aby

→ Yiddish: אַבי (abi)

Inherited from Old Polish aby. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + by.

surf

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia, optative) hopefully; had better; may


het

(Southern Greater Poland) alternative form of ot

I tak het siedziała Kasia w domu.

(Przemyśl) alternative form of ot (“still”)

(Lasovia) alternative form of ot (“go away!”)


ten

Inherited from Old Polish ten. Cognate with Russian тот (tot), Lithuanian tas, Ancient Greek ὁ (ho, “the”), German der (“the”), English the.

A no, ten...


to

Inherited from Old Polish to. Cognate with Czech to, Russian то (to), Ancient Greek τό (tó), German das, dass, English that.

Parę razy mi się udało. Z jedną to nawet bardzo.

I have succeeded a couple of times. With one it was even very successful.

used to indicate what one is talking about


góra

pl-noun

góra f (diminutive górka, abbreviation g.)

górka (diminutive)
g. (abbreviation)
góra (nominative singular)
góry (nominative plural)
góry (genitive singular)
gór (genitive plural)
górze (dative singular)
górom (dative plural)
górę (accusative singular)
góry (accusative plural)
górą (instrumental singular)
górami (instrumental plural)
górze (locative singular)
górach (locative plural)
góro (singular vocative)
góry (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish góra. Sense 5 is preserved in terms such as górnik and was displaced by kopalnia. Doublet of hore.

góra z górą się nie zejdzie, a człowiek z człowiekiem zawsze

góra z górą się nie zejdzie, ale człowiek

nie przyszła góra do Mahometa, przyszedł Mahomet do góry

Nie pomogę wam w tym projekcie, dopóki góra go nie przyklepie.

I won't help you with this project until the higher-ups sign off on it.

(uncountable) top (higher part of some object; upmost part of something)


tak

Inherited from Old Polish tak. Sense 1 is an ellipsis of tak jest; compare Italian sì.

Zrobiłeś to? - Tak.


by

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti
Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei
Proto-Slavic *byti
Proto-Slavic *by
Old Polish by
Polish by
Inherited from Old Polish by.

etymon

On by tam nie poszedł./On nie poszedłby tam.

conditional mood
conditional mood#English

forms the conditional mood; would, would've


by

bym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
byśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
byś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
byście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
by (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
by (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Near-synonyms: bodaj, bodajby, byle, byleby, niech, niechaj, niechajże, niechby, niechże, oby

Bym zdał ten egzamin.

subjunctive mood
subjunctive mood#English

creates a clause in the subjunctive mood:

creates an optative clause; if only, had better, let [with past-tense clause]

Musisz to dokończyć, by zacząć następne.

You have to finish it to start the next one.

creates a subordinate clause in which one states the possibility of something depends on something else; to, so that, for that, in order to [with infinitive]


z

Etymology tree
Proto-Balto-Slavic *iź
Proto-Slavic *jьz
Old Polish z
Polish z
Inherited from Old Polish z (“from”).

ze (alternative)
s (alternative obsolete)


de facto

Unadapted borrowing from Latin dē factō.


ano

(colloquial or dialectal, Near Masovian) emphatic particle used with imperatives


ano

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria, Warmia) used to present something; and here


ano

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) Used expressively.


ni

(dialectal, Przemyśl) alternative form of nie


ta

(regional, often attached to a verb) emphatic particle


li

(archaic, literary) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


co

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷísder.
Proto-Slavic *česo
Old Polish czso
Polish co
Inherited from Old Polish czso.

Interesujące, co?

used as a tag question, to emphasise what goes before or to request that the listener express an opinion about what has been said


tu

(colloquial) expressive particle, usually of anger


nie

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *né
Proto-Balto-Slavic *ne
Proto-Slavic *ne
Old Polish nie
Polish nie
Inherited from Old Polish nie.


ja

ja (nominative singular)
my (nominative plural)
mnie (genitive singular)
mię (genitive singular)
nas (genitive plural)
mnie (dative singular)
mi (dative singular)
nam (dative plural)
mnie (accusative singular)
mię (accusative singular)
nas (accusative plural)
mną (instrumental singular)
nami (instrumental plural)
mnie (locative singular)
nas (locative plural)

Inherited from Old Polish ja. Doublet of ego.

Ja chcę mieć przyjaciół.


ale

Inherited from Old Polish ale. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + le. For the particle use, compare Hungarian de.

surf

Ale, ale! Jeszcze z tobą nie skończyłem!

Hey, not so fast! I'm not quite done with you yet!

used at the beginning of a sentence; similar in meaning to the English "hey, not so fast", especially when used multiple times


ani

Inherited from Old Polish ani. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + ni.

Nie było ani jednego ciasteczka.


ani

Nec, et Neque - Ani tez.

1588, Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 692a:

Ne - Nie, ani.

1588, Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 691b:

(Middle Polish) not also; Further details are uncertain.

