spacer

spacerek (diminutive)
spacer (nominative singular)
spacery (nominative plural)
spaceru (genitive singular)
spacerów (genitive plural)
spacerowi (dative singular)
spacerom (dative plural)
spacer (accusative singular)
spacery (accusative plural)
spacerem (instrumental singular)
spacerami (instrumental plural)
spacerze (locative singular)
spacerach (locative plural)
spacerze (singular vocative)
spacery (plural vocative)

stroll, walk (wandering on foot; idle and leisurely walk)


war

war (nominative singular)
waru (genitive singular)
warowi (dative singular)
war (accusative singular)
warem (instrumental singular)
warze (locative singular)
warze (singular vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish war. By surface analysis, deverbal from warzyć.

surf

(obsolete) boiling water or other liquid


podłoga

podłogowy (adjective)
podłoga (nominative singular)
podłogi (nominative plural)
podłogi (genitive singular)
podłog (genitive plural)
podłodze (dative singular)
podłogom (dative plural)
podłogę (accusative singular)
podłogi (accusative plural)
podłogą (instrumental singular)
podłogami (instrumental plural)
podłodze (locative singular)
podłogach (locative plural)
podłogo (singular vocative)
podłogi (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: падло́га (padlóha)

→ Ukrainian: підло́га (pidlóha)

→ Yiddish: פּאָדלאָגע (podloge)


stop

stop (nominative singular)
stopy (nominative plural)
stopu (genitive singular)
stopów (genitive plural)
stopowi (dative singular)
stopom (dative plural)
stop (accusative singular)
stopy (accusative plural)
stopem (instrumental singular)
stopami (instrumental plural)
stopie (locative singular)
stopach (locative plural)
stopie (singular vocative)
stopy (plural vocative)

Mosiądz jest stopem miedzi i cynku.

(chemistry) an alloy; a mixture of metals


pik

dub (used to imitate the sound made when the heart beats)


mus

mus (nominative singular)
musu (genitive singular)
musowi (dative singular)
mus (accusative singular)
musem (instrumental singular)
musie (locative singular)
musie (singular vocative)


papa

papa (nominative singular)
papy (nominative plural)
papy (genitive singular)
pap (genitive plural)
papie (dative singular)
papom (dative plural)
papę (accusative singular)
papy (accusative plural)
papą (instrumental singular)
papami (instrumental plural)
papie (locative singular)
papach (locative plural)
papo (singular vocative)
papy (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Possibly a deverbal from papać. Alternative theories suggest a derivation from theorized *plapa, from dialectal German Plappe (“mouth”), from plappern.


chlap

splash (sound made by an object hitting a liquid)


pogrom

pogrom (nominative singular)
pogromy (nominative plural)
pogromu (genitive singular)
pogromów (genitive plural)
pogromowi (dative singular)
pogromom (dative plural)
pogrom (accusative singular)
pogromy (accusative plural)
pogromem (instrumental singular)
pogromami (instrumental plural)
pogromie (locative singular)
pogromach (locative plural)
pogromie (singular vocative)
pogromy (plural vocative)

(education, humorous, slang) exam that turns out to be very hard and which most students fail


gryps

grypsik (diminutive)
gryps (nominative singular)
grypsy (nominative plural)
grypsu (genitive singular)
grypsów (genitive plural)
grypsowi (dative singular)
grypsom (dative plural)
gryps (accusative singular)
grypsy (accusative plural)
grypsem (instrumental singular)
grypsami (instrumental plural)
grypsie (locative singular)
grypsach (locative plural)
grypsie (singular vocative)
grypsy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from grypsnąć (“to snatch”), from German gripsen. Alternatively, borrowed from German Grips (“wit”).

(prison slang) secret message (clandestine communication between prisoners)


pad

(sports) a quick fall with the whole body to the ground


para

parowy (adjective)
para (nominative singular)
pary (genitive singular)
parze (dative singular)
parę (accusative singular)
parą (instrumental singular)
parze (locative singular)
paro (singular vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish para (“steam”). By surface analysis, deverbal from parzyć.

surf

(uncountable, colloquial) steam (internal energy for progress or motive power)


paca

paca (nominative singular)
pace (nominative plural)
pacy (genitive singular)
pac (genitive plural)
pacy (dative singular)
pacom (dative plural)
pacę (accusative singular)
pace (accusative plural)
pacą (instrumental singular)
pacami (instrumental plural)
pacy (locative singular)
pacach (locative plural)
paco (singular vocative)
pace (plural vocative)

(construction) trowel, smoother, skimmer (tool for applying a smooth layer of mortar, plaster, etc.)


dochód

dochód (nominative singular)
dochody (nominative plural)
dochodu (genitive singular)
dochodów (genitive plural)
dochodowi (dative singular)
dochodom (dative plural)
dochód (accusative singular)
dochody (accusative plural)
dochodem (instrumental singular)
dochodami (instrumental plural)
dochodzie (locative singular)
dochodach (locative plural)
dochodzie (singular vocative)
dochody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish dochód. By surface analysis, deverbal from dochodzić.

income (sum of cash inflows in the economy of a state, enterprise, or individual in a specific period of time, less the costs of obtaining them)

(obsolete) fusel oil (mixture of several higher-order alcohols (alcohols with more than two carbon atoms) formed as byproduct in the normal fermentation process)


pic

pic (nominative singular)
pice (nominative plural)
picu (genitive singular)
piców (genitive plural)
picowi (dative singular)
picom (dative plural)
pic (accusative singular)
pice (accusative plural)
picem (instrumental singular)
picami (instrumental plural)
picu (locative singular)
picach (locative plural)
picu (singular vocative)
pice (plural vocative)


mig

migowy (adjective)
mig (nominative singular)
migi (nominative plural)
migu (genitive singular)
migów (genitive plural)
migowi (dative singular)
migom (dative plural)
mig (accusative singular)
migi (accusative plural)
migiem (instrumental singular)
migami (instrumental plural)
migu (locative singular)
migach (locative plural)
migu (singular vocative)
migi (plural vocative)

(colloquial) sign of communication made with gestures or facial expressions

(linguistics) sign (specific gesture or motion used to communicate by those with speaking or hearing difficulties; now specifically, a linguistic unit in sign language equivalent to a word in spoken languages)

flash, jiffy (very short, unspecified length of time)


stark

(Southern Greater Poland) spike, tip (that which juts out)


lot

lot (nominative singular)
loty (nominative plural)
lotu (genitive singular)
lotów (genitive plural)
lotowi (dative singular)
lotom (dative plural)
lot (accusative singular)
loty (accusative plural)
lotem (instrumental singular)
lotami (instrumental plural)
locie (locative singular)
lotach (locative plural)
locie (singular vocative)
loty (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *letъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from lecieć. First attested in 1548–1551.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “lot”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


siad

siad (nominative singular)
siady (nominative plural)
siadu (genitive singular)
siadów (genitive plural)
siadowi (dative singular)
siadom (dative plural)
siad (accusative singular)
siady (accusative plural)
siadem (instrumental singular)
siadami (instrumental plural)
siadzie (locative singular)
siadach (locative plural)
siadzie (singular vocative)
siady (plural vocative)


kurz

kurz (nominative singular)
kurze (nominative plural)
kurzu (genitive singular)
kurzów (genitive plural)
kurzowi (dative singular)
kurzom (dative plural)
kurz (accusative singular)
kurze (accusative plural)
kurzem (instrumental singular)
kurzami (instrumental plural)
kurzu (locative singular)
kurzach (locative plural)
kurzu (singular vocative)
kurze (plural vocative)

Deverbal from kurzyć. Compare Czech kouř.


strata

strata (nominative singular)
straty (nominative plural)
straty (genitive singular)
strat (genitive plural)
stracie (dative singular)
stratom (dative plural)
stratę (accusative singular)
straty (accusative plural)
stratą (instrumental singular)
stratami (instrumental plural)
stracie (locative singular)
stratach (locative plural)
strato (singular vocative)
straty (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish strata. By surface analysis, deverbal from stracić. Compare Kashubian strata.

surf

loss (unwanted reduction of a specific type of value, e.g. points, by which the result of a sports game is measured)


opis

opis (nominative singular)
opisy (nominative plural)
opisu (genitive singular)
opisów (genitive plural)
opisowi (dative singular)
opisom (dative plural)
opis (accusative singular)
opisy (accusative plural)
opisem (instrumental singular)
opisami (instrumental plural)
opisie (locative singular)
opisach (locative plural)
opisie (singular vocative)
opisy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from opisać. Cognate with Czech opis (“copy”).


mach

mach (nominative singular)
machy (nominative plural)
machu (genitive singular)
machów (genitive plural)
machowi (dative singular)
machom (dative plural)
mach (accusative singular)
machy (accusative plural)
machem (instrumental singular)
machami (instrumental plural)
machu (locative singular)
machach (locative plural)
machu (singular vocative)
machy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *maxъ. Deverbal from machać.


traf

traf (nominative singular)
trafy (nominative plural)
trafu (genitive singular)
trafów (genitive plural)
trafowi (dative singular)
trafom (dative plural)
traf (accusative singular)
trafy (accusative plural)
trafem (instrumental singular)
trafami (instrumental plural)
trafie (locative singular)
trafach (locative plural)
trafie (singular vocative)
trafy (plural vocative)


ryk

ryk (nominative singular)
ryki (nominative plural)
ryku (genitive singular)
ryków (genitive plural)
rykowi (dative singular)
rykom (dative plural)
ryk (accusative singular)
ryki (accusative plural)
rykiem (instrumental singular)
rykami (instrumental plural)
ryku (locative singular)
rykach (locative plural)
ryku (singular vocative)
ryki (plural vocative)


kop

kop (nominative singular)
kopy (nominative plural)
kopa (genitive singular)
kopów (genitive plural)
kopowi (dative singular)
kopom (dative plural)
kopa (accusative singular)
kopy (accusative plural)
kopem (instrumental singular)
kopami (instrumental plural)
kopie (locative singular)
kopach (locative plural)
kopie (singular vocative)
kopy (plural vocative)

(colloquial) kick (strong reaction of the body occurring after taking psychoactive drugs)


kwik

kwik (nominative singular)
kwika (genitive singular)
kwikowi (dative singular)
kwik (accusative singular)
kwikiem (instrumental singular)
kwiku (locative singular)
kwiku (singular vocative)

oink, squeak (high-pitched sound made by pigs, boars, horses, or other animals)


ruga

ruga (nominative singular)
rugi (nominative plural)
rugi (genitive singular)
rug (genitive plural)
rudze (dative singular)
rugom (dative plural)
rugę (accusative singular)
rugi (accusative plural)
rugą (instrumental singular)
rugami (instrumental plural)
rudze (locative singular)
rugach (locative plural)
rugo (singular vocative)
rugi (plural vocative)

(colloquial) scolding, slating (criticism)


obraz

pl-noun

obraz m inan (diminutive obrazek, related adjective obrazowy)

obrazek (diminutive)
obrazowy (adjective)
obraz (nominative singular)
obrazy (nominative plural)
obrazu (genitive singular)
obrazów (genitive plural)
obrazowi (dative singular)
obrazom (dative plural)
obraz (accusative singular)
obrazy (accusative plural)
obrazem (instrumental singular)
obrazami (instrumental plural)
obrazie (locative singular)
obrazach (locative plural)
obrazie (singular vocative)
obrazy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish obraz. By surface analysis, deverbal from obrazić.

surf

Gadał dziad do obrazu, a obraz do niego ani razu

(Middle Polish) being; person, character


buta

buta (nominative singular)
buty (genitive singular)
bucie (dative singular)
butę (accusative singular)
butą (instrumental singular)
bucie (locative singular)
buto (singular vocative)


kapa

kapa (nominative singular)
kapy (nominative plural)
kapy (genitive singular)
kap (genitive plural)
kapie (dative singular)
kapom (dative plural)
kapę (accusative singular)
kapy (accusative plural)
kapą (instrumental singular)
kapami (instrumental plural)
kapie (locative singular)
kapach (locative plural)
kapo (singular vocative)
kapy (plural vocative)

