iMac

iMac m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
iMac (nominative singular)
iMaci (nominative plural)
iMaca (genitive singular)
iMaców (genitive plural)
iMacowi (dative singular)
iMacom (dative plural)
iMac (accusative singular)
iMaca (accusative singular)
iMaci (accusative plural)
iMakiem (instrumental singular)
iMacami (instrumental plural)
iMacu (locative singular)
iMacach (locative plural)
iMacu (singular vocative)
iMaci (plural vocative)

(computing) iMac (one of a line of all-in-one Macintosh computers made by Apple Inc.)


sól

solny (adjective)
sól (nominative singular)
sole (nominative plural)
soli (genitive singular)
soli (genitive plural)
soli (dative singular)
solom (dative plural)
sól (accusative singular)
sole (accusative plural)
solą (instrumental singular)
solami (instrumental plural)
soli (locative singular)
solach (locative plural)
soli (singular vocative)
sole (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish sól, from Proto-Slavic *sȍlь.


alabaster

alabaster (nominative singular)
alabastry (nominative plural)
alabastru (genitive singular)
alabastrów (genitive plural)
alabastrowi (dative singular)
alabastrom (dative plural)
alabaster (accusative singular)
alabastry (accusative plural)
alabastrem (instrumental singular)
alabastrami (instrumental plural)
alabastrze (locative singular)
alabastrach (locative plural)
alabastrze (singular vocative)
alabastry (plural vocative)
alabastr (alternative obsolete)

kopalnia alabastru

(zrobiony, wykonany) z alabastru

(mineralogy) alabaster (fine-grained white or lightly-tinted variety of gypsum)


bazooka

bazooka (nominative singular)
bazooki (nominative plural)
bazooki (genitive singular)
bazook (genitive plural)
bazooce (dative singular)
bazookom (dative plural)
bazookę (accusative singular)
bazooki (accusative plural)
bazooką (instrumental singular)
bazookami (instrumental plural)
bazooce (locative singular)
bazookach (locative plural)
bazooko (singular vocative)
bazooki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English bazooka.

ubor

(weaponry) bazooka (shoulder-held rocket launcher used as an antitank weapon)


ikona

ikonka (diminutive)
ikona (nominative singular)
ikony (nominative plural)
ikony (genitive singular)
ikon (genitive plural)
ikonie (dative singular)
ikonom (dative plural)
ikonę (accusative singular)
ikony (accusative plural)
ikoną (instrumental singular)
ikonami (instrumental plural)
ikonie (locative singular)
ikonach (locative plural)
ikono (singular vocative)
ikony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Russian ико́на (ikóna), from Greek εικόνα (eikóna), from Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn).

graphical user interface
graphical user interface

(graphical user interface) computer icon


neurotransmiter

neurotransmiter (nominative singular)
neurotransmitery (nominative plural)
neurotransmitera (genitive singular)
neurotransmiterów (genitive plural)
neurotransmiterowi (dative singular)
neurotransmiterom (dative plural)
neurotransmiter (accusative singular)
neurotransmitery (accusative plural)
neurotransmiterem (instrumental singular)
neurotransmiterami (instrumental plural)
neurotransmiterze (locative singular)
neurotransmiterach (locative plural)
neurotransmiterze (singular vocative)
neurotransmitery (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) neuromediator, neurotransmitter


drzewo

pl-noun

drzewo n (diminutive drzewko, related adjective drzewny)

drzewko (diminutive)
drzewny (adjective)
drzewo (nominative singular)
drzewa (nominative plural)
drzewa (genitive singular)
drzew (genitive plural)
drzewu (dative singular)
drzewom (dative plural)
drzewo (accusative singular)
drzewa (accusative plural)
drzewem (instrumental singular)
drzewami (instrumental plural)
drzewie (locative singular)
drzewach (locative plural)
drzewo (singular vocative)
drzewa (plural vocative)

(countable, obsolete, chemistry) tree (mass of crystals, aggregated in arborescent forms, obtained by precipitation of a metal from solution)


biblioteka

biblioteka f (diminutive biblioteczka, related adjective biblioteczny)

biblioteczka (diminutive)
biblioteczny (adjective)
biblioteka (nominative singular)
biblioteki (nominative plural)
biblioteki (genitive singular)
bibliotek (genitive plural)
bibliotece (dative singular)
bibliotekom (dative plural)
bibliotekę (accusative singular)
biblioteki (accusative plural)
biblioteką (instrumental singular)
bibliotekami (instrumental plural)
bibliotece (locative singular)
bibliotekach (locative plural)
biblioteko (singular vocative)
biblioteki (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin bibliothēca.

lbor

(programming) library (collection of software routines for a program to use)


masa

masowy (adjective)
masa (nominative singular)
masy (nominative plural)
masy (genitive singular)
mas (genitive plural)
masie (dative singular)
masom (dative plural)
masę (accusative singular)
masy (accusative plural)
masą (instrumental singular)
masami (instrumental plural)
masie (locative singular)
masach (locative plural)
maso (singular vocative)
masy (plural vocative)
massa (alternative Middle Polish)

→ Kashubian: masa

→ Slovincian: masa

Learned borrowing from Latin māssa. First attested in 1534. Compare Silesian masa.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “massa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(countable, physics) mass (quantity of matter which a body contains, irrespective of its bulk or volume. It is one of four fundamental properties of matter)

(electricity) ground (point against which potentials are measured in an electrical or electronic system)

(obsolete, uncountable, metallurgy) a type of greasy sand used in the production of steel castings


gaz

pl-noun

gaz m inan (diminutive gazik, related adjective gazowy)

gazik (diminutive)
gazowy (adjective)
gaz (nominative singular)
gazy (nominative plural)
gazu (genitive singular)
gazów (genitive plural)
gazowi (dative singular)
gazom (dative plural)
gaz (accusative singular)
gazy (accusative plural)
gazem (instrumental singular)
gazami (instrumental plural)
gazie (locative singular)
gazach (locative plural)
gazie (singular vocative)
gazy (plural vocative)
gaza (alternative)

→ Kashubian: gaz

Borrowed from French gaz. First attested in the end of the 19th century. Compare Silesian gaz.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “gaz”, in Słownik języka polskiego

(countable, chemistry) gas (matter in an intermediate state between liquid and plasma that can be contained only if it is fully surrounded by a solid; chemical element or compound in such a state)


apertura

apertura (nominative singular)
apertury (nominative plural)
apertury (genitive singular)
apertur (genitive plural)
aperturze (dative singular)
aperturom (dative plural)
aperturę (accusative singular)
apertury (accusative plural)
aperturą (instrumental singular)
aperturami (instrumental plural)
aperturze (locative singular)
aperturach (locative plural)
aperturo (singular vocative)
apertury (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English aperture or French aperture, from Latin apertūra.

(optics) aperture (a hole which restricts the diameter of the lightpath through one plane in an optical system)


ozon

ozon (nominative singular)
ozonu (genitive singular)
ozonowi (dative singular)
ozon (accusative singular)
ozonem (instrumental singular)
ozonie (locative singular)
ozonie (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English ozone, French ozone, German Ozon, ultimately from Ancient Greek ὄζον (ózon).


betatron

betatron (nominative singular)
betatrony (nominative plural)
betatronu (genitive singular)
betatronów (genitive plural)
betatronowi (dative singular)
betatronom (dative plural)
betatron (accusative singular)
betatrony (accusative plural)
betatronem (instrumental singular)
betatronami (instrumental plural)
betatronie (locative singular)
betatronach (locative plural)
betatronie (singular vocative)
betatrony (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English betatron.


skarpeta

skarpetka (diminutive)
skarpeta (nominative singular)
skarpety (nominative plural)
skarpety (genitive singular)
skarpet (genitive plural)
skarpecie (dative singular)
skarpetom (dative plural)
skarpetę (accusative singular)
skarpety (accusative plural)
skarpetą (instrumental singular)
skarpetami (instrumental plural)
skarpecie (locative singular)
skarpetach (locative plural)
skarpeto (singular vocative)
skarpety (plural vocative)

(aviation, informal, meteorology) windsock


amon

amon (nominative singular)
amony (nominative plural)
amonu (genitive singular)
amonów (genitive plural)
amonowi (dative singular)
amonom (dative plural)
amon (accusative singular)
amony (accusative plural)
amonem (instrumental singular)
amonami (instrumental plural)
amonie (locative singular)
amonach (locative plural)
amonie (singular vocative)
amony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin ammonium, from Latin ammōniacum. First attested in the 19th centeury.

ref

amon in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego


harmonika

harmonika (nominative singular)
harmoniki (nominative plural)
harmoniki (genitive singular)
harmonik (genitive plural)
harmonice (dative singular)
harmonikom (dative plural)
harmonikę (accusative singular)
harmoniki (accusative plural)
harmoniką (instrumental singular)
harmonikami (instrumental plural)
harmonice (locative singular)
harmonikach (locative plural)
harmoniko (singular vocative)
harmoniki (plural vocative)
marmulka (alternative)

Borrowed from German Harmonika, from Latin harmonicus, from Ancient Greek ἁρμονικός (harmonikós).


laptop

pl-noun

laptop m inan or m animal (related adjective laptopowy)

laptop m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
laptopowy (adjective)
laptop (nominative singular)
laptopy (nominative plural)
laptopa (genitive singular)
laptopu (genitive singular)
laptopów (genitive plural)
laptopowi (dative singular)
laptopom (dative plural)
laptop (accusative singular)
laptopa (accusative singular)
laptopy (accusative plural)
laptopem (instrumental singular)
laptopami (instrumental plural)
laptopie (locative singular)
laptopach (locative plural)
laptopie (singular vocative)
laptopy (plural vocative)

(computing) laptop, laptop computer (portable computer that is small enough and light enough to be used on one's lap, but large enough to have an integrated keyboard)


werk

werk (nominative singular)
werki (nominative plural)
werku (genitive singular)
werków (genitive plural)
werkowi (dative singular)
werkom (dative plural)
werk (accusative singular)
werki (accusative plural)
werkiem (instrumental singular)
werkami (instrumental plural)
werku (locative singular)
werkach (locative plural)
werku (singular vocative)
werki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Werk, from Middle High German wërc, from Old High German werc, from Proto-West Germanic *werk, from Proto-Germanic *werką, from Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom. Possibly a doublet of wiersza (“fishing basket”).


ster

ster (nominative singular)
stery (nominative plural)
steru (genitive singular)
sterów (genitive plural)
sterowi (dative singular)
sterom (dative plural)
ster (accusative singular)
stery (accusative plural)
sterem (instrumental singular)
sterami (instrumental plural)
sterze (locative singular)
sterach (locative plural)
sterze (singular vocative)
stery (plural vocative)

(aeronautics) control surface (of an aircraft)


kapot

kapot (nominative singular)
kapoty (nominative plural)
kapotu (genitive singular)
kapotów (genitive plural)
kapotowi (dative singular)
kapotom (dative plural)
kapot (accusative singular)
kapoty (accusative plural)
kapotem (instrumental singular)
kapotami (instrumental plural)
kapocie (locative singular)
kapotach (locative plural)
kapocie (singular vocative)
kapoty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French capot, from Old French capote, diminutive of cape, from Late Latin cappa.

