barter

pl-noun

barter m inan (related adjective barterowy)

barterowy (adjective)
barter (nominative singular)
bartery (nominative plural)
barteru (genitive singular)
barterów (genitive plural)
barterowi (dative singular)
barterom (dative plural)
barter (accusative singular)
bartery (accusative plural)
barterem (instrumental singular)
barterami (instrumental plural)
barterze (locative singular)
barterach (locative plural)
barterze (singular vocative)
bartery (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English barter, from Middle English, from Old French barater.

(business, trading) barter (exchange of goods or services without the use of money)


deal

deal (nominative singular)
deale (nominative plural)
dealu (genitive singular)
deali (genitive plural)
dealowi (dative singular)
dealom (dative plural)
deal (accusative singular)
deale (accusative plural)
dealem (instrumental singular)
dealami (instrumental plural)
dealu (locative singular)
dealach (locative plural)
dealu (singular vocative)
deale (plural vocative)
dil (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English deal, from Middle English delen, from Old English dǣlan, from Proto-West Germanic *dailijan, from Proto-Germanic *dailijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰail-.

(business, slang) deal (transaction offered which is financially beneficial; a bargain)


planet

planet m inan (related adjective planetowy)

planetowy (adjective)
planet (nominative singular)
planety (nominative plural)
planetu (genitive singular)
planetów (genitive plural)
planetowi (dative singular)
planetom (dative plural)
planet (accusative singular)
planety (accusative plural)
planetem (instrumental singular)
planetami (instrumental plural)
planecie (locative singular)
planetach (locative plural)
planecie (singular vocative)
planety (plural vocative)

(horticulture) manual tool for weeding and loosening the soil, in the form of a toothed frame on wheels


LED

ledowy (adjective)
LED (nominative singular)
LED-y (nominative plural)
LED-a (genitive singular)
LED-ów (genitive plural)
LED-owi (dative singular)
LED-om (dative plural)
LED (accusative singular)
LED-y (accusative plural)
LED-em (instrumental singular)
LED-ami (instrumental plural)
LED-zie (locative singular)
LED-ach (locative plural)
LED-zie (singular vocative)
LED-y (plural vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English LED.

(electronics, technology) LED (rectifying semiconductor device which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength in or near the visible spectrum of light)


but

but m inan or m animal (diminutive bucik or butek, augmentative bucior or bucisko)

but m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
bucik (diminutive)
butek (diminutive)
bucior (augmentative)
bucisko (augmentative)
but (nominative singular)
buty (nominative plural)
buta (genitive singular)
butów (genitive plural)
butowi (dative singular)
butom (dative plural)
but (accusative singular)
buta (accusative singular)
buty (accusative plural)
butem (instrumental singular)
butami (instrumental plural)
bucie (locative singular)
butach (locative plural)
bucie (singular vocative)
buty (plural vocative)
bot (alternative Middle Polish)
bót (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-der.
Proto-Germanic *bautaną
Frankish *bautander.?
Old French botebor.
Old Czech botbor.
Old Polish bot
Polish but
Inherited from Old Polish bot, which see for more on the change in the vowel.

etymon

(construction, sailing) keel block (wooden base on which the support that holds the ship's hull during rests for construction)


boom

boom (nominative singular)
boomy (nominative plural)
boomu (genitive singular)
boomów (genitive plural)
boomowi (dative singular)
boomom (dative plural)
boom (accusative singular)
boomy (accusative plural)
boomem (instrumental singular)
boomami (instrumental plural)
boomie (locative singular)
boomach (locative plural)
boomie (singular vocative)
boomy (plural vocative)

(economics, business) boom (period of prosperity)


kaczka

pl-noun

kaczka f (male equivalent kaczor, diminutive kaczuszka or kaczeczka, related adjective kaczczany or kaczczy or kaczkowy)

kaczor (masculine)
kaczuszka (diminutive)
kaczeczka (diminutive)
kaczczany (adjective)
kaczczy (adjective)
kaczkowy (adjective)
kaczka (nominative singular)
kaczki (nominative plural)
kaczki (genitive singular)
kaczek (genitive plural)
kaczce (dative singular)
kaczkom (dative plural)
kaczkę (accusative singular)
kaczki (accusative plural)
kaczką (instrumental singular)
kaczkami (instrumental plural)
kaczce (locative singular)
kaczkach (locative plural)
kaczko (singular vocative)
kaczki (plural vocative)
kacka (alternative)

→ Low Prussian: Katschke

Inherited from Old Polish kaczka, from Proto-Slavic *kačьka, a West Slavic innovation of onomatopoeic origin (for the duck's cry, compare English quack for a similar formation) which replaced Proto-Slavic *ǫtь (“duck”) in West Slavic. Cognates include Czech kachna, kačka, and Slovak kačka, kačica.


kurwa

kurwa f (diminutive kurewka, augmentative kurwisko, related adjective kurewski)

kurewka (diminutive)
kurwisko (augmentative)
kurewski (adjective)
kurwa (nominative singular)
kurwy (nominative plural)
kurwy (genitive singular)
kurew (genitive plural)
kurw (genitive plural)
kurwie (dative singular)
kurwom (dative plural)
kurwę (accusative singular)
kurwy (accusative plural)
kurwą (instrumental singular)
kurwami (instrumental plural)
kurwie (locative singular)
kurwach (locative plural)
kurwo (singular vocative)
kurwy (plural vocative)
kurew (alternative archaic dialectal)
k*rwa (alternative)
k**wa (alternative)
k***a (alternative)

→ Yiddish: קורווע (kurve)

(Kuyavia, Near Masovian, agriculture) part of a field unsown from inattention or negligence


ściana

ściana f (diminutive ścianka, related adjective ścianowy or ścienny)

ścianka (diminutive)
ścianowy (adjective)
ścienny (adjective)
ściana (nominative singular)
ściany (nominative plural)
ściany (genitive singular)
ścian (genitive plural)
ścianie (dative singular)
ścianom (dative plural)
ścianę (accusative singular)
ściany (accusative plural)
ścianą (instrumental singular)
ścianami (instrumental plural)
ścianie (locative singular)
ścianach (locative plural)
ściano (singular vocative)
ściany (plural vocative)
ściena (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Old Polish ściana. Sense 9 is a semantic loan from English wall.

sl

(mining) wall (exposed surface of the mineral deposit where it is being mined)


suka

pl-noun

suka f (diminutive suczka, related adjective suczy)

suczka (diminutive)
suczy (adjective)
suka (nominative singular)
suki (nominative plural)
suki (genitive singular)
suk (genitive plural)
suce (dative singular)
sukom (dative plural)
sukę (accusative singular)
suki (accusative plural)
suką (instrumental singular)
sukami (instrumental plural)
suce (locative singular)
sukach (locative plural)
suko (singular vocative)
suki (plural vocative)

→ Vilamovian: su̇ka

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sùka. Sense 3 from an association with pies (“dog, slang: cop”).

(Przemyśl, weaving) particular component of a weaving workshop


rata

ratka (diminutive)
rata (nominative singular)
raty (nominative plural)
raty (genitive singular)
rat (genitive plural)
racie (dative singular)
ratom (dative plural)
ratę (accusative singular)
raty (accusative plural)
ratą (instrumental singular)
ratami (instrumental plural)
racie (locative singular)
ratach (locative plural)
rato (singular vocative)
raty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Rate, from Medieval Latin rata, from Latin ratus.

(banking, finance) installment (portion of debt)


businessman

businessman m pers (female equivalent businesswoman)

businesswoman (feminine)
businessman (nominative singular)
businessmani (nominative plural)
businessmany (derogatory nominative plural)
businessmana (genitive singular)
businessmanów (genitive plural)
businessmanowi (dative singular)
businessmanom (dative plural)
businessmana (accusative singular)
businessmanów (accusative plural)
businessmanem (instrumental singular)
businessmanami (instrumental plural)
businessmanie (locative singular)
businessmanach (locative plural)
businessmanie (singular vocative)
businessmani (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English businessman.

ubor

(business) Alternative spelling of biznesmen


pin

pin (nominative singular)
piny (nominative plural)
pinu (genitive singular)
pinów (genitive plural)
pinowi (dative singular)
pinom (dative plural)
pin (accusative singular)
piny (accusative plural)
pinem (instrumental singular)
pinami (instrumental plural)
pinie (locative singular)
pinach (locative plural)
pinie (singular vocative)
piny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English pin, from Middle English pinne, from Old English pinn, from Proto-Germanic *pinnaz, *pinnō, *pint-, from Proto-Indo-European *bend-.

(electricity) lead, pin (any of the individual connecting elements of a multipole electrical connector)


business

business (nominative singular)
businessy (nominative plural)
businessu (genitive singular)
businessów (genitive plural)
businessowi (dative singular)
businessom (dative plural)
business (accusative singular)
businessy (accusative plural)
businessem (instrumental singular)
businessami (instrumental plural)
businessie (locative singular)
businessach (locative plural)
businessie (singular vocative)
businessy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English business.

(business, education) Alternative spelling of biznes


fluid

fluid (nominative singular)
fluidy (nominative plural)
fluidu (genitive singular)
fluidów (genitive plural)
fluidowi (dative singular)
fluidom (dative plural)
fluid (accusative singular)
fluidy (accusative plural)
fluidem (instrumental singular)
fluidami (instrumental plural)
fluidzie (locative singular)
fluidach (locative plural)
fluidzie (singular vocative)
fluidy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English fluid, French fluide, German Fluid, ultimately from Latin fluidus.

(electricity, historical) fluid (continuous, weightless substance that was formerly identified with or considered the essence of electricity, heat, and magnetism)


start

start (nominative singular)
starty (nominative plural)
startu (genitive singular)
startów (genitive plural)
startowi (dative singular)
startom (dative plural)
start (accusative singular)
starty (accusative plural)
startem (instrumental singular)
startami (instrumental plural)
starcie (locative singular)
startach (locative plural)
starcie (singular vocative)
starty (plural vocative)

Z niecierpliwością czekałam na start samolotu do Paryża.

I was impatiently waiting for the plane to Paris to take off/for its take-off.


delta

delta (nominative singular)
delty (nominative plural)
delty (genitive singular)
delt (genitive plural)
delcie (dative singular)
deltom (dative plural)
deltę (accusative singular)
delty (accusative plural)
deltą (instrumental singular)
deltami (instrumental plural)
delcie (locative singular)
deltach (locative plural)
delto (singular vocative)
delty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek δέλτα (délta), from Phoenician 𐤃 (d /dalet/).


prom

prom (nominative singular)
promy (nominative plural)
promu (genitive singular)
promów (genitive plural)
promowi (dative singular)
promom (dative plural)
prom (accusative singular)
promy (accusative plural)
promem (instrumental singular)
promami (instrumental plural)
promie (locative singular)
promach (locative plural)
promie (singular vocative)
promy (plural vocative)

prom kosmiczny


baba

pl-noun

baba f (diminutive babka or babcia, augmentative babsko or babisko)

babka (diminutive)
babcia (diminutive)
babsko (augmentative)
babisko (augmentative)
baba (nominative singular)
baby (nominative plural)
baby (genitive singular)
bab (genitive plural)
babie (dative singular)
babom (dative plural)
babę (accusative singular)
baby (accusative plural)
babą (instrumental singular)
babami (instrumental plural)
babie (locative singular)
babach (locative plural)
babo (singular vocative)
baby (plural vocative)

nie miała baba kłopotu, kupiła sobie prosię

(obsolete, dialectal, agriculture) large sheaf of strangely decorated grain tied at the end of a harvest


generator

generator m inan (related adjective generatorowy)

generatorowy (adjective)
generator (nominative singular)
generatory (nominative plural)
generatora (genitive singular)
generatorów (genitive plural)
generatorowi (dative singular)
generatorom (dative plural)
generator (accusative singular)
generatory (accusative plural)
generatorem (instrumental singular)
generatorami (instrumental plural)
generatorze (locative singular)
generatorach (locative plural)
generatorze (singular vocative)
generatory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English generator, French générateur, German Generator, ultimately from Latin generātor.

