aby

abym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
abyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
abyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
abyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
aby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
aby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + by.

surf

Mówię po to, aby nie było cicho.

Chcę, abyś jutro przyszedł.

to, in order to, so that (connects sentences either to express the goal of a speaker, when the speaker wishes to communicate a command or wish) [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’]

Usiadł, aby znowu wstać.

to (used to connect a sequence of actions) [with infinitive ‘to do what’]

Zrób to byle jak, aby szybciej

Do it any which way, as long as it's faster.

so long as (used to express a wish for anything) [with past-tense clause ‘to do what’]

Czytał aby czytał

(Masuria) introduces a conditional clause; if

(Ostróda) introduces a comparative clause; as if


i

Adam i Ewa tylko zjedli jabłko.

Patrzę na nią i oczom nie wierzę.

I look at her and can't believe my eyes.

Wychodząc i kaloryfer nam naprawił.

I ślepa wiewiórka czasem znajdzie orzech.

Even a blind squirrel finds an acorn sometimes.

Ja krowy to i w telewizji nigdy nie widziałem.

I mnie się podoba wasz wybór.

Czy i my?

Zmęczyłem się i nie byłem już w stanie grać w koszykówkę.

I grew tired, so I couldn't play basketball anymore.

Byłeś głupi, i cierp teraz.

Polsce potrzebne są i armia, i flota.

I dobrze.


to

Inherited from Old Polish to. Cognate with Czech to, Russian то (to), Ancient Greek τό (tó), German das, dass, English that.

Janek to mój brat.

Górnicy to jest takie specyficzne społeczeństwo.

used to attribute to the known object a characteristic that helps one know more about the topic; may optionally be followed by jest [with nominative]

Chcieć to móc.

Where there's a will there's a way. (literally, “To want is to be able to.”)

Ciekawość to pierwszy stopień do piekła.

Curiosity killed the cat. (literally, “Curiosity is the first step to hell.”)

used to juxtapose elements that are equivalent

Nasze straty są minimalne, ale bez śmierci się nie obejdzie. Wojna to wojna.

Our losses are minimal but some casualties are inevitable. War is war.

No, ale rozkaz to rozkaz. Nie mnie podważać.

Well, but an order is an order. Not for me to question.

used to indicate that the subject of the conversation has peculiarities which are familiar to the interlocutors, so that nothing else needs to be said about it in order to understand the topic

Coordinate term: jeśli

„Wiem, co chcę zrobić.” „To to zrób”.

“I know what I want to do.” “Then do it.”

Jeśli to zrobisz, to daj mi znać.

„Jeżeli zbuduję sobie kiedyś własny dom, to właśnie taki” – myślałam.

“If I ever build my own house one day, this is the one,” I thought.

in that case, then (used in if-constructions)


ba

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia, contrastive) but; just


ano

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria, Warmia) used to present something; and here

(Masuria, Ostróda, contrastive) but; just


bo

Nie zadzwoniłem, bo spałem.

Bo nie.

Bo tak.

Bo co?

Wstawaj już, bo spóźnisz się do szkoły!

Get up now or you'll be late for school!

On nie jest miły, bo nie chciał dać mi swoich ciasteczek.

He isn't nice because he didn't want to give me his cookies.

because (as is known, inferred, or determined from the fact that)

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

Moab y Agarenowie Gebalitowie j Amon y Amalech/ y cżudzoziemci z mieſzkaiącimi w Tirze. [...] Boy Aſſur prziſzedł ſnimi j ſtał ſie na pomoc ſinom Lotowym. [Etenim Assur venit cum illis: facti sunt in adiutorium filiis Loth]

1539, W. Wróbel, Żołtarz Dawidów, page 82/9:

[Confitebuntur coeli mirabilia tua domine: etenim veritatem tuam in ecclesia santorum] Będą wyznawać niebioſa czuda twoie miły panie bo y prawdę twoię będę wyſlawiać w zebraniu ſwiętych.