(aviation) cover for protruding elements of the airframe


-ol

-ol (nominative singular)
-ole (nominative plural)
-ola (genitive singular)
-oli (genitive plural)
-olowi (dative singular)
-olom (dative plural)
-ola (accusative singular)
-oli (accusative plural)
-olem (instrumental singular)
-olami (instrumental plural)
-olu (locative singular)
-olach (locative plural)
-olu (singular vocative)
-ole (plural vocative)

(organic chemistry) forms names of alcohols


beeper

beeper (nominative singular)
beepery (nominative plural)
beepera (genitive singular)
beeperów (genitive plural)
beeperowi (dative singular)
beeperom (dative plural)
beeper (accusative singular)
beepery (accusative plural)
beeperem (instrumental singular)
beeperami (instrumental plural)
beeperze (locative singular)
beeperach (locative plural)
beeperze (singular vocative)
beepery (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English beeper.

(electronics, telecommunications) alternative spelling of biper


inhibitor

inhibitor (nominative singular)
inhibitory (nominative plural)
inhibitora (genitive singular)
inhibitorów (genitive plural)
inhibitorowi (dative singular)
inhibitorom (dative plural)
inhibitor (accusative singular)
inhibitory (accusative plural)
inhibitorem (instrumental singular)
inhibitorami (instrumental plural)
inhibitorze (locative singular)
inhibitorach (locative plural)
inhibitorze (singular vocative)
inhibitory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English inhibitor, French inhibiteur, German Inhibitor.


restart

restart (nominative singular)
restarty (nominative plural)
restartu (genitive singular)
restartów (genitive plural)
restartowi (dative singular)
restartom (dative plural)
restart (accusative singular)
restarty (accusative plural)
restartem (instrumental singular)
restartami (instrumental plural)
restarcie (locative singular)
restartach (locative plural)
restarcie (singular vocative)
restarty (plural vocative)

(computing) restart (act of restarting a computer)


autopilot

autopilot (nominative singular)
autopiloty (nominative plural)
autopilota (genitive singular)
autopilotów (genitive plural)
autopilotowi (dative singular)
autopilotom (dative plural)
autopilota (accusative singular)
autopiloty (accusative plural)
autopilotem (instrumental singular)
autopilotami (instrumental plural)
autopilocie (locative singular)
autopilotach (locative plural)
autopilocie (singular vocative)
autopiloty (plural vocative)

From auto- + pilot. First attested in 1927.

(aviation, nautical, navigation, technology) autopilot


cel

cel (nominative singular)
cele (nominative plural)
celu (genitive singular)
celi (genitive plural)
celów (genitive plural)
celowi (dative singular)
celom (dative plural)
cel (accusative singular)
cele (accusative plural)
celem (instrumental singular)
celami (instrumental plural)
celu (locative singular)
celach (locative plural)
celu (singular vocative)
cele (plural vocative)
cyl (alternative Middle Polish)
czel (alternative Middle Polish)

→ Belarusian: цэль (celʹ)

→ Esperanto: celo

→ Kashubian: cél

→ Slovincian: cél

desctree

→ Russian: цель (celʹ), цѣль (cělʹ) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Yakut: сыал (sıal)

→ Ukrainian: ціль (cilʹ)

Inherited from Old Polish cel. Compare German Ziel.

(archaic, firearms) foresight (front sight of a rifle)


soliton

soliton (nominative singular)
solitony (nominative plural)
solitonu (genitive singular)
solitonów (genitive plural)
solitonowi (dative singular)
solitonom (dative plural)
soliton (accusative singular)
solitony (accusative plural)
solitonem (instrumental singular)
solitonami (instrumental plural)
solitonie (locative singular)
solitonach (locative plural)
solitonie (singular vocative)
solitony (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English soliton, French soliton, Italian solitone.


Bluetooth

Unadapted borrowing from English Bluetooth, a calque from Old Norse Blátǫnn.

ubor

(networking) Bluetooth (personal area wireless network)


tutaj

Inherited from Old Polish tuta, influenced by dzisiaj and wczoraj. Compare Silesian tukej, Russian тут (tut).

tuta (alternative Middle Polish)
tukaj (alternative)

(colloquial, telephony) used by the speaker to introduce themselves on the telephone; speaking


benzofuran

benzofuran (nominative singular)
benzofuranu (genitive singular)
benzofuranowi (dative singular)
benzofuran (accusative singular)
benzofuranem (instrumental singular)
benzofuranie (locative singular)
benzofuranie (singular vocative)


huta

huta (nominative singular)
huty (nominative plural)
huty (genitive singular)
hut (genitive plural)
hucie (dative singular)
hutom (dative plural)
hutę (accusative singular)
huty (accusative plural)
hutą (instrumental singular)
hutami (instrumental plural)
hucie (locative singular)
hutach (locative plural)
huto (singular vocative)
huty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Hütte, from Middle High German hütte, from Old High German hutta, possibly from Proto-Germanic *hudjǭ.


kosz

koszyk (diminutive)
kosz (nominative singular)
kosze (nominative plural)
kosza (genitive singular)
koszy (genitive plural)
koszów (genitive plural)
koszowi (dative singular)
koszom (dative plural)
kosz (accusative singular)
kosze (accusative plural)
koszem (instrumental singular)
koszami (instrumental plural)
koszu (locative singular)
koszach (locative plural)
koszu (singular vocative)
kosze (plural vocative)


chloroform

pl-noun

chloroform m inan (related adjective chloroformowy)

chloroformowy (adjective)
chloroform (nominative singular)
chloroformu (genitive singular)
chloroformowi (dative singular)
chloroform (accusative singular)
chloroformem (instrumental singular)
chloroformie (locative singular)
chloroformie (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English chloroform, French chloroforme, German Chloroform.


mol

mol m inan (related adjective molowy or molalny)

molowy (adjective)
molalny (adjective)
mol (nominative singular)
mole (nominative plural)
mola (genitive singular)
moli (genitive plural)
molowi (dative singular)
molom (dative plural)
mol (accusative singular)
mole (accusative plural)
molem (instrumental singular)
molami (instrumental plural)
molu (locative singular)
molach (locative plural)
molu (singular vocative)
mole (plural vocative)

(chemistry, physics) mole (unit of amount)

(chemistry, physics) gram molecule (amount of a compound whose mass in grams is that of its molecular weight)


potok

potoczek (diminutive)
potok (nominative singular)
potoki (nominative plural)
potoku (genitive singular)
potoków (genitive plural)
potokowi (dative singular)
potokom (dative plural)
potok (accusative singular)
potoki (accusative plural)
potokiem (instrumental singular)
potokami (instrumental plural)
potoku (locative singular)
potokach (locative plural)
potoku (singular vocative)
potoki (plural vocative)


baran

baran m animal (diminutive baranek, augmentative baranisko, related adjective barani)

baranek (diminutive)
baranisko (augmentative)
barani (adjective)
baran (nominative singular)
barany (nominative plural)
barana (genitive singular)
baranów (genitive plural)
baranowi (dative singular)
baranom (dative plural)
barana (accusative singular)
barany (accusative plural)
baranem (instrumental singular)
baranami (instrumental plural)
baranie (locative singular)
baranach (locative plural)
baranie (singular vocative)
barany (plural vocative)
barón (alternative)
baron (alternative)

(obsolete, engineering) pile driver (machine for forcing a pile, a long beam, into the ground)


kil

kilowy (adjective)
kil (nominative singular)
kile (nominative plural)
kila (genitive singular)
kilu (genitive singular)
kili (genitive plural)
kilowi (dative singular)
kilom (dative plural)
kil (accusative singular)
kile (accusative plural)
kilem (instrumental singular)
kilami (instrumental plural)
kilu (locative singular)
kilach (locative plural)
kilu (singular vocative)
kile (plural vocative)

(aeronautics) keel (construction similar in form and use to a ship's keel; in an aeroplane, a fin or fixed surface employed to increase stability and to hold the machine to its course)


receptor

receptor (nominative singular)
receptorzy (nominative plural)
receptory (derogatory nominative plural)
receptora (genitive singular)
receptorów (genitive plural)
receptorowi (dative singular)
receptorom (dative plural)
receptora (accusative singular)
receptorów (accusative plural)
receptorem (instrumental singular)
receptorami (instrumental plural)
receptorze (locative singular)
receptorach (locative plural)
receptorze (singular vocative)
receptorzy (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, medicine) sensory receptor (protein on a cell wall that responds to sensory stimuli)


liść

listek (diminutive)
liść (nominative singular)
liście (nominative plural)
liścia (genitive singular)
liści (genitive plural)
liściowi (dative singular)
liściom (dative plural)
liść (accusative singular)
liście (accusative plural)
liściem (instrumental singular)
liśćmi (instrumental plural)
liściu (locative singular)
liściach (locative plural)
liściu (singular vocative)
liście (plural vocative)

Back-formation from liście, from Proto-Slavic *listьje (“foliage”), from *listъ (“leaf”), whence list (“letter”).


fala

falowy (adjective)
fala (nominative singular)
fale (nominative plural)
fali (genitive singular)
fal (genitive plural)
fali (dative singular)
falom (dative plural)
falę (accusative singular)
fale (accusative plural)
falą (instrumental singular)
falami (instrumental plural)
fali (locative singular)
falach (locative plural)
falo (singular vocative)
fale (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: хва́ля (xválja)

→ Ukrainian: хви́ля (xvýlja)

Borrowed from German Welle. First attested in 1594. Displaced wełn.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “fala”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(physics) wave (moving disturbance in the energy level of a field)

(physics) wave (moving disturbance in a field)


taon

taon (nominative singular)
taony (nominative plural)
taonu (genitive singular)
taonów (genitive plural)
taonowi (dative singular)
taonom (dative plural)
taon (accusative singular)
taony (accusative plural)
taonem (instrumental singular)
taonami (instrumental plural)
taonie (locative singular)
taonach (locative plural)
taonie (singular vocative)
taony (plural vocative)


sonda

sonda (nominative singular)
sondy (nominative plural)
sondy (genitive singular)
sond (genitive plural)
sondzie (dative singular)
sondom (dative plural)
sondę (accusative singular)
sondy (accusative plural)
sondą (instrumental singular)
sondami (instrumental plural)
sondzie (locative singular)
sondach (locative plural)
sondo (singular vocative)
sondy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French sonde, from Middle French, from Old French sonde, from Old English sund, from Proto-Germanic *sundą, from Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)-.


moc

moc (nominative singular)
moce (nominative plural)
mocy (genitive singular)
mocy (genitive plural)
mocy (dative singular)
mocom (dative plural)
moc (accusative singular)
moce (accusative plural)
mocą (instrumental singular)
mocami (instrumental plural)
mocy (locative singular)
mocach (locative plural)
mocy (singular vocative)
moce (plural vocative)

(uncountable, physics, mechanics) power, strength (measure of the effectiveness that a force producing a physical effect has over time)


winda

windowy (adjective)
winda (nominative singular)
windy (nominative plural)
windy (genitive singular)
wind (genitive plural)
windzie (dative singular)
windom (dative plural)
windę (accusative singular)
windy (accusative plural)
windą (instrumental singular)
windami (instrumental plural)
windzie (locative singular)
windach (locative plural)
windo (singular vocative)
windy (plural vocative)

(mechanics) elevator, lift (permanent construction with a built-in platform or cab that can be raised and lowered, used to transport people and goods, as between different floors of a building)


ciało

pl-noun

ciało n (diminutive ciałko, augmentative cielsko, related adjective cielesny)

ciałko (diminutive)
cielsko (augmentative)
cielesny (adjective)
ciało (nominative singular)
ciała (nominative plural)
ciała (genitive singular)
ciał (genitive plural)
ciału (dative singular)
ciałom (dative plural)
ciało (accusative singular)
ciała (accusative plural)
ciałem (instrumental singular)
ciałami (instrumental plural)
ciele (locative singular)
ciałach (locative plural)
ciało (singular vocative)
ciała (plural vocative)
ciele (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish ciało. Sense 5 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) and Latin corpus. Sense 6 is a semantic loan from Latin corpus. Sense 7 is a semantic loan from French corps.

sl

(countable, chemistry, physics) body (object with specific physical or chemical properties)


armatura

pl-noun

armatura f (related adjective armaturowy)

armaturowy (adjective)
armatura (nominative singular)
armatury (genitive singular)
armaturze (dative singular)
armaturę (accusative singular)
armaturą (instrumental singular)
armaturze (locative singular)
armaturo (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin armātūra. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from German Armatur and sense 2 is a semantic loan from Italian armatura.

sl

(engineering) fixture, faucet, valve or tap, most prominently of a washbasin or sink


kolor

kolorek (diminutive)
kolor (nominative singular)
kolory (nominative plural)
koloru (genitive singular)
kolorów (genitive plural)
kolorowi (dative singular)
kolorom (dative plural)
kolor (accusative singular)
kolory (accusative plural)
kolorem (instrumental singular)
kolorami (instrumental plural)
kolorze (locative singular)
kolorach (locative plural)
kolorze (singular vocative)
kolory (plural vocative)


telomer

telomer (nominative singular)
telomery (nominative plural)
telomeru (genitive singular)
telomerów (genitive plural)
telomerowi (dative singular)
telomerom (dative plural)
telomer (accusative singular)
telomery (accusative plural)
telomerem (instrumental singular)
telomerami (instrumental plural)
telomerze (locative singular)
telomerach (locative plural)
telomerze (singular vocative)
telomery (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek τέλος (télos) + μέρος (méros).