(electricity) electric generator, generator (device that converts motion-based power (potential and kinetic energy) or fuel-based power (chemical energy) into electric power for use in an external circuit)


pilot

pilot (nominative singular)
piloty (nominative plural)
pilota (genitive singular)
pilotów (genitive plural)
pilotowi (dative singular)
pilotom (dative plural)
pilot (accusative singular)
piloty (accusative plural)
pilotem (instrumental singular)
pilotami (instrumental plural)
pilocie (locative singular)
pilotach (locative plural)
pilocie (singular vocative)
piloty (plural vocative)

(film, marketing) trailer (preview of a film)


profit

profit (nominative singular)
profity (nominative plural)
profitu (genitive singular)
profitów (genitive plural)
profitowi (dative singular)
profitom (dative plural)
profit (accusative singular)
profity (accusative plural)
profitem (instrumental singular)
profitami (instrumental plural)
proficie (locative singular)
profitach (locative plural)
proficie (singular vocative)
profity (plural vocative)

(literary, accounting, economics) profit (money acquired)


pager

pager (nominative singular)
pagery (nominative plural)
pagera (genitive singular)
pagerów (genitive plural)
pagerowi (dative singular)
pagerom (dative plural)
pager (accusative singular)
pagery (accusative plural)
pagerem (instrumental singular)
pagerami (instrumental plural)
pagerze (locative singular)
pagerach (locative plural)
pagerze (singular vocative)
pagery (plural vocative)

(electronics, telecommunications) pager, beeper (wireless telecommunications device that receives text or voice messages)


slogan

slogan (nominative singular)
slogany (nominative plural)
sloganu (genitive singular)
sloganów (genitive plural)
sloganowi (dative singular)
sloganom (dative plural)
slogan (accusative singular)
slogany (accusative plural)
sloganem (instrumental singular)
sloganami (instrumental plural)
sloganie (locative singular)
sloganach (locative plural)
sloganie (singular vocative)
slogany (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English slogan, from earlier sloggorne, slughorne, from Scottish Gaelic sluagh-ghairm, from Old Irish slóg, from Proto-Celtic *slougos, from Proto-Indo-European *slowgʰo-, *slowgo- + Old Irish gairm, from Proto-Celtic *garman-, *garrman-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵh₂r-smn-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵh₂r-.

(advertising) slogan (catch phrase associated with the product or service being advertised)


businesswoman

Unadapted borrowing from English businesswoman.

ubor

(business) Alternative spelling of bizneswoman


pole

pl-noun

pole n (diminutive pólko or poletko, related adjective polny)

pólko (diminutive)
poletko (diminutive)
polny (adjective)
pole (nominative singular)
pola (nominative plural)
pola (genitive singular)
pól (genitive plural)
polu (dative singular)
polom (dative plural)
pole (accusative singular)
pola (accusative plural)
polem (instrumental singular)
polami (instrumental plural)
polu (locative singular)
polach (locative plural)
pole (singular vocative)
pola (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish pole. Doublet of polje.

(countable, agriculture) field (land for cultivation)


bont

bont (nominative singular)
bonty (nominative plural)
bontu (genitive singular)
bontów (genitive plural)
bontowi (dative singular)
bontom (dative plural)
bont (accusative singular)
bonty (accusative plural)
bontem (instrumental singular)
bontami (instrumental plural)
boncie (locative singular)
bontach (locative plural)
boncie (singular vocative)
bonty (plural vocative)

(Przemyśl, construction) Synonym of belka


hype

hype (nominative singular)
hype'y (nominative plural)
hype'u (genitive singular)
hype'ów (genitive plural)
hype'owi (dative singular)
hype'om (dative plural)
hype (accusative singular)
hype'y (accusative plural)
hype'em (instrumental singular)
hype'ami (instrumental plural)
hypie (locative singular)
hype'ach (locative plural)
hypie (singular vocative)
hype'y (plural vocative)
hajp (alternative)

Coordinate term: moda

+obj

(slang, marketing) hype [with na (+ accusative) ‘for what’; or with wokół (+ genitive) ‘around/surrounding what’]


farmer

pl-noun

farmer m pers (female equivalent farmerka)

farmerka (feminine)
farmer (nominative singular)
farmerzy (nominative plural)
farmery (derogatory nominative plural)
farmera (genitive singular)
farmerów (genitive plural)
farmerowi (dative singular)
farmerom (dative plural)
farmera (accusative singular)
farmerów (accusative plural)
farmerem (instrumental singular)
farmerami (instrumental plural)
farmerze (locative singular)
farmerach (locative plural)
farmerze (singular vocative)
farmerzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English farmer, from Middle English fermor, fermer, fermour, partly from Old French fermier, from Medieval Latin firmārius, from Latin firma; and partly from Old English feormere, from feormian.

(agriculture) farmer (person who works the land and/or who keeps livestock)


transport

transport (nominative singular)
transporty (nominative plural)
transportu (genitive singular)
transportów (genitive plural)
transportowi (dative singular)
transportom (dative plural)
transport (accusative singular)
transporty (accusative plural)
transportem (instrumental singular)
transportami (instrumental plural)
transporcie (locative singular)
transportach (locative plural)
transporcie (singular vocative)
transporty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: transpòrt

Borrowed from French transport. First attested in 1661. Compare Silesian transport.

ref

Merkuriusz polski ordynaryjny, 1661, page 16

(uncountable, finances) transfer (relocation of a sum from one side of an account or ledger to another)


trust

pl-noun

trust m inan (related adjective trustowy)

trustowy (adjective)
trust (nominative singular)
trusty (nominative plural)
trustu (genitive singular)
trustów (genitive plural)
trustowi (dative singular)
trustom (dative plural)
trust (accusative singular)
trusty (accusative plural)
trustem (instrumental singular)
trustami (instrumental plural)
truście (locative singular)
trustach (locative plural)
truście (singular vocative)
trusty (plural vocative)

(business) trust (group of businessmen or traders)


język

język m inan (diminutive języczek, augmentative jęzor, related adjective językowy, abbreviation j. or jęz.)

języczek (diminutive)
jęzor (augmentative)
językowy (adjective)
j. (abbreviation)
jęz. (abbreviation)
język (nominative singular)
języki (nominative plural)
języka (genitive singular)
języków (genitive plural)
językowi (dative singular)
językom (dative plural)
język (accusative singular)
języki (accusative plural)
językiem (instrumental singular)
językami (instrumental plural)
języku (locative singular)
językach (locative plural)
języku (singular vocative)
języki (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s
Proto-Balto-Slavic *inźūˀ
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Proto-Slavic *-kъ
Proto-Slavic *ęzykъ
Old Polish język
Polish język
Inherited from Old Polish język. Cognate with English tongue and language.

etymon

(Przemyśl, agriculture) part of a box for cutting chaff

(Middle Polish, figuratively) flame (visible part of fire)

part of a box for cutting chaff
flame (visible part of fire)

part of a box for cutting chaff
bay, gulf


tram

tram (nominative singular)
tramy (nominative plural)
tramu (genitive singular)
tramów (genitive plural)
tramowi (dative singular)
tramom (dative plural)
tram (accusative singular)
tramy (accusative plural)
tramem (instrumental singular)
tramami (instrumental plural)
tramie (locative singular)
tramach (locative plural)
tramie (singular vocative)
tramy (plural vocative)

(construction) balk, crossbeam, tie beam


trailer

trailer (nominative singular)
trailery (nominative plural)
trailera (genitive singular)
trailerów (genitive plural)
trailerowi (dative singular)
trailerom (dative plural)
trailer (accusative singular)
trailery (accusative plural)
trailerem (instrumental singular)
trailerami (instrumental plural)
trailerze (locative singular)
trailerach (locative plural)
trailerze (singular vocative)
trailery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English trailer.


bark

barkowy (adjective)
bark (nominative singular)
barki (nominative plural)
barku (genitive singular)
barków (genitive plural)
barkowi (dative singular)
barkom (dative plural)
bark (accusative singular)
barki (accusative plural)
barkiem (instrumental singular)
barkami (instrumental plural)
barku (locative singular)
barkach (locative plural)
barku (singular vocative)
barki (plural vocative)

(obsolete, agriculture) swingletree, whiffletree, whippletree


steward

pl-noun

steward m pers (female equivalent stewardesa)

stewardesa (feminine)
steward (nominative singular)
stewardzi (nominative plural)
stewardowie (nominative plural)
stewardy (derogatory nominative plural)
stewarda (genitive singular)
stewardów (genitive plural)
stewardowi (dative singular)
stewardom (dative plural)
stewarda (accusative singular)
stewardów (accusative plural)
stewardem (instrumental singular)
stewardami (instrumental plural)
stewardzie (locative singular)
stewardach (locative plural)
stewardzie (singular vocative)
stewardzi (plural vocative)
stewardowie (plural vocative)
stewardy (derogatory plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English steward.

ubor

(aviation) steward, flight attendant, air host


diagonal

diagonal (nominative singular)
diagonale (nominative plural)
diagonalu (genitive singular)
diagonali (genitive plural)
diagonalów (genitive plural)
diagonalowi (dative singular)
diagonalom (dative plural)
diagonal (accusative singular)
diagonale (accusative plural)
diagonalem (instrumental singular)
diagonalami (instrumental plural)
diagonalu (locative singular)
diagonalach (locative plural)
diagonalu (singular vocative)
diagonale (plural vocative)
djagonal (alternative)


bok

boczny (adjective)
bok (nominative singular)
boki (nominative plural)
boku (genitive singular)
boków (genitive plural)
bokowi (dative singular)
bokom (dative plural)
bok (accusative singular)
boki (accusative plural)
bokiem (instrumental singular)
bokami (instrumental plural)
boku (locative singular)
bokach (locative plural)
boku (singular vocative)
boki (plural vocative)


grunt

pl-noun

grunt m inan (diminutive gruncik, related adjective gruntowy)

gruncik (diminutive)
gruntowy (adjective)
grunt (nominative singular)
grunty (nominative plural)
grunta (nominative plural)
gruntu (genitive singular)
gruntów (genitive plural)
gruntowi (dative singular)
gruntom (dative plural)
grunt (accusative singular)
grunty (accusative plural)
grunta (accusative plural)
gruntem (instrumental singular)
gruntami (instrumental plural)
gruncie (locative singular)
gruntach (locative plural)
gruncie (singular vocative)
grunty (plural vocative)
grunta (plural vocative)
gront (alternative Middle Polish)
grąt (alternative Middle Polish)
gruńt (alternative)
grońt (alternative)

→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt

(uncountable, masonry) mortar; primer (substance that binds strongly to the substrate, used as a base for painting, plastering and polishing)


agent

agent m pers (female equivalent agentka, diminutive agencik or agenciak)

agentka (feminine)
agencik (diminutive)
agenciak (diminutive)
agent (nominative singular)
agenci (nominative plural)
agenty (derogatory nominative plural)
agenta (genitive singular)
agentów (genitive plural)
agentowi (dative singular)
agentom (dative plural)
agenta (accusative singular)
agentów (accusative plural)
agentem (instrumental singular)
agentami (instrumental plural)
agencie (locative singular)
agentach (locative plural)
agencie (singular vocative)
agenci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Agent, from French agent, from Middle French agent, from Latin agēns. Doublet of agens. First attested in 1609.