1539, W. Wróbel, Żołtarz Dawidów, page 88/6:


by

bym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
byśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
byś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
byście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
by (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
by (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

creates a subordinate clause expressing desire or wish; to, so that, for that, in order to [with past-tense clause]

Near-synonyms: bodaj, bodajby, byle, byleby, niech, niechaj, niechajże, niechby, niechże, oby

creates an optative clause; if only, had better, let [with past-tense clause]

creates a subordinate clause expressing aim or purpose, one's goal; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]

creates a subordinate clause in which one states the possibility of something depends on something else; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]

introduces a subordinate clause relating a following event with a previous one that is not caused by the first event; just to, only to [with infinitive]

introduces a subordinate clause expression doubt; if


co

Ma ten sam rower co ja.
He has the same bike as me.


alias

Learned borrowing from Latin aliās. First attested in the 19 century.


ale

Inherited from Old Polish ale. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + le. For the particle use, compare Hungarian de.

Grałem dobrze, ale przegrałem.

Jesteś nie tylko głupi, ale też naiwny!


ani

Inherited from Old Polish ani. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + ni.

Nie chce mi się ani jeść, ani pić.

I feel neither like eating nor drinking.

Nie było ani jednego ciasteczka.


albo

Możesz mieć albo to, albo to.


ali

Inherited from Old Polish ali. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + li.


abo

(archaic or dialectal, Poznań, Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) or


jak

Jak widać, jeszcze nie skończyłam.

Jego ojciec jest silny jak wół.

as (in the same way or manner that; to the same degree that)

Wyglądasz jak obcokrajowiec.

like, as if, as though (in a manner suggesting)

Jak byłem w lesie, to widziałem niedźwiedzia.

(colloquial or dialectal, Kuyavia) replaces kiedy and gdy; when (during the time that)

Jak będziesz dalej tak robiła, to w końcu cię rzuci.

If you keep doing that, he'll eventually dump you.

(colloquial or dialectal, Kuyavia) replaces jeśli and jeżeli; if (supposing that, assuming that, in the circumstances that)

Typ nie miał więcej jak metr sześćdziesiąt.

The guy was no taller than five feet three.

(colloquial or dialectal, Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia) replaces niż; than (used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison)

Zrobię to jak najszybciej.

used with a superlative; as much as, as soon as (used to say that two things are equal in amount or degree)


toby

tobym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
tobyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
tobyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
tobyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
toby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
toby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)


kdy

(Middle Polish, Kuyavia) Alternative form of gdy


ponieważ

Borrowed from Silesian pōniywŏż, from Czech poněvadž, from Old Czech, from Proto-Slavic *poňevaže. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ponieważ”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


im

im więcej..., tym mniej...

Im większy głód, tym lepiej smakuje.

The greater the hunger, the better [the food] tastes.

introduces a parallel, conditional or comparative statement, placed before the thing being compared to


ato

Inherited from Old Polish ato. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + oto.

surf

boscie nas tam czci poodsądzali, powiedział ato iako odaycie pokoy.

1588, Acta primi regiminis Sigismundi III, page 84:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


a

A ty?

Wolisz tabletki, a ja wolę zastrzyki.

You prefer pills whereas I prefer injections.

walka między dobrem a złem

and (used to continue a previous statement or to add to it)

Poszukasz, a znajdziesz.

and then (used to say an event will occur if some requirement is fulfilled)

pracować a pracować

and (used after a verb to indicate it will last a long time)

such and such (used when the speaker does not want to be more specific, when repeating an element)

is (used to show some connection between two objects which are very different from each other)

Ja jestem gotowy, a ty?


jakoby

Zapewnienia, jakoby barbarzyńskie elity gardziły złotem, pozwoliła skorygować archeologia.

2004, Karol Modzelewski, Barbarzyńska Europa:

Archeology has allowed for the correction of claims that barbarian elites supposedly scorned gold.

introduces a subordinate clause expressing the speaker's doubt or disbelief: as if, that supposedly


kiedy

(colloquial) when; if (under the condition that)


czy

Próbował się zdecydować, czy pójdzie.

He was trying to make up his mind if he'd go or not.

To w końcu poszedłeś czy nie?

