pies

pies m animal or (canonical masculine person)
pies (nominative singular)
psy (nominative plural)
psa (genitive singular)
psów (genitive plural)
psu (dative singular)
psom (dative plural)
psa (accusative singular)
psy (accusative plural)
psów (accusative plural)
psem (instrumental singular)
psami (instrumental plural)
psie (locative singular)
psach (locative plural)
psie (singular vocative)
psy (plural vocative)

jak się chce psa uderzyć, to kij się znajdzie

(derogatory, law enforcement, slang) cop, policeman


car

car (nominative singular)
carowie (nominative plural)
cary (derogatory nominative plural)
cara (genitive singular)
carów (genitive plural)
carowi (dative singular)
carom (dative plural)
cara (accusative singular)
carów (accusative plural)
carem (instrumental singular)
carami (instrumental plural)
carze (locative singular)
carach (locative plural)
carze (singular vocative)
carowie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ). Doublet of cesarz, cezar, and kajzer.

(historical) czar, tsar, tzar (title of the former emperors of Russia)


minister

pl-noun

minister m pers (female equivalent minister or ministerka, abbreviation min.)

minister (feminine)
ministerka (feminine)
min. (abbreviation)
minister (nominative singular)
ministrowie (nominative plural)
ministry (derogatory nominative plural)
ministra (genitive singular)
ministrów (genitive plural)
ministrowi (dative singular)
ministrom (dative plural)
ministra (accusative singular)
ministrów (accusative plural)
ministrem (instrumental singular)
ministrami (instrumental plural)
ministrze (locative singular)
ministrach (locative plural)
ministrze (singular vocative)
ministrowie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish minister. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French ministre.

sl

(government) minister (politician who heads a ministry)

(government) high-ranking official in the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland

(government, obsolete) official (person who works in government)


chan

chan (nominative singular)
chanowie (nominative plural)
chany (derogatory nominative plural)
chana (genitive singular)
chanów (genitive plural)
chanowi (dative singular)
chanom (dative plural)
chana (accusative singular)
chanów (accusative plural)
chanem (instrumental singular)
chanami (instrumental plural)
chanie (locative singular)
chanach (locative plural)
chanie (singular vocative)
chanowie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish خان (han, “prince, lord”).


organ

pl-noun

organ m inan (related adjective organowy)

organowy (adjective)
organ (nominative singular)
organy (nominative plural)
organu (genitive singular)
organów (genitive plural)
organowi (dative singular)
organom (dative plural)
organ (accusative singular)
organy (accusative plural)
organem (instrumental singular)
organami (instrumental plural)
organie (locative singular)
organach (locative plural)
organie (singular vocative)
organy (plural vocative)

(government) organ (body of an organization dedicated to the performing of certain functions)


loch

loszek (diminutive)
loch (nominative singular)
lochy (nominative plural)
lochu (genitive singular)
lochów (genitive plural)
lochowi (dative singular)
lochom (dative plural)
loch (accusative singular)
lochy (accusative plural)
lochem (instrumental singular)
lochami (instrumental plural)
lochu (locative singular)
lochach (locative plural)
lochu (singular vocative)
lochy (plural vocative)

dungeon (an underground prison or vault)


mer

mer (nominative singular)
merowie (nominative plural)
mera (genitive singular)
merów (genitive plural)
merowi (dative singular)
merom (dative plural)
mera (accusative singular)
merów (accusative plural)
merem (instrumental singular)
merami (instrumental plural)
merze (locative singular)
merach (locative plural)
merze (singular vocative)
merowie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French maire. Doublet of major.

mayor (in France and other countries, the chief executive of the municipal government of a city, borough, etc.)


premier

premier m pers (female equivalent premier or premierka, related adjective premierowski)

premier (feminine)
premierka (feminine)
premierowski (adjective)
premier (nominative singular)
premierzy (nominative plural)
premiery (derogatory nominative plural)
premiera (genitive singular)
premierów (genitive plural)
premierowi (dative singular)
premierom (dative plural)
premiera (accusative singular)
premierów (accusative plural)
premierem (instrumental singular)
premierami (instrumental plural)
premierze (locative singular)
premierach (locative plural)
premierze (singular vocative)
premierzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French premier/premier ministre. First attested in the 19th century. Compare Kashubian premiér／premiéra and Silesian prymier.

ref

A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “premjer”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 993

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “premier”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

(government) prime minister (chief member of the cabinet and head of the government, especially in a parliamentary democracy; often the leader of the majority party)

(government) Prime Minister of Poland (head of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland)


system

pl-noun

system m inan (diminutive systemik, related adjective systemowy)

systemik (diminutive)
systemowy (adjective)
system (nominative singular)
systemy (nominative plural)
systemu (genitive singular)
systemów (genitive plural)
systemowi (dative singular)
systemom (dative plural)
system (accusative singular)
systemy (accusative plural)
systemem (instrumental singular)
systemami (instrumental plural)
systemie (locative singular)
systemach (locative plural)
systemie (singular vocative)
systemy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French système. First attested in 1628.

ref

Maksym (Melecjusz) Smotrycki (1628) APOLOGIA PEREGRYNATIEY do Kráiow Wschodnich, Przez mię MELETIVSZA SMOTRZYSKIE[G]O … Roku P. 1623 y 24. obchodzonej, przez fałszywą Bracią słownie y na pismie spotwarzoney, do przezacnego Narodu Ruskieo … sporządzona y podana. A. 1628. Augusti, Die 25. w Monasteru Dermaniu (in Polish), page 4: “O rzecz drugą, iż Haeretyckie swe bluźnierstwá poddał pod obronę systemu Kátholikowi, mężowi wysokich cnot, y okazáłey pobożnośći.”

(government) system (elites or government of a state)


front

pl-noun

front m inan (related adjective frontowy)

frontowy (adjective)
front (nominative singular)
fronty (nominative plural)
frontu (genitive singular)
frontów (genitive plural)
frontowi (dative singular)
frontom (dative plural)
front (accusative singular)
fronty (accusative plural)
frontem (instrumental singular)
frontami (instrumental plural)
froncie (locative singular)
frontach (locative plural)
froncie (singular vocative)
fronty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: front

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Front, French front, or English front, ultimately from Latin frōns. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Silesian frōnt.

ref

“FRONT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 13.03.2009

(military, law enforcement) front (foremost part of a line of soldiers or policemen)


interregnum

interregnum (nominative singular)
interregna (nominative plural)
interregnum (genitive singular)
interregnów (genitive plural)
interregnum (dative singular)
interregnom (dative plural)
interregnum (accusative singular)
interregna (accusative plural)
interregnum (instrumental singular)
interregnami (instrumental plural)
interregnum (locative singular)
interregnach (locative plural)
interregnum (singular vocative)
interregna (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin interrēgnum.

lbor

interregnum (period of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of another sovereign)

interregnum (period of time during which normal executive leadership is suspended or interrupted)

(Ancient Rome, historical) interregnum (period of time between consuls' terms of office)


administrator

pl-noun

administrator m pers (female equivalent administratorka)

administratorka (feminine)
administrator (nominative singular)
administratorzy (nominative plural)
administratory (derogatory nominative plural)
administratora (genitive singular)
administratorów (genitive plural)
administratorowi (dative singular)
administratorom (dative plural)
administratora (accusative singular)
administratorów (accusative plural)
administratorem (instrumental singular)
administratorami (instrumental plural)
administratorze (locative singular)
administratorach (locative plural)
administratorze (singular vocative)
administratorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin administrātor. By surface analysis, administrować + -ator. First attested in 1560.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “administrator”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(government, management, technology) administrator


infant

pl-noun

infant m pers (female equivalent infantka)

infantka (feminine)
infant (nominative singular)
infanci (nominative plural)
infanty (derogatory nominative plural)
infanta (genitive singular)
infantów (genitive plural)
infantowi (dative singular)
infantom (dative plural)
infanta (accusative singular)
infantów (accusative plural)
infantem (instrumental singular)
infantami (instrumental plural)
infancie (locative singular)
infantach (locative plural)
infancie (singular vocative)
infanci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Spanish infante and Portuguese infante, from Latin īnfāns.


koza

kózka (diminutive)
koza (nominative singular)
kozy (nominative plural)
kozy (genitive singular)
kóz (genitive plural)
kozie (dative singular)
kozom (dative plural)
kozę (accusative singular)
kozy (accusative plural)
kozą (instrumental singular)
kozami (instrumental plural)
kozie (locative singular)
kozach (locative plural)
kozo (singular vocative)
kozy (plural vocative)

→ Low Prussian: Koss

Cobitis taenia
Cobitis taenia#Translingual

any spined loach (Cobitis, especially Cobitis taenia or golden loach)


senior

senior (nominative singular)
seniorzy (nominative plural)
seniory (derogatory nominative plural)
seniora (genitive singular)
seniorów (genitive plural)
seniorowi (dative singular)
seniorom (dative plural)
seniora (accusative singular)
seniorów (accusative plural)
seniorem (instrumental singular)
seniorami (instrumental plural)
seniorze (locative singular)
seniorach (locative plural)
seniorze (singular vocative)
seniorzy (plural vocative)

(feudalism, historical) feudal lord exercising power and guardianship over his subordinate vassal


gryps

grypsik (diminutive)
gryps (nominative singular)
grypsy (nominative plural)
grypsu (genitive singular)
grypsów (genitive plural)
grypsowi (dative singular)
grypsom (dative plural)
gryps (accusative singular)
grypsy (accusative plural)
grypsem (instrumental singular)
grypsami (instrumental plural)
grypsie (locative singular)
grypsach (locative plural)
grypsie (singular vocative)
grypsy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from grypsnąć (“to snatch”), from German gripsen. Alternatively, borrowed from German Grips (“wit”).

(prison slang) secret message (clandestine communication between prisoners)


imperator

imperator m pers (female equivalent imperatorowa)

imperatorowa (feminine)
imperator (nominative singular)
imperatorzy (nominative plural)
imperatorowie (nominative plural)
imperatora (genitive singular)
imperatorów (genitive plural)
imperatorowi (dative singular)
imperatorom (dative plural)
imperatora (accusative singular)
imperatorów (accusative plural)
imperatorem (instrumental singular)
imperatorami (instrumental plural)
imperatorze (locative singular)
imperatorach (locative plural)
imperatorze (singular vocative)
imperatorzy (plural vocative)
imperatorowie (plural vocative)


protest

protest (nominative singular)
protesty (nominative plural)
protestu (genitive singular)
protestów (genitive plural)
protestowi (dative singular)
protestom (dative plural)
protest (accusative singular)
protesty (accusative plural)
protestem (instrumental singular)
protestami (instrumental plural)
proteście (locative singular)
protestach (locative plural)
proteście (singular vocative)
protesty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Protest, from Italian protesto, from Latin prōtestārī, present active infinitive of prōtestor, from prō + testor, from testis (“witness”).

