o

Opowiedz mi o twojej pracy.

Ta książka jest o potędze miłości.

Spotkajmy się o piątej po południu.

Była piękną kobietą o długich jasnych włosach.

She was a beautiful woman with long fair hair.

chłopiec o zielonych oczach

(used in descriptions) with, having [with locative]

Nie opierajcie się o te drzwi.

Dziewczynka uderzyła głową o stół.

The little girl hit her head on the table.

Weronika poprosiła mnie wczoraj o pomoc.

Walczyliśmy dzielnie o naszą wolność.

We were bravely fighting for our freedom.

Spóźniła się o piętnaście minut.

Czuję się o wiele lepiej.

Obniż podkład o dwa półtony.

Lower the instrumental by two semitones.


we

Alternative form of w, used mostly before words that begin with consonant clusters.


do

Zwykle jeżdżę do pracy pociągiem.

Chcę wrócić do domu.

I want to go home. (literally, “I want to return to home.”)

Proszę włożyć mleko do lodówki.

Zapomniałem szczoteczki do zębów.

I forgot my toothbrush (literally, “I forgot brush for teeth.”)

Masz ochotę na coś do picia?

Napisałam do ciebie list.

Szymon w każdą sobotę dzwoni do mamy.

denotes the subject of an address or action; to

Do zeszłego miesiąca mieszkałem całe życie w Łodzi.

Until last month I had lived in Łódź my entire life.

Pracujemy od dziewiątej do piątej.

Grozi mu do sześciu lat więzienia.

He could get up to six years' imprisonment.

Nasz syn ma tylko pięć lat, a już umie liczyć do stu.

Our son is only five and can already count to 100.

Mój szef chce, żebym do jutra skończył raport.

My boss wants me to finish the report by tomorrow.

denotes a deadline; by (indicates an intended deadline)


w

Od roku mieszkam we Francji.

On siedzi w więzieniu za morderstwo.

Widziałam cię wczoraj w pociągu.

denotes inessive position; in, at, on [with locative]

Urodziłem się w czerwcu.

W niedzielę zawsze chodzimy do kościoła.

W zeszłym roku podróżowaliśmy po Europie.

+obj

denotes position in time; in, on [with locative or (sometimes) accusative]

Byłem w szoku po wypadku.

Kupił dziewczynie naszyjnik w postaci serca.

He bought his girlfriend a necklace in the shape of a heart.

Musi być coś, w czym jesteś dobry?

denotes approximate position; at [with locative]

Włożył koszulę w spodnie.

Uderzyłem go prosto w twarz.

Skręć w lewo za pocztą.

Turn (to the) left after the post office.

denotes illative movement; into, in, to [with accusative]

Stary młyn przekształcono w nowoczesne mieszkania.

They turned the old mill into modern apartments.

Pokrój ziemniaki w małe kawałki.

denotes a change of state; into [with accusative]

koszula w kratkę

geopard w cętki.

Miała na sobie długą, granatową suknię w złote gwiazdki.

She was wearing a long, dark blue dress decorated with little gold stars.

used in some noun constructions to denote "in the pattern of" decorated with [with accusative]

Cały egzamin skończyłem w godzinę.

I finished the whole exam within an hour.

denotes length of time; within, in the space of, in [with accusative]

Zróbmy coś fajnego, tylko w dwójkę.

Let's do something fun, just the two of us.

Byliśmy w piątkę.

We were in a group of five/There were five of us.

W tę grę można grać w cztery osoby.

denotes an amount or number; in, as, in a group of [with accusative]


z

Inherited from Old Polish z, from Proto-Slavic *jьz.

Jesteś z przodu czy z tyłu?

denotes origin or cause; because of, from

Jestem z Polski.

jeden z dziesięciu

motyka z drewna

denotes the composition of an item; from, out of, of


z

Inherited from Old Polish z, from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n).

denotes comitative or sociative relation; with, alongside

Podróżuje z prędkością światła!

denotes instrumental relation; with, by means of


u

palce u nogi

denotes a part belonging to a larger whole; of

u drzwi

u bram

u Kasi

u rodziców

u lekarza

u dentysty

denotes position with something else; at, by; with; chez

denotes tutor or doer of an action; at, with; from

Near-synonyms: pośród, wpośród, wśród

denotes someone or something for which something else is named

u mężczyzn

u dzikich zwierząt

denotes someone or something about which something may apply; among; in


co

co drugi dzień

co miesiąc

co rok


po

W piątki po pracy często chodzimy do pubu.

On Fridays after work we often go to the pub.

Cały dzień czyta książkę po książce o polityce.

All day long he reads book after book about politics.

after (later in time or sequence) [with locative]

Jadą po nas! Zmykajcie!

Mój brat spędził miesiąc podróżując po Polsce.

My brother spent a month travelling around Poland.

Wykłady zaczynają się o kwadrans po ósmej.

Kobiety siedzą po prawej stronie, a mężczyźni po lewej.

Women sit on the right hand, and men on the left.

Co zrobić ze słoikiem po dżemie?

for indicates that a container was previously used for something [with locative]

Tę całą biżuterię odziedziczyłam po matce.

I inherited all this jewellery from my mother.

