aby

→ Yiddish: אַבי (abi)

Inherited from Old Polish aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + by.

surf

Near-synonyms: czasami, czasem, przypadkiem

Aby tam będzie?

(colloquial) expresses the speaker's certainty of their statement; happen to, isn't?

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia, optative) hopefully; had better; may

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia, delimitive) only, just

(Ostróda) seemingly, apparently, ostensibly, supposedly


ten

Inherited from Old Polish ten. Cognate with Russian тот (tot), Lithuanian tas, Ancient Greek ὁ (ho, “the”), German der (“the”), English the.

A no, ten...


góra

Inherited from Old Polish góra. Sense 5 is preserved in terms such as górnik and was displaced by kopalnia.

Skończę za dwa, góra trzy dni.


to

Inherited from Old Polish to. Cognate with Czech to, Russian то (to), Ancient Greek τό (tó), German das, dass, English that.

Parę razy mi się udało. Z jedną to nawet bardzo.

I have succeeded a couple of times. With one it was even very successful.

used to indicate what one is talking about

W tych ścianach to ona była królową i musiała mieć królewskie wejście.

Within these walls, it was her who was the queen and had to have a royal entrance.

used to indicate what can be said about the topic, in contrast to all that cannot be said about it

No to kiedy zaczynamy?

OK, to do zobaczenia.

so (used after a pause for thought to introduce a new topic, question, or story, or a new thought or question in continuation of an existing topic)

Od kiedy to morderstwo jest takim ewenementem?

Komu to przypadło dzisiaj kucharzowanie?

used to indicate that the topic in the relevant question refers to a known set of elements from which a choice has to be made

A to zdolniacha z wuja!

No, tośmy wczoraj mieli niezły bal!

used to express surprise that something is indeed like that as the speaker did not think it could really be so

O Czechosłowacji po roku 1968 dochodziły do nas ponure wiadomości, dlatego to starałem się przejechać ten kraj jak najszybciej mimo zmęczenia.

There was grim news about Czechoslovakia after 1968, which is why I tried to cross the country as quickly as possible despite my fatigue.

(literary) used to indicate that the topic refers to a known object, mentioned in the preceding statement

Spróbuj zaakceptować jego wady. Nikt nie jest kryształowy. Pali to pali, widziały gały co brały.

Try to accept his flaws. No one is perfect. OK, he smokes, so what? Big deal, you should've thought about it earlier.

(colloquial) used to indicate that what someone has said about the topic is a fait accompli and should no longer be discussed


tak

Inherited from Old Polish tak. The “yes” sense is an ellipsis of tak jest; compare Italian sì.


ba

To danie jest dobre, ba, przepyszne!

nay, or rather, or should I say, moreover, hell (used to say that what has been said thus far is true but could be said more accurately)

„On jest trochę głupi, co?” „Ba!”

duh, obviously (used when the speaker believes what has been said is obvious)

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) Introduces a continued statement; well, so

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) Used to answer a question; well

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) Used to respond to a request; unfortunately

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) Adds to a statement furthermore


de facto

Unadapted borrowing from Latin dē factō.


ano

(colloquial) emphatic particle used with imperatives


bo

bom (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
bośmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
boś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
boście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
bo (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
bo (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Ładna, bo ładna, ale głupia.

Well, she might be pretty, but she is also stupid.

Bo to prawda?

Bo ja wiem?

Nigdy o tym nie mówiłem, bo i po co?

I never talked about it because why would I?

emphasizes the statement, usually in phrases of opposite meanings, or introduces a rhetorical question, denying its literal meaning

Stary, bo stary, ale mocny.

He very well may be old, but he's still strong.

Trudno bo trudno, ale robi się łatwiej.

It may very well be hard, but it's getting easier.

(with ale) may very well, but, even though, despite


by

On by tam nie poszedł./On nie poszedłby tam.

forms the conditional mood; would, would've


z

Inherited from Old Polish z, from Proto-Slavic *jьz.

Mam z pięć jabłek

(colloquial) approximately, about, around, ish, or so


ta

(regional, often attached to a verb) emphatic particle


li

(archaic, literary) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


co

Interesujące, co?

used as a tag question, to emphasise what goes before or to request that the listener express an opinion about what has been said


tu

Tu Janek!

(colloquial, telephony) used by the speaker to introduce themselves on the telephone; speaking

used by the speaker to indicate they are thinking

(colloquial) expressive particle, usually of anger

(colloquial) particle of uncertainty of success on the speaker's part


ale

Inherited from Old Polish ale. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + le. For the particle use, compare Hungarian de.

Ale masz piękną sukienkę!

Ale ta zupa jest dobra!

(colloquial) used at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis

Ale, ale! Jeszcze z tobą nie skończyłem!

Hey, not so fast! I'm not quite done with you yet!

used at the beginning of a sentence; similar in meaning to the English "hey, not so fast", especially when used multiple times

Stary, bo stary, ale mocny.

Trudno bo trudno, ale robi się łatwiej.

(with bo) may very well, but, even though, despite


ani

Inherited from Old Polish ani. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + ni.

Nec, et Neque - Ani tez.

1588, Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 692a:

Ne - Nie, ani.

1588, Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 691b:

(Middle Polish) not also; Further details are uncertain.

Jakom ya slachathnegonego pawla segzowa nyeothbyla gwalthem oth kmyecza yego sbyeglego zvrzadem zyemskyem a nym gwalthv szwolala (a ny) y dalyey wedluk posw.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


albo

albom (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
albośmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
alboś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
alboście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
albo (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
albo (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Albo to będzie przydatne?

Do you really think this is going to be handy?

(colloquial) used to express the speaker's doubt or surprise

(Masuria) Introduces a yes-no question; whether, or


ali

Inherited from Old Polish ali. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + li.

(obsolete) used for presenting something; here


abo

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) disjunctive and emphasis particle

(Masuria) introduces a rhetorical question


za

Ta koszula jest dla mnie za mała.


tam

Ja tam to lubię.

coś tam

(colloquial) particle that reduces the importance of something some

(colloquial) particle that marks a statement as inadequately describing something


lada

Lada moment przyjdzie i będzie dobrze.

He'll come any moment now and it'll be alright.


chyba tak

(idiomatic) maybe so (statement of acceptance, but with some uncertainty)


być może

/bɘt͡ɕ ˈmɔ.ʐɛ/


chyba nie

(idiomatic) perhaps no (delicate no; used in politely declining)


raczej nie

(idiomatic) rather not (used as a polite refusal)


może nie

(idiomatic) perhaps no, perhaps not used in politely refusing or declining


circa

Na świecie żyje circa 9 mld ludzi.

There are circa 9 billion people in the world.

(literary) circa, nearly, almost (in close approximation)


znowu

after all, I guess; used to lessen the effect

I beg your pardon, pardon me (used to express irritation at a suggestion that the speaker cannot agree with)


jo

(colloquial or dialectal, Chełmno-Dobrzyń) yeah, yep


oczywiście

/ɔ.t͡ʂɘˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

/ɔ.t͡ʂɨˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

Inherited from Old Polish oczywiście. By surface analysis, oczywisty + -ie. Compare Kashubian òczëwisce.


aj

(Masuria, expressive) Introduces a clause; also

Masuria; expressive; Masuria; expressive


eo ipso

(idiomatic, literary) eo ipso (through or by that very act or quality; thereby)


sam

sam (masculine nominative singular)
sama (feminine nominative singular)
samo (neuter nominative singular)
sami (nominative plural virile)
same (nominative plural)
samego (genitive masculine singular)
samej (feminine genitive singular)
samego (genitive neuter singular)
samych (genitive plural)
samych (genitive plural virile)
samemu (dative masculine singular)
samej (dative feminine singular)
samemu (dative neuter singular)
samym (dative plural)
samym (dative plural virile)
samego (accusative animate masculine singular)
sam (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
samą (accusative feminine singular)
samo (accusative neuter singular)
samych (accusative plural virile)
same (accusative plural)
samym (instrumental masculine singular)
samą (feminine instrumental singular)
samym (instrumental neuter singular)
samymi (instrumental plural)
samymi (instrumental plural virile)
samym (locative masculine singular)
samej (feminine locative singular)
samym (locative neuter singular)
samych (locative plural)
samych (locative plural virile)

Przygotowując intrygę przeciwko szefowi, pani Magdalena kazała swojej córce ubrać się skromnie, a sama założyła sukienkę z głębokim dekoltem.

Preparing the intrigue against the boss, Ms. Magdalena told her daughter to dress modestly, while she herself put on a dress with a deep neckline.

Poszedł do samego końca.

emphatic determiner, used similarly to "no other than" or "the very", as in "I myself"; oneself

by oneself, alone (by one's own volition or power, without outside help or encouragement)


ot

(colloquial) just, only (used when the speaker considers the given topic as average, common, or trivial)


prawda

prawda (nominative singular)
prawdy (nominative plural)
prawdy (genitive singular)
prawd (genitive plural)
prawdzie (dative singular)
prawdom (dative plural)
prawdę (accusative singular)
prawdy (accusative plural)
prawdą (instrumental singular)
prawdami (instrumental plural)
prawdzie (locative singular)
prawdach (locative plural)
prawdo (singular vocative)
prawdy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish prawda. By surface analysis, prawy + -da. For sense sense 6, compare French ration/raison.

„Poszedłeś na imprezę?" „Prawda."

used to assert the speakers agreement; right

Podobają ci się, prawda?

used as a question tag asking for agreement; right?

Więc tam siedziałem, prawda, i nagle widzę...

So I'm sitting there, right, and I suddenly I see...


aza

Inherited from Old Polish aza. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + za.

(MIddle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question

(Middle Polish) expresses uncertainty; maybe, perhaps


ato

Inherited from Old Polish ato. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + oto.


awa

Inherited from Old Polish awa. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + wa.

(Middle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


dobra

(colloquial) Used to express agreement; alright

(colloquial) Used to express a request; alright?


coś

Inherited from Old Polish coś. By surface analysis, co + -ś. Compare Kashubian cos and Slovincian cesz.


tutaj

Inherited from Old Polish tuta, influenced by dzisiaj and wczoraj. Compare Silesian tukej, Russian тут (tut).

(colloquial, telephony) used by the speaker to introduce themselves on the telephone; speaking


oto

Inherited from Old Polish oto. By surface analysis, univerbation of o + to.

Niestety taki oto wizerunek dobra i miłości serwują nam środki masowego przekazu.

Unfortunately, this is how goodness and love are presented by the mass media.

Tu oto zaczynają się trudności.

used to indicate what the speaker will say or has said

Nie był to jednak koniec wrażeń. Oto bowiem pielęgniarka podeszła z zastrzykiem do mnie.

However, this was not the end of it. For behold, a nurse approached me with an injection.

used to show that what one will say next is a presentation of what they have said before

used to say something was the best of its kind; now that's...


chyba

chybam (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
chybaśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
chybaś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
chybaście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
chyba (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
chyba (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xyba. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “chyba”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN

Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “chyba”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego

expresses confidence but not certainty; probably; I think, I guess

(Middle Polish) delimiting particle; only, just, merely


à propos

Unadapted borrowing from French à propos.

ubor

À propos brzydkich wyrazów, niedawno wyszła książka Patricii Evans pod tytułem Toksyczne słowa.

Oh, and speaking of ugly words, a book by Patricia Evans called Toxic Words has recently come out.


zawsze

Near-synonym: ostatecznie

góra z górą się nie zejdzie, a człowiek z człowiekiem zawsze


gdzie

Gdzie x oznacza...