(government, politics) protest (demonstration)


senator

senator m pers (female equivalent senatorka, related adjective senatorski)

senatorka (feminine)
senatorski (adjective)
senator (nominative singular)
senatorzy (nominative plural)
senatorowie (nominative plural)
senatory (derogatory nominative plural)
senatora (genitive singular)
senatorów (genitive plural)
senatorowi (dative singular)
senatorom (dative plural)
senatora (accusative singular)
senatorów (accusative plural)
senatorem (instrumental singular)
senatorami (instrumental plural)
senatorze (locative singular)
senatorach (locative plural)
senatorze (singular vocative)
senatorzy (plural vocative)
senatorowie (plural vocative)
senatory (derogatory plural vocative)

(government, politics) senator (a member in the house or chamber of a legislature called a senate)

(government, historical) senator (a member of an assembly of higher secular and clerical officials in the Kingdom of Poland or the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)

(government) senator (a member of a local parliament in each of the states of the United States of America)

(Ancient Rome, government, historical) senator (a member of the Roman Senate)

(government) senator (a member of a city council in some cities)


absolut

absolut (nominative singular)
absoluci (nominative plural)
absoluty (derogatory nominative plural)
absoluta (genitive singular)
absolutów (genitive plural)
absolutowi (dative singular)
absolutom (dative plural)
absoluta (accusative singular)
absolutów (accusative plural)
absolutem (instrumental singular)
absolutami (instrumental plural)
absolucie (locative singular)
absolutach (locative plural)
absolucie (singular vocative)
absoluci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Absolutes or French absolut, from Latin absolūtus. First attested in 1701–1750.

ref

Wiesław Morawski (28.10.2021) “ABSOLUT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Kędy Tron, Abſolutom, moc ſtráſzliwą daie, Są nayslabſze, Bo wnich Krol, bierze, ruinuie, Sam wſzytko, gdy ſam ieden Páństwo obeymuie.

1736, Jan Jabłonowski, Historya Telemaka, syna Ulissesa, krola greckiego Itaku, page 175:

When the trone gives extreme power to absolute monarchs, they are the weakest, because in them, the king takes and ruins everything himself, when he rules the nation himself.

Abſolut w mowie, dyſkurs drugich gaśi, Albo z dyſguſtem ckliwym minę kwaśi.

1756, Józef Minasowicz, Zbior rytmow polskich Jozefa Epifaniusza Minasowicza … . Częsc pierwsza- [wtora], volume 3, page 335:

The word absolute in speech silences the other's discussion, or sours his face with a look of disgust.


przychód

przychód (nominative singular)
przychody (nominative plural)
przychodu (genitive singular)
przychodów (genitive plural)
przychodowi (dative singular)
przychodom (dative plural)
przychód (accusative singular)
przychody (accusative plural)
przychodem (instrumental singular)
przychodami (instrumental plural)
przychodzie (locative singular)
przychodach (locative plural)
przychodzie (singular vocative)
przychody (plural vocative)


dochód

dochód (nominative singular)
dochody (nominative plural)
dochodu (genitive singular)
dochodów (genitive plural)
dochodowi (dative singular)
dochodom (dative plural)
dochód (accusative singular)
dochody (accusative plural)
dochodem (instrumental singular)
dochodami (instrumental plural)
dochodzie (locative singular)
dochodach (locative plural)
dochodzie (singular vocative)
dochody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish dochód. By surface analysis, deverbal from dochodzić.

surf

income (sum of cash inflows in the economy of a state, enterprise, or individual in a specific period of time, less the costs of obtaining them)


resort

pl-noun

resort m inan (related adjective resortowy)

resortowy (adjective)
resort (nominative singular)
resorty (nominative plural)
resortu (genitive singular)
resortów (genitive plural)
resortowi (dative singular)
resortom (dative plural)
resort (accusative singular)
resorty (accusative plural)
resortem (instrumental singular)
resortami (instrumental plural)
resorcie (locative singular)
resortach (locative plural)
resorcie (singular vocative)
resorty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: resort

Borrowed from German Ressort. First attested in 1852. Compare Silesian resōrt.

ref

Gesetz-Sammlung für die Königlichen Preußischen Staaten = Zbiór Praw dla Państw Królestwa Pruskiego (in Polish), number 2, 1852 February 2, page 54


region

region (nominative singular)
regiony (nominative plural)
regionu (genitive singular)
regionów (genitive plural)
regionowi (dative singular)
regionom (dative plural)
region (accusative singular)
regiony (accusative plural)
regionem (instrumental singular)
regionami (instrumental plural)
regionie (locative singular)
regionach (locative plural)
regionie (singular vocative)
regiony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Region, from Latin regiō.


bunt

buncik (diminutive)
bunt (nominative singular)
bunty (nominative plural)
buntu (genitive singular)
buntów (genitive plural)
buntowi (dative singular)
buntom (dative plural)
bunt (accusative singular)
bunty (accusative plural)
buntem (instrumental singular)
buntami (instrumental plural)
buncie (locative singular)
buntach (locative plural)
buncie (singular vocative)
bunty (plural vocative)

→ Russian: бунт (bunt)

Borrowed from Middle High German bund (originally any union, the "mutiny" sense since the 17th century). Compare German Bund.


junta

junta (nominative singular)
junty (nominative plural)
junty (genitive singular)
junt (genitive plural)
juncie (dative singular)
juntom (dative plural)
juntę (accusative singular)
junty (accusative plural)
juntą (instrumental singular)
juntami (instrumental plural)
juncie (locative singular)
juntach (locative plural)
junto (singular vocative)
junty (plural vocative)

(military) junta (ruling council of a military dictatorship)


mir

mir (nominative singular)
miry (nominative plural)
miru (genitive singular)
mirów (genitive plural)
mirowi (dative singular)
mirom (dative plural)
mir (accusative singular)
miry (accusative plural)
mirem (instrumental singular)
mirami (instrumental plural)
mirze (locative singular)
mirach (locative plural)
mirze (singular vocative)
miry (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish mir, mier, from Proto-Slavic *mirъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *meiˀrás, from Proto-Indo-European *mey(H)-ró-s.

(historical, law) special protection granted by a monarch to certain individuals or places


imperium

imperium (nominative singular)
imperia (nominative plural)
imperium (genitive singular)
imperiów (genitive plural)
imperium (dative singular)
imperiom (dative plural)
imperium (accusative singular)
imperia (accusative plural)
imperium (instrumental singular)
imperiami (instrumental plural)
imperium (locative singular)
imperiach (locative plural)
imperium (singular vocative)
imperia (plural vocative)

(monarchy) empire (political unit, having numerous or extensive territories)


git

git (nominative singular)
gici (nominative plural)
gity (derogatory nominative plural)
gita (genitive singular)
gitów (genitive plural)
gitowi (dative singular)
gitom (dative plural)
gita (accusative singular)
gitów (accusative plural)
gitem (instrumental singular)
gitami (instrumental plural)
gicie (locative singular)
gitach (locative plural)
gicie (singular vocative)
gici (plural vocative)

(prison slang) member of a prison subculture that occupies the highest position in the internal hierarchy


Sejm

sejmowy (adjective)
Sejm (nominative singular)
Sejmu (genitive singular)
Sejmowi (dative singular)
Sejm (accusative singular)
Sejmem (instrumental singular)
Sejmie (locative singular)
Sejmie (singular vocative)

(government) Sejm (the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland)

Sejm (total number of people who sit in the Sejm)

Coordinate term: Senat

(government, historical, pre-1946) the whole Polish parliament, including both houses


Sejm

Sejm (nominative singular)
Sejmy (nominative plural)
Sejmu (genitive singular)
Sejmów (genitive plural)
Sejmowi (dative singular)
Sejmom (dative plural)
Sejm (accusative singular)
Sejmy (accusative plural)
Sejmem (instrumental singular)
Sejmami (instrumental plural)
Sejmie (locative singular)
Sejmach (locative plural)
Sejmie (singular vocative)
Sejmy (plural vocative)

→ English: Sejm

→ German: Sejm

→ Latvian: Saeima

→ Lithuanian: Seĩmas

→ Romanian: Seim

→ Russian: Сейм (Sejm)

→ Ukrainian: Сейм (Sejm)

→ Yiddish: סיים (seym)

(government, historical) any specific gathering of the Sejm


regalia

regalia (nominative plural)
regaliów (genitive plural)
regaliom (dative plural)
regalia (accusative plural)
regaliami (instrumental plural)
regaliach (locative plural)
regalia (plural vocative)

(historical) regalia (royal rights, prerogatives, and privileges)

regalia (emblems, symbols, or paraphernalia)


komuna

komuna (nominative singular)
komuny (nominative plural)
komuny (genitive singular)
komun (genitive plural)
komunie (dative singular)
komunom (dative plural)
komunę (accusative singular)
komuny (accusative plural)
komuną (instrumental singular)
komunami (instrumental plural)
komunie (locative singular)
komunach (locative plural)
komuno (singular vocative)
komuny (plural vocative)

(colloquial, derogatory, politics) communism, especially communist rule in Poland before 1989


exit poll

Unadapted borrowing from English exit poll.


urna

urnowy (adjective)
urna (nominative singular)
urny (nominative plural)
urny (genitive singular)
urn (genitive plural)
urnie (dative singular)
urnom (dative plural)
urnę (accusative singular)
urny (accusative plural)
urną (instrumental singular)
urnami (instrumental plural)
urnie (locative singular)
urnach (locative plural)
urno (singular vocative)
urny (plural vocative)

ballot box (sealed box with a slit, into which a voter puts a completed voting slip)


referendum

pl-noun

referendum n (related adjective referendalny or referendowy)

referendalny (adjective)
referendowy (adjective)
referendum (nominative singular)
referenda (nominative plural)
referendum (genitive singular)
referendów (genitive plural)
referendum (dative singular)
referendom (dative plural)
referendum (accusative singular)
referenda (accusative plural)
referendum (instrumental singular)
referendami (instrumental plural)
referendum (locative singular)
referendach (locative plural)
referendum (singular vocative)
referenda (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin referendum.

(law, politics) referendum (direct popular vote on a proposed law or constitutional amendment)


legislator

legislator (nominative singular)
legislatorzy (nominative plural)
legislatory (derogatory nominative plural)
legislatora (genitive singular)
legislatorów (genitive plural)
legislatorowi (dative singular)
legislatorom (dative plural)
legislatora (accusative singular)
legislatorów (accusative plural)
legislatorem (instrumental singular)
legislatorami (instrumental plural)
legislatorze (locative singular)
legislatorach (locative plural)
legislatorze (singular vocative)
legislatorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin lēgislātor.