Karol ma jakiegoś jamnika czy labradora?

Does Karol have some dachshund or a Labrador?

or (suggesting that the speaker is not sure)

Jamnik, berneńczyk czy labrador to jedne z najbardziej znanych ras psów.

The dachshund, Bernese, as well as the Labrador are some of the most famous dog breeds.


tylko

Inherited from Old Polish tylko, from Proto-Slavic *toliko.

(contrastive) except, only, just (but; except; it's just that; the only thing is)

Tylko spróbuj


że

żem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
żeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
żeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
żeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
że (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
że (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Powiedział mi, że ta książka jest ciekawa.

He told me that this book is interesting.


aż

ażem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
ażeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
ażeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
ażeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
aż (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
aż (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Dokuczał mi, aż zacząłem płakać.

(obsolete) voila; soon, shortly; suddenly

(Middle Polish) only; scarcely; as soon as; when, as


nawet

Univerbation of na + wet. The shift from an adverb to a particle was influenced by German sogar. First attested in 1575.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nawet”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


jeżeli

jeżelim (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
jeżeliśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
jeżeliś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
jeżeliście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
jeżeli (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
jeżeli (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

→ Kashubian: jeżlë, eżlë, żelë, żlë

→ Silesian: jeżeli

Univerbation of je(st) + że + li. First attested in 1588.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jeżeli”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Jeżeli kochać, to nie indywidualnie!


jeśli

jeślim (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
jeśliśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
jeśliś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
jeśliście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
jeśli (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
jeśli (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish jestli. By surface analysis, univerbation of jest + li. Compare Czech jestli, Russian е́сли (jésli).

surf

Coordinate term: to

introduces a real conditional clause; if

gdi proſſim orzeczy czeſne/ iako ſą ſlawa/ rozum/ maiętnoſc y yne/ tedy mamy proſſic pod obyazaiem albo (iako żowa) pod oblikiem zdawaiąc proſby naſze pod wolą boża mowiąc ieſli to wola twoią á nie ieſt przeciw memu duſznemu zbawieniu.

1547, J. Seklucjan, Catechismus, page B2v:


skoro

Inherited from Old Polish skoro. By surface analysis, skory + -o. Compare Kashubian skòro and Slovincian skôrô.


czyli

Inherited from Old Polish czyli. By surface analysis, univerbation of czy + li.


dlatego

dlategom (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
dlategośmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
dlategoś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
dlategoście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
dlatego (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
dlatego (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish dlatego. By surface analysis, univerbation of dla + tego. Compare Kashubian dlôtegò and Slovincian dlotêwo.


lecz

Inherited from Old Polish lecz. Compare Czech leč.


żeby

żebym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
żebyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
żebyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
żebyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
żeby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
żeby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish żeby. By surface analysis, że + -by. Compare Kashubian żebë.

Chcę, żebyś ciężej pracował!

creates a subordinate clause expressing desire or wish; to, so that, for that, in order to

Żeby mnie nie zabiło!

creates a subordinate clause in which the speaker believes the following event would be good; to, that, had better, may [with past-tense clause]

Czytam, żeby się uczyć.

creates a subordinate clause expressing aim or purpose, one's goal; to, so that, for that, in order to

creates a subordinate clause expressing expressing means by which something is achieved; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive or past-tense clause]

Zjadłem za dużo, żeby teraz biegać.

creates a subordinate clause in which one states the possibility of something depends on something else; to, so that, for that, in order to

Żebyś wiedział!

You bet! (literally, “So that you knew!”)

Żebyś wiedział!

+obj

creates a subordinate clause expressing the speaker's position on the truthfulness of a given situation [with past-tense clause or present-tense clause or infinitive]

żeby nie wiem co

you'd better believe it (literally, “so that I don't know what”)

(colloquial) creates a subordinate clause emphasizing that the speaker thinks the contents of their statement are apt [with past-tense clause or present-tense clause or infinitive]

Nie wiem, żeby...

