Dorota

Dorotka (diminutive)
Dorota (nominative singular)
Doroty (nominative plural)
Doroty (genitive singular)
Dorot (genitive plural)
Dorocie (dative singular)
Dorotom (dative plural)
Dorotę (accusative singular)
Doroty (accusative plural)
Dorotą (instrumental singular)
Dorotami (instrumental plural)
Dorocie (locative singular)
Dorotach (locative plural)
Doroto (singular vocative)
Doroty (plural vocative)

a female given name, equivalent to English Dorothy


planetka

planetka (nominative singular)
planetki (nominative plural)
planetki (genitive singular)
planetek (genitive plural)
planetce (dative singular)
planetkom (dative plural)
planetkę (accusative singular)
planetki (accusative plural)
planetką (instrumental singular)
planetkami (instrumental plural)
planetce (locative singular)
planetkach (locative plural)
planetko (singular vocative)
planetki (plural vocative)


Izabela

Iza (diminutive)
Izabela (nominative singular)
Izabele (nominative plural)
Izabeli (genitive singular)
Izabel (genitive plural)
Izabeli (dative singular)
Izabelom (dative plural)
Izabelę (accusative singular)
Izabele (accusative plural)
Izabelą (instrumental singular)
Izabelami (instrumental plural)
Izabeli (locative singular)
Izabelach (locative plural)
Izabelo (singular vocative)
Izabele (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Spanish Isabel. Doublet of Elżbieta.

a female given name, equivalent to English Isabel


Milena

pl-proper noun

Milena f (male equivalent Milan, diminutive Milenka)

Milan (masculine)
Milenka (diminutive)
Milena (nominative singular)
Mileny (nominative plural)
Mileny (genitive singular)
Milen (genitive plural)
Milenie (dative singular)
Milenom (dative plural)
Milenę (accusative singular)
Mileny (accusative plural)
Mileną (instrumental singular)
Milenami (instrumental plural)
Milenie (locative singular)
Milenach (locative plural)
Mileno (singular vocative)
Mileny (plural vocative)


gęś

pl-noun

gęś f (diminutive gąska, related adjective gęsi)

gąska (diminutive)
gęsi (adjective)
gęś (nominative singular)
gęsi (nominative plural)
gęsi (genitive singular)
gęsi (genitive plural)
gęsi (dative singular)
gęsiom (dative plural)
gęś (accusative singular)
gęsi (accusative plural)
gęsią (instrumental singular)
gęśmi (instrumental plural)
gęsiami (instrumental plural)
gęsi (locative singular)
gęsiach (locative plural)
gęsi (singular vocative)
gęsi (plural vocative)

goose (any grazing waterfowl of the family Anatidae)


sympatia

sympatia (nominative singular)
sympatie (nominative plural)
sympatii (genitive singular)
sympatii (genitive plural)
sympatyj (archaic genitive plural)
sympatii (dative singular)
sympatiom (dative plural)
sympatię (accusative singular)
sympatie (accusative plural)
sympatią (instrumental singular)
sympatiami (instrumental plural)
sympatii (locative singular)
sympatiach (locative plural)
sympatio (singular vocative)
sympatie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French sympathie, from Middle French sympathie, from Late Latin sympathīa, from Ancient Greek συμπάθεια (sumpátheia).

(colloquial) someone's target of affection


szpilka

szpilka f (diminutive szpileczka, augmentative szpila, related adjective szpilkowy)

szpileczka (diminutive)
szpila (augmentative)
szpilkowy (adjective)
szpilka (nominative singular)
szpilki (nominative plural)
szpilki (genitive singular)
szpilek (genitive plural)
szpilce (dative singular)
szpilkom (dative plural)
szpilkę (accusative singular)
szpilki (accusative plural)
szpilką (instrumental singular)
szpilkami (instrumental plural)
szpilce (locative singular)
szpilkach (locative plural)
szpilko (singular vocative)
szpilki (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: шпі́лька (špílʹka)

→ Ukrainian: шпи́лька (špýlʹka)

→ Yiddish: שפּילקע (shpilke)

pin (needle without an eye (usually) made of drawn-out steel wire with one end sharpened and the other flattened or rounded into a head, used for fastening)

stiletto heel (heel of a shoe that is very high and narrow, at least 10 centimeters (4 inches))

stiletto (woman's shoe with a tall, slender heel (called a stiletto heel))

(colloquial, in the plural) pins (sharp pain resembling that of stabbing the body in many places)


szuflada

szuflada f (diminutive szufladka, related adjective szufladowy)

szufladka (diminutive)
szufladowy (adjective)
szuflada (nominative singular)
szuflady (nominative plural)
szuflady (genitive singular)
szuflad (genitive plural)
szufladzie (dative singular)
szufladom (dative plural)
szufladę (accusative singular)
szuflady (accusative plural)
szufladą (instrumental singular)
szufladami (instrumental plural)
szufladzie (locative singular)
szufladach (locative plural)
szuflado (singular vocative)
szuflady (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Belarusian: шуфля́да (šufljáda)
→ Russian: шуфля́да (šufljáda) (Belarus)

→ Kashubian: zëflôda

→ Ukrainian: шухля́да (šuxljáda)

→ Yiddish: שופֿלאָד (shuflod)

drawer (open-topped box in a cabinet used for storing)


łasica

łasiczka (diminutive)
łasica (nominative singular)
łasice (nominative plural)
łasicy (genitive singular)
łasic (genitive plural)
łasicy (dative singular)
łasicom (dative plural)
łasicę (accusative singular)
łasice (accusative plural)
łasicą (instrumental singular)
łasicami (instrumental plural)
łasicy (locative singular)
łasicach (locative plural)
łasico (singular vocative)
łasice (plural vocative)

Mustela nivalis
Mustela nivalis#Translingual


Ameryka Północna

Ameryka Północna (nominative singular)
Ameryki Północne (nominative plural)
Ameryki Północnej (genitive singular)
Ameryk Północnych (genitive plural)
Ameryce Północnej (dative singular)
Amerykom Północnym (dative plural)
Amerykę Północną (accusative singular)
Ameryki Północne (accusative plural)
Ameryką Północną (instrumental singular)
Amerykami Północnymi (instrumental plural)
Ameryce Północnej (locative singular)
Amerykach Północnych (locative plural)
Ameryko Północna (singular vocative)
Ameryki Północne (plural vocative)


kondygnacja

kondygnacja (nominative singular)
kondygnacje (nominative plural)
kondygnacji (genitive singular)
kondygnacji (genitive plural)
kondygnacyj (archaic genitive plural)
kondygnacji (dative singular)
kondygnacjom (dative plural)
kondygnację (accusative singular)
kondygnacje (accusative plural)
kondygnacją (instrumental singular)
kondygnacjami (instrumental plural)
kondygnacji (locative singular)
kondygnacjach (locative plural)
kondygnacjo (singular vocative)
kondygnacje (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin contignātiō.


filmologia

filmologia (nominative singular)
filmologii (genitive singular)
filmologii (dative singular)
filmologię (accusative singular)
filmologią (instrumental singular)
filmologii (locative singular)
filmologio (singular vocative)


tokarka

tokarka (nominative singular)
tokarki (nominative plural)
tokarki (genitive singular)
tokarek (genitive plural)
tokarce (dative singular)
tokarkom (dative plural)
tokarkę (accusative singular)
tokarki (accusative plural)
tokarką (instrumental singular)
tokarkami (instrumental plural)
tokarce (locative singular)
tokarkach (locative plural)
tokarko (singular vocative)
tokarki (plural vocative)


filmografia

filmografia (nominative singular)
filmografie (nominative plural)
filmografii (genitive singular)
filmografii (genitive plural)
filmografij (archaic genitive plural)
filmografii (dative singular)
filmografiom (dative plural)
filmografię (accusative singular)
filmografie (accusative plural)
filmografią (instrumental singular)
filmografiami (instrumental plural)
filmografii (locative singular)
filmografiach (locative plural)
filmografio (singular vocative)
filmografie (plural vocative)


Ameryka

Ameryka (nominative singular)
Ameryki (nominative plural)
Ameryki (genitive singular)
Ameryk (genitive plural)
Ameryce (dative singular)
Amerykom (dative plural)
Amerykę (accusative singular)
Ameryki (accusative plural)
Ameryką (instrumental singular)
Amerykami (instrumental plural)
Ameryce (locative singular)
Amerykach (locative plural)
Ameryko (singular vocative)
Ameryki (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English America.

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


morela

morelka (diminutive)
morela (nominative singular)
morele (nominative plural)
moreli (genitive singular)
morel (genitive plural)
moreli (genitive plural)
moreli (dative singular)
morelom (dative plural)
morelę (accusative singular)
morele (accusative plural)
morelą (instrumental singular)
morelami (instrumental plural)
moreli (locative singular)
morelach (locative plural)
morelo (singular vocative)
morele (plural vocative)

→ Ukrainian: море́ля (morélja)


jeżyna

pl-noun

jeżyna f (diminutive jeżynka, augmentative jeżynisko, related adjective jeżynowy)

jeżynka (diminutive)
jeżynisko (augmentative)
jeżynowy (adjective)
jeżyna (nominative singular)
jeżyny (nominative plural)
jeżyny (genitive singular)
jeżyn (genitive plural)
jeżynie (dative singular)
jeżynom (dative plural)
jeżynę (accusative singular)
jeżyny (accusative plural)
jeżyną (instrumental singular)
jeżynami (instrumental plural)
jeżynie (locative singular)
jeżynach (locative plural)
jeżyno (singular vocative)
jeżyny (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ežina. Compare Belarusian ажы́на (ažýna) and Ukrainian ожи́на (ožýna). Doublet of ożyna.

dewberry, rubus (any bramble of the genus Rubus)


reszta

resztka (diminutive)
reszta (nominative singular)
reszty (genitive singular)
reszcie (dative singular)
resztę (accusative singular)
resztą (instrumental singular)
reszcie (locative singular)
reszto (singular vocative)

→ Belarusian: рэ́шта (réšta)

→ Ukrainian: ре́шта (réšta)

Borrowed from German Rest. First attested in 1582. Compare Kashubian reszta, Masurian resta, and Silesian reszta.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “resta, reszta”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(uncountable) change (balance of money returned from the sum paid after deducting the price of a purchase) [with z (+ genitive) ‘from what’]

(arithmetic) remainder (amount left after repeatedly subtracting divisor) [with z (+ genitive) ‘from what’]


miniatura

pl-noun

miniatura f (diminutive miniaturka, related adjective miniaturowy)

miniaturka (diminutive)
miniaturowy (adjective)
miniatura (nominative singular)
miniatury (nominative plural)
miniatury (genitive singular)
miniatur (genitive plural)
miniaturze (dative singular)
miniaturom (dative plural)
miniaturę (accusative singular)
miniatury (accusative plural)
miniaturą (instrumental singular)
miniaturami (instrumental plural)
miniaturze (locative singular)
miniaturach (locative plural)
miniaturo (singular vocative)
miniatury (plural vocative)

(painting) portrait miniature (miniature portrait painting, usually executed in gouache, watercolor, or enamel)

(film, literature, music, theater) miniature (composition which is short in duration)

(computing) thumbnail (small picture, used as a compact representation of a larger image)


soczewica

soczewica (nominative singular)
soczewice (nominative plural)
soczewicy (genitive singular)
soczewic (genitive plural)
soczewicy (dative singular)
soczewicom (dative plural)
soczewicę (accusative singular)
soczewice (accusative plural)
soczewicą (instrumental singular)
soczewicami (instrumental plural)
soczewicy (locative singular)
soczewicach (locative plural)
soczewico (singular vocative)
soczewice (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sočivo, probably from *sòkъ (“juice”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷos.


