Belize

pl-prop

Belize n (indeclinable, related adjective belizeński)

Belize City (the largest city in Belize)


Liberia

pl-proper noun

Liberia f (related adjective liberyjski)

liberyjski (adjective)
Liberia (nominative singular)
Liberii (genitive singular)
Liberii (dative singular)
Liberię (accusative singular)
Liberią (instrumental singular)
Liberii (locative singular)
Liberio (singular vocative)


Panama

panamski (adjective)
Panama (nominative singular)
Panamy (genitive singular)
Panamie (dative singular)
Panamę (accusative singular)
Panamą (instrumental singular)
Panamie (locative singular)
Panamo (singular vocative)

Panama City (the capital and largest city of Panama)


San Marino

Borrowed from Italian San Marino (“Saint Marinus”).

bor+

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


Palau

pl-prop

Palau n (indeclinable, related adjective palauski)

Borrowed from English Palau, from Palauan Belau (“Palau”).

Palau (a commune and city in Sassari, Sardinia, Italy)


Quebec

Quebec (nominative singular)
Quebecu (genitive singular)
Quebecowi (dative singular)
Quebec (accusative singular)
Quebekiem (instrumental singular)
Quebecu (locative singular)
Quebecu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Quebec, from French Québec, from Algonquin kepék.

Quebec, Quebec City (the capital city of the province of Quebec, Canada)


Montreal

Montreal (nominative singular)
Montrealu (genitive singular)
Montrealowi (dative singular)
Montreal (accusative singular)
Montrealem (instrumental singular)
Montrealu (locative singular)
Montrealu (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Montreal, from French Montréal, from Mont Royal (“Mount Royal”), after the nearby mountain by Jacques Cartier.

Montreal (an island on which is situated the largest city in Quebec, Canada)


Victoria

Victoria (nominative singular)
Victorii (genitive singular)
Victorii (dative singular)
Victorię (accusative singular)
Victorią (instrumental singular)
Victorii (locative singular)
Victorio (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Victoria, from Latin Victōria, from victōria.

ubor

British Columbia
British Columbia#English

Victoria (a city, the capital of British Columbia)

Victoria (a city, the capital of Seychelles)

Victoria (the capital city of Gozo, the second-largest island of Malta)


Rio de Janeiro

Unadapted borrowing from Portuguese Rio de Janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro (a municipality, the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the former capital of Brazil)


São Paulo

Unadapted borrowing from Portuguese São Paulo, named after Christian apostle Saint Paul.

named-after

São Paulo (a municipality, the state capital of São Paulo, Brazil)


Canberra

Canberra (nominative singular)
Canberry (genitive singular)
Canberrze (dative singular)
Canberrę (accusative singular)
Canberrą (instrumental singular)
Canberrze (locative singular)
Canberro (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Canberra, from Ngunawal kamberra.

ubor

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


Sydney

Unadapted borrowing from English Sydney.

Sydney (a major port city, the state capital of New South Wales, Australia)


Darwin

Northern Territory
Northern Territory#English

Darwin (the capital city of the Northern Territory, Australia)


Melbourne

Melbourne (the capital city of Victoria, Australia)


Saint John's

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

St. John's (the capital city of Antigua and Barbuda)


Ottawa

ottawski (adjective)
Ottawa (nominative singular)
Ottawy (genitive singular)
Ottawie (dative singular)
Ottawę (accusative singular)
Ottawą (instrumental singular)
Ottawie (locative singular)
Ottawo (singular vocative)

Ottawa (a city in Ontario, Canada; the capital city of Canada)


Kuala Lumpur

pl-prop

Kuala Lumpur m inan (related adjective kualalumpurski)

kualalumpurski (adjective)
Kuala Lumpur (nominative singular)
Kuala Lumpuru (genitive singular)
Kuala Lumpurowi (dative singular)
Kuala Lumpur (accusative singular)
Kuala Lumpurem (instrumental singular)
Kuala Lumpurze (locative singular)
Kuala Lumpurze (singular vocative)

Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur#English:_Q1865

Kuala Lumpur (a federal territory, the capital and largest city of Malaysia, located in the western part of the country)


Amsterdam

Amsterdam m inan (related adjective amsterdamski)

amsterdamski (adjective)
Amsterdam (nominative singular)
Amsterdamu (genitive singular)
Amsterdamowi (dative singular)
Amsterdam (accusative singular)
Amsterdamem (instrumental singular)
Amsterdamie (locative singular)
Amsterdamie (singular vocative)

Amsterdam (the capital and largest city of the Netherlands)


Ankara

Ankara (nominative singular)
Ankary (genitive singular)
Ankarze (dative singular)
Ankarę (accusative singular)
Ankarą (instrumental singular)
Ankarze (locative singular)
Ankaro (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Turkish Ankara, from Ottoman Turkish آنقره (Ankara), from Ancient Greek Ἄγκυρα (Ánkura), from ἄγκυρα (ánkura).

Ankara (the capital city of Turkey and the capital of Ankara Province)


Bangkok

Bangkok (nominative singular)
Bangkoku (genitive singular)
Bangkokowi (dative singular)
Bangkok (accusative singular)
Bangkokiem (instrumental singular)
Bangkoku (locative singular)
Bangkoku (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Thai บางกอก (baang-gɔ̀ɔk).

Bangkok (the capital and largest city of Thailand)


Barcelona

Barcelona (nominative singular)
Barcelony (genitive singular)
Barcelonie (dative singular)
Barcelonę (accusative singular)
Barceloną (instrumental singular)
Barcelonie (locative singular)
Barcelono (singular vocative)

Barcelona (the capital city of Catalonia, Spain)


Belfast

Belfast (nominative singular)
Belfastu (genitive singular)
Belfastowi (dative singular)
Belfast (accusative singular)
Belfastem (instrumental singular)
Belfaście (locative singular)
Belfaście (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Belfast, from Irish Béal Feirste.

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

Belfast (the capital city of Northern Ireland)


Berlin

pl-proper noun

Berlin m inan (related adjective berliński)

berliński (adjective)
Berlin (nominative singular)
Berlina (genitive singular)
Berlinowi (dative singular)
Berlin (accusative singular)
Berlinem (instrumental singular)
Berlinie (locative singular)
Berlinie (singular vocative)

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)


Caracas

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish Caracas.


Dublin

Dublin (nominative singular)
Dublina (genitive singular)
Dublinu (genitive singular)
Dublinowi (dative singular)
Dublin (accusative singular)
Dublinem (instrumental singular)
Dublinie (locative singular)
Dublinie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Dublin, from Middle Irish Dublind, from dub + lind.


Helsinki

pl-prop

Helsinki nvir pl (related adjective helsiński)

helsiński (adjective)
Helsinki (nominative plural)
Helsinek (genitive plural)
Helsinkom (dative plural)
Helsinki (accusative plural)
Helsinkami (instrumental plural)
Helsinkach (locative plural)
Helsinki (plural vocative)

Helsinki (the capital city of Finland; a municipality, the capital of the region of Uusimaa, Finland)


Honolulu

Honolulu (a city, the state capital of Hawaii, United States)


Kabul

Kabul (nominative singular)
Kabulu (genitive singular)
Kabulowi (dative singular)
Kabul (accusative singular)
Kabulem (instrumental singular)
Kabulu (locative singular)
Kabulu (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian کابل (kābul).


La Paz

Unadapted borrowing from Spanish La Paz.


Lhasa

Lhasa (nominative singular)
Lhasy (genitive singular)
Lhasie (dative singular)
Lhasę (accusative singular)
Lhasą (instrumental singular)
Lhasie (locative singular)
Lhaso (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa).

Lhasa (the capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


Liverpool

pl-prop

Liverpool m inan (related adjective liverpoolski)

liverpoolski (adjective)
Liverpool (nominative singular)
Liverpoolu (genitive singular)
Liverpoolowi (dative singular)
Liverpool (accusative singular)
Liverpoolem (instrumental singular)
Liverpoolu (locative singular)
Liverpoolu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Liverpool.

ubor

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Liverpool (a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England)

Liverpool (a small city in Brazoria County, Texas, United States)


Los Angeles

Unadapted borrowing from English Los Angeles.

Los Angeles (a city in California, United States)


Lusaka

pl-prop

Lusaka f (related adjective lusakijski or lusacki)

lusakijski (adjective)
lusacki (adjective)
Lusaka (nominative singular)
Lusaki (genitive singular)
Lusace (dative singular)
Lusakę (accusative singular)
Lusaką (instrumental singular)
Lusace (locative singular)
Lusako (singular vocative)


Manila

manilski (adjective)
Manila (nominative singular)
Manili (genitive singular)
Manili (dative singular)
Manilę (accusative singular)
Manilą (instrumental singular)
Manili (locative singular)
Manilo (singular vocative)

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


Mantua

pl-proper noun

Mantua f (related adjective mantuański, demonym mantuańczyk, female demonym mantuanka)

mantuański (adjective)
mantuańczyk (demonym)
mantuanka (demonym feminine)
Mantua (nominative singular)
Mantui (genitive singular)
Mantui (dative singular)
Mantuę (accusative singular)
Mantuą (instrumental singular)
Mantui (locative singular)
Mantuo (singular vocative)

Mantua (a city and province of Lombardy, Italy)


Montevideo

Montevideo (the capital city of Uruguay)


Nairobi

pl-prop

Nairobi n (indeclinable, related adjective najrobijski)


Nassau

Borrowed from English Nassau, from German Nassau, from nass.

Nassau (the capital city of the Bahamas)


Oslo

Oslo n (indeclinable, related adjective oslowski)

Oslo (a county and municipality, the capital and largest city of Norway)


Oxford

Oxford (nominative singular)
Oxfordu (genitive singular)
Oxfordowi (dative singular)
Oxford (accusative singular)
Oxfordem (instrumental singular)
Oxfordzie (locative singular)
Oxfordzie (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Oxford, from Middle English Oxenford, Oxneford, from Old English Oxnaford.


Palermo

Borrowed from Italian Palermo, from Sicilian Palermu, from Arabic بَلَرْم (balarm), from Latin Panormus, from Ancient Greek Πάνορμος (Pánormos), from πᾰν- (păn-) + ὅρμος (hórmos).


San Francisco

Borrowed from English San Francisco, from Spanish San Francisco.

San Francisco (a city in California, United States)


Stuttgart

Stuttgart m inan (related adjective stuttgarcki)

stuttgarcki (adjective)
Stuttgart (nominative singular)
Stuttgartu (genitive singular)
Stuttgartowi (dative singular)
Stuttgart (accusative singular)
Stuttgartem (instrumental singular)
Stuttgarcie (locative singular)
Stuttgarcie (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from German Stuttgart.

ubor

Stuttgart (the capital and largest city of Baden-Württemberg, Germany)


Johannesburg

pl-prop

Johannesburg m inan (related adjective johannesburski)

johannesburski (adjective)
Johannesburg (nominative singular)
Johannesburga (genitive singular)
Johannesburgowi (dative singular)
Johannesburg (accusative singular)
Johannesburgiem (instrumental singular)
Johannesburgu (locative singular)
Johannesburgu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Afrikaans Johannesburg.

ubor

Johannesburg (a city, the provincial capital of Gauteng, South Africa)


Oran

orański (adjective)
Oran (nominative singular)
Oranu (genitive singular)
Oranowi (dative singular)
Oran (accusative singular)
Oranem (instrumental singular)
Oranie (locative singular)
Oranie (singular vocative)


Hamburg

hamburski (adjective)
Hamburg (nominative singular)
Hamburga (genitive singular)
Hamburgowi (dative singular)
Hamburg (accusative singular)
Hamburgiem (instrumental singular)
Hamburgu (locative singular)
Hamburgu (singular vocative)


Hanoi

Borrowed from Vietnamese Hà Nội, from Chinese 河內 /河内 (Hénèi).


Tirana

Tirana (nominative singular)
Tirany (genitive singular)
Tiranie (dative singular)
Tiranę (accusative singular)
Tiraną (instrumental singular)
Tiranie (locative singular)
Tirano (singular vocative)

Tirana (a municipality, the capital and largest city of Albania, located in the center of the country west of the mountain of Dajti on the plain of Tirana; it is the seat of its eponymous county and municipality)


Tunis

Tunis (nominative singular)
Tunisu (genitive singular)
Tunisowi (dative singular)
Tunis (accusative singular)
Tunisem (instrumental singular)
Tunisie (locative singular)
Tunisie (singular vocative)

Tunis (the capital city, since 1159, and largest city of Tunisia)


Wellington

Wellington (nominative singular)
Wellingtonu (genitive singular)
Wellingtonowi (dative singular)
Wellington (accusative singular)
Wellingtonem (instrumental singular)
Wellingtonie (locative singular)
Wellingtonie (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Wellington.