(chiefly in negated sentences) creates a subordinate clause expressing doubt; that, if [with past-tense clause]

żeby też

to think that (literally, “so that also”)

ale żeby

creates a subordinate clause expressing the speakers doubt with relation to the goodness of a given event; roughly, to think that [with past-tense clause or infinitive]

gadać, żeby gadać

(colloquial) creates a subordinate clause that expresses a lack of results; for the sake of [with infinitive]

creates a subordinate clause in which the speaker thinks something else should be reality rather than what truly is; so that, may; if only [with past-tense clause]

Uciekał przez trzy lata, żeby skończyć w więzieniu.

He ran away for three years just to end up in prison. [with infinitive]

(literary) introduces a subordinate clause relating a following event with a previous one that is not caused by the first event; just to, only to [with infinitive]

żeby tak powiedzieć

as it were/so to speak/I'll add (literally, “in order to say so”)

(colloquial) introduces a second action co-occurring with another; to [with past-tense clause]

(colloquial) creates a subordinate clause expressing consequences; or else [with past-tense clause]


niż

Inherited from Old Polish niż. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e).

surf

Spostrzegałeś między nimi postacie podobniejsze do zbójów, niż do pasterzy, okrutne, straszne, pokryte łachmanami rozmaitych ubiorów.

1901 (first published 1884), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Ogniem i Mieczem, Gebethner i Wolff, book 1, chapter 2:

You saw among them figures more similar to bandits than to herders: cruel, frightening, covered in the rags of diverse outfits.

...woleli puszczać się czajkami na Czarne morze, niż żenić się lub gospodarstwa pilnować.

1901 (first published 1884), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Ogniem i Mieczem, Gebethner i Wolff, book 1, chapter 4:

[They] preferred to go out in chaikas on the Black Sea rather than get married or look after farms.

...zrozumiałem, że w moim życiu następuje zwrot, który kieruje mnie ku czemuś większemu niż słowa, które czytam.

2010, Murray Bodo, translated by Małgorzata Bortnowska, Mistycy: Odkrywcy Bożych Dróg, Kraków: Wydawnictwo M, archived from the original on 2022-08-24, page 178:

...I understood that there was happening in my life a change of direction which was leading me towards something greater than the words that I was reading.

Wówczas idzie i bierze ze sobą siedem innych duchów gorszych niż on sam i wszedłszy, mieszkają tam.

2013, Updated Gdańsk Bible, archived from the original on 2022-08-24, Matthew 12:45:

Then he goes and brings with him seven other spirits worse than he himself, and having gone in, they live there.

Co do reszty, musiałem, ze względu na okoliczności, mylić się znacznie częściej, niż bym to sobie wymarzył...

2018, Gilbert Keith Chesterton, translated by Maciej Wąs, Nowe Jeruzalem, 2nd edition, Chesterton Polska, page 20:

As for the rest, because of the circumstances, I must have been mistaken much more often than I would dream of...

used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison; than

(Middle Polish) introduces a contrastive clause; not only; but, however


także

From tak + -że. First attested in the 16th century.
West Slavic cognates include Czech takže, Kashubian także, Silesian także, and Slovak takže.
East Slavic cognates include Russian та́кже (tákže).

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “także”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


gdy

Przyjdę gdy będę gotowy.

Near-synonym: podczas gdy

iako to każdy ſłyſzy/ gdy mowi ty ſłowa/ tedy/ wiédzmy/ inſzy ſłyſzy/ każdy/ gdy rć.

Ubi [...] Aliquando temporis adverbium est. Potym/ álbogdy.476c

(Middle Polish) when; Further details are uncertain.


aboli

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “aboli”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


bym

From by + -m. Replaced earlier bych (Compare Czech bych).


lub

Inherited from Old Polish lub. By surface analysis, clipping of lubo.


bądź

Inherited from Old Polish bądź. As a conjunction, compare Hungarian vagy.

(Middle Polish) also ... and, both ... and

Seu disiunctiva particula, Albo/ Bądź Acz.