(sciences) where (used to specify the meaning of a variable)

(colloquial) used to state the speaker's disagreement with a statement and that the speaker knows something else to be true; what; yeah right


się

Robi się późno.

Mówi się, że...

used to form impersonal present or future tense


niestety

→ Kashubian: niestetë

Inherited from Old Polish niestojcie. The irregular sound change is a result of the frequent usage of the word.


czy

→ Esperanto: ĉu

Czy ten pan jest z Anglii? Tak, ten pan jest z Anglii.

Is that man from England? Yes, that man is from England.

interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question, often omitted; whether


dobrze

Inherited from Old Polish dobrze. By surface analysis, dobry + -e. Compare Kashubian dobrze and Slovincian dôbrzê.

jak się zwał, tak się zwał, byleby się dobrze miał

(sometimes repeated) used to interrupt; alright

dobrze po północy


tylko

Inherited from Old Polish tylko, from Proto-Slavic *toliko.


teraz

Inherited from Old Polish teraz. By surface analysis, univerbation of ten + raz. Compare Slovak teraz, Kashubian terôz, and Slovincian teroz.

surf

the speaker believes they can say what they are saying now because of what they said earlier; now


zaraz

→ Kashubian: zarôz

→ Slovincian: zaroz

→ Silesian: zarŏz

Univerbation of za + raz. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zaraz”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

used to let someone know that the speaker needs a moment to think about what they want to say and that they will continue speaking in a moment; wait a minute

(colloquial) (used to indicate a new insight or dawning understanding; wait a minute

(colloquial) used to signal that what has been said is too much; but

Sklep jest zaraz obok tego budynku.

The store is right next to this building.


słowo

Near-synonyms: jak babcię kocham, jak Boga kocham, słowo daję, słowo honoru

(colloquial) used to make a promise; word; you have my word

(colloquial) used to claim that one is trustworthy, wherein which the first noun may be substituted to match the person's role; (Scout's) honor


natychmiast

Inherited from Old Polish natychmiast. By surface analysis, univerbation of na + tych + miastach.

surf

(obsolete) instead of this; whereas (in contrast; whilst on the contrary; although)


aż

aż tak, że

Oj, nie narzekaj, nie jest aż tak źle.

that much, so, so much so; emphasizes the scale of a quality

On zarabiał aż 3000 dolarów w zeszłym miesiącu.

He earned as much as 3000 dollars last month.

as many as, as much as; emphasizes the amount

On dał radę pójść aż tam?

(obsolete) voila; soon, shortly; suddenly

Donec, adverbium, Aż záś

Donec ad haec tempora perventum est Aż.

Quoad idem quod donec. Yáko/ poki/ aż.

Hactenus Aż poty/ áż dotąd.

Usque praepositio, Aż.

Aż Donec, Dum, Quo ad

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 92b:

Adhuc ‒ Ieſzcze, Az dotąd.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 23b:

Donec ‒ Pokąd, azdotąd.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 340b:

Dum ‒ Pokąd, az

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 344b:

Hactenus ‒ Az potąd.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 469b:

Quoad ‒ Iako długo, iz, az.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 890b:

Tenus ‒ Az, do

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 1055a:

Usque ‒ Az.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 1144a:

(Middle Polish) until; Further details are uncertain.


serio

Borrowed from Italian serio, from Latin sērius.


no

Clipping of ano. Compare Czech no, Silesian no, Slovak no. First attested in the 19th century.

ref

J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “no”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 398

used to state the speaker thinks something is obvious and that one should not ponder further; well, well yeah

used to state that the speaker thinks everything that can be said has been said and would like to finish the topic

(colloquial, hedge) expresses uncertainty; well

(usually as a question) used to encourage the conversation partner to give a response; well?

(often extended) used to express surprise, awe, or caution

(colloquial) Filled pause, usually connecting a previous sentence; well

introduces a question, often lightly emotionally charged

used to draw attention to the current situation


no

Clipping of ino, jeno, jedno. First attested in 1749. Compare Silesian no.

Aleksandra Wieczorek (07.12.2021) “NO”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

No, rusz się! Swiatło jest zielone!

[…] wróciwszy z kluczem na posłanie. — Niech mnie licho porwie, jeśli cię puszczę — musisz zostać z nami. — O! figle! no! no! daj no klucza, rzekł śmiejąc się Alexy, daj no, serce, klucza! daj!

1841, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Szkice obyczajowe i historyczne, page 171:

[…] having returned with the key. "Goddamn it, if I let you go, you'll have to stay with us." "Oh! Jokes! Cmon! Cmon! Cmon, give the key!" Alex said laughing. "Cmon, heart, give the key!"

emphatic particle used with imperatives to speed up a performed action; c'mon, now


pono

(archaic) apparently, reputedly, supposedly


koło

Inherited from Old Polish koło. Doublet of kolo. Related to English cycle and wheel.


par excellence

Unadapted borrowing from French par excellence.

ubor

(idiomatic, literary) par excellence (most excellently)


summa summarum

Unadapted borrowing from Latin summa summārum.

all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


nawet

→ Belarusian: на́ват (návat)

→ Kashubian: nawet

→ Silesian: nawet

→ Ukrainian: на́віть (návitʹ)

Univerbation of na + wet. The shift from an adverb to a particle was influenced by German sogar. First attested in 1575.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nawet”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Nawet ty możesz się uczyć polskiego.

even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned, as compared to the implied reality)


tym

Inherited from Old Polish tym. By surface analysis, the instrumental singular of ten／to.

No to tym lepiej!

im więcej..., tym mniej...

Im większy głód, tym lepiej smakuje.

The greater the hunger, the better [the food] tastes.

used in parallel, conditional, or comparative statements; the


sześcian

/ˈʂɛɕ.t͡ɕan/

(arithmetic, informal) to the cube of (raised to the third power)


blisko

Inherited from Old Polish blisko. By surface analysis, bliski + -o.

Blisko 20 osób zginęło w tym wypadku.


jeśli

Inherited from Old Polish jestli. By surface analysis, univerbation of jest + li. Compare Czech jestli, Russian е́сли (jésli).

surf

(obsolete) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question; whether

An adverbium interrogandi. Izali/ yeſli

Nunquando, Ieſlikiedy.

1564, J. Mączyński, Lexicon, page 254d (5):

Ecquando – Ieſtli kiedi. Ecquis ‒ Ieſtli kto?

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 348a:

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

zgołá ſobie obieray: ábo ofiáruy Bogom […] ábo więc ná męki […] potepion będzieſz. Odpowiedział Iánuáryuſz: ieśli to vcżyniſz/ ią ſam tego prágnę/ ábych ſię ſtał ofiárą Bogu memu

1579, P. Skarga, Żywoty świętych, page 428:

expresses optative meaning; hopefully, if only, let, may, had better


później

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


natomiast

Univerbation of na + to + miasto. First attested in 1645–1702. Compare Ukrainian нато́мість (natómistʹ).

ref

Materiały źródłowe do dziejów kultury i sztuki XVI-XVIII w. (in Polish), 1983 [1645-1702], Inwentarz akcesyjny kaplicy Domagaliczów we Lwowie z lat 1645-1702, page 350: “[…] ale zachować natomiast, […]”

Near-synonyms: ale, tymczasem, za to, zaś


żaden

żaden (masculine nominative singular)
żadna (feminine nominative singular)
żadne (neuter nominative singular)
żadni (nominative plural virile)
żadne (nominative plural)
żadnego (genitive masculine singular)
żadnej (feminine genitive singular)
żadnego (genitive neuter singular)
żadnych (genitive plural)
żadnych (genitive plural virile)
żadnemu (dative masculine singular)
żadnej (dative feminine singular)
żadnemu (dative neuter singular)
żadnym (dative plural)
żadnym (dative plural virile)
żadnego (accusative animate masculine singular)
żaden (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
żadną (accusative feminine singular)
żadne (accusative neuter singular)
żadnych (accusative plural virile)
żadne (accusative plural)
żadnym (instrumental masculine singular)
żadną (feminine instrumental singular)
żadnym (instrumental neuter singular)
żadnymi (instrumental plural)
żadnymi (instrumental plural virile)
żadnym (locative masculine singular)
żadnej (feminine locative singular)
żadnym (locative neuter singular)
żadnych (locative plural)
żadnych (locative plural virile)

→ Belarusian: жа́дны (žádny)

→ Ukrainian: жо́дний (žódnyj)

Inherited from Old Polish żadny, which see for more. Cognate with Czech žádný.

(colloquial) indicates that the following item has none of the characteristics it should; no

(colloquial) indicates that the realness of something isn't; no, no such


czyli

Inherited from Old Polish czyli. By surface analysis, univerbation of czy + li.

surf

Kupiłem książkę o Mieszku I, czyli pierwszym królu Polski.

I bought a book about Mieszko I, i.e. the first king of Poland.

Poszedłem sam, czyli byłem samotny.

clarifying or connective particle; as in, in other words, i.e., or, that is to say

(obsolete) introduces a yes-no question sentence; whether


dlatego

Inherited from Old Polish dlatego. By surface analysis, univerbation of dla + tego. Compare Kashubian dlôtegò and Slovincian dlotêwo.


głównie

From główny + -ie. First attested in 1549. Compare Kashubian głównie.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “głównie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

especially, mainly, mostly, particularly


może

Ellipsis of być może (literally “maybe”). First attested in 1588.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “może”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


niż

Inherited from Old Polish niż. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e).

surf

bo my nyſzeſzmy thego doſſwyatczely iſſz tho czo ſye dzyalo za przodkow naſſzych […] bylo wſzyſthko dobrze

1500-1547, Libri legationum, page 8/133:

NYſz ſpráwą myſlą zſſedwſſy ſie ſpołu/ rozráduymy ſie pánu ſwemu

Czos chces niz ſię winien dawam

Panie ſtrzez ſie chytry to Chłop A ſnaċ chytroſczj nicz [!] ktory Pop RejKup dd5; iż ſie dla thego vcżył/ áby ſwą náuką pożytecżnem ſie sſtał niż wten cżás gdy ná to ſie wſpomoże á záłoży

1558, E. Gliczner, Książki o wychowaniu dzieci, page Ov:

Krol IMPan nasz na Zęby chor, ale iakis pod czas słaby bywa wszakze niz todwakroć albo trzy po odiachaniu wm wpole wyiezdzał

1588, Acta primi regiminis Sigismundi III, page 155:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


zbyt

→ Silesian: zbyt

Deverbal from zbyć. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “1. zbyt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “2. zbyt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

To zbyt niebezpieczne!

To nie jest zbyt mądre.

too (in negated sentences, to a high degree, very)


kwadrat

A kwadrat plus B kwadrat równa się C kwadrat.

A squared plus B squared equals C squared.

(arithmetic, informal) squared, to the square of (multiplied by itself)


również

From równie + -ż. First attested in the first half of the 18th century. Compare Czech rovněž.

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “również”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)


właśnie

Inherited from Old Polish właśnie. By surface analysis, własny + -ie.

actually (in act or in fact; really; in truth; positively)

O to właśnie chodzi.

exactly (signifying agreement or recognition)

Właśnie miałem to zrobić.


także

From tak + -że. First attested in the 16th century.
West Slavic cognates include Czech takže, Kashubian także, Silesian także, and Slovak takže.
East Slavic cognates include Russian та́кже (tákže).