Wellington (the capital city of New Zealand)


Bergamo

Borrowed from Italian Bergamo, from Latin Bergomum.

Bergamo (a city and province of Lombardy, Italy)


Brescia

pl-prop

Brescia f (related adjective bresciański)

bresciański (adjective)
Brescia (nominative singular)
Brescii (genitive singular)
Brescii (dative singular)
Brescię (accusative singular)
Brescią (instrumental singular)
Brescii (locative singular)
Brescio (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Italian Brescia.

ubor

Brescia (the capital and largest city of Brescia province, Lombardy, Italy)


Cagliari

Cagliari (a port city and municipality, the capital of the province of Cagliari and of Sardinia as a whole)


Perugia

pl-proper noun

Perugia f (related adjective perugiański or perugijski)

perugiański (adjective)
perugijski (adjective)
Perugia (nominative singular)
Perugii (genitive singular)
Perugii (dative singular)
Perugię (accusative singular)
Perugią (instrumental singular)
Perugii (locative singular)
Perugio (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Italian Perugia.

ubor

Perugia (the capital city and province of Umbria, Italy)


Coventry

Unadapted borrowing from English Coventry.

Coventry (an industrial cathedral city and metropolitan borough in central England, United Kingdom)


Sofia

Sofia (nominative singular)
Sofii (genitive singular)
Sofii (dative singular)
Sofię (accusative singular)
Sofią (instrumental singular)
Sofii (locative singular)
Sofio (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Bulgarian Со́фия (Sófija).


Espoo

Espoo (a city and municipality of Uusimaa, Finland)


Oulu

North Ostrobothnia
North Ostrobothnia#English

Oulu (a municipality, the capital city of North Ostrobothnia, Finland)


Turku

Unadapted borrowing from Finnish Turku. Doublet of targ.

Southwest Finland
Southwest Finland#English

Turku (a municipality, the capital city of the region of Southwest Finland)


Tampere

Unadapted borrowing from Finnish Tampere.

Tampere (a municipality, the capital city of the region of Pirkanmaa, Finland)


Iraklion

Iraklion (nominative singular)
Iraklionu (genitive singular)
Iraklionowi (dative singular)
Iraklion (accusative singular)
Iraklionem (instrumental singular)
Iraklionie (locative singular)
Iraklionie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Greek Ηράκλειο (Irákleio). Doublet of Heraklejon and Heraklion.

Iraklion (the capital and largest city of Crete, Greece)


Heraklion

Heraklion (nominative singular)
Heraklionu (genitive singular)
Heraklionowi (dative singular)
Heraklion (accusative singular)
Heraklionem (instrumental singular)
Heraklionie (locative singular)
Heraklionie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Greek Ηράκλειο (Irákleio). Doublet of Heraklejon and Iraklion.


Nuuk

pl-prop

Nuuk m inan (indeclinable, related adjective nukijski)

Nuuk (the capital and largest city of Greenland)


Reykjavik

Reykjavik m inan (related adjective reykjavicki)

reykjavicki (adjective)
Reykjavik (nominative singular)
Reykjaviku (genitive singular)
Reykjavikowi (dative singular)
Reykjavik (accusative singular)
Reykjavikiem (instrumental singular)
Reykjaviku (locative singular)
Reykjaviku (singular vocative)

(dated) Reykjavík (the capital and largest city of Iceland)


Reykjavík

Reykjavík m inan (related adjective reykjavícki)

reykjavícki (adjective)
Reykjavík (nominative singular)
Reykjavíku (genitive singular)
Reykjavíkowi (dative singular)
Reykjavík (accusative singular)
Reykjavíkiem (instrumental singular)
Reykjavíku (locative singular)
Reykjavíku (singular vocative)
Rejkiawik (alternative)
Reykjavik (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from Icelandic Reykjavík.


Skopje

Borrowed from Macedonian Скопје (Skopje).

bor+

Skopje (the capital city of North Macedonia)


Vaduz

Vaduz (a town and municipality, the capital of Liechtenstein)


Valletta

Valletta (nominative singular)
Valletty (genitive singular)
Valletcie (dative singular)
Vallettę (accusative singular)
Vallettą (instrumental singular)
Valletcie (locative singular)
Valletto (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Maltese Valletta.


Groningen

Groningen (a city and capital of Groningen, Netherlands)


Utrecht

Utrecht (nominative singular)
Utrechtu (genitive singular)
Utrechtowi (dative singular)
Utrecht (accusative singular)
Utrechtem (instrumental singular)
Utrechcie (locative singular)
Utrechcie (singular vocative)

Utrecht (a city and municipality, the capital of Utrecht province, Netherlands)


Phnom Penh

pl-prop

Phnom Penh n (indeclinable, related adjective phnompeński)

Phnom Penh (the capital city of Cambodia)


Leningrad

Leningrad (nominative singular)
Leningradu (genitive singular)
Leningradowi (dative singular)
Leningrad (accusative singular)
Leningradem (instrumental singular)
Leningradzie (locative singular)
Leningradzie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Russian Ленингра́д (Leningrád), from Ле́нин (Lénin, “Lenin”) + град (grad, “city”).

bor+

(historical) Leningrad (a major city in Russia), now Saint Petersburg


Gdańsk

pl-prop

Gdańsk m inan (related adjective gdański, demonym gdańszczanin, female demonym gdańszczanka)

gdański (adjective)
gdańszczanin (demonym)
gdańszczanka (demonym feminine)
Gdańsk (nominative singular)
Gdańska (genitive singular)
Gdańskowi (dative singular)
Gdańsk (accusative singular)
Gdańskiem (instrumental singular)
Gdańsku (locative singular)
Gdańsku (singular vocative)

→ Czech: Gdaňsk

→ English: Gdańsk

→ Latin: Gedānum

→ Russian: Гданьск (Gdanʹsk)

→ Belarusian: Гданьск (Hdanʹsk)

→ Ukrainian: Гданськ (Hdansʹk)

→ Ukrainian: Ґданськ (Gdansʹk)

Disputed. Per Vasmer, derived from Gothic *𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*gutans, “Goths”). Eckblom rejects this, and many various etymologists suggest a native Proto-Slavic stem of *gъd- (“wet, damp”) and point to place names such as Gdynia and Gdecz (modern Giecz) as further reflexes of that stem. Others still suggest a Proto-Baltic stem of *gud-, with Baltic reflexes including Old Prussian gudde (“forest”), gudas (“Belarusian: person speaking a foreign language”) or Lithuanian gudkarklis (“damp pasture”), gudobelė (“hawthorn”). Many etymologists support the Proto-Baltic origin, with an original stem of *Gud- + *-an + *-isk ("place of the forest people").

unc

Disputed

der+

Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Gdańsk (the capital city of Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)

Kazimierz Rymut
pl:Barbara Czopek-Kopciuch
pl:Nazwy miejscowe Polski


Kraków

pl-prop

Kraków m inan (related adjective krakowski)

krakowski (adjective)
Kraków (nominative singular)
Krakowa (genitive singular)
Krakowowi (dative singular)
Kraków (accusative singular)
Krakowem (instrumental singular)
Krakowie (locative singular)
Krakowie (singular vocative)

→ Belarusian: Кра́каў (Krákaŭ)

→ Czech: Krakov

desc

→ English: Cracov, Cracow, Krakau, Krakow, Kraków

→ Esperanto: Krakovo

→ Finnish: Krakova

desctree

→ German: Krakau
→ Dutch: Krakau
→ Icelandic: Kraká

→ Kashubian: Krakòwò

→ Latin: Cracōvia

→ Latvian: Krakova

→ Lithuanian: Krokuva

→ Russian: Кра́ков (Krákov)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Krakov

→ Slovak: Krakov

→ Slovene: Krakov

→ Ukrainian: Кра́ків (Krákiv)

Uncertain. Traditionally derived from Krak + -ów, from the city's legendary founder Krak.

Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Lesser Poland Voivodeship#English

Krakow (a city on the Vistula River, the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland and the former capital (until 1596) of Poland as a whole)


Cambridge

Unadapted borrowing from English Cambridge, from Middle English Cantebrigge, Grentebrige, from Old English Grante bryċġ, Granta-briċġ, Grantanbryċġ.

der

Cambridge (a city in Cambridgeshire, England)


Strasburg

Strasburg (nominative singular)
Strasburga (genitive singular)
Strasburgowi (dative singular)
Strasburg (accusative singular)
Strasburgiem (instrumental singular)
Strasburgu (locative singular)
Strasburgu (singular vocative)
Sztrasburg (alternative)

Borrowed from French Strasbourg, from Middle High German Strāzburc.

Strasbourg (the capital city of Bas-Rhin department, France; the capital city of the region of Grand Est)


Bloemfontein

Unadapted borrowing from Afrikaans Bloemfontein.

ubor

Bloemfontein (a city, the judicial capital of South Africa)


Odessa

odeski (adjective)
Odessa (nominative singular)
Odessy (genitive singular)
Odessie (dative singular)
Odessę (accusative singular)
Odessą (instrumental singular)
Odessie (locative singular)
Odesso (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Russian Оде́сса (Odéssa), named after an Ancient Greek settlement thought to have been located nearby, from Ancient Greek Ὀδησσός (Odēssós).

Odessa (a city, the administrative center of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine)


Tbilisi

Borrowed from Russian Тбили́си (Tbilísi), from Georgian თბილისი (tbilisi).


Newcastle

Unadapted borrowing from English Newcastle.

ubor

Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne (a large city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in northeastern England)

Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne#English

Newcastle (a large city in New South Wales, Australia)

Newcastle (a large city in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)

Newcastle (a city in McClain County, Oklahoma, United States; a suburb of Oklahoma City)

Newcastle (a small city in Young County, Texas, United States)

Newcastle (a city in King County, Washington, United States)

Newcastle (a city, the county seat of Weston County, Wyoming, United States)


Bristol

pl-prop

Bristol m inan (related adjective bristolski)

bristolski (adjective)
Bristol (nominative singular)
Bristolu (genitive singular)
Bristolowi (dative singular)
Bristol (accusative singular)
Bristolem (instrumental singular)
Bristolu (locative singular)
Bristolu (singular vocative)

Bristol (a city, county, and unitary authority in southwest England)


Gibraltar

Gibraltar m inan (related adjective gibraltarski)

gibraltarski (adjective)
Gibraltar (nominative singular)
Gibraltaru (genitive singular)
Gibraltarowi (dative singular)
Gibraltar (accusative singular)
Gibraltarem (instrumental singular)
Gibraltarze (locative singular)
Gibraltarze (singular vocative)

Gibraltar (a peninsula, city, and overseas territory of the United Kingdom, at the southern end of Iberia)


Kijów

Kijów m inan (related adjective kijowski, demonym kijowianin, female demonym kijowianka)

kijowski (adjective)
kijowianin (demonym)
kijowianka (demonym feminine)
Kijów (nominative singular)
Kijowy (nominative plural)
Kijowa (genitive singular)
Kijowów (genitive plural)
Kijowowi (dative singular)
Kijowu (dative singular)
Kijowom (dative plural)
Kijów (accusative singular)
Kijowy (accusative plural)
Kijowem (instrumental singular)
Kijowami (instrumental plural)
Kijowie (locative singular)
Kijowach (locative plural)
Kijowie (singular vocative)
Kijowy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Old East Slavic Кꙑевъ (Kyjevŭ).

bor+

Kyiv, Kiev (the capital and largest city of Ukraine)


Birmingham

pl-proper noun

Birmingham m inan (related adjective birminghamski)

Birmingham (canonical neuter)
Birmingham (canonical inanimate masculine)
birminghamski (adjective)
Birmingham (nominative singular)
Birminghamy (nominative plural)
Birminghamu (genitive singular)
Birminghamów (genitive plural)
Birminghamowi (dative singular)
Birminghamom (dative plural)
Birmingham (accusative singular)
Birminghamy (accusative plural)
Birminghamem (instrumental singular)
Birminghamami (instrumental plural)
Birminghamie (locative singular)
Birminghamach (locative plural)
Birminghamie (singular vocative)
Birminghamy (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Birmingham, from Middle English, from Old English *Beormingahām, from *Beorma + ing + hām.

ubor

Birmingham (a major city and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, England)

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

Birmingham (a city, the county seat of Jefferson County, Alabama, United States)

Van Buren County
Van Buren County#English

Birmingham (a tiny city in Van Buren County, Iowa, United States)

Birmingham (a city in Oakland County, Michigan, United States)


Manchester

Manchester (nominative singular)
Manchesteru (genitive singular)
Manchesterowi (dative singular)
Manchester (accusative singular)
Manchesterem (instrumental singular)
Manchesterze (locative singular)
Manchesterze (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Manchester.