(government, law) legislator (person who creates or enacts laws)


VAT

VAT m inan (indeclinable, related adjective VAT-owski or vatowski)

VAT-owski (adjective)
vatowski (adjective)
VAT (nominative singular)
VAT-y (nominative plural)
VAT-u (genitive singular)
VAT-ów (genitive plural)
VAT-u (dative singular)
VAT-om (dative plural)
VAT (accusative singular)
VAT-y (accusative plural)
VAT-em (instrumental singular)
VAT-ami (instrumental plural)
Vacie (locative singular)
VAT-ach (locative plural)
Vacie (singular vocative)
VAT-y (plural vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English VAT.


rota

(firefighting) group of rescuers or firefighters consisting of two people


kalif

kalif (nominative singular)
kalifowie (nominative plural)
kalify (derogatory nominative plural)
kalifa (genitive singular)
kalifów (genitive plural)
kalifowi (dative singular)
kalifom (dative plural)
kalifa (accusative singular)
kalifów (accusative plural)
kalifem (instrumental singular)
kalifami (instrumental plural)
kalifie (locative singular)
kalifach (locative plural)
kalifie (singular vocative)
kalifowie (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English caliph, French calife, German Kalif, ultimately from Arabic خليفة.

caliph (monarchical title based on claim to be a successor of Muhammad)


emir

emir (nominative singular)
emirowie (nominative plural)
emiry (derogatory nominative plural)
emira (genitive singular)
emirów (genitive plural)
emirowi (dative singular)
emirom (dative plural)
emira (accusative singular)
emirów (accusative plural)
emirem (instrumental singular)
emirami (instrumental plural)
emirze (locative singular)
emirach (locative plural)
emirze (singular vocative)
emirowie (plural vocative)
emiry (derogatory plural vocative)

(historical) emir (commander of armies in Arab countries until the 7th century; later: grand-governor of a conquered province)


regent

regent m pers (female equivalent regentka, related adjective regencki)

regentka (feminine)
regencki (adjective)
regent (nominative singular)
regenci (nominative plural)
regenty (derogatory nominative plural)
regenta (genitive singular)
regentów (genitive plural)
regentowi (dative singular)
regentom (dative plural)
regenta (accusative singular)
regentów (accusative plural)
regentem (instrumental singular)
regentami (instrumental plural)
regencie (locative singular)
regentach (locative plural)
regencie (singular vocative)
regenci (plural vocative)

regent (person who rules in place of the monarch)

(historical) official in charge of a royal chancellery, a secretary to the chancellor or the sub-chancellor; also: an official looking after the chancellery and court archives


parlament

parlament m inan (related adjective parlamentarny)

parlamentarny (adjective)
parlament (nominative singular)
parlamenty (nominative plural)
parlamentu (genitive singular)
parlamentów (genitive plural)
parlamentowi (dative singular)
parlamentom (dative plural)
parlament (accusative singular)
parlamenty (accusative plural)
parlamentem (instrumental singular)
parlamentami (instrumental plural)
parlamencie (locative singular)
parlamentach (locative plural)
parlamencie (singular vocative)
parlamenty (plural vocative)

(government) parliament (legislative branch of government, a deliberative assembly or set of assemblies whose elected or appointed members meet to debate the major political issues of the day, make, amend, and repeal laws, authorize the executive branch of government to spend money, and in some cases exercise judicial powers)

parliament (total number of people who sit in a parliament)


Warszawa

pl-prop

Warszawa f (related adjective warszawski)

warszawski (adjective)
Warszawa (nominative singular)
Warszawy (genitive singular)
Warszawie (dative singular)
Warszawę (accusative singular)
Warszawą (instrumental singular)
Warszawie (locative singular)
Warszawo (singular vocative)

→ Belarusian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

→ Bulgarian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

→ Czech: Varšava

→ Danish: Warszawa

→ English: Warsaw

desctree

→ German: Warschau
→ Dutch: Warschau
→ Afrikaans: Warschau
→ Icelandic: Varsjá
→ Luxembourgish: Warschau

→ Hungarian: Varsó

→ Japanese: ワルシャワ

desc

→ Korean: 바르샤바 (bareusyaba), 와르샤와 (wareusyawa)

desctree

→ Latin: Varsovia
Catalan: Varsòvia
French: Varsovie
Galician: Varsovia
Italian: Varsavia
Portuguese: Varsóvia
Romanian: Varșovia
Spanish: Varsovia

→ Latvian: Varšava

→ Lithuanian: Varšuva

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Warszawa

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Warszawa

→ Russian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)
→ Kyrgyz: Варшава (Varşava)
→ Mongolian: Варшав (Varšav)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Varšava, Варшава

→ Slovak: Varšava

→ Slovene: Varšava

→ Swedish: Warszawa

→ Ukrainian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

Inherited from Old Polish Warszewa with -e- replaced by -a- due to hypercorrection or assimilation.

stosunki między Warszawą a Berlinem

(government, metonymically) Warsaw (Polish presidency and its administration)

miasto stołeczne Warszawa

(government, metonymically) Warsaw authorities


cela

cela (nominative singular)
cele (nominative plural)
celi (genitive singular)
cel (genitive plural)
celi (dative singular)
celom (dative plural)
celę (accusative singular)
cele (accusative plural)
celą (instrumental singular)
celami (instrumental plural)
celi (locative singular)
celach (locative plural)
celo (singular vocative)
cele (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Zelle, from Latin cella.

cell (room in a prison for containing inmates)


delfin

pl-noun

delfin m pers (female equivalent delfina)

delfina (feminine)
delfin (nominative singular)
delfini (nominative plural)
delfiny (derogatory nominative plural)
delfina (genitive singular)
delfinów (genitive plural)
delfinowi (dative singular)
delfinom (dative plural)
delfina (accusative singular)
delfinów (accusative plural)
delfinem (instrumental singular)
delfinami (instrumental plural)
delfinie (locative singular)
delfinach (locative plural)
delfinie (singular vocative)
delfini (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: delfin

(humorous) dauphin (person believed to be appointed by the leader of a group or a social or political organisation to be their successor)


aspirant

aspirant m pers (female equivalent aspirantka)

aspirantka (feminine)
aspirant (nominative singular)
aspiranci (nominative plural)
aspiranty (derogatory nominative plural)
aspiranta (genitive singular)
aspirantów (genitive plural)
aspirantowi (dative singular)
aspirantom (dative plural)
aspiranta (accusative singular)
aspirantów (accusative plural)
aspirantem (instrumental singular)
aspirantami (instrumental plural)
aspirancie (locative singular)
aspirantach (locative plural)
aspirancie (singular vocative)
aspiranci (plural vocative)

(law enforcement) warrant officer (in the police)


rzeczpospolita

rzplita (abbreviation)
rzeczpospolita (nominative singular)
rzeczypospolite (nominative plural)
rzeczypospolitej (genitive singular)
rzeczypospolitych (genitive plural)
rzeczypospolitej (dative singular)
rzeczompospolitym (dative plural)
rzeczpospolitą (accusative singular)
rzeczypospolite (accusative plural)
rzecząpospolitą (instrumental singular)
rzeczamipospolitymi (instrumental plural)
rzeczypospolitej (locative singular)
rzeczachpospolitych (locative plural)
rzeczypospolita (singular vocative)
rzeczypospolite (plural vocative)
rzeczpospolita (nominative singular)
rzeczpospolite (nominative plural)
rzeczpospolitej (genitive singular)
rzeczpospolitych (genitive plural)
rzeczpospolitej (dative singular)
rzeczpospolitym (dative plural)
rzeczpospolitą (accusative singular)
rzeczpospolite (accusative plural)
rzeczpospolitą (instrumental singular)
rzeczpospolitymi (instrumental plural)
rzeczpospolitej (locative singular)
rzeczpospolitych (locative plural)
rzeczpospolita (singular vocative)
rzeczpospolite (plural vocative)

Univerbation of rzecz (“thing”) + pospolita (“common”). Calque of Latin rēspūblica (“public affair”).


hydrant

hydrant (nominative singular)
hydranty (nominative plural)
hydrantu (genitive singular)
hydrantów (genitive plural)
hydrantowi (dative singular)
hydrantom (dative plural)
hydrant (accusative singular)
hydranty (accusative plural)
hydrantem (instrumental singular)
hydrantami (instrumental plural)
hydrancie (locative singular)
hydrantach (locative plural)
hydrancie (singular vocative)
hydranty (plural vocative)

(firefighting) hydrant, fire hydrant (outlet from a liquid/fluid main often consisting of an upright pipe with a valve attached from which fluid (e.g. water or fuel) can be tapped)


republika

republika (nominative singular)
republiki (nominative plural)
republiki (genitive singular)
republik (genitive plural)
republice (dative singular)
republikom (dative plural)
republikę (accusative singular)
republiki (accusative plural)
republiką (instrumental singular)
republikami (instrumental plural)
republice (locative singular)
republikach (locative plural)
republiko (singular vocative)
republiki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French république, from Latin rēspublica.


izba

pl-noun

izba f (diminutive izbeczka or izbina or izdebka, related adjective izbowy)

izbeczka (diminutive)
izbina (diminutive)
izdebka (diminutive)
izbowy (adjective)
izba (nominative singular)
izby (nominative plural)
izby (genitive singular)
izb (genitive plural)
izbie (dative singular)
izbom (dative plural)
izbę (accusative singular)
izby (accusative plural)
izbą (instrumental singular)
izbami (instrumental plural)
izbie (locative singular)
izbach (locative plural)
izbo (singular vocative)
izby (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish izba. Doublet of sztuba.

(government) chamber, house, office (governmental body)


glina

glina (canonical masculine person)
glina (canonical feminine)
glina (nominative singular)
gliny (nominative plural)
gliny (genitive singular)
glin (genitive plural)
glinie (dative singular)
glinom (dative plural)
glinę (accusative singular)
gliny (accusative plural)
gliną (instrumental singular)
glinami (instrumental plural)
glinie (locative singular)
glinach (locative plural)
glino (singular vocative)
gliny (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *glina, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gléiˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y-.

(colloquial, law enforcement) cop (police officer)


ul

ul (nominative singular)
ule (nominative plural)
ula (genitive singular)
uli (genitive plural)
ulów (genitive plural)
ulowi (dative singular)
ulom (dative plural)
ul (accusative singular)
ule (accusative plural)
ulem (instrumental singular)
ulami (instrumental plural)
ulu (locative singular)
ulach (locative plural)
ulu (singular vocative)
ule (plural vocative)


kraj

krajowy (adjective)
kraj (nominative singular)
kraje (nominative plural)
kraju (genitive singular)
krajów (genitive plural)
krajowi (dative singular)
krajom (dative plural)
kraj (accusative singular)
kraje (accusative plural)
krajem (instrumental singular)
krajami (instrumental plural)
kraju (locative singular)
krajach (locative plural)
kraju (singular vocative)
kraje (plural vocative)

(government) krai (administrative division of some countries)


negus

negus (nominative singular)
negusowie (nominative plural)
negusi (nominative plural)
negusa (genitive singular)
negusów (genitive plural)
negusowi (dative singular)
negusom (dative plural)
negusa (accusative singular)
negusów (accusative plural)
negusem (instrumental singular)
negusami (instrumental plural)
negusie (locative singular)
negusach (locative plural)
negusie (singular vocative)
negusowie (plural vocative)
negusi (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Amharic ንጉሥ (nəguś, “king”).

bor+

(historical) negus (supreme Ethiopian ruler)


zamek

zameczek (diminutive)
zamek (nominative singular)
zamki (nominative plural)
zamka (genitive singular)
zamków (genitive plural)
zamkowi (dative singular)
zamkom (dative plural)
zamek (accusative singular)
zamki (accusative plural)
zamkiem (instrumental singular)
zamkami (instrumental plural)
zamku (locative singular)
zamkach (locative plural)
zamku (singular vocative)
zamki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish zamek, from Proto-Slavic *zamъkъ, from *zamъknǫti.