(prison slang) lookout (session of watching for an approaching enemy)


raz

raz (nominative singular)
razy (nominative plural)
razu (genitive singular)
razy (genitive plural)
razowi (dative singular)
razom (dative plural)
raz (accusative singular)
razy (accusative plural)
razem (instrumental singular)
razami (instrumental plural)
razie (locative singular)
razach (locative plural)
razie (singular vocative)
razy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish raz. By surface analysis, deverbal from razić. Sense 1 is a generalization of sense 1, for which see Old Polish raz. For this use, compare Russian раз (raz). Sense 1 is a semantic narrowing of sense 1. The genitive plural form razy is suppletive from the alternative form raza.

dwa, trzy, cztery i dziesięć razy


raz

raz (nominative singular)
razy (nominative plural)
razu (genitive singular)
razów (genitive plural)
razowi (dative singular)
razom (dative plural)
raz (accusative singular)
razy (accusative plural)
razem (instrumental singular)
razami (instrumental plural)
razie (locative singular)
razach (locative plural)
razie (singular vocative)
razy (plural vocative)

Vices, Rázy też odmienność/ przemiennośc/ ſzkodá/ przigodá.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


cera

cera (nominative singular)
cery (nominative plural)
cery (genitive singular)
cer (genitive plural)
cerze (dative singular)
cerom (dative plural)
cerę (accusative singular)
cery (accusative plural)
cerą (instrumental singular)
cerami (instrumental plural)
cerze (locative singular)
cerach (locative plural)
cero (singular vocative)
cery (plural vocative)

(sewing) darn (filling in a hole in the fabric created by rubbing, tearing, or tearing out a piece of it by using interlaced stitch)


baj

baj (nominative singular)
baje (nominative plural)
baja (genitive singular)
bajów (genitive plural)
bajowi (dative singular)
bajom (dative plural)
baja (accusative singular)
bajów (accusative plural)
bajem (instrumental singular)
bajami (instrumental plural)
baju (locative singular)
bajach (locative plural)
baju (singular vocative)
baje (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bajь. By surface analysis, deverbal from bajać.

(literature) in-story storyteller or narrator in children's literature (a narrator of a children's fable within the fable itself)


spina

spina (nominative singular)
spiny (nominative plural)
spiny (genitive singular)
spin (genitive plural)
spinie (dative singular)
spinom (dative plural)
spinę (accusative singular)
spiny (accusative plural)
spiną (instrumental singular)
spinami (instrumental plural)
spinie (locative singular)
spinach (locative plural)
spino (singular vocative)
spiny (plural vocative)


wyspa

pl-noun

wyspa f (diminutive wysepka, related adjective wyspowy)

wysepka (diminutive)
wyspowy (adjective)
wyspa (nominative singular)
wyspy (nominative plural)
wyspy (genitive singular)
wysp (genitive plural)
wyspie (dative singular)
wyspom (dative plural)
wyspę (accusative singular)
wyspy (accusative plural)
wyspą (instrumental singular)
wyspami (instrumental plural)
wyspie (locative singular)
wyspach (locative plural)
wyspo (singular vocative)
wyspy (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: вы́спа (výspa)

→ Czech: výspa

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьzsъpъ/*jьzsъpa, with an innovative prefixation of wy- performing a similar function of *jьz/*jьz-. By surface analysis, deverbal from wysypać.


skup

skup (nominative singular)
skupy (nominative plural)
skupu (genitive singular)
skupów (genitive plural)
skupowi (dative singular)
skupom (dative plural)
skup (accusative singular)
skupy (accusative plural)
skupem (instrumental singular)
skupami (instrumental plural)
skupie (locative singular)
skupach (locative plural)
skupie (singular vocative)
skupy (plural vocative)

purchase of a large quantity of something, purchase of something from many sellers


spis

spis (nominative singular)
spisy (nominative plural)
spisu (genitive singular)
spisów (genitive plural)
spisowi (dative singular)
spisom (dative plural)
spis (accusative singular)
spisy (accusative plural)
spisem (instrumental singular)
spisami (instrumental plural)
spisie (locative singular)
spisach (locative plural)
spisie (singular vocative)
spisy (plural vocative)

(operations) inventory, list (text containing an enumeration in a specific order of objects, persons, activities, etc.)

(operations) inventory, list (process of producing or updating such a text)


graba

(colloquial) used as the linguistic equivalent of shaking hands


przykład

pl-noun

przykład m inan (diminutive przykładzik or przykładek)

przykładzik (diminutive)
przykładek (diminutive)
przykład (nominative singular)
przykłady (nominative plural)
przykładu (genitive singular)
przykładów (genitive plural)
przykładowi (dative singular)
przykładom (dative plural)
przykład (accusative singular)
przykłady (accusative plural)
przykładem (instrumental singular)
przykładami (instrumental plural)
przykładzie (locative singular)
przykładach (locative plural)
przykładzie (singular vocative)
przykłady (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: пры́клад (prýklad)

→ Kashubian: przëkłôd

→ Ukrainian: при́клад (prýklad)

Inherited from Old Polish przykład. By surface analysis, deverbal from przykładać.

surf

Paradigma, Latine exemplum, Przikład.

Exemplum – Przikłąd.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 386b:

Paradigma – Przikład.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page [753]b.:

(Middle Polish) example; Further details are uncertain.


pobyt

pobyt (nominative singular)
pobyty (nominative plural)
pobytu (genitive singular)
pobytów (genitive plural)
pobytowi (dative singular)
pobytom (dative plural)
pobyt (accusative singular)
pobyty (accusative plural)
pobytem (instrumental singular)
pobytami (instrumental plural)
pobycie (locative singular)
pobytach (locative plural)
pobycie (singular vocative)
pobyty (plural vocative)

Życzę miłego pobytu.


pociąg

pl-noun

pociąg m inan (related adjective pociągowy)

pociągowy (adjective)
pociąg (nominative singular)
pociągi (nominative plural)
pociągu (genitive singular)
pociągów (genitive plural)
pociągowi (dative singular)
pociągom (dative plural)
pociąg (accusative singular)
pociągi (accusative plural)
pociągiem (instrumental singular)
pociągami (instrumental plural)
pociągu (locative singular)
pociągach (locative plural)
pociągu (singular vocative)
pociągi (plural vocative)

/ˈpɔ.t͡ɕɔŋk/

Deverbal from pociągać. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French train, English train, and German Zug. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from French inclination. First attested in 1550.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish, construction) traverse holding up a wooden construction


leja

(Central Greater Poland) torrential downpour (heavy rain)


wymowa

pl-noun

wymowa f (diminutive wymówka, augmentative wymówisko)

wymówka (diminutive)
wymówisko (augmentative)
wymowa (nominative singular)
wymowy (genitive singular)
wymowie (dative singular)
wymowę (accusative singular)
wymową (instrumental singular)
wymowie (locative singular)
wymowo (singular vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish wymowa. By surface analysis, deverbal from wymówić.

surf

pronunciation; articulation (manner of saying sounds)

(figurative) meaning, purport, significance


stok

stoczek (diminutive)
stok (nominative singular)
stoki (nominative plural)
stoku (genitive singular)
stoków (genitive plural)
stokowi (dative singular)
stokom (dative plural)
stok (accusative singular)
stoki (accusative plural)
stokiem (instrumental singular)
stokami (instrumental plural)
stoku (locative singular)
stokach (locative plural)
stoku (singular vocative)
stoki (plural vocative)

slope (area of ground that tends evenly upward or downward)


pomsta

pomsta (nominative singular)
pomsty (nominative plural)
pomsty (genitive singular)
pomst (genitive plural)
pomście (dative singular)
pomstom (dative plural)
pomstę (accusative singular)
pomsty (accusative plural)
pomstą (instrumental singular)
pomstami (instrumental plural)
pomście (locative singular)
pomstach (locative plural)
pomsto (singular vocative)
pomsty (plural vocative)

(dated) revenge, vengeance (retaliatory action)


puk

knock knock (used in lieu of knocking (e.g. on the door), when it is not possible to knock)


okraj

pl-noun

okraj m inan (related adjective okrajny)

okrajny (adjective)
okraj (nominative singular)
okraje (nominative plural)
okraju (genitive singular)
okrajów (genitive plural)
okrai (genitive plural)
okrajowi (dative singular)
okrajom (dative plural)
okraj (accusative singular)
okraje (accusative plural)
okrajem (instrumental singular)
okrajami (instrumental plural)
okraju (locative singular)
okrajach (locative plural)
okraju (singular vocative)
okraje (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b)krajь. By surface analysis, deverbal from okrajać.


porost

porost (nominative singular)
porosty (nominative plural)
porostu (genitive singular)
porostów (genitive plural)
porostowi (dative singular)
porostom (dative plural)
porost (accusative singular)
porosty (accusative plural)
porostem (instrumental singular)
porostami (instrumental plural)
poroście (locative singular)
porostach (locative plural)
poroście (singular vocative)
porosty (plural vocative)

growth (something that grows or has grown)


nadpis

nadpis (nominative singular)
nadpisy (nominative plural)
nadpisu (genitive singular)
nadpisów (genitive plural)
nadpisowi (dative singular)
nadpisom (dative plural)
nadpis (accusative singular)
nadpisy (accusative plural)
nadpisem (instrumental singular)
nadpisami (instrumental plural)
nadpisie (locative singular)
nadpisach (locative plural)
nadpisie (singular vocative)
nadpisy (plural vocative)


podpora

podpórka (diminutive)
podpora (nominative singular)
podpory (nominative plural)
podpory (genitive singular)
podpór (genitive plural)
podporze (dative singular)
podporom (dative plural)
podporę (accusative singular)
podpory (accusative plural)
podporą (instrumental singular)
podporami (instrumental plural)
podporze (locative singular)
podporach (locative plural)
podporo (singular vocative)
podpory (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъpora. By surface analysis, deverbal from podeprzeć.

(Lubawa, in the plural) Synonym of krzywica


nadruk

nadruk (nominative singular)
nadruki (nominative plural)
nadruku (genitive singular)
nadruków (genitive plural)
nadrukowi (dative singular)
nadrukom (dative plural)
nadruk (accusative singular)
nadruki (accusative plural)
nadrukiem (instrumental singular)
nadrukami (instrumental plural)
nadruku (locative singular)
nadrukach (locative plural)
nadruku (singular vocative)
nadruki (plural vocative)


bełkot

bełkocik (diminutive)
bełkot (nominative singular)
bełkoty (nominative plural)
bełkotu (genitive singular)
bełkotów (genitive plural)
bełkotowi (dative singular)
bełkotom (dative plural)
bełkot (accusative singular)
bełkoty (accusative plural)
bełkotem (instrumental singular)
bełkotami (instrumental plural)
bełkocie (locative singular)
bełkotach (locative plural)
bełkocie (singular vocative)
bełkoty (plural vocative)

Deverbal from bełkotać. For the semantic shifts, compare English burble.

burble, stammer, babble, mammering (unclear speech)

Z jego ust dobywał się kompletny bełkot.

From his mouth came complete gobbledygook.

Takiego bełkotu jak od niej to już dawno nie słyszałem.