Od razu rozpoznałem go po grzmiącym głosie.

I instantly recognised him from the booming voice.

Nazwaliśmy naszego syna po zmarłym wujku.

after (in allusion to), for [with locative]

Jest już po tobie, brachu.

Musimy pójść do sklepu po mleko.

for (in order to obtain) [with accusative]

Woda w piwnicy była po kolana.

The water in the cellar was up to our knees.

Mam trzy zgrzewki po sześć puszek, czyli osiemnaście puszek.

I have three multipacks of six cans, i.e. eighteen cans.

Kupiłem te bilety po 20 złotych, a oferuję je po 10.

I bought these tickets for 20 złoty each, but I'm offering them for 10.

in, for, at denotes a quantity of something [with accusative]

Jego ulubioną potrawą jest karkówka po cygańsku.

Lubię ją, ale tylko po przyjacielsku.

according to, in the way of, a la, as [with dative]

Świetnie mówisz po polsku jak na cudzoziemca.

Nie umiem pisać po chińsku.


pole

(Kuyavia) Alternative form of podle (“next to, near”)


Siedzę na koniu.

denotes superessive position; on [with locative]

Mieszkam na wsi.

denotes location with events; at [with locative]

Uważaj, zaraz to na mnie spadnie!

denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]

Sprawozdanie ma być gotowe na piątą.

The report should be ready by five o'clock.

denotes the length of time for which an action will be done; for, by [with accusative]

lek na grypę

na zdrowie

denotes a goal or purpose; for, to deal with [with accusative]

pięć metrów na sekundę

denotes frequency; per [with accusative]

pasażer na gapę

deser na kwaśno

denotes manner [with accusative or adverb]

(mathematics) surjective usage; onto [with accusative]


per

Learned borrowing from Latin per, from Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

(literary) forms adverbs from nouns [with nominative]


od

Jesteśmy dość daleko od domu.

Odsuń się od niej!

indicates separation, distance, loss of contact; from, away

Dostałem dziś list od siostry.

Odchodzę od tego budynku.

indicates origin of movement; from, away

Pracuję codziennie od siódmej do piętnastej.

Od jutra będę mieszkał we własnym mieszkaniu.

Starting tomorrow I'll be living in my own flat.

Odlicz od dziesięciu w dół.

Czekam na ciebie od osiemnastej.

indicates moment of origin in time; from, since, for

Jestem mokry od deszczu

indicates source or cause; from, because of

Czy widzisz przez dziurkę od klucza?

Can you see through the keyhole? (literally, “Can you see through the hole for the key?”)

Zamknąłeś okno od samochodu?

Janusz jest wyższy od Piotra.

(Middle Polish) used to indicate the author of a letter or work; from, by

(Middle Polish) used in passive constructions; by

(Middle Polish) indicates material; from


ode

Variant of od. From Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti

I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie, ale nas zbaw ode złego.

And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.


pod

pod ziemią

denotes location; under, underneath [with instrumental]

denotes movement; to under, to underneath [with accusative]

pod wiatr

Nie płyń pod prąd!

denotes movement against; against [with accusative]

Mieszkała pod Warszawą

denotes near location; near [with instrumental]

denotes movement to a near location; toward [with accusative]

denotes protection, guidance, or watching under [with instrumental]

denotes motion towards protection, guidance, or watching to under [with accusative]

pod przymusem

pod wpływem

denotes cause under; under [with instrumental]

denotes consequences of unfulfilled obligation under, on pain of [with instrumental]

pod tytułem

denotes name of object; under [with instrumental]

denotes location, particularly of addresses; at [with instrumental]

denotes movement, particularly of addresses; to [with accusative]

pod piórem

denotes instrumentality or cause; because of, with [with instrumental]

denotes recepient; to, aimed at [with accusative]

(colloquial) denotes amount less than; under [with accusative]

(colloquial) denotes object of eating immediately after drinking [with accusative]

(colloquial) denotes cause of celebration [with accusative]


za

Dzieci schowały się za murem.

Skręć w prawo tuż za restauracją.

behind, beyond, after denotes location [with instrumental]

Ciekawe, co kryje się za jej dziwnym zachowaniem.

I wonder what's behind her strange behaviour.

behind indicates the cause of something [with instrumental]

Jestem za strajkiem.

Czy ona jest za naszym pomysłem?

godzina za godziną

after later in time or sequence [with instrumental]

Wyjeżdżamy za granicę na kilka dni.

We're going abroad for a few days. (literally, “We're going beyond the border for a few days.”)

behind, beyond denotes movement [with accusative]

Trzymać kogoś za rękę.

by denotes the object being grabbed [with accusative]

Za miesiąc będę miał 25 lat.

za pięć szósta

in, to with time constructions [with accusative]

On był wdzięczny za naszą pomoc.

Ile zapłaciłeś za to?

za starych czasów

za królowej Wiktorii


lada

used together with the name of a time unit, indicating that something is going to happen in the near future [with nominative]


ku

denotes dative action, used to indicate the target or recipient of an action; to

ku mojemu zaskoczeniu

used to indicate a resulting feeling or emotion; to


spod

Univerbation of z + pod. Doublet of spód.


nad

Nad biurkiem wisi piękny obraz.

