my

my (nominative plural)
nas (genitive plural)
nam (dative plural)
nas (accusative plural)
nami (instrumental plural)
nas (locative plural)


USA

Orthographic borrowing from English USA.


Helsinki

pl-prop

Helsinki nvir pl (related adjective helsiński)

helsiński (adjective)
Helsinki (nominative plural)
Helsinek (genitive plural)
Helsinkom (dative plural)
Helsinki (accusative plural)
Helsinkami (instrumental plural)
Helsinkach (locative plural)
Helsinki (plural vocative)

Helsinki (the capital and largest city of Finland)

Helsinki (the capital and largest city of Uusimaa, Finland)


cyngiel

cyngle (nominative plural)
cyngli (genitive plural)
cynglom (dative plural)
cyngle (accusative plural)
cynglami (instrumental plural)
cynglach (locative plural)
cyngle (plural vocative)


souvlaki

souvlaki (nominative plural)
souvlaków (genitive plural)
souvlakom (dative plural)
souvlaki (accusative plural)
souvlakami (instrumental plural)
souvlakach (locative plural)
souvlaki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Greek σουβλάκι (souvláki).

ubor

souvlaki (Greek fast food consisting of pieces of meat and sometimes vegetables grilled on a skewer)


genitalia

genitalia (nominative plural)
genitaliów (genitive plural)
genitaliom (dative plural)
genitalia (accusative plural)
genitaliami (instrumental plural)
genitaliach (locative plural)
genitalia (plural vocative)


nary

nary (nominative plural)
nar (genitive plural)
narom (dative plural)
nary (accusative plural)
narami (instrumental plural)
narach (locative plural)
nary (plural vocative)

Uncertain, possibly from Lithuanian nariaĩ (singular narỹs), possibly through Belarusian на́ры (náry). Compare Russian на́ры (náry) and Ukrainian на́ри (náry). First attested in 1570.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nary”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


Andy

pl-prop

Andy nvir pl (related adjective andyjski)

andyjski (adjective)
Andy (nominative plural)
Andów (genitive plural)
Andom (dative plural)
Andy (accusative plural)
Andami (instrumental plural)
Andach (locative plural)
Andy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Andes and Spanish Andes.

Andes (a mountain range in South America)


figa

figowy (adjective)
figa (nominative singular)
figi (nominative plural)
figi (genitive singular)
fig (genitive plural)
fidze (dative singular)
figom (dative plural)
figę (accusative singular)
figi (accusative plural)
figą (instrumental singular)
figami (instrumental plural)
fidze (locative singular)
figach (locative plural)
figo (singular vocative)
figi (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Russian: фи́га (fíga)
→ Kildin Sami: фӣга (fīga)

Borrowed from Middle High German vîge. Doublet of fikus and pigwa.

fig (fruit of the fig tree, pear-shaped and containing many small seeds)


bandy

Borrowed from German Band. Doublet of bant.

(Central Greater Poland) ribons; especially of linen


wale

(Przemyśl, construction) straw rope dipped in clay used in the construction of chimneys


regalia

regalia (nominative plural)
regaliów (genitive plural)
regaliom (dative plural)
regalia (accusative plural)
regaliami (instrumental plural)
regaliach (locative plural)
regalia (plural vocative)

regalia (emblems, symbols, or paraphernalia)


militaria

militaria (nominative plural)
militariów (genitive plural)
militariom (dative plural)
militaria (accusative plural)
militariami (instrumental plural)
militariach (locative plural)
militaria (plural vocative)

(military) militaria (military or police artifacts)


studia

studia (nominative plural)
studiów (genitive plural)
studiom (dative plural)
studia (accusative plural)
studiami (instrumental plural)
studiach (locative plural)
studia (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin studia. Doublet of etiuda, studio, and studium.

(education) school (time during which classes are attended or in session at a university)

(education) studies (academic field of study)


tzatziki

tzatziki (nominative plural)
tzatzików (genitive plural)
tzatzikom (dative plural)
tzatziki (accusative plural)
tzatzikami (instrumental plural)
tzatzikach (locative plural)
tzatziki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from Greek τζατζίκι (tzatzíki).

ubor

tzatziki (appetizer made from yoghurt, cucumber, garlic, olive oil, and dill or mint; usually served with pitta bread and as a meze)


gnocchi

Unadapted borrowing from Italian gnocchi.

gnocchi (Italian pasta-like dumplings made of potato or semolina)


multimedia

pl-noun

multimedia nvir pl (related adjective multimedialny)

multimedialny (adjective)
multimedia (nominative plural)
multimediów (genitive plural)
multimediom (dative plural)
multimedia (accusative plural)
multimediami (instrumental plural)
multimediach (locative plural)
multimedia (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English multimedia, French multimédia, German Multimedia. By surface analysis, multi- + media.

(computing) multimedia (IT products in the form of programs, games, etc., using images, sound, animation, or other means that affect the active use of the user)


mrównik

mrównik (nominative singular)
mrówniki (nominative plural)
mrównika (genitive singular)
mrówników (genitive plural)
mrównikowi (dative singular)
mrównikom (dative plural)
mrównika (accusative singular)
mrówniki (accusative plural)
mrównikiem (instrumental singular)
mrównikami (instrumental plural)
mrówniku (locative singular)
mrównikach (locative plural)
mrówniku (singular vocative)
mrówniki (plural vocative)

Najstarsze znane skamieliny mrówników znaleziono w Kenii.

The oldest known Tubulidentata fossils have been found in Kenya.


dane

dane (nominative plural)
danych (genitive plural)
danym (dative plural)
dane (accusative plural)
danymi (instrumental plural)
danych (locative plural)
dane (plural vocative)

(nominalized, computing) data (representation of facts or ideas in a formalized manner capable of being communicated or manipulated by some process)


Włochy

pl-prop

Włochy nvir pl (related adjective włoski)

włoski (adjective)
Włochy (nominative plural)
Włoch (genitive plural)
Włochom (dative plural)
Włochy (accusative plural)
Włochami (instrumental plural)
Włoszech (locative plural)
Włochy (plural vocative)

Mieszkam we Włoszech.


Czechy

Czechy (nominative plural)
Czech (genitive plural)
Czechom (dative plural)
Czechy (accusative plural)
Czechami (instrumental plural)
Czechach (locative plural)
Czechy (plural vocative)


Niemcy

Niemcy nvir pl (related adjective niemiecki)

niemiecki (adjective)
Niemcy (nominative plural)
Niemiec (genitive plural)
Niemcom (dative plural)
Niemcy (accusative plural)
Niemcami (instrumental plural)
Niemczech (locative plural)
Niemcy (plural vocative)


Węgry

Węgry (nominative plural)
Węgier (genitive plural)
Węgrom (dative plural)
Węgry (accusative plural)
Węgrami (instrumental plural)
Węgrzech (locative plural)
Węgry (plural vocative)

→ Lithuanian: vengras

→ Middle Russian: Ве́нгры (Véngry)

Mieszkam na Węgrzech.


realia

realia (nominative plural)
realiów (genitive plural)
realiom (dative plural)
realia (accusative plural)
realiami (instrumental plural)
realiach (locative plural)
realia (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin realia, neuter plural of realis (“real”).

lbor

(literature, film) backstory, background


ravioli

Unadapted borrowing from Italian ravioli.


derby

derby (nominative plural)
derbów (genitive plural)
derbom (dative plural)
derby (accusative plural)
derbami (instrumental plural)
derbach (locative plural)
derby (plural vocative)


mary

mary (nominative plural)
mar (genitive plural)
marom (dative plural)
mary (accusative plural)
marami (instrumental plural)
marach (locative plural)
mary (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish mary. Cognate with Czech máry and German Bahre.

(literary) bier (litter to transport the corpse of a dead person)


mass media

mass media (nominative plural)
mass mediów (genitive plural)
mass mediom (dative plural)
mass media (accusative plural)
mass mediami (instrumental plural)
mass mediach (locative plural)
mass media (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English mass media.


Stany Zjednoczone

Stany Zjednoczone (nominative plural)
Stanów Zjednoczonych (genitive plural)
Stanom Zjednoczonym (dative plural)
Stany Zjednoczone (accusative plural)
Stanami Zjednoczonymi (instrumental plural)
Stanach Zjednoczonych (locative plural)
Stany Zjednoczone (plural vocative)

United States (a country in North America)


usta

pl-noun

usta nvir pl (diminutive ustka, related adjective ustny)

ustka (diminutive)
ustny (adjective)
usta (nominative plural)
ust (genitive plural)
ustom (dative plural)
usta (accusative plural)
ustami (instrumental plural)
ustach (locative plural)
usta (plural vocative)


tragi

tragi (nominative plural)
trag (genitive plural)
tragów (genitive plural)
tragom (dative plural)
tragi (accusative plural)
tragami (instrumental plural)
tragach (locative plural)
tragi (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish tragi. Cognate with German Trage.


miscellanea

miscellanea (nominative plural)
miscellaneów (genitive plural)
miscellaneom (dative plural)
miscellanea (accusative plural)
miscellaneami (instrumental plural)
miscellaneach (locative plural)
miscellanea (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin mīscellānea.

lbor

(literature) varia, miscellany (collection of diverse texts, thoughts, or notes collected in a publication)


tortellini

Unadapted borrowing from Italian tortellini.


wakacje

wakacje (nominative plural)
wakacji (genitive plural)
wakacyj (archaic genitive plural)
wakacjom (dative plural)
wakacje (accusative plural)
wakacjami (instrumental plural)
wakacjach (locative plural)
wakacje (plural vocative)

(law) summer school break in Poland, between late June and September 1


drzwi

pl-noun

drzwi nvir pl (diminutive drzwiczki, related adjective drzwiowy)

drzwiczki (diminutive)
drzwiowy (adjective)
drzwi (nominative plural)
drzwi (genitive plural)
drzwiom (dative plural)
drzwi (accusative plural)
drzwiami (instrumental plural)
drzwiach (locative plural)
drzwi (plural vocative)

dźwierze

Northern Greater Poland, Eastern Greater Poland

(figurative) door (means of approach or access)


personalia

personalia (nominative plural)
personaliów (genitive plural)
personaliom (dative plural)
personalia (accusative plural)
personaliami (instrumental plural)
personaliach (locative plural)
personalia (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin persōnālia.


Chiny

pl-prop

Chiny nvir pl (related adjective chiński)

chiński (adjective)
Chiny (nominative plural)
Chin (genitive plural)
Chinom (dative plural)
Chiny (accusative plural)
Chinami (instrumental plural)
Chinach (locative plural)
Chiny (plural vocative)

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

China, People's Republic of China (a country in East Asia)


mebel

mebelek (diminutive)
mebel (nominative singular)
meble (nominative plural)
mebla (genitive singular)
mebli (genitive plural)
meblowi (dative singular)
meblom (dative plural)
mebel (accusative singular)
meble (accusative plural)
meblem (instrumental singular)
meblami (instrumental plural)
meblu (locative singular)
meblach (locative plural)
meblu (singular vocative)
meble (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Russian: ме́бель (mébelʹ)
→ Azerbaijani: mebel
→ Ingrian: meebeli
→ Kyrgyz: мебель (mebel)
→ Ossetian: мебель (mebelʹ)
→ Turkmen: mebel
→ Uzbek: mebel

Borrowed from German Möbel, from French meuble, from Latin mōbilis. Doublet of mobilny.


varia

varia (nominative plural)
variów (genitive plural)
variom (dative plural)
varia (accusative plural)
variami (instrumental plural)
variach (locative plural)
varia (plural vocative)


korki

korki (nominative plural)
korków (genitive plural)
korkom (dative plural)
korki (accusative plural)
korkami (instrumental plural)
korkach (locative plural)
korki (plural vocative)

(colloquial, education) private classes, tuition, tutoring


korki

(soccer) cleats, football boots, soccer shoes


arkana

arkana (nominative plural)
arkanów (genitive plural)
arkanom (dative plural)
arkana (accusative plural)
arkanami (instrumental plural)
arkanach (locative plural)
arkana (plural vocative)

(occult) arcana (specialized knowledge that is mysterious to the uninitiated)


stringi

stringi (nominative plural)
stringów (genitive plural)
stringom (dative plural)
stringi (accusative plural)
stringami (instrumental plural)
stringach (locative plural)
stringi (plural vocative)

G-string, thong (scanty piece of underwear or lingerie)


stalle

stalle (nominative plural)
stall (genitive plural)
stalli (genitive plural)
stallom (dative plural)
stalle (accusative plural)
stallami (instrumental plural)
stallach (locative plural)
stalle (plural vocative)


ferie

ferie (nominative plural)
ferii (genitive plural)
feryj (archaic genitive plural)
feriom (dative plural)
ferie (accusative plural)
feriami (instrumental plural)
feriach (locative plural)
ferie (plural vocative)