I’ve never heard such gobbledygook from her before.

burble, gibberish, gobbledygook (a complex or unclear statement)

(literary) burble (the sound of moving water)


popis

popis (nominative singular)
popisy (nominative plural)
popisu (genitive singular)
popisów (genitive plural)
popisowi (dative singular)
popisom (dative plural)
popis (accusative singular)
popisy (accusative plural)
popisem (instrumental singular)
popisami (instrumental plural)
popisie (locative singular)
popisach (locative plural)
popisie (singular vocative)
popisy (plural vocative)


posada

posadka (diminutive)
posada (nominative singular)
posady (nominative plural)
posady (genitive singular)
posad (genitive plural)
posadzie (dative singular)
posadom (dative plural)
posadę (accusative singular)
posady (accusative plural)
posadą (instrumental singular)
posadami (instrumental plural)
posadzie (locative singular)
posadach (locative plural)
posado (singular vocative)
posady (plural vocative)

Deverbal from posadzić. Calque of German Stellung.


polot

polocik (diminutive)
polot (nominative singular)
polotu (genitive singular)
polotowi (dative singular)
polot (accusative singular)
polotem (instrumental singular)
polocie (locative singular)
polocie (singular vocative)


nazwa

nazwa (nominative singular)
nazwy (nominative plural)
nazwy (genitive singular)
nazw (genitive plural)
nazwie (dative singular)
nazwom (dative plural)
nazwę (accusative singular)
nazwy (accusative plural)
nazwą (instrumental singular)
nazwami (instrumental plural)
nazwie (locative singular)
nazwach (locative plural)
nazwo (singular vocative)
nazwy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from nazwać. First attested in the beginning of the 19th century. Compare Kashubian nazwa and Silesian nazwa.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “nazwa”, in Słownik języka polskiego

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “nazwa”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

name (word or phrase indicating a particular person, place, class)


zakład

zakładzik (diminutive)
zakład (nominative singular)
zakłady (nominative plural)
zakładu (genitive singular)
zakładów (genitive plural)
zakładowi (dative singular)
zakładom (dative plural)
zakład (accusative singular)
zakłady (accusative plural)
zakładem (instrumental singular)
zakładami (instrumental plural)
zakładzie (locative singular)
zakładach (locative plural)
zakładzie (singular vocative)
zakłady (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish zakład. By surface analysis, deverbal from zakładać. Compare Kashubian zakłôd and Slovincian zaklod.

surf

facility; institution, establishment, undertaking; factory, plant (economic unit dealing with the production and sale of something or performing some service)

tucked edge; wrinkle, crease (end of something placed under something else, e.g. a dress)

(obsolete, hunting) area of hunting laid out by the hunters

(obsolete) border stone with an engraved cross, coat of arms, or inscription

(Middle Polish) engaging in hand-to-hand combat


odpowiedź

pl-noun

odpowiedź f (related adjective odpowiedziowy)

odpowiedziowy (adjective)
odpowiedź (nominative singular)
odpowiedzi (nominative plural)
odpowiedzi (genitive singular)
odpowiedzi (genitive plural)
odpowiedzi (dative singular)
odpowiedziom (dative plural)
odpowiedź (accusative singular)
odpowiedzi (accusative plural)
odpowiedzią (instrumental singular)
odpowiedziami (instrumental plural)
odpowiedzi (locative singular)
odpowiedziach (locative plural)
odpowiedzi (singular vocative)
odpowiedzi (plural vocative)

Russian: о́тповедь (ótpovedʹ)

Inherited from Old Polish odpowiedź. By surface analysis, deverbal from odpowiedzieć. Compare Kashubian òdpòwiédz, Czech odpověď.

surf

(Middle Polish, law) defendant's response in court


odraza

odraza (nominative singular)
odrazy (genitive singular)
odrazie (dative singular)
odrazę (accusative singular)
odrazą (instrumental singular)
odrazie (locative singular)
odrazo (singular vocative)

Deverbal from odrazić. Compare Ukrainian відра́за (vidráza).

disgust, aversion (an intense dislike or repugnance)


smycz

smyczka (diminutive)
smycz (nominative singular)
smycze (nominative plural)
smyczy (genitive singular)
smyczy (genitive plural)
smyczy (dative singular)
smyczom (dative plural)
smycz (accusative singular)
smycze (accusative plural)
smyczą (instrumental singular)
smyczami (instrumental plural)
smyczy (locative singular)
smyczach (locative plural)
smyczy (singular vocative)
smycze (plural vocative)

lead, leadline, leash, tether (strap, cord, or rope with which to restrain an animal, often a dog)


okup

okup (nominative singular)
okupy (nominative plural)
okupu (genitive singular)
okupów (genitive plural)
okupowi (dative singular)
okupom (dative plural)
okup (accusative singular)
okupy (accusative plural)
okupem (instrumental singular)
okupami (instrumental plural)
okupie (locative singular)
okupach (locative plural)
okupie (singular vocative)
okupy (plural vocative)

ransom (money paid for the freeing of a hostage)


otchłań

otchłań (nominative singular)
otchłanie (nominative plural)
otchłani (genitive singular)
otchłani (genitive plural)
otchłani (dative singular)
otchłaniom (dative plural)
otchłań (accusative singular)
otchłanie (accusative plural)
otchłanią (instrumental singular)
otchłaniami (instrumental plural)
otchłani (locative singular)
otchłaniach (locative plural)
otchłani (singular vocative)
otchłanie (plural vocative)

(Roman Catholicism, theology) limbo (place for innocent souls)


rząd

rządowy (diminutive)
rząd (nominative singular)
rządy (nominative plural)
rządu (genitive singular)
rządów (genitive plural)
rządowi (dative singular)
rządom (dative plural)
rząd (accusative singular)
rządy (accusative plural)
rządem (instrumental singular)
rządami (instrumental plural)
rządzie (locative singular)
rządach (locative plural)
rządzie (singular vocative)
rządy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from rządzić. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “rząd”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(obsolete) order (state of being organized)


wygląd

wygląd (nominative singular)
wyglądu (genitive singular)
wyglądowi (dative singular)
wygląd (accusative singular)
wyglądem (instrumental singular)
wyglądzie (locative singular)
wyglądzie (singular vocative)


twarz

pl-noun

twarz f (diminutive twarzyczka, related adjective twarzowy)

twarzyczka (diminutive)
twarzowy (adjective)
twarz (nominative singular)
twarze (nominative plural)
twarzy (genitive singular)
twarzy (genitive plural)
twarzy (dative singular)
twarzom (dative plural)
twarz (accusative singular)
twarze (accusative plural)
twarzą (instrumental singular)
twarzami (instrumental plural)
twarzy (locative singular)
twarzach (locative plural)
twarzy (singular vocative)
twarze (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish twarz. By surface analysis, deverbal from tworzyć. Displaced lico, now considered poetic.

surf

(uncountable) face (good reputation; standing, in the eyes of others)


odwaga

odwaga (nominative singular)
odwagi (genitive singular)
odwadze (dative singular)
odwagę (accusative singular)
odwagą (instrumental singular)
odwadze (locative singular)
odwago (singular vocative)

→ Belarusian: адва́га (adváha)

→ Russian: отва́га (otvága)

→ Ukrainian: відва́га (vidváha)


skrót

skrót (nominative singular)
skróty (nominative plural)
skrótu (genitive singular)
skrótów (genitive plural)
skrótowi (dative singular)
skrótom (dative plural)
skrót (accusative singular)
skróty (accusative plural)
skrótem (instrumental singular)
skrótami (instrumental plural)
skrócie (locative singular)
skrótach (locative plural)
skrócie (singular vocative)
skróty (plural vocative)


podpis

podpis (nominative singular)
podpisy (nominative plural)
podpisu (genitive singular)
podpisów (genitive plural)
podpisowi (dative singular)
podpisom (dative plural)
podpis (accusative singular)
podpisy (accusative plural)
podpisem (instrumental singular)
podpisami (instrumental plural)
podpisie (locative singular)
podpisach (locative plural)
podpisie (singular vocative)
podpisy (plural vocative)


podmiot

podmiot (nominative singular)
podmioty (nominative plural)
podmiotu (genitive singular)
podmiotów (genitive plural)
podmiotowi (dative singular)
podmiotom (dative plural)
podmiot (accusative singular)
podmioty (accusative plural)
podmiotem (instrumental singular)
podmiotami (instrumental plural)
podmiocie (locative singular)
podmiotach (locative plural)
podmiocie (singular vocative)
podmioty (plural vocative)

→ Czech: podmět

Deverbal of pod- (“below, under”) + miotać (“to fling, to hurl”). Calque of Latin subjectum.


przedmiot

pl-noun

przedmiot m inan (diminutive przedmiocik, related adjective przedmiotowy)

przedmiocik (diminutive)
przedmiotowy (adjective)
przedmiot (nominative singular)
przedmioty (nominative plural)
przedmiotu (genitive singular)
przedmiotów (genitive plural)
przedmiotowi (dative singular)
przedmiotom (dative plural)
przedmiot (accusative singular)
przedmioty (accusative plural)
przedmiotem (instrumental singular)
przedmiotami (instrumental plural)
przedmiocie (locative singular)
przedmiotach (locative plural)
przedmiocie (singular vocative)
przedmioty (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Czech: předmět
→ Serbo-Croatian: predmet
→ Slovene: predmet

→ Russian: предме́т (predmét)
→ Ingrian: predmetta
→ Romanian: predmet

→ Silesian: przedmiot

→ Slovak: predmet

Deverbal of przed- (“in front of, before”) + miotać (“to fling, to hurl”), modelled on podmiot or przymiot. Calque of Latin obiectum. First attested in the end of the 18th century.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “przedmiot”, in Słownik języka polskiego

(uncountable) subject (main topic of a paper, work of art, discussion, field of study, etc.)


podkowa

podkówka (diminutive)
podkowa (nominative singular)
podkowy (nominative plural)
podkowy (genitive singular)
podków (genitive plural)
podkowie (dative singular)
podkowom (dative plural)
podkowę (accusative singular)
podkowy (accusative plural)
podkową (instrumental singular)
podkowami (instrumental plural)
podkowie (locative singular)
podkowach (locative plural)
podkowo (singular vocative)
podkowy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъkova. By surface analysis, deverbal from podkuć.


zawód

zawód (nominative singular)
zawody (nominative plural)
zawodu (genitive singular)
zawodów (genitive plural)
zawodowi (dative singular)
zawodom (dative plural)
zawód (accusative singular)
zawody (accusative plural)
zawodem (instrumental singular)
zawodami (instrumental plural)
zawodzie (locative singular)
zawodach (locative plural)
zawodzie (singular vocative)
zawody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish zawód. By surface analysis, deverbal from zawieść.

(obsolete, sports) arena (place where a race or competition takes place)

(Middle Polish) intention (want to do something)


okres

okres (nominative singular)
okresy (nominative plural)
okresu (genitive singular)
okresów (genitive plural)
okresowi (dative singular)
okresom (dative plural)
okres (accusative singular)
okresy (accusative plural)
okresem (instrumental singular)
okresami (instrumental plural)
okresie (locative singular)
okresach (locative plural)
okresie (singular vocative)
okresy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from okresić (modern określić). The word originally meant only confine but gained additional meanings by translating period from various languages. First attested in 1564.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “okres, okrys”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

okres ułamka

(mathematics) period (the length of an interval over which a periodic function, periodic sequence or repeating decimal repeats; often the least such length)


roztwór

roztwór (nominative singular)
roztwory (nominative plural)
roztworu (genitive singular)
roztworów (genitive plural)
roztworowi (dative singular)
roztworom (dative plural)
roztwór (accusative singular)
roztwory (accusative plural)
roztworem (instrumental singular)
roztworami (instrumental plural)
roztworze (locative singular)
roztworach (locative plural)
roztworze (singular vocative)
roztwory (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *orztvorъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from roztworzyć.


odbyt

pl-noun

odbyt m inan (related adjective odbytowy)

odbytowy (adjective)
odbyt (nominative singular)
odbyty (nominative plural)
odbytu (genitive singular)
odbytów (genitive plural)
odbytowi (dative singular)
odbytom (dative plural)
odbyt (accusative singular)
odbyty (accusative plural)
odbytem (instrumental singular)
odbytami (instrumental plural)
odbycie (locative singular)
odbytach (locative plural)
odbycie (singular vocative)
odbyty (plural vocative)


obóz

obozowy (adjective)
obóz (nominative singular)
obozy (nominative plural)
obozu (genitive singular)
obozów (genitive plural)
obozowi (dative singular)
obozom (dative plural)
obóz (accusative singular)
obozy (accusative plural)
obozem (instrumental singular)
obozami (instrumental plural)
obozie (locative singular)
obozach (locative plural)
obozie (singular vocative)
obozy (plural vocative)