(chemistry) telomer (extremely small polymer)


reforming

reforming (nominative singular)
reformingu (genitive singular)
reformingowi (dative singular)
reforming (accusative singular)
reformingiem (instrumental singular)
reformingu (locative singular)
reformingu (singular vocative)

(chemistry) reforming (catalytic process, whereby short-chain molecules are combined to make larger ones; used in the petrochemical industry)


kość

pl-noun

kość f (diminutive kostka, augmentative kościsko, related adjective kostny)

kostka (diminutive)
kościsko (augmentative)
kostny (adjective)
kość (nominative singular)
kości (nominative plural)
kości (genitive singular)
kości (genitive plural)
kości (dative singular)
kościom (dative plural)
kość (accusative singular)
kości (accusative plural)
kością (instrumental singular)
kośćmi (instrumental plural)
kościami (instrumental plural)
kości (locative singular)
kościach (locative plural)
kości (singular vocative)
kości (plural vocative)

(colloquial, computing, electronics) chip, microchip, computer chip, integrated circuit (small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors)


teflon

teflon m inan (related adjective teflonowy)

teflonowy (adjective)
teflon (nominative singular)
teflonu (genitive singular)
teflonowi (dative singular)
teflon (accusative singular)
teflonem (instrumental singular)
teflonie (locative singular)
teflonie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Teflon. Genericized trademark.

(organic chemistry) teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE


blok

bloczek (diminutive)
blok (nominative singular)
bloki (nominative plural)
bloku (genitive singular)
bloków (genitive plural)
blokowi (dative singular)
blokom (dative plural)
blok (accusative singular)
bloki (accusative plural)
blokiem (instrumental singular)
blokami (instrumental plural)
bloku (locative singular)
blokach (locative plural)
bloku (singular vocative)
bloki (plural vocative)
bloch (alternative)

Borrowed from German Block. Sense 8 is a semantic loan from English code block, sense 9 is a semantic loan from English block, sense 10 is a semantic loan from English heart block, and sense 11 is a semantic loan from English engine block. First attested in 1782.

sl

(computing) code block (block of source code, often one that is delimited by brackets or in some similar way, depending on the programming language)


emulator

emulator (nominative singular)
emulatory (nominative plural)
emulatora (genitive singular)
emulatorów (genitive plural)
emulatorowi (dative singular)
emulatorom (dative plural)
emulator (accusative singular)
emulatory (accusative plural)
emulatorem (instrumental singular)
emulatorami (instrumental plural)
emulatorze (locative singular)
emulatorach (locative plural)
emulatorze (singular vocative)
emulatory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English emulator, French émulateur, German Emulator, ultimately from Latin aemulātor.

(computing) emulator (piece of software or hardware that simulates another system)


dokument

pl-noun

dokument m inan (diminutive dokumencik, related adjective dokumentowy)

dokumencik (diminutive)
dokumentowy (adjective)
dokument (nominative singular)
dokumenty (nominative plural)
dokumenta (nominative plural)
dokumentu (genitive singular)
dokumentów (genitive plural)
dokumentowi (dative singular)
dokumentom (dative plural)
dokument (accusative singular)
dokumenty (accusative plural)
dokumenta (accusative plural)
dokumentem (instrumental singular)
dokumentami (instrumental plural)
dokumencie (locative singular)
dokumentach (locative plural)
dokumencie (singular vocative)
dokumenty (plural vocative)
dokumenta (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: dokùment

Learned borrowing from Latin documentum. First attested in 1564. Compare Silesian dokumynt.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “dokument”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(computing) document (file that contains text)


paternoster

paternoster (nominative singular)
paternostery (nominative plural)
paternosteru (genitive singular)
paternosterów (genitive plural)
paternosterowi (dative singular)
paternosterom (dative plural)
paternoster (accusative singular)
paternostery (accusative plural)
paternosterem (instrumental singular)
paternosterami (instrumental plural)
paternosterze (locative singular)
paternosterach (locative plural)
paternosterze (singular vocative)
paternostery (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Pater noster.

lbor

(mechanics) paternoster (slow, continuously moving lift or elevator consisting of a loop of open-fronted cabins running the height of a building)


realgar

realgar (nominative singular)
realgary (nominative plural)
realgaru (genitive singular)
realgarów (genitive plural)
realgarowi (dative singular)
realgarom (dative plural)
realgar (accusative singular)
realgary (accusative plural)
realgarem (instrumental singular)
realgarami (instrumental plural)
realgarze (locative singular)
realgarach (locative plural)
realgarze (singular vocative)
realgary (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin realgar, from Arabic رَهْج اَلْغَار (rahj al-ḡār).

der

رَهْج اَلْغَار


membrana

membrana (nominative singular)
membrany (nominative plural)
membrany (genitive singular)
membran (genitive plural)
membranie (dative singular)
membranom (dative plural)
membranę (accusative singular)
membrany (accusative plural)
membraną (instrumental singular)
membranami (instrumental plural)
membranie (locative singular)
membranach (locative plural)
membrano (singular vocative)
membrany (plural vocative)

(mechanics) membrane (mechanical part that can deform or vibrate when excited by an external force)


roaming

roaming (nominative singular)
roamingu (genitive singular)
roamingowi (dative singular)
roaming (accusative singular)
roamingiem (instrumental singular)
roamingu (locative singular)
roamingu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English roaming.

ubor

(computing, telecommunications) roaming (using a cell phone outside of its original registering zone)


SEM

siła elektromotoryczna
siła elektromotoryczna#Polish

(physics) initialism of siła elektromotoryczna (“electromotive force”)


adsorbent

adsorbent (nominative singular)
adsorbenty (nominative plural)
adsorbentu (genitive singular)
adsorbentów (genitive plural)
adsorbentowi (dative singular)
adsorbentom (dative plural)
adsorbent (accusative singular)
adsorbenty (accusative plural)
adsorbentem (instrumental singular)
adsorbentami (instrumental plural)
adsorbencie (locative singular)
adsorbentach (locative plural)
adsorbencie (singular vocative)
adsorbenty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English adsorbent, from Latin ad- + sorbeō. First attested in 1910.

ref

adsorbent in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

adsorbent mikroporowaty

powierzchnia adsorbentu

(chemistry, physics) adsorbent (the solid or liquid in the process of adsorption on which the adsorbate accumulates)


adrenalina

adrenalina (nominative singular)
adrenaliny (genitive singular)
adrenalinie (dative singular)
adrenalinę (accusative singular)
adrenaliną (instrumental singular)
adrenalinie (locative singular)
adrenalino (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French adrénaline, from English adrenalina, from Latin ad- + Latin rēnālis + -ina, coined by Japanese chemist Takamine Jōkichi in 1901. Genericized trademark. First attested in 1901.

coin

(biochemistry) adrenaline (epinephrine, the hormone and neurotransmitter)


alternator

alternator (nominative singular)
alternatory (nominative plural)
alternatora (genitive singular)
alternatorów (genitive plural)
alternatorowi (dative singular)
alternatorom (dative plural)
alternator (accusative singular)
alternatory (accusative plural)
alternatorem (instrumental singular)
alternatorami (instrumental plural)
alternatorze (locative singular)
alternatorach (locative plural)
alternatorze (singular vocative)
alternatory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English alternator, from Latin alternō. First attested in 1892.

ref

Józef Jerzy Boguski (1892) Wstęp do elektrotechniki : odczyty wygłoszone na posiedzeniach Sekcyi 1-ej technicznej Warszawskiego Tow. popierania przemysłu i handlu. Cz. 1 (in Polish), page III

alternator in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

zacisk alternatora

electrical engineering
electrical engineering

(electrical engineering) alternator (electric generator which produces alternating current through mechanical means)


adular

adular (nominative singular)
adulary (nominative plural)
adularu (genitive singular)
adularów (genitive plural)
adularowi (dative singular)
adularom (dative plural)
adular (accusative singular)
adulary (accusative plural)
adularem (instrumental singular)
adularami (instrumental plural)
adularze (locative singular)
adularach (locative plural)
adularze (singular vocative)
adulary (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Adular. First attested in 1827.

Ignacy Jakowicki (1827) Wykład oryktognozyi i początków geognozyi, page 119


asfalten

asfalten (nominative singular)
asfalteny (nominative plural)
asfaltenu (genitive singular)
asfaltenów (genitive plural)
asfaltenowi (dative singular)
asfaltenom (dative plural)
asfalten (accusative singular)
asfalteny (accusative plural)
asfaltenem (instrumental singular)
asfaltenami (instrumental plural)
asfaltenie (locative singular)
asfaltenach (locative plural)
asfaltenie (singular vocative)
asfalteny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English asphaltene.


acetat

acetat (nominative singular)
acetaty (nominative plural)
acetatu (genitive singular)
acetatów (genitive plural)
acetatowi (dative singular)
acetatom (dative plural)
acetat (accusative singular)
acetaty (accusative plural)
acetatem (instrumental singular)
acetatami (instrumental plural)
acetacie (locative singular)
acetatach (locative plural)
acetacie (singular vocative)
acetaty (plural vocative)

From Latin acētum + -at. First attested in 1862.