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester#English

Manchester (a major city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in northwestern England)

Manchester (name of several towns and cities in the United States)


Boston

pl-proper noun

Boston m inan (related adjective bostoński, demonym bostończyk, female demonym bostonka)

bostoński (adjective)
bostończyk (demonym)
bostonka (demonym feminine)
Boston (nominative singular)
Bostonu (genitive singular)
Bostonowi (dative singular)
Boston (accusative singular)
Bostonem (instrumental singular)
Bostonie (locative singular)
Bostonie (singular vocative)

Boston (the capital and largest city of Massachusetts, United States)


Auckland

Auckland (nominative singular)
Aucklandu (genitive singular)
Aucklandowi (dative singular)
Auckland (accusative singular)
Aucklandem (instrumental singular)
Aucklandzie (locative singular)
Aucklandzie (singular vocative)


Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires (the capital city of Argentina)


Brno

brneński (adjective)
Brno (nominative singular)
Brna (genitive singular)
Brnu (dative singular)
Brno (accusative singular)
Brnem (instrumental singular)
Brnie (locative singular)
Brno (singular vocative)

South Moravian Region
South Moravian Region#English

Brno (the capital and largest city of the South Moravian Region, Czech Republic)


Aden

Aden (nominative singular)
Adenu (genitive singular)
Adenowi (dative singular)
Aden (accusative singular)
Adenem (instrumental singular)
Adenie (locative singular)
Adenie (singular vocative)

Aden (a port city, the largest city in Yemen; the former capital of South Yemen)


Akra

Akra (nominative singular)
Akry (genitive singular)
Akrze (dative singular)
Akrę (accusative singular)
Akrą (instrumental singular)
Akrze (locative singular)
Akro (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Accra.


Lier

Lier (a city in Antwerp province, Belgium)


Lima

Lima (nominative singular)
Limy (genitive singular)
Limie (dative singular)
Limę (accusative singular)
Limą (instrumental singular)
Limie (locative singular)
Limo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Spanish Lima, from Quechua Rimak.


Limerick

Unadapted borrowing from English Limerick, from Irish Luimneach. Doublet of limeryk.

ubor

Limerick (a city in County Limerick, Ireland)


Liège

Liège (a city, the provincial capital of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium)


Macao

Unadapted borrowing from Portuguese Macao, from Hokkien. See Portuguese Macau for more info.

Alternative form of Makau: Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


Male

pl-prop

Male n (indeclinable, related adjective malejski)


Monako

pl-proper noun

Monako n (indeclinable, related adjective monakijski)

Borrowed from French Monaco, from Ancient Greek μόνοικος (mónoikos, “single house”), from μόνος (mónos, “single, alone”) + οἶκος (oîkos, “house”), the name of the 6th century BC colony of Phocaeans and an epithet of Heracles (Hercules), Ἡρακλῆς Μόνοικος (Heracles Monoikos).


Porto

Porto (a city and municipality, the district capital of Porto district, Portugal)


Rabat

pl-prop

Rabat m inan (related adjective rabacki)

rabacki (adjective)
Rabat (nominative singular)
Rabatu (genitive singular)
Rabatowi (dative singular)
Rabat (accusative singular)
Rabatem (instrumental singular)
Rabacie (locative singular)
Rabacie (singular vocative)

Rabat (the capital city of Morocco, and capital city of the region of Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Morocco)


Split

Split m inan (related adjective splicki)

splicki (adjective)
Split (nominative singular)
Splitu (genitive singular)
Splitowi (dative singular)
Split (accusative singular)
Splitem (instrumental singular)
Splicie (locative singular)
Splicie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Спли̏т /Splȉt.

bor+

Спли̏т//Splȉt


Tallinn

pl-prop

Tallinn m inan (related adjective talliński)

talliński (adjective)
Tallinn (nominative singular)
Tallinna (genitive singular)
Tallinnowi (dative singular)
Tallinn (accusative singular)
Tallinnem (instrumental singular)
Tallinnie (locative singular)
Tallinnie (singular vocative)
Tallin (alternative)

Unadapted borrowing from Estonian Tallinn.

ubor

Tallinn (the capital and largest city of Estonia)


York

York (nominative singular)
Yorku (genitive singular)
Yorkowi (dative singular)
York (accusative singular)
Yorkiem (instrumental singular)
Yorku (locative singular)
Yorku (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English York. Doublet of Évora.

York (a city and unitary authority of North Yorkshire, England)


Hongkong

Hongkong (nominative singular)
Hongkongu (genitive singular)
Hongkongowi (dative singular)
Hongkong (accusative singular)
Hongkongiem (instrumental singular)
Hongkongu (locative singular)
Hongkongu (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Hong Kong, from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng1 gong2).

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Łódź

pl-proper noun

Łódź f (related adjective łódzki, demonym łodzianin, female demonym łodzianka)

łódzki (adjective)
łodzianin (demonym)
łodzianka (demonym feminine)
Łódź (nominative singular)
Łodzi (genitive singular)
Łodzi (dative singular)
Łódź (accusative singular)
Łodzią (instrumental singular)
Łodzi (locative singular)
Łodzi (singular vocative)
Łodzia (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Old Polish Łodzia, from łódź /łodzia with the modern form existing since the 18th century. The city is by the Łódka river.

Lodz Voivodeship
Lodz Voivodeship#English

Lodz (the capital city of Lodz Voivodeship, in southeastern Poland)


Swansea

Unadapted borrowing from English Swansea.


Andora

Andora (nominative singular)
Andory (genitive singular)
Andorze (dative singular)
Andorę (accusative singular)
Andorą (instrumental singular)
Andorze (locative singular)
Andoro (singular vocative)

Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella#English

Andorra la Vella (the capital city of Andorra)


Bagdad

pl-prop

Bagdad m inan (related adjective bagdadzki)


Moskwa

Moskwa (nominative singular)
Moskwy (genitive singular)
Moskwie (dative singular)
Moskwę (accusative singular)
Moskwą (instrumental singular)
Moskwie (locative singular)
Moskwo (singular vocative)

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


Wiedeń

pl-proper noun

Wiedeń m inan (related adjective wiedeński, demonym wiedeńczyk, female demonym wiedenka)

wiedeński (adjective)
wiedeńczyk (demonym)
wiedenka (demonym feminine)
Wiedeń (nominative singular)
Wiednia (genitive singular)
Wiedniowi (dative singular)
Wiedeń (accusative singular)
Wiedniem (instrumental singular)
Wiedniu (locative singular)
Wiedniu (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Czech Vídeň, from German Wien.

Moja koleżanka Madlen jest Austriaczką i pochodzi z Wiednia.

My colleague Madlen is Austrian and comes from Vienna.


Warszawa

pl-prop

Warszawa f (related adjective warszawski, demonym warszawiak, female demonym warszawianka)

warszawski (adjective)
warszawiak (demonym)
warszawianka (demonym feminine)
Warszawa (nominative singular)
Warszawy (genitive singular)
Warszawie (dative singular)
Warszawę (accusative singular)
Warszawą (instrumental singular)
Warszawie (locative singular)
Warszawo (singular vocative)
Warszewa (alternative Middle Polish)
Warszowa (alternative Middle Polish)

→ Belarusian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

→ Bulgarian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

→ Czech: Varšava

→ Danish: Warszawa

→ English: Warsaw

desctree

→ German: Warschau
→ Dutch: Warschau
→ Afrikaans: Warschau
→ Icelandic: Varsjá
→ Luxembourgish: Warschau

→ Hungarian: Varsó

→ Japanese: ワルシャワ

desc

→ Korean: 바르샤바 (bareusyaba), 와르샤와 (wareusyawa)

desctree

→ Latin: Varsovia
Catalan: Varsòvia
French: Varsovie
Galician: Varsovia
Italian: Varsavia
Portuguese: Varsóvia
Romanian: Varșovia
Spanish: Varsovia

→ Latvian: Varšava

→ Lithuanian: Varšuva

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Warszawa

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Warszawa

→ Russian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)
→ Kyrgyz: Варшава (Varşava)
→ Mongolian: Варшав (Varšav)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Varšava, Варшава

→ Slovak: Varšava

→ Slovene: Varšava

→ Swedish: Warszawa

→ Ukrainian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

Inherited from Old Polish Warszewa with -e- replaced by -a- due to hypercorrection or assimilation.

Warszawa lat wojny i okupacji

Arcybiskupowi przeznaczono rocznéj pensyi 140,000 franków, prócz pieniędzy na reprezentacyą; gdyż cesarz w udzielonych mu instrukcyach chciał, aby w Warszawie wielki dom prowadził.

1854, Leon Potocki, Święcone, czyli Pałac Potockich w Warszawie:

The archbishop was allowed a yearly pension of 140,000 franks, in addition to the money for representation; where as the emperor, as in his conferred instructions, wanted him to lead a great house in Warsaw.

Od daty 18 maja 1815 roku, kiedy traktat wiedeński powołał do życia Królestwo Polskie, rozpoczęła się dla Warszawy nowa epoka.

1964, Adam Szczypiorski, Ćwierć wieku Warszawy, 1806–1830:

From May 18, 1815, when the Treaty of Vienna brought the Polish Kingdom back to life, a new epoch for Warsaw begun.

W takiej atmosferze rewolucyjnego września opuszczał na zawsze Warszawę i Ojczyznę Fryderyk Chopin.

2008, Artur III Nadolski, Pani Chłodna (opowieść o warszawskiej ulicy):

In this revolutionist atmosphere of September, Frederyk Chopin left Warsaw and his fatherland forever.

Warsaw (the capital and largest city of Poland)

Masovian Voivodeship
Masovian Voivodeship#English

Warsaw (the capital and largest city of Masovian Voivodeship, Poland)


Teheran

Teheran (nominative singular)
Teheranu (genitive singular)
Teheranowi (dative singular)
Teheran (accusative singular)
Teheranem (instrumental singular)
Teheranie (locative singular)
Teheranie (singular vocative)


Seul

Seul (nominative singular)
Seulu (genitive singular)
Seulowi (dative singular)
Seul (accusative singular)
Seulem (instrumental singular)
Seulu (locative singular)
Seulu (singular vocative)


Bogota

Bogota (nominative singular)
Bogoty (genitive singular)
Bogocie (dative singular)
Bogotę (accusative singular)
Bogotą (instrumental singular)
Bogocie (locative singular)
Bogoto (singular vocative)


Maskat

Maskat (nominative singular)
Maskatu (genitive singular)
Maskatowi (dative singular)
Maskat (accusative singular)
Maskatem (instrumental singular)
Maskacie (locative singular)
Maskacie (singular vocative)


Derby

Unadapted borrowing from English Derby, from Old English Deoraby, from Old Norse Djúra-bý, from dýr + bǿr.

Derby (a city and unitary authority in Derbyshire, in the East Midlands, England)


Hiroshima

pl-prop

Hiroshima f (related adjective hiroshimski)

hiroshimski (adjective)
Hiroshima (nominative singular)
Hiroshimy (genitive singular)
Hiroshimie (dative singular)
Hiroshimę (accusative singular)
Hiroshimą (instrumental singular)
Hiroshimie (locative singular)
Hiroshimo (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Hiroshima.

ubor

Hiroshima (the capital city of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan; the target of the first atomic bomb dropped in warfare on August 6, 1945)


Tokio

pl-prop

Tokio n (indeclinable, related adjective tokijski)

Tokyo (the capital and largest city of Japan)

Tokyo (the capital and largest city of Tokyo prefecture, Japan)


Bombaj

Bombaj m inan (related adjective bombajski)

bombajski (adjective)
Bombaj (nominative singular)
Bombaju (genitive singular)
Bombajowi (dative singular)
Bombaj (accusative singular)
Bombajem (instrumental singular)
Bombaju (locative singular)
Bombaju (singular vocative)

Mumbai (a city, the capital and largest city of Maharashtra, India)


Paryż

Paryż m inan (related adjective paryski)

paryski (adjective)
Paryż (nominative singular)
Paryża (genitive singular)
Paryżowi (dative singular)
Paryż (accusative singular)
Paryżem (instrumental singular)
Paryżu (locative singular)
Paryżu (singular vocative)

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


Singapur

Singapur (nominative singular)
Singapuru (genitive singular)
Singapurowi (dative singular)
Singapur (accusative singular)
Singapurem (instrumental singular)
Singapurze (locative singular)
Singapurze (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Singapore, from Malay Singapura, from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhá-pura), from सिंह (siṃha, “lion”) + पुर (pura, “city”).

af

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965))


Tromsø

Troms og Finnmark
Troms og Finnmark#English

Tromsø (a city and municipality of Troms og Finnmark, Norway)


Gaza

gazański (adjective)
Gaza (nominative singular)
Gazy (genitive singular)
Gazie (dative singular)
Gazę (accusative singular)
Gazą (instrumental singular)
Gazie (locative singular)
Gazo (singular vocative)

Gaza (a city in the Gaza Strip, Palestine, in the Levant)


Tyr

Tyr (nominative singular)
Tyru (genitive singular)
Tyrowi (dative singular)
Tyr (accusative singular)
Tyrem (instrumental singular)
Tyrze (locative singular)
Tyrze (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Tyrus, from Ancient Greek Τύρος (Túros), from Phoenician 𐤑𐤓 (ṣr /Ṣur/, “rock”).