Sive ‒ Ieſtl, albo, bądz, chociaſz.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 986a:

(Middle Polish) or; Further details are uncertain.


gdyby

gdybym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
gdybyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
gdybyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
gdybyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
gdyby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
gdyby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish gdyby. By surface analysis, gdy + -by.

gdyby babcia miała wąsy, toby była dziadkiem

Near-synonyms: jakby, jeśliby, jeżeliby, żeby

Gdybym miał więcej pieniędzy, kupiłbym nowy samochód.

If I had more money, I would buy a new car.

Byłoby nam cieplej, gdybyś nie otworzył okna!

We would be warmer if you hadn’t opened the window!

Gdybym był wiedział, że się przewrócę, to bym usiadł.

If I had known that I would fall over, I would have sat down.

used to introduce a polite suggestion; what if

Near-synonym: żeby


oraz

Ellipsis of i oraz (“and at the same time”).


chyba że

Nie chcę iść, chyba że i ty tam będziesz.

I don't want to go unless you're going to be there.

(idiomatic) unless (except on a specified condition)


jednak

Clipping of jednako, from Old Polish jednako. First attested in 1500–1547.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jednak”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Tamen coniunctio, Wſzákże/ yednák wżdy.

tu tamen perge ut coepisti, Ty yednák pochadzay przedſię yákoś pocżął.

Verum coniunctio, Ale/ wżdy/ yednák.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


niech

Inherited from Old Polish niech. By surface analysis, clipping of niechaj. Compare Czech nechť, Serbo-Croatian neka, Ukrainian неха́й (nexáj), and Upper Sorbian njech.

surf

(Middle Polish) creates a subordinate clause expressing desire or wish; to, so that, for that, in order to

(Middle Polish) creates a conditional; if


choć

Inherited from Old Polish choć. By surface analysis, clipping of chocia. Compare Kashubian chòc and Russian хоть (xotʹ).

Item, iáko przedtym od ſądu Wiécowégo bywáłá. Tit. Wiécá, choćby áppellował.

Mowilem cy iuż kroć kyla By czie roſpaċ nieruſyla. Ktora iż wtobie panuie Lacznoċ nam wſytko popſuie. Choczcie ſprawuie ta pany Czo nam wſytko dobre gany.

natrząſa ſię w piſániu ſwym y on Polſki Póétá Rey ſtáry/ ktory choć też ſam rad dobrze pił y iadł/ bo był Phegon práwy/ tegom ia dobrze znał/ bo cżęſto v Podſędká Chełmſkiego oycá moiego dla vżywánia myśliſtwá bywał.

1585, J. Wereszczyński, Gościniec pewny niepomiernym moczygębom, page 241:


inaczej

Inherited from Old Polish inaczej. Compare Kashubian jinaczi.

Muszę mówić bardzo szybko, inaczej cały efekt przepadnie.

I have to speak very quickly, otherwise the whole effect is lost.

Alioqui, vel Alioquin Ináczey

Inácżey. Aliter, alia ratione, alio pacto

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 16a:

Aliusmodi – Ynaczei.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 53a:

Aliter – Inaczeij.

(Middle Polish) otherwise; Further details are uncertain.


aczkolwiek

From earlier aczkolwie under influence of -kolwiek. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Czech ačkoli.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “aczkolwiek”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Etsi, Aczkolwiek. Tametsi idem

Quamlibet, pro quantūlibet, Aczkolwiek; Quanquam coniunctio casualis Aczkolwiek; Quamvis coniunctio adversativa idem significans, Aczkolwiek

Quantumcunque adverb. [...] Aczkolwiek; Quantunvis adverbium. Aczkolwiek/ niechay będźie yáko chce.

Tametsi copulativa particula in principiis orationum posita indicativo gaudet, Secundo etiam loco subiunctivo Aczkolwiek

Acżkolwiek. Quanquam

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 571a:

Etsi ‒ Aczkolwiek

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 374b:

Licet ‒ wolno ieſt. Aczkolwiek

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 602a:

Quanquam ‒ Acżkolwnk [!]

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 886a:

Tametsi — Acżkolwieti [!]

