port

pl-noun

port m inan (diminutive porcik, related adjective portowy)

porcik (diminutive)
portowy (adjective)
port (nominative singular)
porty (nominative plural)
portu (genitive singular)
portów (genitive plural)
portowi (dative singular)
portom (dative plural)
port (accusative singular)
porty (accusative plural)
portem (instrumental singular)
portami (instrumental plural)
porcie (locative singular)
portach (locative plural)
porcie (singular vocative)
porty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: pòrt

Inherited from Old Polish port. Sense 4 and sense 5 are semantic loans from English port. Doublet of fiord (“fjord”).

sl

port (a place on the coast at which ships can shelter, or dock to load and unload cargo or passengers)


most

pl-noun

most m inan (diminutive mościk, augmentative mościsko)

mościk (diminutive)
mościsko (augmentative)
most (nominative singular)
mosty (nominative plural)
mostu (genitive singular)
mostów (genitive plural)
mostowi (dative singular)
mostom (dative plural)
most (accusative singular)
mosty (accusative plural)
mostem (instrumental singular)
mostami (instrumental plural)
moście (locative singular)
mostach (locative plural)
moście (singular vocative)
mosty (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mȍstъ (“bridge”).

inh+

bridge (building over a river or valley)


bank

bank (nominative singular)
banki (nominative plural)
banku (genitive singular)
banków (genitive plural)
bankowi (dative singular)
bankom (dative plural)
bank (accusative singular)
banki (accusative plural)
bankiem (instrumental singular)
bankami (instrumental plural)
banku (locative singular)
bankach (locative plural)
banku (singular vocative)
banki (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English bank, French banque, German Bank, ultimately from Lombardic bank.

bank centralny

bank emisyjny

bank hipoteczny

bank inwestycyjny

bank komercyjny

bank (financial building, institution, or staff)

bank danych

bank genów

bank czasu

bank energii/powerbank

bank spermy

bank (a safe and guaranteed place of storage for and retrieval of important items or goods)

trzymać bank

(gambling, card games) bank (a fund of pieces from which the players are allowed to draw)


market

market (nominative singular)
markety (nominative plural)
marketu (genitive singular)
marketów (genitive plural)
marketowi (dative singular)
marketom (dative plural)
market (accusative singular)
markety (accusative plural)
marketem (instrumental singular)
marketami (instrumental plural)
markecie (locative singular)
marketach (locative plural)
markecie (singular vocative)
markety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English market, from Middle English market, from late Old English market and Anglo-Norman markiet, from Latin mercātus.


industrial

industrial (nominative singular)
industrialu (genitive singular)
industrialowi (dative singular)
industrial (accusative singular)
industrialem (instrumental singular)
industrialu (locative singular)
industrialu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English industrial.

ubor

(architecture) industrial architecture (objects of industrial and post-industrial architecture)


second hand

pl-noun

second hand m inan (related adjective secondhandowy)

secondhandowy (adjective)
second hand (nominative singular)
second handy (nominative plural)
second handu (genitive singular)
second handów (genitive plural)
second handowi (dative singular)
second handom (dative plural)
second hand (accusative singular)
second handy (accusative plural)
second handem (instrumental singular)
second handami (instrumental plural)
second handzie (locative singular)
second handach (locative plural)
second handzie (singular vocative)
second handy (plural vocative)
second-hand (alternative)

Pseudo-anglicism, derived from second-hand clothing.

pseudo-loan

thrift shop (store that sells second-hand clothing)


barak

baraczek (diminutive)
barak (nominative singular)
baraki (nominative plural)
baraku (genitive singular)
baraków (genitive plural)
barakowi (dative singular)
barakom (dative plural)
barak (accusative singular)
baraki (accusative plural)
barakiem (instrumental singular)
barakami (instrumental plural)
baraku (locative singular)
barakach (locative plural)
baraku (singular vocative)
baraki (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: barak

Borrowed from French baraque. Doublet of borak. Compare Slovincian baraka.

barrack, shack, shanty (simple, 1-story, usually temporary structure)


kaczka

pl-noun

kaczka f (male equivalent kaczor, diminutive kaczuszka or kaczeczka, related adjective kaczczany or kaczczy or kaczkowy)

kaczor (masculine)
kaczuszka (diminutive)
kaczeczka (diminutive)
kaczczany (adjective)
kaczczy (adjective)
kaczkowy (adjective)
kaczka (nominative singular)
kaczki (nominative plural)
kaczki (genitive singular)
kaczek (genitive plural)
kaczce (dative singular)
kaczkom (dative plural)
kaczkę (accusative singular)
kaczki (accusative plural)
kaczką (instrumental singular)
kaczkami (instrumental plural)
kaczce (locative singular)
kaczkach (locative plural)
kaczko (singular vocative)
kaczki (plural vocative)
kacka (alternative)

→ Low Prussian: Katschke

Inherited from Old Polish kaczka, from Proto-Slavic *kačьka. Probably onomatopoeic. Cognates include Czech kachna, kačka, and Slovak kačka, kačica.


cebula

cebula f (diminutive cebulka, related adjective cebulowy)

cebulka (diminutive)
cebulowy (adjective)
cebula (nominative singular)
cebule (nominative plural)
cebuli (genitive singular)
cebul (genitive plural)
cebuli (genitive plural)
cebuli (dative singular)
cebulom (dative plural)
cebulę (accusative singular)
cebule (accusative plural)
cebulą (instrumental singular)
cebulami (instrumental plural)
cebuli (locative singular)
cebulach (locative plural)
cebulo (singular vocative)
cebule (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: цибу́лꙗ (cibúlja), цебу́лꙗ (cebúlja), цибу́лꙗ (cibúlja)
Belarusian: цыбу́ля (cybúlja)
Carpathian Rusyn: цибу́ля (cybúlja)
Ukrainian: цибу́ля (cybúlja); цебу́ля (cebúlja) (dialectal)
→ Russian: цибу́ля (cibúlja) (dialectal)

Inherited from Old Polish cebula, from Middle High German zibolle, zebülle, zwibole, from Late Latin cēpulla, from Latin cēpa.

der

(architecture) onion-shaped dome of a building


wieża

wieżyczka (diminutive)
wieża (nominative singular)
wieże (nominative plural)
wieży (genitive singular)
wież (genitive plural)
wieży (dative singular)
wieżom (dative plural)
wieżę (accusative singular)
wieże (accusative plural)
wieżą (instrumental singular)
wieżami (instrumental plural)
wieży (locative singular)
wieżach (locative plural)
wieżo (singular vocative)
wieże (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish wieża, from Proto-Slavic *věža.


szkoła

pl-noun

szkoła f (diminutive szkółka, augmentative szkolisko)

szkółka (diminutive)
szkolisko (augmentative)
szkoła (nominative singular)
szkoły (nominative plural)
szkoły (genitive singular)
szkół (genitive plural)
szkole (dative singular)
szkołom (dative plural)
szkołę (accusative singular)
szkoły (accusative plural)
szkołą (instrumental singular)
szkołami (instrumental plural)
szkole (locative singular)
szkołach (locative plural)
szkoło (singular vocative)
szkoły (plural vocative)
szkała (alternative)

→ Kashubian: szkòła

→ Slovincian: szkôla

Inherited from Old Polish szkoła. Doublet of schola.

school (education taking place in the building)

schooling, education (skills and abilities acquired at school)

school (particular way of thinking or particular doctrine; followers of a doctrine)

book for learning how to play an instrument


podłoga

podłogowy (adjective)
podłoga (nominative singular)
podłogi (nominative plural)
podłogi (genitive singular)
podłog (genitive plural)
podłodze (dative singular)
podłogom (dative plural)
podłogę (accusative singular)
podłogi (accusative plural)
podłogą (instrumental singular)
podłogami (instrumental plural)
podłodze (locative singular)
podłogach (locative plural)
podłogo (singular vocative)
podłogi (plural vocative)
pôdnôga (alternative)

→ Belarusian: падло́га (padlóha)

→ Ukrainian: підло́га (pidlóha)

→ Yiddish: פּאָדלאָגע (podloge)

(architecture) floor (supporting surface of a room)


góra

góra f (diminutive górka, abbreviation g.)

górka (diminutive)
g. (abbreviation)
góra (nominative singular)
góry (nominative plural)
góry (genitive singular)
gór (genitive plural)
górze (dative singular)
górom (dative plural)
górę (accusative singular)
góry (accusative plural)
górą (instrumental singular)
górami (instrumental plural)
górze (locative singular)
górach (locative plural)
góro (singular vocative)
góry (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish góra. Sense 5 is preserved in terms such as górnik and was displaced by kopalnia. Doublet of hore.

góra z górą się nie zejdzie, a człowiek z człowiekiem zawsze

góra z górą się nie zejdzie, ale człowiek

nie przyszła góra do Mahometa, przyszedł Mahomet do góry

(uncountable) top (higher part of some object; upmost part of something)

Nie pomogę wam w tym projekcie, dopóki góra go nie przyklepie.

I won't help you with this project until the higher-ups sign off on it.


budynek

budynek m inan (diminutive budyneczek, related adjective budynkowy)

budyneczek (diminutive)
budynkowy (adjective)
budynek (nominative singular)
budynki (nominative plural)
budynku (genitive singular)
budynków (genitive plural)
budynkowi (dative singular)
budynkom (dative plural)
budynek (accusative singular)
budynki (accusative plural)
budynkiem (instrumental singular)
budynkami (instrumental plural)
budynku (locative singular)
budynkach (locative plural)
budynku (singular vocative)
budynki (plural vocative)
budunk (alternative)
budunek (alternative)
budenk (alternative)

→ Belarusian: буды́нак (budýnak)

→ Ukrainian: буди́нок (budýnok)

Borrowed from Middle High German *būding. Less likely, from budować + -unek with an unclear shift of -unek -> -ynek, perhaps either modelled on pojedynek and spoczynek, or from dialectal influence. First attested in 1600. Compare Kashubian bùdink, Silesian budōnek, and Slovincian bùdynk.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “budynek”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

building (closed structure with walls and a roof)

(obsolete) manner of building; method of construction

(obsolete) construction (anything that has been constructed)

(Middle Polish) building (act of building)


ściana

pl-noun

ściana f (diminutive ścianka, related adjective ścianowy or ścienny)

ścianka (diminutive)
ścianowy (adjective)
ścienny (adjective)
ściana (nominative singular)
ściany (nominative plural)
ściany (genitive singular)
ścian (genitive plural)
ścianie (dative singular)
ścianom (dative plural)
ścianę (accusative singular)
ściany (accusative plural)
ścianą (instrumental singular)
ścianami (instrumental plural)
ścianie (locative singular)
ścianach (locative plural)
ściano (singular vocative)
ściany (plural vocative)
ściena (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish ściana. Sense 9 is a semantic loan from English wall.

sl

(geometry) wall; face (any of the flat bounding surfaces of a polyhedron)

(anatomy, botany, zoology) wall (divisive or containing structure in an organ or cavity)

(literary) wall (large, compact mass of something that looks like a vertical plane and makes passage difficult)

(Internet) wall (personal notice board listing messages of interest to a particular user)

(Middle Polish) side (left or right part of something; particular face of something)


cement

cement (nominative singular)
cementu (genitive singular)
cementowi (dative singular)
cement (accusative singular)
cementem (instrumental singular)
cemencie (locative singular)
cemencie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Zement, from late Middle High German cēment, from earlier zīment, zīmente, from Old French ciment, from Latin caementum.


harem

harem (nominative singular)
haremy (nominative plural)
haremu (genitive singular)
haremów (genitive plural)
haremowi (dative singular)
haremom (dative plural)
harem (accusative singular)
haremy (accusative plural)
haremem (instrumental singular)
haremami (instrumental plural)
haremie (locative singular)
haremach (locative plural)
haremie (singular vocative)
haremy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish حرم (harem), from Arabic حَرَم (ḥaram). Doublet of haram.