Indie

Indie (nominative plural)
Indii (genitive plural)
Indyj (archaic genitive plural)
Indiom (dative plural)
Indie (accusative plural)
Indiami (instrumental plural)
Indiach (locative plural)
Indie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin India, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδία (Indía), from Ἰνδός (Indós), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢 (hiⁿdu-), from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *síndʰuṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš.


niebiosa

niebiosa (nominative plural)
niebios (genitive plural)
niebiosom (dative plural)
niebiosa (accusative plural)
niebiosami (instrumental plural)
niebiosach (locative plural)
niebiesiech (locative plural)
niebiosa (plural vocative)

Fossilized s-stem plural of niebo, from Proto-Slavic *nebo, from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰos.

wynosić pod niebiosa, wynieść pod niebiosa


alimenty

alimenty (nominative plural)
alimentów (genitive plural)
alimentom (dative plural)
alimenty (accusative plural)
alimentami (instrumental plural)
alimentach (locative plural)
alimenty (plural vocative)

Plural of obsolete alimentum, aliment (“nourishment”), from Latin alimentum. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from German Alimente or French aliments. First attested in 1578.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “alimentum”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(law) alimony (court-enforced allowance)


szachy

szachy (nominative plural)
szachów (genitive plural)
szachom (dative plural)
szachy (accusative plural)
szachami (instrumental plural)
szachach (locative plural)
szachy (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: ша́хы (šáxy) (dated)

→ Ukrainian: ша́хи (šáxy)

Nie mogę znaleźć moich szachów


skrzypce

pl-noun

skrzypce nvir pl (diminutive skrzypki or skrzypeczki, related adjective skrzypcowy)

skrzypki (diminutive)
skrzypeczki (diminutive)
skrzypcowy (adjective)
skrzypce (nominative plural)
skrzypiec (genitive plural)
skrzypcom (dative plural)
skrzypce (accusative plural)
skrzypcami (instrumental plural)
skrzypcach (locative plural)
skrzypce (plural vocative)

violin (small unfretted stringed instrument with four strings tuned (lowest to highest) G-D-A-E, usually held against the chin and played with a bow)


Bahamy

pl-prop

Bahamy nvir pl (related adjective bahamski)

bahamski (adjective)
Bahamy (nominative plural)
Bahamów (genitive plural)
Bahamom (dative plural)
Bahamy (accusative plural)
Bahamami (instrumental plural)
Bahamach (locative plural)
Bahamy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Bahamas.

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


królestwo

królestwo (nominative singular)
królestwa (nominative plural)
królestwa (genitive singular)
królestw (genitive plural)
królestwu (dative singular)
królestwom (dative plural)
królestwo (accusative singular)
królestwa (accusative plural)
królestwem (instrumental singular)
królestwami (instrumental plural)
królestwie (locative singular)
królestwach (locative plural)
królestwo (singular vocative)
królestwa (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish królestwo, from Proto-Slavic *korľevьstvo. By surface analysis, król + -stwo.


widły

widełki (diminutive)
widły (nominative plural)
wideł (genitive plural)
widłom (dative plural)
widły (accusative plural)
widłami (instrumental plural)
widłach (locative plural)
widły (plural vocative)

(plural only) pitchfork (tool with spikes used for digging)


Falklandy

Falklandy nvir pl (related adjective falklandzki)

falklandzki (adjective)
Falklandy (nominative plural)
Falklandów (genitive plural)
Falklandom (dative plural)
Falklandy (accusative plural)
Falklandami (instrumental plural)
Falklandach (locative plural)
Falklandy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Falklands.

Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands#English

Falklands, Falkland Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom)


spodnie

spodenki (diminutive)
spodnie (nominative plural)
spodni (genitive plural)
spodniom (dative plural)
spodnie (accusative plural)
spodniami (instrumental plural)
spodniach (locative plural)
spodnie (plural vocative)


manele

manele (nominative plural)
maneli (genitive plural)
manelom (dative plural)
manele (accusative plural)
manelami (instrumental plural)
manelach (locative plural)
manele (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish manele (“bracelets, female jewelry worn on the wrists”). From a Romance language, probably Italian maniglia, though the first e is surprising. Compare English manacle.


rajstopy

rajstopki (diminutive)
rajstopy (nominative plural)
rajstop (genitive plural)
rajstopom (dative plural)
rajstopy (accusative plural)
rajstopami (instrumental plural)
rajstopach (locative plural)
rajstopy (plural vocative)

Blend of rajtuzy (“baby's tights”) + stopy (“feet”).


urodziny

urodziny (nominative plural)
urodzin (genitive plural)
urodzinom (dative plural)
urodziny (accusative plural)
urodzinami (instrumental plural)
urodzinach (locative plural)
urodziny (plural vocative)


nożyczki

nożyczki (nominative plural)
nożyczek (genitive plural)
nożyczkom (dative plural)
nożyczki (accusative plural)
nożyczkami (instrumental plural)
nożyczkach (locative plural)
nożyczki (plural vocative)


kręgle

kręgle (nominative plural)
kręgli (genitive plural)
kręglom (dative plural)
kręgle (accusative plural)
kręglami (instrumental plural)
kręglach (locative plural)
kręgle (plural vocative)


imieniny

imieniny (nominative plural)
imienin (genitive plural)
imieninom (dative plural)
imieniny (accusative plural)
imieninami (instrumental plural)
imieninach (locative plural)
imieniny (plural vocative)


nosze

nosze (nominative plural)
noszy (genitive plural)
noszom (dative plural)
nosze (accusative plural)
noszami (instrumental plural)
noszach (locative plural)
nosze (plural vocative)

stretcher (apparatus for moving patients who require medical care)


okulary

pl-noun

okulary nvir pl (diminutive okularki, augmentative okularzyska, related adjective okularowy)

okularki (diminutive)
okularzyska (augmentative)
okularowy (adjective)
okulary (nominative plural)
okularów (genitive plural)
okularom (dative plural)
okulary (accusative plural)
okularami (instrumental plural)
okularach (locative plural)
okulary (plural vocative)

glasses, spectacles (frames bearing two lenses worn in front of the eyes)


plecy

plecy nvir pl (diminutive plecki, related adjective plecowy)

plecki (diminutive)
plecowy (adjective)
plecy (nominative plural)
pleców (genitive plural)
plecom (dative plural)
plecy (accusative plural)
plecami (instrumental plural)
plecach (locative plural)
plecy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish plece, from Proto-Slavic *pleťe.

friends in high places
friends in high places

(colloquial, idiomatic) back (support); coattail benefits, friends in high places


sanki

saneczki (diminutive)
sanki (nominative plural)
sanek (genitive plural)
sankom (dative plural)
sanki (accusative plural)
sankami (instrumental plural)
sankach (locative plural)
sanki (plural vocative)


dudy

dudy (nominative plural)
dud (genitive plural)
dudom (dative plural)
dudy (accusative plural)
dudami (instrumental plural)
dudach (locative plural)
dudy (plural vocative)


Pireneje

Pireneje (nominative plural)
Pirenejów (genitive plural)
Pirenejom (dative plural)
Pireneje (accusative plural)
Pirenejami (instrumental plural)
Pirenejach (locative plural)
Pireneje (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Pȳrēnaeī montēs.


Himalaje

pl-prop

Himalaje nvir pl (related adjective himalajski)

himalajski (adjective)
Himalaje (nominative plural)
Himalajów (genitive plural)
Himalajom (dative plural)
Himalaje (accusative plural)
Himalajami (instrumental plural)
Himalajach (locative plural)
Himalaje (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Himalayas, French Himalaya, German Himalaja, ultimately from Sanskrit हिमालय (himālaya).

Himalayas (a mountain range in Bhutan, China, India, Nepal and Pakistan)


Karpaty

Karpaty (nominative plural)
Karpat (genitive plural)
Karpatom (dative plural)
Karpaty (accusative plural)
Karpatami (instrumental plural)
Karpatach (locative plural)
Karpaty (plural vocative)

Carpathian Mountains
Carpathian Mountains#English


Tatry

Tatry (nominative plural)
Tatr (genitive plural)
Tatrom (dative plural)
Tatry (accusative plural)
Tatrami (instrumental plural)
Tatrach (locative plural)
Tatry (plural vocative)

Tatra Mountains (a mountain range in Carpathians)


Sudety

Sudety (nominative plural)
Sudetów (genitive plural)
Sudetom (dative plural)
Sudety (accusative plural)
Sudetami (instrumental plural)
Sudetach (locative plural)
Sudety (plural vocative)


Alpy

Alpy nvir pl (related adjective alpejski)

alpejski (adjective)
Alpy (nominative plural)
Alp (genitive plural)
Alpom (dative plural)
Alpy (accusative plural)
Alpami (instrumental plural)
Alpach (locative plural)
Alpy (plural vocative)

Alps (a mountain range in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland)


kleszcze

pl-noun

kleszcze nvir pl (diminutive kleszczyki)

kleszczyki (diminutive)
kleszcze (nominative plural)
kleszczy (genitive plural)
kleszczów (genitive plural)
kleszczom (dative plural)
kleszcze (accusative plural)
kleszczami (instrumental plural)
kleszczach (locative plural)
kleszcze (plural vocative)

/ˈklɛʂ.t͡ʂɛ/


województwo

województwo n (related adjective wojewódzki)

wojewódzki (adjective)
województwo (nominative singular)
województwa (nominative plural)
województwa (genitive singular)
województw (genitive plural)
województwu (dative singular)
województwom (dative plural)
województwo (accusative singular)
województwa (accusative plural)
województwem (instrumental singular)
województwami (instrumental plural)
województwie (locative singular)
województwach (locative plural)
województwo (singular vocative)
województwa (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish województwo. By surface analysis, wojewoda + -ztwo. Compare Kashubian wòjewództwò.

voivodeship (third-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, above powiat and gmina)

(metonymically) voivodeship (people living in such a division)

(government, metonymically) voivodeship office (headquarters of such a district)

(government, metonymically) voivodeship authorities (people in charge of such a district)

(government, metonymically, obsolete) voivodeship (position of a voivode)


perfumy

perfumy (nominative plural)
perfum (genitive plural)
perfumom (dative plural)
perfumy (accusative plural)
perfumami (instrumental plural)
perfumach (locative plural)
perfumy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French parfum, from Middle French parfumer (“to scent”), from Old Occitan perfumar or another language around the Mediterranean coast.


dżinsy

dżinsy (nominative plural)
dżinsów (genitive plural)
dżinsom (dative plural)
dżinsy (accusative plural)
dżinsami (instrumental plural)
dżinsach (locative plural)
dżinsy (plural vocative)


Bliźnięta

Bliźnięta (nominative plural)
Bliźniąt (genitive plural)
Bliźniętom (dative plural)
Bliźnięta (accusative plural)
Bliźniętami (instrumental plural)
Bliźniętach (locative plural)
Bliźnięta (plural vocative)


fekalia

fekalia nvir pl (related adjective fekalny)

fekalny (adjective)
fekalia (nominative plural)
fekaliów (genitive plural)
fekaliom (dative plural)
fekalia (accusative plural)
fekaliami (instrumental plural)
fekaliach (locative plural)
fekalia (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin faecālia.


Ryby

Ryby (nominative plural)
Ryb (genitive plural)
Rybom (dative plural)
Ryby (accusative plural)
Rybami (instrumental plural)
Rybach (locative plural)
Ryby (plural vocative)


Ateny

Ateny (nominative plural)
Aten (genitive plural)
Atenom (dative plural)
Ateny (accusative plural)
Atenami (instrumental plural)
Atenach (locative plural)
Ateny (plural vocative)


grzybienie

grzybienie (nominative plural)
grzybieni (genitive plural)
grzybieniom (dative plural)
grzybienie (accusative plural)
grzybieniami (instrumental plural)
grzybieniach (locative plural)
grzybienie (plural vocative)

/ɡʐɘˈbjɛ.ɲɛ/

water lily (any plant of the genus Nymphaea)


Filipiny

Filipiny (nominative plural)
Filipin (genitive plural)
Filipinom (dative plural)
Filipiny (accusative plural)
Filipinami (instrumental plural)
Filipinach (locative plural)
Filipiny (plural vocative)

Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


Malediwy

pl-prop

Malediwy nvir pl (related adjective malediwski)

malediwski (adjective)
Malediwy (nominative plural)
Malediwów (genitive plural)
Malediwom (dative plural)
Malediwy (accusative plural)
Malediwami (instrumental plural)
Malediwach (locative plural)
Malediwy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Maldives.