Above the desk hangs a beautiful painting.

denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]

Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem.

Opole leży nad Odrą.

denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [with instrumental]

Podnieś ręce nad głowę!

denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]

W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro.

denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [with accusative]

(literary) denotes position in comparison; than; over [with accusative]

Nauczyciel umiejętnie panuje nad klasą.

The teacher skillfully keeps control over the class.

over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [with instrumental]

Kocham to nad życie.

I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.

(literary) denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;

Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu.

denotes subject of activities; on [with instrumental]

Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami!

Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!

Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli.

Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.

with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [with instrumental or (stylized) accusative]


à la

a la (in the style or manner of) [with nominative ‘what’]


vis-à-vis

Unadapted borrowing from French vis-à-vis.


krom

(archaic) except, apart from, but [with genitive]

(archaic) besides, beyond, other than [with genitive]


bez

Proszę o kawę bez mleka.

extra placitum, besz voley, nad volyą

1532, Bartłomiej z Bydgoszczy, Słownik łacińsko-polski, page 116b:

(Middle Polish) without; Further details are uncertain.


bez

(Poznań) because of [with accusative ‘what’]

Nie tu szosą tylko drogą polną bez pola my jechali z chłopem sąsiadki.

2000, Aneta Majkowska, Polszczyzna mówiona mieszkańców Częstochowy, page 185:

We drove through the fields with the neighbor's man, not on the paved road, but on a dirt road.

(dialectal, Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia) across, through [with accusative ‘what’]


miasto

Inherited from Old Polish miasto (“instead of”).


jako

as (in the role of; by way of) [with nominative]


chyba

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xyba. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “chyba”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN

Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “chyba”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego

(Middle Polish) denotes lack; without; except; barring [with genitive]


à propos

Unadapted borrowing from French à propos.

ubor

Chciałem już zwrócić się do dziewczyny z jakąś uwagą à propos toaletowej sceny, natychmiast jednak ugryzłem się w język.

I was about to address the girl with some remark apropos the toilet scene, but I immediately bit my tongue.

apropos, speaking of (regarding or concerning) [with genitive ‘apropos what’]


mimo

Inherited from Old Polish mimo. By surface analysis, minąć + -mo.

+obj

despite, in spite of [with accusative or (less commonly) genitive]


przy

Ona siedziała przy mnie.

Nie rób tego przy dzieciach!

Przy nim wyglądał bardzo nisko.

in front of (in the presence of, or in contrast to)

Guziki przy sweterze.

Asystent przy szefie.

indicates belonging to something higher in position or power

Wypadek przy pięćdziesięciu kilometrów na godzinę.

An accident at fifty kilometers an hour.

Pogadamy o tym przy piwie.


przez

Inherited from Old Polish przez, from Proto-Slavic *perz.

Dlaczego kurczak przeszedł przez ulicę?

Why did the chicken cross the road? (literally, “Why did the chicken walk across the road?”)

Nic nie widać przez to małe okienko.

You can't see anything through this tiny window.

Film ten został nakręcony przez studentów.

Mój korepetytor oferuje lekcje przez internet.

My tutor offers lessons via the internet.

Samolot leci przez góry.

Przez nas umarł mężczyzna.

Był w domu przez 6 dni.


przez

Ja jestem kaleka przez chleba.

1960, Kazimierz Nitsch, Wybór polskich tekstów gwarowych, page 179:

I am a cripple without livelihood [lit. bread].

(regional, Chełmno-Dobrzyń) without, lacking


koło

Inherited from Old Polish koło. Doublet of kolo. Related to English cycle and wheel.

Usiądź koło niej.

koło dziewiątej

(colloquial) around, about (in the vicinity of)


dla

Inherited from Old Polish dla, from Proto-Slavic *dьľa, *děľa.

Zrobiłem dla ciebie kanapkę.

Reszta dla pana.

Keep the change. (literally, “The rest to you.”)

Palenie tytoniu jest bardzo szkodliwe dla zdrowia.

Smoking tobacco is very bad for one's health.

Ta wyspa to rezerwat dla ptaków.

for, in aid of (intended to benefit, cure, support, etc.)

Robię to tylko dla zabawy.

Jaki był wynik? 1:0 dla Polski!

Nie chcę brać ślubu dla ślubu.

I don't want to marry for the sake of it.


beze

Alternative form of bez (“without, lacking”); used only with the pronoun mnie


blisko

Inherited from Old Polish blisko. By surface analysis, bliski + -o.

Mieszkam blisko sklepu.

Spotkajmy się bliżej wtorku.


przed

denotes location; before, in front of; ahead of [with instrumental]

denotes movement; in front of [with accusative]

denotes time; before [with instrumental]

denotes how long ago something happened; ago [with instrumental]

before (under consideration, judgment, authority of)

uciekać przed czymś

chować się przed kimś

used in government with some verbs to denote prevention; against, for; from [with instrumental]

denotes witnesses to an action; in front of [with instrumental]


między

Inherited from Old Polish miedzy. The nasal vowel was added later due to the preceding m-. Doublet of miedzy (locative of miedza).

denotes movement; to in between [with accusative]

denotes location; between [with instrumental]

denotes objects mutually affected by something; between, among [with instrumental]

between (in transit from (one to the other, or connecting places)) [with instrumental]

denotes result of division; between [with accusative]

denotes individual of a group; among; between [with instrumental]


niż

Inherited from Old Polish niż. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e).

surf

Londyn jest większy niż Warszawa.


podczas

Univerbation of pod czas. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Belarusian падча́с (padčás), Kashubian pòdczas, Russian подча́с (podčás), Silesian podczas, and Ukrainian під ча́с (pid čás).