Jakom ya slachathnegonego pawla segzowa nyeothbyla gwalthem oth kmyecza yego sbyeglego zvrzadem zyemskyem a nym gwalthv szwolala (a ny) y dalyey wedluk posw.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


albo

albom (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
albośmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
alboś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
alboście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
albo (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
albo (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

(Masuria) Introduces a yes-no question; whether, or


abo

(archaic or dialectal, Poznań, Southern Greater Poland, Chełmno, Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia, Far Masovian, Lubawa, Malbork, Kielce) or

Southern Greater Poland; Masuria; Southern Greater Poland; Masuria


abo

(Masuria, Ostróda, Warmia) disjunctive and emphasis particle

(Masuria) introduces a rhetorical question


eno

(Kociewie, Malbork) alternative form of jeno


ali

Inherited from Old Polish ali. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + li.


za

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *za
Old Polish za
Polish za
Inherited from Old Polish za.

etymon

Za miesiąc będę miał 25 lat.

za pięć szósta

in, to with time constructions [with accusative]


tam

Ja tam to lubię.

coś tam

(colloquial) particle that reduces the importance of something some

(colloquial) particle that marks a statement as inadequately describing something


lada

used together with the name of a time unit, indicating that something is going to happen in the near future [with nominative]


chyba tak

(idiomatic) maybe so (statement of acceptance, but with some uncertainty)


być może

/ˈbɘt͡ɕ ˈmɔ.ʐɛ/


chyba nie

(idiomatic) perhaps no (delicate no; used in politely declining)


raczej nie

(idiomatic) rather not (used as a polite refusal)


może nie

(idiomatic) perhaps no, perhaps not used in politely refusing or declining


circa

Na świecie żyje circa 9 mld ludzi.

There are circa 9 billion people in the world.

(literary) circa, nearly, almost (in close approximation)


jo

(colloquial or dialectal, Chełmno-Dobrzyń) yeah, yep


znowu

after all, I guess; used to lessen the effect

I beg your pardon, pardon me (used to express irritation at a suggestion that the speaker cannot agree with)


choc

(Western Lublin, Pożóg) alternative form of choć


oczywiście

/ɔ.t͡ʂɘˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

/ɔ.t͡ʂɨˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

Inherited from Old Polish oczywiście. By surface analysis, oczywisty + -ie. Compare Kashubian òczëwisce.

of course, naturally, sure, sure thing (an affirmative reply; yes; certainly)


puny

(Southern Greater Poland) alternative form of pono


ze

Inherited from Old Polish z, from Proto-Slavic *jьz.


aj

(Masuria, expressive) Introduces a clause; also

Masuria; expressive; Masuria; expressive


eo ipso

(idiomatic, literary) eo ipso (through or by that very act or quality; thereby)


sam

pl-adv

sam (not generally comparable, comparative bardziej sam, superlative najbardziej sam)

bardziej sam (comparative)
najbardziej sam (superlative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sem-
Proto-Indo-European *somh₁ós
Proto-Slavic *samъ
Old Polish sam
Polish sam
Inherited from Old Polish sam.

etymon

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Central Greater Poland, Kuyavia) here (at this place)


ot

(colloquial) just, only (used when the speaker considers the given topic as average, common, or trivial)


prawda

Inherited from Old Polish prawda. By surface analysis, prawy + -da. For sense sense 6, compare French ration/raison.

Więc tam siedziałem, prawda, i nagle widzę...

So I'm sitting there, right, and I suddenly I see...


aza

Inherited from Old Polish aza. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + za.

surf

(MIddle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


ato

Inherited from Old Polish ato. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + oto.


awa

Inherited from Old Polish awa. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + wa.

(Middle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


dobra

(colloquial) Used to express agreement; alright

(colloquial) Used to express a request; alright?


ji

Ji dej mi spokój!


coś

Inherited from Old Polish coś. By surface analysis, co + -ś. Compare Kashubian cos and Slovincian cesz.


jakoby

Zapewnienia, jakoby barbarzyńskie elity gardziły złotem, pozwoliła skorygować archeologia.

2004, Karol Modzelewski, Barbarzyńska Europa:

Archeology has allowed for the correction of claims that barbarian elites supposedly scorned gold.

introduces a subordinate clause expressing the speaker's doubt or disbelief: as if, that supposedly


tutaj

Inherited from Old Polish tuta, influenced by dzisiaj and wczoraj. Compare Silesian tukej, Russian тут (tut).

tuta (alternative Middle Polish)
tukaj (alternative)


tutaj

(colloquial, telephony) used by the speaker to introduce themselves on the telephone; speaking


maks

maks (nominative singular)
maksy (nominative plural)
maksa (genitive singular)
maksów (genitive plural)
maksowi (dative singular)
maksom (dative plural)
maks (accusative singular)
maksy (accusative plural)
maksem (instrumental singular)
maksami (instrumental plural)
maksie (locative singular)
maksach (locative plural)
maksie (singular vocative)
maksy (plural vocative)


szak

Będzie dziesiąta szak?