(business) representative (company agent)


chip

chip m animal or m inan (related adjective chipowy)

chip m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
chipowy (adjective)
chip (nominative singular)
chipy (nominative plural)
chipa (genitive singular)
chipu (genitive singular)
chipów (genitive plural)
chipowi (dative singular)
chipom (dative plural)
chipa (accusative singular)
chip (accusative singular)
chipy (accusative plural)
chipem (instrumental singular)
chipami (instrumental plural)
chipie (locative singular)
chipach (locative plural)
chipie (singular vocative)
chipy (plural vocative)
czip (alternative)

(computing, electronics) chip, microchip, computer chip, integrated circuit (small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors)


GPS

GPS (nominative singular)
GPS-y (nominative plural)
GPS-u (genitive singular)
GPS-ów (genitive plural)
GPS-owi (dative singular)
GPS-om (dative plural)
GPS (accusative singular)
GPS-y (accusative plural)
GPS-em (instrumental singular)
GPS-ami (instrumental plural)
GPS-ie (locative singular)
GPS-ach (locative plural)
GPS-ie (singular vocative)
GPS-y (plural vocative)

(uncountable, astronautics, cartography, navigation, technology) GPS (Global Positioning System; a system which enables a mobile receiver to determine its precise location based on signals received from a constellation of US military satellites)

(countable, colloquial, astronautics, cartography, navigation, technology) GPS, GPS receiver (audiovisual device, fitted to a civilian road vehicle, that uses the military Global Positioning System (U.S. Navstar system) as an aid to navigation)


sad

sad m inan (diminutive sadek, related adjective sadowy)

sadek (diminutive)
sadowy (adjective)
sad (nominative singular)
sady (nominative plural)
sadu (genitive singular)
sadów (genitive plural)
sadowi (dative singular)
sadom (dative plural)
sad (accusative singular)
sady (accusative plural)
sadem (instrumental singular)
sadami (instrumental plural)
sadzie (locative singular)
sadach (locative plural)
sadzie (singular vocative)
sady (plural vocative)

(agriculture, horticulture) orchard (land for cultivation of fruit or nut trees)


stan

st. (abbreviation)
stan (nominative singular)
stany (nominative plural)
stanu (genitive singular)
stanów (genitive plural)
stanowi (dative singular)
stanom (dative plural)
stan (accusative singular)
stany (accusative plural)
stanem (instrumental singular)
stanami (instrumental plural)
stanie (locative singular)
stanach (locative plural)
stanie (singular vocative)
stany (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish stan. Sense 1, sense 2 and sense 10 are semantic loans from Latin status.

sl

(obsolete, beekeeping) beekeeper's shelter in the woods


golf

golfik (diminutive)
golf (nominative singular)
golfy (nominative plural)
golfa (genitive singular)
golfu (genitive singular)
golfów (genitive plural)
golfowi (dative singular)
golfom (dative plural)
golf (accusative singular)
golfy (accusative plural)
golfem (instrumental singular)
golfami (instrumental plural)
golfie (locative singular)
golfach (locative plural)
golfie (singular vocative)
golfy (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Perhaps borrowed from French col roulé.


pal

palik (diminutive)
pal (nominative singular)
pale (nominative plural)
pala (genitive singular)
pali (genitive plural)
palów (genitive plural)
palowi (dative singular)
palom (dative plural)
pal (accusative singular)
pale (accusative plural)
palem (instrumental singular)
palami (instrumental plural)
palu (locative singular)
palach (locative plural)
palu (singular vocative)
pale (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle High German pfāl, phāl, from Old High German pfāl, phāl, from Proto-West Germanic *pāl, *pāli, from Latin pālus, from Proto-Italic *pākslos, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ-slos, from *peh₂ǵ-.

bor+

(construction) pile (for the support of a building)


okno

pl-noun

okno n (diminutive okienko, related adjective okienny)

okienko (diminutive)
okienny (adjective)
okno (nominative singular)
okna (nominative plural)
okna (genitive singular)
okien (genitive plural)
oknu (dative singular)
oknom (dative plural)
okno (accusative singular)
okna (accusative plural)
oknem (instrumental singular)
oknami (instrumental plural)
oknie (locative singular)
oknach (locative plural)
okno (singular vocative)
okna (plural vocative)
ôkno (alternative)

(mining) ventilation hole pierced in a coal wall between excavations


paca

paca (nominative singular)
pace (nominative plural)
pacy (genitive singular)
pac (genitive plural)
pacy (dative singular)
pacom (dative plural)
pacę (accusative singular)
pace (accusative plural)
pacą (instrumental singular)
pacami (instrumental plural)
pacy (locative singular)
pacach (locative plural)
paco (singular vocative)
pace (plural vocative)

(construction) trowel, smoother, skimmer (tool for applying a smooth layer of mortar, plaster, etc.)


aeroport

aeroport (nominative singular)
aeroporty (nominative plural)
aeroportu (genitive singular)
aeroportów (genitive plural)
aeroportowi (dative singular)
aeroportom (dative plural)
aeroport (accusative singular)
aeroporty (accusative plural)
aeroportem (instrumental singular)
aeroportami (instrumental plural)
aeroporcie (locative singular)
aeroportach (locative plural)
aeroporcie (singular vocative)
aeroporty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French aéroport. By surface analysis, aero- + port. First attested in 1927.


pylon

pylon (nominative singular)
pylony (nominative plural)
pylonu (genitive singular)
pylonów (genitive plural)
pylonowi (dative singular)
pylonom (dative plural)
pylon (accusative singular)
pylony (accusative plural)
pylonem (instrumental singular)
pylonami (instrumental plural)
pylonie (locative singular)
pylonach (locative plural)
pylonie (singular vocative)
pylony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πυλών (pulṓn).

lbor

(aviation) pylon (structural element fixed under the wing of an aircraft and holding the engine attached to it)


hazard

hazard (nominative singular)
hazardy (nominative plural)
hazardu (genitive singular)
hazardów (genitive plural)
hazardowi (dative singular)
hazardom (dative plural)
hazard (accusative singular)
hazardy (accusative plural)
hazardem (instrumental singular)
hazardami (instrumental plural)
hazardzie (locative singular)
hazardach (locative plural)
hazardzie (singular vocative)
hazardy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French hasard, from Old French hasart, from Arabic اَلزَّهْر (az-zahr, “the dice”).


mig

migowy (adjective)
mig (nominative singular)
migi (nominative plural)
miga (genitive singular)
migów (genitive plural)
migowi (dative singular)
migom (dative plural)
miga (accusative singular)
migi (accusative plural)
migiem (instrumental singular)
migami (instrumental plural)
migu (locative singular)
migach (locative plural)
migu (singular vocative)
migi (plural vocative)

(aviation) MiG (any of a series of Soviet and Russian fighter aircraft)


salina

salina (nominative singular)
saliny (nominative plural)
saliny (genitive singular)
salin (genitive plural)
salinie (dative singular)
salinom (dative plural)
salinę (accusative singular)
saliny (accusative plural)
saliną (instrumental singular)
salinami (instrumental plural)
salinie (locative singular)
salinach (locative plural)
salino (singular vocative)
saliny (plural vocative)


strop

strop (nominative singular)
stropy (nominative plural)
stropu (genitive singular)
stropów (genitive plural)
stropowi (dative singular)
stropom (dative plural)
strop (accusative singular)
stropy (accusative plural)
stropem (instrumental singular)
stropami (instrumental plural)
stropie (locative singular)
stropach (locative plural)
stropie (singular vocative)
stropy (plural vocative)

(construction) ceiling
(Far Masovian) Synonym of kalenica


wale

(Przemyśl, construction) straw rope dipped in clay used in the construction of chimneys


banner

banner (nominative singular)
bannery (nominative plural)
banneru (genitive singular)
bannerów (genitive plural)
bannerowi (dative singular)
bannerom (dative plural)
banner (accusative singular)
bannery (accusative plural)
bannerem (instrumental singular)
bannerami (instrumental plural)
bannerze (locative singular)
bannerach (locative plural)
bannerze (singular vocative)
bannery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English banner.

(advertising, Internet) Alternative spelling of baner


bonanza

bonanza (nominative singular)
bonanzy (nominative plural)
bonanzy (genitive singular)
bonanz (genitive plural)
bonanzie (dative singular)
bonanzom (dative plural)
bonanzę (accusative singular)
bonanzy (accusative plural)
bonanzą (instrumental singular)
bonanzami (instrumental plural)
bonanzie (locative singular)
bonanzach (locative plural)
bonanzo (singular vocative)
bonanzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English bonanza, from Spanish bonanza, from Vulgar Latin *bonacia, alteration of malacia.

(literary, mining) bonanza (rich mine or vein of silver or gold)


robota

pl-noun

robota f (diminutive robótka or (obsolete) robotka)

robótka (diminutive)
robotka (diminutive obsolete)
robota (nominative singular)
roboty (nominative plural)
roboty (genitive singular)
robót (genitive plural)
robocie (dative singular)
robotom (dative plural)
robotę (accusative singular)
roboty (accusative plural)
robotą (instrumental singular)
robotami (instrumental plural)
robocie (locative singular)
robotach (locative plural)
roboto (singular vocative)
roboty (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Balto-Slavic *árbas
Proto-Slavic *orbъ
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Proto-Slavic *-iti
Proto-Slavic *orbiti
Proto-Balto-Slavic *-atā́ˀ
Proto-Slavic *-ota
Proto-Slavic *orbota
Old Polish robota
Polish robota
Inherited from Old Polish robota. By surface analysis, robić + -ota.


terminator

terminator (nominative singular)
terminatory (nominative plural)
terminatoru (genitive singular)
terminatorów (genitive plural)
terminatorowi (dative singular)
terminatorom (dative plural)
terminator (accusative singular)
terminatory (accusative plural)
terminatorem (instrumental singular)
terminatorami (instrumental plural)
terminatorze (locative singular)
terminatorach (locative plural)
terminatorze (singular vocative)
terminatory (plural vocative)


clearing

clearing (nominative singular)
clearingu (genitive singular)
clearingowi (dative singular)
clearing (accusative singular)
clearingiem (instrumental singular)
clearingu (locative singular)
clearingu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English clearing.

ubor

(banking, finance) Alternative spelling of kliring


LP

LP otrzymały las, a spółdzielnia atrakcyjne działki budowlane, na których później stanęły domy m. in. polityków AWS. Drugi proces dotyczy sprzedaży gminnego żwirowiska na Kaszubach i uchylenia kary za nielegalną wycinkę lasu na tym terenie.

2005 November 30, (ml), “[Konrad] Tomaszewski sam zrezygnował”, in Dziennik Bałtycki, Gdańsk: "Polskapresse": Oddział "Prasa Prasa Bałtycka", →ISSN, →OCLC:

The SF received the forest and the cooperative received attractive building plots, on which later houses of, among other things, SEA politicians were erected. The second trial concerns the sale of a communal gravel pit in Kashubia and the revocation of a fine for illegal logging in the area.