gasić

pl-verb

gasić impf (perfective ugasić or zgasić)

ugasić (perfective)
zgasić (perfective)
gasić (infinitive)
gaszę (present singular)
gasimy (plural present)
gasisz (present singular)
gasicie (plural present)
gasi (present singular third-person)
gaszą (plural present third-person)
gasi się (impersonal present)
gasiłem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m gasił (masculine past singular)
gasiłam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m gasiła (feminine past singular)
gasiłom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m gasiło (neuter past singular)
gasiliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy gasili (past plural virile)
gasiłyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy gasiły (nonvirile past plural)
gasiłeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś gasił (masculine past singular)
gasiłaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś gasiła (feminine past singular)
gasiłoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś gasiło (neuter past singular)
gasiliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście gasili (past plural virile)
gasiłyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście gasiły (nonvirile past plural)
gasił (masculine past singular third-person)
gasiła (feminine past singular third-person)
gasiło (neuter past singular third-person)
gasili (past plural third-person virile)
gasiły (nonvirile past plural third-person)
gaszono (impersonal past)
będę gasił (future masculine singular)
będę gasić (future masculine singular)
będę gasiła (feminine future singular)
będę gasić (feminine future singular)
będę gasiło (future neuter singular)
będę gasić (future neuter singular)
będziemy gasili (future plural virile)
będziemy gasić (future plural virile)
będziemy gasiły (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy gasić (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz gasił (future masculine singular)
będziesz gasić (future masculine singular)
będziesz gasiła (feminine future singular)
będziesz gasić (feminine future singular)
będziesz gasiło (future neuter singular)
będziesz gasić (future neuter singular)
będziecie gasili (future plural virile)
będziecie gasić (future plural virile)
będziecie gasiły (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie gasić (future nonvirile plural)
będzie gasił (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie gasić (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie gasiła (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie gasić (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie gasiło (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie gasić (future neuter singular third-person)
będą gasili (future plural third-person virile)
będą gasić (future plural third-person virile)
będą gasiły (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą gasić (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie gasić się (future impersonal)
gasiłbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym gasił (conditional masculine singular)
gasiłabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym gasiła (conditional feminine singular)
gasiłobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym gasiło (conditional neuter singular)
gasilibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy gasili (conditional plural virile)
gasiłybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy gasiły (conditional nonvirile plural)
gasiłbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś gasił (conditional masculine singular)
gasiłabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś gasiła (conditional feminine singular)
gasiłobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś gasiło (conditional neuter singular)
gasilibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście gasili (conditional plural virile)
gasiłybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście gasiły (conditional nonvirile plural)
gasiłby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by gasił (conditional masculine singular third-person)
gasiłaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by gasiła (conditional feminine singular third-person)
gasiłoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by gasiło (conditional neuter singular third-person)
gasiliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by gasili (conditional plural third-person virile)
gasiłyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by gasiły (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
gaszono by (conditional impersonal)
niech gaszę (imperative singular)
gaśmy (imperative plural)
gaś (imperative singular)
gaście (imperative plural)
niech gasi (imperative singular third-person)
niech gaszą (imperative plural third-person)
gaszący (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
gasząca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
gaszące (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
gaszący (active adjectival participle plural virile)
gaszące (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
gaszony (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
gaszona (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
gaszone (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
gaszeni (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
gaszone (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
gasząc (adjectival contemporary participle)
gaszenie (noun-from-verb)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gasìti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gāsīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷōs-éye-ti, lengthened causative of *(s)gʷes- (“to extinguish”).


tron

tronowy (adjective)
tron (nominative singular)
trony (nominative plural)
tronu (genitive singular)
tronów (genitive plural)
tronowi (dative singular)
tronom (dative plural)
tron (accusative singular)
trony (accusative plural)
tronem (instrumental singular)
tronami (instrumental plural)
tronie (locative singular)
tronach (locative plural)
tronie (singular vocative)
trony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle High German t(h)rōn, from Latin thronus, from Ancient Greek θρόνος (thrónos).


monarchia

monarchia (nominative singular)
monarchie (nominative plural)
monarchii (genitive singular)
monarchii (genitive plural)
monarchij (archaic genitive plural)
monarchii (dative singular)
monarchiom (dative plural)
monarchię (accusative singular)
monarchie (accusative plural)
monarchią (instrumental singular)
monarchiami (instrumental plural)
monarchii (locative singular)
monarchiach (locative plural)
monarchio (singular vocative)
monarchie (plural vocative)

→ Russian: монархия (monarxija)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek μοναρχία (monarkhía).


tetrarchia

tetrarchia (nominative singular)
tetrarchie (nominative plural)
tetrarchii (genitive singular)
tetrarchii (genitive plural)
tetrarchij (archaic genitive plural)
tetrarchii (dative singular)
tetrarchiom (dative plural)
tetrarchię (accusative singular)
tetrarchie (accusative plural)
tetrarchią (instrumental singular)
tetrarchiami (instrumental plural)
tetrarchii (locative singular)
tetrarchiach (locative plural)
tetrarchio (singular vocative)
tetrarchie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τετραρχία (tetrarkhía).


nazista

pl-noun

nazista m pers (female equivalent nazistka)

nazistka (feminine)
nazista (nominative singular)
naziści (nominative plural)
nazisty (derogatory nominative plural)
nazisty (genitive singular)
nazistów (genitive plural)
naziście (dative singular)
nazistom (dative plural)
nazistę (accusative singular)
nazistów (accusative plural)
nazistą (instrumental singular)
nazistami (instrumental plural)
naziście (locative singular)
nazistach (locative plural)
nazisto (singular vocative)
naziści (plural vocative)

(historical) Nazi (member of the Nazi Party)


kurator

kurator m pers (female equivalent kuratorka)

kuratorka (feminine)
kurator (nominative singular)
kuratorowie (nominative plural)
kuratorzy (nominative plural)
kuratora (genitive singular)
kuratorów (genitive plural)
kuratorowi (dative singular)
kuratorom (dative plural)
kuratora (accusative singular)
kuratorów (accusative plural)
kuratorem (instrumental singular)
kuratorami (instrumental plural)
kuratorze (locative singular)
kuratorach (locative plural)
kuratorze (singular vocative)
kuratorowie (plural vocative)
kuratorzy (plural vocative)

(law enforcement) custodian, probation officer


konsul

konsul (nominative singular)
konsulowie (nominative plural)
konsula (genitive singular)
konsulów (genitive plural)
konsulowi (dative singular)
konsulom (dative plural)
konsula (accusative singular)
konsulów (accusative plural)
konsulem (instrumental singular)
konsulami (instrumental plural)
konsulu (locative singular)
konsulach (locative plural)
konsulu (singular vocative)
konsulowie (plural vocative)

(historical) consul (any of the three heads of government and state of France between 1799 and 1804)


magistrat

magistrat m inan (related adjective magistracki or magistratowy)

magistracki (adjective)
magistratowy (adjective)
magistrat (nominative singular)
magistraty (nominative plural)
magistratu (genitive singular)
magistratów (genitive plural)
magistratowi (dative singular)
magistratom (dative plural)
magistrat (accusative singular)
magistraty (accusative plural)
magistratem (instrumental singular)
magistratami (instrumental plural)
magistracie (locative singular)
magistratach (locative plural)
magistracie (singular vocative)
magistraty (plural vocative)

(collective, government) city council, municipal office, magistracy (governing body of people elected to oversee management of a city and represent the interests of residents)

(government) city council, municipal office, magistracy (building that houses the headquarters of a city council)


król

król m pers (female equivalent królowa, diminutive (derogatory) królik, augmentative królisko, related adjective królewski)

królowa (feminine)
królik (derogatory diminutive)
królisko (augmentative)
królewski (adjective)
król (nominative singular)
królowie (nominative plural)
króle (derogatory nominative plural)
króla (genitive singular)
królów (genitive plural)
królowi (dative singular)
królom (dative plural)
króla (accusative singular)
królów (accusative plural)
królem (instrumental singular)
królami (instrumental plural)
królu (locative singular)
królach (locative plural)
królu (singular vocative)
królowie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish król. Sense 2, sense 3, and sense 4 and are an internationalism semantic loan; compare English king, French roi and German König. Doublet of Karol.

king (male monarch; a man who heads a monarchy)

(obsolete) a term of endearment for a romantic partner


król

król (nominative singular)
króle (nominative plural)
króla (genitive singular)
króli (genitive plural)
królowi (dative singular)
królom (dative plural)
króla (accusative singular)
króle (accusative plural)
królem (instrumental singular)
królami (instrumental plural)
królu (locative singular)
królach (locative plural)
królu (singular vocative)
króle (plural vocative)

(obsolete, engineering) bevel shaft in a smock mill


kuria

kuria (nominative singular)
kurie (nominative plural)
kurii (genitive singular)
kurii (genitive plural)
kuryj (archaic genitive plural)
kurii (dative singular)
kuriom (dative plural)
kurię (accusative singular)
kurie (accusative plural)
kurią (instrumental singular)
kuriami (instrumental plural)
kurii (locative singular)
kuriach (locative plural)
kurio (singular vocative)
kurie (plural vocative)


PIT

PIT (nominative singular)
PIT-y (nominative plural)
PIT-u (genitive singular)
PIT-ów (genitive plural)
PIT-u (dative singular)
PIT-om (dative plural)
PIT (accusative singular)
PIT-y (accusative plural)
PIT-em (instrumental singular)
PIT-ami (instrumental plural)
Picie (locative singular)
PIT-ach (locative plural)
Picie (singular vocative)
PIT-y (plural vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English PIT.


tyran

tyran (nominative singular)
tyrany (nominative plural)
tyrana (genitive singular)
tyranów (genitive plural)
tyranowi (dative singular)
tyranom (dative plural)
tyrana (accusative singular)
tyrany (accusative plural)
tyranem (instrumental singular)
tyranami (instrumental plural)
tyranie (locative singular)
tyranach (locative plural)
tyranie (singular vocative)
tyrany (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin tyrannus, from Ancient Greek τύραννος (túrannos). Doublet of tyrania and tyranozaur.


oficer

oficer m pers (female equivalent oficerka, diminutive oficerek, related adjective oficerski)

oficerka (feminine)
oficerek (diminutive)
oficerski (adjective)
oficer (nominative singular)
oficerzy (nominative plural)
oficerowie (nominative plural)
oficery (derogatory nominative plural)
oficera (genitive singular)
oficerów (genitive plural)
oficerowi (dative singular)
oficerom (dative plural)
oficera (accusative singular)
oficerów (accusative plural)
oficerem (instrumental singular)
oficerami (instrumental plural)
oficerze (locative singular)
oficerach (locative plural)
oficerze (singular vocative)
oficerzy (plural vocative)
oficerowie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Offizier. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Kashubian oficéra, Silesian ôficyr, and Slovincian ofcéra.

ref

“OFICER”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 30.01.2020

officer (person occupying a position from second lieutenant to marshal or an analogous positions in the uniformed services)


projekt

pl-noun

projekt m inan (diminutive projekcik, related adjective projektowy, abbreviation proj.)

projekcik (diminutive)
projektowy (adjective)
proj. (abbreviation)
projekt (nominative singular)
projekty (nominative plural)
projektu (genitive singular)
projektów (genitive plural)
projektowi (dative singular)
projektom (dative plural)
projekt (accusative singular)
projekty (accusative plural)
projektem (instrumental singular)
projektami (instrumental plural)
projekcie (locative singular)
projektach (locative plural)
projekcie (singular vocative)
projekty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: projekt

Borrowed from German Projekt. First attested in 1656–1688. Sense 5 is a semantic loan from English project.

ref

“PROJEKT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 11.02.2009

sl

Szukaj mnie na projektach gdzie niestety
O promień słońca trudniej niż o działkę fety

2006, Skazani Na Sukcezz (lyrics and music), “Szukaj mnie na projektach”, in Na linii ognia:

Look for me in the projects where unfortunately
A ray of sunshine is harder to come by than a fix of meth

(hip-hop slang) project (urban low-income housing building)


taksa

taksa (nominative singular)
taksy (nominative plural)
taksy (genitive singular)
taks (genitive plural)
taksie (dative singular)
taksom (dative plural)
taksę (accusative singular)
taksy (accusative plural)
taksą (instrumental singular)
taksami (instrumental plural)
taksie (locative singular)
taksach (locative plural)
takso (singular vocative)
taksy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French taxe. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Silesian taksa.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “taksa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(obsolete) payment to a treasury for a received order


korona

pl-noun

korona f (related adjective koronny or koronowy)

koronny (adjective)
koronowy (adjective)
korona (nominative singular)
korony (nominative plural)
korony (genitive singular)
koron (genitive plural)
koronie (dative singular)
koronom (dative plural)
koronę (accusative singular)
korony (accusative plural)
koroną (instrumental singular)
koronami (instrumental plural)
koronie (locative singular)
koronach (locative plural)
korono (singular vocative)
korony (plural vocative)

→ Ukrainian: коро́на (koróna)

crown, koruna (currency of the Czech Republic)

(historical) crown, koruna (former unit of currency of Czechoslovakia)

(historical) crown, koruna (former unit of currency of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia)

(historical) crown, koruna (former unit of currency of Slovakia)


dynastia

dynastyjka (diminutive)
dynastia (nominative singular)
dynastie (nominative plural)
dynastii (genitive singular)
dynastii (genitive plural)
dynastyj (archaic genitive plural)
dynastii (dative singular)
dynastiom (dative plural)
dynastię (accusative singular)
dynastie (accusative plural)
dynastią (instrumental singular)
dynastiami (instrumental plural)
dynastii (locative singular)
dynastiach (locative plural)
dynastio (singular vocative)
dynastie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin dynastīa, from Ancient Greek δυναστεία (dunasteía, “power, dominion”).

der

dynasty, house (series of rulers or dynasts from one family)


legislatura

legislatura (nominative singular)
legislatury (genitive singular)
legislaturze (dative singular)
legislaturę (accusative singular)
legislaturą (instrumental singular)
legislaturze (locative singular)
legislaturo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French législature, from Latin legō.

(government, law) legislative branch, legislature (all the governmental bodies with the power to make, amend, and repeal laws)


caryca

caryca (nominative singular)
caryce (nominative plural)
carycy (genitive singular)
caryc (genitive plural)
carycy (dative singular)
carycom (dative plural)
carycę (accusative singular)
caryce (accusative plural)
carycą (instrumental singular)
carycami (instrumental plural)
carycy (locative singular)
carycach (locative plural)
caryco (singular vocative)
caryce (plural vocative)


królowa

królowa (nominative singular)
królowe (nominative plural)
królowej (genitive singular)
królowych (genitive plural)
królowej (dative singular)
królowym (dative plural)
królową (accusative singular)
królowe (accusative plural)
królową (instrumental singular)
królowymi (instrumental plural)
królowej (locative singular)
królowych (locative plural)
królowo (singular vocative)
królowe (plural vocative)


pała

pała (nominative singular)
pały (nominative plural)
pały (genitive singular)
pał (genitive plural)
pale (dative singular)
pałom (dative plural)
pałę (accusative singular)
pały (accusative plural)
pałą (instrumental singular)
pałami (instrumental plural)
pale (locative singular)
pałach (locative plural)
pało (singular vocative)
pały (plural vocative)


puszka

puszka (nominative singular)
puszki (nominative plural)
puszki (genitive singular)
puszek (genitive plural)
puszce (dative singular)
puszkom (dative plural)
puszkę (accusative singular)
puszki (accusative plural)
puszką (instrumental singular)
puszkami (instrumental plural)
puszce (locative singular)
puszkach (locative plural)
puszko (singular vocative)
puszki (plural vocative)


stanica

stanica (nominative singular)
stanice (nominative plural)
stanicy (genitive singular)
stanic (genitive plural)
stanicy (dative singular)
stanicom (dative plural)
stanicę (accusative singular)
stanice (accusative plural)
stanicą (instrumental singular)
stanicami (instrumental plural)
stanicy (locative singular)
stanicach (locative plural)
stanico (singular vocative)
stanice (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish stanica. By surface analysis, stan + -ica. Sense 3 is a semantic loan from Russian стани́ца (staníca).


stolica

stołeczny (adjective)
stolica (nominative singular)
stolice (nominative plural)
stolicy (genitive singular)
stolic (genitive plural)
stolicy (dative singular)
stolicom (dative plural)
stolicę (accusative singular)
stolice (accusative plural)
stolicą (instrumental singular)
stolicami (instrumental plural)
stolicy (locative singular)
stolicach (locative plural)
stolico (singular vocative)
stolice (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish stolica. Sense 1 is from sense 4 with a shift of seat for a leader -> place of authority.

capital, capital city (city designated as a legislative seat by the government or some other authority for a nation)

capital, capital city (main city of a region)

capital (most important area in the field specified)


faraon

faraon (nominative singular)
faraonowie (nominative plural)
faraona (genitive singular)
faraonów (genitive plural)
faraonowi (dative singular)
faraonom (dative plural)
faraona (accusative singular)
faraonów (accusative plural)
faraonem (instrumental singular)
faraonami (instrumental plural)
faraonie (locative singular)
faraonach (locative plural)
faraonie (singular vocative)
faraonowie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin Pharaō, from Ancient Greek Φαραώ (Pharaṓ), from Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (par‘ōh), from Egyptian pr-ꜥꜣ.

lbor

(historical) pharaoh (supreme ruler in Ancient Egypt)


podatek

podatek (nominative singular)
podatki (nominative plural)
podatku (genitive singular)
podatków (genitive plural)
podatkowi (dative singular)
podatkom (dative plural)
podatek (accusative singular)
podatki (accusative plural)
podatkiem (instrumental singular)
podatkami (instrumental plural)
podatku (locative singular)
podatkach (locative plural)
podatku (singular vocative)
podatki (plural vocative)


rząd

rządowy (diminutive)
rząd (nominative singular)
rządy (nominative plural)
rządu (genitive singular)
rządów (genitive plural)
rządowi (dative singular)
rządom (dative plural)
rząd (accusative singular)
rządy (accusative plural)
rządem (instrumental singular)
rządami (instrumental plural)
rządzie (locative singular)
rządach (locative plural)
rządzie (singular vocative)
rządy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from rządzić. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “rząd”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

government (body with the power to make and/or enforce laws to control a country, land area, people or organization)

(grammar, linguistics) government (relationship between a word and its dependents)

(in the plural) reign, leadership, governance

(in the plural) governance (validity of a particular law or rule)

(chiefly archaic) government, management, economy (body controlling something)


socjalizm

pl-noun

socjalizm m inan (related adjective socjalistyczny)

socjalistyczny (adjective)
socjalizm (nominative singular)
socjalizmu (genitive singular)
socjalizmowi (dative singular)
socjalizm (accusative singular)
socjalizmem (instrumental singular)
socjalizmie (locative singular)
socjalizmie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Sozialismus. First attested in 1829. Compare Silesian socjalizm.

ref

Vladimir Danilovich Spasovich (1829) Pisma (in Polish), B. Rymowicz, page 159

socialism (any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods)

socialism (socio-political and economic system based on such a theory)


rewolucja

pl-noun

rewolucja f (diminutive rewolucyjka, related adjective rewolucyjny)

rewolucyjka (diminutive)
rewolucyjny (adjective)
rewolucja (nominative singular)
rewolucje (nominative plural)
rewolucji (genitive singular)
rewolucji (genitive plural)
rewolucyj (archaic genitive plural)
rewolucji (dative singular)
rewolucjom (dative plural)
rewolucję (accusative singular)
rewolucje (accusative plural)
rewolucją (instrumental singular)
rewolucjami (instrumental plural)
rewolucji (locative singular)
rewolucjach (locative plural)
rewolucjo (singular vocative)
rewolucje (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: rewòlucjô

desctree

→ Russian: револю́ция (revoljúcija), револю́ція (revoljúcija) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: ռեւոլյուցիա (ṙewolyucʻia)
→ Ingrian: revolutsia
→ Kazakh: революция (revolüsiä)
→ Kyrgyz: революция (revolyutsiya)

Borrowed from French révolution. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Silesian rewolucyjŏ.

ref

“REWOLUCYJA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 24.03.2019

(politics) revolution (removal and replacement of a government, especially by sudden violent action)


paka

paka (nominative singular)
paki (nominative plural)
paki (genitive singular)
pak (genitive plural)
pace (dative singular)
pakom (dative plural)
pakę (accusative singular)
paki (accusative plural)
paką (instrumental singular)
pakami (instrumental plural)
pace (locative singular)
pakach (locative plural)
pako (singular vocative)
paki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Pack, from Low German pack, from Middle Low German pak, from Old Saxon *pakko, from Proto-Germanic *pakkô.


więzienie

pl-noun

więzienie n (related adjective więzienny)

więzienny (adjective)
więzienie (nominative singular)
więzienia (nominative plural)
więzienia (genitive singular)
więzień (genitive plural)
więzieniu (dative singular)
więzieniom (dative plural)
więzienie (accusative singular)
więzienia (accusative plural)
więzieniem (instrumental singular)
więzieniami (instrumental plural)
więzieniu (locative singular)
więzieniach (locative plural)
więzienie (singular vocative)
więzienia (plural vocative)

/vjɛɲˈʑɛ.ɲɛ/

/vjɛ̃ˈʑɛ.ɲe/

Inherited from Old Polish więzienie (noun). By surface analysis, więzić + -enie.

inh+

(countable) jail, prison (place of long-term confinement for those convicted of serious crimes)


królestwo

królestwo (nominative singular)
królestwa (nominative plural)
królestwa (genitive singular)
królestw (genitive plural)
królestwu (dative singular)
królestwom (dative plural)
królestwo (accusative singular)
królestwa (accusative plural)
królestwem (instrumental singular)
królestwami (instrumental plural)
królestwie (locative singular)
królestwach (locative plural)
królestwo (singular vocative)
królestwa (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish królestwo, from Proto-Slavic *korľevьstvo. By surface analysis, król + -stwo.


szach

szach (nominative singular)
szachowie (nominative plural)
szachy (derogatory nominative plural)
szacha (genitive singular)
szachów (genitive plural)
szachowi (dative singular)
szachom (dative plural)
szacha (accusative singular)
szachów (accusative plural)
szachem (instrumental singular)
szachami (instrumental plural)
szachu (locative singular)
szachach (locative plural)
szachu (singular vocative)
szachowie (plural vocative)

shah (king of Persia or Iran, or supreme ruler in some Middle Eastern or South Asian nations)


policja

policyjny (adjective)
policja (nominative singular)
policje (nominative plural)
policji (genitive singular)
policji (genitive plural)
policyj (archaic genitive plural)
policji (dative singular)
policjom (dative plural)
policję (accusative singular)
policje (accusative plural)
policją (instrumental singular)
policjami (instrumental plural)
policji (locative singular)
policjach (locative plural)
policjo (singular vocative)
policje (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: палі́цыя (palícyja)

→ Kashubian: pòlicjô

→ Russian: поли́ция (polícija)