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “także”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


jakiś

jakiś (masculine nominative)
jakaś (feminine nominative)
jakieś (neuter nominative)
jacyś (nominative plural virile)
jakieś (nominative)
jakiegoś (genitive masculine)
jakiejś (feminine genitive)
jakiegoś (genitive neuter)
jakichś (genitive plural virile)
jakichś (genitive)
jakiemuś (dative masculine)
jakiejś (dative feminine)
jakiemuś (dative neuter)
jakimś (dative plural virile)
jakimś (dative)
jakiegoś (accusative masculine)
jakiś (accusative masculine)
jakąś (accusative feminine)
jakieś (accusative neuter)
jakichś (accusative plural virile)
jakieś (accusative)
jakimś (instrumental masculine)
jakąś (feminine instrumental)
jakimś (instrumental neuter)
jakimiś (instrumental plural virile)
jakimiś (instrumental)
jakimś (locative masculine)
jakiejś (feminine locative)
jakimś (locative neuter)
jakichś (locative plural virile)
jakichś (locative)

From jaki + -ś. First attested in 1534. Compare Kashubian jaczis, Silesian jakiś, and Slovincian jakjysz.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jakiś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Ona jest jakaś niemiła.

(colloquial) used to express doubt on the usage of a term on the speaker's part; kinda, sorta

Ma jakiś litr.

(colloquial) used to express doubt on the amount on the speaker's part; about


też

→ Ukrainian: теж (tež)

Inherited from Old Polish też. By surface analysis, te(n) + -że.

(derogatory) expresses the speaker's disdain towards something

denotes a lack of wanting to discuss a given topic

Też wskazówka! (said ironically)

expresses that the speaker does not think something is a true representative of that group


np.

Są to nie tylko słynne skalne miasta w Adršpachu i Teplicach nad Metují, ale także liczne miejscowości z cennymi zabytkami architektury, np. Náchod, Broumov, Polica nad Metují z miejską zabudową i objęta ochroną konserwatorką wieś Křínice.

2010, Waldemar Brygier, Góry Stołowe. Przewodnik, Piastów: Oficyna Wydawnicza „Rewasz”, →ISBN, §. Turystyka, page 14:

Not only is it the renowned stone cities in Adršpach and Teplice nad Metují, but also numerous locations with valuable architectural relics, e.g. Náchod, Broumov, Polica nad Metují of urban structure, and Křínice village under conservatorial protection.

Abbreviation of na przykład; e.g., for example.


zwykle

From zwykły + -e. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Silesian zwykle.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zwykle”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


zwłaszcza

Near-synonyms: głównie, przede wszystkim, szczególnie, w pierwszym rzędzie, w szczególności


stąd

stądem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
stądeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
stądeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
stądeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
stąd (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
stąd (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Near-synonyms: dlatego, więc

hence (as a result; therefore; for this reason)


podczas

Ellipsis of pod czas niektóry. First attested in the 16th century.


czasami

Instrumental plural of czas. Compare Ukrainian часа́ми (časámy).

Near-synonyms: aby, czasem, przypadkiem

(colloquial, with czy) expresses the speaker's certainty of their statement; happen to, isn't?


czasem

Instrumental singular of czas. First attested in the 18th century. Compare Kashubian czasã, Silesian czasym, and Slovincian czasã.

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “czasem”, in Słownik języka polskiego

Near-synonyms: aby, czasami, przypadkiem

(with czy) expresses the speaker's certainty of their statement; happen to, isn't?


całkowicie

From całkowity + -ie. First attested in 1764. Compare Kashubian całkòwice and Silesian cołkowicie.

Kasper Balsam (1764) Kazania Przygodne W. X. Kaspra Balsama Soc: Jesu. T. 1 , O cnotach: wiary, nadziei, miłosci, y obowiązkach z nich wynikających (in Polish), page 24

something has all ascribable traits to the speaker's surprise; completely, totally


koniecznie

/kɔˈɲɛt͡ʂ.ɲɛ/

necessarily, really (it does have to be like that)


prawie

Inherited from Old Polish prawie. By surface analysis, prawy + -ie. Sense 1 is an extension of sense 2. Compare Kashubian prawie and Slovincian prawjê.


jeszcze

Coordinate term: już

Nie zrobiłem jeszcze zadania domowego.

Coordinate term: już

Jestem jeszcze zajęty.

Wypiłem jeszcze dwa kieliszki.

Pracowała jeszcze ona.

Jestem jeszcze bardziej zły niż byłem pięć minut temu.

I'm even angrier than I was five minutes ago.

emphasizes a comparative even, still, yet, to a larger degree

(Middle Polish, expressive) emphasizes a positive element among bad elements even so

(Middle Polish, expressive) even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned)

(Middle Polish, expressive) expresses discontent

Nondum, Ieſzcze.

Adhuc – Ieſzcze, Az dotąd

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 23:

(Middle Polish) not yet; so far; Further details are uncertain.


około

Po około czterdziestu minutach ciasto można wyjąć z piekarnika

After around forty minutes, you can take the cake out of the oven.


bądź co bądź

/bɔɲt͡ɕ t͡sɔ bɔɲt͡ɕ/

Literally, “whatever might be”. Compare Czech buď jak buď, Russian будь что бу́дет (budʹ što búdet).

cog

будь что бу́дет

(idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


bądź

Inherited from Old Polish bądź. As a conjunction, compare Hungarian vagy.

Położył swoje rzeczy jak bądź.


dość

Inherited from Old Polish dość. By surface analysis, clipping of dosyć. Compare Czech dost, Kashubian dosc, Slovincian dôsc, and Ukrainian до́ста (dósta).

Nie dość, że zapomniałem kluczy, też nie wyłączyłem kuchenki!

Not only did I forget my keys, I also didn't turn off the stove!

enough, sufficiently (not less than necessary)


ino

Respelled after a dialectal pronunciation of jeno.

Ale sulisławskie chłopy nie głupie, ino spojrzały po sobie i powiadają[…]

1960, Kazimierz Nitsch, Wybór polskich tekstów gwarowych, page 167:

But the peasants [men] from Sulisławice weren’t stupid, just looked at each other and said […]


gdzieś

From gdzie + -ś. First attested in 1534. Compare Kashubian dzes.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “gdzieś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(colloquial) somewhere around (at some indeterminate amount or degree)

(Middle Polish, optative) if only; had better, may


fakt

Learned borrowing from Latin factum. First attested in 1843.

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “fakt”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)


znów

Clipping of znowu. First attested in the 16th century.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “znów”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


akurat

Borrowed from German akkurat. First attested in 1807. Compare Kashubian akùrôt and Slovincian akúrot.

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “akurat”, in Słownik języka polskiego

Jest akurat pięć jabłek.

used to emphasize the accuracy of information: just, exactly, precisely, to be exact, to be precise

Akurat te jabłka zjem.

I'm actually going to eat these apples (and not the other ones).

used to provide emphasis on a particular object, and draw attention away from other objects: exactly, precisely, actually


jakoś

From jako + -ś. First attested in 1500–1547. Compare Kashubian jakòs, and Silesian jakoś.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jakoś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


dokładnie

From dokładny + -ie. First attested in 1564. Compare Kashubian dokładno.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “dokładnie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

exactly, precisely used to provide emphasis

(colloquial, proscribed) exactly (signifying agreement or recognition)


dosłownie

exactly, precisely (used to provide emphasis)


innymi słowy

Archaic instrumental plural of inne słowo (“another word”). In modern declension, the phrase would be innymi słowami, but that form is not used. Compare ostatnimi czasy.


krótko mówiąc

(idiomatic) briefly speaking, in a word, in short, in sum


zupełnie

Inherited from Old Polish zupełnie. By surface analysis, zupełny + -ie.


no to dobrze

(colloquial, idiomatic) used when realizing the correctness of another opinion and presenting willingness to follow it


trochę

head

trochę (diminutive troszkę or troszeczkę or troszeńkę)

troszkę (diminutive)
troszeczkę (diminutive)
troszeńkę (diminutive)

Inherited from Old Polish trochę. Accusative singular of trocha. Compare odrobinę, parę, or Hungarian egy kicsit.


na przykład

→ Belarusian: напры́клад (naprýklad)

→ Russian: наприкла́д (napriklád)

→ Ukrainian: напри́клад (naprýklad)

desc

נאַפּשיקלאַד

→ Yiddish: נאַפּשיקלאַד (napshiklad)

Literally, “for example”. Calque of French par exemple and German zum Beispiel. Compare Kashubian na przëkłôd.

(idiomatic) for example, for instance (as an example)


naprawdę

Univerbation of na + prawdę. First attested in the end of the 19th century. Largely displaced zaprawdę. Compare Silesian naprŏwdy and Ukrainian напра́вду (naprávdu).

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “naprawdę”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “naprawdę”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 132

really, truly, actually (in fact; in reality)


zazwyczaj

Zazwyczaj o tej godzinie jem kolację.

as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


notabene

(literary) nota bene; used to add an aside or warning to a text


coraz

→ Kashubian: corôz

→ Silesian: corŏz

Univerbation of co + raz. First attested in 1603.

Krzysztof Dorohostajski (1603) HIPPICA TO IEST O KONIÁCH XIĘGI (in Polish), page Hijv: “á ták po trzykroć coraz y tám y sám przybiegszy”

Near-synonym: coraz to

coraz częściej

more and more often/ever more frequently/increasingly more often

coraz lepiej

used with comparatives to show a growing rate of change; more and more, increasingly, ever


-li

(dated) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


szczególnie

/ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡul.ɲɛ/

/ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡol.ɲɛ/

From szczególny + -ie. First attested in the 16th century.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “szczególnie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

used to place greater emphasis upon someone or something; especially; particularly

especially; particularly (to a greater extent than is normal)


całkiem

Old instrumental singular of całki. Compare dialectal gołkiem.

something has all ascribable traits to the speaker's surprise; completely, totally


na pewno

(idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure


razem

Instrumental singular of raz. Ellipsis of za jednym razem. First attested in 1525.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “razem”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


dalej

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


jednak

Clipping of jednako, from Old Polish jednako. First attested in 1500–1547.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jednak”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Szef powiedział, że jednak musimy przyjść do biura jutro.

The boss said that we have to come in to the office tomorrow after all.

expressing an unexpected situation; after all

(Middle Polish) indeed, really, actually

Anantapodoton, […] Niezupełne wyrzeczenie słów/ które yednák máyą być rozumiáne.

Currentem incitare, Nápomináć tego/ ktory yednák doſyć z ſiebie czini.

Vti Yáko gdy. Vtique, Yednak.

Attamen ‒ Wſzakze. Iednak

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 111a:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


spokojnie

Inherited from Old Polish spokojnie. By surface analysis, spokojny + -ie.

easily (without doubt nothing will change)


lepiej

Lepiej się już zbieraj, bo spóźnisz się na pociąg.

You'd better get going or you'll miss your train.

Już lepiej się pouczmy do tej klasówki, bo znowu oblejemy.

We'd better study for this test or we'll fail again.

had better, better (should; ought to; need to; must)


niech

Inherited from Old Polish niech. By surface analysis, clipping of niechaj. Compare Czech nechť, Serbo-Croatian neka, Ukrainian неха́й (nexáj), and Upper Sorbian njech.

surf

Niech moc będzie z tobą!

Niech cię Bóg błogosławi.

forms the third person imperative in the singular and plural; let, may

Niech no pomyślę...

Niech zgadnę... ty jesteś John?

forms the first person imperative in the singular; used only with perfective verbs; let, may

expresses optative meaning; had better, may

Niech x oznacza...