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “podczas”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

during (at the same time of) [with genitive]


obok

Univerbation of o + bok (“side”). First attested in 1621–1632. Compare Kashubian òbòk.

“OBOK”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 14.04.2011


przeciw

Inherited from Old Polish przeciw. Cognate with Latin pretium (whence English price).

against (experience detracting action from)

(archaic) against (in opposite motion to)

(obsolete) denotes object of negative emtions; for

(obsolete) across (on the other side of)

(Middle Polish) about, concerning, as for

(Middle Polish) denotes object of efforts

Y záſie ine mákowice ná wierzchu ſlupow z wierzchu podług miáry ſlupá przećiw ſiatkám [contra retiacula].

1561, J. Leopolita, Biblija, page 3.Reg 7/20:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.

Adversus et adversum praepositio. Przećiwko. [...] Aliquando pro Erga, Przećiw.

In – Przecziw, na przécziw.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 515b:

(Middle Polish) against; Further details are uncertain.


około

denotes inexactitude of location; near, about, around [with genitive]

Józek był tu około trzeciej.

denotes inexactitude of time; near, about, around, circa [with genitive]

(obsolete) denotes inexactitude of subject matter; near, about, around [with genitive]

Circum, około

1532, Bartłomiej z Bydgoszczy, Słownik łacińsko-polski, page 242:

(Middle Polish) around; Further details are uncertain.


niczym

Stał niczym drzewo.


wśród

Inherited from Old Polish weśród. By surface analysis, univerbation of w + śród.

surf

Near-synonyms: między, pomiędzy

denotes location of being surrounded; among

Near-synonyms: między, pomiędzy

Near-synonym: u

denotes something detected in a crowd; among

Near-synonym: w

Near-synonyms: podczas, w

(obsolete) denotes time in which something occurs; at

(obsolete) denotes internal location; within


podle

(archaic) according to [with genitive ‘whom’]

(archaic or dialectal, Kuyavia) next to, near, beside [with genitive ‘what’]


kiele

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń) Alternative form of koło


pomiędzy

Univerbation of po + między. First attested in 1544. Compare Kashubian pòmiedzë.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “pomiedzy”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

denotes movement; to in between [with accusative]

denotes location; between [with instrumental]

denotes objects mutually affected by something; between, among [with instrumental]


dzięki

From dzięka + i, which was also displaced by this term. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from German dank, French grâce à, and English thanks to.


wedle

...kłámáli, zwodźili, á zmieniáli wedle czásu słowá swoie.

1608, Piotr Skarga, Zawstydzenie nowych Arianów, y wzywanie ich do pokuty y wiáry Chrześćijáńſkiey, Kraków: Drukarnia Mikołáiá Lobá, archived from the original on 2022-12-17, page 50:

...they lied, deceived, and changed their words according to the time.

- Rycerze króla Artura zasiadali wedle tradycji przy takim okrągłym stole, przy którym żadne miejsce nie było uprzywilejowane - mówi dr Janusz Sibora, badacz dziejów dyplomacji.

2019 February 5, Katarzyna Plachta, “Dlaczego 30 lat temu obradowano przy okrągłym stole?”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2022-05-23:

"King Arthur's knights sat down, according to tradition, at a round table like this, at which no place was privileged," says Dr. Janusz Sibora, a student of the history of diplomacy.

Spadek religijności młodzieży jest miażdżący. Wedle nieocenionego abp. Jędraszewskiego to nie wina Kościoła, lecz diabelskiej elektroniki: młodzi pochylają głowy nad smartfonami i komputerami, zamiast słuchać rodziców, dziadków i katechetów.

2022 January 10, Anna Krysiak, “Jerzy Surdykowski: Tego nie wiedzą biskupi”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2022-01-10:

The fall in religiousness among the youth is crushing. According to the unranked Archbishop Jędraszewski, this isn't the Church's fault, but that of devilish electronics: young people bow their heads over smartphones and computers instead of listening to their parents, grandparents, and catechists.

Wedle reguł podanych przez FIVB, aby być w grupie 11 drużyn obecnych w 2024 roku na turnieju w Paryżu (12. jest Francja), można wywalczyć to prawo poprzez jeden z trzech turniejów kwalifikacyjnych zaplanowanych na jesień 2023 roku.

2022 October 4, Krzysztof Rawa, “Mistrzostwa świata siatkarek. Polska na placu budowy”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2022-12-17:

According to the rules given by FIVB [the International Volleyball Federation], in order to be in the group of 11 teams present in 2024 at the competition in Paris (the 12th will be France), you can win that right in one of three qualifying competitions planned for the fall of 2023.

Kto powinien wchodzić w jej skład i wedle jakich zasad ma funkcjonować?