Maurycy Hryszkiewicz (1862) Przyjaciel domu homeopata, udzielający dobrą poradę we wszelkich chorobach i dolegliwościach ludzkich : ułożony szczególnie dla wieśniaków (in Polish), page 28

(organic chemistry) acetate (any ester or salt of acetic acid)


przykład

pl-noun

przykład m inan (diminutive przykładzik or przykładek)

przykładzik (diminutive)
przykładek (diminutive)
przykład (nominative singular)
przykłady (nominative plural)
przykładu (genitive singular)
przykładów (genitive plural)
przykładowi (dative singular)
przykładom (dative plural)
przykład (accusative singular)
przykłady (accusative plural)
przykładem (instrumental singular)
przykładami (instrumental plural)
przykładzie (locative singular)
przykładach (locative plural)
przykładzie (singular vocative)
przykłady (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: пры́клад (prýklad)

→ Kashubian: przëkłôd

→ Ukrainian: при́клад (prýklad)

Inherited from Old Polish przykład. By surface analysis, deverbal from przykładać.


osad

osad (nominative singular)
osady (nominative plural)
osadu (genitive singular)
osadów (genitive plural)
osadowi (dative singular)
osadom (dative plural)
osad (accusative singular)
osady (accusative plural)
osadem (instrumental singular)
osadami (instrumental plural)
osadzie (locative singular)
osadach (locative plural)
osadzie (singular vocative)
osady (plural vocative)


MMS

pl-noun

MMS m animal or m inan (related adjective MMS-owy)

MMS m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
MMS-owy (adjective)
MMS (nominative singular)
MMS-y (nominative plural)
MMS-a (genitive singular)
MMS-u (genitive singular)
MMS-ów (genitive plural)
MMS-owi (dative singular)
MMS-om (dative plural)
MMS-a (accusative singular)
MMS (accusative singular)
MMS-y (accusative plural)
MMS-em (instrumental singular)
MMS-ami (instrumental plural)
MMS-ie (locative singular)
MMS-ach (locative plural)
MMS-ie (singular vocative)
MMS-y (plural vocative)
mms (alternative)

Orthographic borrowing from English MMS.

(uncountable, telecommunications) Multimedia Messaging Service (standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from a mobile phone over a cellular network)


chmura

chmura f (diminutive chmurka, augmentative chmurzysko)

chmurka (diminutive)
chmurzysko (augmentative)
chmura (nominative singular)
chmury (nominative plural)
chmury (genitive singular)
chmur (genitive plural)
chmurze (dative singular)
chmurom (dative plural)
chmurę (accusative singular)
chmury (accusative plural)
chmurą (instrumental singular)
chmurami (instrumental plural)
chmurze (locative singular)
chmurach (locative plural)
chmuro (singular vocative)
chmury (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xmura. Compare Belarusian, Ukrainian хмара (xmara).


słowo

słówko (diminutive)
słowo (nominative singular)
słowa (nominative plural)
słowa (genitive singular)
słów (genitive plural)
słowu (dative singular)
słowom (dative plural)
słowo (accusative singular)
słowa (accusative plural)
słowem (instrumental singular)
słowami (instrumental plural)
słowy (instrumental plural)
słowie (locative singular)
słowach (locative plural)
słowo (singular vocative)
słowa (plural vocative)

(computing) word (fixed-size group of bits handled as a unit by a machine and which can be stored in or retrieved from a typical register so that it has the same size as such a register)


aparat

aparat m inan (diminutive aparacik, related adjective aparatowy)

aparacik (diminutive)
aparatowy (adjective)
aparat (nominative singular)
aparaty (nominative plural)
aparatu (genitive singular)
aparatów (genitive plural)
aparatowi (dative singular)
aparatom (dative plural)
aparat (accusative singular)
aparaty (accusative plural)
aparatem (instrumental singular)
aparatami (instrumental plural)
aparacie (locative singular)
aparatach (locative plural)
aparacie (singular vocative)
aparaty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin apparātus. First attested in 1549.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “aparat”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

apparatus (device with some function) [with do (+ genitive) ‘for what’]

apparatus (device with some function)
mobile phone, handset


bimetal

bimetal (nominative singular)
bimetale (nominative plural)
bimetalu (genitive singular)
bimetali (genitive plural)
bimetalowi (dative singular)
bimetalom (dative plural)
bimetal (accusative singular)
bimetale (accusative plural)
bimetalem (instrumental singular)
bimetalami (instrumental plural)
bimetalu (locative singular)
bimetalach (locative plural)
bimetalu (singular vocative)
bimetale (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English bimetal. By surface analysis, bi- + metal. First attested in 1900.


alkan

alkan (nominative singular)
alkany (nominative plural)
alkanu (genitive singular)
alkanów (genitive plural)
alkanowi (dative singular)
alkanom (dative plural)
alkan (accusative singular)
alkany (accusative plural)
alkanem (instrumental singular)
alkanami (instrumental plural)
alkanie (locative singular)
alkanach (locative plural)
alkanie (singular vocative)
alkany (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English alkane, French alcane, and German Alkan, ultimately from Arabic اَلْقِلْي (al-qily).


adsorber

adsorber (nominative singular)
adsorbery (nominative plural)
adsorbera (genitive singular)
adsorberów (genitive plural)
adsorberowi (dative singular)
adsorberom (dative plural)
adsorber (accusative singular)
adsorbery (accusative plural)
adsorberem (instrumental singular)
adsorberami (instrumental plural)
adsorberze (locative singular)
adsorberach (locative plural)
adsorberze (singular vocative)
adsorbery (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English adsorber, from Latin ad- + sorbeō. By surface analysis, adsorbować + -er. First attested in 1923.

adsorber in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

(chemistry, physics) adsorber (something which adsorbs, especially a solid material, such as activated carbon, that has a high surface area and is used to capture a gas or liquid)


topos

topos (nominative singular)
toposy (nominative plural)
toposu (genitive singular)
toposów (genitive plural)
toposowi (dative singular)
toposom (dative plural)
topos (accusative singular)
toposy (accusative plural)
toposem (instrumental singular)
toposami (instrumental plural)
toposie (locative singular)
toposach (locative plural)
toposie (singular vocative)
toposy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τόπος (tópos).

lbor

(category theory) topos, elementary topos (Cartesian closed category which has a subobject classifier)


autonomia

autonomia (nominative singular)
autonomii (genitive singular)
autonomii (dative singular)
autonomię (accusative singular)
autonomią (instrumental singular)
autonomii (locative singular)
autonomio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English autonomy, French autonomie, German Autonomie, ultimately from Ancient Greek αὐτονομία (autonomía). By surface analysis, auto- + -nomia.

(mechanics) autonomy (the capacity of a system to make a decision about its actions without the involvement of another system or operator)


briefing

briefing (nominative singular)
briefingi (nominative plural)
briefingu (genitive singular)
briefingów (genitive plural)
briefingowi (dative singular)
briefingom (dative plural)
briefing (accusative singular)
briefingi (accusative plural)
briefingiem (instrumental singular)
briefingami (instrumental plural)
briefingu (locative singular)
briefingach (locative plural)
briefingu (singular vocative)
briefingi (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English briefing.

ubor

(aviation) check-in for pilots held before takeoff


personalia

personalia (nominative plural)
personaliów (genitive plural)
personaliom (dative plural)
personalia (accusative plural)
personaliami (instrumental plural)
personaliach (locative plural)
personalia (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin persōnālia.


klik

klik (nominative singular)
kliki (nominative plural)
kliku (genitive singular)
klików (genitive plural)
klikowi (dative singular)
klikom (dative plural)
klik (accusative singular)
kliki (accusative plural)
klikiem (instrumental singular)
klikami (instrumental plural)
kliku (locative singular)
klikach (locative plural)
kliku (singular vocative)
kliki (plural vocative)

(colloquial, graphical user interface) click (act of pressing a button on a computer mouse or similar input device, both as a physical act and a reaction in the software)


kabel

kabel (nominative singular)
kable (nominative plural)
kabla (genitive singular)
kabli (genitive plural)
kablowi (dative singular)
kablom (dative plural)
kabel (accusative singular)
kable (accusative plural)
kablem (instrumental singular)
kablami (instrumental plural)
kablu (locative singular)
kablach (locative plural)
kablu (singular vocative)
kable (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Kabel, from Middle High German kabel, from Middle Low German, from Middle Dutch cabel, from Old French cable, an Old Northern French (i.e. Old Norman or Picard) variant of chable, cheable, chaable, from Vulgar Latin *caplum, contracted form of Late Latin capulum, from Latin capiō.

(electricity) cable (large wire or rope)


tapeta

tapetka (diminutive)
tapeta (nominative singular)
tapety (nominative plural)
tapety (genitive singular)
tapet (genitive plural)
tapecie (dative singular)
tapetom (dative plural)
tapetę (accusative singular)
tapety (accusative plural)
tapetą (instrumental singular)
tapetami (instrumental plural)
tapecie (locative singular)
tapetach (locative plural)
tapeto (singular vocative)
tapety (plural vocative)


-yn

-yn (nominative singular)
-yny (nominative plural)
-ynu (genitive singular)
-ynów (genitive plural)
-ynowi (dative singular)
-ynom (dative plural)
-yn (accusative singular)
-yny (accusative plural)
-ynem (instrumental singular)
-ynami (instrumental plural)
-ynie (locative singular)
-ynach (locative plural)
-ynie (singular vocative)
-yny (plural vocative)

chlor (“chlorine”) + -yn → chloryn (“chlorite”)


ontologia

ontologia (nominative singular)
ontologii (genitive singular)
ontologii (dative singular)
ontologię (accusative singular)
ontologią (instrumental singular)
ontologii (locative singular)
ontologio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English ontology, French ontologie, German Ontologie, ultimately from New Latin ontologia, from Ancient Greek ὄντος (óntos) + λόγος (lógos). By surface analysis, onto- + -logia.

(computer science, information science) ontology (system model in computer science)


propanol

propanol (nominative singular)
propanolu (genitive singular)
propanolowi (dative singular)
propanol (accusative singular)
propanolem (instrumental singular)
propanolu (locative singular)
propanolu (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English propanol.

(organic chemistry) propanol (either of two isomeric aliphatic alcohols, C₃H₇-OH)


butanol

butanol (nominative singular)
butanolu (genitive singular)
butanolowi (dative singular)
butanol (accusative singular)
butanolem (instrumental singular)
butanolu (locative singular)
butanolu (singular vocative)

(organic chemistry) butanol (any of four isomeric aliphatic alcohols, C₄H₉-OH)


entropia

entropia (nominative singular)
entropii (genitive singular)
entropii (dative singular)
entropię (accusative singular)
entropią (instrumental singular)
entropii (locative singular)
entropio (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English entropy, French entropie, German Entropie, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon) + τροπή (tropḗ).

(thermodynamics) entropy (measure of the amount of energy in a physical system that cannot be used to do work)

(information theory) entropy (measure of the amount of information in a signal)


biosensor

biosensor (nominative singular)
biosensory (nominative plural)
biosensora (genitive singular)
biosensorów (genitive plural)
biosensorowi (dative singular)
biosensorom (dative plural)
biosensor (accusative singular)
biosensory (accusative plural)
biosensorem (instrumental singular)
biosensorami (instrumental plural)
biosensorze (locative singular)
biosensorach (locative plural)
biosensorze (singular vocative)
biosensory (plural vocative)

From bio- + sensor. First attested in 1984.