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia)


Wyspy Cooka

Wyspy Cooka (nominative plural)
Wysp Cooka (genitive plural)
Wyspom Cooka (dative plural)
Wyspy Cooka (accusative plural)
Wyspami Cooka (instrumental plural)
Wyspach Cooka (locative plural)
Wyspy Cooka (plural vocative)

Cook Islands
Cook Islands#English:_Q26988

Cook Islands (An archipelago and self-governing country in Oceania, in free association with New Zealand)


Seszele

pl-proper noun

Seszele nvir pl (related adjective seszelski)

seszelski (adjective)
Seszele (nominative plural)
Seszeli (genitive plural)
Seszelów (genitive plural)
Seszelom (dative plural)
Seszele (accusative plural)
Seszelami (instrumental plural)
Seszelach (locative plural)
Seszele (plural vocative)

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie

pl-prop

Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie nvir pl (abbreviation ZEA)

ZEA (abbreviation)
Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie (nominative plural)
Zjednoczonych Emiratów Arabskich (genitive plural)
Zjednoczonym Emiratom Arabskim (dative plural)
Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie (accusative plural)
Zjednoczonymi Emiratami Arabskimi (instrumental plural)
Zjednoczonych Emiratach Arabskich (locative plural)
Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie (plural vocative)

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Wyspy Brytyjskie

Wyspy Brytyjskie (nominative plural)
Wysp Brytyjskich (genitive plural)
Wyspom Brytyjskim (dative plural)
Wyspy Brytyjskie (accusative plural)
Wyspami Brytyjskimi (instrumental plural)
Wyspach Brytyjskich (locative plural)
Wyspy Brytyjskie (plural vocative)

British Isles
British Isles#English:_Q38272

British Isles (an archipelago in Northern Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, Anglesey, the Isle of Man, the Isle of Wight, the Hebrides, the Shetland Islands, the Orkney Islands, the Isles of Scilly, the Channel Islands and many smaller islands)


okulary przeciwsłoneczne

okulary przeciwsłoneczne (nominative plural)
okularów przeciwsłonecznych (genitive plural)
okularom przeciwsłonecznym (dative plural)
okulary przeciwsłoneczne (accusative plural)
okularami przeciwsłonecznymi (instrumental plural)
okularach przeciwsłonecznych (locative plural)
okulary przeciwsłoneczne (plural vocative)


slipy

slipki (diminutive)
slipy (nominative plural)
slipów (genitive plural)
slipom (dative plural)
slipy (accusative plural)
slipami (instrumental plural)
slipach (locative plural)
slipy (plural vocative)


spodenki

spodenki (nominative plural)
spodenek (genitive plural)
spodenkom (dative plural)
spodenki (accusative plural)
spodenkami (instrumental plural)
spodenkach (locative plural)
spodenki (plural vocative)


wrota

wrota (nominative plural)
wrót (genitive plural)
wrotom (dative plural)
wrota (accusative plural)
wrotami (instrumental plural)
wrotach (locative plural)
wrota (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish wrota, from Proto-Slavic *vorta.


akta

akta (nominative plural)
akt (genitive plural)
aktom (dative plural)
akta (accusative plural)
aktami (instrumental plural)
aktach (locative plural)
akta (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin āctā. First attested in 1551.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “akt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


Sumy

sumski (adjective)
Sumy (nominative plural)
Sum (genitive plural)
Sumom (dative plural)
Sumy (accusative plural)
Sumami (instrumental plural)
Sumach (locative plural)
Sumy (plural vocative)


szarawary

szarawary (nominative plural)
szarawarów (genitive plural)
szarawarom (dative plural)
szarawary (accusative plural)
szarawarami (instrumental plural)
szarawarach (locative plural)
szarawary (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ukrainian шарова́ри (šarováry) or Belarusian шарава́ры (šaraváry), or Russian шарова́ры (šarováry), from Hungarian salavári, from Bulgarian шалвари (šalvari), from Ottoman Turkish شالوار (şalvâr), from Persian شلوار (šalvâr), from Middle Persian [script needed] (šlwʾl /šalwār/), from Proto-Iranian *šarawāra, from Proto-Indo-European *skelo- + *wero-.


Saint Kitts i Nevis

Calque of English Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean)


Saint Vincent i Grenadyny

Saint Vincent i Grenadyny (nominative plural)
Saint Vincent i Grenadyn (genitive plural)
Saint Vincent i Grenadynom (dative plural)
Saint Vincent i Grenadyny (accusative plural)
Saint Vincent i Grenadynami (instrumental plural)
Saint Vincent i Grenadynach (locative plural)
Saint Vincent i Grenadyny (plural vocative)

Calque of English Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

calque

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines#English

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


Austro-Węgry

Austro-Węgry (nominative plural)
Austro-Węgier (genitive plural)
Austro-Węgrom (dative plural)
Austro-Węgry (accusative plural)
Austro-Węgrami (instrumental plural)
Austro-Węgrzech (locative plural)
Austro-Węgry (plural vocative)

(historical) Austria-Hungary (a former empire in Europe)


Wyspy Marshalla

Wyspy Marshalla (nominative plural)
Wysp Marshalla (genitive plural)
Wyspom Marshalla (dative plural)
Wyspy Marshalla (accusative plural)
Wyspami Marshalla (instrumental plural)
Wyspach Marshalla (locative plural)
Wyspy Marshalla (plural vocative)

Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands#English:_Q709

Marshall Islands (A country consisting of two archipelagos in Micronesia, in Oceania)


Wyspy Salomona

pl-prop

Wyspy Salomona nvir pl (related adjective salomoński)

salomoński (adjective)
Wyspy Salomona (nominative plural)
Wysp Salomona (genitive plural)
Wyspom Salomona (dative plural)
Wyspy Salomona (accusative plural)
Wyspami Salomona (instrumental plural)
Wyspach Salomona (locative plural)
Wyspy Salomona (plural vocative)

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q685

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q148966

Solomon Islands (A country consisting of the majority of the Solomon Islands archipelago in Melanesia, in Oceania, as well as the Santa Cruz Islands)

Solomon Islands (An archipelago in Melanesia, split between the countries of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea)


Wyspy Świętego Tomasza i Książęca

pl-proper noun

Wyspy Świętego Tomasza i Książęca nvir pl

Wyspy Świętego Tomasza i Książęca (nominative plural)
Wysp Świętego Tomasza i Książęcej (genitive plural)
Wyspom Świętego Tomasza i Książęcej (dative plural)
Wyspy Świętego Tomasza i Książęcą (accusative plural)
Wyspami Świętego Tomasza i Książęcą (instrumental plural)
Wyspach Świętego Tomasza i Książęcej (locative plural)
Wyspy Świętego Tomasza i Książęca (plural vocative)

/ˈvɘ.spɘ ɕfjɛnˈtɛ.ɡɔ tɔˈma.ʂa i kɕɔw̃ˈʐɛn.t͡sa/

/ˈvɘ.spɘ ɕfjɛnˈtɛ.ɡɔ tɔˈma.ʂa i kɕɔnˈʐɛn.t͡sa/

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe#English:_Q1039

São Tomé and Príncipe (a country and archipelago in Central Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean)


Gliwice

pl-prop

Gliwice nvir pl (related adjective gliwicki, demonym gliwiczanin, female demonym gliwiczanka)

gliwicki (adjective)
gliwiczanin (demonym)
gliwiczanka (demonym feminine)
Gliwice (nominative plural)
Gliwic (genitive plural)
Gliwicom (dative plural)
Gliwice (accusative plural)
Gliwicami (instrumental plural)
Gliwicach (locative plural)
Gliwice (plural vocative)

→ Czech: Hlivice

→ English: Gliwice

→ German: Gleiwitz

Silesian Voivodeship
Silesian Voivodeship#English

Gliwice (a city in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Kielce

Kielce nvir pl (related adjective kielecki, demonym kielczanin, female demonym kielczanka)

kielecki (adjective)
kielczanin (demonym)
kielczanka (demonym feminine)
Kielce (nominative plural)
Kielc (genitive plural)
Kielcom (dative plural)
Kielce (accusative plural)
Kielcami (instrumental plural)
Kielcach (locative plural)
Kielce (plural vocative)

Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship#English

Kielce (the capital and largest city of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland)


Katowice

Katowice nvir pl (related adjective katowicki, demonym katowiczanin, female demonym katowiczanka)

katowicki (adjective)
katowiczanin (demonym)
katowiczanka (demonym feminine)
Katowice (nominative plural)
Katowic (genitive plural)
Katowicom (dative plural)
Katowice (accusative plural)
Katowicami (instrumental plural)
Katowicach (locative plural)
Katowice (plural vocative)

Uncertain. There are two theories. Most likely, it comes from the nickname kat (“executioner, hangman”), used to describe the first settler. The second theory is that it comes from the word kąt (“angle”).

Katowice (the capital and largest city of the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Tychy

Tychy (nominative plural)
Tychów (genitive plural)
Tych (genitive plural)
Tychom (dative plural)
Tychy (accusative plural)
Tychami (instrumental plural)
Tychach (locative plural)
Tychy (plural vocative)

Tychy (a city in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


kajdanki

kajdanki (nominative plural)
kajdanek (genitive plural)
kajdanków (genitive plural)
kajdankom (dative plural)
kajdanki (accusative plural)
kajdankami (instrumental plural)
kajdankach (locative plural)
kajdanki (plural vocative)


Azory

Azory nvir pl (related adjective azorski)

azorski (adjective)
Azory (nominative plural)
Azorów (genitive plural)
Azorom (dative plural)
Azory (accusative plural)
Azorami (instrumental plural)
Azorach (locative plural)
Azory (plural vocative)

Azores (an archipelago and autonomous region of Portugal)


Hawaje

Hawaje (nominative plural)
Hawajów (genitive plural)
Hawajom (dative plural)
Hawaje (accusative plural)
Hawajami (instrumental plural)
Hawajach (locative plural)
Hawaje (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English Hawaii, from Hawaiian Hawaiʻi, from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian *Sawaiki (“traditional homeland”).


Baleary

Baleary (nominative plural)
Balearów (genitive plural)
Balearom (dative plural)
Baleary (accusative plural)
Balearami (instrumental plural)
Balearach (locative plural)
Baleary (plural vocative)

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English

autonomous community
autonomous community

Balearic Islands (an autonomous community and province of Spain)


Antyle

Antyle (nominative plural)
Antyli (genitive plural)
Antylom (dative plural)
Antyle (accusative plural)
Antylami (instrumental plural)
Antylach (locative plural)
Antyle (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Antilles.

the Antilles (a group of islands in the Caribbean)


Antyle Holenderskie

Antyle Holenderskie (nominative plural)
Antyli Holenderskich (genitive plural)
Antylom Holenderskim (dative plural)
Antyle Holenderskie (accusative plural)
Antylami Holenderskimi (instrumental plural)
Antylach Holenderskich (locative plural)
Antyle Holenderskie (plural vocative)

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antilles#English

Netherlands Antilles (a former constituent country of the Netherlands, dissolved in 2010; it consisted of the islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten)


Aleuty

pl-prop

Aleuty nvir pl (related adjective aleucki)

aleucki (adjective)
Aleuty (nominative plural)
Aleutów (genitive plural)
Aleutom (dative plural)
Aleuty (accusative plural)
Aleutami (instrumental plural)
Aleutach (locative plural)
Aleuty (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Aleutian.

Aleutian Islands
Aleutian Islands#English

Aleutian Islands (an archipelago in western Alaska, United States)


egipskie ciemności

egipskie ciemności (nominative plural)
egipskich ciemności (genitive plural)
egipskim ciemnościom (dative plural)
egipskie ciemności (accusative plural)
egipskimi ciemnościami (instrumental plural)
egipskich ciemnościach (locative plural)
egipskie ciemności (plural vocative)

A reference to one of the Plagues of Egypt in Exodus 10:21-24.


cymbały

cymbałki (diminutive)
cymbały (nominative plural)
cymbałów (genitive plural)
cymbałom (dative plural)
cymbały (accusative plural)
cymbałami (instrumental plural)
cymbałach (locative plural)
cymbały (plural vocative)

cimbalom (type of concert hammered dulcimer used primarily in the music of Central and Eastern Europe)


Bermudy

Bermudy nvir pl (related adjective bermudzki)

bermudzki (adjective)
Bermudy (nominative plural)
Bermudów (genitive plural)
Bermudom (dative plural)
Bermudy (accusative plural)
Bermudami (instrumental plural)
Bermudach (locative plural)
Bermudy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Bermuda.

Bermuda (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom)


żniwa

żniwa (nominative plural)
żniw (genitive plural)
żniwom (dative plural)
żniwa (accusative plural)
żniwami (instrumental plural)
żniwach (locative plural)
żniwa (plural vocative)

Plural of żniwo. Cognate with Ukrainian жнива́ (žnyvá).