(sciences) let (used to specify the meaning of a variable)


przecież

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕɛʂ/

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕɛʂ/

/ˈpr̝ɛ.t͡ɕɛʂ/

From przedsię (Middle Polish) + -ż, from Old Polish przedsie with an affrication of -dś- due to frequen use. For a similar affrication, compare raczej. First attested in 1543.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “przedsięż”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

— Kiedy umyjesz samochód? — Przecież już dawno to zrobiłem.

— When will you wash the car? — I already did do it a while ago.

used to introduce a new, conflicting fact, but; after all


jednocześnie

/jɛd.nɔˈt͡ʂɛɕ.ɲɛ/

From jednoczesny + -ie. First attested in 1811.

Powszechna księga ustaw cywilnych dla wszystkich krajów dziedzicznych niemieckich Monarchii Austryackiej. Cz. 2, [O prawie rzeczowem]. (in Polish), 1811, page 94

at the same time (on the other hand; also)


przynajmniej

Inherited from Old Polish przynamniej. By surface analysis, univerbation of przy + najmniej. Compare Kashubian przënômni and Slovincian przënomjé.

surf

(focus) at least (at the least; at a minimum or lower limit)

(Middle Polish) especially, particularly


to jest

Literally, “that is”. Compare English i.e.

(idiomatic) in other words, namely, that is to say


choć

Inherited from Old Polish choć. By surface analysis, clipping of chocia. Compare Kashubian chòc and Russian хоть (xotʹ).

Ach nieſtotys chocz mie ſtrach zyal A takem ſię barzo leknal. Nieſmiem przemowicz ny ſlowa


inaczej

Inherited from Old Polish inaczej. Compare Kashubian jinaczi.

On jest inteligentny inaczej.

(humorous) used to say that a given trait is not possessed by the given person or object; not

to put it another way
to put it another way


tymczasem

Inherited from Old Polish temczasem. By surface analysis, univerbation of tym + czasem. Compare Kashubian timczasã.


jedynie

From jedyny + -ie. The form with the hard -d- was originally a dialectal result of depalatalization that occurred in Lesser Poland, but ultimately displaced the form with -dz-. First attested in 1522. Compare Kashubian jedinie／jedënie and Silesian jedzinie／jedynie for the hard/soft variation.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jedynie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

only, merely (without others or anything further; exclusively)

emphasizing something that is just or necessary; only, merely


mowa

(colloquial) word! (truth, indeed, that is the truth!)


w ogóle

A tak w ogóle, to mam na imię Kamila.

(idiomatic) by the way (incidentally; used in referencing a parenthetical statement not timely, central, or crucial to the topic at hand; foregone, passed by, something that has already happened)

W ogóle nie wiem, o czym mówisz.

I don't know at all what you are talking about.

Czy on to w ogóle zrobił?

(idiomatic, chiefly in the negative) at all, even (to the slightest degree, in any way, at any time or in any circumstance)


toć

Inherited from Old Polish toć. By surface analysis, to + -ć.


-ś

Inherited from Old Polish -ś, from Proto-Slavic *si. Cognate with Kashubian -s, Slovincian -sz.

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun#English

indefinite pronoun
indefinite pronoun#English

appended to relative/interrogative pronouns to form indefinite pronouns; some-


pewnie

Inherited from Old Polish pewnie. By surface analysis, pewny + -ie.

absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, sure


właściwie

From właściwy + -ie. First attested in the 16th century.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “właściwie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

emphasize particle; actually; in fact, well; really

clarifying particle; actually; in fact, in truth

particle that conveys a lack of understanding, remembering, etc.; exactly


dopiero

Ona dopiero wróciła do domu kiedy kolejna katastrofa się wydarzyła.

She had scarcely returned home when the next catastrophe occurred.

To dopiero był mecz!

To się dopiero wydarzy.

Będziemy tam dopiero za dwa miesiące.

We will only be there in two months, it will be two months before we are there.

of something that hasn’t started yet and is yet to happen; yet, only

Dopiero Marie Curie odkryła polon i rad.

Marie Curie was the first to discover polonium and radium.

used to mark someone as being the first to do something

(Middle Polish) now (at the current moment)

Iam adverbium temporis, Teraz/ dopiero/ też wnet álbo hnet/ też yuż.

Tum magis, id dicas, Ty byś więcey dopiero rzekł.

Ietzund. Teraz. Dopirzo. Iam.

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 302b:

Modo – Teraz, dopiero.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 667b:

(Middle Polish) now; already; Further details are uncertain.


raczej

Inherited from Old Polish radszej (comparative degree of rado (“willingly”)) with an affrication of -dsz- due to frequent use. For a similar affrication, compare przecież.

Było raczej gorąco.

denotes hesitation but a preference towards something; rather; fairly, kind of

Nie byłem głodny, raczej spragniony.

used to state that a given trait is more apt to describe something as opposed to another; rather; not

On był głodny, spragiony raczej.

used to replace a previously used word; no wait; actually


po prostu

Literally, “just like [that]”. First attested in 1681. Compare Russian по́просту (póprostu).

Paweł Kupiszewski (18.12.2020) “PO%20PROSTU”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “po prostu”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

Nie trzeba wielkich słów, po prostu ze mną bądź

2019, Poparzeni Kawą Trzy, Po prostu ze mną bądź:


cokolwiek

Inherited from Old Polish cokolwiek, from Proto-Slavic *čьsokolivěkъ. Compare Slovak čokoľvek, Czech cokolivěk.


ponad

Univerbation of po + nad. Compare Kashubian pònad and Ukrainian по́над (pónad). First attested in 1749.

Paweł Kupiszewski (16.05.2019) “PONAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Pracuję tu ponad dwie dekady.

I have worked here for over two decades.


widać

Inherited from Old Polish widać. By surface analysis, widzieć + -ać.


ponadto

Univerbation of ponad + to. Calque of German überdies. First attested in 1831.

Gazeta Wielkiego Xięstwa Poznańskiego (in Polish), number 215, 1831 September 16, page 1141


awo

Inherited from Old Polish awo. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + wo.

surf

(Middle Polish) expresses uncertainty; maybe, perhaps


czyż

Czyż to nie piękne?

(emphatic) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


znaczy

in other words, namely, that is, that is to say


oby

obym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
obyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
obyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
obyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
oby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
oby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

hopefully, if only, let, may, had better


wyraźnie

From wyraźny + -ie. Compare Kashubian wërazno and Silesian wyraźnie.

clearly (without a doubt; obviously; to a degree clearly discernible)


ledwo

Inherited from Old Polish jedwo, ledwo, from Proto-Slavic *(j)edъvà. Cognate to Czech jedva, Russian едва́ (jedvá) and Serbo-Croatian је̏два.


bagatela

Borrowed from French bagatelle or Italian bagatella.

used to emphasize the importance and value of something just said


wprost

exactly, precisely (used to provide emphasis)


przykładowo

From przykładowy + -o. First attested in 1872.

ref

Niwa : dwutygodnik naukowy, literacki i artystyczny (in Polish), volumes 1, 1, number 8, 1872 April 15, page 200


człowiecze

/t͡ʂwɔˈvjɛ.t͡ʂɛ/

/t͡ʂɫɔˈvjɛ.t͡ʂɛ/

(literary) Alternative form of człowieku


doprawdy

Univerbation of do + prawdy. Compare Italian davvero.

emphasises the truthfulness of a speaker's assertion; really, verily, indeed


przypadkiem

Instrumental singular of przypadek. Compare Hungarian esetleg.

Near-synonyms: aby, czasami, czasem

Nie masz przypadkiem klucza?

You don't happen to have the key, do you?

(with a verb) expresses the speaker's certainty of their statement; happen to, isn't?


równo

(colloquial) the volume or intensity of something is significant

(colloquial) the value or volume of something is exactly as stated by the speaker


i tyle

(colloquial, idiomatic) and that's that, so much for


pewno

(colloquial) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, sure


tyle

(colloquial) used to signal that one has exhausted the topic and is finished talking about something


cóż

Inherited from Old Polish cóż. By surface analysis, co + -ż. Compare Czech což and Kashubian cëż.

Cóż... chyba nie przyjdzie, co?


równocześnie

From równoczesny + -ie. First attested in 1812. Compare Kashubian równoczasno.

Gazeta Lwowska (in Polish), number 88, 1812 November 3, page 741


wcale

→ Kashubian: wcale

→ Silesian: wcale

Univerbation of w + cale. First attested in the 17th century. Compare English at all.

“WCALE”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 20.09.2022

Wcale nie jestem głodny.

Near-synonym: bynajmniej

not in the slightest
not in the slightest

(colloquial) quite, rather, completely, wholly


zatem

Inherited from Old Polish zatem. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + tym.

zatém

pre-reform orthography (1936) or regional


człowieku

(literary) used with a male speaker to express outrage or to emphasize one's statement


z groszami

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see z, grosze.

[…] mistrz Śląska, olbrzym wzdłuż i wszerz; Pinecki o nieprawdopodobnie długich rękach, mistrz tzw. „nelsona”; Nowina-Szczerbiński, bratanek wielkiego Zbyszko- Cyganiewicza, zależący elegancko i z gracją; mierzący dwa metry z groszami […]

1957, Kazimierz Krukowski, Moja Warszawka:

[…] the master of Silesia, a giant far and wide; Pinecki with improbably long arms, the master of the so called "nelson"; Nowina-Szczerbiński, the brother of the great Zbyszko-Cyganiewicz, caring elegantly and with grace, measuring 2 meters and change […]

Jeśli więc wyliczyć ten wzrost dla ludzi, okazuje się że gdyby ewolucja ludzkości następowała na Ziemi, wzrost poszczególnych osób wynosiłby około cztery metry z groszami […].

1998, Bogdan, pl.misc.paranauki, Usenet:

So if we're to list this growth for people, it turns out that if human evolution on Earth had proceeded, the growth of particular people would reach about four meters and change […]

A ja mam zatloczonej drogi trzysta kilo z groszami z Wawy do Gdanska :-(((

2001, Jozef Zbrodel, pl.misc.samochody, Usenet:

And the roads are clogged roads and three hundred kilos and change from Warsaw to Gdańsk :-(((

(colloquial, humorous, idiomatic) and change, plus a small amount


pewnikiem

(dated) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, sure


co nieco

/t͡sɔ ˈɲɛ.t͡sɔ/

(colloquial, idiomatic) Alternative form of coś niecoś


bynajmniej

used to emphasise a negative; not at all, by no means, far from


od razu

Literally, “at once”. Ellipsis of od pierwszego razu (“from the first time”), a translation of French du premier coup. First attested in the second half of the 18th century. Compare English at once and Russian сра́зу (srázu).

etydate

(idiomatic) but (used to signal that what has been said is too much)


wyłącznie

/vɘˈwɔnt͡ʂ.ɲɛ/

From wyłączny + -ie. First attested in 1791.

ref

La Constitution Française : Présentée au Roi par l'Assemblée Nationale le 3. Septembre 1791. & acceptée par Sa Majesté 13. du même mois Konstytucya Francuzka : Podana Krolowi przez Zgromadzenie Narodowe dnia 3. Września 1791, a przyięta od Nayiaśnieyszego Króla Jmci dnia 13. tegoż Miesiąca (in Polish), 1791, page 27


przeważnie

/pʂɛˈvaʐ.ɲɛ/

as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


zaiste

Inherited from Old Polish zaiste. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + iste. Compare Czech zajisté, Serbo-Croatian zȁista／за̏иста.

cog

zȁista//за̏иста

(literary) actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


najwyraźniej

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


zaś

Clipping of zasię. Compare Czech zase and Kashubian zôs. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zaś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(literary, contrastive or elaborative) meanwhile, whereas, while, rather than

(literary or dialectal, Kuyavia) after, afterwards; thereupon

(colloquial, dialectal) used with some conjunctions for expressiveness


iż

(Middle Polish) used after other conjunctions for emphasis

(Middle Polish) indicates a following event in time

(Middle Polish) forms the third person imperative in the singular and plural; let, may

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

a yeſzly yſzczyą przyrownam anyolom/ o zayſte doſtoynyeyſzaſz nath anyoly

1525, Jan z Szamotuł (Paterek), Kazania, inc.: Poczyna się kazanie drugie o poczęciu przenaczystszej dziewice Panny Maryjej, page 27v:

ábowiem Egipcżánie ſą rozomni/ ktorzy iż ſny rozwodzą/ známioná vkazuią

1550, Historyja Aleksandra Wielkiego, page A2v:

Iſch powyedzial yſch Thalierzse paniczewſkie, kthore gineli Zyanem wolkyem nagradzal panſkimy

1543-1554, Liber maleficorum, page 1549/149v:

Byli oni ludźie bárzo pilni/ á w káżdey wolney náuce/ iż z ſámego zwycżáiu bárzo biegli [Erant viri illi perquam diligentes et ab omni liberali eruditione etiam usu ipso paratissimi]

1577, A. Frycz Modrzewski - C. Bazylik, O poprawie Rzeczypospolitej, page 98:

ſilj moie nie ſą ták doſtátecżne iáko morzá ábo wielorybá/ iż mię śćiſkaſz tákowem vtrapieniem ktorego vydz nie mogę.