Tyre (a port city, the capital of Tyre district, Lebanon)


Triest

pl-prop

Triest m inan (related adjective triesteński, demonym triesteńczyk, female demonym triestenka)

triesteński (adjective)
triesteńczyk (demonym)
triestenka (demonym feminine)
Triest (nominative singular)
Triestu (genitive singular)
Triestowi (dative singular)
Triest (accusative singular)
Triestem (instrumental singular)
Trieście (locative singular)
Trieście (singular vocative)

Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli-Venezia Giulia#English

Trieste (the capital city of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia autonomous region, Italy)


Aalborg

Aalborg (nominative singular)
Aalborgu (genitive singular)
Aalborgowi (dative singular)
Aalborg (accusative singular)
Aalborgiem (instrumental singular)
Aalborgu (locative singular)
Aalborgu (singular vocative)

Aalborg (the capital city of North Jutland, Denmark)


Bordeaux

Bordeaux n (indeclinable, related adjective bordoski)

Unadapted borrowing from French Bordeaux.

ubor

Bordeaux (the capital and largest city of Gironde department, France; the capital and largest city of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine)


Honiara

honiarski (adjective)
Honiara (nominative singular)
Honiary (genitive singular)
Honiarze (dative singular)
Honiarę (accusative singular)
Honiarą (instrumental singular)
Honiarze (locative singular)
Honiaro (singular vocative)

Honiara (the capital city of the Solomon Islands)


Dhaka

dhakijski (adjective)
Dhaka (nominative singular)
Dhaki (genitive singular)
Dhace (dative singular)
Dhakę (accusative singular)
Dhaką (instrumental singular)
Dhace (locative singular)
Dhako (singular vocative)


Islamabad

pl-prop

Islamabad m inan (related adjective islamabadzki)

islamabadzki (adjective)
Islamabad (nominative singular)
Islamabadu (genitive singular)
Islamabadowi (dative singular)
Islamabad (accusative singular)
Islamabadem (instrumental singular)
Islamabadzie (locative singular)
Islamabadzie (singular vocative)

Islamabad (the capital city of Pakistan)


Thimphu

Borrowed from Dzongkha ཐིམ་ཕུ (thim phu).


Baku

Borrowed from Russian Баку́ (Bakú), from Azerbaijani Bakı.


Addis Abeba

Addis Abeba (nominative singular)
Addis Abeby (genitive singular)
Addis Abebie (dative singular)
Addis Abebę (accusative singular)
Addis Abebą (instrumental singular)
Addis Abebie (locative singular)
Addis Abebo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Amharic አዲስ አበባ (ʾädis ʾäbäba).

Addis Ababa (the capital city of Ethiopia)


Santiago

Santiago de Chile
Santiago de Chile#English

Santiago, Santiago de Chile (the capital city of Chile)


Tegucigalpa

Tegucigalpa (nominative singular)
Tegucigalpy (genitive singular)
Tegucigalpie (dative singular)
Tegucigalpę (accusative singular)
Tegucigalpą (instrumental singular)
Tegucigalpie (locative singular)
Tegucigalpo (singular vocative)

Tegucigalpa (the capital city of Honduras)


Port-au-Prince

Port-au-Prince (the capital city of Haiti)


Kingston

Kingston (nominative singular)
Kingstonu (genitive singular)
Kingstonowi (dative singular)
Kingston (accusative singular)
Kingstonem (instrumental singular)
Kingstonie (locative singular)
Kingstonie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Kingston, from Old English Cinges tūn.


Santo Domingo

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English

Santo Domingo (the capital city of the Dominican Republic)


San José

San José (the capital city of Costa Rica)

Santa Clara County
Santa Clara County#English

San Jose (a large city, the county seat of Santa Clara County, California, United States)


Luanda

Luanda (nominative singular)
Luandy (genitive singular)
Luandzie (dative singular)
Luandę (accusative singular)
Luandą (instrumental singular)
Luandzie (locative singular)
Luando (singular vocative)


Manama

manamski (adjective)
Manama (nominative singular)
Manamy (genitive singular)
Manamie (dative singular)
Manamę (accusative singular)
Manamą (instrumental singular)
Manamie (locative singular)
Manamo (singular vocative)


Bridgetown

Bridgetown (the capital city of Barbados)


Belmopan

pl-prop

Belmopan m inan (related adjective belmopański)

belmopański (adjective)
Belmopan (nominative singular)
Belmopanu (genitive singular)
Belmopanowi (dative singular)
Belmopan (accusative singular)
Belmopanem (instrumental singular)
Belmopanie (locative singular)
Belmopanie (singular vocative)


Brasília

Brasília (nominative singular)
Brasílii (genitive singular)
Brasílii (dative singular)
Brasílię (accusative singular)
Brasílią (instrumental singular)
Brasílii (locative singular)
Brasílio (singular vocative)

Distrito Federal
Distrito Federal#English

Brasília (a municipality, the capital city of Brazil; the capital of Distrito Federal, Brazil)


Praia

Praia (nominative singular)
Prai (genitive singular)
Prai (dative singular)
Praię (accusative singular)
Praią (instrumental singular)
Prai (locative singular)
Praio (singular vocative)


Moroni

Borrowed from French Moroni, from Ngazidja Comorian Mroni, from mroni.

Moroni (the capital city of the Comoros)


Brazzaville

Brazzaville n (indeclinable, related adjective brazzawilski)

Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo#English

Brazzaville (the capital city of the Republic of the Congo)


Asmara

asmarski (adjective)
Asmara (nominative singular)
Asmary (genitive singular)
Asmarze (dative singular)
Asmarę (accusative singular)
Asmarą (instrumental singular)
Asmarze (locative singular)
Asmaro (singular vocative)


Suva

suwański (adjective)
Suva (nominative singular)
Suvy (genitive singular)
Suvie (dative singular)
Suva (accusative singular)
Suvę (instrumental singular)
Suvie (locative singular)
Suvo (singular vocative)


Bissau

Bissau n (indeclinable, related adjective bissauski)

Bissau (the capital city of Guinea-Bissau)


Astana

Astana (nominative singular)
Astany (genitive singular)
Astanie (dative singular)
Astanę (accusative singular)
Astaną (instrumental singular)
Astanie (locative singular)
Astano (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Kazakh Астана (Astana, “capital”), from Persian آستانه (âstâne).


Göteborg

Göteborg (nominative singular)
Göteborgu (genitive singular)
Göteborgowi (dative singular)
Göteborg (accusative singular)
Göteborgiem (instrumental singular)
Göteborgu (locative singular)
Göteborgu (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Swedish Göteborg.


Podgorica

pl-prop

Podgorica f (related adjective podgoricki)

podgoricki (adjective)
Podgorica (nominative singular)
Podgoricy (genitive singular)
Podgoricy (dative singular)
Podgoricę (accusative singular)
Podgoricą (instrumental singular)
Podgoricy (locative singular)
Podgorico (singular vocative)

Podgorica (the capital city of Montenegro)


Kampala

kampalski (adjective)
Kampala (nominative singular)
Kampali (genitive singular)
Kampali (dative singular)
Kampalę (accusative singular)
Kampalą (instrumental singular)
Kampali (locative singular)
Kampalo (singular vocative)


Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad (nominative singular)
Kaliningradu (genitive singular)
Kaliningradowi (dative singular)
Kaliningrad (accusative singular)
Kaliningradem (instrumental singular)
Kaliningradzie (locative singular)
Kaliningradzie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Russian Калинингра́д (Kaliningrád).

bor+

Калинингра́д

Kaliningrad, Königsberg (a city, the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)


Malmö

Unadapted borrowing from Swedish Malmö, from Middle Danish Malmoghe, Malmhauge, from malm + høj, from Old Norse, from Proto-Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European.


Düsseldorf

pl-prop

Düsseldorf m inan (related adjective düsseldorfski)

düsseldorfski (adjective)
Düsseldorf (nominative singular)
Düsseldorfu (genitive singular)
Düsseldorfowi (dative singular)
Düsseldorf (accusative singular)
Düsseldorfem (instrumental singular)
Düsseldorfie (locative singular)
Düsseldorfie (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from German Düsseldorf.

ubor

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Düsseldorf (the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


Luksemburg

Luksemburg (nominative singular)
Luksemburga (genitive singular)
Luksemburgowi (dative singular)
Luksemburg (accusative singular)
Luksemburgiem (instrumental singular)
Luksemburgu (locative singular)
Luksemburgu (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Luxemburg, from Middle High German Luccelemburc, from Old High German Lucilinburhuc, from luzil + burg, from Proto-Germanic *lūtilaz + *burgz.

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)


Pretoria

pl-prop

Pretoria f (related adjective pretoryjski)

pretoryjski (adjective)
Pretoria (nominative singular)
Pretorii (genitive singular)
Pretorii (dative singular)
Pretorię (accusative singular)
Pretorią (instrumental singular)
Pretorii (locative singular)
Pretorio (singular vocative)

Pretoria (a city, the administrative capital of South Africa)


Magdeburg

Magdeburg (nominative singular)
Magdeburgu (genitive singular)
Magdeburgowi (dative singular)
Magdeburg (accusative singular)
Magdeburgiem (instrumental singular)
Magdeburgu (locative singular)
Magdeburgu (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Magdeburg, from Middle Low German Māgedeborch, Mēgedeborch.

der

Magdeburg (the capital and largest city of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany)


Malaga

malagijski (adjective)
Malaga (nominative singular)
Malagi (genitive singular)
Maladze (dative singular)
Malagę (accusative singular)
Malagą (instrumental singular)
Maladze (locative singular)
Malago (singular vocative)
Málaga (alternative rare)


Będzin

pl-proper noun

Będzin m inan (related adjective będziński, demonym będzinianin, female demonym będzinianka)

będziński (adjective)
będzinianin (demonym)
będzinianka (demonym feminine)
Będzin (nominative singular)
Będzina (genitive singular)
Będzinowi (dative singular)
Będzin (accusative singular)
Będzinem (instrumental singular)
Będzinie (locative singular)
Będzinie (singular vocative)

An alternative form of Będzeń, itself a variation of the name *Będzan, influenced by the toponym forming affix -in.


Breda

bredzki (adjective)
Breda (nominative singular)
Bredy (genitive singular)
Bredzie (dative singular)
Bredę (accusative singular)
Bredą (instrumental singular)
Bredzie (locative singular)
Bredo (singular vocative)

Breda (a city and municipality of North Brabant, Netherlands)


Bamako

pl-prop

Bamako n (indeclinable, related adjective bamakijski)


Apia

apijski (adjective)
Apia (nominative singular)
Apii (genitive singular)
Apii (dative singular)
Apię (accusative singular)
Apią (instrumental singular)
Apii (locative singular)
Apio (singular vocative)

Apia (the capital and largest city of Samoa)


Basseterre

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Basseterre (the capital city of Saint Kitts and Nevis)


Castries

Castries (the capital city of Saint Lucia)


Dakar

Dakar m inan (related adjective dakarski)

dakarski (adjective)
Dakar (nominative singular)
Dakaru (genitive singular)
Dakarowi (dative singular)
Dakar (accusative singular)
Dakarem (instrumental singular)
Dakarze (locative singular)
Dakarze (singular vocative)


Freetown

Freetown (the capital city of Sierra Leone)


Kingstown

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines#English

Kingstown (the capital city of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)


Lomé

Lomé n (indeclinable, related adjective lomejski)


Managua

Managua f (related adjective managuański)

managuański (adjective)
Managua (nominative singular)
Managui (genitive singular)
Managui (dative singular)
Managuę (accusative singular)
Managuą (instrumental singular)
Managui (locative singular)
Managuo (singular vocative)


Sparta

spartański (adjective)
Sparta (nominative singular)
Sparty (genitive singular)
Sparcie (dative singular)
Spartę (accusative singular)
Spartą (instrumental singular)
Sparcie (locative singular)
Sparto (singular vocative)

Sparta (a city in Laconia, Peloponnese, Greece)


Saragossa

pl-proper noun

Saragossa f (related adjective saragoski)

saragoski (adjective)
Saragossa (nominative singular)
Saragossy (genitive singular)
Saragossie (dative singular)
Saragossę (accusative singular)
Saragossą (instrumental singular)
Saragossie (locative singular)
Saragosso (singular vocative)

Zaragoza (the capital city and province of Aragon, Spain)


Praga

praski (adjective)
Praga (nominative singular)
Pragi (genitive singular)
Pradze (dative singular)
Pragę (accusative singular)
Pragą (instrumental singular)
Pradze (locative singular)
Prago (singular vocative)

Prague (the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic)


Naypyidaw

Borrowed from English Naypyidaw, from Burmese နေပြည်တော် (ne-pranytau).


