pies

pies m animal or (canonical masculine person)
pies (nominative singular)
psy (nominative plural)
psa (genitive singular)
psów (genitive plural)
psu (dative singular)
psom (dative plural)
psa (accusative singular)
psy (accusative plural)
psów (accusative plural)
psem (instrumental singular)
psami (instrumental plural)
psie (locative singular)
psach (locative plural)
psie (singular vocative)
psy (plural vocative)

jak się chce psa uderzyć, to kij się znajdzie

(derogatory, law enforcement, slang) cop, policeman


mandat

mandacik (diminutive)
mandat (nominative singular)
mandaty (nominative plural)
mandatu (genitive singular)
mandatów (genitive plural)
mandatowi (dative singular)
mandatom (dative plural)
mandat (accusative singular)
mandaty (accusative plural)
mandatem (instrumental singular)
mandatami (instrumental plural)
mandacie (locative singular)
mandatach (locative plural)
mandacie (singular vocative)
mandaty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Mandat, from Latin mandātum.

Właśnie dostałem mandat za złe parkowanie.

I've just received a bad parking ticket.

(law) ticket, fine (document prepared by the police compelling the recipient to pay a fine for a misdemeanor or a traffic violation)


abandon

abandon (nominative singular)
abandonu (genitive singular)
abandonowi (dative singular)
abandon (accusative singular)
abandonem (instrumental singular)
abandonie (locative singular)
abandonie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French abandon. First attested in 1830.

ref

Tygodnik Petersburski, number cz.2, nr 31, 1830, page 252

zgłoszenie abandonu

registration of abandonment of one's ship

(law, nautical) legal waiving of rights to one's ship that has lost trade value


graffiti

Internationalism; compare English graffiti, French graffiti, German Graffiti, ultimately from Italian graffiti.

(archaeology) graffiti (informal inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., as opposed to official inscriptions)


loch

loszek (diminutive)
loch (nominative singular)
lochy (nominative plural)
lochu (genitive singular)
lochów (genitive plural)
lochowi (dative singular)
lochom (dative plural)
loch (accusative singular)
lochy (accusative plural)
lochem (instrumental singular)
lochami (instrumental plural)
lochu (locative singular)
lochach (locative plural)
lochu (singular vocative)
lochy (plural vocative)

dungeon (an underground prison or vault)


NSA

w:Supreme Administrative Court of Poland

Initialism of Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny.


cyngiel

cyngiel (nominative singular)
cyngle (nominative plural)
cyngla (genitive singular)
cyngli (genitive plural)
cynglowi (dative singular)
cynglom (dative plural)
cyngla (accusative singular)
cyngli (accusative plural)
cynglem (instrumental singular)
cynglami (instrumental plural)
cynglu (locative singular)
cynglach (locative plural)
cynglu (singular vocative)
cyngle (plural vocative)


front

pl-noun

front m inan (related adjective frontowy)

frontowy (adjective)
front (nominative singular)
fronty (nominative plural)
frontu (genitive singular)
frontów (genitive plural)
frontowi (dative singular)
frontom (dative plural)
front (accusative singular)
fronty (accusative plural)
frontem (instrumental singular)
frontami (instrumental plural)
froncie (locative singular)
frontach (locative plural)
froncie (singular vocative)
fronty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: front

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Front, French front, or English front, ultimately from Latin frōns. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Silesian frōnt.

ref

“FRONT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 13.03.2009

(military, law enforcement) front (foremost part of a line of soldiers or policemen)


alibi

Learned borrowing from Latin alibī. First attested in 1802.

Gazeta Korrespondenta Warszawskiego y Zagranicznego (in Polish), number 74, 1802, page 944

alibi in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

(law) alibi (plea or mode of defense under which a person on trial for a crime proves or attempts to prove being in another place when the alleged act was committed)


agent

pl-noun

agent m pers (female equivalent agentka, diminutive agencik or agenciak)

agentka (feminine)
agencik (diminutive)
agenciak (diminutive)
agent (nominative singular)
agenci (nominative plural)
agenty (derogatory nominative plural)
agenta (genitive singular)
agentów (genitive plural)
agentowi (dative singular)
agentom (dative plural)
agenta (accusative singular)
agentów (accusative plural)
agentem (instrumental singular)
agentami (instrumental plural)
agencie (locative singular)
agentach (locative plural)
agencie (singular vocative)
agenci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Agent, from French agent, from Middle French agent, from Latin agēns. Doublet of agens. First attested in 1609.

agent trybunału


koza

kózka (diminutive)
koza (nominative singular)
kozy (nominative plural)
kozy (genitive singular)
kóz (genitive plural)
kozie (dative singular)
kozom (dative plural)
kozę (accusative singular)
kozy (accusative plural)
kozą (instrumental singular)
kozami (instrumental plural)
kozie (locative singular)
kozach (locative plural)
kozo (singular vocative)
kozy (plural vocative)

→ Low Prussian: Koss

Cobitis taenia
Cobitis taenia#Translingual

any spined loach (Cobitis, especially Cobitis taenia or golden loach)


toga

toga (nominative singular)
togi (nominative plural)
togi (genitive singular)
tog (genitive plural)
tóg (genitive plural)
todze (dative singular)
togom (dative plural)
togę (accusative singular)
togi (accusative plural)
togą (instrumental singular)
togami (instrumental plural)
todze (locative singular)
togach (locative plural)
togo (singular vocative)
togi (plural vocative)

(law) toga (long, loose outfit of judges, lawyers, and prosecutors, worn for official occasions)


yakuza

yakuza (nominative singular)
yakuzy (nominative plural)
yakuzy (genitive singular)
yakuz (genitive plural)
yakuzie (dative singular)
yakuzom (dative plural)
yakuzę (accusative singular)
yakuzy (accusative plural)
yakuzą (instrumental singular)
yakuzami (instrumental plural)
yakuzie (locative singular)
yakuzach (locative plural)
yakuzo (singular vocative)
yakuzy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English yakuza.


rok

roczek (diminutive)
rok (nominative singular)
lata (nominative plural)
roku (genitive singular)
lat (genitive plural)
rokowi (dative singular)
latom (dative plural)
rok (accusative singular)
lata (accusative plural)
rokiem (instrumental singular)
latami (instrumental plural)
roku (locative singular)
latach (locative plural)
roku (singular vocative)
lata (plural vocative)
rok (nominative singular)
roki (nominative plural)
roku (genitive singular)
roków (genitive plural)
rokowi (dative singular)
rokom (dative plural)
rok (accusative singular)
roki (accusative plural)
rokiem (instrumental singular)
rokami (instrumental plural)
roku (locative singular)
rokach (locative plural)
roku (singular vocative)
roki (plural vocative)


pogrom

pogrom (nominative singular)
pogromy (nominative plural)
pogromu (genitive singular)
pogromów (genitive plural)
pogromowi (dative singular)
pogromom (dative plural)
pogrom (accusative singular)
pogromy (accusative plural)
pogromem (instrumental singular)
pogromami (instrumental plural)
pogromie (locative singular)
pogromach (locative plural)
pogromie (singular vocative)
pogromy (plural vocative)


gryps

grypsik (diminutive)
gryps (nominative singular)
grypsy (nominative plural)
grypsu (genitive singular)
grypsów (genitive plural)
grypsowi (dative singular)
grypsom (dative plural)
gryps (accusative singular)
grypsy (accusative plural)
grypsem (instrumental singular)
grypsami (instrumental plural)
grypsie (locative singular)
grypsach (locative plural)
grypsie (singular vocative)
grypsy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from grypsnąć (“to snatch”), from German gripsen. Alternatively, borrowed from German Grips (“wit”).

(prison slang) secret message (clandestine communication between prisoners)


protest

protest (nominative singular)
protesty (nominative plural)
protestu (genitive singular)
protestów (genitive plural)
protestowi (dative singular)
protestom (dative plural)
protest (accusative singular)
protesty (accusative plural)
protestem (instrumental singular)
protestami (instrumental plural)
proteście (locative singular)
protestach (locative plural)
proteście (singular vocative)
protesty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Protest, from Italian protesto, from Latin prōtestārī, present active infinitive of prōtestor, from prō + testor, from testis (“witness”).


droga

dróżka (diminutive)
droga (nominative singular)
drogi (nominative plural)
drogi (genitive singular)
dróg (genitive plural)
drodze (dative singular)
drogom (dative plural)
drogę (accusative singular)
drogi (accusative plural)
drogą (instrumental singular)
drogami (instrumental plural)
drodze (locative singular)
drogach (locative plural)
drogo (singular vocative)
drogi (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, law) legal process; court


testament

testament m inan (diminutive testamencik, related adjective testamentowy or testamentalny or testamentarny)

testamencik (diminutive)
testamentowy (adjective)
testamentalny (adjective)
testamentarny (adjective)
testament (nominative singular)
testamenty (nominative plural)
testamentu (genitive singular)
testamentów (genitive plural)
testamentowi (dative singular)
testamentom (dative plural)
testament (accusative singular)
testamenty (accusative plural)
testamentem (instrumental singular)
testamentami (instrumental plural)
testamencie (locative singular)
testamentach (locative plural)
testamencie (singular vocative)
testamenty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin testāmentum.

lbor

legacy (artistic creation or spiritual message left behind after someone's death for future generations)


przychód

przychód (nominative singular)
przychody (nominative plural)
przychodu (genitive singular)
przychodów (genitive plural)
przychodowi (dative singular)
przychodom (dative plural)
przychód (accusative singular)
przychody (accusative plural)
przychodem (instrumental singular)
przychodami (instrumental plural)
przychodzie (locative singular)
przychodach (locative plural)
przychodzie (singular vocative)
przychody (plural vocative)


dochód

dochód (nominative singular)
dochody (nominative plural)
dochodu (genitive singular)
dochodów (genitive plural)
dochodowi (dative singular)
dochodom (dative plural)
dochód (accusative singular)
dochody (accusative plural)
dochodem (instrumental singular)
dochodami (instrumental plural)
dochodzie (locative singular)
dochodach (locative plural)
dochodzie (singular vocative)
dochody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish dochód. By surface analysis, deverbal from dochodzić.

surf

income (sum of cash inflows in the economy of a state, enterprise, or individual in a specific period of time, less the costs of obtaining them)


mir

mir (nominative singular)
miry (nominative plural)
miru (genitive singular)
mirów (genitive plural)
mirowi (dative singular)
mirom (dative plural)
mir (accusative singular)
miry (accusative plural)
mirem (instrumental singular)
mirami (instrumental plural)
mirze (locative singular)
mirach (locative plural)
mirze (singular vocative)
miry (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish mir, mier, from Proto-Slavic *mirъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *meiˀrás, from Proto-Indo-European *mey(H)-ró-s.