Góry Skaliste

Góry Skaliste (nominative plural)
Gór Skalistych (genitive plural)
Górom Skalistym (dative plural)
Góry Skaliste (accusative plural)
Górami Skalistymi (instrumental plural)
Górach Skalistych (locative plural)
Góry Skaliste (plural vocative)


prawa człowieka

prawa człowieka (nominative plural)
praw człowieka (genitive plural)
prawom człowieka (dative plural)
prawa człowieka (accusative plural)
prawami człowieka (instrumental plural)
prawach człowieka (locative plural)
prawa człowieka (plural vocative)


krokodyle łzy

krokodyle łzy (nominative plural)
krokodylich łez (genitive plural)
krokodylim łzom (dative plural)
krokodyle łzy (accusative plural)
krokodylimi łzami (instrumental plural)
krokodylich łzach (locative plural)
krokodyle łzy (plural vocative)


Łużyce

Łużyce nvir pl (related adjective łużycki)

łużycki (adjective)
Łużyce (nominative plural)
Łużyc (genitive plural)
Łużycom (dative plural)
Łużyce (accusative plural)
Łużycami (instrumental plural)
Łużycach (locative plural)
Łużyce (plural vocative)

Lusatia (a region of Central Europe, in modern Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic)


imponderabilia

imponderabilia (nominative plural)
imponderabiliów (genitive plural)
imponderabiliom (dative plural)
imponderabilia (accusative plural)
imponderabiliami (instrumental plural)
imponderabiliach (locative plural)
imponderabilia (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin imponderabilia.

lbor

imponderabilia (things that are intangible and cannot be accurately measured or calculated, but can have an impact on some matter)


drożdże

pl-noun

drożdże nvir pl (related adjective drożdżowy)

drożdżowy (adjective)
drożdże (nominative plural)
drożdży (genitive plural)
drożdżom (dative plural)
drożdże (accusative plural)
drożdżami (instrumental plural)
drożdżach (locative plural)
drożdże (plural vocative)

/ˈdrɔʐ.d͡ʐɛ/

Inherited from Old Polish drożdża. Compare Czech droždí, Lower Sorbian droždźeje, and Russian дро́жжи (dróžži).

(cooking) baker's yeast (strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and other bakery products, serving as a leavening agent which causes the bread to rise (expand and become lighter and softer) by converting the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol)


grabie

grabki (diminutive)
grabie (nominative plural)
grabi (genitive plural)
grabiom (dative plural)
grabie (accusative plural)
grabiami (instrumental plural)
grabiach (locative plural)
grabie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *grabji. Compare the verb grabić (“to rake”).


Mazury

pl-prop

Mazury nvir pl (related adjective mazurski)

mazurski (adjective)
Mazury (nominative plural)
Mazur (genitive plural)
Mazurom (dative plural)
Mazury (accusative plural)
Mazurami (instrumental plural)
Mazurach (locative plural)
Mazury (plural vocative)


Kajmany

Kajmany (nominative plural)
Kajmanów (genitive plural)
Kajmanom (dative plural)
Kajmany (accusative plural)
Kajmanami (instrumental plural)
Kajmanach (locative plural)
Kajmany (plural vocative)

Cayman Islands (three islands constituting an overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean Sea)


Wyspy Owcze

Wyspy Owcze (nominative plural)
Wysp Owczych (genitive plural)
Wyspom Owczym (dative plural)
Wyspy Owcze (accusative plural)
Wyspami Owczymi (instrumental plural)
Wyspach Owczych (locative plural)
Wyspy Owcze (plural vocative)

Literally, “Sheep Islands”. Calque of Old Norse Færeyjar.

Faroe Islands (an archipelago and self-governing dependent territory of Denmark, in the North Atlantic Ocean)


Bałkany

Bałkany nvir pl (related adjective bałkański)

bałkański (adjective)
Bałkany (nominative plural)
Bałkanów (genitive plural)
Bałkanom (dative plural)
Bałkany (accusative plural)
Bałkanami (instrumental plural)
Bałkanach (locative plural)
Bałkany (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Balkans.

Balkans (a peninsula and mountain range in southeast Europe)


warcaby

warcaby (nominative plural)
warcabów (genitive plural)
warcabom (dative plural)
warcaby (accusative plural)
warcabami (instrumental plural)
warcabach (locative plural)
warcaby (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Czech vrhcáby, from Middle High German wurfzabel.

(board games) draughts (UK), checkers (US)


retenta

retenta (nominative plural)
retent (genitive plural)
retentów (genitive plural)
retentom (dative plural)
retenta (accusative plural)
retentami (instrumental plural)
retentach (locative plural)
retenta (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin retentā. First attested in 1566.


konopie

pl-noun

konopie nvir pl (related adjective konopny or konopiowy or konopiany)

konopny (adjective)
konopiowy (adjective)
konopiany (adjective)
konopie (nominative plural)
konopi (genitive plural)
konopiom (dative plural)
konopie (accusative plural)
konopiami (instrumental plural)
konopiach (locative plural)
konopie (plural vocative)

Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa#Translingual

marijuana (inflorescence of the Cannabis sativa plant, smoked or ingested for euphoric effect)


frutti di mare

Unadapted borrowing from Italian frutti di mare.

ubor

fruits of the sea, seafood (fish, shellfish, seaweed, and other edible aquatic life)

fruits of the sea, seafood (dish prepared from seafood)


agrafa

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἄγραφα (ágrapha).


uszka

uszka (nominative plural)
uszek (genitive plural)
uszkom (dative plural)
uszka (accusative plural)
uszkami (instrumental plural)
uszkach (locative plural)
uszka (plural vocative)

uszka (small dumplings filled with mushrooms or minced meat)


zwłoki

zwłoki (nominative plural)
zwłok (genitive plural)
zwłokom (dative plural)
zwłoki (accusative plural)
zwłokami (instrumental plural)
zwłokach (locative plural)
zwłoki (plural vocative)

remains, corpse (what is left after a person (or any organism) dies)


Bieszczady

Bieszczady (nominative plural)
Bieszczad (genitive plural)
Bieszczadów (genitive plural)
Bieszczadom (dative plural)
Bieszczady (accusative plural)
Bieszczadami (instrumental plural)
Bieszczadach (locative plural)
Bieszczady (plural vocative)

Unknown, suggested to have originated from Middle Low German beshêt (“drainage division”). Perhaps a doublet of Beskidy.

der

Bieszczady Mountains
w:Bieszczady Mountains

Bieszczady Mountains (a mountain range in Carpathians)


Karkonosze

Karkonosze (nominative plural)
Karkonoszy (genitive plural)
Karkonoszom (dative plural)
Karkonosze (accusative plural)
Karkonoszami (instrumental plural)
Karkonoszach (locative plural)
Karkonosze (plural vocative)

Giant Mountains (a mountain range in Sudetes)


Beskidy

Beskidy (nominative plural)
Beskidów (genitive plural)
Beskidom (dative plural)
Beskidy (accusative plural)
Beskidami (instrumental plural)
Beskidach (locative plural)
Beskidy (plural vocative)

Unknown, possibly from Proto-Albanian *beškāi tāi (cf. bjeshkët). Perhaps a doublet of Bieszczady.

Beskids (a mountain range in Carpathians)


Kaszuby

Kaszuby (nominative plural)
Kaszub (genitive plural)
Kaszubom (dative plural)
Kaszuby (accusative plural)
Kaszubami (instrumental plural)
Kaszubach (locative plural)
Kaszuby (plural vocative)

Ultimately uncertain, see Kashubian Kaszëbë for more.


Rysy

Rysy (nominative plural)
Rysów (genitive plural)
Rysom (dative plural)
Rysy (accusative plural)
Rysami (instrumental plural)
Rysach (locative plural)
Rysy (plural vocative)


obrada

pl-noun

obrada nvir pl (related adjective obradowy)

obradowy (adjective)
obrada (nominative singular)
obrady (nominative plural)
obrady (genitive singular)
obrad (genitive plural)
obradzie (dative singular)
obradom (dative plural)
obradę (accusative singular)
obrady (accusative plural)
obradą (instrumental singular)
obradami (instrumental plural)
obradzie (locative singular)
obradach (locative plural)
obrado (singular vocative)
obrady (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: òbradë

Deverbal from obradzić. First attested in 1592. Compare Silesian ôbrada.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “obrada”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(originally countable, now only, in the plural) proceedings, deliberations


Brytyjskie Wyspy Dziewicze

Brytyjskie Wyspy Dziewicze (nominative plural)
Brytyjskich Wysp Dziewiczych (genitive plural)
Brytyjskim Wyspom Dziewiczym (dative plural)
Brytyjskie Wyspy Dziewicze (accusative plural)
Brytyjskimi Wyspami Dziewiczymi (instrumental plural)
Brytyjskich Wyspach Dziewiczych (locative plural)
Brytyjskie Wyspy Dziewicze (plural vocative)

British Virgin Islands
British Virgin Islands#English

British Virgin Islands (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean)


dzięki

dzięki (nominative plural)
dzięków (genitive plural)
dziękom (dative plural)
dzięki (accusative plural)
dziękami (instrumental plural)
dziękach (locative plural)
dzięki (plural vocative)

From dzięka + i, which was also displaced by this term. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from German dank, French grâce à, and English thanks to.

sl

(literary) thanks (expression of gratitude)


gender studies

Unadapted borrowing from English gender studies.


rzutki

rzutki (nominative plural)
rzutek (genitive plural)
rzutkom (dative plural)
rzutki (accusative plural)
rzutkami (instrumental plural)
rzutkach (locative plural)
rzutki (plural vocative)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. Plural of rzutka.


sanie

sanki (diminutive)
sanie (nominative plural)
sań (genitive plural)
sani (genitive plural)
saniom (dative plural)
sanie (accusative plural)
saniami (instrumental plural)
sańmi (instrumental plural)
saniach (locative plural)
sanie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish sani, from Proto-Slavic *sani, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *śaʔnos, *śaʔnis.


bobsleje

bobsleje (nominative plural)
bobslejów (genitive plural)
bobslei (genitive plural)
bobslejom (dative plural)
bobsleje (accusative plural)
bobslejami (instrumental plural)
bobslejach (locative plural)
bobsleje (plural vocative)

kobiece/żeńskie bobsleje/bobsleje kobiet

olimpijskie bobsleje

kibice bobslejów

zawody bobslejów

igrzyska w bobslejach

mistrzostwa w bobslejach

zawody w bobslejach

uprawiać bobsleje

wygrać bobsleje


wici

wici (nominative plural)
wici (genitive plural)
wiciom (dative plural)
wici (accusative plural)
wiciami (instrumental plural)
wiciach (locative plural)
wici (plural vocative)

(historical, military) wici (call to arms in the medieval Poland)


anteriora

anteriora (nominative plural)
anteriorów (genitive plural)
anteriorom (dative plural)
anteriora (accusative plural)
anteriorami (instrumental plural)
anteriorach (locative plural)
anteriora (plural vocative)

(literary) antecedents (previous principles, conduct, history, etc.)


naturalia

naturalia (nominative plural)
naturaliów (genitive plural)
naturaliom (dative plural)
naturalia (accusative plural)
naturaliami (instrumental plural)
naturaliach (locative plural)
naturalia (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin nātūrālia. First attested in 1756.

(archaic) agricultural produce seen as a natural boon


generalia

generalia (nominative plural)
generaliów (genitive plural)
generaliom (dative plural)
generalia (accusative plural)
generaliami (instrumental plural)
generaliach (locative plural)
generalia (plural vocative)


humaniora

humaniora (nominative plural)
humaniorów (genitive plural)
humaniorom (dative plural)
humaniora (accusative plural)
humaniorami (instrumental plural)
humaniorach (locative plural)
humaniora (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Humaniora. First attested in 1805.

pl:Praktyczny słownik współczesnej polszczyzny


rajtuzy

rajtuzy (nominative plural)
rajtuz (genitive plural)
rajtuzom (dative plural)
rajtuzy (accusative plural)
rajtuzami (instrumental plural)
rajtuzach (locative plural)
rajtuzy (plural vocative)


kąpielówki

kąpielówki (nominative plural)
kąpielówek (genitive plural)
kąpielówkom (dative plural)
kąpielówki (accusative plural)
kąpielówkami (instrumental plural)
kąpielówkach (locative plural)
kąpielówki (plural vocative)


kalesony

kalesony (nominative plural)
kalesonów (genitive plural)
kalesonom (dative plural)
kalesony (accusative plural)
kalesonami (instrumental plural)
kalesonach (locative plural)
kalesony (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French caleçon, from Italian calzone.


pludry

pludry (nominative plural)
pludrów (genitive plural)
pludrom (dative plural)
pludry (accusative plural)
pludrami (instrumental plural)
pludrach (locative plural)
pludry (plural vocative)

(historical) hose, pluderhose (short, baggy trousers that are gathered tightly at the bottom)


bokserki

bokserki (nominative plural)
bokserek (genitive plural)
bokserkom (dative plural)
bokserki (accusative plural)
bokserkami (instrumental plural)
bokserkach (locative plural)
bokserki (plural vocative)

From bokser + -ki. Calque of English boxers. Compare Czech boxerky.


getry

getry (nominative plural)
getrów (genitive plural)
getrom (dative plural)
getry (accusative plural)
getrami (instrumental plural)
getrach (locative plural)
getry (plural vocative)


Karaiby

Karaiby (nominative plural)
Karaibów (genitive plural)
Karaibom (dative plural)
Karaiby (accusative plural)
Karaibami (instrumental plural)
Karaibach (locative plural)
Karaiby (plural vocative)


Syrakuzy

Syrakuzy (nominative plural)
Syrakuz (genitive plural)
Syrakuzom (dative plural)
Syrakuzy (accusative plural)
Syrakuzami (instrumental plural)
Syrakuzach (locative plural)
Syrakuzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Syrācūsae, from Ancient Greek Συρᾱ́κουσαι (Surā́kousai).