Uppsala

Uppsala (nominative singular)
Uppsali (genitive singular)
Uppsali (dative singular)
Uppsalę (accusative singular)
Uppsalą (instrumental singular)
Uppsali (locative singular)
Uppsalo (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Swedish Uppsala, from Old Norse Uppsalir.


Kuopio

Unadapted borrowing from Finnish Kuopio.

Northern Savonia
Northern Savonia#English

Kuopio (a city and municipality of Northern Savonia, Finland)


Graz

Graz (nominative singular)
Grazu (genitive singular)
Grazowi (dative singular)
Graz (accusative singular)
Grazem (instrumental singular)
Grazu (locative singular)
Grazu (singular vocative)

Graz (a city, the state capital of Styria, Austria)


Genua

Genua (nominative singular)
Genui (genitive singular)
Genui (dative singular)
Genuę (accusative singular)
Genuą (instrumental singular)
Genui (locative singular)
Genuo (singular vocative)

Genoa (the capital city of Liguria, Italy)


Port Louis

Port Louis (the capital city of Mauritius)


Belgrad

Belgrad (nominative singular)
Belgradu (genitive singular)
Belgradowi (dative singular)
Belgrad (accusative singular)
Belgradem (instrumental singular)
Belgradzie (locative singular)
Belgradzie (singular vocative)

Belgrade (the capital and largest city of Serbia)


Ibiza

Ibiza (nominative singular)
Ibizy (genitive singular)
Ibizie (dative singular)
Ibizę (accusative singular)
Ibizą (instrumental singular)
Ibizie (locative singular)
Ibizo (singular vocative)

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English

Ibiza (a city in the Balearic Islands, Balearic Islands, Spain)


Dniepr

pl-prop

Dniepr m inan (related adjective dnieprowski or dnieprzański)

dnieprowski (adjective)
dnieprzański (adjective)
Dniepr (nominative singular)
Dniepru (genitive singular)
Dnieprowi (dative singular)
Dniepr (accusative singular)
Dnieprem (instrumental singular)
Dnieprze (locative singular)
Dnieprze (singular vocative)

Dnipro (a city, administrative centre, and raion of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine)


Dodoma

dodomski (adjective)
Dodoma (nominative singular)
Dodomy (genitive singular)
Dodomie (dative singular)
Dodomę (accusative singular)
Dodomą (instrumental singular)
Dodomie (locative singular)
Dodomo (singular vocative)


Weimar

Weimar m inan (related adjective weimarski)

weimarski (adjective)
Weimar (nominative singular)
Weimaru (genitive singular)
Weimarowi (dative singular)
Weimar (accusative singular)
Weimarem (instrumental singular)
Weimarze (locative singular)
Weimarze (singular vocative)


Maputo

Maputo n (indeclinable, related adjective maputański)


Palikir

Palikir m inan (related adjective palikirski)

palikirski (adjective)
Palikir (nominative singular)
Palikiru (genitive singular)
Palikirowi (dative singular)
Palikir (accusative singular)
Palikirem (instrumental singular)
Palikirze (locative singular)
Palikirze (singular vocative)

Palikir (the capital city of Micronesia)


Kigali

Kigali n (indeclinable, related adjective kigalijski)


Maseru

Maseru n (indeclinable, related adjective maseruański)


Monrovia

Monrovia f (related adjective monrowijski)

monrowijski (adjective)
Monrovia (nominative singular)
Monrovii (genitive singular)
Monrovii (dative singular)
Monrovię (accusative singular)
Monrovią (instrumental singular)
Monrovii (locative singular)
Monrovio (singular vocative)
Monrowia (alternative)


São Tomé

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe#English

São Tomé (the capital city of São Tomé and Príncipe)


Osaka

osakijski (adjective)
Osaka (nominative singular)
Osaki (genitive singular)
Osace (dative singular)
Osakę (accusative singular)
Osaką (instrumental singular)
Osace (locative singular)
Osako (singular vocative)

Osaka (the capital and largest city of Osaka Prefecture, Japan)


Aleksandria

Aleksandria f (related adjective aleksandryjski)

Learned borrowing from Latin Alexandrīa.

Alexandria (the capital city of Alexandria governorate, Egypt)


Aleksandria

aleksandryjski (adjective)
Aleksandria (nominative singular)
Aleksandrii (genitive singular)
Aleksandrii (dative singular)
Aleksandrię (accusative singular)
Aleksandrią (instrumental singular)
Aleksandrii (locative singular)
Aleksandrio (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Ukrainian Олександрі́я (Oleksandríja).

bor+

Олександрі́я

Oleksandriia (a city, administrative centre, and raion of Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine)


Pjongjang

Pjongjang (nominative singular)
Pjongjangu (genitive singular)
Pjongjangowi (dative singular)
Pjongjang (accusative singular)
Pjongjangiem (instrumental singular)
Pjongjangu (locative singular)
Pjongjangu (singular vocative)

Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)


Augsburg

Augsburg (nominative singular)
Augsburga (genitive singular)
Augsburgowi (dative singular)
Augsburg (accusative singular)
Augsburgiem (instrumental singular)
Augsburgu (locative singular)
Augsburgu (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Augsburg, from Latin Augusta Vindelicōrum.

Augsburg (an independent city, the administrative seat of the Swabia region, Bavaria, Germany)


Las Vegas

Borrowed from English Las Vegas, from Spanish las vegas.

Las Vegas (a city in Nevada, United States)


Mekka

Mekka (nominative singular)
Mekki (genitive singular)
Mekce (dative singular)
Mekkę (accusative singular)
Mekką (instrumental singular)
Mekce (locative singular)
Mekko (singular vocative)

(Islam) Mecca (a large city in the Hejaz, Saudi Arabia, the holiest place in Islam)


Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh (nominative singular)
Ho Chi Minhu (genitive singular)
Ho Chi Minhowi (dative singular)
Ho Chi Minh (accusative singular)
Ho Chi Minhem (instrumental singular)
Ho Chi Minhie (locative singular)
Ho Chi Minhie (singular vocative)


Gouda

Gouda (nominative singular)
Goudy (genitive singular)
Goudzie (dative singular)
Goudę (accusative singular)
Goudą (instrumental singular)
Goudzie (locative singular)
Goudo (singular vocative)

Gouda (a city in South Holland, Netherlands)


Kuwejt

Kuwejt (nominative singular)
Kuwejtu (genitive singular)
Kuwejtowi (dative singular)
Kuwejt (accusative singular)
Kuwejtem (instrumental singular)
Kuwejcie (locative singular)
Kuwejcie (singular vocative)

Kuwait City (the capital city of Kuwait)


Meksyk

pl-prop

Meksyk m inan (related adjective meksykański)

meksykański (adjective)
Meksyk (nominative singular)
Meksyku (genitive singular)
Meksykowi (dative singular)
Meksyk (accusative singular)
Meksykiem (instrumental singular)
Meksyku (locative singular)
Meksyku (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Mexico, from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco, a place-name referring to the Mēxihcah (Mexica/Aztecs).

Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)


Liberec

Liberec (nominative singular)
Liberca (genitive singular)
Libercowi (dative singular)
Liberec (accusative singular)
Libercem (instrumental singular)
Libercu (locative singular)
Libercu (singular vocative)


Nazaret

Nazaret (nominative singular)
Nazaretu (genitive singular)
Nazaretowi (dative singular)
Nazaret (accusative singular)
Nazaretem (instrumental singular)
Nazarecie (locative singular)
Nazarecie (singular vocative)

Northern District
Northern District#English

Nazareth (the largest city in the Northern District, Israel)


Neapol

Neapol (nominative singular)
Neapolu (genitive singular)
Neapolowi (dative singular)
Neapol (accusative singular)
Neapolem (instrumental singular)
Neapolu (locative singular)
Neapolu (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεᾱ́πολῐς (Neā́polĭs), from νέᾱ (néā) + πόλῐς (pólĭs).


Ryga

Ryga f (related adjective ryski, demonym ryżanin, female demonym ryżanka)

ryski (adjective)
ryżanin (demonym)
ryżanka (demonym feminine)
Ryga (nominative singular)
Rygi (genitive singular)
Rydze (dative singular)
Rygę (accusative singular)
Rygą (instrumental singular)
Rydze (locative singular)
Rygo (singular vocative)

Riga (the capital and largest city of Latvia)


Londyn

Londyn m inan (related adjective londyński)

londyński (adjective)
Londyn (nominative singular)
Londynu (genitive singular)
Londynowi (dative singular)
Londyn (accusative singular)
Londynem (instrumental singular)
Londynie (locative singular)
Londynie (singular vocative)

London (the capital and largest city of the United Kingdom)

London (the capital and largest city of England, United Kingdom)


Rzym

Rzym (nominative singular)
Rzymu (genitive singular)
Rzymowi (dative singular)
Rzym (accusative singular)
Rzymem (instrumental singular)
Rzymie (locative singular)
Rzymie (singular vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish Rzym. For similar religious borrowings, compare Żyd (“Jew”), krzyż (“cross”).

Rome (a major city, the capital of Italy and the Italian region of Lazio, located on the Tiber River; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire)


Poznań

Poznań (nominative singular)
Poznania (genitive singular)
Poznaniowi (dative singular)
Poznań (accusative singular)
Poznaniem (instrumental singular)
Poznaniu (locative singular)
Poznaniu (singular vocative)

Possessive form of the Old Polish name Poznan, itself from poznać (“to learn, to get to know (a person)”).

Greater Poland Voivodeship
Greater Poland Voivodeship#English

Poznan (the capital city of Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland)


Wrocław

Wrocław (nominative singular)
Wrocławia (genitive singular)
Wrocławiowi (dative singular)
Wrocław (accusative singular)
Wrocławiem (instrumental singular)
Wrocławiu (locative singular)
Wrocławiu (singular vocative)

From Wrocisław, Wrócisław, or Warcisław, an Old Polish given name, cognate with the Czech Vratislav. The name is derived from wrócić (“to return; archaically: to give back, to defeat a foe, to force to flee”) + -sław (“name, respect, glory, reputation”). Traditionally considered to be named after Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia, the legendary founder of the city. However, this hypothesis is problematic, since the first records of the city's existence are several decades later than the death of Vratislaus I.

named-after

Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Lower Silesian Voivodeship#English

Wrocław (the capital city of Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Szczecin

Szczecin (nominative singular)
Szczecina (genitive singular)
Szczecinowi (dative singular)
Szczecin (accusative singular)
Szczecinem (instrumental singular)
Szczecinie (locative singular)
Szczecinie (singular vocative)

/ˈʂt͡ʂɛ.t͡ɕin/

Most likely from szczeć (“teasel”) + -in. The city at one time had a German name, Bürstenburg, of similar meaning.

West Pomeranian Voivodeship
West Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Szczecin (the capital city of West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Pekin

Pekin (nominative singular)
Pekinu (genitive singular)
Pekinowi (dative singular)
Pekin (accusative singular)
Pekinem (instrumental singular)
Pekinie (locative singular)
Pekinie (singular vocative)

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Białystok

pl-prop

Białystok m inan (related adjective białostocki, demonym białostoczanin, female demonym białostoczanka)

białostocki (adjective)
białostoczanin (demonym)
białostoczanka (demonym feminine)
Białystok (nominative singular)
Białegostoku (genitive singular)
Białemustokowi (dative singular)
Białystok (accusative singular)
Białymstokiem (instrumental singular)
Białymstoku (locative singular)
Białystoku (singular vocative)

→ Belarusian: Беласток (Bjelastók)

→ English: Białystok

→ German: Białystok

→ Lithuanian: Bialystòkas

→ Russian: Белосток (Belostok)

→ Ukrainian: Білосток (Bilostok)

→ Yiddish: ביאַליסטאָק (byalistok)

Univerbation of biały + stok, named after the local river Biała.

Podlaskie Voivodeship
Podlaskie Voivodeship#English

Bialystok (the capital city of Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland)


Lublin

Lublin m inan (related adjective lubelski)

lubelski (adjective)
Lublin (nominative singular)
Lublina (genitive singular)
Lublinowi (dative singular)
Lublin (accusative singular)
Lublinem (instrumental singular)
Lublinie (locative singular)
Lublinie (singular vocative)

→ English: Lublin

→ German: Lublin

Inherited from Old Polish Lublin, from the given name *Lubla/*Lubel + -in (compare Lubomir, Lubogost).

Mieszkam w Lublinie.