Cały splendor spłynął na Klub [Gaja], a to przecież LP sponsorowały sadzonki i bardzo często pokrywały koszty transportu. Może by stworzyć kolejne stanowisko we władzach LP od tzw. marketingu społecznego (lub public relations).

2003 November 30, <matyslandia@neo.pl>, “Pomózmy^([sic – meaning Pomóżmy]) ochronić osdtatnie^([sic – meaning ostatnie]) naturalne lasy Europy!”, in pl.sci.lesnictwo (Usenet):

All the glamour went to the [Gaja] Club, and it was, after all, the SF who sponsored the seedlings and very often covered the transport costs. Perhaps another position in the SF authorities could be created from so-called social marketing (or public relations).

(forestry, in the plural) Abbreviation of Lasy Państwowe (a state forestry enterprise that cares for the preservation of the natural and landscape values on managed areas)


adapter

adapterek (diminutive)
adapter (nominative singular)
adaptery (nominative plural)
adaptera (genitive singular)
adapteru (genitive singular)
adapterów (genitive plural)
adapterowi (dative singular)
adapterom (dative plural)
adapter (accusative singular)
adaptery (accusative plural)
adapterem (instrumental singular)
adapterami (instrumental plural)
adapterze (locative singular)
adapterach (locative plural)
adapterze (singular vocative)
adaptery (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English adapter. First attested in 1903.

ref

Józef Świtkowski (1903) Fotografia praktyczna w zarysie do użytku amatorów, page 39

adapter sieciowy/sieci

adapter USB

(electronics) adapter (a device or application used to achieve operative compatibility between devices that otherwise are incompatible)


babka

babeczka (diminutive)
babka (nominative singular)
babki (nominative plural)
babki (genitive singular)
babek (genitive plural)
babce (dative singular)
babkom (dative plural)
babkę (accusative singular)
babki (accusative plural)
babką (instrumental singular)
babkami (instrumental plural)
babce (locative singular)
babkach (locative plural)
babko (singular vocative)
babki (plural vocative)
bábka (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish babka. By surface analysis, baba + -ka.

(obsolete, agriculture) mound of several sheaves of grain placed in a field

(obsolete, mining) stone closing the entrance to the mine


rating

pl-noun

rating m inan (related adjective ratingowy)

ratingowy (adjective)
rating (nominative singular)
ratingi (nominative plural)
ratingu (genitive singular)
ratingów (genitive plural)
ratingowi (dative singular)
ratingom (dative plural)
rating (accusative singular)
ratingi (accusative plural)
ratingiem (instrumental singular)
ratingami (instrumental plural)
ratingu (locative singular)
ratingach (locative plural)
ratingu (singular vocative)
ratingi (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English rating.

(finance) credit rating (estimate used by creditors to determine maximum amount of credit)


forma

forma f (diminutive foremka, related adjective foremny)

foremka (diminutive)
foremny (adjective)
forma (nominative singular)
formy (nominative plural)
formy (genitive singular)
form (genitive plural)
formie (dative singular)
formom (dative plural)
formę (accusative singular)
formy (accusative plural)
formą (instrumental singular)
formami (instrumental plural)
formie (locative singular)
formach (locative plural)
formo (singular vocative)
formy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: fòrma

(textiles) pattern (paper or cardboard template from which the parts of a garment are traced onto fabric prior to cutting out and assembling)


spoiler

spoiler (nominative singular)
spoilery (nominative plural)
spoilera (genitive singular)
spoilerów (genitive plural)
spoilerowi (dative singular)
spoilerom (dative plural)
spoiler (accusative singular)
spoilery (accusative plural)
spoilerem (instrumental singular)
spoilerami (instrumental plural)
spoilerze (locative singular)
spoilerach (locative plural)
spoilerze (singular vocative)
spoilery (plural vocative)
spojler (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English spoiler.

ubor

(aeronautics) spoiler (device to reduce lift and increase drag)


walkman

walkman (nominative singular)
walkmany (nominative plural)
walkmana (genitive singular)
walkmanów (genitive plural)
walkmanowi (dative singular)
walkmanom (dative plural)
walkman (accusative singular)
walkmana (accusative singular)
walkmany (accusative plural)
walkmanem (instrumental singular)
walkmanami (instrumental plural)
walkmanie (locative singular)
walkmanach (locative plural)
walkmanie (singular vocative)
walkmany (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English walkman.


e-book

e-book (nominative singular)
e-booki (nominative plural)
e-booka (genitive singular)
e-booków (genitive plural)
e-bookowi (dative singular)
e-bookom (dative plural)
e-book (accusative singular)
e-booki (accusative plural)
e-bookiem (instrumental singular)
e-bookami (instrumental plural)
e-booku (locative singular)
e-bookach (locative plural)
e-booku (singular vocative)
e-booki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English e-book.


rancho

rancho (nominative singular)
rancha (nominative plural)
rancha (genitive singular)
ranch (genitive plural)
ranchu (dative singular)
ranchom (dative plural)
rancho (accusative singular)
rancha (accusative plural)
ranchem (instrumental singular)
ranchami (instrumental plural)
ranchu (locative singular)
ranchach (locative plural)
rancho (singular vocative)
rancha (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish rancho.

(agriculture) Alternative spelling of ranczo


strata

strata (nominative singular)
straty (nominative plural)
straty (genitive singular)
strat (genitive plural)
stracie (dative singular)
stratom (dative plural)
stratę (accusative singular)
straty (accusative plural)
stratą (instrumental singular)
stratami (instrumental plural)
stracie (locative singular)
stratach (locative plural)
strato (singular vocative)
straty (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish strata. By surface analysis, deverbal from stracić. Compare Kashubian strata.

surf

(finance) loss (sum an entity loses on balance)


mulcz

mulcz (nominative singular)
mulczu (genitive singular)
mulczowi (dative singular)
mulcz (accusative singular)
mulczem (instrumental singular)
mulczu (locative singular)
mulczu (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English mulch, from Middle English melsche, molsh, from Old English melsc, milisc, from Proto-Germanic *mili.

Mulcz organiczny z czasem ulega rozkładowi.


międzyplon

międzyplon (nominative singular)
międzyplony (nominative plural)
międzyplonu (genitive singular)
międzyplonów (genitive plural)
międzyplonowi (dative singular)
międzyplonom (dative plural)
międzyplon (accusative singular)
międzyplony (accusative plural)
międzyplonem (instrumental singular)
międzyplonami (instrumental plural)
międzyplonie (locative singular)
międzyplonach (locative plural)
międzyplonie (singular vocative)
międzyplony (plural vocative)

Wielu rolników sadzi sezam jako międzyplon po pszenicy.

Many farmers plant sesame as a catch crop after wheat.


mulczować

zmulczować (perfective)
mulczować (infinitive)
mulczuję (present singular)
mulczujemy (plural present)
mulczujesz (present singular)
mulczujecie (plural present)
mulczuje (present singular third-person)
mulczują (plural present third-person)
mulczuje się (impersonal present)
mulczowałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m mulczował (masculine past singular)
mulczowałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m mulczowała (feminine past singular)
mulczowałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m mulczowało (neuter past singular)
mulczowaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy mulczowali (past plural virile)
mulczowałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy mulczowały (nonvirile past plural)
mulczowałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś mulczował (masculine past singular)
mulczowałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś mulczowała (feminine past singular)
mulczowałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś mulczowało (neuter past singular)
mulczowaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście mulczowali (past plural virile)
mulczowałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście mulczowały (nonvirile past plural)
mulczował (masculine past singular third-person)
mulczowała (feminine past singular third-person)
mulczowało (neuter past singular third-person)
mulczowali (past plural third-person virile)
mulczowały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
mulczowano (impersonal past)
będę mulczował (future masculine singular)
będę mulczować (future masculine singular)
będę mulczowała (feminine future singular)
będę mulczować (feminine future singular)
będę mulczowało (future neuter singular)
będę mulczować (future neuter singular)
będziemy mulczowali (future plural virile)
będziemy mulczować (future plural virile)
będziemy mulczowały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy mulczować (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz mulczował (future masculine singular)
będziesz mulczować (future masculine singular)
będziesz mulczowała (feminine future singular)
będziesz mulczować (feminine future singular)
będziesz mulczowało (future neuter singular)
będziesz mulczować (future neuter singular)
będziecie mulczowali (future plural virile)
będziecie mulczować (future plural virile)
będziecie mulczowały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie mulczować (future nonvirile plural)
będzie mulczował (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie mulczować (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie mulczowała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie mulczować (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie mulczowało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie mulczować (future neuter singular third-person)
będą mulczowali (future plural third-person virile)
będą mulczować (future plural third-person virile)
będą mulczowały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą mulczować (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie mulczować się (future impersonal)
mulczowałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym mulczował (conditional masculine singular)
mulczowałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym mulczowała (conditional feminine singular)
mulczowałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym mulczowało (conditional neuter singular)
mulczowalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy mulczowali (conditional plural virile)
mulczowałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy mulczowały (conditional nonvirile plural)
mulczowałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś mulczował (conditional masculine singular)
mulczowałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś mulczowała (conditional feminine singular)
mulczowałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś mulczowało (conditional neuter singular)
mulczowalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście mulczowali (conditional plural virile)
mulczowałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście mulczowały (conditional nonvirile plural)
mulczowałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by mulczował (conditional masculine singular third-person)
mulczowałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by mulczowała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
mulczowałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by mulczowało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
mulczowaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by mulczowali (conditional plural third-person virile)
mulczowałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by mulczowały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
mulczowano by (conditional impersonal)
niech mulczuję (imperative singular)
mulczujmy (imperative plural)
mulczuj (imperative singular)
mulczujcie (imperative plural)
niech mulczuje (imperative singular third-person)
niech mulczują (imperative plural third-person)
mulczujący (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
mulczująca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
mulczujące (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
mulczujący (active adjectival participle plural virile)
mulczujące (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
mulczowany (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
mulczowana (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
mulczowane (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
mulczowani (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
mulczowane (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
mulczując (adjectival contemporary participle)
mulczowanie (noun-from-verb)

Mulczuj swój ogród warzywny, aby zatrzymać wilgoć.

Mulch your vegetable garden to retain moisture.


mulczujący

pl-adj

mulczujący (not comparable, no derived adverb)

mulczujący (masculine nominative singular)
mulczująca (feminine nominative singular)
mulczujące (neuter nominative singular)
mulczujący (nominative plural virile)
mulczujące (nominative plural)
mulczującego (genitive masculine singular)
mulczującej (feminine genitive singular)
mulczującego (genitive neuter singular)
mulczujących (genitive plural)
mulczujących (genitive plural virile)
mulczującemu (dative masculine singular)
mulczującej (dative feminine singular)
mulczującemu (dative neuter singular)
mulczującym (dative plural)
mulczującym (dative plural virile)
mulczującego (accusative animate masculine singular)
mulczujący (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
mulczującą (accusative feminine singular)
mulczujące (accusative neuter singular)
mulczujących (accusative plural virile)
mulczujące (accusative plural)
mulczującym (instrumental masculine singular)
mulczującą (feminine instrumental singular)
mulczującym (instrumental neuter singular)
mulczującymi (instrumental plural)
mulczującymi (instrumental plural virile)
mulczującym (locative masculine singular)
mulczującej (feminine locative singular)
mulczującym (locative neuter singular)
mulczujących (locative plural)
mulczujących (locative plural virile)

Tę kosiarkę mulczującą można łatwo przekształcić w kosiarkę z koszem.