1572, Sz. Budny, Biblija, page I 279b marg:

y przeſlvge ſwego wſkazala ze ya ſkrolyem j. m. nycz nyemąm jſz do mnye slye

1579-1597, Akta prawne miasta Kościerzyny, page 1588/82v:

Kto ſie cnotą ſpráwuie/ á Bogá ſie boi/ Iż go márna ſwawola/ ále rozum ſtroi.

Proximus sum egomet mihi, Bliſzſzym ſam ſobie/ Nikomum ták wiele nie powinien iż yednák więcey ſam ſobie.

Ow záſię ná málucżki cżás walał ſię iáko we błocie ſwiniá w onych márnych roſkoſzach ſwoich/ thák iáko tu Ewányeliſtá ſwięty piſze/ y z onymi godowniki ſwoiemi/ y iż kęs poſkakáłá przed nim oná márna á plugáwa zwodnicá iego/ ktora nie tylko ciáło/ ále zwiodłá á zátráćiłá y nędzną duſzę iego.

1566, M. Rej, Postylla, 3 edition, page 321v:

Otoż álbo te dwie mieyſcá ſą iáſnie máluiące Cżyśćiec/ albo więc iż iáſność ſwoię z wykłádu ták wielkich y świętych dwu kośćielnych Doktorow biorą

1593, S. Wysocki, Kazanie na pogrzebie ... Jana Symeona Olelkowicza, page 35:


w końcu

quasi

Oczywiście, że jestem głodny, w końcu nie jadłem cały dzień.

Of course I'm hungry, After all, I haven't eaten all day.

W końcu my wszyscy umieramy.

(idiomatic) in the end, roughly, with a verb end up


szczerze mówiąc

(idiomatic) frankly speaking, to tell the truth, in truth, in all honesty, to be honest


zaprawdę

Univerbation of za + prawdę. Largely displaced by naprawdę.

A Król im odpowie: "Zaprawdę, powiadam wam: Wszystko, co uczyniliście jednemu z tych braci moich najmniejszych, Mnieście uczynili".

1983, Biblia Tysiąclecia [The Millennium Bible]:

And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me.

(dated, literary) actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


powiedzmy

Cohortative of powiedzieć, literally, “let's say”.

let's say; for example, for instance, say


wreszcie

/ˈvrɛʂ.t͡ɕɛ/

/ˈvrɛʂ.t͡ɕɛ/

Univerbation of w + reszcie. First attested in 1713–1714.

Józef Gierowski, editor ((Can we date this quote?)), Rzeczpospolita w dobie upadku 1700-1740. Wybór źródeł (in Polish), published 1955, Przestroga generalna stanów Rzpltej…, page 201

used to list the final thing in a list; and finally


zresztą

→ Silesian: zresztōm (calque)

Univerbation of z + resztą. First attested in 1773.

Gazety wilenskie (in Polish), volume 13, number 38, 1773 September 18, page 3

moreover, furthermore, also; besides, anyway


rzeczywiście

→ Silesian: rzeczywiście

/ʐɛ.t͡ʂɘˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

/ʐɛ.t͡ʂɨˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

/r̝ɛ.t͡ʂɨˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

From rzeczywisty + -ie. First attested in 1579.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “rzeczywiście”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


niezbyt

(colloquial) not much, not quite, not really, not very


praktycznie

praktycznie rzecz biorąc

for all intents and purposes
for all intents and purposes

for all intents and purposes, in practice


następnie

From następny + -ie. First attested in 1621.

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “następnie”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)


wszystkiego

all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


jakby

Inherited from Old Polish jakby. By surface analysis, jak + -by. Compare Kashubian jakbë.

(Middle Polish) almost, nearly; approximately

(Middle Polish) clarification particle; that is; namely; for example

(Middle Polish) creates a conditional third person imperative; let, may

Instar […] Ná ten xtałt, yákoby.

Gleich wie. Iáko. Niby. Iákoby. Ut, uti, sicut.

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 248b:


niby

Univerbation of ni + by. First attested in 1579.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

seemingly, apparently, ostensibly, supposedly

Niby ja?

Niby po co dzwonią?


owszem

Inherited from Old Polish owszem. Compare Czech ovšem (“but; certainly, yes, of course”).

cog

used with an additional sentence to contradict what an interlocutor has said

(literary) an in-word used to confirm and intensify a subordinate clause


atoli

Inherited from Old Polish atoli. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + to + li.

surf

(Middle Polish) used to introduce a new, conflicting fact, but; after all

(Middle Polish) emphasizes the following statement; well


istotnie

actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


najprawdopodobniej

absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, sure


akuratnie

From akuratny + -ie. First attested in 1787. Compare Slovincian akúrótnjê.

ref

Continuacya wyrokow y rozkazow powszechnych w Galicyi y Lodomeryi Krolestwach (in Polish), 1787, page 105

(ironic, colloquial) tell me another!, nothing of the kind!, a likely story! yeah, right!


omal

+obj

negative&clause<translated in the positive>

almost, nearly, practically [with negative clause ‘translated in the positive’]


byle

Inherited from Old Polish byle (particle). By surface analysis, univerbation of by + le.


moim zdaniem

(idiomatic) for my money, if you ask me, in my opinion, in my view, methinks (the way I see it; the way I see things; to my way of thinking)


słowem

briefly speaking, in a word, in short, in sum


przeszło

Third-person singular neuter past of przejść.

Near-synonym: z górą

Przeszło sto osób przyszło na imprezę.

More than one hundred people came to the party.

over, more than (used to indicate that the actual number is higher than the one given)


przede wszystkim

Near-synonyms: głównie, szczególnie, w pierwszym rzędzie, w szczególności, zwłaszcza


rzędu

on the order of (approximately) [with genitive ‘of what’]


przecie

From earlier przedsię, from Old Polish przedsie.

/ˈpr̝ɛ.t͡ɕɛ/


literalnie

(literary) exactly, precisely (used to provide emphasis)


zali

(archaic) used to ask the listener for confirmation of or agreement with a statement; isn't it?; isn't it so?; right?


wszakże

after all; indicates a statement is true regardless of other considerations; used to reinforce or explain a point


wszak

Inherited from Old Polish wszako, from Proto-Slavic *vьśako.


wpół

something has the feature in question to a degree too small to say with certainty that it has it; there is something that makes it possible to say that it does not have the feature; not quite


aliści

Aliści już w pierwszym starciu ponieśli klęskę.

They had already lost in the first scuffle.

(archaic) used to reinforce a point, usually expressing dissimilarity


przeto

Inherited from Old Polish prze to. By surface analysis, prze- + to.


poza tym

(idiomatic) besides (used to add an aside or warning to a text)


jak to

denotes perceived obviousness of something; as


nie ma co

(idiomatic) there is no use, there is no point, there is no sense

(colloquial, idiomatic) no question about it


bowiem

Inherited from Old Polish bowiem. By surface analysis, univerbation of bo + wiem.

Near-synonyms: przecie, przecież, wszak, wszakże

(literary) as, because, for, which is why

Enim ‒ Bowiem.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 363a:

(Middle Polish) because; Further details are uncertain.


zaledwie

→ Kashubian: zaledwie

→ Silesian: zaledwie

Univerbation of za + ledwie. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zaledwie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


acz

(Middle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question

Queis, ablativus, Acz.

Caeteroquin – Acz

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 149b:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


lajt

(slang) no problem, without any problems


mianowicie

Inherited from Old Polish mianowicie. By surface analysis, mianowity + -ie.

Near-synonyms: a więc, czyli, eo ipso, inaczej, inaczej mówiąc, innymi słowy, jednym słowem, krótko mówiąc, przeto, słowem, tedy, to jest, toteż, to znaczy, tym samym, więc, w takim razie, w takim układzie, zatem, znaczy, znaczy się


z jednej strony

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see z, jeden, strona.

Coordinate term: z drugiej strony


z drugiej strony

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see z, drugi, strona.

Coordinate term: z jednej strony


dosyć

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do syti, from *sytь. Compare Ukrainian до́сить (dósytʹ).


autentyk

Learned borrowing from Latin authenticus.

lbor

Nie zjadłem ciasteczek, autentyk.

(colloquial) seriously, for real, honest, honestly (used when the speaker wishes to vouch for the authenticity of their statement)


niezupełnie

the speaker does not fully agree with what someone else has said; not really


to znaczy

(idiomatic) namely, in other words, that is, that is to say


na bank

(colloquial, idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, in the bag


w każdym razie

Coordinate term: w żadnym razie

(idiomatic) at any rate, in any event, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


z pewnością

(colloquial, idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure


bez dwóch zdań

To jest bez dwóch zdań najlepsza restauracja.

(colloquial, idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, hands down


bez wątpienia

(idiomatic) doubtlessly, indubitably, undoubtably


tak czy inaczej

Literally, “this way or another”. Compare Russian та́к и́ли ина́че (ták íli ináče) or English either way.

cog

та́к и́ли ина́че

(idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)

(idiomatic) either way (no matter what choice)


na ogół

(idiomatic) as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


między innymi

Near-synonyms: dajmy na to, i tym podobne, na przykład

(idiomatic) among other things, inter alia, including (and many others, and not only)


przy okazji

A przy okazji, kiedy oddasz mi Couplanda? Na pewno i tak nie przeczytałeś.

By the way, when are you going to give me my Coupland back? I'm sure you haven't read it anyway.