Lublin Voivodeship
Lublin Voivodeship#English

Lublin (the capital city of Lublin Voivodeship, Poland)


Lizbona

lizboński (adjective)
Lizbona (nominative singular)
Lizbony (genitive singular)
Lizbonie (dative singular)
Lizbonę (accusative singular)
Lizboną (instrumental singular)
Lizbonie (locative singular)
Lizbono (singular vocative)

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Lisbon (a port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; the capital city of Portugal)


Budapeszt

Budapeszt m inan (related adjective budapeszteński)

budapeszteński (adjective)
Budapeszt (nominative singular)
Budapesztu (genitive singular)
Budapesztowi (dative singular)
Budapeszt (accusative singular)
Budapesztem (instrumental singular)
Budapeszcie (locative singular)
Budapeszcie (singular vocative)

Budapest (the capital and largest city of Hungary)


Jokohama

Jokohama f (related adjective jokohamski)

jokohamski (adjective)
Jokohama (nominative singular)
Jokohamy (genitive singular)
Jokohamie (dative singular)
Jokohamę (accusative singular)
Jokohamą (instrumental singular)
Jokohamie (locative singular)
Jokohamo (singular vocative)

Yokohama (the capital and largest city of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)


Kioto

Kyoto (the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)


Kanton

Kanton m inan (related adjective kantoński)

kantoński (adjective)
Kanton (nominative singular)
Kantonu (genitive singular)
Kantonowi (dative singular)
Kanton (accusative singular)
Kantonem (instrumental singular)
Kantonie (locative singular)
Kantonie (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Canton, French Canton, Russian Канто́н (Kantón), ultimately from Portuguese Cantão, from Mandarin 廣東 /广东 (Guǎngdōng). Doublet of Guangdong.

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


Erywań

Erywań (nominative singular)
Erywania (genitive singular)
Erywaniowi (dative singular)
Erywań (accusative singular)
Erywaniem (instrumental singular)
Erywaniu (locative singular)
Erywaniu (singular vocative)


Adelajda

Adelajda (nominative singular)
Adelajdy (nominative plural)
Adelajdy (genitive singular)
Adelajd (genitive plural)
Adelajdzie (dative singular)
Adelajdom (dative plural)
Adelajdę (accusative singular)
Adelajdy (accusative plural)
Adelajdą (instrumental singular)
Adelajdami (instrumental plural)
Adelajdzie (locative singular)
Adelajdach (locative plural)
Adelajdo (singular vocative)
Adelajdy (plural vocative)

Adelaide (the state capital of South Australia)


Vantaa

Vantaa (nominative singular)
Vanty (genitive singular)
Vancie (dative singular)
Vantę (accusative singular)
Vantą (instrumental singular)
Vancie (locative singular)
Vanto (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Finnish Vantaa.

Vantaa (a city and municipality of Uusimaa, Finland, just north of Helsinki)


Konstantynopol

Konstantynopol (nominative singular)
Konstantynopola (genitive singular)
Konstantynopolowi (dative singular)
Konstantynopol (accusative singular)
Konstantynopolem (instrumental singular)
Konstantynopolu (locative singular)
Konstantynopolu (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin Cōnstantīnopolis, from Byzantine Greek Κωνστᾰντῑνούπολῐς (Kōnstăntīnoúpolĭs).

der

Κωνστᾰντῑνούπολῐς

Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire#English

(historical) Constantinople (the former name, from 330–1930 C.E., of Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey; the former capital of the Ottoman Empire and of the Byzantine Empire before that)


Dżakarta

Dżakarta (nominative singular)
Dżakarty (genitive singular)
Dżakarcie (dative singular)
Dżakartę (accusative singular)
Dżakartą (instrumental singular)
Dżakarcie (locative singular)
Dżakarto (singular vocative)


Dżibuti

pl-proper noun

Dżibuti n (indeclinable, related adjective dżibucki)


Bruksela

Bruksela (nominative singular)
Brukseli (genitive singular)
Brukseli (dative singular)
Brukselę (accusative singular)
Brukselą (instrumental singular)
Brukseli (locative singular)
Brukselo (singular vocative)


Akwizgran

Akwizgran (nominative singular)
Akwizgranu (genitive singular)
Akwizgranowi (dative singular)
Akwizgran (accusative singular)
Akwizgranem (instrumental singular)
Akwizgranie (locative singular)
Akwizgranie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Aquisgranum. Displaced Old Polish Czachy.

lbor

Aachen (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


Bukareszt

pl-prop

Bukareszt m inan (related adjective bukareszteński)

bukareszteński (adjective)
Bukareszt (nominative singular)
Bukaresztu (genitive singular)
Bukaresztowi (dative singular)
Bukareszt (accusative singular)
Bukaresztem (instrumental singular)
Bukareszcie (locative singular)
Bukareszcie (singular vocative)

Bucharest (the capital and largest city of Romania)


Ateny

Ateny (nominative plural)
Aten (genitive plural)
Atenom (dative plural)
Ateny (accusative plural)
Atenami (instrumental plural)
Atenach (locative plural)
Ateny (plural vocative)


Madryt

Madryt (nominative singular)
Madrytu (genitive singular)
Madrytowi (dative singular)
Madryt (accusative singular)
Madrytem (instrumental singular)
Madrycie (locative singular)
Madrycie (singular vocative)


Zagrzeb

Zagrzeb m inan (related adjective zagrzebski)

zagrzebski (adjective)
Zagrzeb (nominative singular)
Zagrzebia (genitive singular)
Zagrzebiowi (dative singular)
Zagrzeb (accusative singular)
Zagrzebiem (instrumental singular)
Zagrzebiu (locative singular)
Zagrzebiu (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian За́греб /Zágreb.

bor+

За́греб//Zágreb

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


Wilno

pl-proper noun

Wilno n (related adjective wileński, demonym wilnianin, female demonym wilnianka)

wileński (adjective)
wilnianin (demonym)
wilnianka (demonym feminine)
Wilno (nominative singular)
Wilna (genitive singular)
Wilnu (dative singular)
Wilno (accusative singular)
Wilnem (instrumental singular)
Wilnie (locative singular)
Wilno (singular vocative)


Kolonia

koloński (adjective)
Kolonia (nominative singular)
Kolonii (genitive singular)
Kolonii (dative singular)
Kolonię (accusative singular)
Kolonią (instrumental singular)
Kolonii (locative singular)
Kolonio (singular vocative)

Cologne (a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)


Nowy Jork

Nowy Jork (nominative singular)
Nowego Jorku (genitive singular)
Nowemu Jorkowi (dative singular)
Nowy Jork (accusative singular)
Nowym Jorkiem (instrumental singular)
Nowym Jorku (locative singular)
Nowy Jorku (singular vocative)

New York, New York City (the largest city in the state of New York, and the largest city in the United States, a metropolis extending into neighboring New Jersey)


Kair

Kair (nominative singular)
Kairu (genitive singular)
Kairowi (dative singular)
Kair (accusative singular)
Kairem (instrumental singular)
Kairze (locative singular)
Kairze (singular vocative)


Mińsk

Mińsk (nominative singular)
Mińska (genitive singular)
Mińskowi (dative singular)
Mińsk (accusative singular)
Mińskiem (instrumental singular)
Mińsku (locative singular)
Mińsku (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Belarusian Мінск (Minsk), from Old East Slavic Мѣньскъ (Měnĭskŭ).


Sumy

sumski (adjective)
Sumy (nominative plural)
Sum (genitive plural)
Sumom (dative plural)
Sumy (accusative plural)
Sumami (instrumental plural)
Sumach (locative plural)
Sumy (plural vocative)


Perm

Perm (nominative singular)
Permu (genitive singular)
Permowi (dative singular)
Perm (accusative singular)
Permem (instrumental singular)
Permie (locative singular)
Permie (singular vocative)

Perm (a city, the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia)


Grozny

Grozny (nominative singular)
Groznego (genitive singular)
Groznemu (dative singular)
Grozny (accusative singular)
Groznym (instrumental singular)
Groznym (locative singular)
Grozny (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Russian Гро́зный (Gróznyj), with the suffix assimilated to -ny.

bor+

Grozny (the regional capital and largest city in Chechnya, Russia)


Ufa

ufijski (adjective)
Ufa (nominative singular)
Ufy (genitive singular)
Ufie (dative singular)
Ufę (accusative singular)
Ufą (instrumental singular)
Ufie (locative singular)
Ufo (singular vocative)

Ufa (the capital and largest city of Bashkortostan, Russia)


Abakan

Abakan (nominative singular)
Abakanu (genitive singular)
Abakanowi (dative singular)
Abakan (accusative singular)
Abakanem (instrumental singular)
Abakanie (locative singular)
Abakanie (singular vocative)

Transliteration of Russian Абака́н (Abakán).


Damaszek

pl-prop

Damaszek m inan (related adjective damasceński)

damasceński (adjective)
Damaszek (nominative singular)
Damaszku (genitive singular)
Damaszkowi (dative singular)
Damaszek (accusative singular)
Damaszkiem (instrumental singular)
Damaszku (locative singular)
Damaszku (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Dāmascus. Doublet of adamaszek and Damascena.

Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)


Gwatemala

pl-proper noun

Gwatemala f (related adjective gwatemalski)

gwatemalski (adjective)
Gwatemala (nominative singular)
Gwatemali (genitive singular)
Gwatemali (dative singular)
Gwatemalę (accusative singular)
Gwatemalą (instrumental singular)
Gwatemali (locative singular)
Gwatemalo (singular vocative)

Guatemala City (the capital of Guatemala)


Watykan

Watykan (nominative singular)
Watykanu (genitive singular)
Watykanowi (dative singular)
Watykan (accusative singular)
Watykanem (instrumental singular)
Watykanie (locative singular)
Watykanie (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Vātī̆cānus, from vāticinārī.

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


Bydgoszcz

Bydgoszcz f (related adjective bydgoski, demonym bydgoszczanin, female demonym bydgoszczanka)

bydgoski (adjective)
bydgoszczanin (demonym)
bydgoszczanka (demonym feminine)
Bydgoszcz (nominative singular)
Bydgoszczy (genitive singular)
Bydgoszczy (dative singular)
Bydgoszcz (accusative singular)
Bydgoszczą (instrumental singular)
Bydgoszczy (locative singular)
Bydgoszczy (singular vocative)

/ˈbɘd.ɡɔʂt͡ʂ/

Originally possessive adjective, from name *Byd(i)gostь + *-jь, a lengthened variant of Proto-Slavic *Bъdigostь, from the imperative form of *bъděti (“to be awake”) + *gostь (“guest”).

Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Bydgoszcz (the capital city of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Katowice

pl-prop

Katowice nvir pl (related adjective katowicki, demonym katowiczanin, female demonym katowiczanka)

katowicki (adjective)
katowiczanin (demonym)
katowiczanka (demonym feminine)
Katowice (nominative plural)
Katowic (genitive plural)
Katowicom (dative plural)
Katowice (accusative plural)
Katowicami (instrumental plural)
Katowicach (locative plural)
Katowice (plural vocative)

Uncertain. There are two theories regarding the first element; most likely, from the nickname kat (“executioner, hangman”), used to describe the first settler. Alternatively, from kąt (“angle”). Hence, either kat + -owice or kąt + -owice.

Silesian Voivodeship
Silesian Voivodeship#English

Katowice (the capital and largest city of Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Gdynia

Gdynia f (related adjective gdyński, demonym gdynianin, female demonym gdynianka)

gdyński (adjective)
gdynianin (demonym)
gdynianka (demonym feminine)
Gdynia (nominative singular)
Gdyni (genitive singular)
Gdyni (dative singular)
Gdynię (accusative singular)
Gdynią (instrumental singular)
Gdyni (locative singular)
Gdynio (singular vocative)

Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Gdynia (a city in Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Częstochowa

pl-proper noun

Częstochowa f (related adjective częstochowski, demonym częstochowianin, female demonym częstochowianka)

częstochowski (adjective)
częstochowianin (demonym)
częstochowianka (demonym feminine)
Częstochowa (nominative singular)
Częstochowy (genitive singular)
Częstochowie (dative singular)
Częstochowę (accusative singular)
Częstochową (instrumental singular)
Częstochowie (locative singular)
Częstochowo (singular vocative)

From the given name Częstoch m + -owa f (adjectival suffix).