bor+

harem (the private part of an Arab household)


outlet

outlet (nominative singular)
outlety (nominative plural)
outletu (genitive singular)
outletów (genitive plural)
outletowi (dative singular)
outletom (dative plural)
outlet (accusative singular)
outlety (accusative plural)
outletem (instrumental singular)
outletami (instrumental plural)
outlecie (locative singular)
outletach (locative plural)
outlecie (singular vocative)
outlety (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English outlet.


loch

loszek (diminutive)
loch (nominative singular)
lochy (nominative plural)
lochu (genitive singular)
lochów (genitive plural)
lochowi (dative singular)
lochom (dative plural)
loch (accusative singular)
lochy (accusative plural)
lochem (instrumental singular)
lochami (instrumental plural)
lochu (locative singular)
lochach (locative plural)
lochu (singular vocative)
lochy (plural vocative)

dungeon (an underground prison or vault)


igloo

igloo (dome-shaped Inuit shelter, constructed of blocks cut from snow)


NSA

w:Supreme Administrative Court of Poland

Initialism of Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny.


terminal

terminal (nominative singular)
terminale (nominative plural)
terminalu (genitive singular)
terminala (genitive singular)
terminali (genitive plural)
terminalów (genitive plural)
terminalowi (dative singular)
terminalom (dative plural)
terminal (accusative singular)
terminale (accusative plural)
terminalem (instrumental singular)
terminalami (instrumental plural)
terminalu (locative singular)
terminalach (locative plural)
terminalu (singular vocative)
terminale (plural vocative)

(computing) computer terminal (device for entering data into a computer)


baba

pl-noun

baba f (diminutive babka or babcia, augmentative babsko or babisko)

babka (diminutive)
babcia (diminutive)
babsko (augmentative)
babisko (augmentative)
baba (nominative singular)
baby (nominative plural)
baby (genitive singular)
bab (genitive plural)
babie (dative singular)
babom (dative plural)
babę (accusative singular)
baby (accusative plural)
babą (instrumental singular)
babami (instrumental plural)
babie (locative singular)
babach (locative plural)
babo (singular vocative)
baby (plural vocative)

nie miała baba kłopotu, kupiła sobie prosię

(obsolete, university slang, games) leather ball


college

college (nominative singular)
college'e (nominative plural)
college'u (genitive singular)
college'ów (genitive plural)
college'owi (dative singular)
college'om (dative plural)
college (accusative singular)
college'e (accusative plural)
college'em (instrumental singular)
college'ami (instrumental plural)
college'u (locative singular)
college'ach (locative plural)
college'u (singular vocative)
college'e (plural vocative)
koledż (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Old Latin com
Latin cum
Latin con-
Latin lēx
Latin -ō
Latin lēgō
Latin collēga
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ium
Latin collēgiumbor.
Old French college
Middle French collegebor.
Middle English college
English collegebor.
Polish college
Unadapted borrowing from English college. Doublet of kolegium.

ubor

(education) college (specialized division of a university)


bar

pl-noun

bar m inan (diminutive barek, related adjective barowy)

barek (diminutive)
barowy (adjective)
bar (nominative singular)
bary (nominative plural)
baru (genitive singular)
barów (genitive plural)
barowi (dative singular)
barom (dative plural)
bar (accusative singular)
bary (accusative plural)
barem (instrumental singular)
barami (instrumental plural)
barze (locative singular)
barach (locative plural)
barze (singular vocative)
bary (plural vocative)

bar, public house (business selling alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises, or the premises themselves)

bar, luncheon bar, buffet, wet bar (area for the preparation of alcoholic drinks, equipped with a countertop having a sink and running water and usually located in a home, hotel room, or similar quarters)


bar

baryczny (adjective)
bar (nominative singular)
bary (nominative plural)
bara (genitive singular)
barów (genitive plural)
barowi (dative singular)
barom (dative plural)
bar (accusative singular)
bary (accusative plural)
barem (instrumental singular)
barami (instrumental plural)
barze (locative singular)
barach (locative plural)
barze (singular vocative)
bary (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek βάρος (báros).

lbor

bar (non-SI unit of pressure equal to 100,000 pascals, approximately equal to atmospheric pressure at sea level)


zoo

(zoology) nature preserve, zoo, zoological garden, zoological park


Oxford

Oxford (nominative singular)
Oxfordu (genitive singular)
Oxfordowi (dative singular)
Oxford (accusative singular)
Oxfordem (instrumental singular)
Oxfordzie (locative singular)
Oxfordzie (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Oxford, from Middle English Oxenford, Oxneford, from Old English Oxnaford.

Oxford (a number of other places in the United States)


bont

bont (nominative singular)
bonty (nominative plural)
bontu (genitive singular)
bontów (genitive plural)
bontowi (dative singular)
bontom (dative plural)
bont (accusative singular)
bonty (accusative plural)
bontem (instrumental singular)
bontami (instrumental plural)
boncie (locative singular)
bontach (locative plural)
boncie (singular vocative)
bonty (plural vocative)

(Przemyśl, construction) Synonym of belka


loft

loft (nominative singular)
lofty (nominative plural)
loftu (genitive singular)
loftów (genitive plural)
loftowi (dative singular)
loftom (dative plural)
loft (accusative singular)
lofty (accusative plural)
loftem (instrumental singular)
loftami (instrumental plural)
lofcie (locative singular)
loftach (locative plural)
lofcie (singular vocative)
lofty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English loft. Doublet of lift and luft.


atlas

atlasik (diminutive)
atlas (nominative singular)
atlasy (nominative plural)
atlasu (genitive singular)
atlasów (genitive plural)
atlasowi (dative singular)
atlasom (dative plural)
atlas (accusative singular)
atlasy (accusative plural)
atlasem (instrumental singular)
atlasami (instrumental plural)
atlasie (locative singular)
atlasach (locative plural)
atlasie (singular vocative)
atlasy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Ἄτλας (Átlas). Doublet of atlant.

(architecture) atlas (figure of a man used as a column)


front

pl-noun

front m inan (related adjective frontowy)

frontowy (adjective)
front (nominative singular)
fronty (nominative plural)
frontu (genitive singular)
frontów (genitive plural)
frontowi (dative singular)
frontom (dative plural)
front (accusative singular)
fronty (accusative plural)
frontem (instrumental singular)
frontami (instrumental plural)
froncie (locative singular)
frontach (locative plural)
froncie (singular vocative)
fronty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: front

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Front, French front, or English front, ultimately from Latin frōns. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Silesian frōnt.

ref

“FRONT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 13.03.2009

(architecture) front (side of a building with the main entrance)


papa

papa (nominative singular)
papy (nominative plural)
papy (genitive singular)
pap (genitive plural)
papie (dative singular)
papom (dative plural)
papę (accusative singular)
papy (accusative plural)
papą (instrumental singular)
papami (instrumental plural)
papie (locative singular)
papach (locative plural)
papo (singular vocative)
papy (plural vocative)


luft

lufcik (diminutive)
luft (nominative singular)
luftu (genitive singular)
luftowi (dative singular)
luft (accusative singular)
luftem (instrumental singular)
lufcie (locative singular)
lufcie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Luft. Doublet of lift and loft.

(archaic, architecture) pipe in a stove, chimney, or kitchen that carries away smoke


tram

tram (nominative singular)
tramy (nominative plural)
tramu (genitive singular)
tramów (genitive plural)
tramowi (dative singular)
tramom (dative plural)
tram (accusative singular)
tramy (accusative plural)
tramem (instrumental singular)
tramami (instrumental plural)
tramie (locative singular)
tramach (locative plural)
tramie (singular vocative)
tramy (plural vocative)

(construction) balk, crossbeam, tie beam


bark

barkowy (adjective)
bark (nominative singular)
barki (nominative plural)
barku (genitive singular)
barków (genitive plural)
barkowi (dative singular)
barkom (dative plural)
bark (accusative singular)
barki (accusative plural)
barkiem (instrumental singular)
barkami (instrumental plural)
barku (locative singular)
barkach (locative plural)
barku (singular vocative)
barki (plural vocative)

(architecture, historical) side extension of a fort or fortification


portal

pl-noun

portal m inan (related adjective portalowy)

portalowy (adjective)
portal (nominative singular)
portale (nominative plural)
portalu (genitive singular)
portali (genitive plural)
portalów (genitive plural)
portalowi (dative singular)
portalom (dative plural)
portal (accusative singular)
portale (accusative plural)
portalem (instrumental singular)
portalami (instrumental plural)
portalu (locative singular)
portalach (locative plural)
portalu (singular vocative)
portale (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Portal. Sense 4 is a semantic loan from English portal.

sl

(architecture) portal (ornamental door frame found in stately buildings, especially churches, castles, and historic houses)

(architecture) portal (decoratively framed entrance opening found in stately buildings, especially churches, castles, and historic houses)


dom

domek (diminutive)
dom (nominative singular)
domy (nominative plural)
domu (genitive singular)
domów (genitive plural)
domowi (dative singular)
domom (dative plural)
dom (accusative singular)
domy (accusative plural)
domem (instrumental singular)
domami (instrumental plural)
domu (locative singular)
domie (locative singular)
domach (locative plural)
domu (singular vocative)
domie (singular vocative)
domy (plural vocative)

jak kota nie ma w domu, to myszy harcują

w domu powieszonego nie mówi się o sznurze

house; home (place where specialized activities are carried out)


Cambridge

Unadapted borrowing from English Cambridge, from Middle English Cantebrigge, Grentebrige, from Old English Grante bryċġ, Granta-briċġ, Grantanbryċġ.

der

w:pl:University of Cambridge
w:pl:University of Cambridge

Ellipsis of w:pl:University of Cambridge.


hangar

hangar (nominative singular)
hangary (nominative plural)
hangaru (genitive singular)
hangarów (genitive plural)
hangarowi (dative singular)
hangarom (dative plural)
hangar (accusative singular)
hangary (accusative plural)
hangarem (instrumental singular)
hangarami (instrumental plural)
hangarze (locative singular)
hangarach (locative plural)
hangarze (singular vocative)
hangary (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French hangar, from Middle French hangart, hangard, hanghart, hangar, from Old French *hamgart, hangart, hangard, from Frankish *haimgard.

hangar (port building for short-term storage of cargo)


grunt

pl-noun

grunt m inan (diminutive gruncik, related adjective gruntowy)

gruncik (diminutive)
gruntowy (adjective)
grunt (nominative singular)
grunty (nominative plural)
grunta (nominative plural)
gruntu (genitive singular)
gruntów (genitive plural)
gruntowi (dative singular)
gruntom (dative plural)
grunt (accusative singular)
grunty (accusative plural)
grunta (accusative plural)
gruntem (instrumental singular)
gruntami (instrumental plural)
gruncie (locative singular)
gruntach (locative plural)
gruncie (singular vocative)
grunty (plural vocative)
grunta (plural vocative)
gront (alternative)
grąt (alternative)
gruńt (alternative)

→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt

(uncountable, masonry) mortar; primer (substance that binds strongly to the substrate, used as a base for painting, plastering and polishing)


ornament

ornament (nominative singular)
ornamenty (nominative plural)
ornamentu (genitive singular)
ornamentów (genitive plural)
ornamentowi (dative singular)
ornamentom (dative plural)
ornament (accusative singular)
ornamenty (accusative plural)
ornamentem (instrumental singular)
ornamentami (instrumental plural)
ornamencie (locative singular)
ornamentach (locative plural)
ornamencie (singular vocative)
ornamenty (plural vocative)

→ Ukrainian: орна́мент (ornáment)

Learned borrowing from Latin ōrnāmentum.