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 1046a:

(Middle Polish) though; Further details are uncertain.


gdybyście

/ɡdɘˈbɘɕ.t͡ɕɛ/


gdybyśmy

/ɡdɘˈbɘɕ.mɘ/


awo

Inherited from Old Polish awo. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + wo.


ledwo

Inherited from Old Polish jedwo, ledwo, from Proto-Slavic *(j)edъvà. Cognate to Czech jedva, Russian едва́ (jedvá) and Serbo-Croatian је̏два.


wtw

Twierdzenie. Dla dowolnej formuły A, Grz ⊢ A wtw GL ⊢ tA.

1994, Jacek Hawranek, Aspekty algebraiczne systemu modalnego Gödla-Löba, →ISBN:

For any given formala A, grz ⊢ a iff GL ⊢ tA.

W obrębie nauki i ontologii twierdzenie jest prawdziwe wtw gdy jest tak, jak ono głosi, […]

2004, Alina Motycka, Seweryn Blandzi, potkania platońskie: w dobie rozumu rozproszonego wracamy do korzeni, →ISBN:

In the field of science and ontology the statement is true iff it is how it reads, […]

wtedy i tylko wtedy
wtedy i tylko wtedy#Polish

(mathematics, logic) Abbreviation of wtedy i tylko wtedy; iff (if and only if)


jakkolwiek

From jak + -kolwiek. Compare Czech jakkoli, Slovak akokoľvek.


zanim

zanimem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
zanimeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
zanimeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
zanimeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
zanim (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
zanim (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Univerbation of za + nim. First attested in 1612. Compare Kashubian zanim and Silesian zanim.

ref

Szymon Wysocki, transl. (1612), Wielkie zwierciadło przykładow Więcey niźli z ośmidźieśiąt Autorow, poboznośćią, náuką, y stárowiecznośćią przezacnych: ták że z rozmáitych Historiy, Tráktatow, y kśiążek wyięte, przez iednego niemiánowánego, ktory żył około Roku Páńskiego 1480. (in Polish), page 169(268)


zatem

Inherited from Old Polish zatem. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + tym.

zatém

pre-reform orthography (1936) or regional


ić

(Middle Polish, emphatic) and, as well as


iż

iżem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
iżeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
iżeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
iżeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
iż (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
iż (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

(literary) introduces a subordinate clause; that

(obsolete) causal conjunction; as, since, because

(Middle Polish) temporal or conditional conjunction; when; if

(Middle Polish) complimentative; that is, i.e.; namely

Enim, coniunctio causalis, Yż/ Bo

Nam, coniunctio causalis primum tantum locum sortitur, Bo, Iż.

Quia coniunctio causalis, Iż/ dla tego yż.

Quod coniunctio causalis indicativo aliquando frequentius subiunctivo iungitur, Yſz/ co/ dla tego.

Quominus id est ut non, Aby nie yż nie.

Quoniam coniunctio causalis, A iż/ przeto iż/ dlatego iż.

1564, J. Mączyński, Lexicon, page 344b (18):

Quoad Donec, quandiu, quousque ‒ Iako długo, iz, az.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page [890]b:

(Middle Polish) because; Further details are uncertain.


żebyście

/ˈʐɛ.bɘɕ.t͡ɕɛ/


żebyśmy

/ˈʐɛ.bɘɕ.mɘ/


jakby

jakbym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
jakbyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
jakbyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
jakbyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
jakby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
jakby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish jakby. By surface analysis, jak + -by. Compare Kashubian jakbë.

(Middle Polish) introduces a subordinate clause; that

Velut, veluti adverbia similitudinis, Iákoby/ równie ták/ yáko.

Quasi adver. similitudinis Iákoby/ Równie ták.

(Middle Polish) as, at the same time as; Further details are uncertain.


niby

Univerbation of ni + by. First attested in 1579.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Teraz obraz zaczął się już przesuwać niby na filmie.

Now the image has already begun to move as if on film.


atoli

Inherited from Old Polish atoli. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + to + li.


gdyż

gdyżem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
gdyżeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
gdyżeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
gdyżeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
gdyż (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
gdyż (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish gdyż. By surface analysis, gdy + -ż. Compare Czech když.