(biochemistry) biosensor (device that detects, records or transmits physiological data)


korund

korund (nominative singular)
korundy (nominative plural)
korundu (genitive singular)
korundów (genitive plural)
korundowi (dative singular)
korundom (dative plural)
korund (accusative singular)
korundy (accusative plural)
korundem (instrumental singular)
korundami (instrumental plural)
korundzie (locative singular)
korundach (locative plural)
korundzie (singular vocative)
korundy (plural vocative)


amoniak

pl-noun

amoniak m inan (related adjective amoniakalny or amoniakowyn)

amoniakalny (adjective)
amoniakowyn (adjective)
amoniak (nominative singular)
amoniaku (genitive singular)
amoniakowi (dative singular)
amoniak (accusative singular)
amoniakiem (instrumental singular)
amoniaku (locative singular)
amoniaku (singular vocative)
armonijak (alternative Middle Polish)
armoniak (alternative Middle Polish)
amonjak (alternative)
amóniák (alternative)

(inorganic chemistry) ammonia (chemical compound NH₃)

(chemistry) ammonia (aqueous solution of this gas which is a weak base)


tabun

tabun (nominative singular)
tabuny (nominative plural)
tabunu (genitive singular)
tabunów (genitive plural)
tabunowi (dative singular)
tabunom (dative plural)
tabun (accusative singular)
tabuny (accusative plural)
tabunem (instrumental singular)
tabunami (instrumental plural)
tabunie (locative singular)
tabunach (locative plural)
tabunie (singular vocative)
tabuny (plural vocative)

(organic chemistry) tabun (extremely toxic synthetic organophosphorus compound)


aspartam

aspartam (nominative singular)
aspartamu (genitive singular)
aspartamowi (dative singular)
aspartam (accusative singular)
aspartamem (instrumental singular)
aspartamie (locative singular)
aspartamie (singular vocative)


betakaroten

betakaroten (nominative singular)
betakarotenu (genitive singular)
betakarotenowi (dative singular)
betakaroten (accusative singular)
betakarotenem (instrumental singular)
betakarotenie (locative singular)
betakarotenie (singular vocative)

(biochemistry) alternative spelling of beta-karoten


boombox

boombox (nominative singular)
boomboksy (nominative plural)
boomboksu (genitive singular)
boomboksów (genitive plural)
boomboksowi (dative singular)
boomboksom (dative plural)
boombox (accusative singular)
boomboksy (accusative plural)
boomboksem (instrumental singular)
boomboksami (instrumental plural)
boomboksie (locative singular)
boomboksach (locative plural)
boomboksie (singular vocative)
boomboksy (plural vocative)
boombox (nominative singular)
boomboksy (nominative plural)
boomboksa (genitive singular)
boomboksów (genitive plural)
boomboksowi (dative singular)
boomboksom (dative plural)
boomboksa (accusative singular)
boomboksy (accusative plural)
boomboksem (instrumental singular)
boomboksami (instrumental plural)
boomboksie (locative singular)
boomboksach (locative plural)
boomboksie (singular vocative)
boomboksy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English boom box.


grupa

pl-noun

grupa f (diminutive grupka, related adjective grupowy)

grupka (diminutive)
grupowy (adjective)
grupa (nominative singular)
grupy (nominative plural)
grupy (genitive singular)
grup (genitive plural)
grupie (dative singular)
grupom (dative plural)
grupę (accusative singular)
grupy (accusative plural)
grupą (instrumental singular)
grupami (instrumental plural)
grupie (locative singular)
grupach (locative plural)
grupo (singular vocative)
grupy (plural vocative)

→ Silesian: grupa

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Gruppe, French groupe, or Italian gruppo, ultimately from Latin grupus. First attested in 1765.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “grupa”, in Słownik języka polskiego

(chemistry) group (a column in the periodic table of chemical elements)


baza

bazowy (adjective)
baza (nominative singular)
bazy (nominative plural)
bazy (genitive singular)
baz (genitive plural)
bazie (dative singular)
bazom (dative plural)
bazę (accusative singular)
bazy (accusative plural)
bazą (instrumental singular)
bazami (instrumental plural)
bazie (locative singular)
bazach (locative plural)
bazo (singular vocative)
bazy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: baza

→ Silesian: baza

Borrowed from French base. First attested in 1683.

Danuta Lankiewicz (22.06.2015) “BAZA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(electronics) charging base (the part of a device permanently connected to electricity in which its movable part is placed in order to charge it)


karta

karta (nominative singular)
karty (nominative plural)
karty (genitive singular)
kart (genitive plural)
karcie (dative singular)
kartom (dative plural)
kartę (accusative singular)
karty (accusative plural)
kartą (instrumental singular)
kartami (instrumental plural)
karcie (locative singular)
kartach (locative plural)
karto (singular vocative)
karty (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: ка́рта (kárta)

→ Lithuanian: korta

desctree

→ Russian: ка́рта (kárta)
→ Armenian: կարտ (kart)
→ Bashkir: кәрт (kərt)
→ Bulgarian: карта (karta)
→ Ingrian: kartta
→ Kazakh: карта (karta)
→ Yup'ik: kaal'taaq
→ Kyrgyz: карта (karta)
→ Mongolian: карт (kart)
→ Tajik: корт (kort)
→ Tatar: карта (qarta)
→ Turkmen: karta
→ Uyghur: قارتا (qarta)
→ Uzbek: karta
→ Yakut: хаарта (qaarta)

→ Ukrainian: ка́рта (kárta)


semafor

pl-noun

semafor m inan (related adjective semaforowy)

semaforowy (adjective)
semafor (nominative singular)
semafory (nominative plural)
semafora (genitive singular)
semaforów (genitive plural)
semaforowi (dative singular)
semaforom (dative plural)
semafor (accusative singular)
semafory (accusative plural)
semaforem (instrumental singular)
semaforami (instrumental plural)
semaforze (locative singular)
semaforach (locative plural)
semaforze (singular vocative)
semafory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French sémaphore. First attested in 1830.

(countable, computing) semaphore (bit, token, fragment of code, or some other mechanism which is used to restrict access to a shared function or device to a single process at a time, or to synchronize and coordinate events in different processes)


automat

automat (nominative singular)
automaty (nominative plural)
automatu (genitive singular)
automatów (genitive plural)
automatowi (dative singular)
automatom (dative plural)
automat (accusative singular)
automaty (accusative plural)
automatem (instrumental singular)
automatami (instrumental plural)
automacie (locative singular)
automatach (locative plural)
automacie (singular vocative)
automaty (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek αὐτόμᾰτος (autómătos)der.
German Automatbor.
Polish automat
Borrowed from German Automat. By surface analysis, auto- + -mat.

etymon

(colloquial, firearms) submachine gun, SMG (type of short range machine gun that is carried as a personal weapon and uses pistol ammunition)


rekord

rekord (nominative singular)
rekordy (nominative plural)
rekordu (genitive singular)
rekordów (genitive plural)
rekordowi (dative singular)
rekordom (dative plural)
rekord (accusative singular)
rekordy (accusative plural)
rekordem (instrumental singular)
rekordami (instrumental plural)
rekordzie (locative singular)
rekordach (locative plural)
rekordzie (singular vocative)
rekordy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English record, from Middle English, from Old French record, from recorder, from Vulgar Latin recordāre, from Latin recordārī.

(computing) record (set of data relating to a single individual or item)


kompleks

kompleks (nominative singular)
kompleksy (nominative plural)
kompleksu (genitive singular)
kompleksów (genitive plural)
kompleksowi (dative singular)
kompleksom (dative plural)
kompleks (accusative singular)
kompleksy (accusative plural)
kompleksem (instrumental singular)
kompleksami (instrumental plural)
kompleksie (locative singular)
kompleksach (locative plural)
kompleksie (singular vocative)
kompleksy (plural vocative)

(chemistry) complex (psychologically based dislike or fear)


kondensator

kondensator (nominative singular)
kondensatory (nominative plural)
kondensatora (genitive singular)
kondensatorów (genitive plural)
kondensatorowi (dative singular)
kondensatorom (dative plural)
kondensator (accusative singular)
kondensatory (accusative plural)
kondensatorem (instrumental singular)
kondensatorami (instrumental plural)
kondensatorze (locative singular)
kondensatorach (locative plural)
kondensatorze (singular vocative)
kondensatory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English condenser, French condensateur, German Kondensator, ultimately from Latin condēnsō.


chipset

chipset (nominative singular)
chipsety (nominative plural)
chipsetu (genitive singular)
chipsetów (genitive plural)
chipsetowi (dative singular)
chipsetom (dative plural)
chipset (accusative singular)
chipsety (accusative plural)
chipsetem (instrumental singular)
chipsetami (instrumental plural)
chipsecie (locative singular)
chipsetach (locative plural)
chipsecie (singular vocative)
chipsety (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English chipset.

ubor

(computing, electronics) chipset (group of integrated circuits that are designed to work together, and are usually marketed as a single product)


kontakt

pl-noun

kontakt m inan (related adjective kontaktowy)

kontaktowy (adjective)
kontakt (nominative singular)
kontakty (nominative plural)
kontaktu (genitive singular)
kontaktów (genitive plural)
kontaktowi (dative singular)
kontaktom (dative plural)
kontakt (accusative singular)
kontakty (accusative plural)
kontaktem (instrumental singular)
kontaktami (instrumental plural)
kontakcie (locative singular)
kontaktach (locative plural)
kontakcie (singular vocative)
kontakty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: kòntakt

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from French contact or German Kontakt, ultimately from Latin contāctus. First attested in 1745–1747. Semantic loan from German Kontakt. Compare Silesian kōntakt.

ref

“Materiały źródłowe do dziejów kultury i sztuki XVI-XVIII w.”, in Materiały źródłowe do dziejów kultury i sztuki XVI-XVIII w., opr. M. Gębarowicz, Wrocław- Warszawa-Kraków. (in Polish), 1745-1747, published 1983, Trzy umowy między Sebastianem Fensingerem rzeźbiarzem a trynitarzami lwowskimi z 1745, 1746 i 1747 r., page 374: “Kontakt z Panem Sebestianem Fesingerem Snicerzem, na ołtarz S. Jana Nepomucena do Ś. Mikołaja.”

(colloquial, electricity) contact (device designed for repetitive connections)

(colloquial, electricity) socket, outlet

(chemistry) ellipsis of katalizator kontaktowy (“contact catalyst”)


procedura

procedura (nominative singular)
procedury (nominative plural)
procedury (genitive singular)
procedur (genitive plural)
procedurze (dative singular)
procedurom (dative plural)
procedurę (accusative singular)
procedury (accusative plural)
procedurą (instrumental singular)
procedurami (instrumental plural)
procedurze (locative singular)
procedurach (locative plural)
proceduro (singular vocative)
procedury (plural vocative)

(computing) procedure (subroutine or function coded to perform a specific task)


metateza

metateza (nominative singular)
metatezy (nominative plural)
metatezy (genitive singular)
metatez (genitive plural)
metatezie (dative singular)
metatezom (dative plural)
metatezę (accusative singular)
metatezy (accusative plural)
metatezą (instrumental singular)
metatezami (instrumental plural)
metatezie (locative singular)
metatezach (locative plural)
metatezo (singular vocative)
metatezy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin metathesis, from Ancient Greek μετάθεσις (metáthesis).

lbor

(organic chemistry) metathesis (the breaking and reforming of double bonds in olefins in which substituent groups are swapped)


proces

pl-noun

proces m inan (diminutive procesik, related adjective procesowy)

procesik (diminutive)
procesowy (adjective)
proces (nominative singular)
procesy (nominative plural)
procesu (genitive singular)
procesów (genitive plural)
procesowi (dative singular)
procesom (dative plural)
proces (accusative singular)
procesy (accusative plural)
procesem (instrumental singular)
procesami (instrumental plural)
procesie (locative singular)
procesach (locative plural)
procesie (singular vocative)
procesy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: proces

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Prozess or French procès, ultimately from Latin prōcessus. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “proces”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(computing) process (executable task or program)


faza

faza (nominative singular)
fazy (nominative plural)
fazy (genitive singular)
faz (genitive plural)
fazie (dative singular)
fazom (dative plural)
fazę (accusative singular)
fazy (accusative plural)
fazą (instrumental singular)
fazami (instrumental plural)
fazie (locative singular)
fazach (locative plural)
fazo (singular vocative)
fazy (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek φάσις (phásis, “an appearance”).