→ Ukrainian: полі́ція (polícija)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin polītīa, later reinforced by French police. First attested in 1525. Compare Silesian policyjŏ.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “policyja”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(law enforcement) police (public agency charged with enforcing laws and maintaining public order, usually being granted special privileges to do so)

(metonymically) police (building of such an agency)

(metonymically) police (people who work in such an organization)

(metonymically, rare) police (activities of such an agency)


strażak

strażaczek (diminutive)
strażak (nominative singular)
strażacy (nominative plural)
strażaki (derogatory nominative plural)
strażaka (genitive singular)
strażaków (genitive plural)
strażakowi (dative singular)
strażakom (dative plural)
strażaka (accusative singular)
strażaków (accusative plural)
strażakiem (instrumental singular)
strażakami (instrumental plural)
strażaku (locative singular)
strażakach (locative plural)
strażaku (singular vocative)
strażacy (plural vocative)


ziemia

ziemia (nominative singular)
ziemie (nominative plural)
ziemi (genitive singular)
ziem (genitive plural)
ziemi (dative singular)
ziemiom (dative plural)
ziemię (accusative singular)
ziemie (accusative plural)
ziemią (instrumental singular)
ziemiami (instrumental plural)
ziemi (locative singular)
ziemiach (locative plural)
ziemio (singular vocative)
ziemie (plural vocative)

(countable) land; country (particular political, ethnographic, or geographic region)


kanarek

pl-noun

kanarek m animal (female equivalent kanarzyca, diminutive kanareczek, augmentative kanar, related adjective kanarkowy)

kanarzyca (feminine)
kanareczek (diminutive)
kanar (augmentative)
kanarkowy (adjective)
kanarek (nominative singular)
kanarki (nominative plural)
kanarka (genitive singular)
kanarków (genitive plural)
kanarkowi (dative singular)
kanarkom (dative plural)
kanarka (accusative singular)
kanarki (accusative plural)
kanarkiem (instrumental singular)
kanarkami (instrumental plural)
kanarku (locative singular)
kanarkach (locative plural)
kanarku (singular vocative)
kanarki (plural vocative)

From Kanary + -ek. Compare Czech kanárek and French canari.

Serinus canaria
Serinus canaria#Translingual


zięba

zięba (nominative singular)
zięby (nominative plural)
zięby (genitive singular)
zięb (genitive plural)
ziębie (dative singular)
ziębom (dative plural)
ziębę (accusative singular)
zięby (accusative plural)
ziębą (instrumental singular)
ziębami (instrumental plural)
ziębie (locative singular)
ziębach (locative plural)
ziębo (singular vocative)
zięby (plural vocative)

Fringilla coelebs
Fringilla coelebs#Translingual

any finch of the genus Fringilla, especially the chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)


wybór

wybór (nominative singular)
wybory (nominative plural)
wyboru (genitive singular)
wyborów (genitive plural)
wyborowi (dative singular)
wyborom (dative plural)
wybór (accusative singular)
wybory (accusative plural)
wyborem (instrumental singular)
wyborami (instrumental plural)
wyborze (locative singular)
wyborach (locative plural)
wyborze (singular vocative)
wybory (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish wybór. By surface analysis, deverbal from wybrać. Compare Czech výbor, Kashubian wëbór, and Russian вы́бор (výbor).

surf

(in the plural, politics) election (process of choosing a new leader or representatives)


cesarz

pl-noun

cesarz m pers (female equivalent cesarzowa)

cesarzowa (feminine)
cesarz (nominative singular)
cesarze (nominative plural)
cesarzowie (nominative plural)
cesarza (genitive singular)
cesarzy (genitive plural)
cesarzów (genitive plural)
cesarzowi (dative singular)
cesarzom (dative plural)
cesarza (accusative singular)
cesarzy (accusative plural)
cesarzów (accusative plural)
cesarzem (instrumental singular)
cesarzami (instrumental plural)
cesarzu (locative singular)
cesarzach (locative plural)
cesarzu (singular vocative)
cesarze (plural vocative)
cesarzowie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish cesarz. Doublet of car, cezar, and kajzer.


suszarka

suszarka (nominative singular)
suszarki (nominative plural)
suszarki (genitive singular)
suszarek (genitive plural)
suszarce (dative singular)
suszarkom (dative plural)
suszarkę (accusative singular)
suszarki (accusative plural)
suszarką (instrumental singular)
suszarkami (instrumental plural)
suszarce (locative singular)
suszarkach (locative plural)
suszarko (singular vocative)
suszarki (plural vocative)


klawisz

klawisz (nominative singular)
klawisze (nominative plural)
klawisza (genitive singular)
klawiszy (genitive plural)
klawiszowi (dative singular)
klawiszom (dative plural)
klawisz (accusative singular)
klawisze (accusative plural)
klawiszem (instrumental singular)
klawiszami (instrumental plural)
klawiszu (locative singular)
klawiszach (locative plural)
klawiszu (singular vocative)
klawisze (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin clāvis. Cognate with English clef.

key (a button on the keyboard of a musical instrument, on a typewriter or on a computer keyboard)


cło

cło (nominative singular)
cła (nominative plural)
cła (genitive singular)
ceł (genitive plural)
cłu (dative singular)
cłom (dative plural)
cło (accusative singular)
cła (accusative plural)
cłem (instrumental singular)
cłami (instrumental plural)
cle (locative singular)
cłach (locative plural)
cło (singular vocative)
cła (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *cьlo, possibly from Old High German zol.


konstytucja

konstytucja f (diminutive konstytucyjka)

konstytucyjka (diminutive)
konstytucja (nominative singular)
konstytucje (nominative plural)
konstytucji (genitive singular)
konstytucji (genitive plural)
konstytucyj (archaic genitive plural)
konstytucji (dative singular)
konstytucjom (dative plural)
konstytucję (accusative singular)
konstytucje (accusative plural)
konstytucją (instrumental singular)
konstytucjami (instrumental plural)
konstytucji (locative singular)
konstytucjach (locative plural)
konstytucjo (singular vocative)
konstytucje (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin cōnstitūtiō.


powiat

pl-noun

powiat m inan (diminutive powiacik, related adjective powiatowy)

powiacik (diminutive)
powiatowy (adjective)
powiat (nominative singular)
powiaty (nominative plural)
powiatu (genitive singular)
powiatów (genitive plural)
powiatowi (dative singular)
powiatom (dative plural)
powiat (accusative singular)
powiaty (accusative plural)
powiatem (instrumental singular)
powiatami (instrumental plural)
powiecie (locative singular)
powiatach (locative plural)
powiecie (singular vocative)
powiaty (plural vocative)

→ English: powiat

powiat, county (second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, between gmina and województwo)

(metonymically) powiat (people living in such a division)

(government, metonymically) powiat office (headquarters of such a district)

(government, metonymically) powiat authorities (people in charge of such a district)


województwo

województwo n (related adjective wojewódzki)

wojewódzki (adjective)
województwo (nominative singular)
województwa (nominative plural)
województwa (genitive singular)
województw (genitive plural)
województwu (dative singular)
województwom (dative plural)
województwo (accusative singular)
województwa (accusative plural)
województwem (instrumental singular)
województwami (instrumental plural)
województwie (locative singular)
województwach (locative plural)
województwo (singular vocative)
województwa (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish województwo. By surface analysis, wojewoda + -ztwo. Compare Kashubian wòjewództwò.

voivodeship (third-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, above powiat and gmina)

(metonymically) voivodeship (people living in such a division)

(government, metonymically) voivodeship office (headquarters of such a district)

(government, metonymically) voivodeship authorities (people in charge of such a district)

(government, metonymically, obsolete) voivodeship (position of a voivode)


królik

królik m animal (female equivalent królica, diminutive króliczek, augmentative królisko, related adjective króliczy or królikowy)

królica (feminine)
króliczek (diminutive)
królisko (augmentative)
króliczy (adjective)
królikowy (adjective)
królik (nominative singular)
króliki (nominative plural)
królika (genitive singular)
królików (genitive plural)
królikowi (dative singular)
królikom (dative plural)
królika (accusative singular)
króliki (accusative plural)
królikiem (instrumental singular)
królikami (instrumental plural)
króliku (locative singular)
królikach (locative plural)
króliku (singular vocative)
króliki (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: кро́ликъ (królik)
Belarusian: кро́лік (królik)
⇒ Belarusian: кроль (krolʹ), крыль (krylʹ) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: кро́лик (królyk)
⇒ Ukrainian: кріль (krilʹ); кроль (krolʹ) (dialectal)
→? Middle Russian: кро́ликъ (królik) (17ᵗʰ c.)
Russian: кро́лик (królik)
→ Bezhta: королик (korolik)
→ Ingrian: kroolikka
→ Karelian:
South Karelian: krollikka
→ Latvian: kraliņš

→ Yiddish: קראָליק (krolik)

→? Yiddish: קיניגל (kinigl) (calque)

From król + -ik. Calque of Middle High German küniklīn, küniglin, künlin, from a folk etymological interpretation of Old French connil. Compare Czech králík, Lower Sorbian kralik, Slovak králik.

cal

Czarno-biały królik błąkał się przed blokiem na zaśnieżonej trawie na łódzkim Widzewie. Pomogli dwaj chłopcy, którzy zadzwonili po Animal Patrol. „Wielkie brawa” – mówią strażnicy miejscy.

2024 January 19, Joanna Chrzanowska, “Królik przed blokiem na osiedlu. Uratowali go dwaj chłopcy”, in tulodz.pl, archived from the original on 2024-01-25:

A black and white rabbit was wandering in front of a block of flats on the snowy grass in Lodz's Widzew district. Two boys who called Animal Patrol came to the rescue. “A big round of applause for the boys,” say city guards.

rabbit, cony (any mammal of the family Leporidae, with long ears, long hind legs, and a short, fluffy tail)


komunizm

pl-noun

komunizm m inan (related adjective komunistyczny)

komunistyczny (adjective)
komunizm (nominative singular)
komunizmu (genitive singular)
komunizmowi (dative singular)
komunizm (accusative singular)
komunizmem (instrumental singular)
komunizmie (locative singular)
komunizmie (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English communism, French communisme, German Kommunismus, ultimately from Latin commūnis.

(economics) communism (any far-left political ideology or philosophy advocating holding the production of resources collectively, especially by seizing it through revolution)


marchia

marchia (nominative singular)
marchie (nominative plural)
marchii (genitive singular)
marchii (genitive plural)
marchij (archaic genitive plural)
marchii (dative singular)
marchiom (dative plural)
marchię (accusative singular)
marchie (accusative plural)
marchią (instrumental singular)
marchiami (instrumental plural)
marchii (locative singular)
marchiach (locative plural)
marchio (singular vocative)
marchie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin marchia.

lbor

(historical) march, margravate (region at a frontier governed by a margrave)


autarchia

autarchia (nominative singular)
autarchii (genitive singular)
autarchii (dative singular)
autarchię (accusative singular)
autarchią (instrumental singular)
autarchii (locative singular)
autarchio (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek αὐταρχία (autarkhía).