Cygan

Usually believed to be ultimately derived from Ancient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos, “one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable”); see τσιγγάνος (tsingános) for further etymology. On the other hand, according to Marek Stachowski, the word entered the Slavic languages via Kipchak, ultimately from Proto-Turkic *čï̄gań (“poor”).


epenteza

epenteza (nominative singular)
epentezy (nominative plural)
epentezy (genitive singular)
epentez (genitive plural)
epentezie (dative singular)
epentezom (dative plural)
epentezę (accusative singular)
epentezy (accusative plural)
epentezą (instrumental singular)
epentezami (instrumental plural)
epentezie (locative singular)
epentezach (locative plural)
epentezo (singular vocative)
epentezy (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἐπένθεσις (epénthesis), from ἐπεντίθημι (epentíthēmi, “I insert”), from ἐπί (epí) + ἐντίθημι (entíthēmi, “I put in”), from ἐν (en, “in”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “I put, place”).


afonia

afonia (nominative singular)
afonii (genitive singular)
afonii (dative singular)
afonię (accusative singular)
afonią (instrumental singular)
afonii (locative singular)
afonio (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin aphonia, from Ancient Greek ἀφωνία (aphōnía). By surface analysis, a- + -fonia. First attested in 1853.


Katarzyna

pl-prop

Katarzyna f (diminutive Kasia or Kasieńka or Kasiunia or Kasiuńka or Kaśka, augmentative Kacha or Kachna)

Kasia (diminutive)
Kasieńka (diminutive)
Kasiunia (diminutive)
Kasiuńka (diminutive)
Kaśka (diminutive)
Kacha (augmentative)
Kachna (augmentative)
Katarzyna (nominative singular)
Katarzyny (nominative plural)
Katarzyny (genitive singular)
Katarzyn (genitive plural)
Katarzynie (dative singular)
Katarzynom (dative plural)
Katarzynę (accusative singular)
Katarzyny (accusative plural)
Katarzyną (instrumental singular)
Katarzynami (instrumental plural)
Katarzynie (locative singular)
Katarzynach (locative plural)
Katarzyno (singular vocative)
Katarzyny (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Catharina, Catherina.

lbor

a female given name from Latin [in turn from Ancient Greek], equivalent to English Catherine


Katarzyna

Katarzyna (nominative singular)
Katarzyny (genitive singular)
Katarzynie (dative singular)
Katarzynę (accusative singular)
Katarzyną (instrumental singular)
Katarzynie (locative singular)
Katarzyno (singular vocative)

Piotrków Kujawski
Piotrków Kujawski#English

Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Katarzyna (a village in the Gmina of Piotrków Kujawski, Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)

Greater Poland Voivodeship
Greater Poland Voivodeship#English

Katarzyna (a village in the Gmina of Przedecz, Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland)


termodynamika

termodynamika (nominative singular)
termodynamiki (genitive singular)
termodynamice (dative singular)
termodynamikę (accusative singular)
termodynamiką (instrumental singular)
termodynamice (locative singular)
termodynamiko (singular vocative)

zasady termodynamiki


Atena

Atena (nominative singular)
Ateny (genitive singular)
Atenie (dative singular)
Atenę (accusative singular)
Ateną (instrumental singular)
Atenie (locative singular)
Ateno (singular vocative)


butelka

pl-noun

butelka f (diminutive buteleczka, augmentative butla)

buteleczka (diminutive)
butla (augmentative)
butelka (nominative singular)
butelki (nominative plural)
butelki (genitive singular)
butelek (genitive plural)
butelce (dative singular)
butelkom (dative plural)
butelkę (accusative singular)
butelki (accusative plural)
butelką (instrumental singular)
butelkami (instrumental plural)
butelce (locative singular)
butelkach (locative plural)
butelko (singular vocative)
butelki (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: бутэ́лька (butélʹka)

desctree

→ Russian: буты́лка (butýlka)
→ Azerbaijani: butulka
→ Finnish: butilkka
→ Kazakh: бөтелке (bötelke)
→ Komi-Zyrian: бутылка (butylka)
→ Kyrgyz: бөтөлкө (bötölkö)
→ Laz: boťliǩa
→ Uyghur: بوتۇلكا (botulka)
→ Uzbek: butilka
→ Yakut: бытыылка (bıtıılka)
→ Yup'ik: putiil'kaaq

→ Ukrainian: буте́лка (butélka)

→ Romanian: butelcă

bottle (container used for holding liquids)


stenografia

stenografia (nominative singular)
stenografie (nominative plural)
stenografii (genitive singular)
stenografii (genitive plural)
stenografij (archaic genitive plural)
stenografii (dative singular)
stenografiom (dative plural)
stenografię (accusative singular)
stenografie (accusative plural)
stenografią (instrumental singular)
stenografiami (instrumental plural)
stenografii (locative singular)
stenografiach (locative plural)
stenografio (singular vocative)
stenografie (plural vocative)


policja

policyjny (adjective)
policja (nominative singular)
policje (nominative plural)
policji (genitive singular)
policji (genitive plural)
policyj (archaic genitive plural)
policji (dative singular)
policjom (dative plural)
policję (accusative singular)
policje (accusative plural)
policją (instrumental singular)
policjami (instrumental plural)
policji (locative singular)
policjach (locative plural)
policjo (singular vocative)
policje (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: палі́цыя (palícyja)

→ Kashubian: pòlicjô

→ Masurian: policÿjá

→ Russian: поли́ция (polícija)

→ Ukrainian: полі́ція (polícija)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin polītīa, later reinforced by French police. First attested in 1525. Compare Silesian policyjŏ.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “policyja”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(law enforcement) police (public agency charged with enforcing laws and maintaining public order, usually being granted special privileges to do so)

(metonymically) police (building of such an agency)

(metonymically) police (people who work in such an organization)

(metonymically, rare) police (activities of such an agency)

(obsolete, politics) politics (art of controling a nation)

(Middle Polish) administration, management

(Middle Polish) country, nation
(Middle Polish) republic


walka

waleczny (adjective)
walka (nominative singular)
walki (nominative plural)
walki (genitive singular)
walk (genitive plural)
walce (dative singular)
walkom (dative plural)
walkę (accusative singular)
walki (accusative plural)
walką (instrumental singular)
walkami (instrumental plural)
walce (locative singular)
walkach (locative plural)
walko (singular vocative)
walki (plural vocative)

+obj

z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’; or with przeciw przeciwko (+ dative) ‘against whom’; or with między pomiędzy (+ instrumental) ‘between whom’; in addition za (+ accusative) ‘for/over whom/what’

(countable) battle, combat, fight (mutual use of force or weapons against one another) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’; or with przeciw or przeciwko (+ dative) ‘against whom’; or with między or pomiędzy (+ instrumental) ‘between whom’; in addition, with o or za (+ accusative) ‘for/over whom/what’]

(countable, sports) fight; clash (arrange combat often for entertainment; arranged sports competition) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’]

(countable) fight, combat (act of attempting to defeat an opponent in some dispute or contest) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’; or with przeciw or przeciwko (+ dative) ‘against whom’]

:z(ins)<with whom> + :o(acc)<for/over what>

(uncountable) struggle, fight (act of attempting to remove undesirable phenomena or difficulties, to get something, or to help someone) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’ and o (+ accusative) ‘for/over what’]

(uncountable) struggle, fight (act of attempting to win someone's favor) [with o (+ accusative) ‘for/over whom’]

(uncountable, literary) struggle, fight (act of opposing forces of nature or general phenomena) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’]

(uncountable) clash (contradiction, e.g. between differing or contending interests, views, purposes)

(uncountable, obsolete, biology) competition (fighting for resources between species in the same environment)

(countable, obsolete) desire, want for something


chemia organiczna

chemia organiczna (nominative singular)
chemii organicznej (genitive singular)
chemii organicznej (dative singular)
chemię organiczną (accusative singular)
chemią organiczną (instrumental singular)
chemii organicznej (locative singular)
chemio organiczna (singular vocative)

Coordinate term: chemia nieorganiczna


sikora bogatka

sikora bogatka (nominative singular)
sikory bogatki (nominative plural)
sikory bogatki (genitive singular)
sikor bogatek (genitive plural)
sikorze bogatce (dative singular)
sikorom bogatkom (dative plural)
sikorę bogatkę (accusative singular)
sikory bogatki (accusative plural)
sikorą bogatką (instrumental singular)
sikorami bogatkami (instrumental plural)
sikorze bogatce (locative singular)
sikorach bogatkach (locative plural)
sikoro bogatko (singular vocative)
sikory bogatki (plural vocative)


biedronka

biedroneczka (diminutive)
biedronka (nominative singular)
biedronki (nominative plural)
biedronki (genitive singular)
biedronek (genitive plural)
biedronce (dative singular)
biedronkom (dative plural)
biedronkę (accusative singular)
biedronki (accusative plural)
biedronką (instrumental singular)
biedronkami (instrumental plural)
biedronce (locative singular)
biedronkach (locative plural)
biedronko (singular vocative)
biedronki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish wiodrunka, from Proto-Slavic *bedrъ + -onka.


wątroba

wątroba (nominative singular)
wątroby (nominative plural)
wątroby (genitive singular)
wątrób (genitive plural)
wątrobie (dative singular)
wątrobom (dative plural)
wątrobę (accusative singular)
wątroby (accusative plural)
wątrobą (instrumental singular)
wątrobami (instrumental plural)
wątrobie (locative singular)
wątrobach (locative plural)
wątrobo (singular vocative)
wątroby (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: вантро́ба (vantróba)

Inherited from Old Polish wątroba, from Proto-Slavic *ǫtroba.


immunoglobulina

immunoglobulina (nominative singular)
immunoglobuliny (nominative plural)
immunoglobuliny (genitive singular)
immunoglobulin (genitive plural)
immunoglobulinie (dative singular)
immunoglobulinom (dative plural)
immunoglobulinę (accusative singular)
immunoglobuliny (accusative plural)
immunoglobuliną (instrumental singular)
immunoglobulinami (instrumental plural)
immunoglobulinie (locative singular)
immunoglobulinach (locative plural)
immunoglobulino (singular vocative)
immunoglobuliny (plural vocative)


komórka

pl-noun

komórka f (diminutive komóreczka, augmentative komóra, related adjective komórkowy)

komóreczka (diminutive)
komóra (augmentative)
komórkowy (adjective)
komórka (nominative singular)
komórki (nominative plural)
komórki (genitive singular)
komórek (genitive plural)
komórce (dative singular)
komórkom (dative plural)
komórkę (accusative singular)
komórki (accusative plural)
komórką (instrumental singular)
komórkami (instrumental plural)
komórce (locative singular)
komórkach (locative plural)
komórko (singular vocative)
komórki (plural vocative)

→ German: Kamurke

→ Kashubian: kòmórka (semantic loan)

→ Russian: камо́рка (kamórka)

→ Ukrainian: комі́рка (komírka)

Inherited from Old Polish komórka. By surface analysis, komora + -ka. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin cellula. Sense 6 is a semantic loan from English cell. Compare Slovincian kômórka.

sl

(biology) cell (any of various chambers in a tissue or organism having specific functions)

telefon komórkowy
telefon komórkowy#Polish

Ellipsis of telefon komórkowy (“cell phone”).; cell

(beekeeping) cell (each of the small hexagonal compartments in a honeycomb)

(statistics) cell (unit in a statistical array (a spreadsheet, for example) where a row and a column intersect)

(administrative) cell (small group of people forming part of a larger organization)

cell (section or compartment of a larger structure)

(in the plural, obsolete, children's games) a type of children's game


gramatyka

gramatyka (nominative singular)
gramatyki (nominative plural)
gramatyki (genitive singular)
gramatyk (genitive plural)
gramatyce (dative singular)
gramatykom (dative plural)
gramatykę (accusative singular)
gramatyki (accusative plural)
gramatyką (instrumental singular)
gramatykami (instrumental plural)
gramatyce (locative singular)
gramatykach (locative plural)
gramatyko (singular vocative)
gramatyki (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin grammatica. Doublet of grymuar.