(architecture, art, typography) ornament, adornment


hotel

hotelik (diminutive)
hotel (nominative singular)
hotele (nominative plural)
hotelu (genitive singular)
hoteli (genitive plural)
hotelów (genitive plural)
hotelowi (dative singular)
hotelom (dative plural)
hotel (accusative singular)
hotele (accusative plural)
hotelem (instrumental singular)
hotelami (instrumental plural)
hotelu (locative singular)
hotelach (locative plural)
hotelu (singular vocative)
hotele (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French hôtel. Doublet of hostel and szpital.


hostel

hostelik (diminutive)
hostel (nominative singular)
hostele (nominative plural)
hostelu (genitive singular)
hosteli (genitive plural)
hostelowi (dative singular)
hostelom (dative plural)
hostel (accusative singular)
hostele (accusative plural)
hostelem (instrumental singular)
hostelami (instrumental plural)
hostelu (locative singular)
hostelach (locative plural)
hostelu (singular vocative)
hostele (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English hostel. Doublet of hotel and szpital.

hostel (a commercial overnight lodging place)


tera

tera (nominative singular)
tery (nominative plural)
tery (genitive singular)
ter (genitive plural)
terze (dative singular)
terom (dative plural)
terę (accusative singular)
tery (accusative plural)
terą (instrumental singular)
terami (instrumental plural)
terze (locative singular)
terach (locative plural)
tero (singular vocative)
tery (plural vocative)

(Buddhism) tera (Buddhist temple in Japan)


koza

kózka (diminutive)
koza (nominative singular)
kozy (nominative plural)
kozy (genitive singular)
kóz (genitive plural)
kozie (dative singular)
kozom (dative plural)
kozę (accusative singular)
kozy (accusative plural)
kozą (instrumental singular)
kozami (instrumental plural)
kozie (locative singular)
kozach (locative plural)
kozo (singular vocative)
kozy (plural vocative)

→ Low Prussian: Koss

Cobitis taenia
Cobitis taenia#Translingual

any spined loach (Cobitis, especially Cobitis taenia or golden loach)

(Near Masovian, windmill construction) tall, strong pine tree with a block on top and rungs for climbing

Near Masovian; windmill construction; Near Masovian; windmill construction


hol

holik (diminutive)
hol (nominative singular)
hole (nominative plural)
holu (genitive singular)
holi (genitive plural)
holów (genitive plural)
holowi (dative singular)
holom (dative plural)
hol (accusative singular)
hole (accusative plural)
holem (instrumental singular)
holami (instrumental plural)
holu (locative singular)
holach (locative plural)
holu (singular vocative)
hole (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English hall, from Proto-Germanic *hallō. Doublet of hala (“concourse, hall”).


hol

hol (nominative singular)
hole (nominative plural)
holu (genitive singular)
holi (genitive plural)
holowi (dative singular)
holom (dative plural)
hol (accusative singular)
hole (accusative plural)
holem (instrumental singular)
holami (instrumental plural)
holu (locative singular)
holach (locative plural)
holu (singular vocative)
hole (plural vocative)

Back-formation of holować, from German holen.


student

student m pers (female equivalent studentka, diminutive studencik or studenciak, augmentative studencina)

studentka (feminine)
studencik (diminutive)
studenciak (diminutive)
studencina (augmentative)
student (nominative singular)
studenci (nominative plural)
studenty (derogatory nominative plural)
studenta (genitive singular)
studentów (genitive plural)
studentowi (dative singular)
studentom (dative plural)
studenta (accusative singular)
studentów (accusative plural)
studentem (instrumental singular)
studentami (instrumental plural)
studencie (locative singular)
studentach (locative plural)
studencie (singular vocative)
studenci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Student, ultimately from Latin studēns. First attested in the 16th century.. Compare Kashubian sztudent and Silesian sztudynt.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “student”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(education) student, university student (person who is enrolled at a college or university)


stan

st. (abbreviation)
stan (nominative singular)
stany (nominative plural)
stanu (genitive singular)
stanów (genitive plural)
stanowi (dative singular)
stanom (dative plural)
stan (accusative singular)
stany (accusative plural)
stanem (instrumental singular)
stanami (instrumental plural)
stanie (locative singular)
stanach (locative plural)
stanie (singular vocative)
stany (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish stan. Sense 1, sense 2 and sense 10 are semantic loans from Latin status.

sl

(politics) state (political division of a federation retaining a notable degree of autonomy, as in the United States, Mexico, Nigeria, or India)

(obsolete, beekeeping) beekeeper's shelter in the woods


gryps

grypsik (diminutive)
gryps (nominative singular)
grypsy (nominative plural)
grypsu (genitive singular)
grypsów (genitive plural)
grypsowi (dative singular)
grypsom (dative plural)
gryps (accusative singular)
grypsy (accusative plural)
grypsem (instrumental singular)
grypsami (instrumental plural)
grypsie (locative singular)
grypsach (locative plural)
grypsie (singular vocative)
grypsy (plural vocative)

Deverbal of grypsnąć (“to snatch”), from German gripsen. Alternatively, borrowed from German Grips (“wit”).

(prison slang) secret message (clandestine communication between prisoners)


sufit

sufit (nominative singular)
sufity (nominative plural)
sufitu (genitive singular)
sufitów (genitive plural)
sufitowi (dative singular)
sufitom (dative plural)
sufit (accusative singular)
sufity (accusative plural)
sufitem (instrumental singular)
sufitami (instrumental plural)
suficie (locative singular)
sufitach (locative plural)
suficie (singular vocative)
sufity (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Italian soffitto or soffitta, from Vulgar Latin suffīctus, perfect passive participle of suffīgēre, suffīgō (“I fasten or fix onto”).


szpital

pl-noun

szpital m inan (diminutive szpitalik, related adjective szpitalny)

szpitalik (diminutive)
szpitalny (adjective)
szpital (nominative singular)
szpitale (nominative plural)
szpitala (genitive singular)
szpitalu (genitive singular)
szpitali (genitive plural)
szpitalów (genitive plural)
szpitalowi (dative singular)
szpitalom (dative plural)
szpital (accusative singular)
szpitale (accusative plural)
szpitalem (instrumental singular)
szpitalami (instrumental plural)
szpitalu (locative singular)
szpitalach (locative plural)
szpitalu (singular vocative)
szpitale (plural vocative)
śpital (alternative)

→ Belarusian: шпіта́ль (špitálʹ)

desc

→ Kashubian: szpëtôl (through Middle Polish)

→ Ukrainian: шпиталь (špytalʹ)

Inherited from Old Polish szpital. Doublet of hostel and hotel.


transept

pl-noun

transept m inan (related adjective transeptowy)

transeptowy (adjective)
transept (nominative singular)
transepty (nominative plural)
transeptu (genitive singular)
transeptów (genitive plural)
transeptowi (dative singular)
transeptom (dative plural)
transept (accusative singular)
transepty (accusative plural)
transeptem (instrumental singular)
transeptami (instrumental plural)
transepcie (locative singular)
transeptach (locative plural)
transepcie (singular vocative)
transepty (plural vocative)

(architecture) transept (transversal part of a church, which crosses at right angles to the greatest length, and between the nave and choir)


sauna

sauna (nominative singular)
sauny (nominative plural)
sauny (genitive singular)
saun (genitive plural)
saunie (dative singular)
saunom (dative plural)
saunę (accusative singular)
sauny (accusative plural)
sauną (instrumental singular)
saunami (instrumental plural)
saunie (locative singular)
saunach (locative plural)
sauno (singular vocative)
sauny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English sauna, French sauna, German Sauna, ultimately from Finnish sauna, from Proto-Finnic *sakna.


kamera

kamera (nominative singular)
kamery (nominative plural)
kamery (genitive singular)
kamer (genitive plural)
kamerze (dative singular)
kamerom (dative plural)
kamerę (accusative singular)
kamery (accusative plural)
kamerą (instrumental singular)
kamerami (instrumental plural)
kamerze (locative singular)
kamerach (locative plural)
kamero (singular vocative)
kamery (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin camera, from Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára), from Old Iranian, from Proto-Iranian *kamarā-, from *kamárati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kmárati, from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂em-. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from English camera. Doublet of komora.


pal

palik (diminutive)
pal (nominative singular)
pale (nominative plural)
pala (genitive singular)
pali (genitive plural)
palów (genitive plural)
palowi (dative singular)
palom (dative plural)
pal (accusative singular)
pale (accusative plural)
palem (instrumental singular)
palami (instrumental plural)
palu (locative singular)
palach (locative plural)
palu (singular vocative)
pale (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle High German pfāl, phāl, from Old High German pfāl, phāl, from Proto-West Germanic *pāl, *pāli, from Latin pālus, from Proto-Italic *pākslos, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ-slos, from *peh₂ǵ-.

bor+

(construction) pile (for the support of a building)


okno

pl-noun

okno n (diminutive okienko, related adjective okienny)

okienko (diminutive)
okienny (adjective)
okno (nominative singular)
okna (nominative plural)
okna (genitive singular)
okien (genitive plural)
oknu (dative singular)
oknom (dative plural)
okno (accusative singular)
okna (accusative plural)
oknem (instrumental singular)
oknami (instrumental plural)
oknie (locative singular)
oknach (locative plural)
okno (singular vocative)
okna (plural vocative)
ôkno (alternative)

(rare, obsolete) window (period of time when something is available or possible)


paca

paca (nominative singular)
pace (nominative plural)
pacy (genitive singular)
pac (genitive plural)
pacy (dative singular)
pacom (dative plural)
pacę (accusative singular)
pace (accusative plural)
pacą (instrumental singular)
pacami (instrumental plural)
pacy (locative singular)
pacach (locative plural)
paco (singular vocative)
pace (plural vocative)

(construction) trowel, smoother, skimmer (tool for applying a smooth layer of mortar, plaster, etc.)


foyer

Unadapted borrowing from French foyer, from Vulgar Latin *focārium, nominalization of the Late Latin adjective focārius, from Latin focus. Doublet of fokus.

foyer (lobby, corridor, or waiting room)


studio

studyjny (adjective)
studio (nominative singular)
studia (nominative plural)
studia (genitive singular)
studiów (genitive plural)
studiu (dative singular)
studiom (dative plural)
studio (accusative singular)
studia (accusative plural)
studiem (instrumental singular)
studiami (instrumental plural)
studiu (locative singular)
studiach (locative plural)
studio (singular vocative)
studia (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Italian studio. Doublet of etiuda, studia, and studium.

parlor, service point, shop, store (used especially for shops in a shopping center)


pylon

pylon (nominative singular)
pylony (nominative plural)
pylonu (genitive singular)
pylonów (genitive plural)
pylonowi (dative singular)
pylonom (dative plural)
pylon (accusative singular)
pylony (accusative plural)
pylonem (instrumental singular)
pylonami (instrumental plural)
pylonie (locative singular)
pylonach (locative plural)
pylonie (singular vocative)
pylony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πυλών (pulṓn).

lbor

(architecture) pylon (gateway to the inner part of an Ancient Egyptian temple)

pylon (pillar of a suspension or cable-stayed bridge)

high, narrow, vertical sign, usually displaying advertisements, found e.g. near gas stations

(aviation) pylon (structural element fixed under the wing of an aircraft and holding the engine attached to it)


parapet

parapecik (diminutive)
parapet (nominative singular)
parapety (nominative plural)
parapetu (genitive singular)
parapetów (genitive plural)
parapetowi (dative singular)
parapetom (dative plural)
parapet (accusative singular)
parapety (accusative plural)
parapetem (instrumental singular)
parapetami (instrumental plural)
parapecie (locative singular)
parapetach (locative plural)
parapecie (singular vocative)
parapety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French parapet, from Italian parapetto.


opera

opera (nominative singular)
opery (nominative plural)
opery (genitive singular)
oper (genitive plural)
operze (dative singular)
operom (dative plural)
operę (accusative singular)
opery (accusative plural)
operą (instrumental singular)
operami (instrumental plural)
operze (locative singular)
operach (locative plural)
opero (singular vocative)
opery (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Italian opera, from Latin opera.


guano

guano (nominative singular)
guana (genitive singular)
guanu (dative singular)
guano (accusative singular)
guanem (instrumental singular)
guanie (locative singular)
guano (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Spanish guano, from Quechua wanu.


atrium

atrium (nominative singular)
atria (nominative plural)
atrium (genitive singular)
atriów (genitive plural)
atrium (dative singular)
atriom (dative plural)
atrium (accusative singular)
atria (accusative plural)
atrium (instrumental singular)
atriami (instrumental plural)
atrium (locative singular)
atriach (locative plural)
atrium (singular vocative)
atria (plural vocative)

(architecture) atrium (a square hall lit by daylight from above, into which rooms open at one or more levels)

(architecture, Ancient Rome) atrium (a central room or space in ancient Roman homes, open to the sky in the middle; a similar space in other buildings)

(anatomy) atrium (one of two upper chambers of the heart)


Babel

Learned borrowing from Latin Babel. Doublet of Babilon and Babilonia.