(historical, law) special protection granted by a monarch to certain individuals or places


arbiter

arbiter (nominative singular)
arbitrzy (nominative plural)
arbitra (genitive singular)
arbitrów (genitive plural)
arbitrowi (dative singular)
arbitrom (dative plural)
arbitra (accusative singular)
arbitrów (accusative plural)
arbitrem (instrumental singular)
arbitrami (instrumental plural)
arbitrze (locative singular)
arbitrach (locative plural)
arbitrze (singular vocative)
arbitrzy (plural vocative)

(law) arbiter (person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them)


grant

pl-noun

grant m inan (related adjective grantowy)

grantowy (adjective)
grant (nominative singular)
granty (nominative plural)
grantu (genitive singular)
grantów (genitive plural)
grantowi (dative singular)
grantom (dative plural)
grant (accusative singular)
granty (accusative plural)
grantem (instrumental singular)
grantami (instrumental plural)
grancie (locative singular)
grantach (locative plural)
grancie (singular vocative)
granty (plural vocative)

(law) grant (fund given by a person or organisation, often a public body, charitable foundation, a specialised grant-making institution, or in some cases a business with a corporate social responsibility mission, to an individual or another entity, usually, a non-profit organisation, sometimes a business or a local government body, for a specific purpose linked to public benefit)


gang

gang (nominative singular)
gangi (nominative plural)
gangu (genitive singular)
gangów (genitive plural)
gangowi (dative singular)
gangom (dative plural)
gang (accusative singular)
gangi (accusative plural)
gangiem (instrumental singular)
gangami (instrumental plural)
gangu (locative singular)
gangach (locative plural)
gangu (singular vocative)
gangi (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English gang, from Middle English gang, from Old English gang, from Proto-West Germanic *gang, from Proto-Germanic *gangaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰongʰ-o-s, from *ǵʰengʰ-. Doublet of ganek.

gang (criminal group with a common background)


git

git (nominative singular)
gici (nominative plural)
gity (derogatory nominative plural)
gita (genitive singular)
gitów (genitive plural)
gitowi (dative singular)
gitom (dative plural)
gita (accusative singular)
gitów (accusative plural)
gitem (instrumental singular)
gitami (instrumental plural)
gicie (locative singular)
gitach (locative plural)
gicie (singular vocative)
gici (plural vocative)

(prison slang) member of a prison subculture that occupies the highest position in the internal hierarchy


ketchup

ketchup (nominative singular)
ketchupy (nominative plural)
ketchupu (genitive singular)
ketchupów (genitive plural)
ketchupowi (dative singular)
ketchupom (dative plural)
ketchup (accusative singular)
ketchupy (accusative plural)
ketchupem (instrumental singular)
ketchupami (instrumental plural)
ketchupie (locative singular)
ketchupach (locative plural)
ketchupie (singular vocative)
ketchupy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English ketchup, from Malay kicap, from Hokkien 膎汁 (kê-chiap, “fish sauce”).


casus

casus (nominative singular)
casusy (nominative plural)
casusu (genitive singular)
casusów (genitive plural)
casusowi (dative singular)
casusom (dative plural)
casus (accusative singular)
casusy (accusative plural)
casusem (instrumental singular)
casusami (instrumental plural)
casusie (locative singular)
casusach (locative plural)
casusie (singular vocative)
casusy (plural vocative)


testator

pl-noun

testator m pers (female equivalent testatorka)

testatorka (feminine)
testator (nominative singular)
testatorzy (nominative plural)
testatory (derogatory nominative plural)
testatora (genitive singular)
testatorów (genitive plural)
testatorowi (dative singular)
testatorom (dative plural)
testatora (accusative singular)
testatorów (accusative plural)
testatorem (instrumental singular)
testatorami (instrumental plural)
testatorze (locative singular)
testatorach (locative plural)
testatorze (singular vocative)
testatorzy (plural vocative)


status

status (nominative singular)
statusy (nominative plural)
statusu (genitive singular)
statusów (genitive plural)
statusowi (dative singular)
statusom (dative plural)
status (accusative singular)
statusy (accusative plural)
statusem (instrumental singular)
statusami (instrumental plural)
statusie (locative singular)
statusach (locative plural)
statusie (singular vocative)
statusy (plural vocative)


banda

banda (nominative singular)
bandy (nominative plural)
bandy (genitive singular)
band (genitive plural)
bandzie (dative singular)
bandom (dative plural)
bandę (accusative singular)
bandy (accusative plural)
bandą (instrumental singular)
bandami (instrumental plural)
bandzie (locative singular)
bandach (locative plural)
bando (singular vocative)
bandy (plural vocative)

(colloquial) mob (group of loud and rambunctious people)


stalking

stalking (nominative singular)
stalkingu (genitive singular)
stalkingowi (dative singular)
stalking (accusative singular)
stalkingiem (instrumental singular)
stalkingu (locative singular)
stalkingu (singular vocative)

(crime) stalking (crime of following or harassing)


impeachment

impeachment (nominative singular)
impeachmenty (nominative plural)
impeachmentu (genitive singular)
impeachmentów (genitive plural)
impeachmentowi (dative singular)
impeachmentom (dative plural)
impeachment (accusative singular)
impeachmenty (accusative plural)
impeachmentem (instrumental singular)
impeachmentami (instrumental plural)
impeachmencie (locative singular)
impeachmentach (locative plural)
impeachmencie (singular vocative)
impeachmenty (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English impeachment, from Middle English empechement.

ubor

(law) impeachment (act of impeaching or charging a public official with misconduct)

(law) impeachment (state of being impeached)


profil

profil (nominative singular)
profile (nominative plural)
profilu (genitive singular)
profili (genitive plural)
profilów (genitive plural)
profilowi (dative singular)
profilom (dative plural)
profil (accusative singular)
profile (accusative plural)
profilem (instrumental singular)
profilami (instrumental plural)
profilu (locative singular)
profilach (locative plural)
profilu (singular vocative)
profile (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French profil, from Italian profilo.

(criminology, psychology) offender profile


produkt

pl-noun

produkt m inan (related adjective produktowy)

produktowy (adjective)
produkt (nominative singular)
produkty (nominative plural)
produktu (genitive singular)
produktów (genitive plural)
produktowi (dative singular)
produktom (dative plural)
produkt (accusative singular)
produkty (accusative plural)
produktem (instrumental singular)
produktami (instrumental plural)
produkcie (locative singular)
produktach (locative plural)
produkcie (singular vocative)
produkty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: produkt

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Produkt or English produkt, ultimately from Latin prōductus. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “produkt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(obsolete, law) plaintiff's first vote in a court case, usually prompting a retort


referendum

pl-noun

referendum n (related adjective referendalny or referendowy)

referendalny (adjective)
referendowy (adjective)
referendum (nominative singular)
referenda (nominative plural)
referendum (genitive singular)
referendów (genitive plural)
referendum (dative singular)
referendom (dative plural)
referendum (accusative singular)
referenda (accusative plural)
referendum (instrumental singular)
referendami (instrumental plural)
referendum (locative singular)
referendach (locative plural)
referendum (singular vocative)
referenda (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin referendum.

(law, politics) referendum (direct popular vote on a proposed law or constitutional amendment)


legislator

legislator (nominative singular)
legislatorzy (nominative plural)
legislatory (derogatory nominative plural)
legislatora (genitive singular)
legislatorów (genitive plural)
legislatorowi (dative singular)
legislatorom (dative plural)
legislatora (accusative singular)
legislatorów (accusative plural)
legislatorem (instrumental singular)
legislatorami (instrumental plural)
legislatorze (locative singular)
legislatorach (locative plural)
legislatorze (singular vocative)
legislatorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin lēgislātor.

(government, law) legislator (person who creates or enacts laws)


patent

patent (nominative singular)
patenty (nominative plural)
patentu (genitive singular)
patentów (genitive plural)
patentowi (dative singular)
patentom (dative plural)
patent (accusative singular)
patenty (accusative plural)
patentem (instrumental singular)
patentami (instrumental plural)
patencie (locative singular)
patentach (locative plural)
patencie (singular vocative)
patenty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French patente, from Latin patēns.

patent (official declaration that someone is the inventor of something)


Solon

Solon (nominative singular)
Solona (genitive singular)
Solonowi (dative singular)
Solona (accusative singular)
Solonem (instrumental singular)
Solonie (locative singular)
Solonie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek Σόλων (Sólōn).

lbor

(law, politics) Solon (statesman and lawgiver)


VAT

pl-noun

VAT m inan (indeclinable, related adjective VAT-owski or vatowski)

VAT-owski (adjective)
vatowski (adjective)
VAT (nominative singular)
VAT-y (nominative plural)
VAT-u (genitive singular)
VAT-ów (genitive plural)
VAT-u (dative singular)
VAT-om (dative plural)
VAT (accusative singular)
VAT-y (accusative plural)
VAT-em (instrumental singular)
VAT-ami (instrumental plural)
Vacie (locative singular)
VAT-ach (locative plural)
Vacie (singular vocative)
VAT-y (plural vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English VAT.