Saloniki

Saloniki (nominative plural)
Salonik (genitive plural)
Salonikom (dative plural)
Saloniki (accusative plural)
Salonikami (instrumental plural)
Salonikach (locative plural)
Saloniki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Greek Σαλονίκη (Saloníki).


Szetlandy

Szetlandy (nominative plural)
Szetlandów (genitive plural)
Szetlandom (dative plural)
Szetlandy (accusative plural)
Szetlandami (instrumental plural)
Szetlandach (locative plural)
Szetlandy (plural vocative)

Shetland Islands
Shetland Islands#English

the Shetland Islands (a group of islands north-east of Scotland)


Hebrydy

Hebrydy (nominative plural)
Hebrydów (genitive plural)
Hebrydom (dative plural)
Hebrydy (accusative plural)
Hebrydami (instrumental plural)
Hebrydach (locative plural)
Hebrydy (plural vocative)

the Hebrides (a group of islands west of Scotland)


Orkady

Orkady (nominative plural)
Orkadów (genitive plural)
Orkadom (dative plural)
Orkady (accusative plural)
Orkadami (instrumental plural)
Orkadach (locative plural)
Orkady (plural vocative)

the Orkney Islands (a group of islands north-east of Scotland)


Wyspy Jońskie

Wyspy Jońskie (nominative plural)
Wysp Jońskich (genitive plural)
Wyspom Jońskim (dative plural)
Wyspy Jońskie (accusative plural)
Wyspami Jońskimi (instrumental plural)
Wyspach Jońskich (locative plural)
Wyspy Jońskie (plural vocative)


Wyspy Kanaryjskie

Wyspy Kanaryjskie (nominative plural)
Wysp Kanaryjskich (genitive plural)
Wyspom Kanaryjskim (dative plural)
Wyspy Kanaryjskie (accusative plural)
Wyspami Kanaryjskimi (instrumental plural)
Wyspach Kanaryjskich (locative plural)
Wyspy Kanaryjskie (plural vocative)

Canary Islands (an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain)


Police

Police (nominative plural)
Polic (genitive plural)
Policom (dative plural)
Police (accusative plural)
Policami (instrumental plural)
Policach (locative plural)
Police (plural vocative)

West Pomeranian Voivodeship
West Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Police (a town in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)

Kazimierz Rymut
pl:Barbara Czopek-Kopciuch
pl:Nazwy miejscowe Polski


siki

siki (nominative plural)
sików (genitive plural)
sikom (dative plural)
siki (accusative plural)
sikami (instrumental plural)
sikach (locative plural)
siki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sikъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from sikać.

surf

(colloquial) piss, swill, dishwater (weak or inferior drink)


słonki

subfamily Scolopacinae (dowitchers, snipes and woodcocks)


nóżki

nóżki (nominative plural)
nóżek (genitive plural)
nóżkom (dative plural)
nóżki (accusative plural)
nóżkami (instrumental plural)
nóżkach (locative plural)
nóżki (plural vocative)


śnieżki

śnieżki (nominative plural)
śnieżek (genitive plural)
śnieżkom (dative plural)
śnieżki (accusative plural)
śnieżkami (instrumental plural)
śnieżkach (locative plural)
śnieżki (plural vocative)


Dolomity

Dolomity (nominative plural)
Dolomitów (genitive plural)
Dolomitom (dative plural)
Dolomity (accusative plural)
Dolomitami (instrumental plural)
Dolomitach (locative plural)
Dolomity (plural vocative)


Morawy

Morawy (nominative plural)
Moraw (genitive plural)
Morawom (dative plural)
Morawy (accusative plural)
Morawami (instrumental plural)
Morawach (locative plural)
Morawy (plural vocative)


fory

fory (nominative plural)
forów (genitive plural)
forom (dative plural)
fory (accusative plural)
forami (instrumental plural)
forach (locative plural)
fory (plural vocative)

From the singular form for, from German vorgeben.


Pardubice

pl-prop

Pardubice nvir pl (related adjective pardubicki)

pardubicki (adjective)
Pardubice (nominative plural)
Pardubic (genitive plural)
Pardubicom (dative plural)
Pardubice (accusative plural)
Pardubicami (instrumental plural)
Pardubicach (locative plural)
Pardubice (plural vocative)


pingle

pingle (nominative plural)
pingli (genitive plural)
pinglom (dative plural)
pingle (accusative plural)
pinglami (instrumental plural)
pinglach (locative plural)
pingle (plural vocative)

Plural of pingiel + -e, itself from ping-pong, with a semantic shift of ball->eye->that which one wears on their eyes. For the first semantic shift, compare the shift from Proto-Slavic *glazъ to Russian глаз (glaz).


Suwałki

Suwałki (nominative plural)
Suwałk (genitive plural)
Suwałkom (dative plural)
Suwałki (accusative plural)
Suwałkami (instrumental plural)
Suwałkach (locative plural)
Suwałki (plural vocative)

→ Lithuanian: Suvalkija

Borrowed from Lithuanian Suvalkai, from Lithuanian su- (“near”) + the root of valka (“small river, swampy place”).


Apeniny

Apeniny nvir pl (related adjective apeniński)

apeniński (adjective)
Apeniny (nominative plural)
Apenin (genitive plural)
Apeninom (dative plural)
Apeniny (accusative plural)
Apeninami (instrumental plural)
Apeninach (locative plural)
Apeniny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Apennines, French Apennins, German Apenninen.


Plejady

Plejady (nominative plural)
Plejad (genitive plural)
Plejadom (dative plural)
Plejady (accusative plural)
Plejadami (instrumental plural)
Plejadach (locative plural)
Plejady (plural vocative)


artykuły gospodarstwa domowego

pl-noun

artykuły gospodarstwa domowego nvir pl (abbreviation AGD)

AGD (abbreviation)
artykuł gospodarstwa domowego (nominative singular)
artykuły gospodarstwa domowego (nominative plural)
artykułu gospodarstwa domowego (genitive singular)
artykułów gospodarstwa domowego (genitive plural)
artykułowi gospodarstwa domowego (dative singular)
artykułom gospodarstwa domowego (dative plural)
artykuł gospodarstwa domowego (accusative singular)
artykuły gospodarstwa domowego (accusative plural)
artykułem gospodarstwa domowego (instrumental singular)
artykułami gospodarstwa domowego (instrumental plural)
artykule gospodarstwa domowego (locative singular)
artykułach gospodarstwa domowego (locative plural)
artykule gospodarstwa domowego (singular vocative)
artykuły gospodarstwa domowego (plural vocative)


zaświaty

zaświaty (nominative plural)
zaświatów (genitive plural)
zaświatom (dative plural)
zaświaty (accusative plural)
zaświatami (instrumental plural)
zaświatach (locative plural)
zaświaty (plural vocative)

underworld, afterlife (world of the dead)


oczęta

oczęta (nominative plural)
ocząt (genitive plural)
oczętom (dative plural)
oczęta (accusative plural)
oczętami (instrumental plural)
oczętach (locative plural)
oczęta (plural vocative)


duperele

duperele (nominative singular)
dupereli (nominative plural)
duperelom (genitive singular)
duperele (genitive plural)
duperelami (dative singular)
duperelach (dative plural)
duperele (accusative singular)


trzy grosze

/ˈtʂɘ ˈɡrɔ.ʂɛ/

(idiomatic) two pennies' worth, two cents (one's opinion)


banialuki

banialuki (nominative plural)
banialuk (genitive plural)
banialukom (dative plural)
banialuki (accusative plural)
banialukami (instrumental plural)
banialukach (locative plural)
banialuki (plural vocative)

From Banialuka, a princess in a fantasy poem by Hieronim Morsztyn, named after Banja Luka, a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

(colloquial, derogatory) poppycock; bunkum


napisy końcowe

napisy końcowe (nominative plural)
napisów końcowych (genitive plural)
napisom końcowym (dative plural)
napisy końcowe (accusative plural)
napisami końcowymi (instrumental plural)
napisach końcowych (locative plural)
napisy końcowe (plural vocative)

closing credits (written titles shown in a video)


bokobrody

bokobrody (nominative plural)
bokobrodów (genitive plural)
bokobrodom (dative plural)
bokobrody (accusative plural)
bokobrodami (instrumental plural)
bokobrodach (locative plural)
bokobrody (plural vocative)

From bok + -o- + broda. Calque of German Backenbart.


cztery litery

Literally, “four letter”, referencing the word dupa or rzyć.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see cztery, litera.


prawa zwierząt

prawa zwierząt (nominative plural)
praw zwierząt (genitive plural)
prawom zwierząt (dative plural)
prawa zwierząt (accusative plural)
prawami zwierząt (instrumental plural)
prawach zwierząt (locative plural)
prawa zwierząt (plural vocative)


dzieje

dzieje (nominative plural)
dziejów (genitive plural)
dziejom (dative plural)
dzieje (accusative plural)
dziejami (instrumental plural)
dziejach (locative plural)
dzieje (plural vocative)

Deverbal from dziać się. Compare Slovak dejiny, Czech dějiny, Lower Sorbian stawizny or English goings-on.


Delfy

Delfy (nominative plural)
Delf (genitive plural)
Delfom (dative plural)
Delfy (accusative plural)
Delfami (instrumental plural)
Delfach (locative plural)
Delfy (plural vocative)

Delphi (city of ancient Greece, site of the Delphic oracle)


-alia

alia (nominative plural)
aliów (genitive plural)
aliom (dative plural)
alia (accusative plural)
aliami (instrumental plural)
aliach (locative plural)
alia (plural vocative)

generalny + -alia → generalia


Teby

pl-prop

Teby nvir pl (related adjective tebański)

Thebes (an ancient city and archaeological site in the regional unit of Boeotia, in modern Greece)

Thebes (a modern city in the regional unit of Boeotia, Greece)


Teby

tebański (adjective)
Teby (nominative plural)
Teb (genitive plural)
Tebom (dative plural)
Teby (accusative plural)
Tebami (instrumental plural)
Tebach (locative plural)
Teby (plural vocative)

Thebes (an ancient city and archaeological site in Ancient Egypt, in modern Luxor, Egypt)


igrzyska

igrzyska (nominative plural)
igrzysk (genitive plural)
igrzyskom (dative plural)
igrzyska (accusative plural)
igrzyskami (instrumental plural)
igrzyskach (locative plural)
igrzyska (plural vocative)


Stany

Stany (nominative plural)
Stanów (genitive plural)
Stanom (dative plural)
Stany (accusative plural)
Stanami (instrumental plural)
Stanach (locative plural)
Stany (plural vocative)

(colloquial) States (a country in North America)


Kresy Wschodnie

Kresy Wschodnie (nominative plural)
Kresów Wschodnich (genitive plural)
Kresom Wschodnim (dative plural)
Kresy Wschodnie (accusative plural)
Kresami Wschodnimi (instrumental plural)
Kresach Wschodnich (locative plural)
Kresy Wschodnie (plural vocative)


kocie łby

kocie łby (nominative plural)
kocich łbów (genitive plural)
kocim łbom (dative plural)
kocie łby (accusative plural)
kocimi łbami (instrumental plural)
kocich łbach (locative plural)
kocie łby (plural vocative)

/ˈkɔ.t͡ɕɛ ˈwbɘ/

Literally, “cat heads”. Calque of German Katzenkopf. Compare Czech kočičí hlavy.

(idiomatic) road surface made from fieldstone or cobblestone


sztuki plastyczne

sztuki plastyczne (nominative plural)
sztuk plastycznych (genitive plural)
sztukom plastycznym (dative plural)
sztuki plastyczne (accusative plural)
sztukami plastycznymi (instrumental plural)
sztukach plastycznych (locative plural)
sztuki plastyczne (plural vocative)


pomyje

pomyje (nominative plural)
pomyj (genitive plural)
pomyjom (dative plural)
pomyje (accusative plural)
pomyjami (instrumental plural)
pomyjach (locative plural)
pomyje (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish pomyje, from Proto-Slavic *pomyję. Compare Serbo-Croatian помије.