→ Lithuanian: abazas

Inherited from Old Polish obóz. By surface analysis, deverbal from obwieźć.

surf

camp (recreation consisting of a given group spending time of people outside their place of residence, at least for a few days, enabling them to combine rest with study or sport)

camp (people participating in such recreation)

camp (training intended for athletes, carried out to improve their physical condition and skills before sports competitions)

camp (group of people with the same strong ideals, goals, or political leanings)


otwór

otworek (diminutive)
otwór (nominative singular)
otwory (nominative plural)
otworu (genitive singular)
otworów (genitive plural)
otworowi (dative singular)
otworom (dative plural)
otwór (accusative singular)
otwory (accusative plural)
otworem (instrumental singular)
otworami (instrumental plural)
otworze (locative singular)
otworach (locative plural)
otworze (singular vocative)
otwory (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъvorъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from otworzyć.

otwór szyjny


ogród

ogródek (diminutive)
ogród (nominative singular)
ogrody (nominative plural)
ogrodu (genitive singular)
ogrodów (genitive plural)
ogrodowi (dative singular)
ogrodom (dative plural)
ogród (accusative singular)
ogrody (accusative plural)
ogrodem (instrumental singular)
ogrodami (instrumental plural)
ogrodzie (locative singular)
ogrodach (locative plural)
ogrodzie (singular vocative)
ogrody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ogordъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from ogrodzić.


sklep

pl-noun

sklep m inan (diminutive sklepik, related adjective sklepowy)

sklepik (diminutive)
sklepowy (adjective)
sklep (nominative singular)
sklepy (nominative plural)
sklepu (genitive singular)
sklepów (genitive plural)
sklepowi (dative singular)
sklepom (dative plural)
sklep (accusative singular)
sklepy (accusative plural)
sklepem (instrumental singular)
sklepami (instrumental plural)
sklepie (locative singular)
sklepach (locative plural)
sklepie (singular vocative)
sklepy (plural vocative)

→ Ukrainian: склеп (sklep)

→ Russian: склеп (sklep)

→ English: Polski sklep

Inherited from Old Polish sklep (“vault”). By surface analysis, deverbal from sklepić.

surf

(obsolete or dialectal, Central Greater Poland, Northern Greater Poland, Eastern Greater Poland, Kuyavia, Krajna) cellar, vault (underground storage place)

Central Greater Poland; Northern Greater Poland; Eastern Greater Poland; Central Greater Poland; Northern Greater Poland; Eastern Greater Poland

(obsolete) warehouse (building with good with access directly to the street)


dotyk

dotyk (nominative singular)
dotyki (nominative plural)
dotyku (genitive singular)
dotyków (genitive plural)
dotykowi (dative singular)
dotykom (dative plural)
dotyk (accusative singular)
dotyki (accusative plural)
dotykiem (instrumental singular)
dotykami (instrumental plural)
dotyku (locative singular)
dotykach (locative plural)
dotyku (singular vocative)
dotyki (plural vocative)


podrost

podrost (nominative singular)
podrosty (nominative plural)
podrostu (genitive singular)
podrostów (genitive plural)
podrostowi (dative singular)
podrostom (dative plural)
podrost (accusative singular)
podrosty (accusative plural)
podrostem (instrumental singular)
podrostami (instrumental plural)
podroście (locative singular)
podrostach (locative plural)
podroście (singular vocative)
podrosty (plural vocative)

(forestry) underbrush, undergrowth, understory (young generation of self-seeded forest trees)


urząd

urzędzik (diminutive)
urząd (nominative singular)
urzędy (nominative plural)
urzędu (genitive singular)
urzędów (genitive plural)
urzędowi (dative singular)
urzędom (dative plural)
urząd (accusative singular)
urzędy (accusative plural)
urzędem (instrumental singular)
urzędami (instrumental plural)
urzędzie (locative singular)
urzędach (locative plural)
urzędzie (singular vocative)
urzędy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *urędъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from urządzić. Compare with Czech úřad, Serbo-Croatian úred, and Ukrainian у́ряд (úrjad).

bureau, office, public office (administrative unit)


zmiana

zmiana (nominative singular)
zmiany (nominative plural)
zmiany (genitive singular)
zmian (genitive plural)
zmianie (dative singular)
zmianom (dative plural)
zmianę (accusative singular)
zmiany (accusative plural)
zmianą (instrumental singular)
zmianami (instrumental plural)
zmianie (locative singular)
zmianach (locative plural)
zmiano (singular vocative)
zmiany (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьzměna. By surface analysis, deverbal from zmienić. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zmiana”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


przemoc

przemoc (nominative singular)
przemocy (genitive singular)
przemocy (dative singular)
przemoc (accusative singular)
przemocą (instrumental singular)
przemocy (locative singular)
przemocy (singular vocative)


uwaga

uwaga (nominative singular)
uwagi (nominative plural)
uwagi (genitive singular)
uwag (genitive plural)
uwadze (dative singular)
uwagom (dative plural)
uwagę (accusative singular)
uwagi (accusative plural)
uwagą (instrumental singular)
uwagami (instrumental plural)
uwadze (locative singular)
uwagach (locative plural)
uwago (singular vocative)
uwagi (plural vocative)

Deverbal from uważyć. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Kashubian ùwôga and Silesian uwŏga.

“UWAGA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 07.05.2010


zajazd

zajazd (nominative singular)
zajazdy (nominative plural)
zajazdu (genitive singular)
zajazdów (genitive plural)
zajazdowi (dative singular)
zajazdom (dative plural)
zajazd (accusative singular)
zajazdy (accusative plural)
zajazdem (instrumental singular)
zajazdami (instrumental plural)
zajeździe (locative singular)
zajazdach (locative plural)
zajeździe (singular vocative)
zajazdy (plural vocative)

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

(historical) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the forcible taking of property from someone who has lost it in a trial


wybór

wybór (nominative singular)
wybory (nominative plural)
wyboru (genitive singular)
wyborów (genitive plural)
wyborowi (dative singular)
wyborom (dative plural)
wybór (accusative singular)
wybory (accusative plural)
wyborem (instrumental singular)
wyborami (instrumental plural)
wyborze (locative singular)
wyborach (locative plural)
wyborze (singular vocative)
wybory (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish wybór. By surface analysis, deverbal from wybrać. Compare Czech výbor, Kashubian wëbór, and Russian вы́бор (výbor).

surf

Nie poszedłem tam z wyboru.

+obj

choice (act of choosing; option; a decision; an opportunity to choose or select something) [with genitive ‘of what’; or with spośród (+ genitive) ‘from among what’; or with między (+ instrumental) ‘between what’]

(literature) selection (collection of works of literature or art put together because of certain common characteristics)

(politics) vote, choice, selection (act or instance of participating in selecting someone for a particular role, typically in government) [with na (+ accusative) ‘for what position’]

(in the plural, politics) election (process of choosing a new leader or representatives)


odmiana

odmiana (nominative singular)
odmiany (nominative plural)
odmiany (genitive singular)
odmian (genitive plural)
odmianie (dative singular)
odmianom (dative plural)
odmianę (accusative singular)
odmiany (accusative plural)
odmianą (instrumental singular)
odmianami (instrumental plural)
odmianie (locative singular)
odmianach (locative plural)
odmiano (singular vocative)
odmiany (plural vocative)


sposób

pl-noun

sposób m inan (diminutive (dialectal) sposobik)

sposobik (dialectal diminutive)
sposób (nominative singular)
sposoby (nominative plural)
sposobu (genitive singular)
sposobów (genitive plural)
sposobowi (dative singular)
sposobom (dative plural)
sposób (accusative singular)
sposoby (accusative plural)
sposobem (instrumental singular)
sposobami (instrumental plural)
sposobie (locative singular)
sposobach (locative plural)
sposobie (singular vocative)
sposoby (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish sposób. By surface analysis, deverbal from sposobić.

surf

Mam na to sposób.

trick way; technique, solution, system (way of dealing with or taking care of something) [with na (+ accusative) ‘for what’]


papla

papla (nominative singular)
paple (nominative plural)
papli (genitive singular)
papli (genitive plural)
papli (dative singular)
paplom (dative plural)
paplę (accusative singular)
paple (accusative plural)
paplą (instrumental singular)
paplami (instrumental plural)
papli (locative singular)
paplach (locative plural)
paplo (singular vocative)
paple (plural vocative)

(colloquial, derogatory) chatterbox (someone who chats or talks to excess)


wark

wark (nominative singular)
warki (nominative plural)
warku (genitive singular)
warków (genitive plural)
warkowi (dative singular)
warkom (dative plural)
wark (accusative singular)
warki (accusative plural)
warkiem (instrumental singular)
warkami (instrumental plural)
warku (locative singular)
warkach (locative plural)
warku (singular vocative)
warki (plural vocative)


zbyt

→ Silesian: zbyt

Deverbal from zbyć. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “1. zbyt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “2. zbyt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

To nie jest zbyt mądre.

too (in negated sentences, to a high degree, very)


zagon

pl-noun

zagon m inan (diminutive zagonek or zagonik)

zagonek (diminutive)
zagonik (diminutive)
zagon (nominative singular)
zagony (nominative plural)
zagonu (genitive singular)
zagonów (genitive plural)
zagonowi (dative singular)
zagonom (dative plural)
zagon (accusative singular)
zagony (accusative plural)
zagonem (instrumental singular)
zagonami (instrumental plural)
zagonie (locative singular)
zagonach (locative plural)
zagonie (singular vocative)
zagony (plural vocative)

(military) army unit going into enemy territory to get something there or to make the enemy not have time to follow the actions of the actual part of the army


odpis

odpis (nominative singular)
odpisy (nominative plural)
odpisu (genitive singular)
odpisów (genitive plural)
odpisowi (dative singular)
odpisom (dative plural)
odpis (accusative singular)
odpisy (accusative plural)
odpisem (instrumental singular)
odpisami (instrumental plural)
odpisie (locative singular)
odpisach (locative plural)
odpisie (singular vocative)
odpisy (plural vocative)


rozpad

rozpad (nominative singular)
rozpadu (genitive singular)
rozpadowi (dative singular)
rozpad (accusative singular)
rozpadem (instrumental singular)
rozpadzie (locative singular)
rozpadzie (singular vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *orzpadъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from rozpadać.


potop

potop (nominative singular)
potopy (nominative plural)
potopu (genitive singular)
potopów (genitive plural)
potopowi (dative singular)
potopom (dative plural)
potop (accusative singular)
potopy (accusative plural)
potopem (instrumental singular)
potopami (instrumental plural)
potopie (locative singular)
potopach (locative plural)
potopie (singular vocative)
potopy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish potop, from Proto-Slavic *potopъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from potopić.


sprawa

pl-noun

sprawa f (diminutive sprawka, augmentative sprawina)

sprawka (diminutive)
sprawina (augmentative)
sprawa (nominative singular)
sprawy (nominative plural)
sprawy (genitive singular)
spraw (genitive plural)
sprawie (dative singular)
sprawom (dative plural)
sprawę (accusative singular)
sprawy (accusative plural)
sprawą (instrumental singular)
sprawami (instrumental plural)
sprawie (locative singular)
sprawach (locative plural)
sprawo (singular vocative)
sprawy (plural vocative)

→ Slovincian: sprawa

Inherited from Old Polish sprawa. By surface analysis, deverbal from sprawić.
Cognates
East Slavic cognates include Belarusian спра́ва (správa), Russian спра́ва (správa), and Ukrainian спра́ва (správa).
South Slavic cognates include Serbo-Croatian sprȁva/спра̏ва and Macedonian справа (sprava).
Western Slavic cognates include Kashubian sprawa, Silesian sprawa, Czech správa, and Slovak správa.