2022 December 1, Malwina Rączka, “Jak utworzyć komisję ds. zgłoszeń w sprawach sygnalistów”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2022-12-17:

Who should be included in its composition and what rules should it function according to?

Wjechali nakoniec w jakąś szczelinę skalną długą i prostą, a tak wąską, że zaledwie trzech ludzi mogło jechać wedle siebie.

1888 (first published 1886), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Potop, 2nd edition, volume IV, Gebethner i Wolff (distribution), Wł. L. Anczyc i Spółka (printing), chapter 5:

They rode, at last, into some long, straight, stony ravine, so narrow that only three people could ride alongside each other.

U nas wedle stawu grobla.

1899 November 15, Marjan Gawalewicz, “Warszawa: Powieść społeczno-obyczajowa”, in Kurjer Warszawski, number 316, archived from the original on 2022-12-17, page 2:

Where we live, there's a dike on one side of the reservoir.

...jak zwykle wedle parku przejeżdża.

1994, Sławomir Mrożek, Opowiadania 1974-1979 (Dzieła zebrane, tom V), archived from the original on 2022-12-17, page 179:

Dookoła gaje, pola
I łężne rozłogi,
Krzywe wierzby, jak im wola,
Rosną wedle drogi.

1915 (first published 1905), Maria Konopnicka, “W miasteczku”, in Poezye, volume VI, Gebethner i Wolff (distribution), W. L. Anczyc i Spółka (printing), page 45:

All around, there are groves, fields,
and flood-plains;
crooked willows, as they will,
grow along the road.

– Pani baronowa może być spokojna – odparł tubalnym głosem. – Pojedziemy dokładnie wedle drogi, już moja w tym głowa.

2021 (first published 2011), Marian Piotr Rawinis, Dworek pod Malwami 63: Kuzyni, Saga Egmont, archived from the original on 2022-12-17, page 24:

"The baroness can calm down," he replied in a voice as loud as a tuba. "We will go precisely along the road, you can depend on me."


poniżej

From po- + niżej. Cognate with Slovak poniže, Carpathian Rusyn пониже (ponyže).

below (lower in spatial position than) [with genitive]

below (lower in value than) [with genitive]


wzdłuż

along (by the length, in a line with the length, lengthwise) [with genitive]


kole

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia) Alternative form of koło


poza

Univerbation of po + za. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Kashubian pòza and Silesian poza.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “poza”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Nie namierzymy go. Jest poza zasięgiem.

denotes an area not within; beyond, out of, outside of [with instrumental]

Piłka wyleciała poza boisko.

denotes movement to an area not within; to beyond, to out of, to outside of [with accusative]

Nikt poza tobą tego nie lubi.

denotes exclusion; besides, outside of; except [with instrumental]

Poza polskim też znam niemiecki.

denotes inclusion; besides, outside of [with instrumental]


ponad

Univerbation of po + nad. Compare Kashubian pònad and Ukrainian по́над (pónad). First attested in 1749.

Paweł Kupiszewski (16.05.2019) “PONAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Latem słońce świeci wysoko ponad górami.

In summer, the sun shines high above the mountains.

denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]

denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]

Kocham to ponad życie.

I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.

denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state [with accusative]

Zadanie to jest ponad moje umiejętności.

Ona przedkłada swoją karierę ponad wszystko.


według

Inherited from Old Polish według. By surface analysis, univerbation of w + długi.

surf

according to (in a manner conforming or corresponding to; in proportion to; in accordance with)

according to (based on what is said or stated by; on the authority of)

(obsolete) denotes area; near, close to; at, by

(obsolete) in comparison to; vis-à-vis, in relation to

Według ciebie jestem nieszczęśliwy.


wele

(Kuyavia) Alternative form of wedle (“next to, near, beside”)


spośród

Univerbation of z + pośród. First attested in 1601–1616. Compare Old Polish spośród.

ref

Akta sejmikowe województw poznańskiego i kaliskiego, tom I (1572-1632), część 1 (in Polish), 1957, page 380

from among (from a place surrounded by something else)

from among (from a group of similar objects)


co do

as for, as to, regarding [with genitive]

vis-à-vis, apropos, about [with genitive]


przeciwko

Inherited from Old Polish przeciwko. By surface analysis, univerbation of przeciw + ku.

surf

(Middle Polish) denotes recipient of an oral message; to

(Middle Polish) against (in comparison to)

Adversus et adversum praepositio. Przećiwko.

Contra, Praepositio accusativo casui serviens, Przećywko/ Náprzećyw.

Gegen vber. Przećiwko. Contra. E regione. Per adversum. Fronte sub adversa.

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 222a:

(Middle Polish) against; Further details are uncertain.


na punkcie

Adam jest przewrażliwiony na punkcie swojego niskiego wzrostu.

Adam is oversensitive when it comes to his short height.

(idiomatic) on the matter of, when it comes to [with genitive ‘what’]


wobec

Univerbation of w + obec. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Czech vůbec.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “wobec”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Near-synonym: dla

wobec tego

regarding, concerning, vis-à-vis, in relation to

Near-synonym: w obliczu

denotes a usually negative action aimed at someone; towards, against

Near-synonym: w porównaniu z

wobec powyższego

(obsolete, except in set collocations) because of


niby

Univerbation of ni + by. First attested in 1579.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


w toku

(idiomatic) during, in the middle of, in the process of [with genitive]


ok.