This mulching mower can easily be converted to a bagging mower.

Kompost jest zasadniczo najlepszym materiałem mulczującym do ogródków przydomowych.

Compost is generally the best mulching material for the home garden.


mulczowanie

mulczowanie (nominative singular)
mulczowania (nominative plural)
mulczowania (genitive singular)
mulczowań (genitive plural)
mulczowaniu (dative singular)
mulczowaniom (dative plural)
mulczowanie (accusative singular)
mulczowania (accusative plural)
mulczowaniem (instrumental singular)
mulczowaniami (instrumental plural)
mulczowaniu (locative singular)
mulczowaniach (locative plural)
mulczowanie (singular vocative)
mulczowania (plural vocative)

Prawidłowe mulczowanie w miesiącach letnich sprawia, iż gleba jest chłodniejsza.

Proper mulching in summer months keeps the soil cooler.


business plan

business plan (nominative singular)
business plany (nominative plural)
business planu (genitive singular)
business planów (genitive plural)
business planowi (dative singular)
business planom (dative plural)
business plan (accusative singular)
business plany (accusative plural)
business planem (instrumental singular)
business planami (instrumental plural)
business planie (locative singular)
business planach (locative plural)
business planie (singular vocative)
business plany (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English business plan.

ubor

(business) Alternative spelling of biznesplan


broker

broker (nominative singular)
brokerzy (nominative plural)
brokery (derogatory nominative plural)
brokera (genitive singular)
brokerów (genitive plural)
brokerowi (dative singular)
brokerom (dative plural)
brokera (accusative singular)
brokerów (accusative plural)
brokerem (instrumental singular)
brokerami (instrumental plural)
brokerze (locative singular)
brokerach (locative plural)
brokerze (singular vocative)
brokerzy (plural vocative)


kultura

pl-noun

kultura f (diminutive kulturka, related adjective kulturowy, abbreviation kult.)

kulturka (diminutive)
kulturowy (adjective)
kult. (abbreviation)
kultura (nominative singular)
kultury (nominative plural)
kultury (genitive singular)
kultur (genitive plural)
kulturze (dative singular)
kulturom (dative plural)
kulturę (accusative singular)
kultury (accusative plural)
kulturą (instrumental singular)
kulturami (instrumental plural)
kulturze (locative singular)
kulturach (locative plural)
kulturo (singular vocative)
kultury (plural vocative)

Kashubian: kùltura

Silesian: kultura

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Kultur or French culture, ultimately from Latin cultūra. First attested in 1732.

ref

Franciszek Gościecki (1732) Jadwiga Sokołowska, Kazimiera Żukowska, editors, Poeci polskiego Baroku (in Polish), volume 2, published 1965, POSELSTWO WIELKIE JAŚNIE WIELMOŻNEGO STANISŁAWA CHOMENTOWSKIEGO WOJEWODY MAZOWIECKIEGO OD NAJAŚNIEJSZEGO AUGUSTA II, KRÓLA POLSKIEGO, KSIĄŻĘCIA SASKIEGO..., page 461: “Większą pilność mają Grecy i cudzoziemcy, którzy tu mieszkają, Koło tego, albowiem jeden nad drugiego Przesadza się w kulturze wirydarza swego.”

(countable, botany, agriculture) culture (cultivation)

(countable, agriculture) crops grown on a large field

(agriculture) culture (structure of arable soil achieved as a result of agrotechnical treatments and rational management; also: these treatments and farming)


saldo

saldo (nominative singular)
salda (nominative plural)
salda (genitive singular)
saled (genitive plural)
saldu (dative singular)
saldom (dative plural)
saldo (accusative singular)
salda (accusative plural)
saldem (instrumental singular)
saldami (instrumental plural)
saldzie (locative singular)
saldach (locative plural)
saldo (singular vocative)
salda (plural vocative)


masa

masowy (adjective)
masa (nominative singular)
masy (nominative plural)
masy (genitive singular)
mas (genitive plural)
masie (dative singular)
masom (dative plural)
masę (accusative singular)
masy (accusative plural)
masą (instrumental singular)
masami (instrumental plural)
masie (locative singular)
masach (locative plural)
maso (singular vocative)
masy (plural vocative)
massa (alternative Middle Polish)

→ Kashubian: masa

→ Slovincian: masa

Learned borrowing from Latin māssa. First attested in 1534. Compare Silesian masa.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “massa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(electricity) ground (point against which potentials are measured in an electrical or electronic system)


procent

pl-noun

procent m inan (diminutive procencik, related adjective procentowy, abbreviation proc.)

procencik (diminutive)
procentowy (adjective)
proc. (abbreviation)
procent (nominative singular)
procenty (nominative plural)
procenta (genitive singular)
procentu (genitive singular)
procentów (genitive plural)
procentowi (dative singular)
procentom (dative plural)
procent (accusative singular)
procenty (accusative plural)
procentem (instrumental singular)
procentami (instrumental plural)
procencie (locative singular)
procentach (locative plural)
procencie (singular vocative)
procenty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: procent

Borrowed from German Prozent. First attested in the 18th century.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “procent”, in Słownik języka polskiego

(finance, mathematics) percent (one part per hundred; one percent, represented with the symbol %)

(banking) percent (annuity or security with a certain fixed and guaranteed annual percentage rate of return or percentage dividend)


orka

orka (nominative singular)
orki (genitive singular)
orce (dative singular)
orkę (accusative singular)
orką (instrumental singular)
orce (locative singular)
orko (singular vocative)
órka (alternative)


skarpeta

skarpetka (diminutive)
skarpeta (nominative singular)
skarpety (nominative plural)
skarpety (genitive singular)
skarpet (genitive plural)
skarpecie (dative singular)
skarpetom (dative plural)
skarpetę (accusative singular)
skarpety (accusative plural)
skarpetą (instrumental singular)
skarpetami (instrumental plural)
skarpecie (locative singular)
skarpetach (locative plural)
skarpeto (singular vocative)
skarpety (plural vocative)

(aviation, informal, meteorology) windsock


cep

cep (nominative singular)
cepy (nominative plural)
cepa (genitive singular)
cepu (genitive singular)
cepów (genitive plural)
cepowi (dative singular)
cepom (dative plural)
cep (accusative singular)
cepy (accusative plural)
cepem (instrumental singular)
cepami (instrumental plural)
cepie (locative singular)
cepach (locative plural)
cepie (singular vocative)
cepy (plural vocative)
cepa (alternative)

(in the plural, mining) tightener (device that increases the manual force when tightening parts of a drilling jig)

(weaving) loom pedal (type of pedal that moves s mechanism for interlacing warp threads in a weaving loom)


noga

pl-noun

noga f (diminutive nóżka, augmentative nożysko, related adjective nożny)

nóżka (diminutive)
nożysko (augmentative)
nożny (adjective)
noga (nominative singular)
nogi (nominative plural)
nogi (genitive singular)
nóg (genitive plural)
nodze (dative singular)
nogom (dative plural)
nogę (accusative singular)
nogi (accusative plural)
nogą (instrumental singular)
nogami (instrumental plural)
nodze (locative singular)
nogach (locative plural)
nogo (singular vocative)
nogi (plural vocative)

(mining) part of a coal deposit to protect miners from a ceiling collapse

(obsolete, in the plural, beekeeping) bottom of a beehive


controlling

controlling (nominative singular)
controllingi (nominative plural)
controllingu (genitive singular)
controllingów (genitive plural)
controllingowi (dative singular)
controllingom (dative plural)
controlling (accusative singular)
controllingi (accusative plural)
controllingiem (instrumental singular)
controllingami (instrumental plural)
controllingu (locative singular)
controllingach (locative plural)
controllingu (singular vocative)
controllingi (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English controlling.

ubor

(business) Alternative spelling of kontroling


ster

ster (nominative singular)
stery (nominative plural)
steru (genitive singular)
sterów (genitive plural)
sterowi (dative singular)
sterom (dative plural)
ster (accusative singular)
stery (accusative plural)
sterem (instrumental singular)
sterami (instrumental plural)
sterze (locative singular)
sterach (locative plural)
sterze (singular vocative)
stery (plural vocative)

(aeronautics) control surface (of an aircraft)


kapot

kapot (nominative singular)
kapoty (nominative plural)
kapotu (genitive singular)
kapotów (genitive plural)
kapotowi (dative singular)
kapotom (dative plural)
kapot (accusative singular)
kapoty (accusative plural)
kapotem (instrumental singular)
kapotami (instrumental plural)
kapocie (locative singular)
kapotach (locative plural)
kapocie (singular vocative)
kapoty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French capot, from Old French capote, diminutive of cape, from Late Latin cappa.

(aviation) cover for protruding elements of the airframe


heder

heder (nominative singular)
hedery (nominative plural)
hedera (genitive singular)
hederów (genitive plural)
hederowi (dative singular)
hederom (dative plural)
heder (accusative singular)
hedery (accusative plural)
hederem (instrumental singular)
hederami (instrumental plural)
hederze (locative singular)
hederach (locative plural)
hederze (singular vocative)
hedery (plural vocative)


beeper

beeper (nominative singular)
beepery (nominative plural)
beepera (genitive singular)
beeperów (genitive plural)
beeperowi (dative singular)
beeperom (dative plural)
beeper (accusative singular)
beepery (accusative plural)
beeperem (instrumental singular)
beeperami (instrumental plural)
beeperze (locative singular)
beeperach (locative plural)
beeperze (singular vocative)
beepery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English beeper.

(electronics, telecommunications) Alternative spelling of biper


copywriter

pl-noun

copywriter m pers (female equivalent copywriterka)

copywriterka (feminine)
copywriter (nominative singular)
copywriterzy (nominative plural)
copywritery (derogatory nominative plural)
copywritera (genitive singular)
copywriterów (genitive plural)
copywriterowi (dative singular)
copywriterom (dative plural)
copywritera (accusative singular)
copywriterów (accusative plural)
copywriterem (instrumental singular)
copywriterami (instrumental plural)
copywriterze (locative singular)
copywriterach (locative plural)
copywriterze (singular vocative)
copywriterzy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English copywriter.

ubor

(advertising, marketing) copywriter (person who writes advertising copy (the text used in advertisements))


autopilot

autopilot (nominative singular)
autopiloty (nominative plural)
autopilota (genitive singular)
autopilotów (genitive plural)
autopilotowi (dative singular)
autopilotom (dative plural)
autopilota (accusative singular)
autopiloty (accusative plural)
autopilotem (instrumental singular)
autopilotami (instrumental plural)
autopilocie (locative singular)
autopilotach (locative plural)
autopilocie (singular vocative)
autopiloty (plural vocative)

From auto- + pilot. First attested in 1927.

(aviation, nautical, navigation, technology) autopilot


teaser

teaser (nominative singular)
teasery (nominative plural)
teasera (genitive singular)
teaserów (genitive plural)
teaserowi (dative singular)
teaserom (dative plural)
teaser (accusative singular)
teasery (accusative plural)
teaserem (instrumental singular)
teaserami (instrumental plural)
teaserze (locative singular)
teaserach (locative plural)
teaserze (singular vocative)
teasery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English teaser.