surf

(obsolete, by extension) speech, ability to talk

ability to do something
speech, ability to talk


przesmyk

przesmyk (nominative singular)
przesmyki (nominative plural)
przesmyku (genitive singular)
przesmyków (genitive plural)
przesmykowi (dative singular)
przesmykom (dative plural)
przesmyk (accusative singular)
przesmyki (accusative plural)
przesmykiem (instrumental singular)
przesmykami (instrumental plural)
przesmyku (locative singular)
przesmykach (locative plural)
przesmyku (singular vocative)
przesmyki (plural vocative)

corridor, gorge, neck (narrow, tight passage, e.g. between rocks or buildings)

(hunting) trail in the forest scrub through which the game usually passes


uśmiech

uśmiech (nominative singular)
uśmiechy (nominative plural)
uśmiechu (genitive singular)
uśmiechów (genitive plural)
uśmiechowi (dative singular)
uśmiechom (dative plural)
uśmiech (accusative singular)
uśmiechy (accusative plural)
uśmiechem (instrumental singular)
uśmiechami (instrumental plural)
uśmiechu (locative singular)
uśmiechach (locative plural)
uśmiechu (singular vocative)
uśmiechy (plural vocative)


potwór

pl-noun

potwór m animal (female equivalent potwora, diminutive potworek)

potwora (feminine)
potworek (diminutive)
potwór (nominative singular)
potwory (nominative plural)
potwora (genitive singular)
potworów (genitive plural)
potworowi (dative singular)
potworom (dative plural)
potwora (accusative singular)
potwory (accusative plural)
potworem (instrumental singular)
potworami (instrumental plural)
potworze (locative singular)
potworach (locative plural)
potworze (singular vocative)
potwory (plural vocative)

From earlier potwora, from Proto-Slavic *potvora. By surface analysis, deverbal from potworzyć. Compare Slovak potvora and Ukrainian потво́ра (potvóra). Also compare the semantic development of English creature.


żart

żarcik (diminutive)
żart (nominative singular)
żarty (nominative plural)
żartu (genitive singular)
żartów (genitive plural)
żartowi (dative singular)
żartom (dative plural)
żart (accusative singular)
żarty (accusative plural)
żartem (instrumental singular)
żartami (instrumental plural)
żarcie (locative singular)
żartach (locative plural)
żarcie (singular vocative)
żarty (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: жарт (žart)

→ Ukrainian: жарт (žart)

Deverbal from żartować. Compare Slovak žart, Czech žert.

joke (something said or done for amusement)


zabawa

zabawowy (adjective)
zabawa (nominative singular)
zabawy (nominative plural)
zabawy (genitive singular)
zabaw (genitive plural)
zabawie (dative singular)
zabawom (dative plural)
zabawę (accusative singular)
zabawy (accusative plural)
zabawą (instrumental singular)
zabawami (instrumental plural)
zabawie (locative singular)
zabawach (locative plural)
zabawo (singular vocative)
zabawy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish zabawa. By surface analysis, deverbal from zabawić.

+obj

ins<with what (object enabling play)> + :z(ins)<with whom/what> + :w(acc)<of what (game being played)>

fun, amusement; game (all activities done in order to spend time in a pleasant way) [with instrumental ‘with what (object enabling play)’ and z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom/what’ and w (+ accusative) ‘of what (game being played)’]

play (act of dealing with something clumsily due to being prepared) [with w (+ accusative) ‘what’]


bełt

bełt m inan or (animal-not-person canonical masculine)
bełt (nominative singular)
bełty (nominative plural)
bełtu (genitive singular)
bełtów (genitive plural)
bełtowi (dative singular)
bełtom (dative plural)
bełt (accusative singular)
bełta (accusative singular)
bełty (accusative plural)
bełtem (instrumental singular)
bełtami (instrumental plural)
bełcie (locative singular)
bełtach (locative plural)
bełcie (singular vocative)
bełty (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish bełt. By surface analysis, deverbal from bełtać (“to stir”).

surf

(obsolete, fishing) rod (pole with a knob at the end which fishermen use to swirl the water, driving fish into the net sometimes used as a kind of oar to push the boat in shallow, swampy or overgrown places)


układ

układzik (diminutive)
układ (nominative singular)
układy (nominative plural)
układu (genitive singular)
układów (genitive plural)
układowi (dative singular)
układom (dative plural)
układ (accusative singular)
układy (accusative plural)
układem (instrumental singular)
układami (instrumental plural)
układzie (locative singular)
układach (locative plural)
układzie (singular vocative)
układy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish układ. By surface analysis, deverbal from układać.

(obsolete, biology) classification (system used to order species into families, etc.)


przygoda

przygoda (nominative singular)
przygody (nominative plural)
przygody (genitive singular)
przygód (genitive plural)
przygodzie (dative singular)
przygodom (dative plural)
przygodę (accusative singular)
przygody (accusative plural)
przygodą (instrumental singular)
przygodami (instrumental plural)
przygodzie (locative singular)
przygodach (locative plural)
przygodo (singular vocative)
przygody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *prigoda. By surface analysis, deverbal from przygodzić się.

adventure (a collection of daring undertakings)


cipa

cipcia (diminutive)
cipka (diminutive)
cipa (nominative singular)
cipy (nominative plural)
cipy (genitive singular)
cip (genitive plural)
cipie (dative singular)
cipom (dative plural)
cipę (accusative singular)
cipy (accusative plural)
cipą (instrumental singular)
cipami (instrumental plural)
cipie (locative singular)
cipach (locative plural)
cipo (singular vocative)
cipy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from cipać, ćpać (“to dope, stuff oneself, wolf down”). Alternatively akin to ciupa (“clink, pokey, slammer”).

deverbal

(derogatory, vulgar) cunt, pussy (female genitalia)


wybuch

wybuch (nominative singular)
wybuchy (nominative plural)
wybuchu (genitive singular)
wybuchów (genitive plural)
wybuchowi (dative singular)
wybuchom (dative plural)
wybuch (accusative singular)
wybuchy (accusative plural)
wybuchem (instrumental singular)
wybuchami (instrumental plural)
wybuchu (locative singular)
wybuchach (locative plural)
wybuchu (singular vocative)
wybuchy (plural vocative)

wybuch wojny


wymiana

wymiana (nominative singular)
wymiany (nominative plural)
wymiany (genitive singular)
wymian (genitive plural)
wymianie (dative singular)
wymianom (dative plural)
wymianę (accusative singular)
wymiany (accusative plural)
wymianą (instrumental singular)
wymianami (instrumental plural)
wymianie (locative singular)
wymianach (locative plural)
wymiano (singular vocative)
wymiany (plural vocative)

Deverbal from wymienić. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Kashubian wëmiana and Slovincian wëmjêna.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “wymiana”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

wymiana ognia

wymiana walut

exchange, swap (act of exchanging or trading and getting something in return)

exchange, swap; changeout (act of replacing something or someone with something or someone new)

(sports) exchange, swap (act of replacing a player in a game or match)

(obsolete, chemistry) exchange (mutual replacement of component parts that chemically interact with each other)


chlor

pl-noun

chlor m inan (related adjective chlorowy)

chlorowy (adjective)
chlor (nominative singular)
chloru (genitive singular)
chlorowi (dative singular)
chlor (accusative singular)
chlorem (instrumental singular)
chlorze (locative singular)
chlorze (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from New Latin chlōrum. Doublet of zielony, złoty, and żółty.

lbor

(chemistry) chlorine (chemical element, Cl, atomic number 17)


dowód

pl-noun

dowód m inan (diminutive dowodzik, related adjective dowodowy)

dowodzik (diminutive)
dowodowy (adjective)
dowód (nominative singular)
dowody (nominative plural)
dowodu (genitive singular)
dowodów (genitive plural)
dowodowi (dative singular)
dowodom (dative plural)
dowód (accusative singular)
dowody (accusative plural)
dowodem (instrumental singular)
dowodami (instrumental plural)
dowodzie (locative singular)
dowodach (locative plural)
dowodzie (singular vocative)
dowody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish dowód. By surface analysis, deverbal from dowieść／dowodzić. Compare Kashubian dowód.

surf

identity document, ID (document which may be used to prove a person's identity)


wschód

wschód (nominative singular)
wschody (nominative plural)
wschodu (genitive singular)
wschodów (genitive plural)
wschodowi (dative singular)
wschodom (dative plural)
wschód (accusative singular)
wschody (accusative plural)
wschodem (instrumental singular)
wschodami (instrumental plural)
wschodzie (locative singular)
wschodach (locative plural)
wschodzie (singular vocative)
wschody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish wschód, from Proto-Slavic *vъzxodъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from wschodzić. Compare Slovene vzhod (“rise; east”).

rise (referring to a celestial body, such as sunrise)


czołg

czołg (nominative singular)
czołgi (nominative plural)
czołgu (genitive singular)
czołgów (genitive plural)
czołgowi (dative singular)
czołgom (dative plural)
czołg (accusative singular)
czołgi (accusative plural)
czołgiem (instrumental singular)
czołgami (instrumental plural)
czołgu (locative singular)
czołgach (locative plural)
czołgu (singular vocative)
czołgi (plural vocative)


rozmowa

pl-noun

rozmowa f (diminutive rozmówka, augmentative rozmowisko, related adjective rozmowowy)

rozmówka (diminutive)
rozmowisko (augmentative)
rozmowowy (adjective)
rozmowa (nominative singular)
rozmowy (nominative plural)
rozmowy (genitive singular)
rozmów (genitive plural)
rozmowie (dative singular)
rozmowom (dative plural)
rozmowę (accusative singular)
rozmowy (accusative plural)
rozmową (instrumental singular)
rozmowami (instrumental plural)
rozmowie (locative singular)
rozmowach (locative plural)
rozmowo (singular vocative)
rozmowy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish rozmowa. By surface analysis, deverbal from rozmówić. Compare Kashubian rozmòwa, Belarusian размо́ва (razmóva), Ukrainian розмо́ва (rozmóva), and Russian размо́лвка (razmólvka).

surf

(in the plural) talks (official meeting or meetings meant to deal with a particular issue)

(Middle Polish) pronunciation, manner of speaking


nauka

naukowy (adjective)
nauka (nominative singular)
nauki (nominative plural)
nauki (genitive singular)
nauk (genitive plural)
nauce (dative singular)
naukom (dative plural)
naukę (accusative singular)
nauki (accusative plural)
nauką (instrumental singular)
naukami (instrumental plural)
nauce (locative singular)
naukach (locative plural)
nauko (singular vocative)
nauki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish nauka. By surface analysis, deverbal from nauczyć.

(countable) science (field of study within such a system) [with o (+ locative) ‘of what’]

(Middle Polish) order; persuasion; ad hoc recommendation; tip

Návká twa ſámá mie návccy.