Ach to drugi raz szak?

(Western Greater Poland) alternative form of wszak


raz

Back-formation from pewnego razu. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “raz, raza”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Powiem ci tylko raz, nie zapominaj!

I'm going to tell you only once, don't forget!


oto

Inherited from Old Polish oto. By surface analysis, univerbation of o + to.

surf

Niestety taki oto wizerunek dobra i miłości serwują nam środki masowego przekazu.

Unfortunately, this is how goodness and love are presented by the mass media.

Tu oto zaczynają się trudności.

used to indicate what the speaker will say or has said


chyba

chybam (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
chybaśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
chybaś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
chybaście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
chyba (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
chyba (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)
cheba (alternative)
chiba (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *xybati
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Proto-Slavic *-iti
Proto-Slavic *xybiti
Proto-Slavic *xyba
Old Polish *chyba
Polish chyba
Inherited from Old Polish *chyba, from Proto-Slavic *xyba. By surface analysis, deverbal from chybić. First attested in the 16th century.

surf

On ta dzieci ni ma, chyba jednę córkę.

He doesn't have children, only one daughter.

(Middle Polish or Podhale) delimiting particle; only, just, merely


à propos

Unadapted borrowing from French à propos.

ubor

À propos brzydkich wyrazów, niedawno wyszła książka Patricii Evans pod tytułem Toksyczne słowa.

Oh, and speaking of ugly words, a book by Patricia Evans called Toxic Words has recently come out.


leda

(Central Greater Poland, Southern Greater Poland) alternative form of lada

Central Greater Poland; Southern Greater Poland; Central Greater Poland; Southern Greater Poland


zawsze

→ Ukrainian: за́вше (závše)

Near-synonym: ostatecznie


gdzie

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kú
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰe
Proto-Indo-European *kúdʰe
Proto-Balto-Slavic *kúde
Proto-Slavic *kъde
Old Polish gdzie
Polish gdzie
Inherited from Old Polish gdzie.

etymon

(colloquial) used to state the speaker's disagreement with a statement and that the speaker knows something else to be true; what; yeah right


się

cases (accusative genitive)
się (genitive plural singular)
siebie (genitive plural singular)
sobie (dative plural singular)
się (accusative plural singular)
siebie (accusative plural singular)
sobą (instrumental plural singular)
sobie (locative plural singular)
siebie (alternative)

pl-decl-generic

Declension of się

Wracam do siebie


się

Robi się późno.

Mówi się, że...

used to form impersonal present or future tense


dobrze

pl-adv

dobrze (comparative lepiej, superlative najlepiej, Middle Polish superlative nalepiej)

lepiej (comparative)
najlepiej (superlative)
nalepiej (Middle Polish superlative)
dobrz (alternative)
dopsz (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish dobrze. By surface analysis, dobry + -e. Compare Kashubian dobrze and Slovincian dôbrzê.

well (in a manner that one might expect something positive)


czy

→ Esperanto: ĉu

Czy ten pan jest z Anglii? Tak, ten pan jest z Anglii.

Is that man from England? Yes, that man is from England.

interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question, often omitted; whether


słowo

słówko (diminutive)
słowo (nominative singular)
słowa (nominative plural)
słowa (genitive singular)
słów (genitive plural)
słowu (dative singular)
słowom (dative plural)
słowo (accusative singular)
słowa (accusative plural)
słowem (instrumental singular)
słowami (instrumental plural)
słowy (instrumental plural)
słowie (locative singular)
słowach (locative plural)
słowo (singular vocative)
słowa (plural vocative)

(grammar, dated) verb (word that indicates an action, event, or state of being)


niestety

→ Kashubian: niestetë

Inherited from Old Polish niestojcie. The irregular sound change is a result of the frequent usage of the word.

niestocie (alternative Middle Polish)
niestojcie (alternative Middle Polish)
niestyty (alternative Middle Polish)
niestoty (alternative Middle Polish)


że

żem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
żeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
żeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
żeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
że (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
że (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ís
Proto-Balto-Slavic *is
Proto-Slavic *jь
Proto-Balto-Slavic *ge
Proto-Slavic *že
Proto-Slavic *jь že
Old Polish że
Polish że
Inherited from Old Polish że.

etymon

Powiedział mi, że ta książka jest ciekawa.

He told me that this book is interesting.


tylko

Inherited from Old Polish tylko. By surface analysis, tyle + -ko.