(film, marketing, television) teaser (short acting scene preceding the actual lead of a film or television series)

(film, marketing) trailer (preview of a film)

(marketing) teaser (message used to advertise a product whose name is not disclosed in that advertisement)

(marketing) teaser (short document containing the most important information about an investment, presented in a simple way, addressed to a potential investor)


kil

kilowy (adjective)
kil (nominative singular)
kile (nominative plural)
kila (genitive singular)
kilu (genitive singular)
kili (genitive plural)
kilowi (dative singular)
kilom (dative plural)
kil (accusative singular)
kile (accusative plural)
kilem (instrumental singular)
kilami (instrumental plural)
kilu (locative singular)
kilach (locative plural)
kilu (singular vocative)
kile (plural vocative)

(aeronautics) keel (construction similar in form and use to a ship's keel; in an aeroplane, a fin or fixed surface employed to increase stability and to hold the machine to its course)


sonda

sonda (nominative singular)
sondy (nominative plural)
sondy (genitive singular)
sond (genitive plural)
sondzie (dative singular)
sondom (dative plural)
sondę (accusative singular)
sondy (accusative plural)
sondą (instrumental singular)
sondami (instrumental plural)
sondzie (locative singular)
sondach (locative plural)
sondo (singular vocative)
sondy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French sonde, from Middle French, from Old French sonde, from Old English sund, from Proto-Germanic *sundą, from Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)-.


cera

cera (nominative singular)
cery (nominative plural)
cery (genitive singular)
cer (genitive plural)
cerze (dative singular)
cerom (dative plural)
cerę (accusative singular)
cery (accusative plural)
cerą (instrumental singular)
cerami (instrumental plural)
cerze (locative singular)
cerach (locative plural)
cero (singular vocative)
cery (plural vocative)

(sewing) darn (filling in a hole in the fabric created by rubbing, tearing, or tearing out a piece of it by using interlaced stitch)


brona

brona (nominative singular)
brony (nominative plural)
brony (genitive singular)
bron (genitive plural)
bronie (dative singular)
bronom (dative plural)
bronę (accusative singular)
brony (accusative plural)
broną (instrumental singular)
bronami (instrumental plural)
bronie (locative singular)
bronach (locative plural)
brono (singular vocative)
brony (plural vocative)
bruna (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish brona. Doublet of brama (“gate”), derived from Old Czech.

(agriculture) harrow (device consisting of a heavy framework having several disks or teeth in a row, which is dragged across ploughed land to smooth or break up the soil, to remove weeds or cover seeds)


ruda

ruda (nominative singular)
rudy (nominative plural)
rudy (genitive singular)
rud (genitive plural)
rudzie (dative singular)
rudom (dative plural)
rudę (accusative singular)
rudy (accusative plural)
rudą (instrumental singular)
rudami (instrumental plural)
rudzie (locative singular)
rudach (locative plural)
rudo (singular vocative)
rudy (plural vocative)


duga

(Kielce, agriculture) crane or lift for lifting bales of hay onto a heap


gazda

pl-noun

gazda m pers (female equivalent gaździna)

gaździna (feminine)
gazda (nominative singular)
gazdowie (nominative plural)
gazdy (nominative plural)
gazdy (genitive singular)
gazdów (genitive plural)
gaździe (dative singular)
gazdom (dative plural)
gazdę (accusative singular)
gazdów (accusative plural)
gazdą (instrumental singular)
gazdami (instrumental plural)
gaździe (locative singular)
gazdach (locative plural)
gazdo (singular vocative)
gazdowie (plural vocative)
gazdy (plural vocative)

(agriculture, chiefly Podhale, Żywiec) Goral farmer


storno

storno (nominative singular)
storna (nominative plural)
storna (genitive singular)
storn (genitive plural)
stornu (dative singular)
stornom (dative plural)
storno (accusative singular)
storna (accusative plural)
stornem (instrumental singular)
stornami (instrumental plural)
stornie (locative singular)
stornach (locative plural)
storno (singular vocative)
storna (plural vocative)

(finance) cancellation (a reversal of a transaction)


peon

peon (nominative singular)
peoni (nominative plural)
peony (derogatory nominative plural)
peona (genitive singular)
peonów (genitive plural)
peonowi (dative singular)
peonom (dative plural)
peona (accusative singular)
peonów (accusative plural)
peonem (instrumental singular)
peonami (instrumental plural)
peonie (locative singular)
peonach (locative plural)
peonie (singular vocative)
peoni (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Spanish peón, from Late Latin pedō.

(agriculture, historical) peon (lowly person; a peasant or serf; a labourer who is obliged to do menial work)


byk

byk m animal (diminutive byczek, augmentative byczysko, related adjective byczy)

byczek (diminutive)
byczysko (augmentative)
byczy (adjective)
byk (nominative singular)
byki (nominative plural)
byka (genitive singular)
byków (genitive plural)
bykowi (dative singular)
bykom (dative plural)
byka (accusative singular)
byki (accusative plural)
bykiem (instrumental singular)
bykami (instrumental plural)
byku (locative singular)
bykach (locative plural)
byku (singular vocative)
byki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish byk. Sense 5 is a semantic loan from English bull market and sense 6 is a semantic loan from English bull.

sl

(colloquial, finance) bull market (stock market where a majority of investors are buying, causing overall stock prices to rise)

(finance) bull (investor who buys (commodities or securities) in anticipation of a rise in prices)


kość

pl-noun

kość f (diminutive kostka, augmentative kościsko, related adjective kostny)

kostka (diminutive)
kościsko (augmentative)
kostny (adjective)
kość (nominative singular)
kości (nominative plural)
kości (genitive singular)
kości (genitive plural)
kości (dative singular)
kościom (dative plural)
kość (accusative singular)
kości (accusative plural)
kością (instrumental singular)
kośćmi (instrumental plural)
kościami (instrumental plural)
kości (locative singular)
kościach (locative plural)
kości (singular vocative)
kości (plural vocative)

(colloquial, computing, electronics) chip, microchip, computer chip, integrated circuit (small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors)


dzień

(Far Masovian, beekeeping) Synonym of barć


waga

wagowy (adjective)
waga (nominative singular)
wagi (nominative plural)
wagi (genitive singular)
wag (genitive plural)
wadze (dative singular)
wagom (dative plural)
wagę (accusative singular)
wagi (accusative plural)
wagą (instrumental singular)
wagami (instrumental plural)
wadze (locative singular)
wagach (locative plural)
wago (singular vocative)
wagi (plural vocative)
wága (alternative)

→ Kashubian: wôga

→ Russian: ва́га (vága)

→ Slovincian: wogha

→ Ukrainian: ва́га (váha)

→ Belarusian: ва́гі (váhi)

(obsolete, trading) official right to control weighing of products intended for trade


stempel

stempelek (diminutive)
stempel (nominative singular)
stemple (nominative plural)
stempla (genitive singular)
stempli (genitive plural)
stemplowi (dative singular)
stemplom (dative plural)
stempel (accusative singular)
stemple (accusative plural)
stemplem (instrumental singular)
stemplami (instrumental plural)
stemplu (locative singular)
stemplach (locative plural)
stemplu (singular vocative)
stemple (plural vocative)
sztępel (alternative)

Borrowed from German Stempel. Doublet of sztępel.


ferma

ferma (nominative singular)
fermy (nominative plural)
fermy (genitive singular)
ferm (genitive plural)
fermie (dative singular)
fermom (dative plural)
fermę (accusative singular)
fermy (accusative plural)
fermą (instrumental singular)
fermami (instrumental plural)
fermie (locative singular)
fermach (locative plural)
fermo (singular vocative)
fermy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French ferme. Doublet of farma.

(agriculture) farm (farm that raises small animals, such as chickens or rabbits)


outsourcing

outsourcing (nominative singular)
outsourcingu (genitive singular)
outsourcingowi (dative singular)
outsourcing (accusative singular)
outsourcingiem (instrumental singular)
outsourcingu (locative singular)
outsourcingu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English outsourcing.


call center

Unadapted borrowing from English call center.


joint venture

Unadapted borrowing from English joint venture.

(business) joint venture (cooperative partnership between two individuals or businesses in which profits and risks are shared)


alternator

alternator (nominative singular)
alternatory (nominative plural)
alternatora (genitive singular)
alternatorów (genitive plural)
alternatorowi (dative singular)
alternatorom (dative plural)
alternator (accusative singular)
alternatory (accusative plural)
alternatorem (instrumental singular)
alternatorami (instrumental plural)
alternatorze (locative singular)
alternatorach (locative plural)
alternatorze (singular vocative)
alternatory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English alternator, from Latin alternō. First attested in 1892.

ref

Józef Jerzy Boguski (1892) Wstęp do elektrotechniki : odczyty wygłoszone na posiedzeniach Sekcyi 1-ej technicznej Warszawskiego Tow. popierania przemysłu i handlu. Cz. 1 (in Polish), page III

alternator in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

zacisk alternatora

electrical engineering
electrical engineering

(electrical engineering) alternator (electric generator which produces alternating current through mechanical means)


plisa

pliska (diminutive)
plisa (nominative singular)
plisy (nominative plural)
plisy (genitive singular)
plis (genitive plural)
plisie (dative singular)
plisom (dative plural)
plisę (accusative singular)
plisy (accusative plural)
plisą (instrumental singular)
plisami (instrumental plural)
plisie (locative singular)
plisach (locative plural)
pliso (singular vocative)
plisy (plural vocative)

(sewing) pleat (fold in a fabric of a garment)


miecz

mieczyk (diminutive)
miecz (nominative singular)
miecze (nominative plural)
miecza (genitive singular)
mieczy (genitive plural)
mieczów (genitive plural)
mieczowi (dative singular)
mieczom (dative plural)
miecz (accusative singular)
miecze (accusative plural)
mieczem (instrumental singular)
mieczami (instrumental plural)
mieczu (locative singular)
mieczach (locative plural)
mieczu (singular vocative)
miecze (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *mečь
Old Polish miecz
Polish miecz
Inherited from Old Polish miecz, from Proto-Slavic *mečь.

etymon

(Near Masovian, agriculture) wide distance between rungs of a ladder

(Przemyśl, weaving) particular part of a scutcher


jechać

pl-verb

jechać impf (determinate, perfective pojechać, indeterminate jeździć)

pojechać (perfective)
jeździć (indeterminate)
jechać (infinitive)
jadę (present singular)
jedziemy (plural present)
jedziesz (present singular)
jedziecie (plural present)
jedzie (present singular third-person)
jadą (plural present third-person)
jedzie się (impersonal present)
jechałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m jechał (masculine past singular)
jechałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m jechała (feminine past singular)
jechałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m jechało (neuter past singular)
jechaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy jechali (past plural virile)
jechałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy jechały (nonvirile past plural)
jechałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś jechał (masculine past singular)
jechałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś jechała (feminine past singular)
jechałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś jechało (neuter past singular)
jechaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście jechali (past plural virile)
jechałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście jechały (nonvirile past plural)
jechał (masculine past singular third-person)
jechała (feminine past singular third-person)
jechało (neuter past singular third-person)
jechali (past plural third-person virile)
jechały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
jechano (impersonal past)
będę jechał (future masculine singular)
będę jechać (future masculine singular)
będę jechała (feminine future singular)
będę jechać (feminine future singular)
będę jechało (future neuter singular)
będę jechać (future neuter singular)
będziemy jechali (future plural virile)
będziemy jechać (future plural virile)
będziemy jechały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy jechać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz jechał (future masculine singular)
będziesz jechać (future masculine singular)
będziesz jechała (feminine future singular)
będziesz jechać (feminine future singular)
będziesz jechało (future neuter singular)
będziesz jechać (future neuter singular)
będziecie jechali (future plural virile)
będziecie jechać (future plural virile)
będziecie jechały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie jechać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie jechał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie jechać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie jechała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie jechać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie jechało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie jechać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą jechali (future plural third-person virile)
będą jechać (future plural third-person virile)
będą jechały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą jechać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie jechać się (future impersonal)
jechałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym jechał (conditional masculine singular)
jechałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym jechała (conditional feminine singular)
jechałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym jechało (conditional neuter singular)
jechalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy jechali (conditional plural virile)
jechałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy jechały (conditional nonvirile plural)
jechałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś jechał (conditional masculine singular)
jechałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś jechała (conditional feminine singular)
jechałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś jechało (conditional neuter singular)
jechalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście jechali (conditional plural virile)
jechałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście jechały (conditional nonvirile plural)
jechałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by jechał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
jechałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by jechała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
jechałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by jechało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
jechaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by jechali (conditional plural third-person virile)
jechałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by jechały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
jechano by (conditional impersonal)
niech jadę (imperative singular)
jedźmy (imperative plural)
jedź (imperative singular)
jedźcie (imperative plural)
niech jedzie (imperative singular third-person)
niech jadą (imperative plural third-person)
jadący (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
jadąca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
jadące (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
jadący (active adjectival participle plural virile)
jadące (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
jadąc (adjectival contemporary participle)
jechanie (noun-from-verb)
jachać (alternative Middle Polish regional)