1594, J. Januszowski, Ł. Górnickiego, Nowy karakter, page G4:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


przesada

przesada (nominative singular)
przesady (nominative plural)
przesady (genitive singular)
przesad (genitive plural)
przesadzie (dative singular)
przesadom (dative plural)
przesadę (accusative singular)
przesady (accusative plural)
przesadą (instrumental singular)
przesadami (instrumental plural)
przesadzie (locative singular)
przesadach (locative plural)
przesado (singular vocative)
przesady (plural vocative)


wzrost

pl-noun

wzrost m inan (related adjective wzrostowy)

wzrostowy (adjective)
wzrost (nominative singular)
wzrostu (genitive singular)
wzrostowi (dative singular)
wzrost (accusative singular)
wzrostem (instrumental singular)
wzroście (locative singular)
wzroście (singular vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish wzrost. By surface analysis, deverbal from wzróść.


węch

węch (nominative singular)
węchu (genitive singular)
węchowi (dative singular)
węch (accusative singular)
węchem (instrumental singular)
węchu (locative singular)
węchu (singular vocative)


zapach

zapach (nominative singular)
zapachy (nominative plural)
zapachu (genitive singular)
zapachów (genitive plural)
zapachowi (dative singular)
zapachom (dative plural)
zapach (accusative singular)
zapachy (accusative plural)
zapachem (instrumental singular)
zapachami (instrumental plural)
zapachu (locative singular)
zapachach (locative plural)
zapachu (singular vocative)
zapachy (plural vocative)

(obsolete, usually in the plural) perfume


nabiał

nabiał (nominative singular)
nabiału (genitive singular)
nabiałowi (dative singular)
nabiał (accusative singular)
nabiałem (instrumental singular)
nabiale (locative singular)
nabiale (singular vocative)


umowa

umówka (diminutive)
umowa (nominative singular)
umowy (nominative plural)
umowy (genitive singular)
umów (genitive plural)
umowie (dative singular)
umowom (dative plural)
umowę (accusative singular)
umowy (accusative plural)
umową (instrumental singular)
umowami (instrumental plural)
umowie (locative singular)
umowach (locative plural)
umowo (singular vocative)
umowy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish umowa. By surface analysis, deverbal from umówić.

+obj

genitive ‘of what/whom’; na (+ accusative) ‘for what’;

deal, agreement, arrangement [with genitive ‘of what/whom’; or with o (+ accusative) or na (+ accusative) ‘for what’; or with o (+ locative) ‘about what’; in addition, with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’]


zbiór

pl-noun

zbiór m inan (diminutive zbiorek, related adjective zbiorowy)

zbiorek (diminutive)
zbiorowy (adjective)
zbiór (nominative singular)
zbiory (nominative plural)
zbioru (genitive singular)
zbiorów (genitive plural)
zbiorowi (dative singular)
zbiorom (dative plural)
zbiór (accusative singular)
zbiory (accusative plural)
zbiorem (instrumental singular)
zbiorami (instrumental plural)
zbiorze (locative singular)
zbiorach (locative plural)
zbiorze (singular vocative)
zbiory (plural vocative)

Deverbal from zbierać. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Kashubian zbiór and Silesian zbiōr.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zbiór”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

collection (all things gathered in one place)


zmysł

zmysł (nominative singular)
zmysły (nominative plural)
zmysłu (genitive singular)
zmysłów (genitive plural)
zmysłowi (dative singular)
zmysłom (dative plural)
zmysł (accusative singular)
zmysły (accusative plural)
zmysłem (instrumental singular)
zmysłami (instrumental plural)
zmyśle (locative singular)
zmysłach (locative plural)
zmyśle (singular vocative)
zmysły (plural vocative)

(in the plural) consciousness (the state of being conscious)


ciecz

ciecz (nominative singular)
ciecze (nominative plural)
cieczy (genitive singular)
cieczy (genitive plural)
cieczy (dative singular)
cieczom (dative plural)
ciecz (accusative singular)
ciecze (accusative plural)
cieczą (instrumental singular)
cieczami (instrumental plural)
cieczy (locative singular)
cieczach (locative plural)
cieczy (singular vocative)
ciecze (plural vocative)

liquid (substance in the state of matter between solid and gaseous)


obrys

obrys (nominative singular)
obrysy (nominative plural)
obrysu (genitive singular)
obrysów (genitive plural)
obrysowi (dative singular)
obrysom (dative plural)
obrys (accusative singular)
obrysy (accusative plural)
obrysem (instrumental singular)
obrysami (instrumental plural)
obrysie (locative singular)
obrysach (locative plural)
obrysie (singular vocative)
obrysy (plural vocative)

Czaszka trzecia, patrząc z góry, przedstawiała obrys niemal dokładnej elipsoidy...

1893, G. Ossowski, “Recenzye i Sprawozdania: Majer Józef dr.: Czaszki i kości z nieciałopalnego grobu skrzynkowego ze wsi Uwisły.”, in Oswald Balzer, editor, Kwartalnik Historyczny, number VII, Lwów: Towarzystwo Historyczne, archived from the original on 2022-11-13, page 458:

The third skull, looking [at it] from above, presented the shape of a nearly exact ellipsoid...

Pawełko wyraził nadzieję, że obrys Ukrainy na koszulce "da siłę piłkarzom, którzy będą walczyli (na Euro) dla całej Ukrainy".

2021 June 7, “Koszulki Ukrainy na Euro zirytowały Rosję. Chodzi o Krym”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2021-10-22:

Pavelko expressed the hope that the outline of Ukraine on their shirts "will give strength to the ball-players, who will be fighting (in the European soccer championship) for all of Ukraine".

contour (outline, boundary or border, usually of curved shape)


przyczyna

pl-noun

przyczyna f (related adjective przyczynowy)

przyczynowy (adjective)
przyczyna (nominative singular)
przyczyny (nominative plural)
przyczyny (genitive singular)
przyczyn (genitive plural)
przyczynie (dative singular)
przyczynom (dative plural)
przyczynę (accusative singular)
przyczyny (accusative plural)
przyczyną (instrumental singular)
przyczynami (instrumental plural)
przyczynie (locative singular)
przyczynach (locative plural)
przyczyno (singular vocative)
przyczyny (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish przyczyna. By surface analysis, deverbal from przyczynić.

surf

cause (source of, or reason for, an event or action; that which produces or effects a result)

(Middle Polish) author, instigator, originator, progenitor


powód

pl-noun

powód m inan (related adjective powodowy)

powodowy (adjective)
powód (nominative singular)
powody (nominative plural)
powodu (genitive singular)
powodów (genitive plural)
powodowi (dative singular)
powodom (dative plural)
powód (accusative singular)
powody (accusative plural)
powodem (instrumental singular)
powodami (instrumental plural)
powodzie (locative singular)
powodach (locative plural)
powodzie (singular vocative)
powody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish powód. By surface analysis, deverbal from powieść.


dopust

dopust (nominative singular)
dopusty (nominative plural)
dopustu (genitive singular)
dopustów (genitive plural)
dopustowi (dative singular)
dopustom (dative plural)
dopust (accusative singular)
dopusty (accusative plural)
dopustem (instrumental singular)
dopustami (instrumental plural)
dopuście (locative singular)
dopustach (locative plural)
dopuście (singular vocative)
dopusty (plural vocative)

disposition (event, often unfortunate, thought to be caused by a deity)


zasada

pl-noun

zasada f (diminutive (rare) zasadka, related adjective zasadowy)

zasadka (diminutive rare)
zasadowy (adjective)
zasada (nominative singular)
zasady (nominative plural)
zasady (genitive singular)
zasad (genitive plural)
zasadzie (dative singular)
zasadom (dative plural)
zasadę (accusative singular)
zasady (accusative plural)
zasadą (instrumental singular)
zasadami (instrumental plural)
zasadzie (locative singular)
zasadach (locative plural)
zasado (singular vocative)
zasady (plural vocative)

Deverbal from zasadzić. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Czech zásada, Slovak zásada, and Russian заса́да (zasáda).

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zasada”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

rule (manner; habit of conduct considered by a given person or a given environment to be good and worthy of use, binding)


wpływ

wpływ (nominative singular)
wpływy (nominative plural)
wpływu (genitive singular)
wpływów (genitive plural)
wpływowi (dative singular)
wpływom (dative plural)
wpływ (accusative singular)
wpływy (accusative plural)
wpływem (instrumental singular)
wpływami (instrumental plural)
wpływie (locative singular)
wpływach (locative plural)
wpływie (singular vocative)
wpływy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from wpływać. Calque of German Einfluss. Cognate with Serbo-Croatian upliv and Silesian wpływ as well as Hungarian befolyás through calquing German. Compare Medieval Latin īnfluentia (“influence”) for the sense. First attested in 1793.

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “wpływ”, in Słownik języka polskiego

Badania historyczne: jaki wpływ mieć mogły mniemania i literatura ludow wschodnich na ludy zachodnie, szczególniey we względzie poezyi.

1819, Jan Tarnowski, Badania historyczne jaki wpływ mieć mogły mniemania i literatura ludów wschodnich, page 51:

Researching history: what effect could postulations and literure of eastern peoples have on western peoples, especially with regrad to poetry.

Jego kłótnia z biskupami otworzyła wrota naszego kraju reformacji zachodniej, która tak ważny ale mało uznany wpływ na losy nasze wywarła; […]

1870, Ludwik Kubala, Stanislaw Orzechowski i wpływ jego na Rzeczpospolitę wobec reformacji XVI wieku: rzecz historyczna, page 2:

His argument with the bishop opened the gates of our country to western reformation, which caused a very important but little recognized influence on our fates; his fight with […]

I tak Plenkiewicz — jak już zaznaczyłem — juz dawno zwrócił uwagę na wpływ Seneki (De beneficiis) i Palingena, […]

1905, Pamiętnik literacki, volume 4, page 558:

Plenkiewicz, as I already pointed out, had drawn attention to Seneki (de beneficiis) and Palingena's influence a long time ago anyway, […]

Opierając się na swych badaniach, Henze kładzie nacisk na konieczność odpowiedniego umieszczania termografów, a także zamieszczania w publikacyach dokładnego opisu położenia stacyi, które wywiera wielki wpływ na przebieg dzienny temperatury.

1916, Pamiętnik fizyjograficzny, page 74:

Basing on his own research, Henze emphacises the necessity of proper placement of thermographs, as well as publishing an exact description of the place of stations that have such a huge effect on the daily course of temperature.

Każdy żywy organizm podlega w przyrodzie różnorodnym wpływom środowiska zewnętrznego.

1986, Wojciech Żabicki, Higiena zawodowa dla szkół gastronomicznych, →ISBN, page 61:

Every living organism experiences various influences in nature from the external environment.

influence, effect (act of or result of affecting, controlling or manipulating) [with na (+ accusative) ‘on what’]


bek

bek (nominative singular)
beki (nominative plural)
beku (genitive singular)
beków (genitive plural)
bekowi (dative singular)
bekom (dative plural)
bek (accusative singular)
beki (accusative plural)
bekiem (instrumental singular)
bekami (instrumental plural)
beku (locative singular)
bekach (locative plural)
beku (singular vocative)
beki (plural vocative)


pomysł

pomysł (nominative singular)
pomysły (nominative plural)
pomysłu (genitive singular)
pomysłów (genitive plural)
pomysłowi (dative singular)
pomysłom (dative plural)
pomysł (accusative singular)
pomysły (accusative plural)
pomysłem (instrumental singular)
pomysłami (instrumental plural)
pomyśle (locative singular)
pomysłach (locative plural)
pomyśle (singular vocative)
pomysły (plural vocative)

Mam pomysł, jak spędzić razem czas w ten piątek.