(politics) autarchy (a condition of absolute power)


księstwo

księstwo (nominative singular)
księstwa (nominative plural)
księstwa (genitive singular)
księstew (genitive plural)
księstwu (dative singular)
księstwom (dative plural)
księstwo (accusative singular)
księstwa (accusative plural)
księstwem (instrumental singular)
księstwami (instrumental plural)
księstwie (locative singular)
księstwach (locative plural)
księstwo (singular vocative)
księstwa (plural vocative)


książę

pl-noun

książę m pers (female equivalent księżna)

księżna (feminine)
książę (nominative singular)
książęta (nominative plural)
księcia (genitive singular)
książąt (genitive plural)
księciu (dative singular)
książętom (dative plural)
księcia (accusative singular)
książąt (accusative plural)
księciem (instrumental singular)
książętami (instrumental plural)
księciu (locative singular)
książętach (locative plural)
książę (singular vocative)
książęta (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъnęžę, from Proto-Slavic *kъnędzь (whence ksiądz), from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz. Cognate with Old High German kuning (“king”).


gmina

gm. (abbreviation)
gmina (nominative singular)
gminy (nominative plural)
gminy (genitive singular)
gmin (genitive plural)
gminie (dative singular)
gminom (dative plural)
gminę (accusative singular)
gminy (accusative plural)
gminą (instrumental singular)
gminami (instrumental plural)
gminie (locative singular)
gminach (locative plural)
gmino (singular vocative)
gminy (plural vocative)

→ English: gmina

→ Ukrainian: ґміна (gmina)

Borrowed from German Gemeine. Doublet of gmin.

gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)

(metonymically) gmina (people living in such a division)

(government, metonymically) gmina office (headquarters of such a district)

(government, metonymically) gmina authorities (people in charge of such a district)


pałac

pałac m inan (diminutive pałacyk, related adjective pałacowy)

pałacyk (diminutive)
pałacowy (adjective)
pałac (nominative singular)
pałace (nominative plural)
pałacu (genitive singular)
pałaców (genitive plural)
pałacowi (dative singular)
pałacom (dative plural)
pałac (accusative singular)
pałace (accusative plural)
pałacem (instrumental singular)
pałacami (instrumental plural)
pałacu (locative singular)
pałacach (locative plural)
pałacu (singular vocative)
pałace (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: пала́ц (palác)

→ Ukrainian: пала́ц (palác)

palace (official residence of a head of state or other dignitary, especially in a monarchical or imperial governmental system)

palace (large, ornate public building used for entertainment or exhibitions)


królewski

pl-adj

królewski (not comparable, no derived adverb)

królewski (masculine nominative singular)
królewska (feminine nominative singular)
królewskie (neuter nominative singular)
królewscy (nominative plural virile)
królewskie (nominative plural)
królewskiego (genitive masculine singular)
królewskiej (feminine genitive singular)
królewskiego (genitive neuter singular)
królewskich (genitive plural)
królewskich (genitive plural virile)
królewskiemu (dative masculine singular)
królewsku (archaic dative masculine singular)
królewskiej (dative feminine singular)
królewskiemu (dative neuter singular)
królewsku (archaic dative neuter singular)
królewskim (dative plural)
królewskim (dative plural virile)
królewskiego (accusative animate masculine singular)
królewski (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
królewską (accusative feminine singular)
królewskie (accusative neuter singular)
królewskich (accusative plural virile)
królewskie (accusative plural)
królewskim (instrumental masculine singular)
królewską (feminine instrumental singular)
królewskim (instrumental neuter singular)
królewskimi (instrumental plural)
królewskimi (instrumental plural virile)
królewskim (locative masculine singular)
królewskiej (feminine locative singular)
królewskim (locative neuter singular)
królewskich (locative plural)
królewskich (locative plural virile)

From król + -owski. One of only three words which have kept the Proto-Slavic alternation of -ov- > -ev- after soft consonants, the others being królewicz and królewna.


siedzieć

siedzieć (infinitive)
siedzę (present singular)
siedzimy (plural present)
siedzisz (present singular)
siedzicie (plural present)
siedzi (present singular third-person)
siedzą (plural present third-person)
siedzi się (impersonal present)
siedziałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m siedział (masculine past singular)
siedziałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m siedziała (feminine past singular)
siedziałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m siedziało (neuter past singular)
siedzieliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy siedzieli (past plural virile)
siedziałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy siedziały (nonvirile past plural)
siedziałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś siedział (masculine past singular)
siedziałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś siedziała (feminine past singular)
siedziałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś siedziało (neuter past singular)
siedzieliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście siedzieli (past plural virile)
siedziałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście siedziały (nonvirile past plural)
siedział (masculine past singular third-person)
siedziała (feminine past singular third-person)
siedziało (neuter past singular third-person)
siedzieli (past plural third-person virile)
siedziały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
siedziano (impersonal past)
będę siedział (future masculine singular)
będę siedzieć (future masculine singular)
będę siedziała (feminine future singular)
będę siedzieć (feminine future singular)
będę siedziało (future neuter singular)
będę siedzieć (future neuter singular)
będziemy siedzieli (future plural virile)
będziemy siedzieć (future plural virile)
będziemy siedziały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy siedzieć (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz siedział (future masculine singular)
będziesz siedzieć (future masculine singular)
będziesz siedziała (feminine future singular)
będziesz siedzieć (feminine future singular)
będziesz siedziało (future neuter singular)
będziesz siedzieć (future neuter singular)
będziecie siedzieli (future plural virile)
będziecie siedzieć (future plural virile)
będziecie siedziały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie siedzieć (future nonvirile plural)
będzie siedział (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie siedzieć (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie siedziała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie siedzieć (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie siedziało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie siedzieć (future neuter singular third-person)
będą siedzieli (future plural third-person virile)
będą siedzieć (future plural third-person virile)
będą siedziały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą siedzieć (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie siedzieć się (future impersonal)
siedziałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym siedział (conditional masculine singular)
siedziałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym siedziała (conditional feminine singular)
siedziałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym siedziało (conditional neuter singular)
siedzielibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy siedzieli (conditional plural virile)
siedziałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy siedziały (conditional nonvirile plural)
siedziałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś siedział (conditional masculine singular)
siedziałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś siedziała (conditional feminine singular)
siedziałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś siedziało (conditional neuter singular)
siedzielibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście siedzieli (conditional plural virile)
siedziałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście siedziały (conditional nonvirile plural)
siedziałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by siedział (conditional masculine singular third-person)
siedziałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by siedziała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
siedziałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by siedziało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
siedzieliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by siedzieli (conditional plural third-person virile)
siedziałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by siedziały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
siedziano by (conditional impersonal)
niech siedzę (imperative singular)
siedźmy (imperative plural)
siedź (imperative singular)
siedźcie (imperative plural)
niech siedzi (imperative singular third-person)
niech siedzą (imperative plural third-person)
siedzący (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
siedząca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
siedzące (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
siedzący (active adjectival participle plural virile)
siedzące (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
siedząc (adjectival contemporary participle)
siedzenie (noun-from-verb)

/ˈɕɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/

/ˈɕɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/

Inherited from Old Polish siedzieć. Cognates include Latvian sēdēt, Lithuanian sėdėti and Latin sedeō.

a świstak siedzi i zawija je w te sreberka

kto nie ryzykuje, ten w kozie nie siedzi

punkt widzenia zależy od punktu siedzenia

Za co siedzisz?

(intransitive, colloquial) to serve time, to be in for (to serve a prison sentence)


monarcha

pl-noun

monarcha m pers (female equivalent monarchini)

monarchini (feminine)
monarcha (nominative singular)
monarchowie (nominative plural)
monarchy (derogatory nominative plural)
monarchy (genitive singular)
monarchów (genitive plural)
monarsze (dative singular)
monarchom (dative plural)
monarchę (accusative singular)
monarchów (accusative plural)
monarchą (instrumental singular)
monarchami (instrumental plural)
monarsze (locative singular)
monarchach (locative plural)
monarcho (singular vocative)
monarchowie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin monarcha, from Ancient Greek μονάρχης (monárkhēs), variant of μόναρχος (mónarkhos, “sole ruler”), from μόνος (mónos, “only”) + ἀρχός (arkhós, “leader”).


dywan

pl-noun

dywan m inan (diminutive dywanik, related adjective dywanowy)

dywanik (diminutive)
dywanowy (adjective)

(government, historical, Islam) divan (Muslim council of state)

(government, historical, Islam) divan (council viziers of the Ottoman Empire that discussed and recommended new laws and law changes to a higher authority (the sultan))


cesarstwo

cesarstwo (nominative singular)
cesarstwa (nominative plural)
cesarstwa (genitive singular)
cesarstew (genitive plural)
cesarstwu (dative singular)
cesarstwom (dative plural)
cesarstwo (accusative singular)
cesarstwa (accusative plural)
cesarstwem (instrumental singular)
cesarstwami (instrumental plural)
cesarstwie (locative singular)
cesarstwach (locative plural)
cesarstwo (singular vocative)
cesarstwa (plural vocative)

From cesarz (“emperor”) + -stwo. Formally a doublet of carstwo (“tsardom”).


turma

turma (nominative singular)
turmy (nominative plural)
turmy (genitive singular)
turm (genitive plural)
turmie (dative singular)
turmom (dative plural)
turmę (accusative singular)
turmy (accusative plural)
turmą (instrumental singular)
turmami (instrumental plural)
turmie (locative singular)
turmach (locative plural)
turmo (singular vocative)
turmy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Turm, from Middle High German turn, turm, from Old High German torn, from Old French, from Latin turris. Doublet of turnia.


bąk

bączek (diminutive)
bąk (nominative singular)
bąki (nominative plural)
bąka (genitive singular)
bąków (genitive plural)
bąkowi (dative singular)
bąkom (dative plural)
bąka (accusative singular)
bąki (accusative plural)
bąkiem (instrumental singular)
bąkami (instrumental plural)
bąku (locative singular)
bąkach (locative plural)
bąku (singular vocative)
bąki (plural vocative)


autopompa

autopompa (nominative singular)
autopompy (nominative plural)
autopompy (genitive singular)
autopomp (genitive plural)
autopompie (dative singular)
autopompom (dative plural)
autopompę (accusative singular)
autopompy (accusative plural)
autopompą (instrumental singular)
autopompami (instrumental plural)
autopompie (locative singular)
autopompach (locative plural)
autopompo (singular vocative)
autopompy (plural vocative)

(firefighting) water tender (a specialized firefighting apparatus designed for transporting water)


klasa

klasa f (related adjective klasowy, abbreviation kl.)

klasowy (adjective)
kl. (abbreviation)
klasa (nominative singular)
klasy (nominative plural)
klasy (genitive singular)
klas (genitive plural)
klasie (dative singular)
klasom (dative plural)
klasę (accusative singular)
klasy (accusative plural)
klasą (instrumental singular)
klasami (instrumental plural)
klasie (locative singular)
klasach (locative plural)
klaso (singular vocative)
klasy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: klasa

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Klasse or French classe, ultimately from Latin classis. Sense 13 is a semantic loan from English class. First attested in 1688.

ref

Jan Damasceński (1688) Mateusz Ignacy Kuligowski, transl., Krolewic Indiyski w Polski stroy przybrany Albo Historya O Swiętym Jozaphacie … y o Swiętym Barlaamie …/ Od Swiętego Iana Damascena napisana, a z Græckiego ięzyka na Łaciński od Iakuba Billiusza … przetłumaczona; Teraz zaś Przez X. Matthevsza Ignacego Kvligowskiego … na wiersz Polski przełożona … (in Polish), page 199:
Tákże, ktorzy Boginią swą bydź wyznawáią Element Wodę, y ći w głupstwie podlegáią Swym błędowi: bo Wodá od Bogá stworzona Iest ludźiom ná pożytek, y w moc im zlecona, Po ktorey oni wierzchu w rozmáite czásy Wypráwuią okręty, y woienne klássy; Bywa też poszpeconą od nich, bo do wody Ludźie rożne miotáią y gnoie, y smrody; A gdy ią ogień zwárzy, odmiány nábywa; Y częstokroć własnego koloru pozbywa: Bo zmieszána z iáką krwią iest czerwona: z wody Stáią się tákże przez mroz kryształowe lody.