(contrastive) except, only, just (but; except; it's just that; the only thing is)

Tylko spróbuj


już

juże (alternative Middle Polish)
uż (alternative)
juz (alternative)
ju (alternative)
juze (alternative)

Seans trwa już godzinę.

already; anymore (already continuing and to continue for some time)


teraz

Inherited from Old Polish teraz. By surface analysis, univerbation of ten + raz. Compare Slovak teraz, Kashubian terôz, and Slovincian teroz.

surf

the speaker believes they can say what they are saying now because of what they said earlier; now


zaraz

→ Kashubian: zarôz

→ Slovincian: zaroz

→ Silesian: zarŏz

Univerbation of za + raz. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zaraz”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

zara (alternative colloquial dialectal)
zará (alternative)

used to let someone know that the speaker needs a moment to think about what they want to say and that they will continue speaking in a moment; wait a minute


aż

aże (alternative Middle Polish)
jaż (alternative)
jaze (alternative)
jaz (alternative)

On dał radę pójść aż tam?


natychmiast

→ Kashubian: natëchmiast

Inherited from Old Polish natychmiast. By surface analysis, univerbation of na + tych + miastach.

surf

at once, immediately, instantly, right away, straight away (without waiting)

(Middle Polish) suddenly (happening quickly and with little or no warning; in a sudden manner)


natychmiast

(obsolete) instead of this; whereas (in contrast; whilst on the contrary; although)


serio

Borrowed from Italian serio, from Latin sērius.


no

Clipping of ano. Compare Czech no, Silesian no, Slovak no. First attested in the 19th century.

ref

J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “no”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 398

used to state that the speaker thinks everything that can be said has been said and would like to finish the topic

(colloquial) Filled pause, usually connecting a previous sentence; well

used to draw attention to the current situation


no

Clipping of ino, jeno, jedno. First attested in 1749. Compare Silesian no.

Aleksandra Wieczorek (07.12.2021) “NO”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

No, rusz się! Swiatło jest zielone!

[…] wróciwszy z kluczem na posłanie. — Niech mnie licho porwie, jeśli cię puszczę — musisz zostać z nami. — O! figle! no! no! daj no klucza, rzekł śmiejąc się Alexy, daj no, serce, klucza! daj!

1841, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Szkice obyczajowe i historyczne, page 171:

[…] having returned with the key. "Goddamn it, if I let you go, you'll have to stay with us." "Oh! Jokes! Cmon! Cmon! Cmon, give the key!" Alex said laughing. "Cmon, heart, give the key!"

emphatic particle used with imperatives to speed up a performed action; c'mon, now


ju

(Kuyavia, Central Greater Poland, Kalisz Voivodeship) alternative form of już


pono

póny (alternative)
puny (alternative)
póno (alternative)

(archaic or dialectal, Biecz, Lasovia) apparently, reputedly, supposedly


koło

kółko (diminutive)
koło (nominative singular)
koła (nominative plural)
koła (genitive singular)
kół (genitive plural)
kołu (dative singular)
kołom (dative plural)
koło (accusative singular)
koła (accusative plural)
kołem (instrumental singular)
kołami (instrumental plural)
kole (locative singular)
kołach (locative plural)
koło (singular vocative)
koła (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Slavic *kȍlo
Old Polish koło
Polish koło
Inherited from Old Polish koło. Doublet of kolo. Related to English cycle and wheel.


noli

Noli idzie.


par excellence

Unadapted borrowing from French par excellence.

ubor

(idiomatic, literary) par excellence (most excellently)


jaz

jaz (nominative singular)
jazy (nominative plural)
jazu (genitive singular)
jazów (genitive plural)
jazowi (dative singular)
jazom (dative plural)
jaz (accusative singular)
jazy (accusative plural)
jazem (instrumental singular)
jazami (instrumental plural)
jazie (locative singular)
jazach (locative plural)
jazie (singular vocative)
jazy (plural vocative)


summa summarum

Unadapted borrowing from Latin summa summārum.

all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


nawet

→ Belarusian: на́ват (návat)

→ Kashubian: nawet

→ Silesian: nawet

→ Ukrainian: на́віть (návitʹ)

Univerbation of na + wet. The shift from an adverb to a particle was influenced by German sogar. First attested in 1575.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nawet”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Nawet ty możesz się uczyć polskiego.

even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned, as compared to the implied reality)


nawet

(Middle Polish) used to supplement a statement; also, as well; further; so


tym

Inherited from Old Polish tym. By surface analysis, the instrumental singular of ten /to.

im więcej..., tym mniej...

No to tym lepiej!

Im większy głód, tym lepiej smakuje.

The greater the hunger, the better [the food] tastes.

used in parallel, conditional, or comparative statements; the


sześcian

sześcian (nominative singular)
sześciany (nominative plural)
sześcianu (genitive singular)
sześcianów (genitive plural)
sześcianowi (dative singular)
sześcianom (dative plural)
sześcian (accusative singular)
sześciany (accusative plural)
sześcianem (instrumental singular)
sześcianami (instrumental plural)
sześcianie (locative singular)
sześcianach (locative plural)
sześcianie (singular vocative)
sześciany (plural vocative)

/ˈʂɛɕ.t͡ɕan/


wtedy

→ Silesian: wtedy

Univerbation of w + tedy. First attested in the 16th century.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “wtedy”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


blisko

pl-adv

blisko (comparative bliżej, superlative najbliżej)

bliżej (comparative)
najbliżej (superlative)
blizko (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish blisko. By surface analysis, bliski + -o.