(biblical) Babel (city and tower in the land of Shinar where the confusion of languages took place, according to the Bible)


pion

pion (nominative singular)
piony (nominative plural)
pionu (genitive singular)
pionów (genitive plural)
pionowi (dative singular)
pionom (dative plural)
pion (accusative singular)
piony (accusative plural)
pionem (instrumental singular)
pionami (instrumental plural)
pionie (locative singular)
pionach (locative plural)
pionie (singular vocative)
piony (plural vocative)

Perhaps borrowed from Italian piombo, from Latin plumbum. If so, then a doublet of plomba (“filling, seal”).

W naszym pionie od rana nie ma wody.

There has been no water in flats above and below us since morning.

(by extension) flats in an apartment block sharing those installations


strop

strop (nominative singular)
stropy (nominative plural)
stropu (genitive singular)
stropów (genitive plural)
stropowi (dative singular)
stropom (dative plural)
strop (accusative singular)
stropy (accusative plural)
stropem (instrumental singular)
stropami (instrumental plural)
stropie (locative singular)
stropach (locative plural)
stropie (singular vocative)
stropy (plural vocative)

(construction) ceiling
(Far Masovian) Synonym of kalenica


wale

(Przemyśl, construction) straw rope dipped in clay used in the construction of chimneys


motel

pl-noun

motel m inan (diminutive motelik, related adjective motelowy)

motelik (diminutive)
motelowy (adjective)
motel (nominative singular)
motele (nominative plural)
motelu (genitive singular)
moteli (genitive plural)
motelów (genitive plural)
motelowi (dative singular)
motelom (dative plural)
motel (accusative singular)
motele (accusative plural)
motelem (instrumental singular)
motelami (instrumental plural)
motelu (locative singular)
motelach (locative plural)
motelu (singular vocative)
motele (plural vocative)


squat

squat (nominative singular)
squaty (nominative plural)
squatu (genitive singular)
squatów (genitive plural)
squatowi (dative singular)
squatom (dative plural)
squat (accusative singular)
squaty (accusative plural)
squatem (instrumental singular)
squatami (instrumental plural)
squacie (locative singular)
squatach (locative plural)
squacie (singular vocative)
squaty (plural vocative)
skłot (alternative)

squat (building occupied without permission by squatters)


sala

sala f (diminutive salka, related adjective salowy)

salka (diminutive)
salowy (adjective)
sala (nominative singular)
sale (nominative plural)
sali (genitive singular)
sal (genitive plural)
sali (dative singular)
salom (dative plural)
salę (accusative singular)
sale (accusative plural)
salą (instrumental singular)
salami (instrumental plural)
sali (locative singular)
salach (locative plural)
salo (singular vocative)
sale (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French salle. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “sala”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


atelier

pl-noun

atelier n (indeclinable, related adjective atelierowy)

Unadapted borrowing from French atelier.

atelier (workshop or studio, especially for an artist, designer or fashion house)


podium

podium (nominative singular)
podia (nominative plural)
podium (genitive singular)
podiów (genitive plural)
podium (dative singular)
podiom (dative plural)
podium (accusative singular)
podia (accusative plural)
podium (instrumental singular)
podiami (instrumental plural)
podium (locative singular)
podiach (locative plural)
podium (singular vocative)
podia (plural vocative)


fort

fort (nominative singular)
forty (nominative plural)
fortu (genitive singular)
fortów (genitive plural)
fortowi (dative singular)
fortom (dative plural)
fort (accusative singular)
forty (accusative plural)
fortem (instrumental singular)
fortami (instrumental plural)
forcie (locative singular)
fortach (locative plural)
forcie (singular vocative)
forty (plural vocative)

Perhaps borrowed from German Fort or French fort.

(military) fort, fortress (fortified defensive structure stationed with troops)


ambit

ambit (nominative singular)
ambity (nominative plural)
ambitu (genitive singular)
ambitów (genitive plural)
ambitowi (dative singular)
ambitom (dative plural)
ambit (accusative singular)
ambity (accusative plural)
ambitem (instrumental singular)
ambitami (instrumental plural)
ambicie (locative singular)
ambitach (locative plural)
ambicie (singular vocative)
ambity (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin ambītus. First attested in 1577.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ambit”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

ambit katedralnego

ambit katedry


fara

farny (adjective)
fara (nominative singular)
fary (nominative plural)
fary (genitive singular)
far (genitive plural)
farze (dative singular)
farom (dative plural)
farę (accusative singular)
fary (accusative plural)
farą (instrumental singular)
farami (instrumental plural)
farze (locative singular)
farach (locative plural)
faro (singular vocative)
fary (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: fara

→ Slovincian: fara

Borrowed from German Pfarre. First attested in 1553. Compare Silesian fara.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “fara”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(obsolete, education) parochial school (school associated with the parish of a church)


arena

arena (nominative singular)
areny (nominative plural)
areny (genitive singular)
aren (genitive plural)
arenie (dative singular)
arenom (dative plural)
arenę (accusative singular)
areny (accusative plural)
areną (instrumental singular)
arenami (instrumental plural)
arenie (locative singular)
arenach (locative plural)
areno (singular vocative)
areny (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin arēna, from an earlier *hasēna, possibly from Etruscan. Doublet of arenal.


pagoda

pagodowy (adjective)
pagoda (nominative singular)
pagody (nominative plural)
pagody (genitive singular)
pagod (genitive plural)
pagodzie (dative singular)
pagodom (dative plural)
pagodę (accusative singular)
pagody (accusative plural)
pagodą (instrumental singular)
pagodami (instrumental plural)
pagodzie (locative singular)
pagodach (locative plural)
pagodo (singular vocative)
pagody (plural vocative)


stupa

stupa (nominative singular)
stupy (nominative plural)
stupy (genitive singular)
stup (genitive plural)
stupie (dative singular)
stupom (dative plural)
stupę (accusative singular)
stupy (accusative plural)
stupą (instrumental singular)
stupami (instrumental plural)
stupie (locative singular)
stupach (locative plural)
stupo (singular vocative)
stupy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit स्तूप (stūpa).

lbor

(Buddhism) stupa (dome-shaped Buddhist monument, used to house relics of the Lord Buddha)


patio

patio (nominative singular)
patia (nominative plural)
patia (genitive singular)
patiów (genitive plural)
patiu (dative singular)
patiom (dative plural)
patio (accusative singular)
patia (accusative plural)
patiem (instrumental singular)
patiami (instrumental plural)
patiu (locative singular)
patiach (locative plural)
patio (singular vocative)
patia (plural vocative)

(architecture) patio (inner courtyard typical of traditional Spanish houses)


bagno

pl-noun

bagno n (diminutive bagienko, augmentative bagnisko, related adjective bagienny)

bagienko (diminutive)
bagnisko (augmentative)
bagienny (adjective)
bagno (nominative singular)
bagna (nominative plural)
bagna (genitive singular)
bagien (genitive plural)
bagnu (dative singular)
bagnom (dative plural)
bagno (accusative singular)
bagna (accusative plural)
bagnem (instrumental singular)
bagnami (instrumental plural)
bagnie (locative singular)
bagnach (locative plural)
bagno (singular vocative)
bagna (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, hunting) den, lair (animal's dwelling space, especially a boar's)


banda

banda (nominative singular)
bandy (nominative plural)
bandy (genitive singular)
band (genitive plural)
bandzie (dative singular)
bandom (dative plural)
bandę (accusative singular)
bandy (accusative plural)
bandą (instrumental singular)
bandami (instrumental plural)
bandzie (locative singular)
bandach (locative plural)
bando (singular vocative)
bandy (plural vocative)

(colloquial) band, clique, crew (group of people loosely united for a common purpose)

barrier (protective fence around a racetrack)

cushion (lip around a table in cue sports)


Sejm

sejmowy (adjective)
Sejm (nominative singular)
Sejmu (genitive singular)
Sejmowi (dative singular)
Sejm (accusative singular)
Sejmem (instrumental singular)
Sejmie (locative singular)
Sejmie (singular vocative)

(government) Sejm (the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland)

Sejm (total number of people who sit in the Sejm)

Coordinate term: Senat


Sejm

Sejm (nominative singular)
Sejmy (nominative plural)
Sejmu (genitive singular)
Sejmów (genitive plural)
Sejmowi (dative singular)
Sejmom (dative plural)
Sejm (accusative singular)
Sejmy (accusative plural)
Sejmem (instrumental singular)
Sejmami (instrumental plural)
Sejmie (locative singular)
Sejmach (locative plural)
Sejmie (singular vocative)
Sejmy (plural vocative)

→ English: Sejm

→ German: Sejm

→ Latvian: Saeima

→ Lithuanian: Seĩmas

→ Romanian: Seim

→ Russian: Сейм (Sejm)

→ Ukrainian: Сейм (Sejm)

→ Yiddish: סיים (seym)

(government, historical) any specific gathering of the Sejm


bela

bela (nominative singular)
bele (nominative plural)
beli (genitive singular)
beli (genitive plural)
bel (genitive plural)
beli (dative singular)
belom (dative plural)
belę (accusative singular)
bele (accusative plural)
belą (instrumental singular)
belami (instrumental plural)
beli (locative singular)
belach (locative plural)
belo (singular vocative)
bele (plural vocative)

bale (a rounded bundle or package of goods in a cloth cover, and corded for storage or transportation)


blanka

blanka (nominative singular)
blanki (nominative plural)
blanki (genitive singular)
blanek (genitive plural)
blance (dative singular)
blankom (dative plural)
blankę (accusative singular)
blanki (accusative plural)
blanką (instrumental singular)
blankami (instrumental plural)
blance (locative singular)
blankach (locative plural)
blanko (singular vocative)
blanki (plural vocative)
blank (alternative)

(architecture, military) cop, merlon (any of the upright projections between the embrasures of a battlement)


wigwam

wigwam (nominative singular)
wigwamy (nominative plural)
wigwamu (genitive singular)
wigwamów (genitive plural)
wigwamowi (dative singular)
wigwamom (dative plural)
wigwam (accusative singular)
wigwamy (accusative plural)
wigwamem (instrumental singular)
wigwamami (instrumental plural)
wigwamie (locative singular)
wigwamach (locative plural)
wigwamie (singular vocative)
wigwamy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English wigwam, from Abenaki wigwôm or Penobscot wigwom, from Proto-Algonquian *wi·kiwa·ʔmi.