(idiomatic) apropos, by the way, speaking of


na dodatek

(idiomatic) also, in addition, on top of that


jednym słowem

(idiomatic) briefly speaking, in a word, in short, in sum


na dobitkę

add insult to injury
add insult to injury

to make matters worse
to make matters worse

(colloquial, idiomatic) add insult to injury, for the worse, to make matters worse, to top it all off


koniec końców

at the end of the day
at the end of the day

when all is said and done
when all is said and done

(colloquial, idiomatic) at the end of the day, in the end, when all is said and done


zwłaszcza że

(idiomatic) all the more, let alone, to say nothing of


szczególnie że

/ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡul.ɲɛ ʐɛ/


nawiasem mówiąc

(idiomatic, literary) nota bene; used to add an aside or warning to a text


swoją drogą

Literally, “by one's way”. Compare English by the way.


co gorsza

(idiomatic) add insult to injury, for the worse, to make matters worse, to top it all off


na domiar złego

Literally, “in addition to [the] bad [one]”.


omalże

almost, nearly, practically [with negative clause ‘translated in the positive’]


toż

Sto tysięcy? Toż to majątek.

A hundred thousand złotys? But it's a fortune.

(dated) refers to a situation or someone's statement, introducing a polemical tone


niechaj

From the second-person imperative singular of niechać (“to give”). Compare Serbo-Croatian neka and Ukrainian неха́й (nexáj).


w sumie

(idiomatic) in fact (actually, in truth)

(idiomatic) all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


w istocie

Literally, “in essence”.
For the meaning development compare with Russian в су́щности (v súščnosti), по су́ти (po súti), по существу́ (po suščestvú) and English in essence.

(formal, idiomatic) as a matter of fact, essentially, in essence, in fact, in point of fact


prawdę mówiąc

(idiomatic) frankly speaking, to tell the truth, in truth, in all honesty, to be honest


na serio

(idiomatic) for real, seriously (let's be serious)


wprawdzie

Univerbation of w prawdzie. First attested in 1656–1688.

ref

“WPRAWDZIE”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 16.11.2023

Wprawdzie nie wiem, co się dzieje, ale chętnie się przyłączę.

Even though I don't know what's going on, I'll gladly join.


do kwadratu

(arithmetic, idiomatic, in collocation with podnosić or podnieść) squared, to the square of (multiplied by itself)

(idiomatic) mighty, so, very (what is being referred to has a particular feature to a greater extent than usual, so that it draws attention to it)


do tego

(idiomatic) besides, furthermore, what's more


przeciwnie

/pʂɛˈt͡ɕiv.ɲɛ/

on the contrary, contrarily, conversely (what has been said about the topic of the conversation is not true; what is true is something else)


na dobrą sprawę

(idiomatic) for all intents and purposes, in practice


w gruncie rzeczy

/ˈvɡrun.t͡ɕɛ ˈʐɛ.t͡ʂɘ/

Literally, “in the ground of the matter”.


nie lada

Miłośników hokeja na koniec sezonu czeka nie lada gratka.

Field hockey fans are in for quite a treat at the end of the season.

(idiomatic) not just any (used to show that something is not like average objects of the same type) [with nominative]


i tak

I tak będę zmęczony, więc po co pójść spać?.

I'm going to be tired either way, so what's the point of going to sleep?

(idiomatic) anyways, anyway, either way, anyhow, as it is


równie dobrze

Równie dobrze możesz to ignorować.

(idiomatic) as well, might as well [with móc]


mimo wszystko

(idiomatic) after all, all the same, still and all, regardless


w sensie

(colloquial, idiomatic) as in (in the sense of)


zapewne

(literary) arguably, belike, probably; presumption of the speaker that the judgment communicated in the sentence is true

(literary) assuredly, doubtless, undoubtedly; citing an opinion with which the speaker basically agrees but with some reservations


bez mała

bez mała dwadzieścia lat

w każdym bez mała mieszkaniu


czyżby

introduces a rhetorical question, contradicts its content, or calls into question what was said


indziej

a component of some compound adverbs, e.g. gdzie indziej, kiedy indziej


wbrew pozorom

contrary to appearances
contrary to appearances


wiadomo

From wiadomy + -o. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Kashubian wiadomò and Silesian wiadōmo.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “wiadomo”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


gdyby nie

/ˈɡdɘ.bɘ ɲɛ/

Gdyby nie ty, tobym nie żył.

If it weren't for you, I wouldn't be alive.

if not for (if something were not (or had not been) there; in the absence of something; without)


nie żeby

not that (used to indicate that the following clause is not true and that this negatively impacts the importance of the preceding clause)


żeby nie

lest (for fear that; that not; in order to prevent something from happening; in case)


z całym szacunkiem

with all due respect
with all due respect

(idiomatic) with all due respect, respectfully


jak najbardziej

(idiomatic) as much as possible (used for comparisons of adjectives and adverbs)


na odwrót

(idiomatic) on the contrary, contrarily, conversely (what has been said about the topic of the conversation is not true; what is true is something else)


jeśli chodzi o

Literally, “if I mean”, or more loosely translated as “if it comes to”.

lit

Jeśli chodzi o piwo, to wolę lagery.

(idiomatic) when it comes to, as far as, concerning [with accusative ‘something’]


jeżeli chodzi o

Jeżeli chodzi o piwo, to wolę lagery.

(idiomatic) Alternative form of jeśli chodzi o.


popadnie

Zacząłem wrzucać na talerz co popadnie, żeby została.

I started to put anything on the plate so that she would stay.

Stawiał klocki jak popadnie.

Nie rzucaj śmieci gdzie popadnie!

any old, any, absolutely any (always preceded by an interrogative, such as co, jak, or gdzie)


aż nadto

Literally, “to the point [where] it's too much”.

Powodów było aż nadto.

Rozumiem aż nadto.

(idiomatic) all too, way too (an excessive amount) [with genitive]


poniekąd

Univerbation of po nie kędy. Compare English in a way.


choćby

From choć + -by. First attested in 1549. Compare Kashubian chòcbë, and Silesian choćby.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “choćby”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish) even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned, as compared to the implied reality)


przeciętnie

/pʂɛˈt͡ɕɛnt.ɲɛ/


nie do końca

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see nie, do, koniec.

(idiomatic) not exactly, not quite, not fully


tym samym

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see ten, sam.


do potęgi

(arithmetic, idiomatic, in collocation with podnosić or podnieść) to the power of

Ta impreza jest nudna do potęgi.

(idiomatic) mighty, so, very (what is being referred to has a particular feature to a greater extent than usual, so that it draws attention to it)


całe szczęście

/ˈt͡sa.wɛ ˈʂt͡ʂɛɲ.ɕt͡ɕɛ/


na pierwszy rzut oka

(idiomatic) at first glance, on the face of it (upon initial inspection)


dla odmiany

(idiomatic) for a change (wishing for something new)


tak zwany

tak zwany (masculine nominative singular)
tak zwana (feminine nominative singular)
tak zwane (neuter nominative singular)
tak zwani (nominative plural virile)
tak zwane (nominative plural)
tak zwanego (genitive masculine singular)
tak zwanej (feminine genitive singular)
tak zwanego (genitive neuter singular)
tak zwanych (genitive plural)
tak zwanych (genitive plural virile)
tak zwanemu (dative masculine singular)
tak zwanej (dative feminine singular)
tak zwanemu (dative neuter singular)
tak zwanym (dative plural)
tak zwanym (dative plural virile)
tak zwanego (accusative animate masculine singular)
tak zwany (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
tak zwaną (accusative feminine singular)
tak zwane (accusative neuter singular)
tak zwanych (accusative plural virile)
tak zwane (accusative plural)
tak zwanym (instrumental masculine singular)
tak zwaną (feminine instrumental singular)
tak zwanym (instrumental neuter singular)
tak zwanymi (instrumental plural)
tak zwanymi (instrumental plural virile)
tak zwanym (locative masculine singular)
tak zwanej (feminine locative singular)
tak zwanym (locative neuter singular)
tak zwanych (locative plural)
tak zwanych (locative plural virile)


hę

huh? (when the listener did not hear what the speaker said)


z hakiem

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see z, hak.

(colloquial, idiomatic) and change, -some, -odd, more than the amount stated


przy tym

To był dobry film, i przy tym długi.

That was a good movie, and a long one at that.

(idiomatic) at that, also, in addition, no less


bez cienia wątpliwości

beyond a shadow of a doubt
beyond a shadow of a doubt


w szczególności

(idiomatic) especially, mainly, mostly, particularly


bodaj

Inherited from Old Polish bodaj, bogdaj, bohdaj, a univerbation of bóg daj. Ultimately from Proto-Slavic *bogъ daďь.

inh+

Poszedł bodaj w górę.

Pożycz bodaj na tydzień.

Bodaj palce mu zginęły!

Proces trwa bodaj godzinę.

(archaic) whichever, for example, such as, if only, say, just


niekoniecznie

/ɲɛ.kɔˈɲɛt͡ʂ.ɲɛ/

not necessarily, not really (it does not have to be like that)

(colloquial) not much, not quite, not really, not very


w rzeczy samej

(idiomatic) actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


nie bardzo

Nie bardzo rozumiem.

(colloquial, idiomatic) not much, not quite, not really, not very


ależ

Inherited from Old Polish ależ. By surface analysis, ale + -ż.

(emphatic) used at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis

(emphatic) used at the beginning of a sentence; similar in meaning to the English "hey, not so fast", especially when used multiple times

(Middle Polish) that much, so, so much so; emphasizes the scale of a quality


bez przesady

"Przecież to jest nielegalne." "Och, bez przesady. Nie jest aż tak źle."

"But that's illegal." "Oh c'mon. It's not that bad.

(idiomatic, colloquial)c'mon, without exaggeration, within reason, let's not exaggerate, don't overdo it, over-

To jest, bez przesady, największy przypał jaki miałem z Tobą.

This is, no joke, the worst fiasco I've ever been in with you.


nieszczególnie

/ɲɛ.ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡul.ɲɛ/


ale to

Nikt, ale to nikt nie może o tym wiedzieć.

No one, and I mean no one, can know about this.

Jestem bardzo, ale to bardzo głodny.

(idiomatic) but, oh so, absolutely, ever so, and I mean (used to emphasis a previously mentioned point)


w pierwszym rzędzie

/ˈfpjɛr.fʂɘm ˈʐɛɲ.d͡ʑɛ/

Literally, “in [the] first row”. Calque of German in erster Linie.


co dopiero

(idiomatic) all the more, let alone, to say nothing of


chcąc nie chcąc

Literally, “wanting [to] or not [wanting to]”.

lit

Nie miałem hajsu, więc, chcąc nie chcąc, wróciłem do banku.

I didn't have any cash so whether I wanted to or not I went back to the bank.

(colloquial, idiomatic) willy-nilly, like it or not


zasię

Inherited from Old Polish zasię. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + się. Compare przecież.


słowo harcerza

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see słowo, harcerz.

(idiomatic) Scout's honor (used to promise something)


dajmy na to

(idiomatic) say, let's say (for example, let's assume)


jakby tego było mało

Literally, “as if that were [too] little”.

lit

(colloquial, idiomatic) add insult to injury, for the worse, as if that weren't enough


dość powiedzieć

/dɔɕt͡ɕ pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/


jakże

jakżem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
jakżeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
jakżeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
jakżeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
jakże (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
jakże (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish jakże. By surface analysis, jak + -że.

Expresses surprise at the degree of something; how

Expresses surprise and confusion; but how

Jakże głośno potem kichali!

Afterwards, they sneezed so very loudly!

Expresses high degree or intensity; oh so very


czy co

(transitive, idiomatic) or what? (expresses doubt)


alboż

Inherited from Old Polish alboż. By surface analysis, albo + -ż.

Alboż to będzie przydatne?

Do you really think this is going to be handy?

(archaic) used to express the speaker's doubt or surprise


jak amen w pacierzu

Literally, “like saying amen in a prayer”.