(grammar) grammar (rules for speaking and writing a language)


Chińska Republika Ludowa

Chińska Republika Ludowa (nominative singular)
Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej (genitive singular)
Chińskiej Republice Ludowej (dative singular)
Chińską Republikę Ludową (accusative singular)
Chińską Republiką Ludową (instrumental singular)
Chińskiej Republice Ludowej (locative singular)
Chińska Republiko Ludowa (singular vocative)

Possible calque of Russian Китайская Народная Республика (Kitajskaja Narodnaja Respublika).

calque

Китайская Народная Республика

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

People's Republic of China (a country in East Asia; capital: Beijing)


ciocia

ciocia (nominative singular)
ciocie (nominative plural)
cioci (genitive singular)
cioć (genitive plural)
cioci (dative singular)
ciociom (dative plural)
ciocię (accusative singular)
ciocie (accusative plural)
ciocią (instrumental singular)
ciociami (instrumental plural)
cioci (locative singular)
ciociach (locative plural)
ciociu (singular vocative)
ciocie (plural vocative)

/ˈt͡ɕɔ.t͡ɕa/


duża litera

duża litera (nominative singular)
duże litery (nominative plural)
dużej litery (genitive singular)
dużych liter (genitive plural)
dużej literze (dative singular)
dużym literom (dative plural)
dużą literę (accusative singular)
duże litery (accusative plural)
dużą literą (instrumental singular)
dużymi literami (instrumental plural)
dużej literze (locative singular)
dużych literach (locative plural)
duża litero (singular vocative)
duże litery (plural vocative)

(colloquial) Alternative form of wielka litera


lewy

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

inflection of lewa:
nominative/accusative/vocative plural


powieka

powieka (nominative singular)
powieki (nominative plural)
powieki (genitive singular)
powiek (genitive plural)
powiece (dative singular)
powiekom (dative plural)
powiekę (accusative singular)
powieki (accusative plural)
powieką (instrumental singular)
powiekami (instrumental plural)
powiece (locative singular)
powiekach (locative plural)
powieko (singular vocative)
powieki (plural vocative)


adenina

adenina (nominative singular)
adeniny (genitive singular)
adeninie (dative singular)
adeninę (accusative singular)
adeniną (instrumental singular)
adeninie (locative singular)
adenino (singular vocative)

From Ancient Greek ἀδήν (adḗn, “gland”) + -ina. First attested in 1885.

ref

Wszechświat : tygodnik popularny poświęcony naukom przyrodniczym, number T. 4, nr 21, 1885, page 334

nukleotydy adeniny

(biochemistry, genetics) adenine (a base, C₅H₅N₅, found in certain glands and tissues, which pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA)


tabela

tabelka (diminutive)
tabela (nominative singular)
tabele (nominative plural)
tabeli (genitive singular)
tabel (genitive plural)
tabeli (dative singular)
tabelom (dative plural)
tabelę (accusative singular)
tabele (accusative plural)
tabelą (instrumental singular)
tabelami (instrumental plural)
tabeli (locative singular)
tabelach (locative plural)
tabelo (singular vocative)
tabele (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Tabelle, from Latin tabella.

table (grid of data in rows and columns)


taczka

taczka (nominative singular)
taczki (nominative plural)
taczki (genitive singular)
taczek (genitive plural)
taczce (dative singular)
taczkom (dative plural)
taczkę (accusative singular)
taczki (accusative plural)
taczką (instrumental singular)
taczkami (instrumental plural)
taczce (locative singular)
taczkach (locative plural)
taczko (singular vocative)
taczki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish taczka, from Proto-Slavic *tačati + -ka.


krzyżówka

pl-noun

krzyżówka f (related adjective krzyżówkowy)

krzyżówkowy (adjective)
krzyżówka (nominative singular)
krzyżówki (nominative plural)
krzyżówki (genitive singular)
krzyżówek (genitive plural)
krzyżówce (dative singular)
krzyżówkom (dative plural)
krzyżówkę (accusative singular)
krzyżówki (accusative plural)
krzyżówką (instrumental singular)
krzyżówkami (instrumental plural)
krzyżówce (locative singular)
krzyżówkach (locative plural)
krzyżówko (singular vocative)
krzyżówki (plural vocative)

(games) crossword (word puzzle in which interlocking words are entered usually horizontally and vertically into a grid based on clues given for each word)

(colloquial) crossroads, intersection (place where one road crosses another; an intersection of two or more roads)

(biology, of animals or plants) bastard, crossbreed, hybrid, mongrel (organism produced by mating of individuals of different varieties or breeds)

Anas platyrhynchos
Anas platyrhynchos#Translingual


gąsienica

gąsienica f (diminutive gąsieniczka, related adjective gąsienicowy or gąsieniczy)

gąsieniczka (diminutive)
gąsienicowy (adjective)
gąsieniczy (adjective)
gąsienica (nominative singular)
gąsienice (nominative plural)
gąsienicy (genitive singular)
gąsienic (genitive plural)
gąsienicy (dative singular)
gąsienicom (dative plural)
gąsienicę (accusative singular)
gąsienice (accusative plural)
gąsienicą (instrumental singular)
gąsienicami (instrumental plural)
gąsienicy (locative singular)
gąsienicach (locative plural)
gąsienico (singular vocative)
gąsienice (plural vocative)

/ɡɔɲ.ɕɛˈɲi.t͡sa/

Inherited from Old Polish wąsienica. The initial g- is prothetic or by conflation with Proto-Slavic *gušterica (“lizard”). Compare Bulgarian гъсе́ница (gǎsénica), Czech housenka, Lower Sorbian guseńca, Macedonian гасеница (gasenica), Old Church Slavonic юсеница (jusenica), Russian гу́сеница (gúsenica), Serbo-Croatian gȕsenica, Slovak husenica, Slovene gosẹ̑nica, Ukrainian гу́сениця (húsenycja), and Upper Sorbian husańca.

(entomology, lepidopterology) caterpillar, leafworm (larva of a butterfly or moth)

caterpillar track (continuous track in the form of a steel or rubber belt fitted instead of wheels to crawlers, bulldozers, excavators, loaders, backhoes, tanks, and similar off-road vehicles)


zupa

zupka (diminutive)
zupa (nominative singular)
zupy (nominative plural)
zupy (genitive singular)
zup (genitive plural)
zupie (dative singular)
zupom (dative plural)
zupę (accusative singular)
zupy (accusative plural)
zupą (instrumental singular)
zupami (instrumental plural)
zupie (locative singular)
zupach (locative plural)
zupo (singular vocative)
zupy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Suppe, from Middle Low German sope, from Proto-Germanic *supô.


gazeta

gazeta f (diminutive gazetka, augmentative gazecidło or gazecisko, related adjective gazetowy)

gazetka (diminutive)
gazecidło (augmentative)
gazecisko (augmentative)
gazetowy (adjective)
gazeta (nominative singular)
gazety (nominative plural)
gazety (genitive singular)
gazet (genitive plural)
gazecie (dative singular)
gazetom (dative plural)
gazetę (accusative singular)
gazety (accusative plural)
gazetą (instrumental singular)
gazetami (instrumental plural)
gazecie (locative singular)
gazetach (locative plural)
gazeto (singular vocative)
gazety (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: gazéta

→ Masurian: gazéta

Borrowed from French gazette. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Silesian gazyta.

ref

“GAZETA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 12.04.2023

(publishing) newspaper (publication, usually published daily or weekly and usually printed on cheap, low-quality paper, containing news and other articles)

newspaper (editing team of such a publication)

newspaper (building where such a publication is headquarted)

newspaper (those working for such a publication)

newspaper (single edition of such a publication)

(publishing) newspaper, newsprint (paper on which newspapers are printed)


pasierbica

pasierb (masculine)
pasierbica (nominative singular)
pasierbice (nominative plural)
pasierbicy (genitive singular)
pasierbic (genitive plural)
pasierbicy (dative singular)
pasierbicom (dative plural)
pasierbicę (accusative singular)
pasierbice (accusative plural)
pasierbicą (instrumental singular)
pasierbicami (instrumental plural)
pasierbicy (locative singular)
pasierbicach (locative plural)
pasierbico (singular vocative)
pasierbice (plural vocative)


księgarnia

księgarnia (nominative singular)
księgarnie (nominative plural)
księgarni (genitive singular)
księgarni (genitive plural)
księgarń (genitive plural)
księgarni (dative singular)
księgarniom (dative plural)
księgarnię (accusative singular)
księgarnie (accusative plural)
księgarnią (instrumental singular)
księgarniami (instrumental plural)
księgarni (locative singular)
księgarniach (locative plural)
księgarnio (singular vocative)
księgarnie (plural vocative)


homofobia

homofobia (nominative singular)
homofobii (genitive singular)
homofobii (dative singular)
homofobię (accusative singular)
homofobią (instrumental singular)
homofobii (locative singular)
homofobio (singular vocative)


macocha

macoszka (diminutive)
macocha (nominative singular)
macochy (nominative plural)
macochy (genitive singular)
macoch (genitive plural)
macosze (dative singular)
macochom (dative plural)
macochę (accusative singular)
macochy (accusative plural)
macochą (instrumental singular)
macochami (instrumental plural)
macosze (locative singular)
macochach (locative plural)
macocho (singular vocative)
macochy (plural vocative)


turbina

turbinka (diminutive)
turbina (nominative singular)
turbiny (nominative plural)
turbiny (genitive singular)
turbin (genitive plural)
turbinie (dative singular)
turbinom (dative plural)
turbinę (accusative singular)
turbiny (accusative plural)
turbiną (instrumental singular)
turbinami (instrumental plural)
turbinie (locative singular)
turbinach (locative plural)
turbino (singular vocative)
turbiny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English turbine, French turbine, German Turbine, ultimately from Latin turbinis.


trawa

trawa (nominative singular)
trawy (nominative plural)
trawy (genitive singular)
traw (genitive plural)
trawie (dative singular)
trawom (dative plural)
trawę (accusative singular)
trawy (accusative plural)
trawą (instrumental singular)
trawami (instrumental plural)
trawie (locative singular)
trawach (locative plural)
trawo (singular vocative)
trawy (plural vocative)


skóra

skórka (diminutive)
skóra (nominative singular)
skóry (nominative plural)
skóry (genitive singular)
skór (genitive plural)
skórze (dative singular)
skórom (dative plural)
skórę (accusative singular)
skóry (accusative plural)
skórą (instrumental singular)
skórami (instrumental plural)
skórze (locative singular)
skórach (locative plural)
skóro (singular vocative)
skóry (plural vocative)

→ Russian: шку́ра (škúra)

→ Ukrainian: шку́ра (škúra)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *skora. Compare Umbrian 𐌊𐌀𐌓𐌖 (karu), Latin corium, Sanskrit चर्मन् (cárman). Doublet of kora, szer, and szkier.