I have an idea how to spend time together this Friday.


umysł

umysł (nominative singular)
umysły (nominative plural)
umysłu (genitive singular)
umysłów (genitive plural)
umysłowi (dative singular)
umysłom (dative plural)
umysł (accusative singular)
umysły (accusative plural)
umysłem (instrumental singular)
umysłami (instrumental plural)
umyśle (locative singular)
umysłach (locative plural)
umyśle (singular vocative)
umysły (plural vocative)

mind (somebody that embodies certain mental qualities)


przemysł

pl-noun

przemysł m inan (related adjective przemysłowy)

przemysłowy (adjective)
przemysł (nominative singular)
przemysły (nominative plural)
przemysłu (genitive singular)
przemysłów (genitive plural)
przemysłowi (dative singular)
przemysłom (dative plural)
przemysł (accusative singular)
przemysły (accusative plural)
przemysłem (instrumental singular)
przemysłami (instrumental plural)
przemyśle (locative singular)
przemysłach (locative plural)
przemyśle (singular vocative)
przemysły (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: przemësł

Deverbal from przemyśleć. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from Latin industria under the influence of other modern languages. First attested in 1566.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “przemysł”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

industry (production of goods from materials from the Earth on a large scale, often with machines and automation)


pogrzeb

pl-noun

pogrzeb m inan (related adjective pogrzebowy or pogrzebny)

pogrzebowy (adjective)
pogrzebny (adjective)
pogrzeb (nominative singular)
pogrzeby (nominative plural)
pogrzebu (genitive singular)
pogrzebów (genitive plural)
pogrzebowi (dative singular)
pogrzebom (dative plural)
pogrzeb (accusative singular)
pogrzeby (accusative plural)
pogrzebem (instrumental singular)
pogrzebami (instrumental plural)
pogrzebie (locative singular)
pogrzebach (locative plural)
pogrzebie (singular vocative)
pogrzeby (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish pogrzeb, from Proto-Slavic *pogrebъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from pogrzebać. Compare Czech pohřeb, Russian по́греб (pógreb), Serbo-Croatian pògreb, and Ukrainian по́гріб (póhrib).

surf

(by extension) cortege (funeral procession)


osada

osada (nominative singular)
osady (nominative plural)
osady (genitive singular)
osad (genitive plural)
osadzie (dative singular)
osadom (dative plural)
osadę (accusative singular)
osady (accusative plural)
osadą (instrumental singular)
osadami (instrumental plural)
osadzie (locative singular)
osadach (locative plural)
osado (singular vocative)
osady (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b)sada, analyzable as deverbal from osadzić. Doublet of obsada (“cast”).


opór

opór (nominative singular)
opory (nominative plural)
oporu (genitive singular)
oporów (genitive plural)
oporowi (dative singular)
oporom (dative plural)
opór (accusative singular)
opory (accusative plural)
oporem (instrumental singular)
oporami (instrumental plural)
oporze (locative singular)
oporach (locative plural)
oporze (singular vocative)
opory (plural vocative)


zator

pl-noun

zator m inan (related adjective zatorowy)

zatorowy (adjective)
zator (nominative singular)
zatory (nominative plural)
zatoru (genitive singular)
zatorów (genitive plural)
zatorowi (dative singular)
zatorom (dative plural)
zator (accusative singular)
zatory (accusative plural)
zatorem (instrumental singular)
zatorami (instrumental plural)
zatorze (locative singular)
zatorach (locative plural)
zatorze (singular vocative)
zatory (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish zator, from Proto-Slavic *zatorъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from zatrzeć. Cognate with Kashubian zôtór.


smyk

smyk (nominative singular)
smyki (nominative plural)
smyka (genitive singular)
smyków (genitive plural)
smykowi (dative singular)
smykom (dative plural)
smyka (accusative singular)
smyków (accusative plural)
smykiem (instrumental singular)
smykami (instrumental plural)
smyku (locative singular)
smykach (locative plural)
smyku (singular vocative)
smyki (plural vocative)


odpad

odpad (nominative singular)
odpady (nominative plural)
odpadu (genitive singular)
odpadów (genitive plural)
odpadowi (dative singular)
odpadom (dative plural)
odpad (accusative singular)
odpady (accusative plural)
odpadem (instrumental singular)
odpadami (instrumental plural)
odpadzie (locative singular)
odpadach (locative plural)
odpadzie (singular vocative)
odpady (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъpadъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from odpadać.

(in the plural) waste, dross, garbage, refuse


dostęp

dostęp (nominative singular)
dostępu (genitive singular)
dostępowi (dative singular)
dostęp (accusative singular)
dostępem (instrumental singular)
dostępie (locative singular)
dostępie (singular vocative)


pokład

pokład (nominative singular)
pokłady (nominative plural)
pokładu (genitive singular)
pokładów (genitive plural)
pokładowi (dative singular)
pokładom (dative plural)
pokład (accusative singular)
pokłady (accusative plural)
pokładem (instrumental singular)
pokładami (instrumental plural)
pokładzie (locative singular)
pokładach (locative plural)
pokładzie (singular vocative)
pokłady (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish pokład. By surface analysis, deverbal from pokładać.

(more generally, transport) board (inside of any vehicle)


styk

styk (nominative singular)
styki (nominative plural)
styku (genitive singular)
styków (genitive plural)
stykowi (dative singular)
stykom (dative plural)
styk (accusative singular)
styki (accusative plural)
stykiem (instrumental singular)
stykami (instrumental plural)
styku (locative singular)
stykach (locative plural)
styku (singular vocative)
styki (plural vocative)


spad

spad (nominative singular)
spady (nominative plural)
spadu (genitive singular)
spadów (genitive plural)
spadowi (dative singular)
spadom (dative plural)
spad (accusative singular)
spady (accusative plural)
spadem (instrumental singular)
spadami (instrumental plural)
spadzie (locative singular)
spadach (locative plural)
spadzie (singular vocative)
spady (plural vocative)


rozpacz

rozpacz (nominative singular)
rozpaczy (genitive singular)
rozpaczy (dative singular)
rozpacz (accusative singular)
rozpaczą (instrumental singular)
rozpaczy (locative singular)
rozpaczy (singular vocative)


pęd

pęd (nominative singular)
pędy (nominative plural)
pędu (genitive singular)
pędów (genitive plural)
pędowi (dative singular)
pędom (dative plural)
pęd (accusative singular)
pędy (accusative plural)
pędem (instrumental singular)
pędami (instrumental plural)
pędzie (locative singular)
pędach (locative plural)
pędzie (singular vocative)
pędy (plural vocative)

desire, eagerness [with do (+ genitive) ‘for something’]


wydma

wydmowy (adjective)
wydma (nominative singular)
wydmy (nominative plural)
wydmy (genitive singular)
wydm (genitive plural)
wydmie (dative singular)
wydmom (dative plural)
wydmę (accusative singular)
wydmy (accusative plural)
wydmą (instrumental singular)
wydmami (instrumental plural)
wydmie (locative singular)
wydmach (locative plural)
wydmo (singular vocative)
wydmy (plural vocative)

dune (ridge or hill of sand piled up by the wind)


oszust

pl-noun

oszust m pers (female equivalent oszustka)

oszustka (feminine)
oszust (nominative singular)
oszuści (nominative plural)
oszusty (derogatory nominative plural)
oszusta (genitive singular)
oszustów (genitive plural)
oszustowi (dative singular)
oszustom (dative plural)
oszusta (accusative singular)
oszustów (accusative plural)
oszustem (instrumental singular)
oszustami (instrumental plural)
oszuście (locative singular)
oszustach (locative plural)
oszuście (singular vocative)
oszuści (plural vocative)


ochrona

ochrona (nominative singular)
ochrony (genitive singular)
ochronie (dative singular)
ochronę (accusative singular)
ochroną (instrumental singular)
ochronie (locative singular)
ochrono (singular vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b)xorna. By surface analysis, deverbal from ochronić. First attested in 1588.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ochrona”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

+obj

protection (object that provides such protection) [with przed (+ instrumental) ‘from what’]


przewaga

przewaga (nominative singular)
przewagi (nominative plural)
przewagi (genitive singular)
przewag (genitive plural)
przewadze (dative singular)
przewagom (dative plural)
przewagę (accusative singular)
przewagi (accusative plural)
przewagą (instrumental singular)
przewagami (instrumental plural)
przewadze (locative singular)
przewagach (locative plural)
przewago (singular vocative)
przewagi (plural vocative)

advantage, ascendance, predominance, supremacy


pogarda

pogarda (nominative singular)
pogardy (genitive singular)
pogardzie (dative singular)
pogardę (accusative singular)
pogardą (instrumental singular)
pogardzie (locative singular)
pogardo (singular vocative)


zwrot

zwrot (nominative singular)
zwroty (nominative plural)
zwrotu (genitive singular)
zwrotów (genitive plural)
zwrotowi (dative singular)
zwrotom (dative plural)
zwrot (accusative singular)
zwroty (accusative plural)
zwrotem (instrumental singular)
zwrotami (instrumental plural)
zwrocie (locative singular)
zwrotach (locative plural)
zwrocie (singular vocative)
zwroty (plural vocative)


narząd

narząd (nominative singular)
narządy (nominative plural)
narządu (genitive singular)
narządów (genitive plural)
narządowi (dative singular)
narządom (dative plural)
narząd (accusative singular)
narządy (accusative plural)
narządem (instrumental singular)
narządami (instrumental plural)
narządzie (locative singular)
narządach (locative plural)
narządzie (singular vocative)
narządy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *narędъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from narządzić.


rozkaz

rozkaz (nominative singular)
rozkazy (nominative plural)
rozkazu (genitive singular)
rozkazów (genitive plural)
rozkazowi (dative singular)
rozkazom (dative plural)
rozkaz (accusative singular)
rozkazy (accusative plural)
rozkazem (instrumental singular)
rozkazami (instrumental plural)
rozkazie (locative singular)
rozkazach (locative plural)
rozkazie (singular vocative)
rozkazy (plural vocative)


strug

strug (nominative singular)
strugi (nominative plural)
strugu (genitive singular)
strugów (genitive plural)
strugowi (dative singular)
strugom (dative plural)
strug (accusative singular)
strugi (accusative plural)
strugiem (instrumental singular)
strugami (instrumental plural)
strugu (locative singular)
strugach (locative plural)
strugu (singular vocative)
strugi (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *strugъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from strugać.

(carpentry) plane (tool for smoothing wood by removing thin layers from the surface)


przeciąg

przeciąg (nominative singular)
przeciągi (nominative plural)
przeciągu (genitive singular)
przeciągów (genitive plural)
przeciągowi (dative singular)
przeciągom (dative plural)
przeciąg (accusative singular)
przeciągi (accusative plural)
przeciągiem (instrumental singular)
przeciągami (instrumental plural)
przeciągu (locative singular)
przeciągach (locative plural)
przeciągu (singular vocative)
przeciągi (plural vocative)

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕɔŋk/


napis

napis (nominative singular)
napisy (nominative plural)
napisu (genitive singular)
napisów (genitive plural)
napisowi (dative singular)
napisom (dative plural)
napis (accusative singular)
napisy (accusative plural)
napisem (instrumental singular)
napisami (instrumental plural)
napisie (locative singular)
napisach (locative plural)
napisie (singular vocative)
napisy (plural vocative)

(chiefly in the plural) subtitle (textual version of the dialog in films)


opora

opora (nominative singular)
opory (nominative plural)
opory (genitive singular)
opor (genitive plural)
oporze (dative singular)
oporom (dative plural)
oporę (accusative singular)
opory (accusative plural)
oporą (instrumental singular)
oporami (instrumental plural)
oporze (locative singular)
oporach (locative plural)
oporo (singular vocative)
opory (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish opora. By surface analysis, deverbal from oprzeć.