minaret

minaret (nominative singular)
minarety (nominative plural)
minaretu (genitive singular)
minaretów (genitive plural)
minaretowi (dative singular)
minaretom (dative plural)
minaret (accusative singular)
minarety (accusative plural)
minaretem (instrumental singular)
minaretami (instrumental plural)
minarecie (locative singular)
minaretach (locative plural)
minarecie (singular vocative)
minarety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French minaret, from Ottoman Turkish مناره (Turkish minare), from Arabic مَنَارَة (manāra).


obelisk

obelisk m inan (related adjective obeliskowy)

obeliskowy (adjective)
obelisk (nominative singular)
obeliski (nominative plural)
obelisku (genitive singular)
obelisków (genitive plural)
obeliskowi (dative singular)
obeliskom (dative plural)
obelisk (accusative singular)
obeliski (accusative plural)
obeliskiem (instrumental singular)
obeliskami (instrumental plural)
obelisku (locative singular)
obeliskach (locative plural)
obelisku (singular vocative)
obeliski (plural vocative)

obelisk (tall, square, tapered, stone monolith topped with a pyramidal point, frequently used as a monument)


bróg

brożek (diminutive)
bróg (nominative singular)
brogi (nominative plural)
brogu (genitive singular)
brogów (genitive plural)
brogowi (dative singular)
brogom (dative plural)
bróg (accusative singular)
brogi (accusative plural)
brogiem (instrumental singular)
brogami (instrumental plural)
brogu (locative singular)
brogach (locative plural)
brogu (singular vocative)
brogi (plural vocative)

→? Russian: брог (brog)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *borgъ. Related to brzeg.


kiosk

kiosk (nominative singular)
kioski (nominative plural)
kiosku (genitive singular)
kiosków (genitive plural)
kioskowi (dative singular)
kioskom (dative plural)
kiosk (accusative singular)
kioski (accusative plural)
kioskiem (instrumental singular)
kioskami (instrumental plural)
kiosku (locative singular)
kioskach (locative plural)
kiosku (singular vocative)
kioski (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French kiosque, from Italian chiosco, from Ottoman Turkish كوشك (köşk), from Persian کوشک (kôšk, “palace, portico”), from Middle Persian kwšk' (kōšk).

(architecture) kiosk (Turkish garden pavillion)


supermarket

supermarket (nominative singular)
supermarkety (nominative plural)
supermarketu (genitive singular)
supermarketów (genitive plural)
supermarketowi (dative singular)
supermarketom (dative plural)
supermarket (accusative singular)
supermarkety (accusative plural)
supermarketem (instrumental singular)
supermarketami (instrumental plural)
supermarkecie (locative singular)
supermarketach (locative plural)
supermarkecie (singular vocative)
supermarkety (plural vocative)


impost

impost (nominative singular)
imposty (nominative plural)
impostu (genitive singular)
impostów (genitive plural)
impostowi (dative singular)
impostom (dative plural)
impost (accusative singular)
imposty (accusative plural)
impostem (instrumental singular)
impostami (instrumental plural)
impoście (locative singular)
impostach (locative plural)
impoście (singular vocative)
imposty (plural vocative)

(architecture) impost, impost block (projecting block resting on top of a column or embedded in a wall, serving as the base for the springer or lowest voussoir of an arch)


profil

profil (nominative singular)
profile (nominative plural)
profilu (genitive singular)
profili (genitive plural)
profilów (genitive plural)
profilowi (dative singular)
profilom (dative plural)
profil (accusative singular)
profile (accusative plural)
profilem (instrumental singular)
profilami (instrumental plural)
profilu (locative singular)
profilach (locative plural)
profilu (singular vocative)
profile (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French profil, from Italian profilo.

(architecture) profile (decorative strip projecting above the surface of a wall, furniture, etc.)


lager

lager m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
lager (nominative singular)
lagery (nominative plural)
lagera (genitive singular)
lagerów (genitive plural)
lagerowi (dative singular)
lagerom (dative plural)
lagera (accusative singular)
lager (accusative singular)
lagery (accusative plural)
lagerem (instrumental singular)
lagerami (instrumental plural)
lagerze (locative singular)
lagerach (locative plural)
lagerze (singular vocative)
lagery (plural vocative)

lager (type of beer, brewed using a bottom-fermenting yeast)


abakus

abakus (nominative singular)
abakusy (nominative plural)
abakusa (genitive singular)
abakusów (genitive plural)
abakusowi (dative singular)
abakusom (dative plural)
abakus (accusative singular)
abakusy (accusative plural)
abakusem (instrumental singular)
abakusami (instrumental plural)
abakusie (locative singular)
abakusach (locative plural)
abakusie (singular vocative)
abakusy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin abacus. Doublet of abak.

spoczywać na abakusie

(architecture) abacus (uppermost portion of the capital of a column immediately under the architrave; in some cases, a flat oblong or square slab, in others, more decorated)


monument

monumencik (diminutive)
monument (nominative singular)
monumenty (nominative plural)
monumentu (genitive singular)
monumentów (genitive plural)
monumentowi (dative singular)
monumentom (dative plural)
monument (accusative singular)
monumenty (accusative plural)
monumentem (instrumental singular)
monumentami (instrumental plural)
monumencie (locative singular)
monumentach (locative plural)
monumencie (singular vocative)
monumenty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin monumentum.

monument (exceptional or prideful achievement)


sam

sam (nominative singular)
samy (nominative plural)
samu (genitive singular)
samów (genitive plural)
samowi (dative singular)
samom (dative plural)
sam (accusative singular)
samy (accusative plural)
samem (instrumental singular)
samami (instrumental plural)
samie (locative singular)
samach (locative plural)
samie (singular vocative)
samy (plural vocative)
SAM (alternative)

Etymology tree
Polish sklep samoobsługowy
Polish sam
Clipping of sklep samoobsługowy.


piramida

piramidka (diminutive)
piramida (nominative singular)
piramidy (nominative plural)
piramidy (genitive singular)
piramid (genitive plural)
piramidzie (dative singular)
piramidom (dative plural)
piramidę (accusative singular)
piramidy (accusative plural)
piramidą (instrumental singular)
piramidami (instrumental plural)
piramidzie (locative singular)
piramidach (locative plural)
piramido (singular vocative)
piramidy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French pyramide, from Old French piramide, from Latin pȳramis, from Ancient Greek πυραμίς (puramís).


lump

lump (nominative singular)
lumpy (nominative plural)
lumpa (genitive singular)
lumpów (genitive plural)
lumpowi (dative singular)
lumpom (dative plural)
lump (accusative singular)
lumpy (accusative plural)
lumpem (instrumental singular)
lumpami (instrumental plural)
lumpie (locative singular)
lumpach (locative plural)
lumpie (singular vocative)
lumpy (plural vocative)

(colloquial, derogatory) piece of clothing


parlament

pl-noun

parlament m inan (related adjective parlamentarny)

parlamentarny (adjective)
parlament (nominative singular)
parlamenty (nominative plural)
parlamentu (genitive singular)
parlamentów (genitive plural)
parlamentowi (dative singular)
parlamentom (dative plural)
parlament (accusative singular)
parlamenty (accusative plural)
parlamentem (instrumental singular)
parlamentami (instrumental plural)
parlamencie (locative singular)
parlamentach (locative plural)
parlamencie (singular vocative)
parlamenty (plural vocative)

(government) parliament (legislative branch of government, a deliberative assembly or set of assemblies whose elected or appointed members meet to debate the major political issues of the day, make, amend, and repeal laws, authorize the executive branch of government to spend money, and in some cases exercise judicial powers)

parliament (total number of people who sit in a parliament)


bitumen

bitumen (nominative singular)
bitumeny (nominative plural)
bitumenu (genitive singular)
bitumenów (genitive plural)
bitumenowi (dative singular)
bitumenom (dative plural)
bitumen (accusative singular)
bitumeny (accusative plural)
bitumenem (instrumental singular)
bitumenami (instrumental plural)
bitumenie (locative singular)
bitumenach (locative plural)
bitumenie (singular vocative)
bitumeny (plural vocative)


sex shop

sex shop (nominative singular)
sex shopy (nominative plural)
sex shopu (genitive singular)
sex shopów (genitive plural)
sex shopowi (dative singular)
sex shopom (dative plural)
sex shop (accusative singular)
sex shopy (accusative plural)
sex shopem (instrumental singular)
sex shopami (instrumental plural)
sex shopie (locative singular)
sex shopach (locative plural)
sex shopie (singular vocative)
sex shopy (plural vocative)
sex-shop (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from English sex shop.


bidet

bidecik (diminutive)
bidet (nominative singular)
bidety (nominative plural)
bidetu (genitive singular)
bidetów (genitive plural)
bidetowi (dative singular)
bidetom (dative plural)
bidet (accusative singular)
bidety (accusative plural)
bidetem (instrumental singular)
bidetami (instrumental plural)
bidecie (locative singular)
bidetach (locative plural)
bidecie (singular vocative)
bidety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French bidet. First attested in 1819.

bidet (low-mounted plumbing fixture for cleaning the genitalia and anus)


ucho

pl-noun

ucho n (diminutive uszko, augmentative uszysko, related adjective uszny)

uszko (diminutive)
uszysko (augmentative)
uszny (adjective)
ucho (nominative singular)
uszy (nominative plural)
ucha (genitive singular)
uszu (genitive plural)
uszów (genitive plural)
uchu (dative singular)
uszom (dative plural)
ucho (accusative singular)
uszy (accusative plural)
uchem (instrumental singular)
uszami (instrumental plural)
uszyma (instrumental plural)
uchu (locative singular)
uszach (locative plural)
ucho (singular vocative)
uszy (plural vocative)
ucho (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish ucho. The irregular plural forms are the result of fossilization of the old dual forms.

póty dzban wodę nosi, póki się ucho nie urwie

(architecture) orillon (semicircular projection made at the shoulder of a bastion for the purpose of covering the retired flank, found in old fortresses)


cela

cela (nominative singular)
cele (nominative plural)
celi (genitive singular)
cel (genitive plural)
celi (dative singular)
celom (dative plural)
celę (accusative singular)
cele (accusative plural)
celą (instrumental singular)
celami (instrumental plural)
celi (locative singular)
celach (locative plural)
celo (singular vocative)
cele (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Zelle, from Latin cella.

cell (room in a prison for containing inmates)


plafon

plafon (nominative singular)
plafony (nominative plural)
plafonu (genitive singular)
plafonów (genitive plural)
plafonowi (dative singular)
plafonom (dative plural)
plafon (accusative singular)
plafony (accusative plural)
plafonem (instrumental singular)
plafonami (instrumental plural)
plafonie (locative singular)
plafonach (locative plural)
plafonie (singular vocative)
plafony (plural vocative)

(architecture) plafond (a ceiling, especially one that is ornately decorated)


balkon

balkonik (diminutive)
balkon (nominative singular)
balkony (nominative plural)
balkonu (genitive singular)
balkonów (genitive plural)
balkonowi (dative singular)
balkonom (dative plural)
balkon (accusative singular)
balkony (accusative plural)
balkonem (instrumental singular)
balkonami (instrumental plural)
balkonie (locative singular)
balkonach (locative plural)
balkonie (singular vocative)
balkony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French balcon, from Italian balcone, from Old Italian balcone, from Lombardic balko, Old High German *balkon-, from Proto-Germanic *balkô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵ-.