rzeka

pl-noun

rzeka f (diminutive rzeczka or rzeczułka, related adjective rzeczny)

rzeczka (diminutive)
rzeczułka (diminutive)
rzeczny (adjective)
rzeka (nominative singular)
rzeki (nominative plural)
rzeki (genitive singular)
rzek (genitive plural)
rzece (dative singular)
rzekom (dative plural)
rzekę (accusative singular)
rzeki (accusative plural)
rzeką (instrumental singular)
rzekami (instrumental plural)
rzece (locative singular)
rzekach (locative plural)
rzeko (singular vocative)
rzeki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish rzeka. Doublet of Rijeka.

river (large stream which drains a landmass)

(figuratively) river (large number of objects moving in an uninterrupted, steady motion)


szyja

szyja f (diminutive szyjka, related adjective szyjny)

szyjka (diminutive)
szyjny (adjective)
szyja (nominative singular)
szyje (nominative plural)
szyi (genitive singular)
szyj (genitive plural)
szyi (dative singular)
szyjom (dative plural)
szyję (accusative singular)
szyje (accusative plural)
szyją (instrumental singular)
szyjami (instrumental plural)
szyi (locative singular)
szyjach (locative plural)
szyjo (singular vocative)
szyje (plural vocative)

(anatomy) neck (part of the body connecting the head and the trunk found in humans and some animals)

neck (tapered part of a bottle toward the opening)

(architecture) passage sheltered on both sides by walls, connecting a gate with a protruding fortification

(sailing) throat (angle where the arm of an anchor is joined to the shank)

(obsolete, music) neck (part of an instrument to be held)

(obsolete) neck (part of the collar of an article of clothing)

(obsolete, anatomy) tarsus (group of small bones in this part of the foot)

(obsolete, forestry) bottleneck (narrow stretch of forest leading to a field)


Ryga

Ryga (nominative singular)
Rygi (genitive singular)
Rydze (dative singular)
Rygę (accusative singular)
Rygą (instrumental singular)
Rydze (locative singular)
Rygo (singular vocative)


wesz

weszka (diminutive)
wesz (nominative singular)
wszy (nominative plural)
wszy (genitive singular)
wszy (genitive plural)
wszy (dative singular)
wszom (dative plural)
wesz (accusative singular)
wszy (accusative plural)
wszą (instrumental singular)
wszami (instrumental plural)
wszy (locative singular)
wszach (locative plural)
wszy (singular vocative)
wszy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish wesz, from Proto-Slavic *vъšь, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *lewH-.


ligatura

ligatura (nominative singular)
ligatury (nominative plural)
ligatury (genitive singular)
ligatur (genitive plural)
ligaturze (dative singular)
ligaturom (dative plural)
ligaturę (accusative singular)
ligatury (accusative plural)
ligaturą (instrumental singular)
ligaturami (instrumental plural)
ligaturze (locative singular)
ligaturach (locative plural)
ligaturo (singular vocative)
ligatury (plural vocative)


kynologia

kynologia (nominative singular)
kynologii (genitive singular)
kynologii (dative singular)
kynologię (accusative singular)
kynologią (instrumental singular)
kynologii (locative singular)
kynologio (singular vocative)


maska

maseczka (diminutive)
maska (nominative singular)
maski (nominative plural)
maski (genitive singular)
masek (genitive plural)
masce (dative singular)
maskom (dative plural)
maskę (accusative singular)
maski (accusative plural)
maską (instrumental singular)
maskami (instrumental plural)
masce (locative singular)
maskach (locative plural)
masko (singular vocative)
maski (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French masque, from Italian maschera, from Medieval Latin masca.

mask (cover, or partial cover, for the face, used for disguise or protection)

bonnet, hood (cover over the engine of a motor car)


ziemia

ziemia (nominative singular)
ziemie (nominative plural)
ziemi (genitive singular)
ziem (genitive plural)
ziemi (dative singular)
ziemiom (dative plural)
ziemię (accusative singular)
ziemie (accusative plural)
ziemią (instrumental singular)
ziemiami (instrumental plural)
ziemi (locative singular)
ziemiach (locative plural)
ziemio (singular vocative)
ziemie (plural vocative)

(countable) earth (planet on which people live)

(uncountable, literary) earth (place of life, as opposed to heaven or the afterlife)

(uncountable) earth, soil, dirt (layer of land in which plants grow)

(uncountable) ground; floor (that which is walked on)

(uncountable) land, earth (solid ground, as opposed to air or water)

(uncountable) land; ground, property (area that is one's property)

(countable) land; country (particular political, ethnographic, or geographic region)

(uncountable, literary) motherland, fatherland (country in which one was born)

(countable, historical) unit or division smaller than a voivodeship


szwagierka

szwagier (masculine)
szwagierka (nominative singular)
szwagierki (nominative plural)
szwagierki (genitive singular)
szwagierek (genitive plural)
szwagierce (dative singular)
szwagierkom (dative plural)
szwagierkę (accusative singular)
szwagierki (accusative plural)
szwagierką (instrumental singular)
szwagierkami (instrumental plural)
szwagierce (locative singular)
szwagierkach (locative plural)
szwagierko (singular vocative)
szwagierki (plural vocative)

sister-in-law (sister of husband or wife)


jeremiada

jeremiada (nominative singular)
jeremiady (nominative plural)
jeremiady (genitive singular)
jeremiad (genitive plural)
jeremiadzie (dative singular)
jeremiadom (dative plural)
jeremiadę (accusative singular)
jeremiady (accusative plural)
jeremiadą (instrumental singular)
jeremiadami (instrumental plural)
jeremiadzie (locative singular)
jeremiadach (locative plural)
jeremiado (singular vocative)
jeremiady (plural vocative)


astrometria

astrometria (nominative singular)
astrometrii (genitive singular)
astrometrii (dative singular)
astrometrię (accusative singular)
astrometrią (instrumental singular)
astrometrii (locative singular)
astrometrio (singular vocative)


pijanica

pijanica (nominative singular)
pijanice (nominative plural)
pijanicy (genitive singular)
pijaniców (genitive plural)
pijanicy (dative singular)
pijanicom (dative plural)
pijanicę (accusative singular)
pijaniców (accusative plural)
pijanicą (instrumental singular)
pijanicami (instrumental plural)
pijanicy (locative singular)
pijanicach (locative plural)
pijanico (singular vocative)
pijanice (plural vocative)


pijanica

pijanica (nominative singular)
pijanice (nominative plural)
pijanicy (genitive singular)
pijanic (genitive plural)
pijanicy (dative singular)
pijanicom (dative plural)
pijanicę (accusative singular)
pijanice (accusative plural)
pijanicą (instrumental singular)
pijanicami (instrumental plural)
pijanicy (locative singular)
pijanicach (locative plural)
pijanico (singular vocative)
pijanice (plural vocative)

Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium uliginosum#Translingual


Beata

Beatka (diminutive)
Beata (nominative singular)
Beaty (nominative plural)
Beaty (genitive singular)
Beat (genitive plural)
Beacie (dative singular)
Beatom (dative plural)
Beatę (accusative singular)
Beaty (accusative plural)
Beatą (instrumental singular)
Beatami (instrumental plural)
Beacie (locative singular)
Beatach (locative plural)
Beato (singular vocative)
Beaty (plural vocative)


ćwierć

ćwierć (nominative singular)
ćwierci (nominative plural)
ćwierci (genitive singular)
ćwierci (genitive plural)
ćwierci (dative singular)
ćwierciom (dative plural)
ćwierć (accusative singular)
ćwierci (accusative plural)
ćwiercią (instrumental singular)
ćwierciami (instrumental plural)
ćwierci (locative singular)
ćwierciach (locative plural)
ćwierci (singular vocative)
ćwierci (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish cztwierć, from Proto-Slavic *četvьrtь, nominalization of *četvьrtъ (“fourth”) (whence Polish czwarty).

a quarter, a former Polish unit of volume equal to ¼ korzec or 2 miarka


fraza

fraza (nominative singular)
frazy (nominative plural)
frazy (genitive singular)
fraz (genitive plural)
frazie (dative singular)
frazom (dative plural)
frazę (accusative singular)
frazy (accusative plural)
frazą (instrumental singular)
frazami (instrumental plural)
frazie (locative singular)
frazach (locative plural)
frazo (singular vocative)
frazy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French phrase, from Late Latin phrasis, from Ancient Greek φράσις (phrásis). Doublet of frazes (“cliché”).

(grammar) phrase (group of two or more words that express an idea but do not form a complete sentence)

(music) phrase (small section of music in a larger piece)


Bianka

Bianka (nominative singular)
Bianki (nominative plural)
Bianki (genitive singular)
Bianek (genitive plural)
Biance (dative singular)
Biankom (dative plural)
Biankę (accusative singular)
Bianki (accusative plural)
Bianką (instrumental singular)
Biankami (instrumental plural)
Biance (locative singular)
Biankach (locative plural)
Bianko (singular vocative)
Bianki (plural vocative)

(countable) a female given name, equivalent to English Bianca


informacja

informacja f (diminutive informacyjka, related adjective informacyjny)

informacyjka (diminutive)
informacyjny (adjective)
informacja (nominative singular)
informacje (nominative plural)
informacji (genitive singular)
informacji (genitive plural)
informacyj (archaic genitive plural)
informacji (dative singular)
informacjom (dative plural)
informację (accusative singular)
informacje (accusative plural)
informacją (instrumental singular)
informacjami (instrumental plural)
informacji (locative singular)
informacjach (locative plural)
informacjo (singular vocative)
informacje (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: jinfòrmacjô

→ Silesian: informacyjŏ

Learned borrowing from Latin īnfōrmātiō. By surface analysis, informować + -cja. First attested in 1585.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “+informacyja”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

information (place where one can find information; i.e. part of an office)

(information theory) information (any unambiguous abstract data, the smallest possible unit being the bit)

information technology
information technology

(information technology) information (any ordered sequence of symbols or signals that could contain a message)


zmiana

zmiana (nominative singular)
zmiany (nominative plural)
zmiany (genitive singular)
zmian (genitive plural)
zmianie (dative singular)
zmianom (dative plural)
zmianę (accusative singular)
zmiany (accusative plural)
zmianą (instrumental singular)
zmianami (instrumental plural)
zmianie (locative singular)
zmianach (locative plural)
zmiano (singular vocative)
zmiany (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьzměna. By surface analysis, deverbal from zmienić. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zmiana”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

change, shift (process or result of not being the same as before)

change (process or result of replacing someone or something)

pierwsza/druga/trzecia zmiana

shift (time in which a different group of workers start working)

(obsolete, theater) scene (part of a play or musical in which the curtains drop and decorations change)

(obsolete, agriculture) division of a field during crop rotation


przemoc

przemoc (nominative singular)
przemocy (genitive singular)
przemocy (dative singular)
przemoc (accusative singular)
przemocą (instrumental singular)
przemocy (locative singular)
przemocy (singular vocative)


laka

laka (nominative singular)
laki (nominative plural)
laki (genitive singular)
lak (genitive plural)
lace (dative singular)
lakom (dative plural)
lakę (accusative singular)
laki (accusative plural)
laką (instrumental singular)
lakami (instrumental plural)
lace (locative singular)
lakach (locative plural)
lako (singular vocative)
laki (plural vocative)


uwaga

uwaga (nominative singular)
uwagi (nominative plural)
uwagi (genitive singular)
uwag (genitive plural)
uwadze (dative singular)
uwagom (dative plural)
uwagę (accusative singular)
uwagi (accusative plural)
uwagą (instrumental singular)
uwagami (instrumental plural)
uwadze (locative singular)
uwagach (locative plural)
uwago (singular vocative)
uwagi (plural vocative)

Deverbal from uważyć. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Kashubian ùwôga and Silesian uwŏga.