mediator

mediator m pers (female equivalent mediatorka)

mediatorka (feminine)
mediator (nominative singular)
mediatorzy (nominative plural)
mediatory (derogatory nominative plural)
mediatora (genitive singular)
mediatorów (genitive plural)
mediatorowi (dative singular)
mediatorom (dative plural)
mediatora (accusative singular)
mediatorów (accusative plural)
mediatorem (instrumental singular)
mediatorami (instrumental plural)
mediatorze (locative singular)
mediatorach (locative plural)
mediatorze (singular vocative)
mediatorzy (plural vocative)

(law) mediator (person who professionally listens to the conflicting parties and tries to reach a settlement, which sometimes helps avoid a court case)


rota

rota (nominative singular)
roty (nominative plural)
roty (genitive singular)
rot (genitive plural)
rocie (dative singular)
rotom (dative plural)
rotę (accusative singular)
roty (accusative plural)
rotą (instrumental singular)
rotami (instrumental plural)
rocie (locative singular)
rotach (locative plural)
roto (singular vocative)
roty (plural vocative)

(law, Roman Catholicism) tribunal of appeal functioning under the Roman Curia


słoń

słoń (nominative singular)
słonie (nominative plural)
słonia (genitive singular)
słoni (genitive plural)
słoniowi (dative singular)
słoniom (dative plural)
słonia (accusative singular)
słonie (accusative plural)
słoniem (instrumental singular)
słoniami (instrumental plural)
słoniu (locative singular)
słoniach (locative plural)
słoniu (singular vocative)
słonie (plural vocative)

elephant, elephantid (any member of the family Elephantidae)


słoń

słoń (nominative singular)
słonie (nominative plural)
słonia (genitive singular)
słoni (genitive plural)
słoniowi (dative singular)
słoniom (dative plural)
słonia (accusative singular)
słoni (accusative plural)
słoniem (instrumental singular)
słoniami (instrumental plural)
słoniu (locative singular)
słoniach (locative plural)
słoniu (singular vocative)
słonie (plural vocative)


aktor

aktor m pers (female equivalent aktorka, diminutive aktorzyk, augmentative aktorzyna or aktorzysko)

aktorka (feminine)
aktorzyk (diminutive)
aktorzyna (augmentative)
aktorzysko (augmentative)
aktor (nominative singular)
aktorzy (nominative plural)
aktory (derogatory nominative plural)
aktora (genitive singular)
aktorów (genitive plural)
aktorowi (dative singular)
aktorom (dative plural)
aktora (accusative singular)
aktorów (accusative plural)
aktorem (instrumental singular)
aktorami (instrumental plural)
aktorze (locative singular)
aktorach (locative plural)
aktorze (singular vocative)
aktorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin āctor. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French acteur. First attested in 1587.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “aktor”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(obsolete, law) actor (one who institutes a legal suit)


stalker

pl-noun

stalker m pers (female equivalent stalkerka)

stalkerka (feminine)
stalker (nominative singular)
stalkerzy (nominative plural)
stalkery (derogatory nominative plural)
stalkera (genitive singular)
stalkerów (genitive plural)
stalkerowi (dative singular)
stalkerom (dative plural)
stalkera (accusative singular)
stalkerów (accusative plural)
stalkerem (instrumental singular)
stalkerami (instrumental plural)
stalkerze (locative singular)
stalkerach (locative plural)
stalkerze (singular vocative)
stalkerzy (plural vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English stalker.

obor

(crime) stalker (person who secretly follows someone, sometimes with unlawful intentions)


cela

cela (nominative singular)
cele (nominative plural)
celi (genitive singular)
cel (genitive plural)
celi (dative singular)
celom (dative plural)
celę (accusative singular)
cele (accusative plural)
celą (instrumental singular)
celami (instrumental plural)
celi (locative singular)
celach (locative plural)
celo (singular vocative)
cele (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Zelle, from Latin cella.

cell (room in a prison for containing inmates)


aspirant

pl-noun

aspirant m pers (female equivalent aspirantka)

aspirantka (feminine)
aspirant (nominative singular)
aspiranci (nominative plural)
aspiranty (derogatory nominative plural)
aspiranta (genitive singular)
aspirantów (genitive plural)
aspirantowi (dative singular)
aspirantom (dative plural)
aspiranta (accusative singular)
aspirantów (accusative plural)
aspirantem (instrumental singular)
aspirantami (instrumental plural)
aspirancie (locative singular)
aspirantach (locative plural)
aspirancie (singular vocative)
aspiranci (plural vocative)

(law enforcement) warrant officer (in the police)


gangster

gangster m pers (female equivalent gangsterka)

gangsterka (feminine)
gangster (nominative singular)
gangsterzy (nominative plural)
gangstery (derogatory nominative plural)
gangstera (genitive singular)
gangsterów (genitive plural)
gangsterowi (dative singular)
gangsterom (dative plural)
gangstera (accusative singular)
gangsterów (accusative plural)
gangsterem (instrumental singular)
gangsterami (instrumental plural)
gangsterze (locative singular)
gangsterach (locative plural)
gangsterze (singular vocative)
gangsterzy (plural vocative)


asesor

asesor (nominative singular)
asesorzy (nominative plural)
asesory (derogatory nominative plural)
asesora (genitive singular)
asesorzy (genitive plural)
asesorowie (genitive plural)
asesorowi (dative singular)
asesorom (dative plural)
asesora (accusative singular)
asesorzy (accusative plural)
asesorowie (accusative plural)
asesorem (instrumental singular)
asesorami (instrumental plural)
asesorze (locative singular)
asesorach (locative plural)
asesorze (singular vocative)
asesorzy (plural vocative)

(law) associate, associate justice (a member of an institution or society who is granted only partial status or privileges)


masa

masowy (adjective)
masa (nominative singular)
masy (nominative plural)
masy (genitive singular)
mas (genitive plural)
masie (dative singular)
masom (dative plural)
masę (accusative singular)
masy (accusative plural)
masą (instrumental singular)
masami (instrumental plural)
masie (locative singular)
masach (locative plural)
maso (singular vocative)
masy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: masa

→ Slovincian: masa

Learned borrowing from Latin māssa. First attested in 1534. Compare Silesian masa.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “massa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(uncountable, obsolete, property law) property remaining after the deceased testator or after the bankruptcy of a merchant or industrialist, subject to division among creditors or heirs


mafia

mafia (nominative singular)
mafie (nominative plural)
mafii (genitive singular)
mafii (genitive plural)
mafij (archaic genitive plural)
mafii (dative singular)
mafiom (dative plural)
mafię (accusative singular)
mafie (accusative plural)
mafią (instrumental singular)
mafiami (instrumental plural)
mafii (locative singular)
mafiach (locative plural)
mafio (singular vocative)
mafie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Italian mafia, from Sicilian.


Halacha

Halacha (nominative singular)
Halachy (genitive singular)
Halasze (dative singular)
Halachę (accusative singular)
Halachą (instrumental singular)
Halasze (locative singular)
Halacho (singular vocative)

(Jewish law) Halacha (Jewish law, taken as a whole)


mord

mord (nominative singular)
mordy (nominative plural)
mordu (genitive singular)
mordów (genitive plural)
mordowi (dative singular)
mordom (dative plural)
mord (accusative singular)
mordy (accusative plural)
mordem (instrumental singular)
mordami (instrumental plural)
mordzie (locative singular)
mordach (locative plural)
mordzie (singular vocative)
mordy (plural vocative)

(crime) murder (act of deliberate killing)


glina

glina (canonical masculine person)
glina (canonical feminine)
glina (nominative singular)
gliny (nominative plural)
gliny (genitive singular)
glin (genitive plural)
glinie (dative singular)
glinom (dative plural)
glinę (accusative singular)
gliny (accusative plural)
gliną (instrumental singular)
glinami (instrumental plural)
glinie (locative singular)
glinach (locative plural)
glino (singular vocative)
gliny (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *glina, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gléiˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y-.

(colloquial, law enforcement) cop (police officer)


ul

ul (nominative singular)
ule (nominative plural)
ula (genitive singular)
uli (genitive plural)
ulów (genitive plural)
ulowi (dative singular)
ulom (dative plural)
ul (accusative singular)
ule (accusative plural)
ulem (instrumental singular)
ulami (instrumental plural)
ulu (locative singular)
ulach (locative plural)
ulu (singular vocative)
ule (plural vocative)


parodia

parodia (nominative singular)
parodie (nominative plural)
parodii (genitive singular)
parodii (genitive plural)
parodyj (archaic genitive plural)
parodii (dative singular)
parodiom (dative plural)
parodię (accusative singular)
parodie (accusative plural)
parodią (instrumental singular)
parodiami (instrumental plural)
parodii (locative singular)
parodiach (locative plural)
parodio (singular vocative)
parodie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French parodiez, from Latin parōdia, from Ancient Greek παρῳδία (parōidía).


reforma

reforma (nominative singular)
reformy (nominative plural)
reformy (genitive singular)
reform (genitive plural)
reformie (dative singular)
reformom (dative plural)
reformę (accusative singular)
reformy (accusative plural)
reformą (instrumental singular)
reformami (instrumental plural)
reformie (locative singular)
reformach (locative plural)
reformo (singular vocative)
reformy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English reform, French réforme, German Reform, probably directly from French réforme, ultimately from Latin refōrmō.


wakacje

wakacje (nominative plural)
wakacji (genitive plural)
wakacyj (archaic genitive plural)
wakacjom (dative plural)
wakacje (accusative plural)
wakacjami (instrumental plural)
wakacjach (locative plural)
wakacje (plural vocative)

(law) summer school break in Poland, between late June and September 1


ćma

ćma (nominative singular)
ćmy (nominative plural)
ćmy (genitive singular)
ciem (genitive plural)
ćmie (dative singular)
ćmom (dative plural)
ćmę (accusative singular)
ćmy (accusative plural)
ćmą (instrumental singular)
ćmami (instrumental plural)
ćmie (locative singular)
ćmach (locative plural)
ćmo (singular vocative)
ćmy (plural vocative)


ascendent

ascendent (nominative singular)
ascendenci (nominative plural)
ascendenty (derogatory nominative plural)
ascendenta (genitive singular)
ascendentów (genitive plural)
ascendentowi (dative singular)
ascendentom (dative plural)
ascendenta (accusative singular)
ascendentów (accusative plural)
ascendentem (instrumental singular)
ascendentami (instrumental plural)
ascendencie (locative singular)
ascendentach (locative plural)
ascendencie (singular vocative)
ascendenci (plural vocative)


casus belli

Unadapted borrowing from Latin cāsus bellī.