(architecture) balcony (an accessible structure extending from a building, especially outside a window)

balcony (an accessible structure overlooking a stage or the like)


binda

binda (nominative singular)
bindy (nominative plural)
bindy (genitive singular)
bind (genitive plural)
bindzie (dative singular)
bindom (dative plural)
bindę (accusative singular)
bindy (accusative plural)
bindą (instrumental singular)
bindami (instrumental plural)
bindzie (locative singular)
bindach (locative plural)
bindo (singular vocative)
bindy (plural vocative)
bieńda (alternative)
bińda (alternative)

Borrowed from German Binde. First attested in 1534.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “binda, bieńda”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


bastion

bastionik (diminutive)
bastion (nominative singular)
bastiony (nominative plural)
bastionu (genitive singular)
bastionów (genitive plural)
bastionowi (dative singular)
bastionom (dative plural)
bastion (accusative singular)
bastiony (accusative plural)
bastionem (instrumental singular)
bastionami (instrumental plural)
bastionie (locative singular)
bastionach (locative plural)
bastionie (singular vocative)
bastiony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French bastion, from Old French bastille.

(figuratively) bastion (person, group, or thing, that strongly defends some principle)


fitness

fitness (nominative singular)
fitnessy (nominative plural)
fitnessu (genitive singular)
fitnessów (genitive plural)
fitnessowi (dative singular)
fitnessom (dative plural)
fitness (accusative singular)
fitnessy (accusative plural)
fitnessem (instrumental singular)
fitnessami (instrumental plural)
fitnessie (locative singular)
fitnessach (locative plural)
fitnessie (singular vocative)
fitnessy (plural vocative)

(uncountable, exercise) aerobics or similar physical exercises done under the supervision of an instructor at a special club

(countable, exercise) special club where such exercises are done


kolo

kolo (nominative singular)
kola (nominative plural)
kola (genitive singular)
koli (genitive plural)
kolu (dative singular)
kolom (dative plural)
kolo (accusative singular)
kola (accusative plural)
kolem (instrumental singular)
kolami (instrumental plural)
kolu (locative singular)
kolach (locative plural)
kolo (singular vocative)
kola (plural vocative)

(education, university slang) midterm exam conducted mainly by a university


mamut

pl-noun

mamut m animal (related adjective mamuci or mamutowy)

mamuci (adjective)
mamutowy (adjective)
mamut (nominative singular)
mamuty (nominative plural)
mamuta (genitive singular)
mamutów (genitive plural)
mamutowi (dative singular)
mamutom (dative plural)
mamuta (accusative singular)
mamuty (accusative plural)
mamutem (instrumental singular)
mamutami (instrumental plural)
mamucie (locative singular)
mamutach (locative plural)
mamucie (singular vocative)
mamuty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: mamùt

Internationalism; compare English mammoth, French mammouth, German Mammut, ultimately from Russian ма́монт (mámont).

(paleontology) mammoth (any elephant-like mammal of the genus Mammuthus)

(figurative, humorous) dinosaur (person who has been active longer than their peers, especially an artist)

(figurative, derogatory) dinosaur (old-fashioned person)


boks

boks (nominative singular)
boksy (nominative plural)
boksu (genitive singular)
boksów (genitive plural)
boksowi (dative singular)
boksom (dative plural)
boks (accusative singular)
boksy (accusative plural)
boksem (instrumental singular)
boksami (instrumental plural)
boksie (locative singular)
boksach (locative plural)
boksie (singular vocative)
boksy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English box, from Middle English box, from Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā, from Latin buxus, from Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís). Doublet of puszka.

cubicle (a small separate part or one of the compartments of a room in an office)


rotunda

rotunda f (diminutive rotundka, related adjective rotundowy)

rotundka (diminutive)
rotundowy (adjective)
rotunda (nominative singular)
rotundy (nominative plural)
rotundy (genitive singular)
rotund (genitive plural)
rotundzie (dative singular)
rotundom (dative plural)
rotundę (accusative singular)
rotundy (accusative plural)
rotundą (instrumental singular)
rotundami (instrumental plural)
rotundzie (locative singular)
rotundach (locative plural)
rotundo (singular vocative)
rotundy (plural vocative)

(countable, historical) long women's coat, cut in a circular shape, fastened from top to bottom with small buttons, with vertical arm slits, popular in the 19th century


rotunda

rotundowy (adjective)
rotunda (nominative singular)
rotundy (genitive singular)
rotundzie (dative singular)
rotundę (accusative singular)
rotundą (instrumental singular)
rotundzie (locative singular)
rotundo (singular vocative)

(uncountable, typography) rotunda (Gothic typeface used in early printed books in Northern Italy, based on a rounded script developed in the 13th century; the manuscript hand on which this typeface was based)


aula

aula (nominative singular)
aule (nominative plural)
auli (genitive singular)
auli (genitive plural)
auli (dative singular)
aulom (dative plural)
aulę (accusative singular)
aule (accusative plural)
aulą (instrumental singular)
aulami (instrumental plural)
auli (locative singular)
aulach (locative plural)
aulo (singular vocative)
aule (plural vocative)

(Christianity) discussion room in a church or basilica


biblioteka

biblioteka f (diminutive biblioteczka, related adjective biblioteczny)

biblioteczka (diminutive)
biblioteczny (adjective)
biblioteka (nominative singular)
biblioteki (nominative plural)
biblioteki (genitive singular)
bibliotek (genitive plural)
bibliotece (dative singular)
bibliotekom (dative plural)
bibliotekę (accusative singular)
biblioteki (accusative plural)
biblioteką (instrumental singular)
bibliotekami (instrumental plural)
bibliotece (locative singular)
bibliotekach (locative plural)
biblioteko (singular vocative)
biblioteki (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin bibliothēca.

lbor

library (special room in the apartment with shelves of books)


fundament

fundament (nominative singular)
fundamenty (nominative plural)
fundamentu (genitive singular)
fundamentów (genitive plural)
fundamentowi (dative singular)
fundamentom (dative plural)
fundament (accusative singular)
fundamenty (accusative plural)
fundamentem (instrumental singular)
fundamentami (instrumental plural)
fundamencie (locative singular)
fundamentach (locative plural)
fundamencie (singular vocative)
fundamenty (plural vocative)
fudament (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Latin fundāmentum.

(architecture) foundation (lowest and supporting part or member of a wall)


lupanar

lupanar (nominative singular)
lupanary (nominative plural)
lupanaru (genitive singular)
lupanarów (genitive plural)
lupanarowi (dative singular)
lupanarom (dative plural)
lupanar (accusative singular)
lupanary (accusative plural)
lupanarem (instrumental singular)
lupanarami (instrumental plural)
lupanarze (locative singular)
lupanarach (locative plural)
lupanarze (singular vocative)
lupanary (plural vocative)


hala

halny (adjective)
hala (nominative singular)
hale (nominative plural)
hali (genitive singular)
hali (genitive plural)
hal (genitive plural)
hali (dative singular)
halom (dative plural)
halę (accusative singular)
hale (accusative plural)
halą (instrumental singular)
halami (instrumental plural)
hali (locative singular)
halach (locative plural)
halo (singular vocative)
hale (plural vocative)

mountain meadow in the Alpine tundra, above the tree line


tama

tama (nominative singular)
tamy (nominative plural)
tamy (genitive singular)
tam (genitive plural)
tamie (dative singular)
tamom (dative plural)
tamę (accusative singular)
tamy (accusative plural)
tamą (instrumental singular)
tamami (instrumental plural)
tamie (locative singular)
tamach (locative plural)
tamo (singular vocative)
tamy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle High German tam(m).


baja

baja (nominative singular)
baje (nominative plural)
bai (genitive singular)
baj (genitive plural)
bai (dative singular)
bajom (dative plural)
baję (accusative singular)
baje (accusative plural)
bają (instrumental singular)
bajami (instrumental plural)
bai (locative singular)
bajach (locative plural)
bajo (singular vocative)
baje (plural vocative)


ekskrement

ekskrement (nominative singular)
ekskrementy (nominative plural)
ekskrementu (genitive singular)
ekskrementów (genitive plural)
ekskrementowi (dative singular)
ekskrementom (dative plural)
ekskrement (accusative singular)
ekskrementy (accusative plural)
ekskrementem (instrumental singular)
ekskrementami (instrumental plural)
ekskremencie (locative singular)
ekskrementach (locative plural)
ekskremencie (singular vocative)
ekskrementy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin excrēmentum.

(literary, chiefly in the plural) excrement (human and non-human animal solid waste excreted from the bowels; feces)


salon

salonik (diminutive)
salon (nominative singular)
salony (nominative plural)
salonu (genitive singular)
salonów (genitive plural)
salonowi (dative singular)
salonom (dative plural)
salon (accusative singular)
salony (accusative plural)
salonem (instrumental singular)
salonami (instrumental plural)
salonie (locative singular)
salonach (locative plural)
salonie (singular vocative)
salony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French salon, from Middle French, from Italian salone (“large hall”), augmented form of sala (“hall”), from Lombardic sala (“room, house, entrance hall”), from Proto-Germanic *salą (“dwelling, house, hall”), from Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”). Possibly a doublet of sioło.


tipi

Borrowed from English teepee, from Lakota thípi.


solarium

solarium (nominative singular)
solaria (nominative plural)
solarium (genitive singular)
solariów (genitive plural)
solarium (dative singular)
solariom (dative plural)
solarium (accusative singular)
solaria (accusative plural)
solarium (instrumental singular)
solariami (instrumental plural)
solarium (locative singular)
solariach (locative plural)
solarium (singular vocative)
solaria (plural vocative)

solarium (establishment where one can rent sunbeds)

solarium (room, with many windows, exposed to the sun)

(archaic) sundial (device noting the time of day by the position of a shadow)


gips

gipsowy (adjective)
gips (nominative singular)
gipsy (nominative plural)
gipsu (genitive singular)
gipsów (genitive plural)
gipsowi (dative singular)
gipsom (dative plural)
gips (accusative singular)
gipsy (accusative plural)
gipsem (instrumental singular)
gipsami (instrumental plural)
gipsie (locative singular)
gipsach (locative plural)
gipsie (singular vocative)
gipsy (plural vocative)


mastaba

mastaba (nominative singular)
mastaby (nominative plural)
mastaby (genitive singular)
mastab (genitive plural)
mastabie (dative singular)
mastabom (dative plural)
mastabę (accusative singular)
mastaby (accusative plural)
mastabą (instrumental singular)
mastabami (instrumental plural)
mastabie (locative singular)
mastabach (locative plural)
mastabo (singular vocative)
mastaby (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Arabic مِصْطَبَة (miṣṭaba).

bor+

(archaeology) mastaba (rectangular structure with a flat top and slightly sloping sides, built during Ancient Egyptian times above tombs that were situated on flat land)


sedes

sedes (nominative singular)
sedesy (nominative plural)
sedesu (genitive singular)
sedesów (genitive plural)
sedesowi (dative singular)
sedesom (dative plural)
sedes (accusative singular)
sedesy (accusative plural)
sedesem (instrumental singular)
sedesami (instrumental plural)
sedesie (locative singular)
sedesach (locative plural)
sedesie (singular vocative)
sedesy (plural vocative)


izba

pl-noun

izba f (diminutive izbeczka or izbina or izdebka, related adjective izbowy)

izbeczka (diminutive)
izbina (diminutive)
izdebka (diminutive)
izbowy (adjective)
izba (nominative singular)
izby (nominative plural)
izby (genitive singular)
izb (genitive plural)
izbie (dative singular)
izbom (dative plural)
izbę (accusative singular)
izby (accusative plural)
izbą (instrumental singular)
izbami (instrumental plural)
izbie (locative singular)
izbach (locative plural)
izbo (singular vocative)
izby (plural vocative)
izdba (alternative)
istba (alternative)
zdba (alternative)
źba (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish izba. Doublet of sztuba.