Iuxta Blisko/ podle/ nie dáleko wedle.

Prope ‒ Blisko.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 860b:

Propinque ‒ Blisko.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 862a:

(Middle Polish) close; Further details are uncertain.


jeśli

Inherited from Old Polish jestli. By surface analysis, univerbation of jest + li. Compare Czech jestli, Russian е́сли (jésli).

surf

jestli (alternative Middle Polish)
jeżli (alternative Middle Polish)
jezli (alternative Middle Polish)
jesli (alternative Middle Polish)
żeśli (alternative)

(obsolete) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question; whether


natomiast

Univerbation of na (“on”) + to (“this”) + miasto (“place”). First attested in 1645–1702. Compare Ukrainian нато́мість (natómistʹ).

ref

Materiały źródłowe do dziejów kultury i sztuki XVI-XVIII w. (in Polish), 1983 [1645-1702], Inwentarz akcesyjny kaplicy Domagaliczów we Lwowie z lat 1645-1702, page 350: “[…] ale zachować natomiast, […]”

Near-synonyms: ale, tymczasem, za to, zaś


czyli

Inherited from Old Polish czyli. By surface analysis, univerbation of czy + li.

surf

(obsolete) introduces a yes-no question sentence; whether


żaden

Inherited from Old Polish żadny, which see for more. Cognate with Czech žádný.

żadny (alternative Middle Polish)
żadzien (alternative Middle Polish)

no, none (not any of a given number or group)


żaden

pl-adj

żaden (not comparable, no derived adverb)

(sometimes colloquial) no (not possessing any of the given characteristics)


żaden

żaden (masculine nominative singular)
żadna (feminine nominative singular)
żadne (neuter nominative singular)
żadni (nominative plural virile)
żadne (nominative plural)
żadnego (genitive masculine singular)
żadnej (feminine genitive singular)
żadnego (genitive neuter singular)
żadnych (genitive plural)
żadnych (genitive plural virile)
żadnemu (dative masculine singular)
żadnej (dative feminine singular)
żadnemu (dative neuter singular)
żadnym (dative plural)
żadnym (dative plural virile)
żadnego (accusative animate masculine singular)
żaden (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
żadną (accusative feminine singular)
żadne (accusative neuter singular)
żadnych (accusative plural virile)
żadne (accusative plural)
żadnym (instrumental masculine singular)
żadną (feminine instrumental singular)
żadnym (instrumental neuter singular)
żadnymi (instrumental plural)
żadnymi (instrumental plural virile)
żadnym (locative masculine singular)
żadnej (feminine locative singular)
żadnym (locative neuter singular)
żadnych (locative plural)
żadnych (locative plural virile)
żadny (alternative Middle Polish)
żadzien (alternative Middle Polish)

→ Belarusian: жа́дны (žádny)

→ Ukrainian: жо́дний (žódnyj)

(colloquial) indicates that the following item has none of the characteristics it should; no

(colloquial) indicates that the realness of something isn't; no, no such


dlatego

Inherited from Old Polish dlatego. By surface analysis, univerbation of dla + tego. Compare Kashubian dlôtegò and Slovincian dlotêwo.


głównie

pl-adv

głównie (comparative główniej, superlative najgłówniej)

główniej (comparative)
najgłówniej (superlative)

From główny + -ie. First attested in 1549. Compare Kashubian głównie.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “głównie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish) strongly (with all one's might)


niż

niże (alternative Middle Polish)
neż (alternative Middle Polish)
nież (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Old Polish niż. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e).


może

Ellipsis of być może (literally “maybe”). First attested in 1588.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “może”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


równak

(Chełmno) used to introduce a new, conflicting fact, but; after all


kwadrat

kwadracik (diminutive)
kwadrat (nominative singular)
kwadraty (nominative plural)
kwadratu (genitive singular)
kwadratów (genitive plural)
kwadratowi (dative singular)
kwadratom (dative plural)
kwadrat (accusative singular)
kwadraty (accusative plural)
kwadratem (instrumental singular)
kwadratami (instrumental plural)
kwadracie (locative singular)
kwadratach (locative plural)
kwadracie (singular vocative)
kwadraty (plural vocative)

(geometry) square (polygon with four sides of equal length and four right angles; an equilateral rectangle; a regular quadrilateral)


zbyt

→ Silesian: zbyt

Deverbal from zbyć. First attested in the 16th century.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “1. zbyt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “2. zbyt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

To nie jest zbyt mądre.

too (in negated sentences, to a high degree, very)


również

From równie + -ż. First attested in the first half of the 18th century. Compare Czech rovněž.