Abbreviation of około (“around, circa”): ca.


wskutek

because of, owing to, on account of [with genitive]


pośrodku

in the middle of (so that something is surrounded by the object in question) [with genitive]


zza

zza drzewa

zza oceanu


śród

Inherited from Old Polish śrzód, from Proto-Slavic *serdъ.


kosztem

at the cost of, at the expense of [with genitive]


w ciągu

/ˈft͡ɕɔŋ.ɡu/

Zmorą większości osób na diecie jest kwestia liczby posiłków w ciągu dnia.

The bane of most people on a diet is the number of meals during the day.

(idiomatic) in the space of, within (before the specified duration ends) [with genitive ‘of what’]


przy okazji

Chętnie z nim rozmawiała, gdy się spotykali przy okazji szkolnych wywiadówek.

She was happy to talk to him when they met at parents' evenings.

(idiomatic) at, during [with genitive ‘what’]


w sprawie

(idiomatic) about, regarding, concerning [with genitive]


w odniesieniu do

/vɔd.ɲɛˈɕɛ.ɲu dɔ/

(idiomatic) concerning, in relation to, in respect of, regarding [with genitive]


na skutek

(idiomatic) on account of, because of, due to [with genitive]


w związku z

(idiomatic) in relation to, vis-à-vis, apropos, about [with instrumental]


pod względem

Literally, “under [the] circumstance [of]”.

lit

(idiomatic) concerning, in relation to, in terms of, regarding [with genitive]


odnośnie do

/ɔdˈnɔɕ.ɲɛ dɔ/

Literally, “in relation to”. Calque of French relativement à.

(formal, idiomatic, sometimes proscribed) concerning, in relation to, in respect of, regarding [with genitive]


pod kątem

(figurative, idiomatic) concerning, in relation to, in terms of, regarding [with genitive]


w oparciu o

(idiomatic) based on, on the basis of, on the grounds of [with accusative]


na podstawie

(idiomatic) based on, on the basis of, on the grounds of [with genitive]


na kształt

(idiomatic) in the shape of [with genitive]


ze względu na

Literally, “for [the] consideration [of]”.

(idiomatic) because of, considering, due to, given, in view of, owing to [with accusative]


z powodu

(idiomatic) because of, due to, owing to [with genitive]


na bazie

(idiomatic) on the basis of, based on [with genitive]


na czele

(idiomatic) at the helm of, in charge of [with genitive]

(idiomatic) at the front of, before, afore [with genitive]


na początku

(idiomatic) at the beginning of, early on in [with genitive]


z wyjątkiem

apart from, but, except, except for, save [with genitive]


na drodze

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see na, droga.

(idiomatic) in the way of, obstructing [with genitive]

(idiomatic) through, by way of [with genitive]


w postaci

(idiomatic) in the form of, in the shape of [with genitive]


na rzecz

(idiomatic) for, in favor of, on behalf of (for the benefit of) [with genitive]

(idiomatic) in favor of, in support of (supporting a cause that one thinks is good and therefore wants to see it happen) [with genitive]


na przekór

(idiomatic) despite, in spite of [with dative]


w formie

(idiomatic) in the form of [with genitive]


na przedzie

(idiomatic) at the front of, ahead of, afore [with genitive]


na temat

(idiomatic) on the topic of, about [with genitive]


na podobieństwo

(idiomatic) similar to, reminiscent of, like [with genitive]


pod wezwaniem

(idiomatic, religion) dedicated to, of [with genitive]


pod wodzą

(idiomatic) led by; under the command of, under the rule of [with genitive]


na przestrzeni

(idiomatic) in the space of, within, during [with genitive ‘of what’]


w przeciągu

/fpʂɛˈt͡ɕɔŋ.ɡu/

(idiomatic) in the space of, within (before the specified duration ends) [with genitive ‘of what’]


w czasie

(idiomatic) during (at the same time of) [with genitive]


w pobliżu

(idiomatic) near, close to [with genitive]


w imieniu

(idiomatic) on behalf of, in the name of [with genitive]


w imię

w imię Ojca i Syna, i Ducha Świętego

in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit

(idiomatic) in the name of (with appeal to) [with genitive]

Oddam swoje ciało w imię nauki.

I will donate my body in the name of science.

(idiomatic) in the name of (under the designation or excuse of) [with genitive]


w poprzek

(idiomatic) across, athwart [with genitive]


w przeciwieństwie do

(idiomatic) as opposed to, unlike, in contrast to [with genitive]


w ramach

(idiomatic) within, as part of [with genitive]


na mocy

Literally, “on the power of”. Compare English on the strength of.