fokus

pl-noun

fokus m inan (related adjective fokusowy)

fokusowy (adjective)
fokus (nominative singular)
fokusy (nominative plural)
fokusu (genitive singular)
fokusów (genitive plural)
fokusowi (dative singular)
fokusom (dative plural)
fokus (accusative singular)
fokusy (accusative plural)
fokusem (instrumental singular)
fokusami (instrumental plural)
fokusie (locative singular)
fokusach (locative plural)
fokusie (singular vocative)
fokusy (plural vocative)
focus (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Latin focus. Doublet of foyer.


jaspis

jaspis (nominative singular)
jaspisy (nominative plural)
jaspisu (genitive singular)
jaspisów (genitive plural)
jaspisowi (dative singular)
jaspisom (dative plural)
jaspis (accusative singular)
jaspisy (accusative plural)
jaspisem (instrumental singular)
jaspisami (instrumental plural)
jaspisie (locative singular)
jaspisach (locative plural)
jaspisie (singular vocative)
jaspisy (plural vocative)


komp

komp (nominative singular)
kompy (nominative plural)
kompa (genitive singular)
kompów (genitive plural)
kompowi (dative singular)
kompom (dative plural)
kompa (accusative singular)
kompy (accusative plural)
kompem (instrumental singular)
kompami (instrumental plural)
kompie (locative singular)
kompach (locative plural)
kompie (singular vocative)
kompy (plural vocative)

(colloquial, computing) comp, computer (programmable electronic device that performs mathematical calculations and logical operations, especially one that can process, store and retrieve large amounts of data very quickly; now especially, a small one for personal or home use employed for manipulating text or graphics, accessing the Internet, or playing games or media)


udar

udar (nominative singular)
udary (nominative plural)
udaru (genitive singular)
udarów (genitive plural)
udarowi (dative singular)
udarom (dative plural)
udar (accusative singular)
udary (accusative plural)
udarem (instrumental singular)
udarami (instrumental plural)
udarze (locative singular)
udarach (locative plural)
udarze (singular vocative)
udary (plural vocative)

(technical) hammering action, as in a hammer drill


cukier

cukier m inan (related adjective cukrowy)

cukrowy (adjective)
cukier (nominative singular)
cukry (nominative plural)
cukru (genitive singular)
cukrów (genitive plural)
cukrowi (dative singular)
cukrom (dative plural)
cukier (accusative singular)
cukry (accusative plural)
cukrem (instrumental singular)
cukrami (instrumental plural)
cukrze (locative singular)
cukrach (locative plural)
cukrze (singular vocative)
cukry (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: цꙋкоръ (cukor), цю́коръ (cjúkor), цу́коръ (cúkor), цю́коръ (cjúkor)
Belarusian: цу́кар (cúkar)
Carpathian Rusyn: цу́кор (cúkor)
Ukrainian: цу́кор (cúkor); цу́кар (cúkar), цу́кер (cúker), цу́кур (cúkur) (dialectal)
Belarusian: цу́кар (cúkar)
Carpathian Rusyn: цу́кор (cúkor)
Ukrainian: цу́кор (cúkor); цу́кар (cúkar), цу́кер (cúker), цу́кур (cúkur) (dialectal)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Aryan *śárkaraH
Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā)bor.
Middle Persian 𐭱𐭪𐭥 (škʿ)bor.
Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar)bor.
Italian zuccherobor.
Middle High German zuckerbor.
Old Polish cukier
Polish cukier
Inherited from Old Polish cukier.

etymon

(biochemistry) saccharide (the unit structure of carbohydrates, of general formula CₙH₂ₙOₙ)


król

król (nominative singular)
króle (nominative plural)
króla (genitive singular)
króli (genitive plural)
królowi (dative singular)
królom (dative plural)
króla (accusative singular)
króle (accusative plural)
królem (instrumental singular)
królami (instrumental plural)
królu (locative singular)
królach (locative plural)
królu (singular vocative)
króle (plural vocative)
kryl (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish król. Sense 2, sense 3, and sense 4 and are an internationalism semantic loan; compare English king, French roi and German König. Doublet of Karol.

(obsolete, engineering) bevel shaft in a smock mill


rezonans

rezonans (nominative singular)
rezonanse (nominative plural)
rezonansu (genitive singular)
rezonansów (genitive plural)
rezonansowi (dative singular)
rezonansom (dative plural)
rezonans (accusative singular)
rezonanse (accusative plural)
rezonansem (instrumental singular)
rezonansami (instrumental plural)
rezonansie (locative singular)
rezonansach (locative plural)
rezonansie (singular vocative)
rezonanse (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French résonance, from Latin resonantia, from resonō.

(physics) resonance (increase in the amplitude of an oscillation of a system under the influence of a periodic force whose frequency is close to that of the system's natural frequency)

(particle physics) resonance (short-lived subatomic particle or state of atomic excitation that results from the collision of atomic particles)


architektura

archit. (abbreviation)
architektura (nominative singular)
architektury (genitive singular)
architekturze (dative singular)
architekturę (accusative singular)
architekturą (instrumental singular)
architekturze (locative singular)
architekturo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Architektur, from Latin architectūra.

(computing) architecture (specific model of a microchip or CPU)


talia

talia (nominative singular)
talie (nominative plural)
talii (genitive singular)
talii (genitive plural)
talij (archaic genitive plural)
talii (dative singular)
taliom (dative plural)
talię (accusative singular)
talie (accusative plural)
talią (instrumental singular)
taliami (instrumental plural)
talii (locative singular)
taliach (locative plural)
talio (singular vocative)
talie (plural vocative)

(engineering) tackle (device for grasping an object and an attached means of moving it, as a rope and hook)


proteina

proteina (nominative singular)
proteiny (nominative plural)
proteiny (genitive singular)
protein (genitive plural)
proteinie (dative singular)
proteinom (dative plural)
proteinę (accusative singular)
proteiny (accusative plural)
proteiną (instrumental singular)
proteinami (instrumental plural)
proteinie (locative singular)
proteinach (locative plural)
proteino (singular vocative)
proteiny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English protein, French protéine, German Protein, ultimately from Ancient Greek πρωτεῖος (prōteîos).

(biochemistry) protein (large, complex molecule composed of long chains of amino acids)


fotometria

fotometria (nominative singular)
fotometrii (genitive singular)
fotometrii (dative singular)
fotometrię (accusative singular)
fotometrią (instrumental singular)
fotometrii (locative singular)
fotometrio (singular vocative)


klucz

pl-noun

klucz m inan (diminutive kluczyk, related adjective kluczowy)

kluczyk (diminutive)
kluczowy (adjective)
klucz (nominative singular)
klucze (nominative plural)
klucza (genitive singular)
kluczy (genitive plural)
kluczowi (dative singular)
kluczom (dative plural)
klucz (accusative singular)
klucze (accusative plural)
kluczem (instrumental singular)
kluczami (instrumental plural)
kluczu (locative singular)
kluczach (locative plural)
kluczu (singular vocative)
klucze (plural vocative)


resurs

resurs (nominative singular)
resursy (nominative plural)
resursu (genitive singular)
resursów (genitive plural)
resursowi (dative singular)
resursom (dative plural)
resurs (accusative singular)
resursy (accusative plural)
resursem (instrumental singular)
resursami (instrumental plural)
resursie (locative singular)
resursach (locative plural)
resursie (singular vocative)
resursy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French ressource. Sense 3 is a semantic loan from Russian ресу́рс (resúrs). Doublet of resursa (“social club”).


czytać

pl-verb

czytać impf (determinate, frequentative czytywać)

czytywać (frequentative)
czytać (infinitive)
czytam (present singular)
czytamy (plural present)
czytasz (present singular)
czytacie (plural present)
czyta (present singular third-person)
czytają (plural present third-person)
czyta się (impersonal present)
czytałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m czytał (masculine past singular)
czytałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m czytała (feminine past singular)
czytałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m czytało (neuter past singular)
czytaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy czytali (past plural virile)
czytałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy czytały (nonvirile past plural)
czytałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś czytał (masculine past singular)
czytałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś czytała (feminine past singular)
czytałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś czytało (neuter past singular)
czytaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście czytali (past plural virile)
czytałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście czytały (nonvirile past plural)
czytał (masculine past singular third-person)
czytała (feminine past singular third-person)
czytało (neuter past singular third-person)
czytali (past plural third-person virile)
czytały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
czytano (impersonal past)
będę czytał (future masculine singular)
będę czytać (future masculine singular)
będę czytała (feminine future singular)
będę czytać (feminine future singular)
będę czytało (future neuter singular)
będę czytać (future neuter singular)
będziemy czytali (future plural virile)
będziemy czytać (future plural virile)
będziemy czytały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy czytać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz czytał (future masculine singular)
będziesz czytać (future masculine singular)
będziesz czytała (feminine future singular)
będziesz czytać (feminine future singular)
będziesz czytało (future neuter singular)
będziesz czytać (future neuter singular)
będziecie czytali (future plural virile)
będziecie czytać (future plural virile)
będziecie czytały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie czytać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie czytał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie czytać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie czytała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie czytać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie czytało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie czytać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą czytali (future plural third-person virile)
będą czytać (future plural third-person virile)
będą czytały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą czytać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie czytać się (future impersonal)
czytałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym czytał (conditional masculine singular)
czytałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym czytała (conditional feminine singular)
czytałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym czytało (conditional neuter singular)
czytalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy czytali (conditional plural virile)
czytałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy czytały (conditional nonvirile plural)
czytałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś czytał (conditional masculine singular)
czytałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś czytała (conditional feminine singular)
czytałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś czytało (conditional neuter singular)
czytalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście czytali (conditional plural virile)
czytałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście czytały (conditional nonvirile plural)
czytałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by czytał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
czytałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by czytała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
czytałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by czytało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
czytaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by czytali (conditional plural third-person virile)
czytałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by czytały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
czytano by (conditional impersonal)
niech czytam (imperative singular)
czytajmy (imperative plural)
czytaj (imperative singular)
czytajcie (imperative plural)
niech czyta (imperative singular third-person)
niech czytają (imperative plural third-person)
czytający (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
czytająca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
czytające (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
czytający (active adjectival participle plural virile)
czytające (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
czytany (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
czytana (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
czytane (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
czytani (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
czytane (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
czytając (adjectival contemporary participle)
czytanie (noun-from-verb)

Inherited from Old Polish czytać. By surface analysis, czyść + -ać.

(transitive, computing) to read (to fetch data from (a storage medium, etc.))


interferon

pl-noun

interferon m inan (related adjective interferonowy)

interferonowy (adjective)
interferon (nominative singular)
interferony (nominative plural)
interferonu (genitive singular)
interferonów (genitive plural)
interferonowi (dative singular)
interferonom (dative plural)
interferon (accusative singular)
interferony (accusative plural)
interferonem (instrumental singular)
interferonami (instrumental plural)
interferonie (locative singular)
interferonach (locative plural)
interferonie (singular vocative)
interferony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from English interferon. First attested in 1970.

lbor

interferon alfa

Działanie immunosupresyjne glikokortykosteroidów wiąże się m.in. z hamowaniem uwalniania interleukin IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, czynnika nekrozy nowotworu (TNF-a), interferonu g.

1988, Inga Chlewicka, Marek Pawlikowski, Leczenie hormonami i pochodnymi hormonów [Treatment with hormones and hormone derivatives], 2. corrected and expanded edition, quoted in Korpus Języka Polskiego PWN, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie: Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich, published 1996, →ISBN:

The immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticosteroids is associated with, among others, the inhibition of the release of interleukins IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), and interferon g.