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “również”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)


właśnie

Inherited from Old Polish właśnie. By surface analysis, własny + -ie.

Właśnie miałem to zrobić.


jakiś

From jaki + -ś. First attested in 1534. Compare Kashubian jaczis, Silesian jakiś, and Slovincian jakjysz.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jakiś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

W ogrodzie widziałem jakieś zwierzę.

I saw some animal in the garden. (and I'm not sure what it was)

Jeśli będziesz w sklepie, to kup jakąś herbatę.

If you visit a store, buy some tea. (any tea will do)

some; unspecified member of the category described by the following word


także

From tak + -że. First attested in the 16th century.
West Slavic cognates include Czech takže, Kashubian także, Silesian także, and Slovak takže.
East Slavic cognates include Russian та́кже (tákže).

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “także”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


też

→ Ukrainian: теж (tež)

Inherited from Old Polish też. By surface analysis, te(n) + -że.

denotes a lack of wanting to discuss a given topic


np.

Są to nie tylko słynne skalne miasta w Adršpachu i Teplicach nad Metují, ale także liczne miejscowości z cennymi zabytkami architektury, np. Náchod, Broumov, Polica nad Metují z miejską zabudową i objęta ochroną konserwatorką wieś Křínice.

2010, Waldemar Brygier, Góry Stołowe. Przewodnik, Piastów: Oficyna Wydawnicza „Rewasz”, →ISBN, §. Turystyka, page 14:

Not only is it the renowned stone cities in Adršpach and Teplice nad Metují, but also numerous locations with valuable architectural relics, e.g. Náchod, Broumov, Polica nad Metují of urban structure, and Křínice village under conservatorial protection.

abbreviation of na przykład; e.g., for example.


-m

From earlier -śm, a contraction of Old Polish jeśm, from Proto-Slavic *esmь.

robić + -m → robiłem

oglądać + -m → oglądałem


-m

Inherited from Old Polish -m, from Proto-Slavic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European [Term?].

oglądać + -m → oglądam


aino

(Przemyśl, Kielce, Podegrodzie, Western Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Eastern Lublin, Goraj, Near Masovian, Łuków County, Kuyavia) synonym of tak (“yes”)

Western Lublin; Lublin Voivodeship; Eastern Lublin; Near Masovian; Western Lublin; Lublin Voivodeship; Eastern Lublin; Near Masovian


zwykle

From zwykły + -e. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Silesian zwykle.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zwykle”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


zwłaszcza

Near-synonyms: głównie, przede wszystkim, szczególnie, w pierwszym rzędzie, w szczególności

especially, mainly, mostly, particularly


stąd

stądem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
stądeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
stądeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
stądeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
stąd (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
stąd (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)
stędy (alternative)

Near-synonyms: dlatego, więc

hence (as a result; therefore; for this reason)


skąd

skądem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
skądeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
skądeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
skądeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
skąd (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
skąd (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

(obsolete) because of what, for what reason, why


podczas

Univerbation of pod czas. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Belarusian падча́с (padčás), Kashubian pòdczas, Russian подча́с (podčás), Silesian podczas, and Ukrainian під ча́с (pid čás).

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “podczas”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

during (at the same time of) [with genitive]


czasem

Instrumental singular of czas. First attested in the 18th century. Compare Kashubian czasã, Silesian czasym, and Slovincian czasã.

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “czasem”, in Słownik języka polskiego

casém (alternative)
czasém (alternative)

every now and then, from time to time, occasionally, sometimes


czasami

Instrumental plural of czas. Compare Ukrainian часа́ми (časámy).


całkowicie

From całkowity + -ie. First attested in 1764. Compare Kashubian całkòwice and Silesian cołkowicie.

Kasper Balsam (1764) Kazania Przygodne W. X. Kaspra Balsama Soc: Jesu. T. 1 , O cnotach: wiary, nadziei, miłosci, y obowiązkach z nich wynikających (in Polish), page 24


koniecznie

/kɔˈɲɛt͡ʂ.ɲɛ/

necessarily, really (it does have to be like that)


prawie

Inherited from Old Polish prawie. By surface analysis, prawy + -ie. Sense 1 is an extension of sense 2. Compare Kashubian prawie and Slovincian prawjê.

(obsolete or dialectal, Far Masovian) in the nick of time; just now, just then


jeszcze

(Middle Polish, expressive) even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned)


około

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *o(b)
Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Slavic *kolo
Proto-Slavic *okolo
Old Polish około
Polish około
Inherited from Old Polish około.

etymon

(obsolete) denotes inexactitude of subject matter; near, about, around [with genitive]


czemuś

(colloquial) somewhy, for some unknown reason


czemuś

Czemuś to zrobił?


bądź

Inherited from Old Polish bądź. As a conjunction, compare Hungarian vagy.