(idiomatic) by virtue of, based on, because of [with genitive]


w razie

(idiomatic) in case, in case of, in the event of (if there should be) [with genitive or gdyby]


wraz z

(idiomatic) along with, together with [with instrumental]


w wyniku

(idiomatic) as a result of, in the wake of, due to [with genitive]


w ślad za

(idiomatic) following (physically) [with instrumental]

(idiomatic) in the footsteps of, behind (physically) [with instrumental]

(idiomatic) in the wake of, following (temporally) [with instrumental]


z myślą o

(idiomatic) in consideration of, in mind of, with ... in mind


z racji

(idiomatic) in view of, in light of, on account of, by virtue of [with genitive]


z tytułu

(idiomatic) by way of, by virtue of [with genitive]


z okazji

Wszystkiego dobrego z okazji urodzin!

(idiomatic) for, on the occasion of [with genitive]


z użyciem

(idiomatic) by means of, through the use of, with the aid of [with genitive]


gwoli

Voiced variant of earlier kwoli, from Old Polish k woli.

(formal, archaic) due to, in accordance with [with genitive]

(dated) for the sake of, with the aim of [with genitive]


w stronę

(idiomatic) toward, in the direction of [with genitive]


z wyłączeniem

with the exception of
with the exception of

(idiomatic, formal) except, excluding, with the exception of [with genitive]


za pośrednictwem

(idiomatic) via, through, by means of [with genitive]


u boku

(idiomatic) by someone's side, loyal to, in support of [with genitive]


opodal

Inherited from Old Polish opodal. By surface analysis, univerbation of o- + podal.


na wzór

(idiomatic) in imitation of, in the image of, on the model of [with genitive]


na modłę

(idiomatic, literary) in imitation of, in the image of, on the model of [with genitive]


ze strony

(idiomatic) from a direction of [with genitive]


o włos od

(colloquial, idiomatic) within an ace of [with genitive]


przy udziale

(idiomatic) along with, together with [with genitive]


za sprawą

(idiomatic) by means of, through, via [with genitive]


w sytuacji

(idiomatic) in case, in case of, in the event of (if there should be) [with genitive or gdy]


w miarę

(idiomatic) as, as far as [with genitive]


pod pretekstem

(idiomatic) on the pretext, under the pretence [with genitive ‘of something’]


z punktu widzenia

Literally, “from [the] point of view [of]”.

lit

(idiomatic) concerning, in relation to, in terms of, regarding [with genitive]


z rąk

(idiomatic) at the hands of [with genitive]


z uwagi na

(idiomatic) due to, given, in view of [with accusative]


łącznie z

(idiomatic) along with, together with [with instrumental]


w świetle

(idiomatic) in light of (given, considering) [with genitive]


w obliczu

(idiomatic) in the face of (when confronted with) [with genitive]


w stanie

Literally, “in [the] state [of]”. Compare French en état de.

Czy jesteś w stanie pracować?

(idiomatic, followed by an infinitive) in a condition to (do something), in a fit state to (do something), able to (do something)

w stanie śmierci mózgu

brain-dead (literally, “in a state of brain death”)

(idiomatic, followed by a noun in the genitive) in a state of


na cześć

/na t͡ʂɛɕt͡ɕ/


na widok

Wzdyrgnęła się na jego widok.

(idiomatic) at the sight of [with genitive ‘of what’]


na fali

Tym bardziej że na fali zainteresowania religijnym życiem Afrykanów na jaw wychodziły kolejne przerażające sprawy.

All the more so as more horrifying cases came to light on the wave of interest in the religious life of Africans.

(idiomatic) on the wave of [with genitive]


w tym

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see w, ten.

Nie znalazłem twoich rzeczy, w tym twoich kluczy.

I didn't find your things, including your keys.

Chyba coś w tym jest.

(idiomatic) to that (the given aspect is found in the previously mentioned statement)


w duchu

(idiomatic) in the spirit of (similar to) [with genitive ‘what’]


przez wzgląd na

Przez wzgląd na dzieci prosimy nie przeklinać.

For the sake of the children, we ask you not to swear.


w zależności od

W zależności od humoru może ci nie pomóc.

Depending on his mood, he might not help you.

(idiomatic) depending on [with genitive]


w objęciach Morfeusza

Literally, “in [the] embraces of Morpheus”.

in the arms of Morpheus
in the arms of Morpheus

(idiomatic, literary) in the arms of Morpheus (asleep, sleeping)


zgodnie z

(idiomatic) according to, as per, in accordance with


kromie

Bo dla mnie wszystkie religie, kromie tych, które nawołują do walki z innowiercami, są jednako bliskie [...]

For to me all religions but those that exhort to combat dissenters are equally close …

(archaic) except, apart from, but [with genitive]

(archaic) besides, beyond, other than [with genitive]


pod adresem

(idiomatic) care of, directed towards, under the address of [with genitive ‘of who or what’]


w sąsiedztwie

Literally, “in [the] neighbourhood [of]”.

in the neighbourhood of
in the neighbourhood of

(idiomatic) in the neighbourhood of, near, close to [with genitive]


w podzięce

+obj

(formal, idiomatic) in return [with za (+ accusative) ‘for something’]


powyżej

above (higher in spatial position than) [with genitive]

above (higher in value than) [with genitive]


pod batem

(idiomatic) under the lash of, under one's thumb (under the control of) [with genitive ‘whose thumb’]


pod batutą

(literary) conducted by, led by [with genitive]


pod dyrekcją

(music) Alternative form of pod batutą [with genitive]

(literary) Alternative form of pod batutą [with genitive]


niezależnie od

/ɲɛ.zaˈlɛʐ.ɲɛ ɔt/

(idiomatic) regardless of [with genitive]


bez względu na

(idiomatic) regardless of [with accusative]


na łożu śmierci

(idiomatic, literary) at death's door, on one's deathbed


u stóp

(idiomatic) at the foot of, at the bottom of, below, in the shadow of [with genitive]


pod egidą

(idiomatic, literary) under the aegis of


na złość

Literally, “for [someone's] anger”, or more loosely translated as “to make someone angry”.

lit

Moja zemsta obejmowała również plan uwiedzenia Kati na złość jej siostrze!