Do walki wkraczają przeciwciała, limfocyty, i interferony, mające zdolność hamowania replikacji (namnażania) wirusów.

1995, Katarzyna Sułek, “Wirus zatrzymał się w Eboli”, in Polityka, number 21, quoted in Korpus Języka Polskiego PWN; Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Warszawa: Polityka, →ISSN, →OCLC:

Antibodies, lymphocytes, and interferons, which have the ability to inhibit the replication (multiplication) of viruses, enter the fray.

Stymulowane interferonem makrofagi nie tylko skuteczniej fagocytują mikroorganizmy, ale przede wszystkim stają się cytotoksyczne wobec, na przykład, komórek nowotworowych.

2017, Maśliński, Włodzimierz, Kontna, Ewa, editors, Podstawy immunologii dla reumatologów [Basic immunology for rheumatologists], Warszawa: Narodowy Instytut Geriatrii, Reumatologii, i Rehabilitacji im[ienia]. prof[esora]. d[okto]r[a] hab[ilitowanego]. med[ycyny]. E[leonory]. Reicher, published 2017, →ISBN, page 133, lines 4–6:

Interferon-stimulated macrophages not only phagocytose microorganisms more effectively, but most importantly become cytotoxic against, for example, cancer cells.

(biochemistry) interferon (any of a group of glycoproteins, that prevent viral replication in infected cells)


żółć

żółć (nominative singular)
żółci (genitive singular)
żółci (dative singular)
żółć (accusative singular)
żółcią (instrumental singular)
żółci (locative singular)
żółci (singular vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zьlčь (“bile”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źulʔ-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰlh₃-. Related to *zelenъ and was under influence of *žьltъ.

inh+

Ponieważ żółć pęcherzykowa ma mocniéyszy kolor, większą gorycz i iest gęstsza od téy, która prosto z wątroby do kiszek udaie się […]

1820, Sylwan: Dziennik nauk leśnych i Myśliwych, volume I, page 63:

Because blister bile has a stronger color, a stronger bitterness, and is thicker than the bile straight from liver, it is useful for guts […]

Następuje emulgowanie tłuszczu i w tym procesie największą rolę odgrywa żółć.

1986, Krystyna Flis, Wanda Konaszewska, Podstawy żywienia człowieka, WSiP, →ISBN, page 99:

Next is the emulsification of fat and bile plays the biggest role here.

Po przejściu z kanalików do przewodzików żółciowych, a następnie do głównych przewodów żółciowych, żółć podlega dalszej reabsorpcji i wydzielaniu.

2013, Courtney M. Townsend, Chirurgia Sabiston, Elsevier Health Sciences, →ISBN, page 376:

After passing through from the channels do the biliary ductules, and then to the main biliary ductules, bile undergoes further reabsorbtion and emission.

(biochemistry) bile (liquid produced by the liver)


propagator

propagator (nominative singular)
propagatory (nominative plural)
propagatora (genitive singular)
propagatorów (genitive plural)
propagatorowi (dative singular)
propagatorom (dative plural)
propagator (accusative singular)
propagatory (accusative plural)
propagatorem (instrumental singular)
propagatorami (instrumental plural)
propagatorze (locative singular)
propagatorach (locative plural)
propagatorze (singular vocative)
propagatory (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin prōpāgātor.


arginina

arginina (nominative singular)
argininy (genitive singular)
argininie (dative singular)
argininę (accusative singular)
argininą (instrumental singular)
argininie (locative singular)
arginino (singular vocative)


albumina

albumina (nominative singular)
albuminy (nominative plural)
albuminy (genitive singular)
albumin (genitive plural)
albuminie (dative singular)
albuminom (dative plural)
albuminę (accusative singular)
albuminy (accusative plural)
albuminą (instrumental singular)
albuminami (instrumental plural)
albuminie (locative singular)
albuminach (locative plural)
albumino (singular vocative)
albuminy (plural vocative)
albumin (alternative obsolete)

From Latin albūmen + -ina. First attested in 1807.

ref

Jędrzej Śniadecki (1807) Początki chemii dla uzycia słuchaczow akademickich ułozone. T. 2 (in Polish), page 117

albumina in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

ludzka albumina

albumina znakowana

surowicza albumina wołowa

wydalanie albumin z moczem

stężenie albumin

roztwór albuminy

zawartość albumin

poziom albumin

albuminy osocza

albumina jaja

przyjmować albuminę


albit

albit (nominative singular)
albity (nominative plural)
albitu (genitive singular)
albitów (genitive plural)
albitowi (dative singular)
albitom (dative plural)
albit (accusative singular)
albity (accusative plural)
albitem (instrumental singular)
albitami (instrumental plural)
albicie (locative singular)
albitach (locative plural)
albicie (singular vocative)
albity (plural vocative)

From Latin albus + -it. First attested in 1825.

Dziennik Wileński (in Polish), number T.2, nr 5, 1825, page 97

albit in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego


procesor

pl-noun

procesor m inan (related adjective procesorowy)

procesorowy (adjective)
procesor (nominative singular)
procesory (nominative plural)
procesora (genitive singular)
procesorów (genitive plural)
procesorowi (dative singular)
procesorom (dative plural)
procesor (accusative singular)
procesory (accusative plural)
procesorem (instrumental singular)
procesorami (instrumental plural)
procesorze (locative singular)
procesorach (locative plural)
procesorze (singular vocative)
procesory (plural vocative)

(computer hardware) computer processor, processor


prefiks

prefiks (nominative singular)
prefiksy (nominative plural)
prefiksu (genitive singular)
prefiksów (genitive plural)
prefiksowi (dative singular)
prefiksom (dative plural)
prefiks (accusative singular)
prefiksy (accusative plural)
prefiksem (instrumental singular)
prefiksami (instrumental plural)
prefiksie (locative singular)
prefiksach (locative plural)
prefiksie (singular vocative)
prefiksy (plural vocative)


sufiks

sufiks (nominative singular)
sufiksy (nominative plural)
sufiksu (genitive singular)
sufiksów (genitive plural)
sufiksowi (dative singular)
sufiksom (dative plural)
sufiks (accusative singular)
sufiksy (accusative plural)
sufiksem (instrumental singular)
sufiksami (instrumental plural)
sufiksie (locative singular)
sufiksach (locative plural)
sufiksie (singular vocative)
sufiksy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin suffīxus, perfect past participle of Latin suffīgō. Doublet of sufit.


kompilator

kompilator (nominative singular)
kompilatory (nominative plural)
kompilatora (genitive singular)
kompilatorów (genitive plural)
kompilatorowi (dative singular)
kompilatorom (dative plural)
kompilator (accusative singular)
kompilatory (accusative plural)
kompilatorem (instrumental singular)
kompilatorami (instrumental plural)
kompilatorze (locative singular)
kompilatorach (locative plural)
kompilatorze (singular vocative)
kompilatory (plural vocative)

(software compilation) compiler (computer program which transforms source code into object code)


krak

krak m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
krak (nominative singular)
kraki (nominative plural)
kraka (genitive singular)
kraku (genitive singular)
kraków (genitive plural)
krakowi (dative singular)
krakom (dative plural)
kraka (accusative singular)
krak (accusative singular)
kraki (accusative plural)
krakiem (instrumental singular)
krakami (instrumental plural)
kraku (locative singular)
krakach (locative plural)
kraku (singular vocative)
kraki (plural vocative)
crack (alternative)

(computing) crack (program or procedure designed to circumvent restrictions or usage limits on software)


aceton

aceton (nominative singular)
acetonu (genitive singular)
acetonowi (dative singular)
aceton (accusative singular)
acetonem (instrumental singular)
acetonie (locative singular)
acetonie (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English acetone. Ultimately from Latin acētum. First attested in 1839.

ref

Richard Felix Marchand (1839) Zasady chemii. Cz. 2, Chemia organiczna Marchanda, page 46

nadtlenek acetonu

zapach acetonu

baza acetonu

produkcja aceton

(organic chemistry) acetone (a colourless, volatile, flammable liquid ketone, (CH₃)₂CO, used as a solvent)


akumulator

pl-noun

akumulator m inan (diminutive akumulatorek)

akumulatorek (diminutive)
akumulator (nominative singular)
akumulatory (nominative plural)
akumulatora (genitive singular)
akumulatorów (genitive plural)
akumulatorowi (dative singular)
akumulatorom (dative plural)
akumulator (accusative singular)
akumulatory (accusative plural)
akumulatorem (instrumental singular)
akumulatorami (instrumental plural)
akumulatorze (locative singular)
akumulatorach (locative plural)
akumulatorze (singular vocative)
akumulatory (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Akkumulator or French accumulateur, Latin accumulātor. First attested in 1872.

ref

Opiekun Domowy : pismo tygodniowe sprawom wychowania, rzeczom społecznym, nauce, literaturze i sztuce poświęcone (in Polish), number R.8, Serya 3, nr 45, 1872, page 354

akumulator in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego


alkoholan

alkoholan (nominative singular)
alkoholany (nominative plural)
alkoholanu (genitive singular)
alkoholanów (genitive plural)
alkoholanowi (dative singular)
alkoholanom (dative plural)
alkoholan (accusative singular)
alkoholany (accusative plural)
alkoholanem (instrumental singular)
alkoholanami (instrumental plural)
alkoholanie (locative singular)
alkoholanach (locative plural)
alkoholanie (singular vocative)
alkoholany (plural vocative)

From alkohol + -an. First attested in 1859.

Samuel Orgelbrand (1859) Encyklopedyja powszechna. T. 1, (A-Aos). (in Polish), page 481

alkoholan in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

(organic chemistry) alcoholate, alkoxide (crystalline salt containing alcohol in place of water of crystallization)


analizator

analizator (nominative singular)
analizatory (nominative plural)
analizatoru (genitive singular)
analizatorów (genitive plural)
analizatorowi (dative singular)
analizatorom (dative plural)
analizator (accusative singular)
analizatory (accusative plural)
analizatorem (instrumental singular)
analizatorami (instrumental plural)
analizatorze (locative singular)
analizatorach (locative plural)
analizatorze (singular vocative)
analizatory (plural vocative)

From analizować + -ator. First attested in 1839.

Tygodnik Petersburski (in Polish), number R.10, cz. 19, nr 43, 1839, page 246

polaryzacji analizatora


antena

antenka (diminutive)
antena (nominative singular)
anteny (nominative plural)
anteny (genitive singular)
anten (genitive plural)
antenie (dative singular)
antenom (dative plural)
antenę (accusative singular)
anteny (accusative plural)
anteną (instrumental singular)
antenami (instrumental plural)
antenie (locative singular)
antenach (locative plural)
anteno (singular vocative)
anteny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English antenna, French antenne, German Antenne, ultimately from Latin antenna.

(technology) antenna (device to receive or transmit radio signals)


balon

pl-noun

balon m inan (diminutive balonik or balonek)

balonik (diminutive)
balonek (diminutive)
balon (nominative singular)
balony (nominative plural)
balonu (genitive singular)
balonów (genitive plural)
balonowi (dative singular)
balonom (dative plural)
balon (accusative singular)
balony (accusative plural)
balonem (instrumental singular)
balonami (instrumental plural)
balonie (locative singular)
balonach (locative plural)
balonie (singular vocative)
balony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French ballon, from Middle French ballon, from northern Italian balone, ballone.