ubor

(international law, literary) casus belli, act of war (action that would justify the initiation of hostilities against the perpetrator; an action that by its nature comprises a cessation of peace)


descendent

descendent (nominative singular)
descendenci (nominative plural)
descendenty (derogatory nominative plural)
descendenta (genitive singular)
descendentów (genitive plural)
descendentowi (dative singular)
descendentom (dative plural)
descendenta (accusative singular)
descendentów (accusative plural)
descendentem (instrumental singular)
descendentami (instrumental plural)
descendencie (locative singular)
descendentach (locative plural)
descendencie (singular vocative)
descendenci (plural vocative)


analogia

analogia (nominative singular)
analogie (nominative plural)
analogii (genitive singular)
analogii (genitive plural)
analogij (archaic genitive plural)
analogii (dative singular)
analogiom (dative plural)
analogię (accusative singular)
analogie (accusative plural)
analogią (instrumental singular)
analogiami (instrumental plural)
analogii (locative singular)
analogiach (locative plural)
analogio (singular vocative)
analogie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin analogia, from Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía). By surface analysis, ana- + -logia. First attested in 1593.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “analogija”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(law) analogy (determining legal consequences of a fact not regulated by laws through stare decisis and similar legal cases)


infamia

infamia (nominative singular)
infamie (nominative plural)
infamii (genitive singular)
infamii (genitive plural)
infamij (archaic genitive plural)
infamii (dative singular)
infamiom (dative plural)
infamię (accusative singular)
infamie (accusative plural)
infamią (instrumental singular)
infamiami (instrumental plural)
infamii (locative singular)
infamiach (locative plural)
infamio (singular vocative)
infamie (plural vocative)

(law, historical) infamy (stigma attaching to a person's character that disqualifies them from being a witness)


karta

karta (nominative singular)
karty (nominative plural)
karty (genitive singular)
kart (genitive plural)
karcie (dative singular)
kartom (dative plural)
kartę (accusative singular)
karty (accusative plural)
kartą (instrumental singular)
kartami (instrumental plural)
karcie (locative singular)
kartach (locative plural)
karto (singular vocative)
karty (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: ка́рта (kárta)

→ Lithuanian: korta

desctree

→ Russian: ка́рта (kárta)
→ Armenian: կարտ (kart)
→ Bashkir: кәрт (kərt)
→ Bulgarian: карта (karta)
→ Ingrian: kartta
→ Kazakh: карта (karta)
→ Yup'ik: kaal'taaq
→ Kyrgyz: карта (karta)
→ Mongolian: карт (kart)
→ Tajik: корт (kort)
→ Tatar: карта (qarta)
→ Turkmen: karta
→ Uyghur: قارتا (qarta)
→ Uzbek: karta
→ Yakut: хаарта (qaarta)

→ Ukrainian: ка́рта (kárta)


kurator

pl-noun

kurator m pers (female equivalent kuratorka)

kuratorka (feminine)
kurator (nominative singular)
kuratorowie (nominative plural)
kuratorzy (nominative plural)
kuratora (genitive singular)
kuratorów (genitive plural)
kuratorowi (dative singular)
kuratorom (dative plural)
kuratora (accusative singular)
kuratorów (accusative plural)
kuratorem (instrumental singular)
kuratorami (instrumental plural)
kuratorze (locative singular)
kuratorach (locative plural)
kuratorze (singular vocative)
kuratorowie (plural vocative)
kuratorzy (plural vocative)

(property law) curator, guardian, trustee

(law enforcement) custodian, probation officer


palestra

palestra (nominative singular)
palestry (nominative plural)
palestry (genitive singular)
palestr (genitive plural)
palestrze (dative singular)
palestrom (dative plural)
palestrę (accusative singular)
palestry (accusative plural)
palestrą (instrumental singular)
palestrami (instrumental plural)
palestrze (locative singular)
palestrach (locative plural)
palestro (singular vocative)
palestry (plural vocative)

usunąć z palestry

(literary, law, collective) bar (lawyers collectively)

(literary, law) title, function, or position given to a lawyer


cenzura

cenzurka (diminutive)
cenzura (nominative singular)
cenzury (nominative plural)
cenzury (genitive singular)
cenzur (genitive plural)
cenzurze (dative singular)
cenzurom (dative plural)
cenzurę (accusative singular)
cenzury (accusative plural)
cenzurą (instrumental singular)
cenzurami (instrumental plural)
cenzurze (locative singular)
cenzurach (locative plural)
cenzuro (singular vocative)
cenzury (plural vocative)


proces

proces m inan (diminutive procesik, related adjective procesowy)

procesik (diminutive)
procesowy (adjective)
proces (nominative singular)
procesy (nominative plural)
procesu (genitive singular)
procesów (genitive plural)
procesowi (dative singular)
procesom (dative plural)
proces (accusative singular)
procesy (accusative plural)
procesem (instrumental singular)
procesami (instrumental plural)
procesie (locative singular)
procesach (locative plural)
procesie (singular vocative)
procesy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: proces

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Prozess or French procès, ultimately from Latin prōcessus. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “proces”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

+obj

:o(acc)<for what> + :przeciw(dat)<against whom>

(law) trial (appearance at judicial court) [with o (+ accusative) ‘for what’ and przeciw (+ dative) ‘against whom’]


metr

pl-noun

metr m inan (related adjective metryczny)

metryczny (adjective)
metr (nominative singular)
metry (nominative plural)
metru (genitive singular)
metrów (genitive plural)
metrowi (dative singular)
metrom (dative plural)
metr (accusative singular)
metry (accusative plural)
metrem (instrumental singular)
metrami (instrumental plural)
metrze (locative singular)
metrach (locative plural)
metrze (singular vocative)
metry (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French mètre. First attested in the 19th century. Doublet of metrum. From the same root as miara and meta (with different suffixes).

ref

Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “metr”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861

(somewhat colloquial, music) meter (overall rhythm of a song or poem; particularly, the number of beats in a measure or syllables in a line)


promesa

promesa (nominative singular)
promesy (nominative plural)
promesy (genitive singular)
promes (genitive plural)
promesie (dative singular)
promesom (dative plural)
promesę (accusative singular)
promesy (accusative plural)
promesą (instrumental singular)
promesami (instrumental plural)
promesie (locative singular)
promesach (locative plural)
promeso (singular vocative)
promesy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French promesse. First attested in 1830.

Wiadomości Handlowe (in Polish), number 21, 1830 February 20, page 94

(law) commitment by a state authority to issue a specific decision after the interested party has completed the appropriate formalities


Kain

Kain (nominative singular)
Kaini (nominative plural)
Kainy (derogatory nominative plural)
Kaina (genitive singular)
Kainów (genitive plural)
Kainowi (dative singular)
Kainom (dative plural)
Kaina (accusative singular)
Kainów (accusative plural)
Kainem (instrumental singular)
Kainami (instrumental plural)
Kainie (locative singular)
Kainach (locative plural)
Kainie (singular vocative)
Kaini (plural vocative)


juma

juma (nominative singular)
jumy (genitive singular)
jumie (dative singular)
jumę (accusative singular)
jumą (instrumental singular)
jumie (locative singular)
jumo (singular vocative)

Uncertain, but possibly a borrowing from English Yuma, as the result of a loose association between the western film 3:10 to Yuma and a scheduled train leaving the town of Zielona Góra for Berlin on the same hour in the 1990s.

Dla części osób możliwość nabycia towarów z „jumy” jest jedyną szansą ich posiadania.

1999, Zbigniew Kurcz, Pogranicze z Niemcami a inne pogranicza Polski, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, page 136:

For some people the possibility of acquiring goods by stealing them in Germany is the only chance of owning them.

Bywa, że niektórzy z respondentów (9%) zostali do uprawiania jumy przymuszeni, a to przez starszych kolegów, dla których obecność nieletnich jest gwarancją bezkarności, a to przez własnych rodziców, którzy wraz z dziećmi jeżdżą na jumę.

2000, Andrzej Margasiński, Beata Zajęcka, Psychopatologia i psychoprofilaktyka: przejawy narkomanii, alkoholizmu, przemocy, zaburzeń psychicznych w rodzinie i szkole oraz możliwości im przeciwdziałania: materiały z ogólnopolskiej konferencji naukowej zorganizowanej przez Instytut Pedagogiki Społecznej Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej w Częstochowie, 19-21.10. 1999 r., Impuls, page 176:

Some of the respondents (9%) were pressured to deal in shoplifted goods, either by their older colleagues, for whom the presence of minors guarantees impunity, or by their own parents, who go on theft sprees in Germany with their children.

Dla nas nie była to pierwszyzna, jeździliśmy na jumę od pewnego czasu i już raz zaliczyliśmy wpadkę, lecz wówczas pierwszy raz zabraliśmy ze sobą D.P.

2015, Krzysztof Sado Sadowski, Brudne historie, Lębork, page 108:

This was not our first rodeo, we had been going on German theft sprees for some time and we had already been busted once, but that was the first time we took D.P. with us.