(Middle Polish) introduces a subjective clause; that

(Middle Polish) introduces an objective clause; that

Cum […] Aliquando significat, Gdy albo gdyż/ albo gdym

Quandoquidem ‒ Gdyſz, poniewaſz [!].

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 885b:

Siquidem – Poniewaz, gdziz.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 984a:

(Middle Polish) sometime; Further details are uncertain.

jako mamy wiedzieć, jakiego nam Boga albo Chrystusa ukazują, gdyż nam o tym z Pisma ś. sprawy dać by nie powinni?

1556-1557, Diariusz sejmowy, Appendix, page 101:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


tudzież

Inherited from Old Polish tudzież, from Proto-Slavic *tude že.


byle

Inherited from Old Polish byle (particle). By surface analysis, univerbation of by + le.


tak że

Literally, “so that”. Compare Slovak takže, Czech takže.


boć

Inherited from Old Polish boć. By surface analysis, bo + -ć.

(emphatic, dated) because, for (by or for the cause that)


aliści

(Middle Polish) used for presenting something; here


żali

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń) Alternative form of żeli


jak to

introduces a subordinate clause; as; how

Near-synonyms: jak, że


albowiem

Inherited from Old Polish abowiem under influence of albo.


póki

(literary) until, till, before (used with nie)


zaledwie

Univerbation of za + ledwie. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zaledwie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

+obj

negative&clause<translated in the positive>

(obsolete) almost, nearly, practically [with negative clause ‘translated in the positive’]


aniżeli

(literary) than (used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison)


mimo to

(idiomatic) however, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding


aboś

Aboś ty ociec, abo ja!


jako że

Jako że go znałeś, chciałem z tobą porozmawiać.

Given that you knew him, I wanted to have a chat with you.

(idiomatic, literary) as, because, for, given that


choćby

choćbym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
choćbyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
choćbyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
choćbyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
choćby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
choćby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

From choć + -by. First attested in 1549. Compare Kashubian chòcbë, and Silesian choćby.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “choćby”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Near-synonyms: jakkolwiek, żeby

(unreal conditional) even if; so much as

denotes a lack of preference with a choice; either … or


tyle że

Poszłabym z tobą na randkę, tyle że cię nie lubię.

I would go on a date with you, it's just that I don't like you.

(contrastive) except, only, just (but; except; it's just that; the only thing is)


w przeciwnym wypadku

Literally, “in [the] opposite case”. Compare French dans le cas contraire.


zarówno

Inherited from Old Polish zarówno. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + równo.

surf

Wziął z torby zarówno książkę, jak i długopis.

He took both a book and a pen out of the bag.

(strictly with jak) both...and, used to bring the listener's attention to two objects


o ile

(idiomatic, in collocation with some verbs) as far as

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see o, ile.


po czym

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see po, co.


ależ

Inherited from Old Polish ależ. By surface analysis, ale + -ż.


tym niemniej

Borrowed from Russian те́м не ме́нее (tém ne méneje).

bor+

те́м не ме́нее

(idiomatic, proscribed) however, nevertheless, nonetheless


wszelako

(literary) however, nevertheless, nonetheless


alboż

Inherited from Old Polish alboż. By surface analysis, albo + -ż.


takatak

Univerbation of tak + a + tak. Calque of German sowieso. Compare tak czy siak.


dopóty

(literary) until, till (used in conjunction with dopóki)


póty

(literary) until, till (used in conjunction with póki)


alez

(Masuria, Warmia) Alternative form of ależ


na tyle

(idiomatic) so much so, that (to a given extent or degree)


abojem

introduces a clause clarifying the previous one


abociem

(Middle Polish) introduces a clause clarifying the previous one


abowiem

→ Lithuanian: abavem

Inherited from Old Polish abowiem. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + bowiem.


aboć

Inherited from Old Polish aboć. By surface analysis, abo + -ć.


alić

Inherited from Old Polish alić. By surface analysis, ali + -ć.