“UWAGA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 07.05.2010

(uncountable) attention (concentration on something)

(uncountable) attention (ability to concentrate)

(countable) remark (expression, in speech or writing, of something remarked or noticed; a mention of something; observation, comment, or statement)

(countable) remark (note entered in a student's notebook by a teacher)


bilirubina

bilirubina (nominative singular)
bilirubiny (genitive singular)
bilirubinie (dative singular)
bilirubinę (accusative singular)
bilirubiną (instrumental singular)
bilirubinie (locative singular)
bilirubino (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English bilirubin, from Latin bīlis + Latin ruber/rubeus + -ina.


aerenchyma

aerenchyma (nominative singular)
aerenchymy (genitive singular)
aerenchymie (dative singular)
aerenchymę (accusative singular)
aerenchymą (instrumental singular)
aerenchymie (locative singular)
aerenchymo (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English aerenchyma. Ultimately from Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr) + ἔγχυμα (énkhuma). First attested in 1899.

Flora lasów garwolińskich i sąsiedzkich okoli (1899) Józef Trzebiński, page 19


mokka

mokka (nominative singular)
mokki (nominative plural)
mokki (genitive singular)
mokek (genitive plural)
mokce (dative singular)
mokkom (dative plural)
mokkę (accusative singular)
mokki (accusative plural)
mokką (instrumental singular)
mokkami (instrumental plural)
mokce (locative singular)
mokkach (locative plural)
mokko (singular vocative)
mokki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Arabic اَلْمُخَا (al-muḵā), a city in Yemen.


sytuacja

sytuacja (nominative singular)
sytuacje (nominative plural)
sytuacji (genitive singular)
sytuacji (genitive plural)
sytuacyj (archaic genitive plural)
sytuacji (dative singular)
sytuacjom (dative plural)
sytuację (accusative singular)
sytuacje (accusative plural)
sytuacją (instrumental singular)
sytuacjami (instrumental plural)
sytuacji (locative singular)
sytuacjach (locative plural)
sytuacjo (singular vocative)
sytuacje (plural vocative)

Kashubian: sytuacjô

Borrowed from French situation. By surface analysis, sytuować + -cja. First attested in 1665–1683.

ref

Jan III Sobieski ((Can we date this quote?)) Listy do Marysieńki, (1665 - 1683) (in Polish), published 1962, page 578: “Przed wczorem widzieliśmy paszów dwóch, alepskiego i nikopolskiego, wychodzących z ludźmi swymi, których było pewnie do obrony najmniej cztery tysiące; zamku zaś sytuacja tak mocna, że to cud nad cudami, że się ci ludzie poddali.”

situation (combination of circumstances at a given moment) [with w (+ locative) ‘in what’]

fragment of action, especially in a play or movie

(obsolete) position, function, office (post of employment)


część

cząstka (diminutive)
część (nominative singular)
części (nominative plural)
części (genitive singular)
części (genitive plural)
części (dative singular)
częściom (dative plural)
część (accusative singular)
części (accusative plural)
częścią (instrumental singular)
częściami (instrumental plural)
części (locative singular)
częściach (locative plural)
części (singular vocative)
części (plural vocative)

/ˈt͡ʂɛ̃ɕt͡ɕ/

part, piece (distinct element of something larger)

(obsolete) part (section of land; an area of a country or other territory; region, particularly of a village)

(Middle Polish) inheritance (that which belongs to someone legally or by contract as a result of inheritance)

(Middle Polish) tribute, homage, worship, adoration


embolia

embolia (nominative singular)
embolii (genitive singular)
embolii (dative singular)
embolię (accusative singular)
embolią (instrumental singular)
embolii (locative singular)
embolio (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French embolie, from Late Latin embolismus, from Ancient Greek ἐμβολισμός (embolismós, “intercalary”).


białka

białka (nominative singular)
białki (nominative plural)
białki (genitive singular)
białek (genitive plural)
białce (dative singular)
białkom (dative plural)
białkę (accusative singular)
białki (accusative plural)
białką (instrumental singular)
białkami (instrumental plural)
białce (locative singular)
białkach (locative plural)
białko (singular vocative)
białki (plural vocative)


kukułka

kukułeczka (diminutive)
kukułka (nominative singular)
kukułki (nominative plural)
kukułki (genitive singular)
kukułek (genitive plural)
kukułce (dative singular)
kukułkom (dative plural)
kukułkę (accusative singular)
kukułki (accusative plural)
kukułką (instrumental singular)
kukułkami (instrumental plural)
kukułce (locative singular)
kukułkach (locative plural)
kukułko (singular vocative)
kukułki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kukukъ. Originally onomatopoeic.

Cuculus canorus
Cuculus canorus#Translingual

cuckoo (bird), especially common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus)

any orchid of the genus Dactylorhiza; spotted orchid; marsh orchid


zięba

zięba (nominative singular)
zięby (nominative plural)
zięby (genitive singular)
zięb (genitive plural)
ziębie (dative singular)
ziębom (dative plural)
ziębę (accusative singular)
zięby (accusative plural)
ziębą (instrumental singular)
ziębami (instrumental plural)
ziębie (locative singular)
ziębach (locative plural)
ziębo (singular vocative)
zięby (plural vocative)

Fringilla coelebs
Fringilla coelebs#Translingual

any finch of the genus Fringilla, especially the chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)


kawka

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kavъka, which is onomatopoeic, representing the bird’s voice. Outside of Slavic, it may be related to Old Armenian քուք (kʻukʻ).

kawka zwyczajna

kawka srokata


sójka

sójeczka (diminutive)
sójka (nominative singular)
sójki (nominative plural)
sójki (genitive singular)
sójek (genitive plural)
sójce (dative singular)
sójkom (dative plural)
sójkę (accusative singular)
sójki (accusative plural)
sójką (instrumental singular)
sójkami (instrumental plural)
sójce (locative singular)
sójkach (locative plural)
sójko (singular vocative)
sójki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish sojka, from Proto-Slavic *sojьka.

Garrulus glandarius
Garrulus glandarius#Translingual

any jay (corvid) belonging to Garrulus, Perisoreus, or Cyanopica

(colloquial) punch (a hit with one's fist)

(colloquial) elbow (a hit with the elbow)


jaskółka

jaskółeczka (diminutive)
jaskółka (nominative singular)
jaskółki (nominative plural)
jaskółki (genitive singular)
jaskółek (genitive plural)
jaskółce (dative singular)
jaskółkom (dative plural)
jaskółkę (accusative singular)
jaskółki (accusative plural)
jaskółką (instrumental singular)
jaskółkami (instrumental plural)
jaskółce (locative singular)
jaskółkach (locative plural)
jaskółko (singular vocative)
jaskółki (plural vocative)

swallow, a small, migratory bird of the Hirundinidae family

(architecture, obsolete, theater) gods, paradise (the upper gallery in a theatre)

(gymnastics, figure skating) horizontal stand


sroka

sroczka (diminutive)
sroka (nominative singular)
sroki (nominative plural)
sroki (genitive singular)
srok (genitive plural)
sroce (dative singular)
srokom (dative plural)
srokę (accusative singular)
sroki (accusative plural)
sroką (instrumental singular)
srokami (instrumental plural)
sroce (locative singular)
srokach (locative plural)
sroko (singular vocative)
sroki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish sroka, from Proto-Slavic *s(v)orka.

a woman or girl who is talkative and naive


Agata

Aga (diminutive)
Agusia (diminutive)
Agata (nominative singular)
Agaty (nominative plural)
Agaty (genitive singular)
Agat (genitive plural)
Agacie (dative singular)
Agatom (dative plural)
Agatę (accusative singular)
Agaty (accusative plural)
Agatą (instrumental singular)
Agatami (instrumental plural)
Agacie (locative singular)
Agatach (locative plural)
Agato (singular vocative)
Agaty (plural vocative)

a female given name, equivalent to English Agatha


cysta

cysta (nominative singular)
cysty (nominative plural)
cysty (genitive singular)
cyst (genitive plural)
cyście (dative singular)
cystom (dative plural)
cystę (accusative singular)
cysty (accusative plural)
cystą (instrumental singular)
cystami (instrumental plural)
cyście (locative singular)
cystach (locative plural)
cysto (singular vocative)
cysty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Zyste, from English cyst, from Late Latin cystis, from Ancient Greek κύστις (kústis).


kafeteria

kafeteria (nominative singular)
kafeterie (nominative plural)
kafeterii (genitive singular)
kafeterii (genitive plural)
kafeteryj (archaic genitive plural)
kafeterii (dative singular)
kafeteriom (dative plural)
kafeterię (accusative singular)
kafeterie (accusative plural)
kafeterią (instrumental singular)
kafeteriami (instrumental plural)
kafeterii (locative singular)
kafeteriach (locative plural)
kafeterio (singular vocative)
kafeterie (plural vocative)

From American English cafeteria, from Spanish cafetería.


linki

inflection of linka:
nominative/accusative/vocative plural


strona

pl-noun

strona f (diminutive stronka, abbreviation s. or str. or ss. or pp.)

stronka (diminutive)
s. (abbreviation)
str. (abbreviation)
ss. (abbreviation)
pp. (abbreviation)
strona (nominative singular)
strony (nominative plural)
strony (genitive singular)
stron (genitive plural)
stronie (dative singular)
stronom (dative plural)
stronę (accusative singular)
strony (accusative plural)
stroną (instrumental singular)
stronami (instrumental plural)
stronie (locative singular)
stronach (locative plural)
strono (singular vocative)
strony (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish strona. Sense 11 is a semantic loan from Latin genus verbī, English voice, and German Diathese, and sense 3 is a semantic loan from English website, webpage, German Webseite, French page, and Russian ве́б-страни́ца (véb-straníca).

sl

ве́б-страни́ца

side (one of two faces of a sheet of paper; or, the content thereon)

page (sheet of paper within a book, magazine, etc.)

side (one half (left or right, top or bottom, front or back, etc.) of something or someone)

side (bounding straight edge of a two-dimensional shape)

side; direction (region in a specified position with respect to something)

direction (general trend for future action)

side (group having a particular allegiance in a conflict or competition)

(law) party (person or group of people constituting a particular side in a contract or legal action)

side (one possible aspect of a concept, person or thing)

strona czynna

strona bierna

strona zwrotna

(grammar) voice (particular way of inflecting or conjugating verbs, or a particular form of a verb, by means of which is indicated the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses)


odmiana

odmiana (nominative singular)
odmiany (nominative plural)
odmiany (genitive singular)
odmian (genitive plural)
odmianie (dative singular)
odmianom (dative plural)
odmianę (accusative singular)
odmiany (accusative plural)
odmianą (instrumental singular)
odmianami (instrumental plural)
odmianie (locative singular)
odmianach (locative plural)
odmiano (singular vocative)
odmiany (plural vocative)


żeński

pl-adj

żeński (comparative bardziej żeński, superlative najbardziej żeński, derived adverb żeńsko, abbreviation ż.)