(countable) class (subject of study in art education at a specific level)


klasa

pl-adj

klasa (not comparable, no derived adverb)


faszyzm

faszyzm (nominative singular)
faszyzmu (genitive singular)
faszyzmowi (dative singular)
faszyzm (accusative singular)
faszyzmem (instrumental singular)
faszyzmie (locative singular)
faszyzmie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Italian fascismo, from Latin fasces.


policjant

pl-noun

policjant m pers (female equivalent policjantka)

policjantka (feminine)
policjant (nominative singular)
policjanci (nominative plural)
policjanty (derogatory nominative plural)
policjanta (genitive singular)
policjantów (genitive plural)
policjantowi (dative singular)
policjantom (dative plural)
policjanta (accusative singular)
policjantów (accusative plural)
policjantem (instrumental singular)
policjantami (instrumental plural)
policjancie (locative singular)
policjantach (locative plural)
policjancie (singular vocative)
policjanci (plural vocative)

(law enforcement) policeman, police officer


osada

osada (nominative singular)
osady (nominative plural)
osady (genitive singular)
osad (genitive plural)
osadzie (dative singular)
osadom (dative plural)
osadę (accusative singular)
osady (accusative plural)
osadą (instrumental singular)
osadami (instrumental plural)
osadzie (locative singular)
osadach (locative plural)
osado (singular vocative)
osady (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b)sada, analyzable as deverbal from osadzić. Doublet of obsada (“cast”).


oligarchia

oligarchia (nominative singular)
oligarchie (nominative plural)
oligarchii (genitive singular)
oligarchii (genitive plural)
oligarchij (archaic genitive plural)
oligarchii (dative singular)
oligarchiom (dative plural)
oligarchię (accusative singular)
oligarchie (accusative plural)
oligarchią (instrumental singular)
oligarchiami (instrumental plural)
oligarchii (locative singular)
oligarchiach (locative plural)
oligarchio (singular vocative)
oligarchie (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía).


inspektor

inspektor m pers (female equivalent inspektorka)

inspektorka (feminine)
inspektor (nominative singular)
inspektorzy (nominative plural)
inspektory (derogatory nominative plural)
inspektora (genitive singular)
inspektorów (genitive plural)
inspektorowi (dative singular)
inspektorom (dative plural)
inspektora (accusative singular)
inspektorów (accusative plural)
inspektorem (instrumental singular)
inspektorami (instrumental plural)
inspektorze (locative singular)
inspektorach (locative plural)
inspektorze (singular vocative)
inspektorzy (plural vocative)

(law enforcement) inspector (police officer ranking below superintendent)


opór

opór (nominative singular)
opory (nominative plural)
oporu (genitive singular)
oporów (genitive plural)
oporowi (dative singular)
oporom (dative plural)
opór (accusative singular)
opory (accusative plural)
oporem (instrumental singular)
oporami (instrumental plural)
oporze (locative singular)
oporach (locative plural)
oporze (singular vocative)
opory (plural vocative)

+obj

wobec (+ genitive) przeciw (+ dative) ‘against whom’

(government, politics) political resistance or struggle [with wobec (+ genitive) or przeciw (+ dative) ‘against whom’]


blacha

blaszka (diminutive)
blacha (nominative singular)
blachy (nominative plural)
blachy (genitive singular)
blach (genitive plural)
blasze (dative singular)
blachom (dative plural)
blachę (accusative singular)
blachy (accusative plural)
blachą (instrumental singular)
blachami (instrumental plural)
blasze (locative singular)
blachach (locative plural)
blacho (singular vocative)
blachy (plural vocative)

→ Russian: бля́ха (bljáxa)

→ Ukrainian: бля́ха (bljáxa)

Inherited from Old Polish blacha, from Middle High German blëch, from Proto-Germanic *bliką.

policyjna blacha

(colloquial, law enforcement) badge (small nameplate, identifying the wearer, and often giving additional information)


kajdanki

kajdanki (nominative plural)
kajdanek (genitive plural)
kajdanków (genitive plural)
kajdankom (dative plural)
kajdanki (accusative plural)
kajdankami (instrumental plural)
kajdankach (locative plural)
kajdanki (plural vocative)


ryczałt

ryczałt (nominative singular)
ryczałty (nominative plural)
ryczałtu (genitive singular)
ryczałtów (genitive plural)
ryczałtowi (dative singular)
ryczałtom (dative plural)
ryczałt (accusative singular)
ryczałty (accusative plural)
ryczałtem (instrumental singular)
ryczałtami (instrumental plural)
ryczałcie (locative singular)
ryczałtach (locative plural)
ryczałcie (singular vocative)
ryczałty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle High German ritschart.

bor+

(taxation) flat rate (tax due at a fixed amount, without fixing the tax base)


demokracja

demokracja (nominative singular)
demokracje (nominative plural)
demokracji (genitive singular)
demokracji (genitive plural)
demokracyj (archaic genitive plural)
demokracji (dative singular)
demokracjom (dative plural)
demokrację (accusative singular)
demokracje (accusative plural)
demokracją (instrumental singular)
demokracjami (instrumental plural)
demokracji (locative singular)
demokracjach (locative plural)
demokracjo (singular vocative)
demokracje (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin dēmocratia, from Ancient Greek δημοκράτια (dēmokrátia), from δῆμος (dêmos, “common people”) + κράτος (krátos, “rule, strength”).

(countable) democracy (government under the rule of its people)


obwód

pl-noun

obwód m inan (related adjective obwodowy)

obwodowy (adjective)
obwód (nominative singular)
obwody (nominative plural)
obwodu (genitive singular)
obwodów (genitive plural)
obwodowi (dative singular)
obwodom (dative plural)
obwód (accusative singular)
obwody (accusative plural)
obwodem (instrumental singular)
obwodami (instrumental plural)
obwodzie (locative singular)
obwodach (locative plural)
obwodzie (singular vocative)
obwody (plural vocative)


emirat

emirat (nominative singular)
emiraty (nominative plural)
emiratu (genitive singular)
emiratów (genitive plural)
emiratowi (dative singular)
emiratom (dative plural)
emirat (accusative singular)
emiraty (accusative plural)
emiratem (instrumental singular)
emiratami (instrumental plural)
emiracie (locative singular)
emiratach (locative plural)
emiracie (singular vocative)
emiraty (plural vocative)

emirate (country or province ruled by an emir)


krawężnik

krawężnik (nominative singular)
krawężniki (nominative plural)
krawężnika (genitive singular)
krawężników (genitive plural)
krawężnikowi (dative singular)
krawężnikom (dative plural)
krawężnika (accusative singular)
krawężników (accusative plural)
krawężnikiem (instrumental singular)
krawężnikami (instrumental plural)
krawężniku (locative singular)
krawężnikach (locative plural)
krawężniku (singular vocative)
krawężniki (plural vocative)


mamer

mamer (nominative singular)
mamry (nominative plural)
mamra (genitive singular)
mamrów (genitive plural)
mamrowi (dative singular)
mamrom (dative plural)
mamer (accusative singular)
mamry (accusative plural)
mamrem (instrumental singular)
mamrami (instrumental plural)
mamrze (locative singular)
mamrach (locative plural)
mamrze (singular vocative)
mamry (plural vocative)

From the name of the oldest Roman prison Mamertine Prison (Latin Carcer Mamertinus).

(colloquial, Warsaw) jail, prison (place of long-term confinement for those convicted of serious crimes)


kanar

kanarek (diminutive)
kanar (nominative singular)
kanarzy (nominative plural)
kanary (derogatory nominative plural)
kanara (genitive singular)
kanarów (genitive plural)
kanarowi (dative singular)
kanarom (dative plural)
kanara (accusative singular)
kanarów (accusative plural)
kanarem (instrumental singular)
kanarami (instrumental plural)
kanarze (locative singular)
kanarach (locative plural)
kanarze (singular vocative)
kanarzy (plural vocative)

Back-formation from kanarek, from the canary yellow color which was used on the hat brims of the ticket inspectors.

(colloquial) chopper (ticket inspector in public transport)

(colloquial, historical) military police officer in Poland before World War II, with a yellow clothing item


kanar

kanar m inan (related adjective kanarowy)

kanarowy (adjective)
kanar (nominative singular)
kanary (nominative plural)
kanaru (genitive singular)
kanarów (genitive plural)
kanarowi (dative singular)
kanarom (dative plural)
kanar (accusative singular)
kanary (accusative plural)
kanarem (instrumental singular)
kanarami (instrumental plural)
kanarze (locative singular)
kanarach (locative plural)
kanarze (singular vocative)
kanary (plural vocative)

Phalaris canariensis
Wikispecies:Phalaris canariensis


administracja

administracja (nominative singular)
administracje (nominative plural)
administracji (genitive singular)
administracji (genitive plural)
administracyj (archaic genitive plural)
administracji (dative singular)
administracjom (dative plural)
administrację (accusative singular)
administracje (accusative plural)
administracją (instrumental singular)
administracjami (instrumental plural)
administracji (locative singular)
administracjach (locative plural)
administracjo (singular vocative)
administracje (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: administracjô

Learned borrowing from Latin administrātiō. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from German Administration and French administration. First attested in 1588.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “administracyja”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(government, countable) administration (executive part of government)


prezydentura

prezydentura (nominative singular)
prezydentury (nominative plural)
prezydentury (genitive singular)
prezydentur (genitive plural)
prezydenturze (dative singular)
prezydenturom (dative plural)
prezydenturę (accusative singular)
prezydentury (accusative plural)
prezydenturą (instrumental singular)
prezydenturami (instrumental plural)
prezydenturze (locative singular)
prezydenturach (locative plural)
prezydenturo (singular vocative)
prezydentury (plural vocative)

(government, politics) presidency (office or role of president)

(government, politics) presidency (president's exercise of power)

(government, politics) presidency (time during which one is president; a president's term of office)

(government, politics) presidency (state chairmanship of an organization of various states)


prezydent

pl-noun

prezydent m pers (female equivalent prezydent or prezydentka, related adjective prezydencki, abbreviation prez.)

prezydent (feminine)
prezydentka (feminine)
prezydencki (adjective)
prez. (abbreviation)
prezydent (nominative singular)
prezydenci (nominative plural)
prezydenty (derogatory nominative plural)
prezydenta (genitive singular)
prezydentów (genitive plural)
prezydentowi (dative singular)
prezydentom (dative plural)
prezydenta (accusative singular)
prezydentów (accusative plural)
prezydentem (instrumental singular)
prezydentami (instrumental plural)
prezydencie (locative singular)
prezydentach (locative plural)
prezydencie (singular vocative)
prezydenci (plural vocative)

(government, politics) president (leader of a country)

(government, politics) mayor (highest rank of leadership for a city)

(government) president (chairman of a large, especially international, organization or concern)

(law enforcement, obsolete) chief of police