(aviation) balloon (inflatable and buoyant object)


agregat

agregat (nominative singular)
agregaty (nominative plural)
agregatu (genitive singular)
agregatów (genitive plural)
agregatowi (dative singular)
agregatom (dative plural)
agregat (accusative singular)
agregaty (accusative plural)
agregatem (instrumental singular)
agregatami (instrumental plural)
agregacie (locative singular)
agregatach (locative plural)
agregacie (singular vocative)
agregaty (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English aggregate. Possibly borrowed from German Aggregat or French agrégat, ultimately from Latin aggregātus. First attested in 1825.

(chemistry, physics) aggregate (mass formed by the union of homogeneous particles)


akcelerator

akcelerator (nominative singular)
akceleratory (nominative plural)
akceleratora (genitive singular)
akceleratorów (genitive plural)
akceleratorowi (dative singular)
akceleratorom (dative plural)
akcelerator (accusative singular)
akceleratory (accusative plural)
akceleratorem (instrumental singular)
akceleratorami (instrumental plural)
akceleratorze (locative singular)
akceleratorach (locative plural)
akceleratorze (singular vocative)
akceleratory (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English accelerator. Ultimately from Latin accelerō + -ator. First attested in 1910.

particle accelerator
particle accelerator

(physics) accelerator, particle accelerator (machine or device used for accelerating particles)

(computing) accelerator (computer component using dedicated hardware to accelerate the processing and display of graphics)


amplituda

amplituda (nominative singular)
amplitudy (nominative plural)
amplitudy (genitive singular)
amplitud (genitive plural)
amplitudzie (dative singular)
amplitudom (dative plural)
amplitudę (accusative singular)
amplitudy (accusative plural)
amplitudą (instrumental singular)
amplitudami (instrumental plural)
amplitudzie (locative singular)
amplitudach (locative plural)
amplitudo (singular vocative)
amplitudy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin amplitūdō. First attested in 1859.

ref

Encyklopedyja powszechna. T. 1, (A-Aos). (in Polish), 1859, page 678

(physics) amplitude (maximum absolute value of some quantity that varies)


anoda

anoda (nominative singular)
anody (nominative plural)
anody (genitive singular)
anod (genitive plural)
anodzie (dative singular)
anodom (dative plural)
anodę (accusative singular)
anody (accusative plural)
anodą (instrumental singular)
anodami (instrumental plural)
anodzie (locative singular)
anodach (locative plural)
anodo (singular vocative)
anody (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English anode, from Ancient Greek ἀνα (ana) + Ancient Greek ὁδός (hodós). Doublet of nachód (“invasion”).

(chemistry, electricity) anode (electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs)

(electronics) anode (electrode which collects electrons emitted by the cathode in a vacuum tube or gas-filled tube)


katoda

katoda (nominative singular)
katody (nominative plural)
katody (genitive singular)
katod (genitive plural)
katodzie (dative singular)
katodom (dative plural)
katodę (accusative singular)
katody (accusative plural)
katodą (instrumental singular)
katodami (instrumental plural)
katodzie (locative singular)
katodach (locative plural)
katodo (singular vocative)
katody (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English cathode, French cathode, German Kathode, ultimately from Ancient Greek κατα- (kata-) + ὁδός (hodós).

(chemistry, electricity) cathode (electrode through which current flows outward)

(electronics) cathode (electrode from which electrons are emitted into a vacuum tube or gas-filled tube)


akceptor

akceptor (nominative singular)
akceptory (nominative plural)
akceptora (genitive singular)
akceptorów (genitive plural)
akceptorowi (dative singular)
akceptorom (dative plural)
akceptor (accusative singular)
akceptory (accusative plural)
akceptorem (instrumental singular)
akceptorami (instrumental plural)
akceptorze (locative singular)
akceptorach (locative plural)
akceptorze (singular vocative)
akceptory (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin acceptor. First attested in 1912.

akceptor elektronów

akceptor protonu

(physics, chemistry) acceptor (atom or molecule which can accept an electron to form a chemical bond, or a chemical acceptor atom forming a positive hole in a semiconductor)


bioelektronika

bioelektronika (nominative singular)
bioelektroniki (genitive singular)
bioelektronice (dative singular)
bioelektronikę (accusative singular)
bioelektroniką (instrumental singular)
bioelektronice (locative singular)
bioelektroniko (singular vocative)

From bio- + elektronika. First attested in 1953, but in common usage only as of 1971.

etydate

(biology, electronics) bioelectronics (application of electronics in the field of biology)


galenit

galenit (nominative singular)
galenitu (genitive singular)
galenitowi (dative singular)
galenit (accusative singular)
galenitem (instrumental singular)
galenicie (locative singular)
galenicie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Galenit, from Latin galēna.


elektron

Coordinate term: antyelektron

(particle physics) electron (the negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit atoms)


fenol

fenol (nominative singular)
fenole (nominative plural)
fenolu (genitive singular)
fenoli (genitive plural)
fenolowi (dative singular)
fenolom (dative plural)
fenol (accusative singular)
fenole (accusative plural)
fenolem (instrumental singular)
fenolami (instrumental plural)
fenolu (locative singular)
fenolach (locative plural)
fenolu (singular vocative)
fenole (plural vocative)

(organic chemistry) phenol (organic compound)

(organic chemistry) compound derived from phenol


bajt

bajt (nominative singular)
bajty (nominative plural)
bajta (genitive singular)
bajtów (genitive plural)
bajtowi (dative singular)
bajtom (dative plural)
bajt (accusative singular)
bajty (accusative plural)
bajtem (instrumental singular)
bajtami (instrumental plural)
bajcie (locative singular)
bajtach (locative plural)
bajcie (singular vocative)
bajty (plural vocative)


ekspres

ekspres (nominative singular)
ekspresy (nominative plural)
ekspresu (genitive singular)
ekspresów (genitive plural)
ekspresowi (dative singular)
ekspresom (dative plural)
ekspres (accusative singular)
ekspresy (accusative plural)
ekspresem (instrumental singular)
ekspresami (instrumental plural)
ekspresie (locative singular)
ekspresach (locative plural)
ekspresie (singular vocative)
ekspresy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English express, from French exprès, from Latin expressus.

(firearms) type of double-barrelled rifle


kombajn

kombajn (nominative singular)
kombajny (nominative plural)
kombajnu (genitive singular)
kombajnów (genitive plural)
kombajnowi (dative singular)
kombajnom (dative plural)
kombajn (accusative singular)
kombajny (accusative plural)
kombajnem (instrumental singular)
kombajnami (instrumental plural)
kombajnie (locative singular)
kombajnach (locative plural)
kombajnie (singular vocative)
kombajny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English combine, from Middle French combiner, from Late Latin combīnāre.


fonon

fonon (nominative singular)
fonony (nominative plural)
fononu (genitive singular)
fononów (genitive plural)
fononowi (dative singular)
fononom (dative plural)
fonon (accusative singular)
fonony (accusative plural)
fononem (instrumental singular)
fononami (instrumental plural)
fononie (locative singular)
fononach (locative plural)
fononie (singular vocative)
fonony (plural vocative)


morfina

morfinowy (adjective)
morfina (nominative singular)
morfiny (genitive singular)
morfinie (dative singular)
morfinę (accusative singular)
morfiną (instrumental singular)
morfinie (locative singular)
morfino (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English morphine, French morphine, German Morphin, ultimately from Ancient Greek Μορφεύς (Morpheús).

(biochemistry, pharmacology) morphine (opioid used as an anaesthetic or recreational drug)


ścieżka

ścieżka (nominative singular)
ścieżki (nominative plural)
ścieżki (genitive singular)
ścieżek (genitive plural)
ścieżce (dative singular)
ścieżkom (dative plural)
ścieżkę (accusative singular)
ścieżki (accusative plural)
ścieżką (instrumental singular)
ścieżkami (instrumental plural)
ścieżce (locative singular)
ścieżkach (locative plural)
ścieżko (singular vocative)
ścieżki (plural vocative)
stedzka (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish stdza, from Proto-Slavic *stьžьka, diminutive of *stьga, later form after the third palatalization *stьdza.

/ˈɕt͡ɕɛʂ.ka/

(computing) path (a specification for a location within a hierarchical or tree-like structure)


telegrafia

telegrafia (nominative singular)
telegrafii (genitive singular)
telegrafii (dative singular)
telegrafię (accusative singular)
telegrafią (instrumental singular)
telegrafii (locative singular)
telegrafio (singular vocative)
telegrafja (alternative)

Internationalism; compare English telegraphy, French télégraphie, German Telegraphie. By surface analysis, tele- + -grafia.

(historical, telegraphy) telegraphy (communication by means of a telegraph)


protokół

pl-noun

protokół m inan (diminutive protokólik or protokolik)

protokólik (diminutive)
protokolik (diminutive)
protokół (nominative singular)
protokoły (nominative plural)
protokóły (nominative plural)
protokołu (genitive singular)
protokółu (genitive singular)
protokołów (genitive plural)
protokółów (genitive plural)
protokołowi (dative singular)
protokółowi (dative singular)
protokołom (dative plural)
protokółom (dative plural)
protokół (accusative singular)
protokoły (accusative plural)
protokóły (accusative plural)
protokołem (instrumental singular)
protokółem (instrumental singular)
protokołami (instrumental plural)
protokółami (instrumental plural)
protokole (locative singular)
protokóle (locative singular)
protokołach (locative plural)
protokółach (locative plural)
protokole (singular vocative)
protokóle (singular vocative)
protokoły (plural vocative)
protokóły (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French protocole, from Medieval Latin prōtocollum (“the first sheet of a volume (on which contents and errata were written)”), from Byzantine Greek πρωτόκολλον (prōtókollon, “first sheet glued onto a manuscript”), from πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) + κόλλα (kólla, “glue”).

der

(computing) protocol (set of formal rules describing how to transmit or exchange data, especially across a network)


liczydło

pl-noun

liczydło n (diminutive liczydełko, related adjective liczydłowy)

liczydełko (diminutive)
liczydłowy (adjective)
liczydło (nominative singular)
liczydła (nominative plural)
liczydła (genitive singular)
liczydeł (genitive plural)
liczydłu (dative singular)
liczydłom (dative plural)
liczydło (accusative singular)
liczydła (accusative plural)
liczydłem (instrumental singular)
liczydłami (instrumental plural)
liczydle (locative singular)
liczydłach (locative plural)
liczydło (singular vocative)
liczydła (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ličьdlo. By surface analysis, liczyć + -dło.

(mechanics) indicating mechanism of a counter


kwas

kwasek (diminutive)
kwas (nominative singular)
kwasy (nominative plural)
kwasu (genitive singular)
kwasów (genitive plural)
kwasowi (dative singular)
kwasom (dative plural)
kwas (accusative singular)
kwasy (accusative plural)
kwasem (instrumental singular)
kwasami (instrumental plural)
kwasie (locative singular)
kwasach (locative plural)
kwasie (singular vocative)
kwasy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kvasъ. Cognate with Latin cāseus whence English cheese, and Sanskrit क्वथ् (kvath, “to boil”).

lysergic acid diethylamide
lysergic acid diethylamide

(organic chemistry, slang) LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide (powerful synthetic hallucinogen)


mysz

myszka (diminutive)
mysz (nominative singular)
myszy (nominative plural)
myszy (genitive singular)
myszy (genitive plural)
myszy (dative singular)
myszom (dative plural)
mysz (accusative singular)
myszy (accusative plural)
myszą (instrumental singular)
myszami (instrumental plural)
myszy (locative singular)
myszach (locative plural)
myszy (singular vocative)
myszy (plural vocative)
mysza (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mỳšь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *mū́ˀšis, from Proto-Indo-European *múHs. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from English mouse.

sl

(computer hardware) mouse (computer input device)