(colloquial, historical) type of criminal activity popular in the 1990s in the western regions of Poland, involving theft of high value goods in Germany and then trafficking them across the Polish border

(colloquial, by extension) theft (act of stealing property)


PIT

PIT (nominative singular)
PIT-y (nominative plural)
PIT-u (genitive singular)
PIT-ów (genitive plural)
PIT-u (dative singular)
PIT-om (dative plural)
PIT (accusative singular)
PIT-y (accusative plural)
PIT-em (instrumental singular)
PIT-ami (instrumental plural)
Picie (locative singular)
PIT-ach (locative plural)
Picie (singular vocative)
PIT-y (plural vocative)

Orthographic borrowing from English PIT.


głos

pl-noun

głos m inan (diminutive głosik, related adjective głosowy)

głosik (diminutive)
głosowy (adjective)
głos (nominative singular)
głosy (nominative plural)
głosu (genitive singular)
głosów (genitive plural)
głosowi (dative singular)
głosom (dative plural)
głos (accusative singular)
głosy (accusative plural)
głosem (instrumental singular)
głosami (instrumental plural)
głosie (locative singular)
głosach (locative plural)
głosie (singular vocative)
głosy (plural vocative)

(countable, obsolete, law) written defense or application


kanon

kanon m inan (related adjective kanonowy)

kanonowy (adjective)
kanon (nominative singular)
kanony (nominative plural)
kanonu (genitive singular)
kanonów (genitive plural)
kanonowi (dative singular)
kanonom (dative plural)
kanon (accusative singular)
kanony (accusative plural)
kanonem (instrumental singular)
kanonami (instrumental plural)
kanonie (locative singular)
kanonach (locative plural)
kanonie (singular vocative)
kanony (plural vocative)

(law, religion) canon (religious law or body of law decreed by the church)


awal

awal (nominative singular)
awale (nominative plural)
awalu (genitive singular)
awali (genitive plural)
awalowi (dative singular)
awalom (dative plural)
awal (accusative singular)
awale (accusative plural)
awalem (instrumental singular)
awalami (instrumental plural)
awalu (locative singular)
awalach (locative plural)
awalu (singular vocative)
awale (plural vocative)


oficer

oficer m pers (female equivalent oficerka, diminutive oficerek, related adjective oficerski)

oficerka (feminine)
oficerek (diminutive)
oficerski (adjective)
oficer (nominative singular)
oficerzy (nominative plural)
oficerowie (nominative plural)
oficery (derogatory nominative plural)
oficera (genitive singular)
oficerów (genitive plural)
oficerowi (dative singular)
oficerom (dative plural)
oficera (accusative singular)
oficerów (accusative plural)
oficerem (instrumental singular)
oficerami (instrumental plural)
oficerze (locative singular)
oficerach (locative plural)
oficerze (singular vocative)
oficerzy (plural vocative)
oficerowie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Offizier. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Kashubian oficéra, Silesian ôficyr, and Slovincian ofcéra.

ref

“OFICER”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 30.01.2020

officer (person occupying a position from second lieutenant to marshal or an analogous positions in the uniformed services)


alternata

alternata (nominative singular)
alternaty (nominative plural)
alternaty (genitive singular)
alternat (genitive plural)
alternacie (dative singular)
alternatom (dative plural)
alternatę (accusative singular)
alternaty (accusative plural)
alternatą (instrumental singular)
alternatami (instrumental plural)
alternacie (locative singular)
alternatach (locative plural)
alternato (singular vocative)
alternaty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin alternātus. (feminine alternāta). First attested in 1593.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “alternata”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish, law) act of taking turns in performing a duty


taksa

taksa (nominative singular)
taksy (nominative plural)
taksy (genitive singular)
taks (genitive plural)
taksie (dative singular)
taksom (dative plural)
taksę (accusative singular)
taksy (accusative plural)
taksą (instrumental singular)
taksami (instrumental plural)
taksie (locative singular)
taksach (locative plural)
takso (singular vocative)
taksy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French taxe. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Silesian taksa.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “taksa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(obsolete) payment to a treasury for a received order


amnestia

amnestia (nominative singular)
amnestie (nominative plural)
amnestii (genitive singular)
amnestii (genitive plural)
amnestyj (archaic genitive plural)
amnestii (dative singular)
amnestiom (dative plural)
amnestię (accusative singular)
amnestie (accusative plural)
amnestią (instrumental singular)
amnestiami (instrumental plural)
amnestii (locative singular)
amnestiach (locative plural)
amnestio (singular vocative)
amnestie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin amnēstia, from Ancient Greek ἀμνηστία (amnēstía). First attested in 1612.

Krystyna Siekierska (23.01.2020) “AMNESTIA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]


jad

jad (nominative singular)
jady (nominative plural)
jadu (genitive singular)
jadów (genitive plural)
jadowi (dative singular)
jadom (dative plural)
jad (accusative singular)
jady (accusative plural)
jadem (instrumental singular)
jadami (instrumental plural)
jadzie (locative singular)
jadach (locative plural)
jadzie (singular vocative)
jady (plural vocative)


atentat

atentat (nominative singular)
atentaty (nominative plural)
atentatu (genitive singular)
atentatów (genitive plural)
atentatowi (dative singular)
atentatom (dative plural)
atentat (accusative singular)
atentaty (accusative plural)
atentatem (instrumental singular)
atentatami (instrumental plural)
atentacie (locative singular)
atentatach (locative plural)
atentacie (singular vocative)
atentaty (plural vocative)

Either borrowed from French attentat or borrowed from German Attentat.

(archaic, politics) attenant, political assassination


aneks

aneks (nominative singular)
aneksy (nominative plural)
aneksu (genitive singular)
aneksów (genitive plural)
aneksowi (dative singular)
aneksom (dative plural)
aneks (accusative singular)
aneksy (accusative plural)
aneksem (instrumental singular)
aneksami (instrumental plural)
aneksie (locative singular)
aneksach (locative plural)
aneksie (singular vocative)
aneksy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Annex, from Latin annexus. First attested in 1819.

Kuryer Litewski (in Polish), number 118, 1819, page 5

(law) annex, appendix (supplementary material in a written work)


afera

aferka (diminutive)
afera (nominative singular)
afery (nominative plural)
afery (genitive singular)
afer (genitive plural)
aferze (dative singular)
aferom (dative plural)
aferę (accusative singular)
afery (accusative plural)
aferą (instrumental singular)
aferami (instrumental plural)
aferze (locative singular)
aferach (locative plural)
afero (singular vocative)
afery (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Affäre, from French affaire, from Latin ad- + faciō. First attested in 1752.

Jego reputacja ucierpiała z powodu afery rolnej.

His reputation suffered as a result of the farm scandal.

scandal, affair (discovered conspiracy to commit crime)


legislatura

legislatura (nominative singular)
legislatury (genitive singular)
legislaturze (dative singular)
legislaturę (accusative singular)
legislaturą (instrumental singular)
legislaturze (locative singular)
legislaturo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French législature, from Latin legō.

(government, law) legislative branch, legislature (all the governmental bodies with the power to make, amend, and repeal laws)

(law) legislature (totality of the laws of a country)


apelant

apelant (nominative singular)
apelanci (nominative plural)
apelanty (derogatory nominative plural)
apelanta (genitive singular)
apelantów (genitive plural)
apelantowi (dative singular)
apelantom (dative plural)
apelanta (accusative singular)
apelantów (accusative plural)
apelantem (instrumental singular)
apelantami (instrumental plural)
apelancie (locative singular)
apelantach (locative plural)
apelancie (singular vocative)
apelanci (plural vocative)

(law) appellant (one who is making an appeal)


akt

akcik (diminutive)
akt (nominative singular)
akty (nominative plural)
aktu (genitive singular)
aktów (genitive plural)
aktowi (dative singular)
aktom (dative plural)
akt (accusative singular)
akty (accusative plural)
aktem (instrumental singular)
aktami (instrumental plural)
akcie (locative singular)
aktach (locative plural)
akcie (singular vocative)
akty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin āctus. Sense 5 is a semantic loan from German Akt. First attested in 1529.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “akt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(law) act, bill, decree (legislative document)


głowa

główka (diminutive)
głowa (nominative singular)
głowy (nominative plural)
głowy (genitive singular)
głów (genitive plural)
głowie (dative singular)
głowom (dative plural)
głowę (accusative singular)
głowy (accusative plural)
głową (instrumental singular)
głowami (instrumental plural)
głowie (locative singular)
głowach (locative plural)
głowo (singular vocative)
głowy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish głowa. Doublet of hołowa.


pała

pała (nominative singular)
pały (nominative plural)
pały (genitive singular)
pał (genitive plural)
pale (dative singular)
pałom (dative plural)
pałę (accusative singular)
pały (accusative plural)
pałą (instrumental singular)
pałami (instrumental plural)
pale (locative singular)
pałach (locative plural)
pało (singular vocative)
pały (plural vocative)


odpowiedź

pl-noun

odpowiedź f (related adjective odpowiedziowy)

odpowiedziowy (adjective)
odpowiedź (nominative singular)
odpowiedzi (nominative plural)
odpowiedzi (genitive singular)
odpowiedzi (genitive plural)
odpowiedzi (dative singular)
odpowiedziom (dative plural)
odpowiedź (accusative singular)
odpowiedzi (accusative plural)
odpowiedzią (instrumental singular)
odpowiedziami (instrumental plural)
odpowiedzi (locative singular)
odpowiedziach (locative plural)
odpowiedzi (singular vocative)
odpowiedzi (plural vocative)

Russian: о́тповедь (ótpovedʹ)

Inherited from Old Polish odpowiedź. By surface analysis, deverbal from odpowiedzieć. Compare Kashubian òdpòwiédz, Czech odpověď.

surf

(Middle Polish, law) defendant's response in court


puszka

pl-noun

puszka f (diminutive puszeczka, augmentative pucha, related adjective puszkowy)

puszeczka (diminutive)
pucha (augmentative)
puszkowy (adjective)
puszka (nominative singular)
puszki (nominative plural)
puszki (genitive singular)
puszek (genitive plural)
puszce (dative singular)
puszkom (dative plural)
puszkę (accusative singular)
puszki (accusative plural)
puszką (instrumental singular)
puszkami (instrumental plural)
puszce (locative singular)
puszkach (locative plural)
puszko (singular vocative)
puszki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Czech puška. Doublet of boks.