Radom

Radom (nominative singular)
Radomia (genitive singular)
Radomiowi (dative singular)
Radom (accusative singular)
Radomiem (instrumental singular)
Radomiu (locative singular)
Radomiu (singular vocative)

Masovian Voivodeship
Masovian Voivodeship#English

Radom (a city in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland)


Sosnowiec

Sosnowiec (nominative singular)
Sosnowce (nominative plural)
Sosnowca (genitive singular)
Sosnowców (genitive plural)
Sosnowcowi (dative singular)
Sosnowcom (dative plural)
Sosnowiec (accusative singular)
Sosnowce (accusative plural)
Sosnowcem (instrumental singular)
Sosnowcami (instrumental plural)
Sosnowcu (locative singular)
Sosnowcach (locative plural)
Sosnowcu (singular vocative)
Sosnowce (plural vocative)

Sosnowiec (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Toruń

pl-prop

Toruń m inan (related adjective toruński)

toruński (adjective)
Toruń (nominative singular)
Torunia (genitive singular)
Toruniowi (dative singular)
Toruń (accusative singular)
Toruniem (instrumental singular)
Toruniu (locative singular)
Toruniu (singular vocative)

→ Belarusian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)

→ Czech: Toruň

→ English: Toruń

→ Kashubian: Torń

→ Lithuanian: Torunė

→ Russian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)

→ Slovak: Toruň

→ Ukrainian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Thorun.

lbor

Toruń (the capital and largest city of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Kielce

pl-prop

Kielce nvir pl (related adjective kielecki, demonym kielczanin, female demonym kielczanka)

kielecki (adjective)
kielczanin (demonym)
kielczanka (demonym feminine)
Kielce (nominative plural)
Kielc (genitive plural)
Kielcom (dative plural)
Kielce (accusative plural)
Kielcami (instrumental plural)
Kielcach (locative plural)
Kielce (plural vocative)

Holy Cross Voivodeship
Holy Cross Voivodeship#English

Kielce (the capital and largest city of Holy Cross Voivodeship, Poland)


Gliwice

Gliwice nvir pl (related adjective gliwicki, demonym gliwiczanin, female demonym gliwiczanka)

gliwicki (adjective)
gliwiczanin (demonym)
gliwiczanka (demonym feminine)
Gliwice (nominative plural)
Gliwic (genitive plural)
Gliwicom (dative plural)
Gliwice (accusative plural)
Gliwicami (instrumental plural)
Gliwicach (locative plural)
Gliwice (plural vocative)

→ Czech: Hlivice

→ English: Gliwice

→ German: Gleiwitz

Gliwice (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Zabrze

Zabrze (nominative singular)
Zabrza (genitive singular)
Zabrzu (dative singular)
Zabrze (accusative singular)
Zabrzem (instrumental singular)
Zabrzu (locative singular)
Zabrze (singular vocative)

Zabrze (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Bytom

pl-proper noun

Bytom m inan (related adjective bytomski, demonym bytomianin, female demonym bytomianka)

bytomski (adjective)
bytomianin (demonym)
bytomianka (demonym feminine)
Bytom (nominative singular)
Bytomia (genitive singular)
Bytomiowi (dative singular)
Bytom (accusative singular)
Bytomiem (instrumental singular)
Bytomiu (locative singular)
Bytomiu (singular vocative)

Bytom (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Olsztyn

pl-prop

Olsztyn m inan (related adjective olsztyński, demonym olsztynianin, female demonym olsztynianka)

olsztyński (adjective)
olsztynianin (demonym)
olsztynianka (demonym feminine)
Olsztyn (nominative singular)
Olsztynu (genitive singular)
Olsztynowi (dative singular)
Olsztyn (accusative singular)
Olsztynem (instrumental singular)
Olsztynie (locative singular)
Olsztynie (singular vocative)

Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship#English

Olsztyn (the capital city of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)


Bielsko-Biała

Bielsko-Biała n or f (related adjective bielski or bielsko-bialski)

bielski (adjective)
bielsko-bialski (adjective)
Bielsko-Biała (nominative singular)
Bielska-Białej (genitive singular)
Bielsku-Białej (dative singular)
Bielsko-Białą (accusative singular)
Bielskiem-Białą (instrumental singular)
Bielsku-Białej (locative singular)
Bielsko-Biała (singular vocative)

Bielsko-Biała (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Rzeszów

Rzeszów m inan (related adjective rzeszowski)

rzeszowski (adjective)
Rzeszów (nominative singular)
Rzeszowa (genitive singular)
Rzeszowowi (dative singular)
Rzeszów (accusative singular)
Rzeszowem (instrumental singular)
Rzeszowie (locative singular)
Rzeszowie (singular vocative)

desc

→ Belarusian: Жэ́шаў (Žéšaŭ), Рэ́шаў (Réšaŭ)

→ Crimean Tatar: Jeşuv

→ Czech: Řešov

→ English: Rzeszów

→ German: Reichshof, Resche

→ Latin: Resovia

→ Latvian: Žešova

→ Lithuanian: Žešova, Žešuvas

→ Russian: Же́шув (Žéšuv)

→ Silesian: Rzeszůw

→ Slovak: Rešov

→ Ukrainian: Ря́шів (Rjášiv), Же́шув (Žéšuv)

→ Yiddish: ריישע (reyshe)

From earlier *Rzaszów, from the personal name *Rzasz + -ów, from rzegotać. The change to Rzeszów (Rza > Rze) is irregular, resulting from a raising from palatal rz, historically pronounced /r̝/.

Subcarpathian Voivodeship
Subcarpathian Voivodeship#English

Rzeszów (the capital city of Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in southeastern Poland)


Zgierz

Zgierz (nominative singular)
Zgierza (genitive singular)
Zgierzowi (dative singular)
Zgierz (accusative singular)
Zgierzem (instrumental singular)
Zgierzu (locative singular)
Zgierzu (singular vocative)

Lodz Voivodeship
Lodz Voivodeship#English

Zgierz (a city in Lodz Voivodeship, Poland)


Ruda Śląska

Ruda Śląska (nominative singular)
Rudy Śląskiej (genitive singular)
Rudzie Śląskiej (dative singular)
Rudę Śląską (accusative singular)
Rudą Śląską (instrumental singular)
Rudzie Śląskiej (locative singular)
Rudo Śląska (singular vocative)


Rybnik

pl-prop

Rybnik m inan (related adjective rybnicki)

rybnicki (adjective)
Rybnik (nominative singular)
Rybnika (genitive singular)
Rybnikowi (dative singular)
Rybnik (accusative singular)
Rybnikiem (instrumental singular)
Rybniku (locative singular)
Rybniku (singular vocative)

Rybnik (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Tychy

Tychy (nominative plural)
Tychów (genitive plural)
Tych (genitive plural)
Tychom (dative plural)
Tychy (accusative plural)
Tychami (instrumental plural)
Tychach (locative plural)
Tychy (plural vocative)

Tychy (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Dąbrowa Górnicza

Dąbrowa Górnicza (nominative singular)
Dąbrowy Górniczej (genitive singular)
Dąbrowie Górniczej (dative singular)
Dąbrowę Górniczą (accusative singular)
Dąbrową Górniczą (instrumental singular)
Dąbrowie Górniczej (locative singular)
Dąbrowo Górnicza (singular vocative)

Dąbrowa Górnicza
Dąbrowa Górnicza#English

Dąbrowa Górnicza (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Płock

Płock (nominative singular)
Płocka (genitive singular)
Płockowi (dative singular)
Płock (accusative singular)
Płockiem (instrumental singular)
Płocku (locative singular)
Płocku (singular vocative)

Płock (a city in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland)


Opole

opolski (adjective)
Opole (nominative singular)
Opola (genitive singular)
Opolu (dative singular)
Opole (accusative singular)
Opolem (instrumental singular)
Opolu (locative singular)
Opole (singular vocative)

→ Belarusian: Апо́ле (Apólje)

→ Czech: Opolí

→ English: Opole

→ German: Oppeln

→ Lithuanian: Opolė

→ Russian: Опо́ле (Opóle)

→ Slovak: Opole

→ Ukrainian: Опо́ле (Opóle)

Inherited from Old Polish Opole, from opole.

Opole Voivodeship
Opole Voivodeship#English

Opole (the capital city of Opole Voivodeship, Poland)


Elbląg

Elbląg m inan (related adjective elbląski, demonym elblążanin, female demonym elblążanka)

elbląski (adjective)
elblążanin (demonym)
elblążanka (demonym feminine)
Elbląg (nominative singular)
Elbląga (genitive singular)
Elblągowi (dative singular)
Elbląg (accusative singular)
Elblągiem (instrumental singular)
Elblągu (locative singular)
Elblągu (singular vocative)

Elbląg (a city in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland)


Gorzów Wielkopolski

Gorzów Wielkopolski m inan (related adjective gorzowski, abbreviation Gorzów Wlkp.)

gorzowski (adjective)
Gorzów Wlkp. (abbreviation)
Gorzów Wielkopolski (nominative singular)
Gorzowa Wielkopolskiego (genitive singular)
Gorzowowi Wielkopolskiemu (dative singular)
Gorzów Wielkopolski (accusative singular)
Gorzowem Wielkopolskim (instrumental singular)
Gorzowie Wielkopolskim (locative singular)
Gorzowie Wielkopolski (singular vocative)

Literally, “Greater Poland Gorzów”. Renamed after World War II as a calque of German Landsberg an der Warthe by analogy to Gorzów Śląski, which had a well-established, historic German name of Landsberg in Oberschlesien.

cal

Gorzów Wielkopolski
Gorzów Wielkopolski#English

Lubusz Voivodeship
Lubusz Voivodeship#English

Gorzów Wielkopolski (the capital city of Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland)


Wałbrzych

Wałbrzych (nominative singular)
Wałbrzycha (genitive singular)
Wałbrzychowi (dative singular)
Wałbrzych (accusative singular)
Wałbrzychem (instrumental singular)
Wałbrzychu (locative singular)
Wałbrzychu (singular vocative)

Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Lower Silesian Voivodeship#English

Wałbrzych (a city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Włocławek

Włocławek (nominative singular)
Włocławka (genitive singular)
Włocławkowi (dative singular)
Włocławek (accusative singular)
Włocławkiem (instrumental singular)
Włocławku (locative singular)
Włocławku (singular vocative)

Włocławek (a city in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Zielona Góra

pl-prop

Zielona Góra f (related adjective zielonogórski)

zielonogórski (adjective)
Zielona Góra (nominative singular)
Zielonej Góry (genitive singular)
Zielonej Górze (dative singular)
Zieloną Górę (accusative singular)
Zieloną Górą (instrumental singular)
Zielonej Górze (locative singular)
Zielona Góro (singular vocative)

Zielona Góra (the capital city of Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland)


Tarnów

Tarnów m inan (related adjective tarnowski)

tarnowski (adjective)
Tarnów (nominative singular)
Tarnowa (genitive singular)
Tarnowowi (dative singular)
Tarnów (accusative singular)
Tarnowem (instrumental singular)
Tarnowie (locative singular)
Tarnowie (singular vocative)

Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Lesser Poland Voivodeship#English

Tarnów (a city in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland)


Chorzów

Chorzów m inan (related adjective chorzowski, demonym chorzowianin, female demonym chorzowianka)

chorzowski (adjective)
chorzowianin (demonym)
chorzowianka (demonym feminine)
Chorzów (nominative singular)
Chorzowa (genitive singular)
Chorzowowi (dative singular)
Chorzów (accusative singular)
Chorzowem (instrumental singular)
Chorzowie (locative singular)
Chorzowie (singular vocative)

→ English: Chorzów

Unknown. Possible etymologies include:
* from chory (“ill”) + -ów, meaning “unhealthy place” or “town of sick people”;
* from Chorz + -ów, where Chorz is an archaic personal name, possibly a diminutive of Zachariasz;
* from the place name Zversov.
The city developed during the industrialization and was called Königshütte (literally “Royal Ironworks”) by the Prussians. This was translated to Polish as Królewska Huta, but in 1934, the official name was changed to Chorzów, the name of an original village in the area of the city, which was first attested in the 12th century.