Może otruła, może nie otruła, na dwoje babka wróżyła - włączyła się do dysputy gruba mieszczka w haftowanym półkożuszku. - Powiadają, ten poprzedni na śmierć się zapił. Szewc był. - Szewc, nie szewc, otruła go, jak amen w pacierzu - zawyrokował chudy.

"Maybe she poisoned him to death, maybe not, it's hard to say." A fat townswoman in an embroidered, short sheepskin coat joined the dispute. "They say that the last one drank to death. He was a cobbler." "Whether he's a shoemaker or not", and she poisoned him, no ifs ands or buts about it." the skinny one chimed in.

(colloquial, idiomatic, simile) indubitably, undeniably, no ifs ands or buts about it (for sure, definitely)


na koniec dnia

Literally, “at the end of the day”. Calque of English at the end of the day.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see na, koniec, dnia.

(colloquial, idiomatic) at the end of the day, in the end, when all is said and done


wogule

Dla mnie to najlepszy i najsmaczniejszy Kebab ktorego wogule jadlam.

For me it's the best and tastiest kebab that I ever ate.

Bo jak każdy co chodzi na mecze nie widziało ich wogule, chyba zostały schowane w szafie razem z osobami które je kupiły!

2018 April 29, Xxxmartysxxx5, Re: województwo Zachodniopomorskie:

Because everyone who goes to matches didn't see them at all, I think they were hidden in a closet with everyone who bought them!

Jebać bycie miłym, ludzie tutaj juz wogule kurwa nie wkładają w nie wysiłku, robia je na szybko, wiele o takiej samej tematyce.

2022 February 23, moznajaknajbardziej, Flota be like:

Fuck being nice, people here don't fucking put effort in stuff at all, they do it fast, often within the same subject area.


azaliż

(archaic, emphatic) Alternative form of azali


azali

Inherited from Old Polish azali. By surface analysis, univerbation of aza + li.

surf

(archaic) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


bagatelka

(rare) used to emphasize the importance and value of something just said


nie za bardzo

(colloquial, idiomatic) Alternative form of nie bardzo


rychtyk

Borrowed from German richtig. Compare Kashubian richtich and Silesian rychtig


z innej beczki

(colloquial, idiomatic) in other news, so random; used to note that what the speaker said was unrelated to anything said before


znowuż

(archaic) whereas, on the other hand, in turn

On nie jest znowuż taki głupi.

(archaic) after all, I guess; used to lessen the effect

(archaic) I beg your pardon, pardon me (used to express irritation at a suggestion that the speaker cannot agree with)


mur beton

(colloquial, idiomatic) Alternative form of na mur beton


na mur beton

Na mur beton wrócili do siebie.

I would bet anything they got back together.

(colloquial, idiomatic) for sure, concrete, solid


bez porównania

To jest bez porównania trudniejsze.

(idiomatic, in comparisons) incomparably, immeasurably, beyond measure


jak nic

(colloquial, idiomatic, simile) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, hands down


o niebo

Czuję się o niebo lepiej.


żeby nie było

/ˈʐɛ.bɘ ɲɛ ˈbɘ.wɔ/

Literally, “so that it wasn't [unclear]”.

lit

(idiomatic) for what it's worth, for the record, for clarity's sake, just so you know, I'll have you know, just so it's clear

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see żeby, nie, być.


bezdyskusyjnie

From bezdyskusyjny + -ie. First attested in 1920.


bo ja wiem

(colloquial) I don't know (used as a pause for the speaker to come up with a term)


bodajże

From earlier bogdajże. By surface analysis, bodaj + -że. First attested in the first half of the 16th century.


bodajby

From earlier bogdajby. By surface analysis, bodaj + -by. First attested in 1607.

(archaic) whichever, for example, such as, if only, say, just


zaraz, zaraz

used to let someone know that the speaker needs a moment to think about what they want to say and that they will continue speaking in a moment

(colloquial) wait a minute (used to indicate a new insight or dawning understanding)


w istocie rzeczy

/visˈtɔ.t͡ɕɛ ˈʐɛ.t͡ʂɘ/

Literally, “in the essence of the matter”.

lit

(formal, idiomatic) as a matter of fact, essentially, in essence, in fact, in point of fact


możliwie

możliwie jak najbardziej

as ... as (used to say that what is being discussed has the maximum amount or value that can be achieved in a given situation)


alez

(Masuria, Warmia) Alternative form of ależ


tak czy tak

(idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


tak czy owak

(colloquial, idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


tak czy siak

Literally, “this way or another”. Compare dialectal takatak.


w pewnym sensie

(idiomatic) in a way, kind of, so to speak


aboć

Inherited from Old Polish aboć. By surface analysis, abo + -ć.

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria) Synonym of alboć; introduces a rhetorical question


alić

Inherited from Old Polish alić. By surface analysis, ali + -ć.

(obsolete) used for presenting something; here


aliż

Inherited from Old Polish aliż. By surface analysis, ali + -ż.

(archaic) used to reinforce a point, usually expressing dissimilarity


aczci

Inherited from Old Polish aczci. By surface analysis, acz + -ci.

(Middle Polish) highlights or emphasizes an element; which is


alboć

Inherited from Old Polish alboć. By surface analysis, albo + -ć.

(Middle Polish) probably introduces doubt or uncertainty

(Middle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question

(Warmia) introduces a rhetorical question


aleć

Inherited from Old Polish aleć. By surface analysis, ale + -ć.

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria, emphatic) emphatic particle


anić

Inherited from Old Polish anić. By surface analysis, ani + -ć.


aniż

Inherited from Old Polish aniż. By surface analysis, ani + -ż.


atoć

Inherited from Old Polish atoć. By surface analysis, ato + -ć.


azać

Inherited from Old Polish azać. By surface analysis, aza + -ć.

(Middle Polish) expresses uncertainty; maybe, perhaps


azaż

Inherited from Old Polish azaż. By surface analysis, aza + -ż.


ażeć

Inherited from Old Polish ażeć. By surface analysis, aże + -ć.


jaż

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń) Alternative form of aż


ażci

Inherited from Old Polish ażci. By surface analysis, aż + -ci.

(Middle Polish, emphatic) highlighting particle


ażby

Inherited from Old Polish ażby. By surface analysis, aż + -by.


przedsię

Inherited from Old Polish przedsie. By surface analysis, univerbation of przed + się.

surf

(Middle Polish) contrary to this, despite this

(Middle Polish) refers to what is considered by the speaker as obvious fact

(Middle Polish) emphasizes the confidence of the speaker

(Middle Polish) general emphasis particle

(Middle Polish) begins a conclusion after presenting many options; anyways


na dokładkę

(colloquial, idiomatic) also, in addition, on top of that


mało tego

(idiomatic) also, in addition, on top of that


snadź

Inherited from Old Polish snadź, from Proto-Slavic *snadь.


aby do

Aby do wtorku, a potem już można odpoczywać.

Just wait till Tuesday, and then you can finally rest.

used to express the hope that what we consider good will begin when the thing in question begins


prócz tego

(idiomatic, literary) besides, furthermore, what's more


oprócz tego

(idiomatic) besides, furthermore, what's more


nie mówiąc o

(idiomatic) let alone, to say nothing of, not to mention; all the more


do sześcianu

(arithmetic, idiomatic, in collocation with podnosić or podnieść) to the cube of (raised to the third power)

(idiomatic) mighty, so, very (what is being referred to has a particular feature to a greater extent than usual, so that it draws attention to it)


ex definitione

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ex dēfīnītiōne.

ubor

(idiomatic, literary) by definition, inherently


za pozwoleniem

– Ale przypomniało nam się...
– Za pozwoleniem, nie: nam, tylko: mnie!
– But we were reminded...
– I'm sorry, not: us, but: me!

(colloquial, dated, idiomatic) the speaker interrupts another person to say something, to contradict what is being said, or to ask about something


a więc

Stół znajduje się raczej po lewej stronie, a więc dość daleko od wejścia z prawej.

The table is rather on the left side, so quite far from the entrance on the right.


znaczy się

(idiomatic) in other words, namely, that is, that is to say


niestocie

/ɲɛsˈtɔt͡ɕɛ/

Inherited from Old Polish niestojcie. By surface analysis, univerbation of nie + stójcie.


chociaj

(Middle Polish) Alternative form of chocia


chocia

Inherited from Old Polish chocia. Cognate with Russian хотя́ (xotjá).


jeszcze jak

Byli praworządni, i to jeszcze jak.


plus minus

(idiomatic, literary) approximately, more or less


otóż to

(idiomatic) exactly (signifying agreement or recognition)


otóż

Inherited from Old Polish otóż. By surface analysis, oto + -ż.

(emphatic) emphasizes the following statement; well


cn

(text messaging, Internet slang) Abbreviation of co nie.


co nie

On poszedł do sklepu, co nie?

Jak tam pójdziesz, co nie, to skręć w lewo i dojdziesz na plac.

When you go there, right, turn left and you'll arrive at the square.

(colloquial, idiomatic) tag question; right? isn't it?


a nie mówiłem

Literally, “and wasn't I saying [that]?”.


między nami

mówiąc między nami
mówiąc między nami#Polish

(idiomatic) Alternative form of mówiąc między nami


co tu dużo mówić

Literally, “what's there a lot to say here”


co tu dużo gadać

co tu dużo mówić
co tu dużo mówić#Polish

(idiomatic) Alternative form of co tu dużo mówić


na marginesie mówiąc

(idiomatic) Alternative form of na marginesie


chciałoby się rzec

/xt͡ɕaˈwɔ.bɘ ɕɛ ʐɛt͡s/

Literally, “one would feel like saying”.

chciałoby się powiedzieć
chciałoby się powiedzieć#Polish

(idiomatic) Alternative form of chciałoby się powiedzieć


chciałoby się powiedzieć

/xt͡ɕaˈwɔ.bɘ ɕɛ pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/

(idiomatic) used to express that the following expression might be surprising but better describes something than another; One could say


tak samo

used to say that someone or something has the same trait as something previously mentioned; the same; also, too


gdzie tam

(colloquial, idiomatic) tell me another, nothing of the kind, a likely story, yeah, right


umówmy się

used by the speaker that the listener might not like the following information but should accept it; here's the deal, let's be honest


w całym tego słowa znaczeniu

Literally, “in the entire meaning of this word”.

in every sense of the word
in every sense of the word

(idiomatic) in every sense of the word; par excellence


w pełnym tego słowa znaczeniu

Literally, “in the full meaning of this word”.

w całym tego słowa znaczeniu
w całym tego słowa znaczeniu#Polish

(idiomatic) Synonym of w całym tego słowa znaczeniu


i koniec

(colloquial, idiomatic) and that's that, so much for


i koniec kropka

Literally, “and [that's the] end full stop”.


i kropka

Literally, “and [that's the] full stop”.


i już

Literally, “and [that's] already [that]”.


i cześć

/iˈt͡ʂɛɕt͡ɕ/


koniec i kropka

Literally, “[that's the] end and full stop”.


żeby tak powiedzieć

by tak powiedzieć
by tak powiedzieć#Polish


by nie powiedzieć

/bɘ ɲɛ pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/

żeby nie powiedzieć
żeby nie powiedzieć#Polish


łatwo mówić

łatwo powiedzieć
łatwo powiedzieć#Polish


nie powiem, by

nie powiem, żeby
nie powiem, żeby#Polish


łatwo powiedzieć

easier said than done
easier said than done


nie powiem, żeby

/ɲɛ pɔvjɛmˌ ˈʐɛ.bɘ/


żeby nie powiedzieć

/ˈʐɛ.bɘ ɲɛ pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/


nikt mi nie powie, że

(idiomatic) used to express emphatic certainty; nobody can tell me


powiem więcej

to add to that, on top of that, what's more


że tak powiem

Literally, “that I will say it like that”.