hipoteka

hipoteka (nominative singular)
hipoteki (nominative plural)
hipoteki (genitive singular)
hipotek (genitive plural)
hipotece (dative singular)
hipotekom (dative plural)
hipotekę (accusative singular)
hipoteki (accusative plural)
hipoteką (instrumental singular)
hipotekami (instrumental plural)
hipotece (locative singular)
hipotekach (locative plural)
hipoteko (singular vocative)
hipoteki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Hypothek, from Latin hypothēca (“pledge, mortgage”), from Ancient Greek ὑποθήκη (hupothḗkē, “warning, pledge”).

der

(law) mortgage, lien; limited legal right to seize real estate by a creditor when the debtor defaults on the payment of a loan


alimenty

alimenty (nominative plural)
alimentów (genitive plural)
alimentom (dative plural)
alimenty (accusative plural)
alimentami (instrumental plural)
alimentach (locative plural)
alimenty (plural vocative)

Plural of obsolete alimentum, aliment (“nourishment”), from Latin alimentum. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from German Alimente or French aliments. First attested in 1578.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “alimentum”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(law) alimony (court-enforced allowance)


pakt

paktowy (adjective)
pakt (nominative singular)
pakty (nominative plural)
pakta (nominative plural)
paktu (genitive singular)
paktów (genitive plural)
paktowi (dative singular)
paktom (dative plural)
pakt (accusative singular)
pakty (accusative plural)
pakta (accusative plural)
paktem (instrumental singular)
paktami (instrumental plural)
pakcie (locative singular)
paktach (locative plural)
pakcie (singular vocative)
pakty (plural vocative)
pakta (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin pactum. Doublet of pacht.

(politics) pact (agreement; a compact; a covenant)

(international law) pact (agreement between two or more nations)

(international law, military) pact (group of countries that have entered into an agreement of a political or military nature)


podatek

podatek (nominative singular)
podatki (nominative plural)
podatku (genitive singular)
podatków (genitive plural)
podatkowi (dative singular)
podatkom (dative plural)
podatek (accusative singular)
podatki (accusative plural)
podatkiem (instrumental singular)
podatkami (instrumental plural)
podatku (locative singular)
podatkach (locative plural)
podatku (singular vocative)
podatki (plural vocative)


pokój

pl-noun

pokój m inan (diminutive pokoik, related adjective pokojowy, abbreviation p. or pok.)

pokoik (diminutive)
pokojowy (adjective)
p. (abbreviation)
pok. (abbreviation)
pokój (nominative singular)
pokoje (nominative plural)
pokoju (genitive singular)
pokojów (genitive plural)
pokoi (genitive plural)
pokojowi (dative singular)
pokojom (dative plural)
pokój (accusative singular)
pokoje (accusative plural)
pokojem (instrumental singular)
pokojami (instrumental plural)
pokoju (locative singular)
pokojach (locative plural)
pokoju (singular vocative)
pokoje (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, law) undisputed right of possession


zabijać

zabić (perfective)
zabijać (infinitive)
zabijam (present singular)
zabijamy (plural present)
zabijasz (present singular)
zabijacie (plural present)
zabija (present singular third-person)
zabijają (plural present third-person)
zabija się (impersonal present)
zabijałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m zabijał (masculine past singular)
zabijałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m zabijała (feminine past singular)
zabijałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m zabijało (neuter past singular)
zabijaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy zabijali (past plural virile)
zabijałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy zabijały (nonvirile past plural)
zabijałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś zabijał (masculine past singular)
zabijałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś zabijała (feminine past singular)
zabijałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś zabijało (neuter past singular)
zabijaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście zabijali (past plural virile)
zabijałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście zabijały (nonvirile past plural)
zabijał (masculine past singular third-person)
zabijała (feminine past singular third-person)
zabijało (neuter past singular third-person)
zabijali (past plural third-person virile)
zabijały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
zabijano (impersonal past)
będę zabijał (future masculine singular)
będę zabijać (future masculine singular)
będę zabijała (feminine future singular)
będę zabijać (feminine future singular)
będę zabijało (future neuter singular)
będę zabijać (future neuter singular)
będziemy zabijali (future plural virile)
będziemy zabijać (future plural virile)
będziemy zabijały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy zabijać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz zabijał (future masculine singular)
będziesz zabijać (future masculine singular)
będziesz zabijała (feminine future singular)
będziesz zabijać (feminine future singular)
będziesz zabijało (future neuter singular)
będziesz zabijać (future neuter singular)
będziecie zabijali (future plural virile)
będziecie zabijać (future plural virile)
będziecie zabijały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie zabijać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie zabijał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie zabijać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie zabijała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie zabijać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie zabijało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie zabijać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą zabijali (future plural third-person virile)
będą zabijać (future plural third-person virile)
będą zabijały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą zabijać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie zabijać się (future impersonal)
zabijałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym zabijał (conditional masculine singular)
zabijałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym zabijała (conditional feminine singular)
zabijałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym zabijało (conditional neuter singular)
zabijalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy zabijali (conditional plural virile)
zabijałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy zabijały (conditional nonvirile plural)
zabijałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś zabijał (conditional masculine singular)
zabijałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś zabijała (conditional feminine singular)
zabijałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś zabijało (conditional neuter singular)
zabijalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście zabijali (conditional plural virile)
zabijałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście zabijały (conditional nonvirile plural)
zabijałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by zabijał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
zabijałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by zabijała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
zabijałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by zabijało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
zabijaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by zabijali (conditional plural third-person virile)
zabijałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by zabijały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
zabijano by (conditional impersonal)
niech zabijam (imperative singular)
zabijajmy (imperative plural)
zabijaj (imperative singular)
zabijajcie (imperative plural)
niech zabija (imperative singular third-person)
niech zabijają (imperative plural third-person)
zabijający (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
zabijająca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
zabijające (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
zabijający (active adjectival participle plural virile)
zabijające (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
zabijając (adjectival contemporary participle)
zabijanie (noun-from-verb)

Inherited from Old Polish zabijać, from Proto-Slavic *zabijati. By surface analysis, zabić + -ać.


złodziej

złodziej m pers (female equivalent złodziejka, diminutive złodziejaszek)

złodziejka (feminine)
złodziejaszek (diminutive)
złodziej (nominative singular)
złodzieje (nominative plural)
złodzieja (genitive singular)
złodziei (genitive plural)
złodziejów (genitive plural)
złodziejowi (dative singular)
złodziejom (dative plural)
złodzieja (accusative singular)
złodziei (accusative plural)
złodziejów (accusative plural)
złodziejem (instrumental singular)
złodziejami (instrumental plural)
złodzieju (locative singular)
złodziejach (locative plural)
złodzieju (singular vocative)
złodzieje (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish złodziej, from Proto-Slavic *zъlodějь. By surface analysis, zło + dziać.


odpowiadać

pl-verb

odpowiadać impf (perfective odpowiedzieć)

odpowiedzieć (perfective)
odpowiadać (infinitive)
odpowiadam (present singular)
odpowiadamy (plural present)
odpowiadasz (present singular)
odpowiadacie (plural present)
odpowiada (present singular third-person)
odpowiadają (plural present third-person)
odpowiada się (impersonal present)
odpowiadałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m odpowiadał (masculine past singular)
odpowiadałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m odpowiadała (feminine past singular)
odpowiadałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m odpowiadało (neuter past singular)
odpowiadaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy odpowiadali (past plural virile)
odpowiadałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy odpowiadały (nonvirile past plural)
odpowiadałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś odpowiadał (masculine past singular)
odpowiadałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś odpowiadała (feminine past singular)
odpowiadałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś odpowiadało (neuter past singular)
odpowiadaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście odpowiadali (past plural virile)
odpowiadałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście odpowiadały (nonvirile past plural)
odpowiadał (masculine past singular third-person)
odpowiadała (feminine past singular third-person)
odpowiadało (neuter past singular third-person)
odpowiadali (past plural third-person virile)
odpowiadały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
odpowiadano (impersonal past)
będę odpowiadał (future masculine singular)
będę odpowiadać (future masculine singular)
będę odpowiadała (feminine future singular)
będę odpowiadać (feminine future singular)
będę odpowiadało (future neuter singular)
będę odpowiadać (future neuter singular)
będziemy odpowiadali (future plural virile)
będziemy odpowiadać (future plural virile)
będziemy odpowiadały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy odpowiadać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz odpowiadał (future masculine singular)
będziesz odpowiadać (future masculine singular)
będziesz odpowiadała (feminine future singular)
będziesz odpowiadać (feminine future singular)
będziesz odpowiadało (future neuter singular)
będziesz odpowiadać (future neuter singular)
będziecie odpowiadali (future plural virile)
będziecie odpowiadać (future plural virile)
będziecie odpowiadały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie odpowiadać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie odpowiadał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie odpowiadać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie odpowiadała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie odpowiadać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie odpowiadało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie odpowiadać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą odpowiadali (future plural third-person virile)
będą odpowiadać (future plural third-person virile)
będą odpowiadały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą odpowiadać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie odpowiadać się (future impersonal)
odpowiadałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym odpowiadał (conditional masculine singular)
odpowiadałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym odpowiadała (conditional feminine singular)
odpowiadałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym odpowiadało (conditional neuter singular)
odpowiadalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy odpowiadali (conditional plural virile)
odpowiadałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy odpowiadały (conditional nonvirile plural)
odpowiadałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś odpowiadał (conditional masculine singular)
odpowiadałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś odpowiadała (conditional feminine singular)
odpowiadałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś odpowiadało (conditional neuter singular)
odpowiadalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście odpowiadali (conditional plural virile)
odpowiadałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście odpowiadały (conditional nonvirile plural)
odpowiadałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by odpowiadał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
odpowiadałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by odpowiadała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
odpowiadałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by odpowiadało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
odpowiadaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by odpowiadali (conditional plural third-person virile)
odpowiadałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by odpowiadały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
odpowiadano by (conditional impersonal)
niech odpowiadam (imperative singular)
odpowiadajmy (imperative plural)
odpowiadaj (imperative singular)
odpowiadajcie (imperative plural)
niech odpowiada (imperative singular third-person)
niech odpowiadają (imperative plural third-person)
odpowiadający (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
odpowiadająca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
odpowiadające (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
odpowiadający (active adjectival participle plural virile)
odpowiadające (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
odpowiadany (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
odpowiadana (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
odpowiadane (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
odpowiadani (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
odpowiadane (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
odpowiadając (adjectival contemporary participle)
odpowiadanie (noun-from-verb)

Inherited from Old Polish odpowiadać. By surface analysis, od- + powiadać.