Alić małą liczbę wyjąwszy, ludzie niesforni zuchwali i zaczepni, czy-to z wrodzonego narodowi usposobienia, czy z przyczyny wielkiej rozległości kraju, poczęli wichrzyć bezkarnie […]

1867, Jan Długosz, Joannis Dlugossii Senioris Canonici Cracoviensis Opera omnia = Jana Długosza kanonika krakowskiego dzieła wszystkie. T. 2, Dziejów Polski ksiąg dwanaście. T. 1, page 50:

And yet having taken out a small number, unruly, bold, and combative people, be it from a character inborn to the people, or because of the great extensiveness of the country, started to lawlessly sow discord […]

(obsolete) expresses contrast and surprise; but, and yet


aliż

Inherited from Old Polish aliż. By surface analysis, ali + -ż.

(Middle Polish) introduces a conjunctional coordinate or superordinate clause; that


aczci

Inherited from Old Polish aczci. By surface analysis, acz + -ci.


aczkolwie

(Middle Polish) permissive adverbial; although


aczkoli

(obsolete) contrastive conjunction; although

(obsolete) permissive adverbial; although


alboć

Inherited from Old Polish alboć. By surface analysis, albo + -ć.


aleć

Inherited from Old Polish aleć. By surface analysis, ale + -ć.

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria, Warmia, emphatic) but


anić

Inherited from Old Polish anić. By surface analysis, ani + -ć.


aniż

Inherited from Old Polish aniż. By surface analysis, ani + -ż.


atoć

Inherited from Old Polish atoć. By surface analysis, ato + -ć.


ażeć

Inherited from Old Polish ażeć. By surface analysis, aże + -ć.


jaż

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń) Alternative form of aż


ażci

Inherited from Old Polish ażci. By surface analysis, aż + -ci.

(Middle Polish, emphatic) as soon as, at the moment when; immediately after

(Middle Polish, emphatic, contrastive) but, meanwhile

(Middle Polish, emphatic) connects clauses; that


ażby

Inherited from Old Polish ażby. By surface analysis, aż + -by.

(Middle Polish) (In unreal clauses) until


abowiemci

From abowiem + -ci. First attested in 1530.


abyć

(Middle Polish, emphatic) to, in order to, so that


aczkolwiekciem

From aczkolwiekci. First attested in 1524.

(Middle Polish) contrastive conjunction even though; however


aczkolwiekci

From aczkolwiek + -ci. First attested in 1558.


aczkolek

Derived from Old Polish aczkole. First attested in 1544.

(Middle Polish) introduces a concessive clause


chociaj

(Middle Polish) Alternative form of chocia


chocia

Inherited from Old Polish chocia. Cognate with Russian хотя́ (xotjá).

Mowilem cy iuż kroć kyla By czie roſpaċ nieruſyla. Ktora iż wtobie panuie Lacznoċ nam wſytko popſuie. Choczcie ſprawuie ta pany Czo nam wſytko dobre gany.

natrząſa ſię w piſániu ſwym y on Polſki Póétá Rey ſtáry/ ktory choć też ſam rad dobrze pił y iadł/ bo był Phegon práwy/ tegom ia dobrze znał/ bo cżęſto v Podſędká Chełmſkiego oycá moiego dla vżywánia myśliſtwá bywał.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


obyście

/ɔˈbɘɕ.t͡ɕɛ/


pojebać

From po- + jebać. Compare Russian поеба́ть (pojebátʹ).


iżby

iżbym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
iżbyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
iżbyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
iżbyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
iżby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
iżby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)


tylko że

(contrastive) except, only, just (but; except; it's just that; the only thing is)


iże

iżem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
iżeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
iżeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
iżeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
iże (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
iże (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

(literary or obsolete or Middle Polish) Alternative form of iż


żeż

żeżem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
żeżeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
żeżeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
żeżeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
żeż (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
żeż (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Tylko nie mów od razu, żeżeś jest naturalną Rudą :-(

Just don't say right away that you're a natural redhead :-(

(emphatic, chiefly humorous or dialectal) Synonym of że


kiej

(Kuyavia) Synonym of kiedy (“when, as; while”)


żeli

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia, Poznań) Synonym of jeżeli


kiéj

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń) Alternative form of kiej