(colloquial, derogatory) beverage of bad quality, especially beer


środki

środki (nominative plural)
środków (genitive plural)
środkom (dative plural)
środki (accusative plural)
środkami (instrumental plural)
środkach (locative plural)
środki (plural vocative)

Musieliśmy przedsięwziąć środki ostrożności.

We had to undertake precautionary measures.


znamię

znamię (nominative singular)
znamiona (nominative plural)
znamienia (genitive singular)
znamion (genitive plural)
znamieniu (dative singular)
znamionom (dative plural)
znamię (accusative singular)
znamiona (accusative plural)
znamieniem (instrumental singular)
znamionami (instrumental plural)
znamieniu (locative singular)
znamionach (locative plural)
znamię (singular vocative)
znamiona (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish znamię, from Proto-Slavic *znamę.

(law, plural only) criteria; the set of features used when determining whether a crime was committed


Murcki

Murcki (nominative plural)
Murcek (genitive plural)
Murckom (dative plural)
Murcki (accusative plural)
Murckami (instrumental plural)
Murckach (locative plural)
Murcki (plural vocative)

Most likely from murcek (“grimy, dirty person”) in the Silesian dialect referring to the local coal miners because the mine did not have a bathhouse. Also possibly from umurckane (“dirty”) (also Silesian) in reference to a legend in which children brought home coal from a forest and their mother—who was angered by the coal dirt—threw it into the fire leading to the discovery of coal as a source of heat.


pobożne życzenia

pobożne życzenia (nominative plural)
pobożnych życzeń (genitive plural)
pobożnym życzeniom (dative plural)
pobożne życzenia (accusative plural)
pobożnymi życzeniami (instrumental plural)
pobożnych życzeniach (locative plural)
pobożne życzenia (plural vocative)

/pɔˈbɔʐ.nɛ ʐɘˈt͡ʂɛ.ɲa/

(idiomatic, psychology) wishful thinking (illusion that what one would like is true)


pary

pary (nominative plural)
par (genitive plural)
parom (dative plural)
pary (accusative plural)
parami (instrumental plural)
parach (locative plural)
pary (plural vocative)


Wilamowice

Wilamowice nvir pl (related adjective wilamowicki or wilamowski)

wilamowicki (adjective)
wilamowski (adjective)
Wilamowice (nominative plural)
Wilamowic (genitive plural)
Wilamowicom (dative plural)
Wilamowice (accusative plural)
Wilamowicami (instrumental plural)
Wilamowicach (locative plural)
Wilamowice (plural vocative)

Wilamowice (a town in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


heheszki

heheszki (nominative plural)
heheszek (genitive plural)
heheszkom (dative plural)
heheszki (accusative plural)
heheszkami (instrumental plural)
heheszkach (locative plural)
heheszki (plural vocative)


wnyki

wnyki (nominative plural)
wnyków (genitive plural)
wnykom (dative plural)
wnyki (accusative plural)
wnykami (instrumental plural)
wnykach (locative plural)
wnyki (plural vocative)

snare, animal trap, especially one used by poachers


dewocjonalia

dewocjonalia (nominative plural)
dewocjonaliów (genitive plural)
dewocjonaliom (dative plural)
dewocjonalia (accusative plural)
dewocjonaliami (instrumental plural)
dewocjonaliach (locative plural)
dewocjonalia (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Devotionalien, from Latin dēvōtiō.

(Roman Catholicism) devotional articles (items related to religious worship which are the subject of trade)


haszcze

haszcze (nominative plural)
haszczy (genitive plural)
haszczom (dative plural)
haszcze (accusative plural)
haszczami (instrumental plural)
haszczach (locative plural)
haszcze (plural vocative)

(colloquial) brush; thicket; undergrowth


wzloty i upadki

wzloty i upadki (nominative plural)
wzlotów i upadków (genitive plural)
wzlotom i upadkom (dative plural)
wzloty i upadki (accusative plural)
wzlotami i upadkami (instrumental plural)
wzlotach i upadkach (locative plural)
wzloty i upadki (plural vocative)


wczasy

pl-noun

wczasy nvir pl (related adjective wczasowy)

wczasowy (adjective)
wczasy (nominative plural)
wczasów (genitive plural)
wczasom (dative plural)
wczasy (accusative plural)
wczasami (instrumental plural)
wczasach (locative plural)
wczasy (plural vocative)


dantejskie sceny

dantejskie sceny (nominative plural)
dantejskich scen (genitive plural)
dantejskim scenom (dative plural)
dantejskie sceny (accusative plural)
dantejskimi scenami (instrumental plural)
dantejskich scenach (locative plural)
dantejskie sceny (plural vocative)

Named after Italian poet Dante Aligheri, whose description of Hell in Divine Comedy contains a variety of disturbing scenes.

(idiomatic) hair-raising scenes; disturbing, shocking events


opowieści dziwnej treści

opowieści dziwnej treści (nominative plural)
opowieści dziwnej treści (genitive plural)
opowieściom dziwnej treści (dative plural)
opowieści dziwnej treści (accusative plural)
opowieściami dziwnej treści (instrumental plural)
opowieściach dziwnej treści (locative plural)
opowieści dziwnej treści (plural vocative)

Literally, “tales of strange content”, chosen for its rhyming nature.

(idiomatic, plural only) tall tale; nonsense; something obviously made up


obiecanki cacanki

obiecanki cacanki (nominative plural)
obiecanek cacanek (genitive plural)
obiecankom cacankom (dative plural)
obiecanki cacanki (accusative plural)
obiecankami cacankami (instrumental plural)
obiecankach cacankach (locative plural)
obiecanki cacanki (plural vocative)

(idiomatic, colloquial, derogatory) promises which have no hope of being fulfilled


gruszki na wierzbie

gruszki na wierzbie (nominative plural)
gruszek na wierzbie (genitive plural)
gruszkom na wierzbie (dative plural)
gruszki na wierzbie (accusative plural)
gruszkami na wierzbie (instrumental plural)
gruszkach na wierzbie (locative plural)
gruszki na wierzbie (plural vocative)

obiecywać gruszki na wierzbie

(colloquial, idiomatic) something desirable but impossible


gospodarstwo

gospodarstwo (nominative singular)
gospodarstwa (nominative plural)
gospodarstwa (genitive singular)
gospodarstw (genitive plural)
gospodarstwu (dative singular)
gospodarstwom (dative plural)
gospodarstwo (accusative singular)
gospodarstwa (accusative plural)
gospodarstwem (instrumental singular)
gospodarstwami (instrumental plural)
gospodarstwie (locative singular)
gospodarstwach (locative plural)
gospodarstwo (singular vocative)
gospodarstwa (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish gospodarstwo. By surface analysis, gospodarz + -stwo. Compare Czech hospodářství, Kashubian gòspòdarstwò, and Ukrainian господа́рство (hospodárstvo).

cog

господа́рство

(Middle Polish) community; governance; management of common property; supervision

(Middle Polish) private or common possessions, material goods; abundance; excessive accumulation of wealth

(Middle Polish) specialized job, specific activity; scope of responsibilities

Refectus, Pośilenie też Goſpodárſtwo.

(Middle Polish) reconstruction; Further details are uncertain.


dzikie tłumy

dzikie tłumy (nominative plural)
dzikich tłumów (genitive plural)
dzikim tłumom (dative plural)
dzikie tłumy (accusative plural)
dzikimi tłumami (instrumental plural)
dzikich tłumach (locative plural)
dzikie tłumy (plural vocative)

(colloquial, idiomatic, derogatory) excessive crowds, overcrowding at some type of event


odchody

odchody (nominative plural)
odchodów (genitive plural)
odchodom (dative plural)
odchody (accusative plural)
odchodami (instrumental plural)
odchodach (locative plural)
odchody (plural vocative)


wyrzuty sumienia

wyrzuty sumienia (nominative plural)
wyrzutów sumienia (genitive plural)
wyrzutom sumienia (dative plural)
wyrzuty sumienia (accusative plural)
wyrzutami sumienia (instrumental plural)
wyrzutach sumienia (locative plural)
wyrzuty sumienia (plural vocative)

Literally, “reproaches of the conscience”.

lit

(idiomatic) remorse (feeling of regret or sadness for doing wrong or sinning)


nudności

nudności (nominative plural)
nudności (genitive plural)
nudnościom (dative plural)
nudności (accusative plural)
nudnościami (instrumental plural)
nudnościach (locative plural)
nudności (plural vocative)


nożyce

nożyczki (diminutive)
nożyce (nominative plural)
nożyc (genitive plural)
nożycom (dative plural)
nożyce (accusative plural)
nożycami (instrumental plural)
nożycach (locative plural)
nożyce (plural vocative)

/nɔˈʐɘ.t͡sɛ/

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nožici, from *nožь.


bajońskie sumy

bajońskie sumy (nominative plural)
bajońskich sum (genitive plural)
bajońskim sumom (dative plural)
bajońskie sumy (accusative plural)
bajońskimi sumami (instrumental plural)
bajońskich sumach (locative plural)
bajońskie sumy (plural vocative)


krewni i znajomi królika

krewni i znajomi Królika
krewni i znajomi Królika#Polish

Alternative letter-case form of krewni i znajomi Królika


krewni i znajomi Królika

pl-decl-phrase

declension of krewni i znajomi królika

krewny i znajomy Królika (nominative singular)
krewni i znajomi Królika (nominative plural)
krewnego i znajomego Królika (genitive singular)
krewnych i znajomych Królika (genitive plural)
krewnemu i znajomemu Królika (dative singular)
krewnym i znajomym Królika (dative plural)
krewnego i znajomego Królika (accusative singular)
krewnych i znajomych Królika (accusative plural)
krewnym i znajomym Królika (instrumental singular)
krewnymi i znajomymi Królika (instrumental plural)
krewnym i znajomym Królika (locative singular)
krewnych i znajomych Królika (locative plural)
krewny i znajomy Królika (singular vocative)
krewni i znajomi Królika (plural vocative)

Literally, “Rabbit’s relatives and friends”. From the character Rabbit in Winnie the Pooh books by A. A. Milne, who had a large number of nondescript “friends-and-relations”. Initially used to refer to one’s immediate social circle.

lit

Tam kandydaci poważnych partii musieli stawać w szranki z kandydatami piętnaściorga „krewnych i znajomych Królika” i jeśli zdarzyło się, że wśród owych „krewnych i znajomych” znalazła się jakaś lokalna osobistość, to mogli przegrać […]

2000, Mirosława Grabowska, Tadeusz Szawiel, Korzenie demokracji: partie polityczne w środowisku lokalnym, page 20:

Candidates of serious parties had to stand there toe-to-toe with fifteen candidates "from the gang", and if it just so happened that among these people there were some local personality, then they could have lost […]

Szef klubu PiS w radzie miasta Maciej Wąsik ma na to jedną odpowiedź: – W wielu przypadkach nie ma sensownych uzasadnień, bo to są po prostu synekury. Mamy do czynienia z klasycznym przerostem administracji. I to im dalej od ratusza, tym bardziej, bo tam ta społeczna kontrola jest słabsza. Nierzadko to po prostu „krewni i znajomi królika”.

2011, Izabela Kraj, “Ratusz ostro puchnie”, in Życie Warszawy:

The head of the Law and Justice faction in the city council Maciek Wąsik has only one response to that: in many cases there are no sensible justifications, because these are simply sinecures. We are dealing with typical administrative bloat. The further from the city hall, the more bloat, because the social control there is weaker. Quite often it's just friends and family.

Ja rozumiem, że pan Piecha mógł mieć całe ogromne stado krewnych i znajomych królika, tudzież jakieś nie doważone panienki z maturką, co to nigdzie pracy znaleźć nie mogły. Ale o tym jakby nagle wszyscy zapomnieli. Totalna amnezja.

2015, Anna Kiesewetter, Polityka na wesoło, page 126:

I understand that Mr. Piecha could have had an entire giant flock of useless minions, as well as some airhead ladies with GEDs who couldn't ever find work anywhere. But somehow everyone seems to have suddenly forgotten about that. Total amnesia.