(intransitive, Middle Polish, law) to defend (to stand before court as the defendant)


grać

zagrać (perfective)
grać (infinitive)
gram (present singular)
gramy (plural present)
grasz (present singular)
gracie (plural present)
gra (present singular third-person)
grają (plural present third-person)
gra się (impersonal present)
grałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m grał (masculine past singular)
grałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m grała (feminine past singular)
grałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m grało (neuter past singular)
graliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy grali (past plural virile)
grałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy grały (nonvirile past plural)
grałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś grał (masculine past singular)
grałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś grała (feminine past singular)
grałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś grało (neuter past singular)
graliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście grali (past plural virile)
grałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście grały (nonvirile past plural)
grał (masculine past singular third-person)
grała (feminine past singular third-person)
grało (neuter past singular third-person)
grali (past plural third-person virile)
grały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
grano (impersonal past)
będę grał (future masculine singular)
będę grać (future masculine singular)
będę grała (feminine future singular)
będę grać (feminine future singular)
będę grało (future neuter singular)
będę grać (future neuter singular)
będziemy grali (future plural virile)
będziemy grać (future plural virile)
będziemy grały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy grać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz grał (future masculine singular)
będziesz grać (future masculine singular)
będziesz grała (feminine future singular)
będziesz grać (feminine future singular)
będziesz grało (future neuter singular)
będziesz grać (future neuter singular)
będziecie grali (future plural virile)
będziecie grać (future plural virile)
będziecie grały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie grać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie grał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie grać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie grała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie grać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie grało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie grać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą grali (future plural third-person virile)
będą grać (future plural third-person virile)
będą grały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą grać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie grać się (future impersonal)
grałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym grał (conditional masculine singular)
grałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym grała (conditional feminine singular)
grałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym grało (conditional neuter singular)
gralibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy grali (conditional plural virile)
grałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy grały (conditional nonvirile plural)
grałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś grał (conditional masculine singular)
grałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś grała (conditional feminine singular)
grałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś grało (conditional neuter singular)
gralibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście grali (conditional plural virile)
grałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście grały (conditional nonvirile plural)
grałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by grał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
grałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by grała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
grałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by grało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
graliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by grali (conditional plural third-person virile)
grałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by grały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
grano by (conditional impersonal)
niech gram (imperative singular)
grajmy (imperative plural)
graj (imperative singular)
grajcie (imperative plural)
niech gra (imperative singular third-person)
niech grają (imperative plural third-person)
grający (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
grająca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
grające (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
grający (active adjectival participle plural virile)
grające (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
grany (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
grana (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
grane (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
grani (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
grane (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
grając (adjectival contemporary participle)
granie (noun-from-verb)
grać (infinitive)
graję (present singular)
grajemy (plural present)
grajesz (present singular)
grajecie (plural present)
graje (present singular third-person)
grają (plural present third-person)
graje się (impersonal present)
grałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m grał (masculine past singular)
grałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m grała (feminine past singular)
grałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m grało (neuter past singular)
graliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy grali (past plural virile)
grałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy grały (nonvirile past plural)
grałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś grał (masculine past singular)
grałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś grała (feminine past singular)
grałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś grało (neuter past singular)
graliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście grali (past plural virile)
grałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście grały (nonvirile past plural)
grał (masculine past singular third-person)
grała (feminine past singular third-person)
grało (neuter past singular third-person)
grali (past plural third-person virile)
grały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
grano (impersonal past)
będę grał (future masculine singular)
będę grać (future masculine singular)
będę grała (feminine future singular)
będę grać (feminine future singular)
będę grało (future neuter singular)
będę grać (future neuter singular)
będziemy grali (future plural virile)
będziemy grać (future plural virile)
będziemy grały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy grać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz grał (future masculine singular)
będziesz grać (future masculine singular)
będziesz grała (feminine future singular)
będziesz grać (feminine future singular)
będziesz grało (future neuter singular)
będziesz grać (future neuter singular)
będziecie grali (future plural virile)
będziecie grać (future plural virile)
będziecie grały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie grać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie grał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie grać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie grała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie grać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie grało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie grać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą grali (future plural third-person virile)
będą grać (future plural third-person virile)
będą grały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą grać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie grać się (future impersonal)
grałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym grał (conditional masculine singular)
grałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym grała (conditional feminine singular)
grałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym grało (conditional neuter singular)
gralibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy grali (conditional plural virile)
grałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy grały (conditional nonvirile plural)
grałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś grał (conditional masculine singular)
grałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś grała (conditional feminine singular)
grałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś grało (conditional neuter singular)
gralibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście grali (conditional plural virile)
grałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście grały (conditional nonvirile plural)
grałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by grał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
grałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by grała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
grałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by grało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
graliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by grali (conditional plural third-person virile)
grałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by grały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
grano by (conditional impersonal)
niech graję (imperative singular)
grajmy (imperative plural)
graj (imperative singular)
grajcie (imperative plural)
niech graje (imperative singular third-person)
niech grają (imperative plural third-person)
grający (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
grająca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
grające (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
grający (active adjectival participle plural virile)
grające (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
grany (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
grana (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
grane (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
grani (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
grane (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
grając (adjectival contemporary participle)
granie (noun-from-verb)

Inherited from Old Polish grać. By surface analysis, clipping of igrać. Compare Kashubian grac.

(transitive, obsolete, law) to sue, to litigate


wampir

pl-noun

wampir m pers (female equivalent wampirzyca, diminutive wampirek, augmentative wampirzysko)

wampirzyca (feminine)
wampirek (diminutive)
wampirzysko (augmentative)
wampir (nominative singular)
wampirowie (nominative plural)
wampiry (nominative plural)
wampira (genitive singular)
wampirów (genitive plural)
wampirowi (dative singular)
wampirom (dative plural)
wampira (accusative singular)
wampirów (accusative plural)
wampirem (instrumental singular)
wampirami (instrumental plural)
wampirze (locative singular)
wampirach (locative plural)
wampirze (singular vocative)
wampirowie (plural vocative)
wampiry (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare German Vampir, Serbo-Croatian vàmpīr, Slovene vampír, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *ǫpyrь. Doublet of upiór and wąpierz.

wampir energetyczny

vampire (person who drains one's time, energy, money, etc.)


rozwód

rozwód (nominative singular)
rozwody (nominative plural)
rozwodu (genitive singular)
rozwodów (genitive plural)
rozwodowi (dative singular)
rozwodom (dative plural)
rozwód (accusative singular)
rozwody (accusative plural)
rozwodem (instrumental singular)
rozwodami (instrumental plural)
rozwodzie (locative singular)
rozwodach (locative plural)
rozwodzie (singular vocative)
rozwody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish rozwód, from Proto-Slavic *orzvodъ.

divorce (legal dissolution of a marriage)


pirat

pirat (nominative singular)
piraty (nominative plural)
pirata (genitive singular)
piratów (genitive plural)
piratowi (dative singular)
piratom (dative plural)
pirata (accusative singular)
piraty (accusative plural)
piratem (instrumental singular)
piratami (instrumental plural)
piracie (locative singular)
piratach (locative plural)
piracie (singular vocative)
piraty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Pirat, from Latin pīrāta, from Ancient Greek πειρᾱτής (peirātḗs), from πεῖρᾰ (peîra, “trial, attempt, plot”).

(colloquial, copyright law) pirate copy; counterfeit, fake


paka

paka (nominative singular)
paki (nominative plural)
paki (genitive singular)
pak (genitive plural)
pace (dative singular)
pakom (dative plural)
pakę (accusative singular)
paki (accusative plural)
paką (instrumental singular)
pakami (instrumental plural)
pace (locative singular)
pakach (locative plural)
pako (singular vocative)
paki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Pack, from Low German pack, from Middle Low German pak, from Old Saxon *pakko, from Proto-Germanic *pakkô.


adwokat

adwokat m pers (female equivalent adwokatka, diminutive adwokacik)

adwokatka (feminine)
adwokacik (diminutive)
adwokat (nominative singular)
adwokaci (nominative plural)
adwokaty (derogatory nominative plural)
adwokata (genitive singular)
adwokatów (genitive plural)
adwokatowi (dative singular)
adwokatom (dative plural)
adwokata (accusative singular)
adwokatów (accusative plural)
adwokatem (instrumental singular)
adwokatami (instrumental plural)
adwokacie (locative singular)
adwokatach (locative plural)
adwokacie (singular vocative)
adwokaci (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin advocātus. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from German Advokat and French avocat. Doublet of wójt (“government clerk, overlord”). First attested in 1559.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “adwokat”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

advocate, attorney, barrister, solicitor, lawyer, counsel


skok

skoczek (diminutive)
skok (nominative singular)
skoki (nominative plural)
skoku (genitive singular)
skoków (genitive plural)
skokowi (dative singular)
skokom (dative plural)
skok (accusative singular)
skoki (accusative plural)
skokiem (instrumental singular)
skokami (instrumental plural)
skoku (locative singular)
skokach (locative plural)
skoku (singular vocative)
skoki (plural vocative)

na Nowy Rok przybywa dnia na barani skok


więzienie

pl-noun

więzienie n (related adjective więzienny)

więzienny (adjective)
więzienie (nominative singular)
więzienia (nominative plural)
więzienia (genitive singular)
więzień (genitive plural)
więzieniu (dative singular)
więzieniom (dative plural)
więzienie (accusative singular)
więzienia (accusative plural)
więzieniem (instrumental singular)
więzieniami (instrumental plural)
więzieniu (locative singular)
więzieniach (locative plural)
więzienie (singular vocative)
więzienia (plural vocative)