(archaic) obstacle (that which is in the way)


podpaska

podpaska (nominative singular)
podpaski (nominative plural)
podpaski (genitive singular)
podpasek (genitive plural)
podpasce (dative singular)
podpaskom (dative plural)
podpaskę (accusative singular)
podpaski (accusative plural)
podpaską (instrumental singular)
podpaskami (instrumental plural)
podpasce (locative singular)
podpaskach (locative plural)
podpasko (singular vocative)
podpaski (plural vocative)

menstrual pad, pad, sanitary napkin, sanitary towel


spust

Inherited from Old Polish spust, from Proto-Slavic *sъpustъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from spuścić.


przyprawa

przyprawa (nominative singular)
przyprawy (nominative plural)
przyprawy (genitive singular)
przypraw (genitive plural)
przyprawie (dative singular)
przyprawom (dative plural)
przyprawę (accusative singular)
przyprawy (accusative plural)
przyprawą (instrumental singular)
przyprawami (instrumental plural)
przyprawie (locative singular)
przyprawach (locative plural)
przyprawo (singular vocative)
przyprawy (plural vocative)


płyn

płyn (nominative singular)
płyny (nominative plural)
płynu (genitive singular)
płynów (genitive plural)
płynowi (dative singular)
płynom (dative plural)
płyn (accusative singular)
płyny (accusative plural)
płynem (instrumental singular)
płynami (instrumental plural)
płynie (locative singular)
płynach (locative plural)
płynie (singular vocative)
płyny (plural vocative)

→ Czech: plyn

→ Slovak: plyn

fluid (any state of matter which can flow)


wiedza

wiedza (nominative singular)
wiedzy (genitive singular)
wiedzy (dative singular)
wiedzę (accusative singular)
wiedzą (instrumental singular)
wiedzy (locative singular)
wiedzo (singular vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *věďa. By surface analysis, deverbal from wiedzieć. First attested in 1612.

ref

Paweł Kupiszewski (05.04.2022) “WIEDZA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

knowledge (relevant information that can be recalled from memory; that what one knows) [with o (+ locative) ‘about what’]


przeszkoda

przeszkoda (nominative singular)
przeszkody (nominative plural)
przeszkody (genitive singular)
przeszkód (genitive plural)
przeszkodzie (dative singular)
przeszkodom (dative plural)
przeszkodę (accusative singular)
przeszkody (accusative plural)
przeszkodą (instrumental singular)
przeszkodami (instrumental plural)
przeszkodzie (locative singular)
przeszkodach (locative plural)
przeszkodo (singular vocative)
przeszkody (plural vocative)


zbój

zbój (nominative singular)
zbóje (nominative plural)
zbója (genitive singular)
zbójów (genitive plural)
zbói (genitive plural)
zbójowi (dative singular)
zbójom (dative plural)
zbója (accusative singular)
zbójów (accusative plural)
zbói (accusative plural)
zbójem (instrumental singular)
zbójami (instrumental plural)
zbóju (locative singular)
zbójach (locative plural)
zbóju (singular vocative)
zbóje (plural vocative)


leż

leż (nominative singular)
leże (nominative plural)
leży (genitive singular)
leży (genitive plural)
leży (dative singular)
leżom (dative plural)
leż (accusative singular)
leże (accusative plural)
leżą (instrumental singular)
leżami (instrumental plural)
leży (locative singular)
leżach (locative plural)
leży (singular vocative)
leże (plural vocative)


zeszyt

pl-noun

zeszyt m inan (diminutive zeszycik, abbreviation z.)

zeszycik (diminutive)
z. (abbreviation)
zeszyt (nominative singular)
zeszyty (nominative plural)
zeszytu (genitive singular)
zeszytów (genitive plural)
zeszytowi (dative singular)
zeszytom (dative plural)
zeszyt (accusative singular)
zeszyty (accusative plural)
zeszytem (instrumental singular)
zeszytami (instrumental plural)
zeszycie (locative singular)
zeszytach (locative plural)
zeszycie (singular vocative)
zeszyty (plural vocative)

Deverbal from zeszyć (“to tie together”).


prąd

prąd (nominative singular)
prądy (nominative plural)
prądu (genitive singular)
prądów (genitive plural)
prądowi (dative singular)
prądom (dative plural)
prąd (accusative singular)
prądy (accusative plural)
prądem (instrumental singular)
prądami (instrumental plural)
prądzie (locative singular)
prądach (locative plural)
prądzie (singular vocative)
prądy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish prąd. By surface analysis, deverbal from prząść.

surf

(regional) tree sunk in a river bed that is dangerous for those traveling by raft or boat


zwyczaj

zwyczaj (nominative singular)
zwyczaje (nominative plural)
zwyczaju (genitive singular)
zwyczajów (genitive plural)
zwyczajowi (dative singular)
zwyczajom (dative plural)
zwyczaj (accusative singular)
zwyczaje (accusative plural)
zwyczajem (instrumental singular)
zwyczajami (instrumental plural)
zwyczaju (locative singular)
zwyczajach (locative plural)
zwyczaju (singular vocative)
zwyczaje (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: звы́чай (zvýčaj)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъvyčajь. By surface analysis, deverbal from zwyknąć.

habit (an action done on a regular basis)


przekrój

przekrój (nominative singular)
przekroje (nominative plural)
przekroju (genitive singular)
przekrojów (genitive plural)
przekroi (genitive plural)
przekrojowi (dative singular)
przekrojom (dative plural)
przekrój (accusative singular)
przekroje (accusative plural)
przekrojem (instrumental singular)
przekrojami (instrumental plural)
przekroju (locative singular)
przekrojach (locative plural)
przekroju (singular vocative)
przekroje (plural vocative)


wystawa

wystawowy (adjective)
wystawa (nominative singular)
wystawy (nominative plural)
wystawy (genitive singular)
wystaw (genitive plural)
wystawie (dative singular)
wystawom (dative plural)
wystawę (accusative singular)
wystawy (accusative plural)
wystawą (instrumental singular)
wystawami (instrumental plural)
wystawie (locative singular)
wystawach (locative plural)
wystawo (singular vocative)
wystawy (plural vocative)

Deverbal from wystawić. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Czech výstava, Kashubian wëstawa, Silesian wystawa, and Ukrainian виста́ва (vystáva).

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “wystawa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

shop window, display case (large window at the front of a shop, behind which items for sale are displayed)


rozprawa

rozprawka (diminutive)
rozprawa (nominative singular)
rozprawy (nominative plural)
rozprawy (genitive singular)
rozpraw (genitive plural)
rozprawie (dative singular)
rozprawom (dative plural)
rozprawę (accusative singular)
rozprawy (accusative plural)
rozprawą (instrumental singular)
rozprawami (instrumental plural)
rozprawie (locative singular)
rozprawach (locative plural)
rozprawo (singular vocative)
rozprawy (plural vocative)

(literature) scientific paper, thesis (dissertation)


unik

unikowy (adjective)
unik (nominative singular)
uniki (nominative plural)
uniku (genitive singular)
uników (genitive plural)
unikowi (dative singular)
unikom (dative plural)
unik (accusative singular)
uniki (accusative plural)
unikiem (instrumental singular)
unikami (instrumental plural)
uniku (locative singular)
unikach (locative plural)
uniku (singular vocative)
uniki (plural vocative)


zlew

zlewowy (adjective)
zlew (nominative singular)
zlewy (nominative plural)
zlewu (genitive singular)
zlewów (genitive plural)
zlewowi (dative singular)
zlewom (dative plural)
zlew (accusative singular)
zlewy (accusative plural)
zlewem (instrumental singular)
zlewami (instrumental plural)
zlewie (locative singular)
zlewach (locative plural)
zlewie (singular vocative)
zlewy (plural vocative)

kitchen sink, sink (sink in a kitchen used for washing dishes and preparing food)

non-commissioned officer
non-commissioned officer

(derogatory, military slang) professional non-commissioned officer in the army

(colloquial) amusement, fun (state of being amused)


przepis

przepis (nominative singular)
przepisy (nominative plural)
przepisu (genitive singular)
przepisów (genitive plural)
przepisowi (dative singular)
przepisom (dative plural)
przepis (accusative singular)
przepisy (accusative plural)
przepisem (instrumental singular)
przepisami (instrumental plural)
przepisie (locative singular)
przepisach (locative plural)
przepisie (singular vocative)
przepisy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish przepis. By surface analysis, deverbal from przepisać.

surf

recipe (plan or procedure to obtain a given end result; a prescription) [with na (+ accusative) ‘for what’]


ocena

ocena (nominative singular)
oceny (nominative plural)
oceny (genitive singular)
ocen (genitive plural)
ocenie (dative singular)
ocenom (dative plural)
ocenę (accusative singular)
oceny (accusative plural)
oceną (instrumental singular)
ocenami (instrumental plural)
ocenie (locative singular)
ocenach (locative plural)
oceno (singular vocative)
oceny (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: òcena

→ Silesian: ôcyna

Deverbal from ocenić. First attested in the 19th century.

ref

Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “ocena”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861

grade, mark (evaluation in school or at work) [with z (+ genitive) ‘in what subject’]


zemsta

zemsta (nominative singular)
zemsty (nominative plural)
zemsty (genitive singular)
zemst (genitive plural)
zemście (dative singular)
zemstom (dative plural)
zemstę (accusative singular)
zemsty (accusative plural)
zemstą (instrumental singular)
zemstami (instrumental plural)
zemście (locative singular)
zemstach (locative plural)
zemsto (singular vocative)
zemsty (plural vocative)


zdrada

zdrada (nominative singular)
zdrady (nominative plural)
zdrady (genitive singular)
zdrad (genitive plural)
zdradzie (dative singular)
zdradom (dative plural)
zdradę (accusative singular)
zdrady (accusative plural)
zdradą (instrumental singular)
zdradami (instrumental plural)
zdradzie (locative singular)
zdradach (locative plural)
zdrado (singular vocative)
zdrady (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish zdrada. By surface analysis, deverbal from zdradzić.


spowiedź

spowiedź (nominative singular)
spowiedzi (nominative plural)
spowiedzi (genitive singular)
spowiedzi (genitive plural)
spowiedzi (dative singular)
spowiedziom (dative plural)
spowiedź (accusative singular)
spowiedzi (accusative plural)
spowiedzią (instrumental singular)
spowiedziami (instrumental plural)
spowiedzi (locative singular)
spowiedziach (locative plural)
spowiedzi (singular vocative)
spowiedzi (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish spowiedzieć. By surface analysis, deverbal from spowiedzieć.

(Roman Catholicism) confession (disclosure of one's sins to a priest)


nagana

nagana (nominative singular)
nagany (nominative plural)
nagany (genitive singular)
nagan (genitive plural)
naganie (dative singular)
naganom (dative plural)
naganę (accusative singular)
nagany (accusative plural)
naganą (instrumental singular)
naganami (instrumental plural)
naganie (locative singular)
naganach (locative plural)
nagano (singular vocative)
nagany (plural vocative)


mlask

mlask (nominative singular)
mlaski (nominative plural)
mlasku (genitive singular)
mlasków (genitive plural)
mlaskowi (dative singular)
mlaskom (dative plural)
mlask (accusative singular)
mlaski (accusative plural)
mlaskiem (instrumental singular)
mlaskami (instrumental plural)
mlasku (locative singular)
mlaskach (locative plural)
mlasku (singular vocative)
mlaski (plural vocative)


poród

poród (nominative singular)
porody (nominative plural)
porodu (genitive singular)
porodów (genitive plural)
porodowi (dative singular)
porodom (dative plural)
poród (accusative singular)
porody (accusative plural)
porodem (instrumental singular)
porodami (instrumental plural)
porodzie (locative singular)
porodach (locative plural)
porodzie (singular vocative)
porody (plural vocative)

Deverbal from porodzić. Cognate with Slovak pôrod, Czech porod, Carpathian Rusyn порід (porid), Lower Sorbian pórod.

birth, delivery, labour (process of childbearing)


obrona

obrona (nominative singular)
obrony (nominative plural)
obrony (genitive singular)
obron (genitive plural)
obronie (dative singular)
obronom (dative plural)
obronę (accusative singular)
obrony (accusative plural)
obroną (instrumental singular)
obronami (instrumental plural)
obronie (locative singular)
obronach (locative plural)
obrono (singular vocative)
obrony (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish obrona. By surface analysis, deverbal from obronić.

+obj

defence (act of defending) [with przed (+ instrumental) ‘against/from what’]

(Middle Polish) prevention; medicine (medicine intended to defend the body)

(law) defence (presenting of redeeming evidence or arguments in court)

defence (person presenting such evidence)

Defensio, Obroná.

Praesidiarius – Ten ktori dlia obroni ieſt

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 839b:

(Middle Polish) defence; Further details are uncertain.


zakaz

zakaz (nominative singular)
zakazy (nominative plural)
zakazu (genitive singular)
zakazów (genitive plural)
zakazowi (dative singular)
zakazom (dative plural)
zakaz (accusative singular)
zakazy (accusative plural)
zakazem (instrumental singular)
zakazami (instrumental plural)
zakazie (locative singular)
zakazach (locative plural)
zakazie (singular vocative)
zakazy (plural vocative)