(Middle Polish) also ... and, both ... and

Seu disiunctiva particula, Albo/ Bądź Acz.

Sive ‒ Ieſtl, albo, bądz, chociaſz.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 986a:

(Middle Polish) or; Further details are uncertain.


bądź

Położył swoje rzeczy jak bądź.


bądź co bądź

/ˈbɔɲt͡ɕ ˈt͡sɔ ˈbɔɲt͡ɕ/

Literally, “whatever might be”. Compare Czech buď jak buď, Russian будь что бу́дет (budʹ što búdet).

cog

будь что бу́дет

(idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


dość

Inherited from Old Polish dość. By surface analysis, clipping of dosyć. Compare Czech dost, Kashubian dosc, Slovincian dôsc, and Ukrainian до́ста (dósta).

Nie dość, że zapomniałem kluczy, też nie wyłączyłem kuchenki!

Not only did I forget my keys, I also didn't turn off the stove!

enough, sufficiently (not less than necessary)


dość

(Kuyavia, Central Greater Poland, Near Masovian) synonym of dużo (“much, a lot”)

Central Greater Poland; Near Masovian; Central Greater Poland; Near Masovian


ino

Respelled after a dialectal pronunciation of jeno.

(Western Lublin, Chmielnik) synonym of tak (“yes”)


gdzieś

From gdzie + -ś. First attested in 1534. Compare Kashubian dzes.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “gdzieś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish, optative) if only; had better, may


fakt

Learned borrowing from Latin factum. First attested in 1843.

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “fakt”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)


znów

Clipping of znowu. First attested in the 16th century.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “znów”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


akurat

Borrowed from German akkurat. First attested in 1807. Compare Kashubian akùrôt and Slovincian akúrot.

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “akurat”, in Słownik języka polskiego

Jest akurat pięć jabłek.

used to emphasize the accuracy of information: just, exactly, precisely, to be exact, to be precise

Akurat te jabłka zjem.

I'm actually going to eat these apples (and not the other ones).

used to provide emphasis on a particular object, and draw attention away from other objects: exactly, precisely, actually


akurat

"A potem zjadł wszystkie jabłka!" "Akurat!"

"And then he ate all the apples!" "Yeah, right!"

(ironically) tell me another!, nothing of the kind!, a likely story!, yeah, right!


jakoś

From jako + -ś. First attested in 1500–1547. Compare Kashubian jakòs, and Silesian jakoś.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jakoś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


dokładnie

pl-adv

dokładnie (comparative dokładniej, superlative najdokładniej, Middle Polish superlative nadokładniej)

dokładniej (comparative)
najdokładniej (superlative)
nadokładniej (Middle Polish superlative)

From dokładny + -ie. First attested in 1564. Compare Kashubian dokładno.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “dokładnie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

exactly (in a manner precisely agreeing with a standard, a fact, or the truth)

exactly (in a manner habitually careful to agree with a standard, a rule, or a promise)

exactly (in a manner precisely or definitely conceived or stated; strict)


dosłownie

pl-adv

dosłownie (comparative dosłowniej, superlative najdosłowniej, abbreviation dosł.)

dosłowniej (comparative)
najdosłowniej (superlative)
dosł. (abbreviation)


krótko mówiąc

(idiomatic) briefly speaking, in a word, in short, in sum


innymi słowy

Archaic instrumental plural of inne słowo (“another word”). In modern declension, the phrase would be innymi słowami, but that form is not used. Compare ostatnimi czasy.


zupełnie

Inherited from Old Polish zupełnie. By surface analysis, zupełny + -ie.

something has all ascribable traits to the speaker's surprise; completely, totally


no to dobrze

(colloquial, idiomatic) used when realizing the correctness of another opinion and presenting willingness to follow it


trochę

Inherited from Old Polish trochę. Accusative singular of trocha. Compare odrobinę, parę, or Hungarian egy kicsit.


na przykład

→ Belarusian: напры́клад (naprýklad)

→ Russian: наприкла́д (napriklád)

→ Ukrainian: напри́клад (naprýklad)

desc

נאַפּשיקלאַד

→ Yiddish: נאַפּשיקלאַד (napshiklad)

Literally, “for example”. Calque of French par exemple and German zum Beispiel. Compare Kashubian na przëkłôd.

(idiomatic) for example, for instance (as an example)


naprawdę

Univerbation of na + prawdę. First attested in the end of the 19th century. Largely displaced zaprawdę. Compare Silesian naprŏwdy and Ukrainian напра́вду (naprávdu).

ref

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “naprawdę”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “naprawdę”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 132

really, truly, actually (in fact; in reality)


zazwyczaj

Zazwyczaj o tej godzinie jem kolację.

as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


notabene

(literary) nota bene; used to add an aside or warning to a text


coraz

→ Kashubian: corôz

→ Silesian: corŏz

Univerbation of co + raz. First attested in 1603.