huta

huta (nominative singular)
huty (nominative plural)
huty (genitive singular)
hut (genitive plural)
hucie (dative singular)
hutom (dative plural)
hutę (accusative singular)
huty (accusative plural)
hutą (instrumental singular)
hutami (instrumental plural)
hucie (locative singular)
hutach (locative plural)
huto (singular vocative)
huty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Hütte, from Middle High German hütte, from Old High German hutta, possibly from Proto-Germanic *hudjǭ.

glassworks (factory that produces glass)


estrada

estrada f (diminutive estradka, related adjective estradowy)

estradka (diminutive)
estradowy (adjective)
estrada (nominative singular)
estrady (nominative plural)
estrady (genitive singular)
estrad (genitive plural)
estradzie (dative singular)
estradom (dative plural)
estradę (accusative singular)
estrady (accusative plural)
estradą (instrumental singular)
estradami (instrumental plural)
estradzie (locative singular)
estradach (locative plural)
estrado (singular vocative)
estrady (plural vocative)

(architecture) bandstand, platform (platform for bands to play on)


kino

kino (nominative singular)
kina (nominative plural)
kina (genitive singular)
kin (genitive plural)
kinu (dative singular)
kinom (dative plural)
kino (accusative singular)
kina (accusative plural)
kinem (instrumental singular)
kinami (instrumental plural)
kinie (locative singular)
kinach (locative plural)
kino (singular vocative)
kina (plural vocative)


mur

murek (diminutive)
mur (nominative singular)
mury (nominative plural)
muru (genitive singular)
murów (genitive plural)
murowi (dative singular)
murom (dative plural)
mur (accusative singular)
mury (accusative plural)
murem (instrumental singular)
murami (instrumental plural)
murze (locative singular)
murach (locative plural)
murze (singular vocative)
mury (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: мур (mur)

→ Lithuanian: mūras

→ Slovak: múr

→ Ukrainian: мур (mur)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mey-
Proto-Indo-European *-rós
Proto-Italic *moiros
Latin mūrusbor.
Proto-West Germanic *mūrā
Old High German mūra
Middle High German mūrebor.
Polish mur
Borrowed from Middle High German mūre.


kupa

pl-noun

kupa f (diminutive kupka or kupcia, augmentative kupsko, related adjective kupowy)

kupka (diminutive)
kupcia (diminutive)
kupsko (augmentative)
kupowy (adjective)
kupa (nominative singular)
kupy (nominative plural)
kupy (genitive singular)
kup (genitive plural)
kupie (dative singular)
kupom (dative plural)
kupę (accusative singular)
kupy (accusative plural)
kupą (instrumental singular)
kupami (instrumental plural)
kupie (locative singular)
kupach (locative plural)
kupo (singular vocative)
kupy (plural vocative)

Na chodniku leżała psia kupa.

(colloquial or dialectal, Przemyśl) poo, poop, turd


kret

kret (nominative singular)
krety (nominative plural)
kretu (genitive singular)
kretów (genitive plural)
kretowi (dative singular)
kretom (dative plural)
kret (accusative singular)
krety (accusative plural)
kretem (instrumental singular)
kretami (instrumental plural)
krecie (locative singular)
kretach (locative plural)
krecie (singular vocative)
krety (plural vocative)
krzet (alternative)


nora

norka (diminutive)
nora (nominative singular)
nory (nominative plural)
nory (genitive singular)
nor (genitive plural)
norze (dative singular)
norom (dative plural)
norę (accusative singular)
nory (accusative plural)
norą (instrumental singular)
norami (instrumental plural)
norze (locative singular)
norach (locative plural)
noro (singular vocative)
nory (plural vocative)

(colloquial, derogatory) hovel, hole (undesirable place to live or visit)


sraka

sraczka (diminutive)
sraka (nominative singular)
sraki (nominative plural)
sraki (genitive singular)
srak (genitive plural)
srace (dative singular)
srakom (dative plural)
srakę (accusative singular)
sraki (accusative plural)
sraką (instrumental singular)
srakami (instrumental plural)
srace (locative singular)
srakach (locative plural)
srako (singular vocative)
sraki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sьraka. By surface analysis, srać + -ka.


ul

ul (nominative singular)
ule (nominative plural)
ula (genitive singular)
uli (genitive plural)
ulów (genitive plural)
ulowi (dative singular)
ulom (dative plural)
ul (accusative singular)
ule (accusative plural)
ulem (instrumental singular)
ulami (instrumental plural)
ulu (locative singular)
ulach (locative plural)
ulu (singular vocative)
ule (plural vocative)


loggia

loggia (nominative singular)
loggie (nominative plural)
loggii (genitive singular)
loggii (genitive plural)
loggij (archaic genitive plural)
loggii (dative singular)
loggiom (dative plural)
loggię (accusative singular)
loggie (accusative plural)
loggią (instrumental singular)
loggiami (instrumental plural)
loggii (locative singular)
loggiach (locative plural)
loggio (singular vocative)
loggie (plural vocative)
lodżia (alternative)

Borrowed from Italian loggia. Doublet of lobby, lodżia, and loża.

(architecture) loggia (roofed, open gallery)

loggia (in Italian cities: an open, decorative pavilion used for public ceremonies)


kantor

kantor m inan (diminutive kantorek, related adjective kantorowy)

kantorek (diminutive)
kantorowy (adjective)
kantor (nominative singular)
kantory (nominative plural)
kantoru (genitive singular)
kantorów (genitive plural)
kantorowi (dative singular)
kantorom (dative plural)
kantor (accusative singular)
kantory (accusative plural)
kantorem (instrumental singular)
kantorami (instrumental plural)
kantorze (locative singular)
kantorach (locative plural)
kantorze (singular vocative)
kantory (plural vocative)

→ Vilamovian: kȧntor

Borrowed from German Kontor. Doublet of kontuar.

bureau de change, currency exchange (place where foreign currency can be exchanged)


deska

deska f (diminutive deseczka, augmentative decha)

deseczka (diminutive)
decha (augmentative)
deska (nominative singular)
deski (nominative plural)
deski (genitive singular)
desek (genitive plural)
desce (dative singular)
deskom (dative plural)
deskę (accusative singular)
deski (accusative plural)
deską (instrumental singular)
deskami (instrumental plural)
desce (locative singular)
deskach (locative plural)
desko (singular vocative)
deski (plural vocative)
dezka (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish deska, from Proto-Slavic *dъska. Doublet of dysk (“disc, discus, disk”).

deska surfingowa

deska windsurfingowa

deska snowboardowa

deska wakeboardowa

(sports, informal) skateboard, snowboard, surfboard or a similar sports item

(derogatory, slang) ironing board (flat-chested woman)


willa

willa (nominative singular)
wille (nominative plural)
willi (genitive singular)
will (genitive plural)
willi (genitive plural)
willi (dative singular)
willom (dative plural)
willę (accusative singular)
wille (accusative plural)
willą (instrumental singular)
willami (instrumental plural)
willi (locative singular)
willach (locative plural)
willo (singular vocative)
wille (plural vocative)

dwupiętrowa willa

Mieszkał bardzo wygodnie, mając do dyspozycji całe piętro położonej w ogrodzie willi.

He lived very comfortably, having a whole floor of a villa located in the garden.

(architecture) villa (elegant single-family detached house, surrounded by a garden)

(archaic, architecture) country house, villa (weekend and holiday residence, located outside of urban areas, used as a retreat from city life)


blok

bloczek (diminutive)
blok (nominative singular)
bloki (nominative plural)
bloku (genitive singular)
bloków (genitive plural)
blokowi (dative singular)
blokom (dative plural)
blok (accusative singular)
bloki (accusative plural)
blokiem (instrumental singular)
blokami (instrumental plural)
bloku (locative singular)
blokach (locative plural)
bloku (singular vocative)
bloki (plural vocative)
bloch (alternative)

Borrowed from German Block. Sense 8 is a semantic loan from English code block, sense 9 is a semantic loan from English block, sense 10 is a semantic loan from English heart block, and sense 11 is a semantic loan from English engine block. First attested in 1782.

sl

apartment building, block, block of flats, tower block

blok serca

blok przedsionkowo-komorowy

blok napędowy

blok cylindrów

blok silnika


molo

molowy (adjective)
molo (nominative singular)
mola (nominative plural)
mola (genitive singular)
mol (genitive plural)
molu (dative singular)
molom (dative plural)
molo (accusative singular)
mola (accusative plural)
molem (instrumental singular)
molami (instrumental plural)
molu (locative singular)
molach (locative plural)
molo (singular vocative)
mola (plural vocative)

pier (raised platform built from the shore out over water)


beton

beton (nominative singular)
betony (nominative plural)
betonu (genitive singular)
betonów (genitive plural)
betonowi (dative singular)
betonom (dative plural)
beton (accusative singular)
betony (accusative plural)
betonem (instrumental singular)
betonami (instrumental plural)
betonie (locative singular)
betonach (locative plural)
betonie (singular vocative)
betony (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare French béton, ultimately from Latin bitūmen. Doublet of bitum.

beton komórkowy

warstwa betonu

wylewać/wylać beton

wylewać/wylać/zalewać/zalać betonem

concrete (a building material created by mixing cement, water, and aggregate such as gravel and sand)

(colloquial, derogatory) stick in the mud, old fogey (a person or organization who is slow, old-fashioned, or unprogressive)


fiala

fiala (nominative singular)
fiale (nominative plural)
fiali (genitive singular)
fial (genitive plural)
fiali (dative singular)
fialom (dative plural)
fialę (accusative singular)
fiale (accusative plural)
fialą (instrumental singular)
fialami (instrumental plural)
fiali (locative singular)
fialach (locative plural)
fialo (singular vocative)
fiale (plural vocative)


brama

bramka (diminutive)
brama (nominative singular)
bramy (nominative plural)
bramy (genitive singular)
bram (genitive plural)
bramie (dative singular)
bramom (dative plural)
bramę (accusative singular)
bramy (accusative plural)
bramą (instrumental singular)
bramami (instrumental plural)
bramie (locative singular)
bramach (locative plural)
bramo (singular vocative)
bramy (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: бра́ма (bráma)

→ Ukrainian: бра́ма (bráma)

Borrowed from Old Czech brána, from Proto-Slavic *borna. Doublet of brona (“harrow”).


pergola

pergola (nominative singular)
pergole (nominative plural)
pergoli (genitive singular)
pergoli (genitive plural)
pergol (genitive plural)
pergoli (dative singular)
pergolom (dative plural)
pergolę (accusative singular)
pergole (accusative plural)
pergolą (instrumental singular)
pergolami (instrumental plural)
pergoli (locative singular)
pergolach (locative plural)
pergolo (singular vocative)
pergole (plural vocative)

pergola (framework in the form of a passageway of columns that supports a trelliswork roof; used to support and train climbing plants)


anta

anta (nominative singular)
anty (nominative plural)
anty (genitive singular)
ant (genitive plural)
ancie (dative singular)
antom (dative plural)
antę (accusative singular)
anty (accusative plural)
antą (instrumental singular)
antami (instrumental plural)
ancie (locative singular)
antach (locative plural)
anto (singular vocative)
anty (plural vocative)


balas

pl-noun

balas m inan (diminutive balasek or balaska or balasik)

balasek (diminutive)
balaska (diminutive)
balasik (diminutive)


balas

balasek (diminutive)
balas (nominative singular)
balasy (nominative plural)
balasa (genitive singular)
balasów (genitive plural)
balasowi (dative singular)
balasom (dative plural)
balas (accusative singular)
balasy (accusative plural)
balasem (instrumental singular)
balasami (instrumental plural)
balasie (locative singular)
balasach (locative plural)
balasie (singular vocative)
balasy (plural vocative)

(colloquial) chocolate hot dog (long piece of fecal matter)


panteon

panteon (nominative singular)
panteony (nominative plural)
panteonu (genitive singular)
panteonów (genitive plural)
panteonowi (dative singular)
panteonom (dative plural)
panteon (accusative singular)
panteony (accusative plural)
panteonem (instrumental singular)
panteonami (instrumental plural)
panteonie (locative singular)
panteonach (locative plural)
panteonie (singular vocative)
panteony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Pantheon, from Ancient Greek Πάνθειον (Pántheion), neuter of πάνθειος (pántheios), from πᾶν (pân) + θείος (theíos), from θεός (theós).

