculine singular)
wielką (feminine instrumental singular)
wielkim (instrumental neuter singular)
wielkimi (instrumental plural)
wielkimi (instrumental plural virile)
wielkim (locative masculine singular)
wielkiej (feminine locative singular)
wielkim (locative neuter singular)
wielkich (locative plural)
wielkich (locative plural virile)
wieliki (alternative Middle Polish)
wielgi (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish wielki. By surface analysis, wiele + -ki.

Coordinate term: mały


mały

mały (comparative mniejszy, superlative najmniejszy, Middle Polish superlative namniejszy, derived adverb mało)

mniejszy (comparative)
najmniejszy (superlative)
namniejszy (Middle Polish superlative)
mały (masculine nominative singular)
mała (feminine nominative singular)
małe (neuter nominative singular)
mali (nominative plural virile)
małe (nominative plural)
małego (genitive masculine singular)
małej (feminine genitive singular)
małego (genitive neuter singular)
małych (genitive plural)
małych (genitive plural virile)
małemu (dative masculine singular)
małej (dative feminine singular)
małemu (dative neuter singular)
małym (dative plural)
małym (dative plural virile)
małego (accusative animate masculine singular)
mały (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
małą (accusative feminine singular)
małe (accusative neuter singular)
małych (accusative plural virile)
małe (accusative plural)
małym (instrumental masculine singular)
małą (feminine instrumental singular)
małym (instrumental neuter singular)
małymi (instrumental plural)
małymi (instrumental plural virile)
małym (locative masculine singular)
małej (feminine locative singular)
małym (locative neuter singular)
małych (locative plural)
małych (locative plural virile)
mał (alternative Middle Polish)


światło

pl-noun

światło n (diminutive światełko, related adjective świetlny)

światełko (diminutive)
świetlny (adjective)
światło (nominative singular)
światła (nominative plural)
światła (genitive singular)
świateł (genitive plural)
światłu (dative singular)
światłom (dative plural)
światło (accusative singular)
światła (accusative plural)
światłem (instrumental singular)
światłami (instrumental plural)
świetle (locative singular)
światłach (locative plural)
światło (singular vocative)
światła (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish światło (noun).

inh+

(typography) spacing (space between lines or words in the text)