Chorzów (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Kalisz

pl-proper noun

Kalisz m inan (related adjective kaliski, demonym kaliszanin, female demonym kaliszanka)

kaliski (adjective)
kaliszanin (demonym)
kaliszanka (demonym feminine)
Kalisz (nominative singular)
Kalisza (genitive singular)
Kaliszowi (dative singular)
Kalisz (accusative singular)
Kaliszem (instrumental singular)
Kaliszu (locative singular)
Kaliszu (singular vocative)

Greater Poland Voivodeship
Greater Poland Voivodeship#English

Kalisz (a city in Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland)


Koszalin

pl-prop

Koszalin m inan (related adjective koszaliński, demonym koszalinianin, female demonym koszalinianka)

koszaliński (adjective)
koszalinianin (demonym)
koszalinianka (demonym feminine)
Koszalin (nominative singular)
Koszalina (genitive singular)
Koszalinowi (dative singular)
Koszalin (accusative singular)
Koszalinem (instrumental singular)
Koszalinie (locative singular)
Koszalinie (singular vocative)

West Pomeranian Voivodeship
West Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Koszalin (a city in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Legnica

pl-proper noun

Legnica f (related adjective legnicki, demonym legniczanin, female demonym legniczanka)

legnicki (adjective)
legniczanin (demonym)
legniczanka (demonym feminine)
Legnica (nominative singular)
Legnicy (genitive singular)
Legnicy (dative singular)
Legnicę (accusative singular)
Legnicą (instrumental singular)
Legnicy (locative singular)
Legnico (singular vocative)

Legnica (a city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Grudziądz

Grudziądz m inan (related adjective grudziądzki, demonym grudziądzanin, female demonym grudziądzanka)

grudziądzki (adjective)
grudziądzanin (demonym)
grudziądzanka (demonym feminine)
Grudziądz (nominative singular)
Grudziądza (genitive singular)
Grudziądzowi (dative singular)
Grudziądz (accusative singular)
Grudziądzem (instrumental singular)
Grudziądzu (locative singular)
Grudziądzu (singular vocative)

Grudziądz (a city in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Słupsk

Słupsk (nominative singular)
Słupsku (genitive singular)
Słupskowi (dative singular)
Słupsk (accusative singular)
Słupskiem (instrumental singular)
Słupsku (locative singular)
Słupsku (singular vocative)

Słupsk (a city in Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland)


Jaworzno

pl-prop

Jaworzno n (related adjective jaworzniański or jaworznicki)

jaworzniański (adjective)
jaworznicki (adjective)
Jaworzno (nominative singular)
Jaworzna (genitive singular)
Jaworznu (dative singular)
Jaworzno (accusative singular)
Jaworznem (instrumental singular)
Jaworźnie (locative singular)
Jaworzno (singular vocative)

Jaworzno (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Jastrzębie-Zdrój

Jastrzębie-Zdrój n or m inan (demonym jastrzębianin, female demonym jastrzębianka)

jastrzębianin (demonym)
jastrzębianka (demonym feminine)
Jastrzębie-Zdrój (nominative singular)
Jastrzębia-Zdroju (genitive singular)
Jastrzębiu-Zdrojowi (dative singular)
Jastrzębie-Zdrój (accusative singular)
Jastrzębiem-Zdrojem (instrumental singular)
Jastrzębiu-Zdroju (locative singular)
Jastrzębie-Zdroju (singular vocative)

Jastrzębie-Zdrój (a city in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Jelenia Góra

pl-proper noun

Jelenia Góra f (related adjective jeleniogórski, demonym jeleniogórzanin, female demonym jeleniogórzanka)

jeleniogórski (adjective)
jeleniogórzanin (demonym)
jeleniogórzanka (demonym feminine)
Jelenia Góra (nominative singular)
Jeleniej Góry (genitive singular)
Jeleniej Górze (dative singular)
Jelenią Górę (accusative singular)
Jelenią Górą (instrumental singular)
Jeleniej Górze (locative singular)
Jelenia Góro (singular vocative)

Literally, “Deer Mountain”. Calque of German Hirschberg.

Jelenia Góra (a city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Monachium

Munich (the capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany)


Drezno

drezdeński (adjective)
Drezno (nominative singular)
Drezna (genitive singular)
Dreznu (dative singular)
Drezno (accusative singular)
Dreznem (instrumental singular)
Dreźnie (locative singular)
Drezno (singular vocative)

Dresden (the capital and largest city of Saxony, Germany)


Lipsk

Lipsk (nominative singular)
Lipska (genitive singular)
Lipskowi (dative singular)
Lipsk (accusative singular)
Lipskiem (instrumental singular)
Lipsku (locative singular)
Lipsku (singular vocative)


Poczdam

Poczdam (nominative singular)
Poczdamu (genitive singular)
Poczdamowi (dative singular)
Poczdam (accusative singular)
Poczdamem (instrumental singular)
Poczdamie (locative singular)
Poczdamie (singular vocative)


Norymberga

Norymberga (nominative singular)
Norymbergi (genitive singular)
Norymberdze (dative singular)
Norymbergę (accusative singular)
Norymbergą (instrumental singular)
Norymberdze (locative singular)
Norymbergo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Nürnberg, from Medieval Latin Norinberga.

Nuremberg (a major city in Bavaria, Germany)


Berno

Berno (nominative singular)
Berna (genitive singular)
Bernu (dative singular)
Berno (accusative singular)
Bernem (instrumental singular)
Bernie (locative singular)
Berno (singular vocative)


Mediolan

Mediolan (nominative singular)
Mediolanu (genitive singular)
Mediolanowi (dative singular)
Mediolan (accusative singular)
Mediolanem (instrumental singular)
Mediolanie (locative singular)
Mediolanie (singular vocative)


Lubeka

Lubeka f (related adjective lubecki, demonym lubeczanin, female demonym lubeczanka)

lubecki (adjective)
lubeczanin (demonym)
lubeczanka (demonym feminine)
Lubeka (nominative singular)
Lubeki (genitive singular)
Lubece (dative singular)
Lubekę (accusative singular)
Lubeką (instrumental singular)
Lubece (locative singular)
Lubeko (singular vocative)


Wenecja

Wenecja (nominative singular)
Wenecji (genitive singular)
Wenecji (dative singular)
Wenecję (accusative singular)
Wenecją (instrumental singular)
Wenecji (locative singular)
Wenecjo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Italian Venezia, from Latin Venetia.


Sztokholm

Sztokholm (nominative singular)
Sztokholmu (genitive singular)
Sztokholmowi (dative singular)
Sztokholm (accusative singular)
Sztokholmem (instrumental singular)
Sztokholmie (locative singular)
Sztokholmie (singular vocative)

Borrowed from German Stockholm, from Swedish Stockholm.

Stockholm (the capital and largest city of Sweden)


Czarnobyl

pl-prop

Czarnobyl m inan (related adjective czarnobylski)

czarnobylski (adjective)
Czarnobyl (nominative singular)
Czarnobyla (genitive singular)
Czarnobylowi (dative singular)
Czarnobyl (accusative singular)
Czarnobylem (instrumental singular)
Czarnobylu (locative singular)
Czarnobylu (singular vocative)
Czernobyl (alternative)

Borrowed from Ukrainian Чорно́биль (Čornóbylʹ). Compare Old Polish czarnobyl.

bor+

Chernobyl (a city in Vyshhorod, Ukraine)


Jerozolima

pl-prop

Jerozolima f (related adjective jerozolimski, demonym jerozolimczyk, female demonym jerozolimka)

jerozolimski (adjective)
jerozolimczyk (demonym)
jerozolimka (demonym feminine)
Jerozolima (nominative singular)
Jerozolimy (genitive singular)
Jerozolimie (dative singular)
Jerozolimę (accusative singular)
Jerozolimą (instrumental singular)
Jerozolimie (locative singular)
Jerozolimo (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Hierosolyma. Doublet of Jeruzalem.

lbor

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


Waszyngton

Waszyngton (nominative singular)
Waszyngtonu (genitive singular)
Waszyngtonowi (dative singular)
Waszyngton (accusative singular)
Waszyngtonem (instrumental singular)
Waszyngtonie (locative singular)
Waszyngtonie (singular vocative)

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Washington, Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States)


Kiszyniów

pl-prop

Kiszyniów m inan (related adjective kiszyniowski)

kiszyniowski (adjective)
Kiszyniów (nominative singular)
Kiszyniowa (genitive singular)
Kiszyniowowi (dative singular)
Kiszyniów (accusative singular)
Kiszyniowem (instrumental singular)
Kiszyniowie (locative singular)
Kiszyniowie (singular vocative)


Florencja

Florencja (nominative singular)
Florencji (genitive singular)
Florencji (dative singular)
Florencję (accusative singular)
Florencją (instrumental singular)
Florencji (locative singular)
Florencjo (singular vocative)


Kopenhaga

Kopenhaga (nominative singular)
Kopenhagi (genitive singular)
Kopenhadze (dative singular)
Kopenhagę (accusative singular)
Kopenhagą (instrumental singular)
Kopenhadze (locative singular)
Kopenhago (singular vocative)

Ultimately from Danish København, from Old Danish Køpmannæhafn.

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)


Haga

Haga (nominative singular)
Hagi (genitive singular)
Hadze (dative singular)
Hagę (accusative singular)
Hagą (instrumental singular)
Hadze (locative singular)
Hago (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Dutch Den Haag, short form of 's-Gravenhage, from Middle Dutch des Graven hage.

The Hague (the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


Kapsztad

Kapsztad m inan (related adjective kapsztadzki)

kapsztadzki (adjective)
Kapsztad (nominative singular)
Kapsztadu (genitive singular)
Kapsztadowi (dative singular)
Kapsztad (accusative singular)
Kapsztadem (instrumental singular)
Kapsztadzie (locative singular)
Kapsztadzie (singular vocative)

Cape Town (a city, the legislative capital of South Africa)


Biszkek

Biszkek (nominative singular)
Biszkeku (genitive singular)
Biszkekowi (dative singular)
Biszkek (accusative singular)
Biszkekiem (instrumental singular)
Biszkeku (locative singular)
Biszkeku (singular vocative)

Bishkek (the capital city of Kyrgyzstan)


Taszkent

Taszkent m inan (related adjective taszkencki, demonym taszkentczyk, female demonym taszkentka)

taszkencki (adjective)
taszkentczyk (demonym)
taszkentka (demonym feminine)
Taszkent (nominative singular)
Taszkentu (genitive singular)
Taszkentowi (dative singular)
Taszkent (accusative singular)
Taszkentem (instrumental singular)
Taszkencie (locative singular)
Taszkencie (singular vocative)
Taszkient (alternative)


Aszchabad

Aszchabad (nominative singular)
Aszchabadu (genitive singular)
Aszchabadowi (dative singular)
Aszchabad (accusative singular)
Aszchabadem (instrumental singular)
Aszchabadzie (locative singular)
Aszchabadzie (singular vocative)

From Persian عشقآباد ('ešq-âbâd, literally “city of love”)


Hawana

Hawana (nominative singular)
Hawany (genitive singular)
Hawanie (dative singular)
Hawanę (accusative singular)
Hawaną (instrumental singular)
Hawanie (locative singular)
Hawano (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Spanish La Habana, from Taíno Habaguanex.


Trypolis

Trypolis (nominative singular)
Trypolisu (genitive singular)
Trypolisowi (dative singular)
Trypolis (accusative singular)
Trypolisem (instrumental singular)
Trypolisie (locative singular)
Trypolisie (singular vocative)


Turyn

Turyn (nominative singular)
Turynu (genitive singular)
Turynowi (dative singular)
Turyn (accusative singular)
Turynem (instrumental singular)
Turynie (locative singular)
Turynie (singular vocative)


Lublana

lublański (adjective)
Lublana (nominative singular)
Lublany (genitive singular)
Lublanie (dative singular)
Lublanę (accusative singular)
Lublaną (instrumental singular)
Lublanie (locative singular)
Lublano (singular vocative)

Ljubljana (the capital and largest city of Slovenia)


Tuluza

Tuluza (nominative singular)
Tuluzy (genitive singular)
Tuluzie (dative singular)
Tuluzę (accusative singular)
Tuluzą (instrumental singular)
Tuluzie (locative singular)
Tuluzo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from French Toulouse, from Latin Tolōsa.

Toulouse (the capital city of Haute-Garonne department, France; the capital city of the region of Occitania)


Walencja

Walencja (nominative singular)
Walencji (genitive singular)
Walencji (dative singular)
Walencję (accusative singular)
Walencją (instrumental singular)
Walencji (locative singular)
Walencjo (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Spanish Valencia, from Latin Valentia.

Valencia (the capital city of the autonomous community of Valencia, Spain)


Moguncja

moguncki (adjective)
Moguncja (nominative singular)
Moguncji (genitive singular)
Moguncji (dative singular)
Moguncję (accusative singular)
Moguncją (instrumental singular)
Moguncji (locative singular)
Moguncjo (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Mogontiacum.

lbor

Mainz (the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)


Edynburg

Edynburg (nominative singular)
Edynburga (genitive singular)
Edynburgowi (dative singular)
Edynburg (accusative singular)
Edynburgiem (instrumental singular)
Edynburgu (locative singular)
Edynburgu (singular vocative)

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)


Nowosybirsk

Nowosybirsk (nominative singular)
Nowosybirska (genitive singular)
Nowosybirskowi (dative singular)
Nowosybirsk (accusative singular)
Nowosybirskiem (instrumental singular)
Nowosybirsku (locative singular)
Nowosybirsku (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Russian Новосиби́рск (Novosibírsk).

bor+

Новосиби́рск

Novosibirsk (a city, the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia)


Jakuck

Jakuck (nominative singular)
Jakucka (genitive singular)
Jakuckowi (dative singular)
Jakuck (accusative singular)
Jakuckiem (instrumental singular)
Jakucku (locative singular)
Jakucku (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Russian Яку́тск (Jakútsk).