(mythology) pantheon (all the gods of a particular religion)

pantheon (temple dedicated to all the gods)

pantheon (category or classification denoting the most honored persons of a group)


drzwi

drzwi nvir pl (diminutive drzwiczki, related adjective drzwiowy)

drzwiczki (diminutive)
drzwiowy (adjective)
drzwi (nominative plural)
drzwi (genitive plural)
drzwiom (dative plural)
drzwi (accusative plural)
drzwiami (instrumental plural)
drzwiach (locative plural)
drzwi (plural vocative)
dźwierze (alternative)
dźwi (alternative)
dźwirze (alternative)


pociąg

pociąg m inan (related adjective pociągowy)

pociągowy (adjective)
pociąg (nominative singular)
pociągi (nominative plural)
pociągu (genitive singular)
pociągów (genitive plural)
pociągowi (dative singular)
pociągom (dative plural)
pociąg (accusative singular)
pociągi (accusative plural)
pociągiem (instrumental singular)
pociągami (instrumental plural)
pociągu (locative singular)
pociągach (locative plural)
pociągu (singular vocative)
pociągi (plural vocative)
ciapong (alternative)

/ˈpɔ.t͡ɕɔŋk/

Deverbal of pociągać. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French train, English train, and German Zug. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from French inclination. First attested in 1550.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish, construction) traverse holding up a wooden construction


zamek

zameczek (diminutive)
zamek (nominative singular)
zamki (nominative plural)
zamka (genitive singular)
zamków (genitive plural)
zamkowi (dative singular)
zamkom (dative plural)
zamek (accusative singular)
zamki (accusative plural)
zamkiem (instrumental singular)
zamkami (instrumental plural)
zamku (locative singular)
zamkach (locative plural)
zamku (singular vocative)
zamki (plural vocative)
zomek (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish zamek, from Proto-Slavic *zamъkъ, from *zamъknǫti.


kapitel

kapitel (nominative singular)
kapitle (nominative plural)
kapitla (genitive singular)
kapitli (genitive plural)
kapitlowi (dative singular)
kapitlom (dative plural)
kapitel (accusative singular)
kapitle (accusative plural)
kapitlem (instrumental singular)
kapitlami (instrumental plural)
kapitlu (locative singular)
kapitlach (locative plural)
kapitlu (singular vocative)
kapitle (plural vocative)


aedicula

aedicula (nominative singular)
aedicule (nominative plural)
aediculi (genitive singular)
aedicul (genitive plural)
aediculi (dative singular)
aediculom (dative plural)
aediculę (accusative singular)
aedicule (accusative plural)
aediculą (instrumental singular)
aediculami (instrumental plural)
aediculi (locative singular)
aediculach (locative plural)
aediculo (singular vocative)
aedicule (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Latin aedicula.


bursa

bursa (nominative singular)
bursy (nominative plural)
bursy (genitive singular)
burs (genitive plural)
bursie (dative singular)
bursom (dative plural)
bursę (accusative singular)
bursy (accusative plural)
bursą (instrumental singular)
bursami (instrumental plural)
bursie (locative singular)
bursach (locative plural)
burso (singular vocative)
bursy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin bursa.

lbor

(dated, education) boarding house (housing for students at a boarding school)


schola

scholka (diminutive)
schola (nominative singular)
schole (nominative plural)
scholi (genitive singular)
schol (genitive plural)
scholi (dative singular)
scholom (dative plural)
scholę (accusative singular)
schole (accusative plural)
scholą (instrumental singular)
scholami (instrumental plural)
scholi (locative singular)
scholach (locative plural)
scholo (singular vocative)
schole (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin schola, from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ). Doublet of szkoła.

(education, music) schola (musical school attached to a monastery or church)


gara

gara (nominative singular)
gary (nominative plural)
gary (genitive singular)
gar (genitive plural)
garze (dative singular)
garom (dative plural)
garę (accusative singular)
gary (accusative plural)
garą (instrumental singular)
garami (instrumental plural)
garze (locative singular)
garach (locative plural)
garo (singular vocative)
gary (plural vocative)

proofing cabinet (room in a bakery where bread was left to leaven)


handel

pl-noun

handel m inan (diminutive handelek, related adjective handlowy)

handelek (diminutive)
handlowy (adjective)
handel (nominative singular)
handlu (genitive singular)
handlowi (dative singular)
handel (accusative singular)
handlem (instrumental singular)
handlu (locative singular)
handlu (singular vocative)
andel (alternative)

Borrowed from German Handel. First attested in 1538.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “handel”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(obsolete) warehouse (place for storing large amounts of products)


pilaster

pilaster (nominative singular)
pilastry (nominative plural)
pilastra (genitive singular)
pilastru (genitive singular)
pilastrów (genitive plural)
pilastrowi (dative singular)
pilastrom (dative plural)
pilaster (accusative singular)
pilastry (accusative plural)
pilastrem (instrumental singular)
pilastrami (instrumental plural)
pilastrze (locative singular)
pilastrach (locative plural)
pilastrze (singular vocative)
pilastry (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French pilastre, from Middle French pilastre, from Italian pilastro.

(architecture) pilaster (column attached to the wall)


zoolog

zoolog (nominative singular)
zoologi (nominative plural)
zoologa (genitive singular)
zoologu (genitive singular)
zoologów (genitive plural)
zoologowi (dative singular)
zoologom (dative plural)
zoolog (accusative singular)
zoologi (accusative plural)
zoologiem (instrumental singular)
zoologami (instrumental plural)
zoologu (locative singular)
zoologach (locative plural)
zoologu (singular vocative)
zoologi (plural vocative)

(archaic, zoology) nature preserve, zoo, zoological garden, zoological park


sernik

pl-noun

sernik m animal or m inan (diminutive serniczek, related adjective sernikowy)

sernik m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
serniczek (diminutive)
sernikowy (adjective)
sernik (nominative singular)
serniki (nominative plural)
sernika (genitive singular)
serników (genitive plural)
sernikowi (dative singular)
sernikom (dative plural)
sernika (accusative singular)
sernik (accusative singular)
serniki (accusative plural)
sernikiem (instrumental singular)
sernikami (instrumental plural)
serniku (locative singular)
sernikach (locative plural)
serniku (singular vocative)
serniki (plural vocative)

(countable) cheesecake (pie made of sweetened and flavored cottage cheese or cream cheese, eggs, and milk on a crunchy base)


mnich

Inherited from Old Polish mnich. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from German Mönch.


bufet

pl-noun

bufet m inan (diminutive bufecik, related adjective bufetowy)

bufecik (diminutive)
bufetowy (adjective)
bufet (nominative singular)
bufety (nominative plural)
bufetu (genitive singular)
bufetów (genitive plural)
bufetowi (dative singular)
bufetom (dative plural)
bufet (accusative singular)
bufety (accusative plural)
bufetem (instrumental singular)
bufetami (instrumental plural)
bufecie (locative singular)
bufetach (locative plural)
bufecie (singular vocative)
bufety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French buffet, from Middle French bufet, from Old French bufet.

buffet, spread (meal laid out on a table or counter)


baza

bazowy (adjective)
baza (nominative singular)
bazy (nominative plural)
bazy (genitive singular)
baz (genitive plural)
bazie (dative singular)
bazom (dative plural)
bazę (accusative singular)
bazy (accusative plural)
bazą (instrumental singular)
bazami (instrumental plural)
bazie (locative singular)
bazach (locative plural)
bazo (singular vocative)
bazy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: baza

→ Silesian: baza

Borrowed from French base. First attested in 1683.

ref

Danuta Lankiewicz (22.06.2015) “BAZA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(architecture) base (lowermost part of a column)


kabina

kabinka (diminutive)
kabina (nominative singular)
kabiny (nominative plural)
kabiny (genitive singular)
kabin (genitive plural)
kabinie (dative singular)
kabinom (dative plural)
kabinę (accusative singular)
kabiny (accusative plural)
kabiną (instrumental singular)
kabinami (instrumental plural)
kabinie (locative singular)
kabinach (locative plural)
kabino (singular vocative)
kabiny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French cabine, from English cabin, from Middle English caban, cabane, from Old French cabane, from Medieval Latin capanna (“a cabin”).

cabin, cab (passenger area of an airplane)


klinika

klinika (nominative singular)
kliniki (nominative plural)
kliniki (genitive singular)
klinik (genitive plural)
klinice (dative singular)
klinikom (dative plural)
klinikę (accusative singular)
kliniki (accusative plural)
kliniką (instrumental singular)
klinikami (instrumental plural)
klinice (locative singular)
klinikach (locative plural)
kliniko (singular vocative)
kliniki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French clinique, from Late Latin clinicus, from Ancient Greek κλινικός (klinikós), from κλίνη (klínē), from κλίνειν (klínein).

teaching hospital, university hospital, clinical school


magistrat

pl-noun

magistrat m inan (related adjective magistracki or magistratowy)

magistracki (adjective)
magistratowy (adjective)
magistrat (nominative singular)
magistraty (nominative plural)
magistratu (genitive singular)
magistratów (genitive plural)
magistratowi (dative singular)
magistratom (dative plural)
magistrat (accusative singular)
magistraty (accusative plural)
magistratem (instrumental singular)
magistratami (instrumental plural)
magistracie (locative singular)
magistratach (locative plural)
magistracie (singular vocative)
magistraty (plural vocative)

(collective, government) city council, municipal office, magistracy (governing body of people elected to oversee management of a city and represent the interests of residents)


socha

soszka (diminutive)
socha (nominative singular)
sochy (nominative plural)
sochy (genitive singular)
soch (genitive plural)
sosze (dative singular)
sochom (dative plural)
sochę (accusative singular)
sochy (accusative plural)
sochą (instrumental singular)
sochami (instrumental plural)
sosze (locative singular)
sochach (locative plural)
socho (singular vocative)
sochy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish socha, from Proto-Slavic *soxa.


mansarda

mansarda f (diminutive mansardka, related adjective mansardowy)

mansardka (diminutive)
mansardowy (adjective)
mansarda (nominative singular)
mansardy (nominative plural)
mansardy (genitive singular)
mansard (genitive plural)
mansardzie (dative singular)
mansardom (dative plural)
mansardę (accusative singular)
mansardy (accusative plural)
mansardą (instrumental singular)
mansardami (instrumental plural)
mansardzie (locative singular)
mansardach (locative plural)
mansardo (singular vocative)
mansardy (plural vocative)

mansard roof (roof with a shallower slope descending into a steeper slope)


technika

technika f (related adjective techniczny, abbreviation techn. or tech.)

techniczny (adjective)
techn. (abbreviation)
tech. (abbreviation)
technika (nominative singular)
techniki (nominative plural)
techniki (genitive singular)
technik (genitive plural)
technice (dative singular)
technikom (dative plural)
technikę (accusative singular)
techniki (accusative plural)
techniką (instrumental singular)
technikami (instrumental plural)
technice (locative singular)
technikach (locative plural)
techniko (singular vocative)
techniki (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: technika

→ Silesian: technika

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Technik or French technique, ultimately from Ancient Greek τεχνικός (tekhnikós). First attested in 1801.

ref

Michał Szulc (1801) Mowa o architekturze miana na publicznem posiedzeniu Uniwersytetu roku 1801 (in Polish), page 20

(education) technique (subject teaching such methods in school)