/vjɛw̃ˈʑɛ.ɲɛ/

/vjɛɲˈʑɛ.ɲɛ/

/vjɛ̃ˈʑɛ.ɲe/

Inherited from Old Polish więzienie (noun). By surface analysis, więzić + -enie.

inh+

(countable) jail, prison (place of long-term confinement for those convicted of serious crimes)


chodzić

pl-verb

chodzić impf (indeterminate, imperfective determinate iść, perfective pójść, frequentative chadzać)

iść (determinate imperfective)
pójść (perfective)
chadzać (frequentative)
chodzić (infinitive)
chodzę (present singular)
chodzimy (plural present)
chodzisz (present singular)
chodzicie (plural present)
chodzi (present singular third-person)
chodzą (plural present third-person)
chodzi się (impersonal present)
chodziłem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m chodził (masculine past singular)
chodziłam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m chodziła (feminine past singular)
chodziłom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m chodziło (neuter past singular)
chodziliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy chodzili (past plural virile)
chodziłyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy chodziły (nonvirile past plural)
chodziłeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś chodził (masculine past singular)
chodziłaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś chodziła (feminine past singular)
chodziłoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś chodziło (neuter past singular)
chodziliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście chodzili (past plural virile)
chodziłyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście chodziły (nonvirile past plural)
chodził (masculine past singular third-person)
chodziła (feminine past singular third-person)
chodziło (neuter past singular third-person)
chodzili (past plural third-person virile)
chodziły (nonvirile past plural third-person)
chodzono (impersonal past)
będę chodził (future masculine singular)
będę chodzić (future masculine singular)
będę chodziła (feminine future singular)
będę chodzić (feminine future singular)
będę chodziło (future neuter singular)
będę chodzić (future neuter singular)
będziemy chodzili (future plural virile)
będziemy chodzić (future plural virile)
będziemy chodziły (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy chodzić (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz chodził (future masculine singular)
będziesz chodzić (future masculine singular)
będziesz chodziła (feminine future singular)
będziesz chodzić (feminine future singular)
będziesz chodziło (future neuter singular)
będziesz chodzić (future neuter singular)
będziecie chodzili (future plural virile)
będziecie chodzić (future plural virile)
będziecie chodziły (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie chodzić (future nonvirile plural)
będzie chodził (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie chodzić (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie chodziła (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie chodzić (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie chodziło (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie chodzić (future neuter singular third-person)
będą chodzili (future plural third-person virile)
będą chodzić (future plural third-person virile)
będą chodziły (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą chodzić (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie chodzić się (future impersonal)
chodziłbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym chodził (conditional masculine singular)
chodziłabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym chodziła (conditional feminine singular)
chodziłobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym chodziło (conditional neuter singular)
chodzilibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy chodzili (conditional plural virile)
chodziłybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy chodziły (conditional nonvirile plural)
chodziłbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś chodził (conditional masculine singular)
chodziłabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś chodziła (conditional feminine singular)
chodziłobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś chodziło (conditional neuter singular)
chodzilibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście chodzili (conditional plural virile)
chodziłybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście chodziły (conditional nonvirile plural)
chodziłby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by chodził (conditional masculine singular third-person)
chodziłaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by chodziła (conditional feminine singular third-person)
chodziłoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by chodziło (conditional neuter singular third-person)
chodziliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by chodzili (conditional plural third-person virile)
chodziłyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by chodziły (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
chodzono by (conditional impersonal)
niech chodzę (imperative singular)
chodźmy (imperative plural)
chodź (imperative singular)
chodźcie (imperative plural)
niech chodzi (imperative singular third-person)
niech chodzą (imperative plural third-person)
chodzący (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
chodząca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
chodzące (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
chodzący (active adjectival participle plural virile)
chodzące (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
chodząc (adjectival contemporary participle)
chodzenie (noun-from-verb)

Inherited from Old Polish chodzić. By surface analysis, chód + -ić.

jak nie wiadomo, o co chodzi, to chodzi o pieniądze

(intransitive, Middle Polish, property law) to have some status of functioning or use guaranteed by a contract or agreement


policja

policyjny (adjective)
policja (nominative singular)
policje (nominative plural)
policji (genitive singular)
policji (genitive plural)
policyj (archaic genitive plural)
policji (dative singular)
policjom (dative plural)
policję (accusative singular)
policje (accusative plural)
policją (instrumental singular)
policjami (instrumental plural)
policji (locative singular)
policjach (locative plural)
policjo (singular vocative)
policje (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: палі́цыя (palícyja)

→ Kashubian: pòlicjô

→ Russian: поли́ция (polícija)

→ Ukrainian: полі́ція (polícija)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin polītīa, later reinforced by French police. First attested in 1525. Compare Silesian policyjŏ.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “policyja”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(law enforcement) police (public agency charged with enforcing laws and maintaining public order, usually being granted special privileges to do so)

(metonymically) police (building of such an agency)

(metonymically) police (people who work in such an organization)

(metonymically, rare) police (activities of such an agency)


bliski

pl-adj

bliski (comparative bliższy, superlative najbliższy, derived adverb blisko)

bliższy (comparative)
najbliższy (superlative)
bliski (masculine nominative singular)
bliska (feminine nominative singular)
bliskie (neuter nominative singular)
bliscy (nominative plural virile)
bliskie (nominative plural)
bliskiego (genitive masculine singular)
bliskiej (feminine genitive singular)
bliskiego (genitive neuter singular)
bliskich (genitive plural)
bliskich (genitive plural virile)
bliskiemu (dative masculine singular)
bliskiej (dative feminine singular)
bliskiemu (dative neuter singular)
bliskim (dative plural)
bliskim (dative plural virile)
bliskiego (accusative animate masculine singular)
bliski (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
bliską (accusative feminine singular)
bliskie (accusative neuter singular)
bliskich (accusative plural virile)
bliskie (accusative plural)
bliskim (instrumental masculine singular)
bliską (feminine instrumental singular)
bliskim (instrumental neuter singular)
bliskimi (instrumental plural)
bliskimi (instrumental plural virile)
bliskim (locative masculine singular)
bliskiej (feminine locative singular)
bliskim (locative neuter singular)
bliskich (locative plural)
bliskich (locative plural virile)

(Middle Polish, law) having legal priority through relation


zamarzać

zamarznąć (perfective)
zamarzać (infinitive)
zamarzam (present singular)
zamarzamy (plural present)
zamarzasz (present singular)
zamarzacie (plural present)
zamarza (present singular third-person)
zamarzają (plural present third-person)
zamarza się (impersonal present)
zamarzałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m zamarzał (masculine past singular)
zamarzałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m zamarzała (feminine past singular)
zamarzałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m zamarzało (neuter past singular)
zamarzaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy zamarzali (past plural virile)
zamarzałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy zamarzały (nonvirile past plural)
zamarzałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś zamarzał (masculine past singular)
zamarzałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś zamarzała (feminine past singular)
zamarzałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś zamarzało (neuter past singular)
zamarzaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście zamarzali (past plural virile)
zamarzałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście zamarzały (nonvirile past plural)
zamarzał (masculine past singular third-person)
zamarzała (feminine past singular third-person)
zamarzało (neuter past singular third-person)
zamarzali (past plural third-person virile)
zamarzały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
zamarzano (impersonal past)
będę zamarzał (future masculine singular)
będę zamarzać (future masculine singular)
będę zamarzała (feminine future singular)
będę zamarzać (feminine future singular)
będę zamarzało (future neuter singular)
będę zamarzać (future neuter singular)
będziemy zamarzali (future plural virile)
będziemy zamarzać (future plural virile)
będziemy zamarzały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy zamarzać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz zamarzał (future masculine singular)
będziesz zamarzać (future masculine singular)
będziesz zamarzała (feminine future singular)
będziesz zamarzać (feminine future singular)
będziesz zamarzało (future neuter singular)
będziesz zamarzać (future neuter singular)
będziecie zamarzali (future plural virile)
będziecie zamarzać (future plural virile)
będziecie zamarzały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie zamarzać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie zamarzał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie zamarzać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie zamarzała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie zamarzać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie zamarzało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie zamarzać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą zamarzali (future plural third-person virile)
będą zamarzać (future plural third-person virile)
będą zamarzały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą zamarzać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie zamarzać się (future impersonal)
zamarzałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym zamarzał (conditional masculine singular)
zamarzałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym zamarzała (conditional feminine singular)
zamarzałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym zamarzało (conditional neuter singular)
zamarzalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy zamarzali (conditional plural virile)
zamarzałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy zamarzały (conditional nonvirile plural)
zamarzałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś zamarzał (conditional masculine singular)
zamarzałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś zamarzała (conditional feminine singular)
zamarzałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś zamarzało (conditional neuter singular)
zamarzalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście zamarzali (conditional plural virile)
zamarzałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście zamarzały (conditional nonvirile plural)
zamarzałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by zamarzał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
zamarzałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by zamarzała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
zamarzałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by zamarzało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
zamarzaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by zamarzali (conditional plural third-person virile)
zamarzałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by zamarzały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
zamarzano by (conditional impersonal)
niech zamarzam (imperative singular)
zamarzajmy (imperative plural)
zamarzaj (imperative singular)
zamarzajcie (imperative plural)
niech zamarza (imperative singular third-person)
niech zamarzają (imperative plural third-person)
zamarzający (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
zamarzająca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
zamarzające (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
zamarzający (active adjectival participle plural virile)
zamarzające (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
zamarzając (adjectival contemporary participle)
zamarzanie (noun-from-verb)

(intransitive, of a river, stream, etc.) to freeze over

(intransitive) to die from cold, to freeze to death