bardziej żeński (comparative)
najbardziej żeński (superlative)
ż. (abbreviation)
żeński (masculine nominative singular)
żeńska (feminine nominative singular)
żeńskie (neuter nominative singular)
żeńscy (nominative plural virile)
żeńskie (nominative plural)
żeńskiego (genitive masculine singular)
żeńskiej (feminine genitive singular)
żeńskiego (genitive neuter singular)
żeńskich (genitive plural)
żeńskich (genitive plural virile)
żeńskiemu (dative masculine singular)
żeńskiej (dative feminine singular)
żeńskiemu (dative neuter singular)
żeńskim (dative plural)
żeńskim (dative plural virile)
żeńskiego (accusative animate masculine singular)
żeński (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
żeńską (accusative feminine singular)
żeńskie (accusative neuter singular)
żeńskich (accusative plural virile)
żeńskie (accusative plural)
żeńskim (instrumental masculine singular)
żeńską (feminine instrumental singular)
żeńskim (instrumental neuter singular)
żeńskimi (instrumental plural)
żeńskimi (instrumental plural virile)
żeńskim (locative masculine singular)
żeńskiej (feminine locative singular)
żeńskim (locative neuter singular)
żeńskich (locative plural)
żeńskich (locative plural virile)

Inherited from Old Polish żeński, from Proto-Slavic *žènьskъ. By surface analysis, żona + -ski.


linka

linka (nominative singular)
linki (nominative plural)
linki (genitive singular)
linek (genitive plural)
lince (dative singular)
linkom (dative plural)
linkę (accusative singular)
linki (accusative plural)
linką (instrumental singular)
linkami (instrumental plural)
lince (locative singular)
linkach (locative plural)
linko (singular vocative)
linki (plural vocative)

(biology, rare) moulting (shedding of an external layer, e.g. skin, fur, feathers)


bakteria

bakteria (nominative singular)
bakterie (nominative plural)
bakterii (genitive singular)
bakterii (genitive plural)
bakteryj (archaic genitive plural)
bakterii (dative singular)
bakteriom (dative plural)
bakterię (accusative singular)
bakterie (accusative plural)
bakterią (instrumental singular)
bakteriami (instrumental plural)
bakterii (locative singular)
bakteriach (locative plural)
bakterio (singular vocative)
bakterie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French bactérie, from Latin bactērium, from Ancient Greek βακτήριον (baktḗrion).

bakteria denitryfikacyjna

bakteria nitryfikacyjna/nitryfikująca

bakteria gnilne

bakteria brodawkowe


papla

papla (nominative singular)
paple (nominative plural)
papli (genitive singular)
papli (genitive plural)
papli (dative singular)
paplom (dative plural)
paplę (accusative singular)
paple (accusative plural)
paplą (instrumental singular)
paplami (instrumental plural)
papli (locative singular)
paplach (locative plural)
paplo (singular vocative)
paple (plural vocative)

(colloquial, derogatory) chatterbox (someone who chats or talks to excess)

(colloquial, derogatory) blabbermouth (someone who is unable to keep a secret)


panewka

panewka (nominative singular)
panewki (nominative plural)
panewki (genitive singular)
panewek (genitive plural)
panewce (dative singular)
panewkom (dative plural)
panewkę (accusative singular)
panewki (accusative plural)
panewką (instrumental singular)
panewkami (instrumental plural)
panewce (locative singular)
panewkach (locative plural)
panewko (singular vocative)
panewki (plural vocative)


walentynki

inflection of walentynka:
genitive singular

inflection of walentynka:
nominative/accusative/vocative plural


nogawica

nogawiczka (diminutive)
nogawica (nominative singular)
nogawice (nominative plural)
nogawicy (genitive singular)
nogawic (genitive plural)
nogawicy (dative singular)
nogawicom (dative plural)
nogawicę (accusative singular)
nogawice (accusative plural)
nogawicą (instrumental singular)
nogawicami (instrumental plural)
nogawicy (locative singular)
nogawicach (locative plural)
nogawico (singular vocative)
nogawice (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish nogawica, from Proto-Slavic *nogavica. By surface analysis, noga + -awica.

(obsolete) leg (part of garment that covers the leg)


klika

kliczka (diminutive)
klika (nominative singular)
kliki (nominative plural)
kliki (genitive singular)
klik (genitive plural)
klice (dative singular)
klikom (dative plural)
klikę (accusative singular)
kliki (accusative plural)
kliką (instrumental singular)
klikami (instrumental plural)
klice (locative singular)
klikach (locative plural)
kliko (singular vocative)
kliki (plural vocative)

(graph theory) clique (subgraph isomorphic to a complete graph)


postać

postaciowy (adjective)
postać (nominative singular)
postacie (nominative plural)
postaci (nominative plural)
postaci (genitive singular)
postaci (genitive plural)
postaci (dative singular)
postaciom (dative plural)
postać (accusative singular)
postacie (accusative plural)
postaci (accusative plural)
postacią (instrumental singular)
postaciami (instrumental plural)
postaci (locative singular)
postaciach (locative plural)
postaci (singular vocative)
postacie (plural vocative)
postaci (plural vocative)

table
Inherited from Old Polish postać (noun). Compare Russian стать (statʹ) (noun), Ukrainian стать (statʹ) and постать (postatʹ).

character (person of a given personality)

Near-synonym: figura

(narratology) character (agent within a story)

character, form (observable form of something)

(dialectal) head harvester (person in charge of harvesting)

(obsolete, grammar) aspect (grammatical quality of a verb which determines the relationship of the speaker to the internal temporal flow of the event which the verb describes)

(obsolete, minerology) chunk of mineral limited in some plane

(Middle Polish) part (fragment of a whole)

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


amrita

amrita (nominative singular)
amrity (genitive singular)
amricie (dative singular)
amritę (accusative singular)
amritą (instrumental singular)
amricie (locative singular)
amrito (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अमृत (amṛta).


drukarnia

drukarnia (nominative singular)
drukarnie (nominative plural)
drukarni (genitive singular)
drukarń (genitive plural)
drukarni (genitive plural)
drukarni (dative singular)
drukarniom (dative plural)
drukarnię (accusative singular)
drukarnie (accusative plural)
drukarnią (instrumental singular)
drukarniami (instrumental plural)
drukarni (locative singular)
drukarniach (locative plural)
drukarnio (singular vocative)
drukarnie (plural vocative)


mniejszość

mniejszość (nominative singular)
mniejszości (nominative plural)
mniejszości (genitive singular)
mniejszości (genitive plural)
mniejszości (dative singular)
mniejszościom (dative plural)
mniejszość (accusative singular)
mniejszości (accusative plural)
mniejszością (instrumental singular)
mniejszościami (instrumental plural)
mniejszości (locative singular)
mniejszościach (locative plural)
mniejszości (singular vocative)
mniejszości (plural vocative)

/ˈmɲɛj.ʂɔɕt͡ɕ/


poczta

pocztowy (adjective)
poczta (nominative singular)
poczty (nominative plural)
poczty (genitive singular)
poczt (genitive plural)
poczcie (dative singular)
pocztom (dative plural)
pocztę (accusative singular)
poczty (accusative plural)
pocztą (instrumental singular)
pocztami (instrumental plural)
poczcie (locative singular)
pocztach (locative plural)
poczto (singular vocative)
poczty (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: по́шта (póšta)

→ Kashubian: pòczta

→ Lithuanian: paštas

desctree

→ Russian: по́чта (póčta)
→ Abkhaz: аԥошьҭа (apošta)
→ Azerbaijani: poçt
→ Armenian: փոշտ (pʻošt)
→ Chamalal: поч (poč)
→ Ingush: пошт (pošt)
→ Georgian: ფოშტა (pošṭa), ფოჩტა (počṭa)
→ Kazakh: пошта (poşta)
→ Kildin Sami: пошта (pošta)
→ Kyrgyz: почта (pocta)
→ Romanian: poștă
→ Turkmen: poçta
→ Uyghur: پوچتا (pochta)
→ Uzbek: pochta
→ Yakut: буоста (buosta)
→ Yakut: почта (pocta)

→ Ukrainian: по́шта (póšta)

mail (material conveyed by postal services)

post office (place (building, office, shop, or counter) concerned with the business of delivering letters, post, or mail, and selling stamps, etc.)


większość

pl-noun

większość f (related adjective większościowy)

większościowy (adjective)
większość (nominative singular)
większości (nominative plural)
większości (genitive singular)
większości (genitive plural)
większości (dative singular)
większościom (dative plural)
większość (accusative singular)
większości (accusative plural)
większością (instrumental singular)
większościami (instrumental plural)
większości (locative singular)
większościach (locative plural)
większości (singular vocative)
większości (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: wikszosc (calque)

→ Silesian: wiynkszość (calque)

/ˈvjɛŋ.kʂɔɕt͡ɕ/

/ˈvjɛ̃.kʂɔɕt͡ɕ/

From większy + -ość. First attested in 1628.

ref

Paweł Kupiszewski (16.08.2022) “WIĘKSZOŚĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

majority; the most of (amount or number comprising more than half)

(obsolete) biggerness (quality of having a larger size than something else)


angostura

angostura (nominative singular)
angostury (genitive singular)
angosturze (dative singular)
angosturę (accusative singular)
angosturą (instrumental singular)
angosturze (locative singular)
angosturo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Angostura. First attested in 1874.

Carl Schorlemmer (1874) Wykład chemii organicznej czyli chemii związków węgla (in Polish), page 574

(obsolete) angostura, Angostura trifoliata


bruzda

bruzdka (diminutive)
bruzda (nominative singular)
bruzdy (nominative plural)
bruzdy (genitive singular)
bruzd (genitive plural)
bruździe (dative singular)
bruzdom (dative plural)
bruzdę (accusative singular)
bruzdy (accusative plural)
bruzdą (instrumental singular)
bruzdami (instrumental plural)
bruździe (locative singular)
bruzdach (locative plural)
bruzdo (singular vocative)
bruzdy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish brózda, from Proto-Slavic *borzda.


łazienka

łazienka (nominative singular)
łazienki (nominative plural)
łazienki (genitive singular)
łazienek (genitive plural)
łazience (dative singular)
łazienkom (dative plural)
łazienkę (accusative singular)
łazienki (accusative plural)
łazienką (instrumental singular)
łazienkami (instrumental plural)
łazience (locative singular)
łazienkach (locative plural)
łazienko (singular vocative)
łazienki (plural vocative)


pralnia

pralnia (nominative singular)
pralnie (nominative plural)
pralni (genitive singular)
pralni (genitive plural)
pralni (dative singular)
pralniom (dative plural)
pralnię (accusative singular)
pralnie (accusative plural)
pralnią (instrumental singular)
pralniami (instrumental plural)
pralni (locative singular)
pralniach (locative plural)
pralnio (singular vocative)
pralnie (plural vocative)

From prać (“to wash, to do laundry”) + -alnia.

af

laundry (place or room where laundering is done)


sypialnia

sypialnia (nominative singular)
sypialnie (nominative plural)
sypialni (genitive singular)
sypialni (genitive plural)
sypialń (genitive plural)
sypialni (dative singular)
sypialniom (dative plural)
sypialnię (accusative singular)
sypialnie (accusative plural)
sypialnią (instrumental singular)
sypialniami (instrumental plural)
sypialni (locative singular)
sypialniach (locative plural)
sypialnio (singular vocative)
sypialnie (plural vocative)

(informal, derogatory) dormitory suburb; a remote neighborhood of a city consisting exclusively of residential buildings


pralka

pralka (nominative singular)
pralki (nominative plural)
pralki (genitive singular)
pralek (genitive plural)
pralce (dative singular)
pralkom (dative plural)
pralkę (accusative singular)
pralki (accusative plural)
pralką (instrumental singular)
pralkami (instrumental plural)
pralce (locative singular)
pralkach (locative plural)
pralko (singular vocative)
pralki (plural vocative)


kuchenka

kuchenka (nominative singular)
kuchenki (nominative plural)
kuchenki (genitive singular)
kuchenek (genitive plural)
kuchence (dative singular)
kuchenkom (dative plural)
kuchenkę (accusative singular)
kuchenki (accusative plural)
kuchenką (instrumental singular)
kuchenkami (instrumental plural)
kuchence (locative singular)
kuchenkach (locative plural)
kuchenko (singular vocative)
kuchenki (plural vocative)