(intransitive, obsolete, mining) to walk in a mine


pociąg

pl-noun

pociąg m inan (related adjective pociągowy)

pociągowy (adjective)
pociąg (nominative singular)
pociągi (nominative plural)
pociągu (genitive singular)
pociągów (genitive plural)
pociągowi (dative singular)
pociągom (dative plural)
pociąg (accusative singular)
pociągi (accusative plural)
pociągiem (instrumental singular)
pociągami (instrumental plural)
pociągu (locative singular)
pociągach (locative plural)
pociągu (singular vocative)
pociągi (plural vocative)
ciapong (alternative childish humorous ironic)

/ˈpɔ.t͡ɕɔŋk/

Deverbal from pociągać. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French train, English train, and German Zug. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from French inclination. First attested in 1550.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish, construction) traverse holding up a wooden construction


briefing

briefing (nominative singular)
briefingi (nominative plural)
briefingu (genitive singular)
briefingów (genitive plural)
briefingowi (dative singular)
briefingom (dative plural)
briefing (accusative singular)
briefingi (accusative plural)
briefingiem (instrumental singular)
briefingami (instrumental plural)
briefingu (locative singular)
briefingach (locative plural)
briefingu (singular vocative)
briefingi (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English briefing.

ubor

(aviation) check-in for pilots held before takeoff


handel

pl-noun

handel m inan (diminutive handelek, related adjective handlowy)

handelek (diminutive)
handlowy (adjective)
handel (nominative singular)
handlu (genitive singular)
handlowi (dative singular)
handel (accusative singular)
handlem (instrumental singular)
handlu (locative singular)
handlu (singular vocative)
andel (alternative)

Borrowed from German Handel. First attested in 1538.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “handel”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(business, trading) trade (buying and selling of goods and services on a market) [with instrumental ‘in what’]


spin-off

spin-off (nominative singular)
spin-offy (nominative plural)
spin-offu (genitive singular)
spin-offów (genitive plural)
spin-offowi (dative singular)
spin-offom (dative plural)
spin-off (accusative singular)
spin-offy (accusative plural)
spin-offem (instrumental singular)
spin-offami (instrumental plural)
spin-offie (locative singular)
spin-offach (locative plural)
spin-offie (singular vocative)
spin-offy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English spin-off.

ubor

(business) spin-off, hive-off (formation of a subsidiary company that continues the operations of part of the parent company; the company so formed)


kabel

kabel (nominative singular)
kable (nominative plural)
kabla (genitive singular)
kabli (genitive plural)
kablowi (dative singular)
kablom (dative plural)
kabel (accusative singular)
kable (accusative plural)
kablem (instrumental singular)
kablami (instrumental plural)
kablu (locative singular)
kablach (locative plural)
kablu (singular vocative)
kable (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Kabel, from Middle High German kabel, from Middle Low German, from Middle Dutch cabel, from Old French cable, an Old Northern French (i.e. Old Norman or Picard) variant of chable, cheable, chaable, from Vulgar Latin *caplum, contracted form of Late Latin capulum, from Latin capiō.

(electricity) cable (large wire or rope)


konto

konto (nominative singular)
konta (nominative plural)
konta (genitive singular)
kont (genitive plural)
kontu (dative singular)
kontom (dative plural)
konto (accusative singular)
konta (accusative plural)
kontem (instrumental singular)
kontami (instrumental plural)
koncie (locative singular)
kontach (locative plural)
konto (singular vocative)
konta (plural vocative)

→ Yiddish: קאָנטע (konte)

Borrowed from German Konto, from Italian conto, from Vulgar Latin *contus, from Latin computus.

(accounting) account (registry of pecuniary transactions)


agronom

pl-noun

agronom m pers (female equivalent agronomka)

agronomka (feminine)
agronom (nominative singular)
agronomowie (nominative plural)
agronoma (genitive singular)
agronomów (genitive plural)
agronomowi (dative singular)
agronomom (dative plural)
agronoma (accusative singular)
agronomów (accusative plural)
agronomem (instrumental singular)
agronomami (instrumental plural)
agronomie (locative singular)
agronomach (locative plural)
agronomie (singular vocative)
agronomowie (plural vocative)

Back-formation from agronomia. First attested in 1811.

zdanie agronomów

agronom rejonowy

wiejski agronom

gminny agronom

główny agronom

polski agronom

dyplom agronoma


boombox

boombox (nominative singular)
boomboksy (nominative plural)
boomboksu (genitive singular)
boomboksów (genitive plural)
boomboksowi (dative singular)
boomboksom (dative plural)
boombox (accusative singular)
boomboksy (accusative plural)
boomboksem (instrumental singular)
boomboksami (instrumental plural)
boomboksie (locative singular)
boomboksach (locative plural)
boomboksie (singular vocative)
boomboksy (plural vocative)
boombox (nominative singular)
boomboksy (nominative plural)
boomboksa (genitive singular)
boomboksów (genitive plural)
boomboksowi (dative singular)
boomboksom (dative plural)
boomboksa (accusative singular)
boomboksy (accusative plural)
boomboksem (instrumental singular)
boomboksami (instrumental plural)
boomboksie (locative singular)
boomboksach (locative plural)
boomboksie (singular vocative)
boomboksy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English boom box.


traktor

traktor (nominative singular)
traktory (nominative plural)
traktora (genitive singular)
traktorów (genitive plural)
traktorowi (dative singular)
traktorom (dative plural)
traktor (accusative singular)
traktory (accusative plural)
traktorem (instrumental singular)
traktorami (instrumental plural)
traktorze (locative singular)
traktorach (locative plural)
traktorze (singular vocative)
traktory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English tractor, from Latin tractus.


baza

bazowy (adjective)
baza (nominative singular)
bazy (nominative plural)
bazy (genitive singular)
baz (genitive plural)
bazie (dative singular)
bazom (dative plural)
bazę (accusative singular)
bazy (accusative plural)
bazą (instrumental singular)
bazami (instrumental plural)
bazie (locative singular)
bazach (locative plural)
bazo (singular vocative)
bazy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: baza

→ Silesian: baza

Borrowed from French base. First attested in 1683.

ref

Danuta Lankiewicz (22.06.2015) “BAZA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(electronics) charging base (the part of a device permanently connected to electricity in which its movable part is placed in order to charge it)


semafor

pl-noun

semafor m inan (related adjective semaforowy)

semaforowy (adjective)
semafor (nominative singular)
semafory (nominative plural)
semafora (genitive singular)
semaforów (genitive plural)
semaforowi (dative singular)
semaforom (dative plural)
semafor (accusative singular)
semafory (accusative plural)
semaforem (instrumental singular)
semaforami (instrumental plural)
semaforze (locative singular)
semaforach (locative plural)
semaforze (singular vocative)
semafory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French sémaphore. First attested in 1830.

(countable, advertising) semaphore; business sign (two-sided advertising sign mounted on a building wall perpendicular to it, often with a business's logo, etc.)


kondensator

kondensator (nominative singular)
kondensatory (nominative plural)
kondensatora (genitive singular)
kondensatorów (genitive plural)
kondensatorowi (dative singular)
kondensatorom (dative plural)
kondensator (accusative singular)
kondensatory (accusative plural)
kondensatorem (instrumental singular)
kondensatorami (instrumental plural)
kondensatorze (locative singular)
kondensatorach (locative plural)
kondensatorze (singular vocative)
kondensatory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English condenser, French condensateur, German Kondensator, ultimately from Latin condēnsō.


chipset

chipset (nominative singular)
chipsety (nominative plural)
chipsetu (genitive singular)
chipsetów (genitive plural)
chipsetowi (dative singular)
chipsetom (dative plural)
chipset (accusative singular)
chipsety (accusative plural)
chipsetem (instrumental singular)
chipsetami (instrumental plural)
chipsecie (locative singular)
chipsetach (locative plural)
chipsecie (singular vocative)
chipsety (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English chipset.

ubor

(computing, electronics) chipset (group of integrated circuits that are designed to work together, and are usually marketed as a single product)


kontakt

pl-noun

kontakt m inan (related adjective kontaktowy)

kontaktowy (adjective)
kontakt (nominative singular)
kontakty (nominative plural)
kontaktu (genitive singular)
kontaktów (genitive plural)
kontaktowi (dative singular)
kontaktom (dative plural)
kontakt (accusative singular)
kontakty (accusative plural)
kontaktem (instrumental singular)
kontaktami (instrumental plural)
kontakcie (locative singular)
kontaktach (locative plural)
kontakcie (singular vocative)
kontakty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: kòntakt

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from French contact or German Kontakt, ultimately from Latin contāctus. First attested in 1745–1747. Semantic loan from German Kontakt. Compare Silesian kōntakt.

ref

“Materiały źródłowe do dziejów kultury i sztuki XVI-XVIII w.”, in Materiały źródłowe do dziejów kultury i sztuki XVI-XVIII w., opr. M. Gębarowicz, Wrocław- Warszawa-Kraków. (in Polish), 1745-1747, published 1983, Trzy umowy między Sebastianem Fensingerem rzeźbiarzem a trynitarzami lwowskimi z 1745, 1746 i 1747 r., page 374: “Kontakt z Panem Sebestianem Fesingerem Snicerzem, na ołtarz S. Jana Nepomucena do Ś. Mikołaja.”