My revenge also included a plan to seduce Kati to spite her sister!

(idiomatic) despite, in spite of [with dative]


w myśl

(idiomatic) in the spirit of (similar to)

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see w, myśl.


po myśli

Literally, “[according to one's] thought”.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see po, myśl.


popod

(literary) below, beneath, under [with instrumental] (denoting location)

(literary) below, beneath, under [with accusative] (denoting movement)

(literary) at a place where it takes little to no time to get somewhere; against, by, near, under [with instrumental]

(literary) towards a place where it takes little to no time to get somewhere; against, by, near, under [with accusative]


przez pryzmat

(idiomatic) through the prism [with genitive ‘of something’]

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see przez, pryzmat.


na poczet

(idiomatic, literary) on account, toward, towards [with genitive]


pod przewodem

(idiomatic) led by; under the command of, under the rule of [with genitive]


na równi

(idiomatic) on a level playing field, on an equal footing, on a par [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’]


na odpowiedzialność

Literally, “for [the] responsibility [of]”.

denotes the person to whom blame or responsibility will fall to liability of


na przełaj

(idiomatic) across, across country, athwart


zważywszy na

zważywszy na okoliczności

(idiomatic, literary) because of, considering, due to, given, in view of, owing to [with accusative]


na spółkę

(colloquial) in cahoots [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’]


kwoli

Univerbation of ku + woli, derived from Old Polish k woli.


pod dyktando

Literally, “under [the] dictation [of]”, or more loosely translated as “as dictated [by]”. Compare Ukrainian під диктовку (pid dyktovku).

cog

під диктовку

Wszyscy działają pod moje dyktando. Więc ta dziewczynka, jak mnie nazwałeś, może sprawić, że wasz biznes zniknie.

2023 March 22, Emilia Szelest, Orszak śmierci. Bieszczadzkie demony. Tom 3, Wydawnictwo Kobiece, →ISBN:

Everyone works as I wish. So this girl, as you called me, can make your business disappear.

(idiomatic) according to someone's will, as one wishes [with genitive]


tytułem

(formal) by way of, by virtue of [with genitive]


na szkodę

(idiomatic, literary) to the detriment of [with genitive]


na korzyść

/na ˈkɔ.ʐɘɕt͡ɕ/

(idiomatic) for, in favor of, on behalf of (for the benefit of) [with genitive]


na niekorzyść

/na ɲɛˈkɔ.ʐɘɕt͡ɕ/

(idiomatic) to the detriment of [with genitive]


pod kierunkiem

Literally, “under [the] direction [of]”.


na ręce

(idiomatic, literary) to; towards (used to indicate the target or recipient of an action) [with genitive]


z pozycji

(idiomatic) concerning, in relation to, in terms of, regarding [with genitive]


z ramienia

(formal, idiomatic) on behalf of, in the name of [with genitive]


w porównaniu z

Near-synonyms: na tle, w stosunku do, w zestawieniu z, wobec

in comparison to; vis-à-vis, in relation to [with instrumental]


do spółki z

Near-synonym: na spółkę z

(idiomatic) along with, together with [with instrumental]


na spółkę z

Near-synonym: do spółki z


spopod

Univerbation of z + popod. First attested in 1813.

ref

Joh. Peter Bohdanowicz Dworzecki (1813) Grammatyka jezyka polskiego wedlug prawidel JX. Kopczynskiego napisana ... (in Polish), Jos. Zawadzki, page 118


za wyjątkiem

Literally, “with the exception of”. Calque of Russian за исключе́нием (za isključénijem).

cal

за исключе́нием


w przeliczeniu na

Średnie zarobki na tym stanowisku wynoszą średnio 7280 euro, co daje w przeliczeniu na złotówki około 42 złotych za godzinę.

The average salary for this position is €7,280, which is about PLN 42 per hour.

(idiomatic) in terms of, per (specifying the value or size of something in other units) [with accusative]

Mieszkańcy wsi zebrali w tym roku 20000 złotych na Wielką Orkiestrę Świątecznej Pomocy, co w przeliczeniu na jednego mieszkańca (przy zaludnieniu 4000 osób) wynosi dokładnie 5 złotych.

The villagers raised 20,000 zloty for the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity this year, which is exactly 5 zloty per capita (with a population of 4000).

(idiomatic) in terms of, per (specifying the value of something per unit) [with accusative]


gwuli

(Kuyavia) Alternative form of gwoli (“concerning”)


na wypadek

(idiomatic) in case, in case of, in the event of (if there should be) [with genitive or gdyby]