(cooking) stove, hob, cooker (device for heating food)


piwnica

piwnica (nominative singular)
piwnice (nominative plural)
piwnicy (genitive singular)
piwnic (genitive plural)
piwnicy (dative singular)
piwnicom (dative plural)
piwnicę (accusative singular)
piwnice (accusative plural)
piwnicą (instrumental singular)
piwnicami (instrumental plural)
piwnicy (locative singular)
piwnicach (locative plural)
piwnico (singular vocative)
piwnice (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pivьnica. By surface analysis, piwo + -nica.


lodówka

pl-noun

lodówka f (diminutive lodóweczka, augmentative lodówa)

lodóweczka (diminutive)
lodówa (augmentative)
lodówka (nominative singular)
lodówki (nominative plural)
lodówki (genitive singular)
lodówek (genitive plural)
lodówce (dative singular)
lodówkom (dative plural)
lodówkę (accusative singular)
lodówki (accusative plural)
lodówką (instrumental singular)
lodówkami (instrumental plural)
lodówce (locative singular)
lodówkach (locative plural)
lodówko (singular vocative)
lodówki (plural vocative)

Clangula hyemalis
Clangula hyemalis#Translingual

long-tailed duck, oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis)


suszarka

suszarka (nominative singular)
suszarki (nominative plural)
suszarki (genitive singular)
suszarek (genitive plural)
suszarce (dative singular)
suszarkom (dative plural)
suszarkę (accusative singular)
suszarki (accusative plural)
suszarką (instrumental singular)
suszarkami (instrumental plural)
suszarce (locative singular)
suszarkach (locative plural)
suszarko (singular vocative)
suszarki (plural vocative)

suszarka bębnowa

dryer (appliance that removes water from something)


Pandora

Pandora (nominative singular)
Pandory (genitive singular)
Pandorze (dative singular)
Pandorę (accusative singular)
Pandorą (instrumental singular)
Pandorze (locative singular)
Pandoro (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Πανδώρα (Pandṓra).


kuchnia

kuchenny (adjective)
kuchnia (nominative singular)
kuchnie (nominative plural)
kuchni (genitive singular)
kuchni (genitive plural)
kuchni (dative singular)
kuchniom (dative plural)
kuchnię (accusative singular)
kuchnie (accusative plural)
kuchnią (instrumental singular)
kuchniami (instrumental plural)
kuchni (locative singular)
kuchniach (locative plural)
kuchnio (singular vocative)
kuchnie (plural vocative)

→ Bulgarian: ку́хня (kúhnja)

→ Lower Sorbian: kuchnja

→ Macedonian: кујна (kujna)

→ Old Ruthenian: кухнꙗ (kuxnja)

Belarusian: ку́хня (kúxnja)

Carpathian Rusyn: ку́хня (kúxnja)

Ukrainian: ку́хня (kúxnja)

→? Old Slovak: kuchňa

Pannonian Rusyn: кухня (kuxnja)

desctree

→ Russian: ку́хня (kúxnja)
→ Armenian: կուխնի (kuxni)
→ Bezhta: кухна (kuxna)
→ Chechen: кухни (kuxni)
→ Kildin Sami: кухня (kuxnja)
→ Kyrgyz: кухня (kuhnya)
→ Turkmen: kuhnýa
→ Yakut: куукуна (kuukuna)

kitchen (room or area for preparing food)

cuisine (characteristic style of preparing food)


esencja

esencja (nominative singular)
esencje (nominative plural)
esencji (genitive singular)
esencji (genitive plural)
esencyj (archaic genitive plural)
esencji (dative singular)
esencjom (dative plural)
esencję (accusative singular)
esencje (accusative plural)
esencją (instrumental singular)
esencjami (instrumental plural)
esencji (locative singular)
esencjach (locative plural)
esencjo (singular vocative)
esencje (plural vocative)


egzystencja

egzystencja (nominative singular)
egzystencje (nominative plural)
egzystencji (genitive singular)
egzystencji (genitive plural)
egzystencyj (archaic genitive plural)
egzystencji (dative singular)
egzystencjom (dative plural)
egzystencję (accusative singular)
egzystencje (accusative plural)
egzystencją (instrumental singular)
egzystencjami (instrumental plural)
egzystencji (locative singular)
egzystencjach (locative plural)
egzystencjo (singular vocative)
egzystencje (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin existentia.

lbor

existence (state of being, existing, or occurring; beinghood)


toaleta

toaleta (nominative singular)
toalety (nominative plural)
toalety (genitive singular)
toalet (genitive plural)
toalecie (dative singular)
toaletom (dative plural)
toaletę (accusative singular)
toalety (accusative plural)
toaletą (instrumental singular)
toaletami (instrumental plural)
toalecie (locative singular)
toaletach (locative plural)
toaleto (singular vocative)
toalety (plural vocative)


polszczyzna

polszczyzna (nominative singular)
polszczyzny (genitive singular)
polszczyźnie (dative singular)
polszczyznę (accusative singular)
polszczyzną (instrumental singular)
polszczyźnie (locative singular)
polszczyzno (singular vocative)


Erytrea

Erytrea (nominative singular)
Erytree (nominative plural)
Erytrei (genitive singular)
Erytrei (genitive plural)
Erytrei (dative singular)
Erytreom (dative plural)
Erytreę (accusative singular)
Erytree (accusative plural)
Erytreą (instrumental singular)
Erytreami (instrumental plural)
Erytrei (locative singular)
Erytreach (locative plural)
Erytreo (singular vocative)
Erytree (plural vocative)

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


czerwień

czerwień (nominative singular)
czerwienie (nominative plural)
czerwieni (genitive singular)
czerwieni (genitive plural)
czerwieni (dative singular)
czerwieniom (dative plural)
czerwień (accusative singular)
czerwienie (accusative plural)
czerwienią (instrumental singular)
czerwieniami (instrumental plural)
czerwieni (locative singular)
czerwieniach (locative plural)
czerwieni (singular vocative)
czerwienie (plural vocative)

przesunięcie ku czerwieni


musztarda

pl-noun

musztarda f (related adjective musztardowy)

musztardowy (adjective)
musztarda (nominative singular)
musztardy (nominative plural)
musztardy (genitive singular)
musztard (genitive plural)
musztardzie (dative singular)
musztardom (dative plural)
musztardę (accusative singular)
musztardy (accusative plural)
musztardą (instrumental singular)
musztardami (instrumental plural)
musztardzie (locative singular)
musztardach (locative plural)
musztardo (singular vocative)
musztardy (plural vocative)

Coordinate term: gorczyca

(uncountable) mustard (paste made from seeds of the mustard plant and used as a condiment or a spice)


plotka

plotka f (diminutive ploteczka, augmentative plota)

ploteczka (diminutive)
plota (augmentative)
plotka (nominative singular)
plotki (nominative plural)
plotki (genitive singular)
plotek (genitive plural)
plotce (dative singular)
plotkom (dative plural)
plotkę (accusative singular)
plotki (accusative plural)
plotką (instrumental singular)
plotkami (instrumental plural)
plotce (locative singular)
plotkach (locative plural)
plotko (singular vocative)
plotki (plural vocative)


Lizbona

lizboński (adjective)
Lizbona (nominative singular)
Lizbony (genitive singular)
Lizbonie (dative singular)
Lizbonę (accusative singular)
Lizboną (instrumental singular)
Lizbonie (locative singular)
Lizbono (singular vocative)

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Lisbon (a port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; capital city of Portugal)


substancja

substancja (nominative singular)
substancje (nominative plural)
substancji (genitive singular)
substancji (genitive plural)
substancyj (archaic genitive plural)
substancji (dative singular)
substancjom (dative plural)
substancję (accusative singular)
substancje (accusative plural)
substancją (instrumental singular)
substancjami (instrumental plural)
substancji (locative singular)
substancjach (locative plural)
substancjo (singular vocative)
substancje (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin substantia.


owca

owca f (diminutive owieczka, related adjective owczy)

owieczka (diminutive)
owczy (adjective)
owca (nominative singular)
owce (nominative plural)
owcy (genitive singular)
owiec (genitive plural)
owcy (dative singular)
owcom (dative plural)
owcę (accusative singular)
owce (accusative plural)
owcą (instrumental singular)
owcami (instrumental plural)
owcy (locative singular)
owcach (locative plural)
owco (singular vocative)
owce (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish owca, from Proto-Slavic *ovьca.

Coordinate term: baran


koszula

koszula f (diminutive koszulka, augmentative koszulsko)

koszulka (diminutive)
koszulsko (augmentative)
koszula (nominative singular)
koszule (nominative plural)
koszuli (genitive singular)
koszul (genitive plural)
koszuli (dative singular)
koszulom (dative plural)
koszulę (accusative singular)
koszule (accusative plural)
koszulą (instrumental singular)
koszulami (instrumental plural)
koszuli (locative singular)
koszulach (locative plural)
koszulo (singular vocative)
koszule (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *košuľa, from Latin casula.

gown (part of the underwear that covers the torso and thighs)


sieć

sieć f (diminutive siatka, related adjective sieciowy)

siatka (diminutive)
sieciowy (adjective)
sieć (nominative singular)
sieci (nominative plural)
sieci (genitive singular)
sieci (genitive plural)
sieci (dative singular)
sieciom (dative plural)
sieć (accusative singular)
sieci (accusative plural)
siecią (instrumental singular)
sieciami (instrumental plural)
sieci (locative singular)
sieciach (locative plural)
sieci (singular vocative)
sieci (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish sieć. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from English web. Sense 4 is a semantic loan from English network.

sl

net (device made from such mesh, used for catching fish, butterflies, etc.) [with na (+ accusative) ‘for what’]

network (all people performing the same activity in a given area)

sieć komputerowa

network (set of interconnected roads, transmitters, wires, or conduits used to move or transmit someone or something)

network (business that provides a specific type of signal using interconnected transmitters and cables, i.e. of a telephone)

network (group of facilities or devices in a given area that perform the same function or have the same owner)

chain (series of stores or businesses with the same brand name)

net, mesh (large number of intersecting grooves or lines on some type of surface)

chain, net (all actions or relationships that are intended to capture someone or gain power over someone)

sieć większa

sieć mniejsza

sieć dziwna

(obsolete) wedding reception ceremony of stretching a tablecloth over the bride


reklama

reklama (nominative singular)
reklamy (nominative plural)
reklamy (genitive singular)
reklam (genitive plural)
reklamie (dative singular)
reklamom (dative plural)
reklamę (accusative singular)
reklamy (accusative plural)
reklamą (instrumental singular)
reklamami (instrumental plural)
reklamie (locative singular)
reklamach (locative plural)
reklamo (singular vocative)
reklamy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French réclame, from Latin reclāmāre.