(informal, idiomatic, humorous, derogatory) people that benefit from nepotism


Głuchoniemcy

Głuchoniemiec (nominative singular)
Głuchoniemcy (nominative plural)
Głuchoniemca (genitive singular)
Głuchoniemców (genitive plural)
Głuchoniemcowi (dative singular)
Głuchoniemcom (dative plural)
Głuchoniemca (accusative singular)
Głuchoniemców (accusative plural)
Głuchoniemcem (instrumental singular)
Głuchoniemcami (instrumental plural)
Głuchoniemcu (locative singular)
Głuchoniemcach (locative plural)
Głuchoniemcze (singular vocative)
Głuchoniemcu (singular vocative)
Głuchoniemcy (plural vocative)

Apparently a wordplay calque of German Walddeutsche (“Forest Germans”). The Polish word Niemcy (“Germans”) comes from a word meaning "mute ones; ones who cannot speak (a Slavic language)", so in calquing the German word Walddeutsche (“Forest Germans”), the Poles used głuchy (“deaf”) rather than głusz (“wood”) to create a compound meaning "deaf-mutes".


wypociny

wypociny (nominative plural)
wypocin (genitive plural)
wypocinom (dative plural)
wypociny (accusative plural)
wypocinami (instrumental plural)
wypocinach (locative plural)
wypociny (plural vocative)

From wypocić (“to lose through sweat”), approximately "that which is sweated off". Compare wymiociny.

(informal, derogatory) drivel, dreck; low quality writing


apostoł

apostoł m animacy unattested (canonical)
apostoł (genitive singular)
apostoł (accusative singular)

Inherited from Old Polish apostoł. Compare Kashubian apòsztół and Slovincian apôsztel.

(Middle Polish, Orthodoxy) liturgical book used in the Orthodox Church


alkalia

alkalia (nominative plural)
alkaliów (genitive plural)
alkaliom (dative plural)
alkalia (accusative plural)
alkaliami (instrumental plural)
alkaliach (locative plural)
alkalia (plural vocative)

From earlier alkali, borrowed from French alcali or Spanish álcali, from Arabic الْقِلْي (al-qily). First attested in 1613.

ref

Barbara Rykiel-Kempf (19.03.2009) “ALKALI”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Coordinate term: kwas


varsaviana

varsaviana (nominative plural)
varsavianów (genitive plural)
varsavianom (dative plural)
varsaviana (accusative plural)
varsavianami (instrumental plural)
varsavianach (locative plural)
varsaviana (plural vocative)

varsaviana (documents, manuscripts and prints related to Warsaw)


grochy

grochy (nominative plural)
grochów (genitive plural)
grochom (dative plural)
grochy (accusative plural)
grochami (instrumental plural)
grochach (locative plural)
grochy (plural vocative)

Plural of groch (“pea”), from Proto-Slavic *gorxъ.


kokosy

kokosy (nominative plural)
kokosów (genitive plural)
kokosom (dative plural)
kokosy (accusative plural)
kokosami (instrumental plural)
kokosach (locative plural)
kokosy (plural vocative)


wymiociny

wymiociny (nominative plural)
wymiocin (genitive plural)
wymiocinom (dative plural)
wymiociny (accusative plural)
wymiocinami (instrumental plural)
wymiocinach (locative plural)
wymiociny (plural vocative)


kombinerki

kombinerki (nominative plural)
kombinerek (genitive plural)
kombinerkom (dative plural)
kombinerki (accusative plural)
kombinerkami (instrumental plural)
kombinerkach (locative plural)
kombinerki (plural vocative)

(colloquial) combination pliers, lineman's pliers, Kleins, side-cutting pliers


obcęgi

obcążki (diminutive)
obcęgi (nominative plural)
obcęgów (genitive plural)
obcęgom (dative plural)
obcęgi (accusative plural)
obcęgami (instrumental plural)
obcęgach (locative plural)
obcęgi (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: обце́кги (obcégi), обцукгъ sg (obcug), обцуги (obcuhi), абце́ги (abcéhi) — Middle Belarusian
Belarusian: абцугі́ (abcuhí); абцэнгі (abcenhi), обцэнькі (óbcenʹki) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: обце́ньки (obcénʹky); обце́нька f sg (obcénʹka), обце́ньґи (obcénʹgy), опцьонґі (opcʹongi), о́цанки (ócanky), о́цо́нки (ócónky), цьоньки (cʹonʹky) (dialectal)
→ Russian: апчуги́ (apčugí), обцуги́ (obcugí), обцё́нки (obcjónki), обце́нки (obcénki), обце́ньки (obcénʹki), обце́ньки (obcénʹki) (dialectal)

Borrowed from Middle High German hebzange.


Mysłowice

pl-prop

Mysłowice nvir pl (related adjective mysłowicki, demonym mysłowiczanin, female demonym mysłowiczanka)

mysłowicki (adjective)
mysłowiczanin (demonym)
mysłowiczanka (demonym feminine)
Mysłowice (nominative plural)
Mysłowic (genitive plural)
Mysłowicom (dative plural)
Mysłowice (accusative plural)
Mysłowicami (instrumental plural)
Mysłowicach (locative plural)
Mysłowice (plural vocative)

Mysłowice (a city in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Świętochłowice

Świętochłowice nvir pl (related adjective świętochłowicki)

świętochłowicki (adjective)
Świętochłowice (nominative plural)
Świętochłowic (genitive plural)
Świętochłowicom (dative plural)
Świętochłowice (accusative plural)
Świętochłowicami (instrumental plural)
Świętochłowicach (locative plural)
Świętochłowice (plural vocative)

Świętochłowice (a city in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


Wadowice

Wadowice (nominative plural)
Wadowic (genitive plural)
Wadowicom (dative plural)
Wadowice (accusative plural)
Wadowicami (instrumental plural)
Wadowicach (locative plural)
Wadowice (plural vocative)

Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Lesser Poland Voivodeship#English

Wadowice (a town in the Gmina of Wadowice, Wadowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland)


gacie

gatki (diminutive)
gacie (nominative plural)
gaci (genitive plural)
gaciom (dative plural)
gacie (accusative plural)
gaciami (instrumental plural)
gaciach (locative plural)
gacie (plural vocative)

→ Czech: gatě, gaťe, katě

→ Slovak: gate, gaťe,

→ Ukrainian: ґа́чі (gáči), ґа́ці (gáci)


lędźwie

lędźwie (nominative plural)
lędźwi (genitive plural)
lędźwiom (dative plural)
lędźwie (accusative plural)
lędźwiami (instrumental plural)
lędźwiach (locative plural)
lędźwie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *lędvьje, from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“loins”), whence English loin and lend.


gody

gody (nominative plural)
godów (genitive plural)
godom (dative plural)
gody (accusative plural)
godami (instrumental plural)
godach (locative plural)
gody (plural vocative)

(zoology) mating (pairing of organisms for copulation)


wagary

wagary (nominative plural)
wagarów (genitive plural)
wagarom (dative plural)
wagary (accusative plural)
wagarami (instrumental plural)
wagarach (locative plural)
wagary (plural vocative)


sianokosy

sianokosy (nominative plural)
sianokosów (genitive plural)
sianokosom (dative plural)
sianokosy (accusative plural)
sianokosami (instrumental plural)
sianokosach (locative plural)
sianokosy (plural vocative)


Niderlandy

Niderlandy (nominative plural)
Niderlandów (genitive plural)
Niderlandom (dative plural)
Niderlandy (accusative plural)
Niderlandami (instrumental plural)
Niderlandach (locative plural)
Niderlandy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Dutch Nederland, from neder (“down, low”) + land (“land”). Compare English Netherlands.


Siemianowice Śląskie

Siemianowice Śląskie nvir pl (related adjective siemianowicki)

siemianowicki (adjective)
Siemianowice Śląskie (nominative plural)
Siemianowic Śląskich (genitive plural)
Siemianowicom Śląskim (dative plural)
Siemianowice Śląskie (accusative plural)
Siemianowicami Śląskimi (instrumental plural)
Siemianowicach Śląskich (locative plural)
Siemianowice Śląskie (plural vocative)

Siemianowice Śląskie
Siemianowice Śląskie#English

Siemianowice Śląskie (a city in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)


seskwiterpeny

seskwiterpeny (nominative plural)
seskwiterpenów (genitive plural)
seskwiterpenom (dative plural)
seskwiterpeny (accusative plural)
seskwiterpenami (instrumental plural)
seskwiterpenach (locative plural)
seskwiterpeny (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English sesquiterpene.


wierzeje

wierzeje (nominative plural)
wierzei (genitive plural)
wierzejom (dative plural)
wierzeje (accusative plural)
wierzejami (instrumental plural)
wierzejach (locative plural)
wierzeje (plural vocative)

(agriculture, architecture, archaic or dialectal, Far Masovian) double gate in an agricultural building


szczypce

pl-noun

szczypce nvir pl (diminutive szczypczyki)

szczypczyki (diminutive)
szczypce (nominative plural)
szczypiec (genitive plural)
szczypców (genitive plural)
szczypcom (dative plural)
szczypce (accusative plural)
szczypcami (instrumental plural)
szczypcach (locative plural)
szczypce (plural vocative)

/ˈʂt͡ʂɘp.t͡sɛ/


żarna

żarna nvir pl (related adjective żarnowy)

żarnowy (adjective)
żarna (nominative plural)
żaren (genitive plural)
żarn (genitive plural)
żarnom (dative plural)
żarna (accusative plural)
żarnami (instrumental plural)
żarnach (locative plural)
żarna (plural vocative)

quern (mill for grinding corn, especially a handmill made of two circular stones)


duby

duby (nominative plural)
dubów (genitive plural)
dubom (dative plural)
duby (accusative plural)
dubami (instrumental plural)
dubach (locative plural)
duby (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Russian дубы́ (dubý), plural of дуб (dub, “oak, blockhead”).


blanki

blanki (nominative plural)
blanków (genitive plural)
blankom (dative plural)
blanki (accusative plural)
blankami (instrumental plural)
blankach (locative plural)
blanki (plural vocative)

Plural of earlier blank, from Latin plancus.

(military) battlement (indented parapet formed by a series of rising members)


Kujawy

Kujawy (nominative plural)
Kujaw (genitive plural)
Kujawom (dative plural)
Kujawy (accusative plural)
Kujawami (instrumental plural)
Kujawach (locative plural)
Kujawy (plural vocative)

Plural of kujawa (“barren, sandy piece of land”).

Kuyavia (a region in north-central Poland)

Miastków Kościelny
Miastków Kościelny#English

Masovian Voivodeship
Masovian Voivodeship#English

Kujawy (a village in the Gmina of Miastków Kościelny, Garwolin County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland)

Opole Voivodeship
Opole Voivodeship#English

Kujawy (a village in the Gmina of Strzeleczki, Krapkowice County, Opole Voivodeship, Poland)

Kujawy (a village in the Gmina of Iwaniska, Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland)


galoty

galoty (nominative plural)
galotów (genitive plural)
galotom (dative plural)
galoty (accusative plural)
galotami (instrumental plural)
galotach (locative plural)
galoty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Czech kalhoty, from Italian caligotte, from caliga.


święta

święta (nominative plural)
świąt (genitive plural)
świętom (dative plural)
święta (accusative plural)
świętami (instrumental plural)
świętach (locative plural)
święta (plural vocative)

(Christianity, colloquial) Easter (Christian feast commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ)


prochy

prochy (nominative plural)
prochów (genitive plural)
prochom (dative plural)
prochy (accusative plural)
prochami (instrumental plural)
prochach (locative plural)
prochy (plural vocative)


awaryjne

awaryjne (nominative plural)
awaryjnych (genitive plural)
awaryjnym (dative plural)
awaryjne (accusative plural)
awaryjnymi (instrumental plural)
awaryjnych (locative plural)
awaryjne (plural vocative)

Ten cwaniak zawsze staje tuż pod sklepem na awaryjnych.

This smart-ass always parks right in front of the store with emergency lights on.

(nominalized, informal) emergency lights on a car


zaloty

zaloty (nominative plural)
zalotów (genitive plural)
zalotom (dative plural)
zaloty (accusative plural)
zalotami (instrumental plural)
zalotach (locative plural)
zaloty (plural vocative)

Pani Magdalena odrzuciła zaloty swojego podwładnego.

Ms. Magdalena rejected her subordinate's courtship.