(idiomatic) if you will; so to speak, as it were


inna sprawa

(idiomatic) (that's) another story, different story, separate issue, other thing


podobnież

/pɔˈdɔb.ɲɛʂ/


coś niecoś

/t͡sɔɕ ˈɲɛ.t͡sɔɕ/


człecze

/ˈt͡ʂwɛ.t͡ʂɛ/

/ˈt͡ʂɫɛ.t͡ʂɛ/


człeku

(literary) used with a male speaker to express outrage or to emphasize one's statement


też człowiek

used to remind someone that something shouldn't suffer and also has needs


przećsię

/ˈpr̝ɛt͡ɕɕɛ̃/

/ˈpʂɛt͡ɕɕɛ̃/


przećsie

/ˈpr̝ɛt͡ɕɕɛ/


przedcię

/ˈpr̝ɛtt͡ɕɛ̃/

/ˈpʂɛtt͡ɕɛ̃/


przecię

/ˈpr̝ɛt͡ɕɛ̃/


przedsięż

/ˈpr̝ɛtɕɛ̃ʂ/


przedcie

/ˈpr̝ɛtt͡ɕɛ/


przećcie

/ˈpr̝ɛt͡ɕt͡ɕɛ/

/ˈpʂɛt͡ɕt͡ɕɛ/


przećcię

/ˈpr̝ɛt͡ɕt͡ɕɛ̃/

/ˈpʂɛt͡ɕt͡ɕɛ̃/


włącznie

od 1 do 10 włącznie

od poniedziałku do piątku włącznie

inclusive (including the extremes as well as the area between)


siłą rzeczy

/ˈɕi.wɔw̃ ˈʐɛ.t͡ʂɘ/

Literally, “by [the] force of things”. Calque of French par la force des choses.

cal

Near-synonyms: ex definitione, par excellence, z definicji, z natury rzeczy, z założenia

(idiomatic) necessarily, by necessity, logically, inevitably, perforce


bo nie

(colloquial, idiomatic) because I said so, just because (the listener does not need to understand the reasons)


stety

Back-formation from niestety (“unfortunately”).


nie ma jak

(idiomatic) there is nothing like (what is being discussed is, according to the speaker, the best)


nie owijając w bawełnę

not to put too fine a point on it
not to put too fine a point on it

(colloquial, idiomatic) not to put too fine a point on it (used to inform that what one wants to say will be communicated directly in blunt terms as it is necessary to know everything about the subject under discussion)


wżdy

(archaic, contrastive) reinforces a fact that should be known to the listener; after all, in the end


ściśle mówiąc

(idiomatic) strictly speaking, technically, stricto sensu


no chyba

(colloquial) confirmation particle expressing that the speaker sees the confirmation as obvious; well yeah, duh


uszywiście

Blend of uszy (“ears”) + oczywiście, replacing the start of the second term, oczy (“eyes”), with a word for ears. First attested in 2002.

Bezalkoholowe? Uszywiście...

2002 November 28, Marcin Glinski, “dych ...”, in pl.rec.hihot (Usenet), archived from the original on 2023-08-18:

Wszystko moim zdaniem uszywiście.

2002 February 28, Miroo (usun USUNTO z adresu!), “Pasy, dzieci, samochody i takie tam.”, in pl.soc.prawo (Usenet), archived from the original on 2023-08-18:

uszywiście ze ma :)

2024 November 4, insane, “jaki stabilizator?”, in pl.misc.elektronika (Usenet), archived from the original on 2023-08-18:


kapiszi

Borrowed from Italian capisci. See also kapować.

To najsłodsza osoba pod słońcem i masz być dla niej dżentelmenem, kapiszi, głąbie? Bo jak nie, to won mi stąd.

2023 January 3, Mad Bartnicka, Syn wiosny, e-bookowo, →ISBN:

She's the sweetest person under the sun and you're supposed to be a gentleman to her, got it, you dumbass?


kapewu

From kapować (“to understand”) + French vous (“you”, polite second-person pronoun), modeled after French constructions like parlez-vous.

af

Nie bój się, on twardy, nic mu nie będzie. Swoich żałuj, kapewu?

1959, Tadeusz Konwicki, Dziura w niebie:

Don't worry, he's a tough one, he'll be fine. Pity your own, got it?


tytułem

A teraz, również tytułem wstępu, kilka słów o pewnym rękopisie.

And now, also by way of introduction, a few words about a certain manuscript.

the speaker names the category of objects to which the thing in question belongs


ni w ząb

(colloquial, idiomatic) Alternative form of ani w ząb


dalibóg

→ Kashubian: dôlëbóg (calque)

Inherited from Old Polish dalibóg. By surface analysis, univerbation of da + li + Bóg, literally “may God give”.


ani w ząb

(colloquial, idiomatic) used to communicate a lack of understanding even, at all; not a thing


po mojemu

(colloquial, idiomatic) for my money, if you ask me, in my opinion, in my view, methinks (the way I see it; the way I see things; to my way of thinking)


według mnie

(idiomatic) for my money, if you ask me, in my opinion, in my view, methinks (the way I see it; the way I see things; to my way of thinking)


jasna rzecz

(colloquial, idiomatic) clearly, obviously, sure thing (used to assure that one does not doubt the truthfulness of what is being said)


na moje oko

Literally, “on my eye”, or more loosely translated as “according to my eye”.

lit

(colloquial, idiomatic) on the face of it, to all appearances


jakżeż to

/ˈjaɡ.ʐɛʂ tɔ/

(colloquial) Alternative form of jakże to


ma się rozumieć

(colloquial, idiomatic) it stands to reason (used to indicate that the truthfulness of what is being said by the speaker should not be doubted by anyone)


najpewniej

absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, sure


z tej strony

(colloquial, idiomatic, telephony) used by the speaker to introduce themselves on the telephone; speaking


ni mniej, ni więcej

(idiomatic) no more no less (used to introduce certain information to which the speaker wishes to draw particular attention)


co się tyczy

/t͡sɔ ɕɛ ˈtɘ.t͡ʂɘ/

(idiomatic) apropos, speaking of (regarding or concerning) [with genitive ‘apropos what’]


byle do

Byle do wtorku, a potem już można odpoczywać.

used to express the hope that what we consider good will begin when the thing in question begins


ot i

(colloquial, idiomatic) just, only (used when the speaker considers the given topic as average, common, or trivial)


tak jakby

introduces doubt from the speaker; kinda, like, as though


ale ale

(colloquial, idiomatic) but, but, but (the speaker does not want to talk about what was mentioned, because they want to say something important that they have not thought of so far)


ot co

(colloquial, idiomatic) that's what (the speaker informs that what they have said adequately reflects what they think about the subject, even though it was said in a blunt way, and that nothing more needs to be said about it


że ho ho

(colloquial, idiomatic, postpositive) the feature of the phenomenon or object described by the speaker is, according to them, very intense


że się tak wyrażę

(idiomatic, literary) if you will; so to speak, as it were


co to, to nie

/t͡sɔ tɔˌ tɔ ɲɛ/

(idiomatic) no, not (used to show strong disagreement with what was said earlier)


nie i nie

Prosiliśmy ją, ale ta tylko nie i nie.

We were asking her, but she was only saying “no and no”.

(idiomatic) used to cite someone else's firm and repeated refusal to do something


może by

(idiomatic) why not (used to introduce a proposal)


nie to nie

Nie to nie, przecież się nie będę prosił.

No means no, I'm not going to ask you over and over again.

(idiomatic) no means no, it is what it is (the speaker, despite wanting things to be different, accepts that they are not as they would like them to be)


i tak, i nie

(idiomatic) yes and no (indicating there is no simple “yes” or “no” answer)


jak by nie było

any way one slices it
any way one slices it

(colloquial, idiomatic) any way one slices it; no matter what (regardless of any or most possible adverse circumstances)


dlaczego nie

/dlaˈt͡ʂɛ.ɡɔ ɲɛ/


dlaczego by nie

/dlaˈt͡ʂɛ.ɡɔ bɘ ɲɛ/

(idiomatic) Alternative form of dlaczego nie


czemu nie

/ˈt͡ʂɛ.mu ɲɛ/

(colloquial, idiomatic) why not (used to introduce a proposal)


czemu by nie

/ˈt͡ʂɛ.mu bɘ ɲɛ/

(colloquial, idiomatic) Alternative form of czemu nie


nie wiedzieć czemu

/ɲɛ ˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ ˈt͡ʂɛ.mu/

(idiomatic) for some reason (used to express uncertainty for the cause or justification of some event or happening)


jak by nie patrzeć

Literally, “whatever [way] you look [at it]”.


jakim prawem

Literally, “by what right”. Compare French de quel droit.

(idiomatic) in a situation where something unfavorable is happening, the speaker expresses their indignation, asking on what basis it is happening, as they believe it is groundless


tym bardziej że

(idiomatic) Alternative form of tym bardziej


takoż

Inherited from Old Polish takoż. By surface analysis, tako + -ż.


też mi

Też mi wskazówka! (said ironically)

expresses that the speaker does not think something is a true representative of that group


nie to że

(colloquial) not that (used to indicate that the following clause is not true and that this negatively impacts the importance of the preceding clause)


że też

Near-synonym: i pomyśleć, że

Że też nie pomyślałam o tym wcześniej!

Że też pociąg może tak stanąć...

I'd have never believed a train could stop just like this...

Że też trafiło akurat na ten dzień...

And it just had to be that day, of all days...

(idiomatic) to think that (used to show that the speaker is surprised that what was mentioned turned out to be possible)


z górą

Near-synonyms: ponad, przeszło

Jak przetrwały wbrew chrześcijaństwu, skoro herby w Europie są z górą dwakroć młodsze niż ono?

How did they survive against Christianity when coats of arms in Europe are upwards of two times younger than it?

(idiomatic) upwards of (used to indicate that the difference between the actual number and the one given is large)


casém

(Masuria, Warmia) Alternative form of czasem


Bogiem a prawdą

Literally, “by God and the truth”. The remnant of the phrase klnę się Bogiem, kierując się prawdą (I swear to God, guided by the truth).

(colloquial, idiomatic) frankly speaking, to tell the truth, in truth, in all honesty, to be honest


po prawdzie

(colloquial, idiomatic) used to say that what the speaker is talking about is true and that it is more important than what was said before; in truth; actually


między Bogiem a prawdą

(colloquial, idiomatic, nonstandard, proscribed) Alternative form of Bogiem a prawdą


prawdę powiedziawszy

(idiomatic) Alternative form of prawdę mówiąc


tylko i wyłącznie

(emphatic) only, just (not something else)


juści

(obsolete, now regional) Alternative form of jużci


mniejsza z

(idiomatic) anyway, never mind, enough of that (used to change the conversation because the speakers feels that enough has been said about the current one) [with instrumental]


mniejsza o

(idiomatic) anyway, never mind, enough of that (used to change the conversation because the speakers feels that enough has been said about the current one) [with accusative]


w każdym bądź razie

(idiomatic, proscribed) Alternative form of w każdym razie


z czymś

(colloquial, idiomatic) or so, and change


a jak

(colloquial, idiomatic) Expresses support, agreement, certainty, or emphasis; of course; you bet