(colloquial, electricity) contact (device designed for repetitive connections)

(colloquial, electricity) socket, outlet


kurs

pl-noun

kurs m inan (diminutive kursik, related adjective kursowy)

kursik (diminutive)
kursowy (adjective)
kurs (nominative singular)
kursy (nominative plural)
kursu (genitive singular)
kursów (genitive plural)
kursowi (dative singular)
kursom (dative plural)
kurs (accusative singular)
kursy (accusative plural)
kursem (instrumental singular)
kursami (instrumental plural)
kursie (locative singular)
kursach (locative plural)
kursie (singular vocative)
kursy (plural vocative)


socha

soszka (diminutive)
socha (nominative singular)
sochy (nominative plural)
sochy (genitive singular)
soch (genitive plural)
sosze (dative singular)
sochom (dative plural)
sochę (accusative singular)
sochy (accusative plural)
sochą (instrumental singular)
sochami (instrumental plural)
sosze (locative singular)
sochach (locative plural)
socho (singular vocative)
sochy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish socha, from Proto-Slavic *soxa.


promesa

promesa (nominative singular)
promesy (nominative plural)
promesy (genitive singular)
promes (genitive plural)
promesie (dative singular)
promesom (dative plural)
promesę (accusative singular)
promesy (accusative plural)
promesą (instrumental singular)
promesami (instrumental plural)
promesie (locative singular)
promesach (locative plural)
promeso (singular vocative)
promesy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French promesse. First attested in 1830.

ref

Wiadomości Handlowe (in Polish), number 21, 1830 February 20, page 94

+obj

(finance) promissory note [with na (+ accusative) ‘for what amount of money’]


faza

faza (nominative singular)
fazy (nominative plural)
fazy (genitive singular)
faz (genitive plural)
fazie (dative singular)
fazom (dative plural)
fazę (accusative singular)
fazy (accusative plural)
fazą (instrumental singular)
fazami (instrumental plural)
fazie (locative singular)
fazach (locative plural)
fazo (singular vocative)
fazy (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis, “an appearance”).


faktor

faktor (nominative singular)
faktory (nominative plural)
faktoru (genitive singular)
faktorów (genitive plural)
faktorowi (dative singular)
faktorom (dative plural)
faktor (accusative singular)
faktory (accusative plural)
faktorem (instrumental singular)
faktorami (instrumental plural)
faktorze (locative singular)
faktorach (locative plural)
faktorze (singular vocative)
faktory (plural vocative)

pl:Praktyczny słownik współczesnej polszczyzny

Learned borrowing from Latin factor. First attested in 1588. Compare Silesian faktōr.

(banking) factor (bank that deals with factoring)


superata

superata (nominative singular)
superaty (nominative plural)
superaty (genitive singular)
superat (genitive plural)
superacie (dative singular)
superatom (dative plural)
superatę (accusative singular)
superaty (accusative plural)
superatą (instrumental singular)
superatami (instrumental plural)
superacie (locative singular)
superatach (locative plural)
superato (singular vocative)
superaty (plural vocative)

(accounting) surplus, excess (surplus of money in the cash register or goods in the warehouse in relation to the accounting balance, detected during an inspection)


król

pl-noun

król m pers (female equivalent królowa, diminutive (derogatory) królik, augmentative królisko, related adjective królewski)

królowa (feminine)
królik (derogatory diminutive)
królisko (augmentative)
królewski (adjective)
król (nominative singular)
królowie (nominative plural)
króle (derogatory nominative plural)
króla (genitive singular)
królów (genitive plural)
królowi (dative singular)
królom (dative plural)
króla (accusative singular)
królów (accusative plural)
królem (instrumental singular)
królami (instrumental plural)
królu (locative singular)
królach (locative plural)
królu (singular vocative)
królowie (plural vocative)
kryl (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish król. Sense 2, sense 3, and sense 4 and are an internationalism semantic loan; compare English king, French roi and German König. Doublet of Karol.


klucz

klucz m inan (diminutive kluczyk, related adjective kluczowy)

kluczyk (diminutive)
kluczowy (adjective)
klucz (nominative singular)
klucze (nominative plural)
klucza (genitive singular)
kluczy (genitive plural)
kluczowi (dative singular)
kluczom (dative plural)
klucz (accusative singular)
klucze (accusative plural)
kluczem (instrumental singular)
kluczami (instrumental plural)
kluczu (locative singular)
kluczach (locative plural)
kluczu (singular vocative)
klucze (plural vocative)


resurs

resurs (nominative singular)
resursy (nominative plural)
resursu (genitive singular)
resursów (genitive plural)
resursowi (dative singular)
resursom (dative plural)
resurs (accusative singular)
resursy (accusative plural)
resursem (instrumental singular)
resursami (instrumental plural)
resursie (locative singular)
resursach (locative plural)
resursie (singular vocative)
resursy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French ressource. Sense 3 is a semantic loan from Russian ресу́рс (resúrs). Doublet of resursa (“social club”).


bęben

pl-noun

bęben m inan (diminutive bębenek, related adjective bębnowy)

bębenek (diminutive)
bębnowy (adjective)
bęben (nominative singular)
bębeny (nominative plural)
bębenu (genitive singular)
bębenów (genitive plural)
bębenowi (dative singular)
bębenom (dative plural)
bęben (accusative singular)
bębeny (accusative plural)
bębenem (instrumental singular)
bębenami (instrumental plural)
bębenie (locative singular)
bębenach (locative plural)
bębenie (singular vocative)
bębeny (plural vocative)

(obsolete, agriculture) sifter (mill machine for sorting grain milling products)


debet

debet (nominative singular)
debety (nominative plural)
debetu (genitive singular)
debetów (genitive plural)
debetowi (dative singular)
debetom (dative plural)
debet (accusative singular)
debety (accusative plural)
debetem (instrumental singular)
debetami (instrumental plural)
debecie (locative singular)
debetach (locative plural)
debecie (singular vocative)
debety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French débet, from Latin dēbet, from dēbeō.


keiki

Derived from Hawaiian keiki (“child”), possibly via English keiki.

Wiesz, czy ma jakieś keiki? – Ma dwa czy trzy dzieciaczki. – Okay. Może roślina macierzysta jest w złym stanie i próbuje desperacko się rozmnożyć

2015, Maribel Medina, translated by Joanna Ostrowska, Sangre de barro [Krwawy doping], Sonia Draga, →ISBN:

Do you know if it has any keiki? – He has two or three children. – Okay. Maybe the mother plant is in bad shape and trying desperately to reproduce itself

(horticulture) keiki (young plant of orchid)


awal

awal (nominative singular)
awale (nominative plural)
awalu (genitive singular)
awali (genitive plural)
awalowi (dative singular)
awalom (dative plural)
awal (accusative singular)
awale (accusative plural)
awalem (instrumental singular)
awalami (instrumental plural)
awalu (locative singular)
awalach (locative plural)
awalu (singular vocative)
awale (plural vocative)


niedźwiedź

niedźwiedź (nominative singular)
niedźwiedzie (nominative plural)
niedźwiedzia (genitive singular)
niedźwiedzi (genitive plural)
niedźwiedziowi (dative singular)
niedźwiedziom (dative plural)
niedźwiedzia (accusative singular)
niedźwiedzi (accusative plural)
niedźwiedziem (instrumental singular)
niedźwiedziami (instrumental plural)
niedźwiedziu (locative singular)
niedźwiedziach (locative plural)
niedźwiedziu (singular vocative)
niedźwiedzie (plural vocative)
miedźwiedź (alternative Middle Polish)

/ˈɲɛ.d͡ʑvjɛt͡ɕ/

/ˈɲɛ.d͡ʑvjɛt͡ɕ/

(finance) bear (investor who sells in anticipation of falling prices)


kompost

kompost m inan (related adjective kompostowy)

kompostowy (adjective)
kompost (nominative singular)
komposty (nominative plural)
kompostu (genitive singular)
kompostów (genitive plural)
kompostowi (dative singular)
kompostom (dative plural)
kompost (accusative singular)
komposty (accusative plural)
kompostem (instrumental singular)
kompostami (instrumental plural)
kompoście (locative singular)
kompostach (locative plural)
kompoście (singular vocative)
komposty (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English compost, French compost, German Kompost. Doublet of kompot.

(horticulture) compost (decayed remains of organic matter that has rotted into a natural fertilizer)


ekonom

ekonom m pers (female equivalent ekonomka, related adjective ekonomski)

ekonomka (feminine)
ekonomski (adjective)
ekonom (nominative singular)
ekonomi (nominative plural)
ekonomowie (nominative plural)
ekonoma (genitive singular)
ekonomów (genitive plural)
ekonomowi (dative singular)
ekonomom (dative plural)
ekonoma (accusative singular)
ekonomów (accusative plural)
ekonomem (instrumental singular)
ekonomami (instrumental plural)
ekonomie (locative singular)
ekonomach (locative plural)
ekonomie (singular vocative)
ekonomi (plural vocative)
ekonomowie (plural vocative)
okómón (alternative)
okomon (alternative)
ekumon (alternative)

(agriculture, historical) supervisor of agricultural work in landed estates


agronomia

agronomia (nominative singular)
agronomii (genitive singular)
agronomii (dative singular)
agronomię (accusative singular)
agronomią (instrumental singular)
agronomii (locative singular)
agronomio (singular vocative)

From agro- + -nomia. First attested in 1803.

agronomia społeczna

dziedzina agronomii

zakres agronomii

studiować agronomię

(agriculture) agronomy (science of agriculture)


parkiet

parkiecik (diminutive)
parkiet (nominative singular)
parkiety (nominative plural)
parkietu (genitive singular)
parkietów (genitive plural)
parkietowi (dative singular)
parkietom (dative plural)
parkiet (accusative singular)
parkiety (accusative plural)
parkietem (instrumental singular)
parkietami (instrumental plural)
parkiecie (locative singular)
parkietach (locative plural)
parkiecie (singular vocative)
parkiety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French parquet. For sense 2, compare Finnish parketti.


pień

pieniek (diminutive)
pień (nominative singular)
pnie (nominative plural)
pnia (genitive singular)
pni (genitive plural)
pniowi (dative singular)
pniom (dative plural)
pień (accusative singular)
pnie (accusative plural)
pniem (instrumental singular)
pniami (instrumental plural)
pniu (locative singular)
pniach (locative plural)
pniu (singular vocative)
pnie (plural vocative)


balast

balast m inan (related adjective balastowy)

balastowy (adjective)
balast (nominative singular)
balasty (nominative plural)
balastu (genitive singular)
balastów (genitive plural)
balastowi (dative singular)
balastom (dative plural)
balast (accusative singular)
balasty (accusative plural)
balastem (instrumental singular)
balastami (instrumental plural)
balaście (locative singular)
balastach (locative plural)
balaście (singular vocative)
balasty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: balaszt

→ Slovincian: balaszt

(construction) ballast (material, such as aggregate or precast concrete pavers, which employs its mass and the force of gravity to hold single-ply roof membranes in place)


balon

balon m inan (diminutive balonik or balonek)

balonik (diminutive)
balonek (diminutive)
balon (nominative singular)
balony (nominative plural)
balonu (genitive singular)
balonów (genitive plural)
balonowi (dative singular)
balonom (dative plural)
balon (accusative singular)
balony (accusative plural)
balonem (instrumental singular)
balonami (instrumental plural)
balonie (locative singular)
balonach (locative plural)
balonie (singular vocative)
balony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French ballon, from Middle French ballon, from northern Italian balone, ballone.

(aviation) balloon (inflatable and buoyant object)


akonto

akonto (nominative singular)
akonta (nominative plural)
akonta (genitive singular)
akonet (genitive plural)
akontu (dative singular)
akontom (dative plural)
akonto (accusative singular)
akonta (accusative plural)
akontem (instrumental singular)
akontami (instrumental plural)
akoncie (locative singular)
akontach (locative plural)
akonto (singular vocative)
akonta (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Italian a conto. First attested in 1814.

ref

Gazeta Warszawska, number 31, 1814, page 535

akonto in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

(finance, literary) advance payment (advance paid for a receivable)