(literary) courtship (act of wooing a person to enter into a romantic relationship or marriage)


przeprosiny

przeprosiny (nominative plural)
przeprosin (genitive plural)
przeprosinom (dative plural)
przeprosiny (accusative plural)
przeprosinami (instrumental plural)
przeprosinach (locative plural)
przeprosiny (plural vocative)


gratulacje

gratulacje (nominative plural)
gratulacji (genitive plural)
gratulacyj (archaic genitive plural)
gratulacjom (dative plural)
gratulacje (accusative plural)
gratulacjami (instrumental plural)
gratulacjach (locative plural)
gratulacje (plural vocative)


zielenice

zielenice (nominative plural)
zielenic (genitive plural)
zielenicom (dative plural)
zielenice (accusative plural)
zielenicami (instrumental plural)
zielenicach (locative plural)
zielenice (plural vocative)


rośliny naczyniowe

rośliny naczyniowe (nominative plural)
roślin naczyniowych (genitive plural)
roślinom naczyniowym (dative plural)
rośliny naczyniowe (accusative plural)
roślinami naczyniowymi (instrumental plural)
roślinach naczyniowych (locative plural)
rośliny naczyniowe (plural vocative)


błonkówki

błonkówki (nominative plural)
błonkówek (genitive plural)
błonkówkom (dative plural)
błonkówki (accusative plural)
błonkówkami (instrumental plural)
błonkówkach (locative plural)
błonkówki (plural vocative)


Siedlce

Siedlce (nominative plural)
Siedlec (genitive plural)
Siedlcom (dative plural)
Siedlce (accusative plural)
Siedlcami (instrumental plural)
Siedlcach (locative plural)
Siedlce (plural vocative)

Siedlce (a city in the Masovian Voivodeship, Poland)


szczękowce

/ʂt͡ʂɛŋˈkɔf.t͡sɛ/


dzieciuch

dzieciuch (nominative singular)
dzieciuchy (nominative plural)
dzieciucha (genitive singular)
dzieciuchów (genitive plural)
dzieciuchowi (dative singular)
dzieciuchom (dative plural)
dzieciucha (accusative singular)
dzieciuchów (accusative plural)
dzieciuchem (instrumental singular)
dzieciuchami (instrumental plural)
dzieciuchu (locative singular)
dzieciuchach (locative plural)
dzieciuchu (singular vocative)
dzieciuchy (plural vocative)

(colloquial, derogatory) child (childish person)


oświadczyny

oświadczyny (nominative plural)
oświadczyn (genitive plural)
oświadczynom (dative plural)
oświadczyny (accusative plural)
oświadczynami (instrumental plural)
oświadczynach (locative plural)
oświadczyny (plural vocative)


mrówkożery

mrówkożery (nominative plural)
mrówkożerów (genitive plural)
mrówkożerom (dative plural)
mrówkożery (accusative plural)
mrówkożerami (instrumental plural)
mrówkożerach (locative plural)
mrówkożery (plural vocative)

Conopophagidae, gnateaters (bird family)


psotniki

psotniki (nominative plural)
psotników (genitive plural)
psotnikom (dative plural)
psotniki (accusative plural)
psotnikami (instrumental plural)
psotnikach (locative plural)
psotniki (plural vocative)


skubaczki

skubaczki (nominative plural)
skubaczek (genitive plural)
skubaczkom (dative plural)
skubaczki (accusative plural)
skubaczkami (instrumental plural)
skubaczkach (locative plural)
skubaczki (plural vocative)


prządki

prządki (nominative plural)
prządek (genitive plural)
prządkom (dative plural)
prządki (accusative plural)
prządkami (instrumental plural)
prządkach (locative plural)
prządki (plural vocative)


pierzaczki

pierzaczki (nominative plural)
pierzaczek (genitive plural)
pierzaczkom (dative plural)
pierzaczki (accusative plural)
pierzaczkami (instrumental plural)
pierzaczkach (locative plural)
pierzaczki (plural vocative)


plusk

plusk (nominative singular)
pluski (nominative plural)
plusku (genitive singular)
plusków (genitive plural)
pluskowi (dative singular)
pluskom (dative plural)
plusk (accusative singular)
pluski (accusative plural)
pluskiem (instrumental singular)
pluskami (instrumental plural)
plusku (locative singular)
pluskach (locative plural)
plusku (singular vocative)
pluski (plural vocative)

(plural only, obsolete or dialectal, Southern Greater Poland) rain; bad weather


zołzy

zołzy (nominative plural)
zołz (genitive plural)
zołzom (dative plural)
zołzy (accusative plural)
zołzami (instrumental plural)
zołzach (locative plural)
zołzy (plural vocative)


toinowate

toinowate (nominative plural)
toinowatych (genitive plural)
toinowatym (dative plural)
toinowate (accusative plural)
toinowatymi (instrumental plural)
toinowatych (locative plural)
toinowate (plural vocative)


zarośla

zarośla (nominative plural)
zarośli (genitive plural)
zaroślom (dative plural)
zarośla (accusative plural)
zaroślami (instrumental plural)
zaroślach (locative plural)
zarośla (plural vocative)

From zarośle + -a, perhaps influenced by latorośl.


godzinki

godzinki (nominative plural)
godzinek (genitive plural)
godzinkom (dative plural)
godzinki (accusative plural)
godzinkami (instrumental plural)
godzinkach (locative plural)
godzinki (plural vocative)


wytłoki

wytłoki (nominative plural)
wytłoków (genitive plural)
wytłokom (dative plural)
wytłoki (accusative plural)
wytłokami (instrumental plural)
wytłokach (locative plural)
wytłoki (plural vocative)

Plural of *wytłok, deverbal from wytłoczyć.


plewowce

plewowce (nominative plural)
plewowców (genitive plural)
plewowcom (dative plural)
plewowce (accusative plural)
plewowcami (instrumental plural)
plewowcach (locative plural)
plewowce (plural vocative)

(obsolete) Glumiflorae (~Poales, ~Gramineae)


cięgi

cięgi (nominative plural)
cięgów (genitive plural)
cięgom (dative plural)
cięgi (accusative plural)
cięgami (instrumental plural)
cięgach (locative plural)
cięgi (plural vocative)


krocie

krocie (nominative plural)
kroci (genitive plural)
kroć (genitive plural)
krociom (dative plural)
krocie (accusative plural)
krociami (instrumental plural)
krociach (locative plural)
krocie (plural vocative)

From the plural of Old Polish kroć, from Proto-Slavic *kortь.


otręby

otręby (nominative plural)
otrąb (genitive plural)
otrębów (genitive plural)
otrębom (dative plural)
otręby (accusative plural)
otrębami (instrumental plural)
otrębach (locative plural)
otręby (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otrǫba, *otrǫbъ.

bran (hard outer layers of cereal grain)


makówki

makówki (nominative plural)
makówek (genitive plural)
makówkom (dative plural)
makówki (accusative plural)
makówkami (instrumental plural)
makówkach (locative plural)
makówki (plural vocative)


muły

muły (nominative plural)
mułów (genitive plural)
mułom (dative plural)
muły (accusative plural)
mułami (instrumental plural)
mułach (locative plural)
muły (plural vocative)

(footwear, obsolete) mules (backless shoes)


rzygowiny

rzygowiny (nominative plural)
rzygowin (genitive plural)
rzygowinom (dative plural)
rzygowiny (accusative plural)
rzygowinami (instrumental plural)
rzygowinach (locative plural)
rzygowiny (plural vocative)


wymioty

wymioty (nominative plural)
wymiotów (genitive plural)
wymiotom (dative plural)
wymioty (accusative plural)
wymiotami (instrumental plural)
wymiotach (locative plural)
wymioty (plural vocative)


rzygi

rzygi (nominative plural)
rzygów (genitive plural)
rzygom (dative plural)
rzygi (accusative plural)
rzygami (instrumental plural)
rzygach (locative plural)
rzygi (plural vocative)


świdry

świderki (diminutive)
świdry (nominative plural)
świdrów (genitive plural)
świdrom (dative plural)
świdry (accusative plural)
świdrami (instrumental plural)
świdrach (locative plural)
świdry (plural vocative)


świderki

świderki (nominative plural)
świderków (genitive plural)
świderkom (dative plural)
świderki (accusative plural)
świderkami (instrumental plural)
świderkach (locative plural)
świderki (plural vocative)


karcięta

karcięta (nominative plural)
karciąt (genitive plural)
karciętom (dative plural)
karcięta (accusative plural)
karciętami (instrumental plural)
karciętach (locative plural)
karcięta (plural vocative)


demoludy

demoludy (nominative plural)
demoludów (genitive plural)
demoludom (dative plural)
demoludy (accusative plural)
demoludami (instrumental plural)
demoludach (locative plural)
demoludy (plural vocative)

(colloquial, historical, politics) Eastern Bloc countries


żebry

żebry (nominative plural)
żebrów (genitive plural)
żebrom (dative plural)
żebry (accusative plural)
żebrami (instrumental plural)
żebrach (locative plural)
żebry (plural vocative)


widełki

widełki (nominative plural)
widełek (genitive plural)
widełkom (dative plural)
widełki (accusative plural)
widełkami (instrumental plural)
widełkach (locative plural)
widełki (plural vocative)

(chess, informal) fork (the simultaneous attack of two adversary pieces with one single attacking piece, especially a knight)


smyczki

smyczki (nominative plural)
smyczków (genitive plural)
smyczkom (dative plural)
smyczki (accusative plural)
smyczkami (instrumental plural)
smyczkach (locative plural)
smyczki (plural vocative)

(plural only, informal) strings (collectively, the stringed instruments in an orchestra)


oklaski

oklaski (nominative plural)
oklasków (genitive plural)
oklaskom (dative plural)
oklaski (accusative plural)
oklaskami (instrumental plural)
oklaskach (locative plural)
oklaski (plural vocative)


Końskie

Końskie (nominative singular)
Końskiego (genitive singular)
Końskiemu (dative singular)
Końskie (accusative singular)
Końskim (instrumental singular)
Końskim (locative singular)
Końskie (singular vocative)

From koński + -e. By surface analysis, koń + -ski + -e.

Byłeś kiedyś w Końskiem? To taka wioska w Polsce.
Have you ever been to Końskie? It is a small village in Poland.

Subcarpathian Voivodeship
Subcarpathian Voivodeship#English

(nominalized) Końskie (a village in the Gmina of Dydnia, Brzozów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland)


narodziny

narodziny (nominative plural)
narodzin (genitive plural)
narodzinom (dative plural)
narodziny (accusative plural)
narodzinami (instrumental plural)
narodzinach (locative plural)
narodziny (plural vocative)


kucki

kucki (nominative plural)
kucek (genitive plural)
kuckom (dative plural)
kucki (accusative plural)
kuckami (instrumental plural)
kuckach (locative plural)
kucki (plural vocative)

squat (position assumed by bending deeply at the knees while resting on one's feet)


podwoj

podwoj (nominative singular)
podwoje (nominative plural)
podwoja (genitive singular)
podwoju (genitive singular)
podwoi (genitive plural)
podwojów (genitive plural)
podwojowi (dative singular)
podwojom (dative plural)
podwoj (accusative singular)
podwoje (accusative plural)
podwojem (instrumental singular)
podwojami (instrumental plural)
podwoju (locative singular)
podwojach (locative plural)
podwoju (singular vocative)
podwoje (plural vocative)


krzaki

krzaki (nominative plural)
krzaków (genitive plural)
krzakom (dative plural)
krzaki (accusative plural)
krzakami (instrumental plural)
krzakach (locative plural)
krzaki (plural vocative)


słuchy

słuchy (nominative plural)
słuchów (genitive plural)
słuchom (dative plural)
słuchy (accusative plural)
słuchami (instrumental plural)
słuchach (locative plural)
słuchy (plural vocative)


utensylia

utensylia (nominative plural)
utensyliów (genitive plural)
utensyliom (dative plural)
utensylia (accusative plural)
utensyliami (instrumental plural)
utensyliach (locative plural)
utensylia (plural vocative)


niełazy

niełazy (nominative plural)
niełazów (genitive plural)
niełazom (dative plural)
niełazy (accusative plural)
niełazami (instrumental plural)
niełazach (locative plural)
niełazy (plural vocative)


Ałmaty

Ałmaty (nominative plural)
Ałmatów (genitive plural)
Ałmatom (dative plural)
Ałmaty (accusative plural)
Ałmatami (instrumental plural)
Ałmatach (locative plural)
Ałmaty (plural vocative)


tekstylia

tekstylia (nominative plural)
tekstyliów (genitive plural)
tekstyliom (dative plural)
tekstylia (accusative plural)
tekstyliami (instrumental plural)
tekstyliach (locative plural)
tekstylia (plural vocative)


kresy

kresy (nominative plural)
kresów (genitive plural)
kresom (dative plural)
kresy (accusative plural)
kresami (instrumental plural)
kresach (locative plural)
kresy (plural vocative)

(chiefly of the eastern borders of Poland) borderland, frontier


chaszcze

chaszcze (nominative plural)
chaszczy (genitive plural)
chaszczów (genitive plural)
chaszczom (dative plural)
chaszcze (accusative plural)
chaszczami (instrumental plural)
chaszczach (locative plural)
chaszcze (plural vocative)

From earlier *chwarszcze, from dialectal chwarszczeć, from Proto-Slavic *xvъrščati. Doublet of chrust and chwast.


gogle

gogle (nominative plural)
gogli (genitive plural)
goglom (dative plural)
gogle (accusative plural)
goglami (instrumental plural)
goglach (locative plural)
gogle (plural vocative)


młodzie

młodzie (nominative plural)
młodzi (genitive plural)
młodziom (dative plural)
młodzie (accusative plural)
młodziami (instrumental plural)
młodziach (locative plural)
młodzie (plural vocative)

From młódź (“grain subjected to malting”) + -e. Cognate with Kashubian młodze.

af

(Central Greater Poland, Kuyavia) Synonym of drożdże