(advertising) commercial (advertisement in a common media format)


brzoskwinia

brzoskwinka (diminutive)
brzoskwinia (nominative singular)
brzoskwinie (nominative plural)
brzoskwini (genitive singular)
brzoskwiń (genitive plural)
brzoskwini (dative singular)
brzoskwiniom (dative plural)
brzoskwinię (accusative singular)
brzoskwinie (accusative plural)
brzoskwinią (instrumental singular)
brzoskwiniami (instrumental plural)
brzoskwini (locative singular)
brzoskwiniach (locative plural)
brzoskwinio (singular vocative)
brzoskwinie (plural vocative)

desc

→ Russian: броскви́ня (broskvínja), бросви́ня (brosvínja), броски́ня (broskínja), броскви́на (broskvína), брускви́на (bruskvína)

From earlier brzoskiew, from Proto-Slavic *bersky + -nia.


gruszka

gruszeczka (diminutive)
gruszka (nominative singular)
gruszki (nominative plural)
gruszki (genitive singular)
gruszek (genitive plural)
gruszce (dative singular)
gruszkom (dative plural)
gruszkę (accusative singular)
gruszki (accusative plural)
gruszką (instrumental singular)
gruszkami (instrumental plural)
gruszce (locative singular)
gruszkach (locative plural)
gruszko (singular vocative)
gruszki (plural vocative)

gruszka do betonu

douche, rubber irrigator (device used to introduce a stream of water into the body for medical or hygienic reasons, or the stream of water itself)


piłka

pl-noun

piłka f (diminutive piłeczka, augmentative piła)

piłeczka (diminutive)
piła (augmentative)
piłka (nominative singular)
piłki (nominative plural)
piłki (genitive singular)
piłek (genitive plural)
piłce (dative singular)
piłkom (dative plural)
piłkę (accusative singular)
piłki (accusative plural)
piłką (instrumental singular)
piłkami (instrumental plural)
piłce (locative singular)
piłkach (locative plural)
piłko (singular vocative)
piłki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish piłka. Displaced Old Polish miecz and mięcz.

ball (object, generally spherical, used for playing games)


wiara

wiara (nominative singular)
wiary (nominative plural)
wiary (genitive singular)
wiar (genitive plural)
wierze (dative singular)
wiarom (dative plural)
wiarę (accusative singular)
wiary (accusative plural)
wiarą (instrumental singular)
wiarami (instrumental plural)
wierze (locative singular)
wiarach (locative plural)
wiaro (singular vocative)
wiary (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish wiera, from Proto-Slavic *věra. Related to English verity.


partia

partyjka (diminutive)
partia (nominative singular)
partie (nominative plural)
partii (genitive singular)
partii (genitive plural)
partyj (archaic genitive plural)
partii (dative singular)
partiom (dative plural)
partię (accusative singular)
partie (accusative plural)
partią (instrumental singular)
partiami (instrumental plural)
partii (locative singular)
partiach (locative plural)
partio (singular vocative)
partie (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: partiô

→ Masurian: partijá

Borrowed from French partie. First attested in the second half of the 17th century.

ref

Paweł Kupiszewski (14.11.2016) “PARTYJA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “partia”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

(politics) party (political party; political group considered as a formal whole, united under one specific political platform of issues and campaigning to take part in government)

Communist Party
Communist Party#English:_title

Communist Party (an individual communist party within a specific context)

portion (that which is divided off or separated, as a part from a whole; a separated part of anything)

(games) match, game (particular instance of playing a game)

part (section of a dramatic, musical or dance work intended to be performed by a specific person or group of people)

marriage candidate (person suitable for marriage)

batch (quantity of anything produced at one operation)

(archaic, military) party (a discrete detachment of troops, especially for a particular purpose)

(obsolete) grouping (collection of things or people)


brać

brać (nominative singular)
braci (genitive singular)
braci (dative singular)
brać (accusative singular)
bracią (instrumental singular)
braci (locative singular)
braci (singular vocative)

(collective, dated) company; band (group of people associating with each other)


podoba

podoba (nominative singular)
podoby (nominative plural)
podoby (genitive singular)
podob (genitive plural)
podobie (dative singular)
podobom (dative plural)
podobę (accusative singular)
podoby (accusative plural)
podobą (instrumental singular)
podobami (instrumental plural)
podobie (locative singular)
podobach (locative plural)
podobo (singular vocative)
podoby (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish podoba, from Proto-Slavic *podoba.

(dialectal) likeness, resemblance, semblance, similarity


Słowenia

Słowenia (nominative singular)
Słowenii (genitive singular)
Słowenii (dative singular)
Słowenię (accusative singular)
Słowenią (instrumental singular)
Słowenii (locative singular)
Słowenio (singular vocative)

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


płeć

płeć (nominative singular)
płcie (nominative plural)
płci (genitive singular)
płci (genitive plural)
płci (dative singular)
płciom (dative plural)
płeć (accusative singular)
płcie (accusative plural)
płcią (instrumental singular)
płciami (instrumental plural)
płci (locative singular)
płciach (locative plural)
płci (singular vocative)
płcie (plural vocative)

sex, gender (kind of an organism as determined by its reproductive organs)


funkcja

funkcyjny (adjective)
funkcja (nominative singular)
funkcje (nominative plural)
funkcji (genitive singular)
funkcji (genitive plural)
funkcyj (archaic genitive plural)
funkcji (dative singular)
funkcjom (dative plural)
funkcję (accusative singular)
funkcje (accusative plural)
funkcją (instrumental singular)
funkcjami (instrumental plural)
funkcji (locative singular)
funkcjach (locative plural)
funkcjo (singular vocative)
funkcje (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: fónkcjô

Learned borrowing from Latin fūnctiō. First attested in 1656–1688.

“FUNKCYJA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 08.09.2008

function (what something does or is used for)

function (a professional or official position)

(computing) function (a routine that receives zero or more arguments and may return a result)

(mathematics) function (a relation in which each element of the domain is associated with exactly one element of the codomain)

(literary) function (a relation where one thing is dependent on another for its existence, value, or significance)


Łotwa

Łotwa (nominative singular)
Łotwy (genitive singular)
Łotwie (dative singular)
Łotwę (accusative singular)
Łotwą (instrumental singular)
Łotwie (locative singular)
Łotwo (singular vocative)


Chorwacja

Chorwacja (nominative singular)
Chorwacji (genitive singular)
Chorwacji (dative singular)
Chorwację (accusative singular)
Chorwacją (instrumental singular)
Chorwacji (locative singular)
Chorwacjo (singular vocative)

Internationalism, compare English Croatia, ultimatetly from Latin Croatia.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


parafilia

parafilia (nominative singular)
parafilii (genitive singular)
parafilii (dative singular)
parafilię (accusative singular)
parafilią (instrumental singular)
parafilii (locative singular)
parafilio (singular vocative)

(sexology) paraphilia (sexual deviation)


płaszczyzna

płaszczyzna (nominative singular)
płaszczyzny (nominative plural)
płaszczyzny (genitive singular)
płaszczyzn (genitive plural)
płaszczyźnie (dative singular)
płaszczyznom (dative plural)
płaszczyznę (accusative singular)
płaszczyzny (accusative plural)
płaszczyzną (instrumental singular)
płaszczyznami (instrumental plural)
płaszczyźnie (locative singular)
płaszczyznach (locative plural)
płaszczyzno (singular vocative)
płaszczyzny (plural vocative)

plane (flat surface extending infinitely in all directions)

płaszczyzna zespolona


strzałka

strzałka (nominative singular)
strzałki (nominative plural)
strzałki (genitive singular)
strzałek (genitive plural)
strzałce (dative singular)
strzałkom (dative plural)
strzałkę (accusative singular)
strzałki (accusative plural)
strzałką (instrumental singular)
strzałkami (instrumental plural)
strzałce (locative singular)
strzałkach (locative plural)
strzałko (singular vocative)
strzałki (plural vocative)

(zoology, horse anatomy) frog (organ on the bottom of a horse’s hoof)

puszczać/puścić strzałkę

(colloquial, telephony) missed call (telephone call that is deliberately terminated by the caller before being answered by its intended recipient in order to communicate a pre-agreed message)


Patagonia

Patagonia (nominative singular)
Patagonii (genitive singular)
Patagonii (dative singular)
Patagonię (accusative singular)
Patagonią (instrumental singular)
Patagonii (locative singular)
Patagonio (singular vocative)


strzała

strzałka (diminutive)
strzała (nominative singular)
strzały (nominative plural)
strzały (genitive singular)
strzał (genitive plural)
strzale (dative singular)
strzałom (dative plural)
strzałę (accusative singular)
strzały (accusative plural)
strzałą (instrumental singular)
strzałami (instrumental plural)
strzale (locative singular)
strzałach (locative plural)
strzało (singular vocative)
strzały (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish strzała, from Proto-Slavic *strěla, from Proto-Indo-European *strel-, *strēl-, from *ster- (“line, streak, stripe; jet, spurt; beam”). Cognate with Czech střela (“projectile”), Lithuanian strėlė (“arrow”), English streal (“arrow”), German Strahl (“beam, ray”).


Wigilia

pl-prop

Wigilia f (related adjective wigilijny or wigiliowy)

wigilijny (adjective)
wigiliowy (adjective)
Wigilia (nominative singular)
Wigilie (nominative plural)
Wigilii (genitive singular)
Wigilii (genitive plural)
Wigilij (archaic genitive plural)
Wigilii (dative singular)
Wigiliom (dative plural)
Wigilię (accusative singular)
Wigilie (accusative plural)
Wigilią (instrumental singular)
Wigiliami (instrumental plural)
Wigilii (locative singular)
Wigiliach (locative plural)
Wigilio (singular vocative)
Wigilie (plural vocative)

From wigilia. Compare Italian Vigilia (“Christmas Eve”).

(Christianity) Christmas Eve (evening before Christmas Day)

(Christianity) Christmas Eve (day before Christmas Day)


psica

psica (nominative singular)
psice (nominative plural)
psicy (genitive singular)
psic (genitive plural)
psicy (dative singular)
psicom (dative plural)
psicę (accusative singular)
psice (accusative plural)
psicą (instrumental singular)
psicami (instrumental plural)
psicy (locative singular)
psicach (locative plural)
psico (singular vocative)
psice (plural vocative)


macierz

macierz (nominative singular)
macierze (nominative plural)
macierzy (genitive singular)
macierzy (genitive plural)
macierzy (dative singular)
macierzom (dative plural)
macierz (accusative singular)
macierze (accusative plural)
macierzą (instrumental singular)
macierzami (instrumental plural)
macierzy (locative singular)
macierzach (locative plural)
macierzy (singular vocative)
macierze (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish macierz (“mother”). Doublet of maciora and mutra.

inh+

(dated or literary) motherland (country of origin)


powódź

powódź (nominative singular)
powodzie (nominative plural)
powodzi (genitive singular)
powodzi (genitive plural)
powodzi (dative singular)
powodziom (dative plural)
powódź (accusative singular)
powodzie (accusative plural)
powodzią (instrumental singular)
powodziami (instrumental plural)
powodzi (locative singular)
powodziach (locative plural)
powodzi (singular vocative)
powodzie (plural vocative)


kanapka

kanapeczka (diminutive)
kanapka (nominative singular)
kanapki (nominative plural)
kanapki (genitive singular)
kanapek (genitive plural)
kanapce (dative singular)
kanapkom (dative plural)
kanapkę (accusative singular)
kanapki (accusative plural)
kanapką (instrumental singular)
kanapkami (instrumental plural)
kanapce (locative singular)
kanapkach (locative plural)
kanapko (singular vocative)
kanapki (plural vocative)


buda

budka (diminutive)
buda (nominative singular)
budy (nominative plural)
budy (genitive singular)
bud (genitive plural)
budzie (dative singular)
budom (dative plural)
budę (accusative singular)
budy (accusative plural)
budą (instrumental singular)
budami (instrumental plural)
budzie (locative singular)
budach (locative plural)
budo (singular vocative)
budy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish buda, from Middle High German buode. Compare German Bude.

(usually derogatory) cabin, shed (temporary structure to shelter something)

(colloquial, education) school (institution dedicated to teaching and learning)

(informal, soccer) goal (area into which the players attempt to put an object)