Krzysztof Dorohostajski (1603) HIPPICA TO IEST O KONIÁCH XIĘGI (in Polish), page Hijv: “á ták po trzykroć coraz y tám y sám przybiegszy”

Near-synonym: coraz to

coraz częściej

more and more often/ever more frequently/increasingly more often

coraz lepiej

used with comparatives to show a growing rate of change; more and more, increasingly, ever


-li

(dated) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


niewątpliwie

indisputable, incontestible, incontrovertible, unanswerable, unassailable


szczególnie

/ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡul.ɲɛ/

/ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡol.ɲɛ/

From szczególny + -ie. First attested in the 16th century.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “szczególnie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

used to place greater emphasis upon someone or something; especially; particularly


rychło

pl-adv

rychło (comparative rychlej, superlative najrychlej)

rychlej (comparative)
najrychlej (superlative)

Gdy ruszymy tą drogą, rychło trzeba będzie zadać pytanie, czy wciąż mamy w Polsce nieograniczone prawo wyboru, a więc pełną demokrację.

2009 July 30, Janusz A. Majcherek, “Nie idźmy tą drogą”, in Wyborcza.pl:

If we go down this road, we'll shortly ask ourselves if we still have the unrestricted right to vote in Poland, and thus (if we have) a true democracy.


całkiem

Old instrumental singular of całki. Compare chyłkiem and dialectal gołkiem.


na pewno

(idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure


grubo

grubo (comparative grubiej, superlative najgrubiej)

grubiej (comparative)
najgrubiej (superlative)

(literary) of a lower class or intelligence


razem

Instrumental singular of raz. Ellipsis of za jednym razem. First attested in 1525.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “razem”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


tedy

(obsolete or dialectal) then (at that time)


jednak

Clipping of jednako, from Old Polish jednako. First attested in 1500–1547.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jednak”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish) indeed, really, actually


jednak

→ Kashubian: jednak

→ Silesian: jednak


spokojnie

Inherited from Old Polish spokojnie. By surface analysis, spokojny + -ie.

easily (without doubt nothing will change)


cheba

Chebaś ty dziewcyno w miastecku chowana, co na wtorą pożrę, nie taka kochana.

You were probably raised in the city girl, which I'll say again, not so lovely.

(Podhale, Łącko, Zabrzeż) alternative form of chyba


lepiej

Lepiej się już zbieraj, bo spóźnisz się na pociąg.

You'd better get going or you'll miss your train.

Już lepiej się pouczmy do tej klasówki, bo znowu oblejemy.

We'd better study for this test or we'll fail again.

had better, better (should; ought to; need to; must)


niech

Inherited from Old Polish niech. By surface analysis, clipping of niechaj. Compare Czech nechť, Serbo-Croatian neka, Ukrainian неха́й (nexáj), and Upper Sorbian njech.

surf

expresses optative meaning; had better, may


przecież

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕɛʂ/

/ˈpr̝ɛ.t͡ɕɛʂ/

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕɛʂ/

From przedsię (Middle Polish) + -ż, from Old Polish przedsie with an affrication of -dś- due to frequent use. For a similar affrication, compare raczej. First attested in 1543.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “przedsięż”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

— Kiedy umyjesz samochód? — Przecież już dawno to zrobiłem.

— When will you wash the car? — I already did do it a while ago.

used to introduce a new, conflicting fact, but; after all


szczerze

pl-adv

szczerze (comparative szczerzej, superlative najszczerzej)

szczerzej (comparative)
najszczerzej (superlative)

sincerely, honestly, frankly (in an honest manner)


jednocześnie

/jɛd.nɔˈt͡ʂɛɕ.ɲɛ/

From jednoczesny + -ie. First attested in 1811.

ref

Powszechna księga ustaw cywilnych dla wszystkich krajów dziedzicznych niemieckich Monarchii Austryackiej. Cz. 2, [O prawie rzeczowem]. (in Polish), 1811, page 94


jednocześnie

/jɛd.nɔˈt͡ʂɛɕ.ɲɛ/

at the same time (on the other hand; also)


przynajmniej

Inherited from Old Polish przynamniej. By surface analysis, univerbation of przy + najmniej. Compare Kashubian przënômni and Slovincian przënomjé.

surf

przynamnie (alternative Middle Polish)
przynamni (alternative Middle Polish)
przynamniej (alternative obsolete)

(focus) at least (at the least; at a minimum or lower limit)


to jest

Literally, “that is”. Compare English i.e.

(idiomatic) in other words, namely, that is to say


choć

Inherited from Old Polish choć. By surface analysis, clipping of chocia. Compare Kashubian chòc and Russian хоть (xotʹ).

coć (alternative)
choj (alternative)
chóć (alternative)
choj (alternative)

Item, iáko przedtym od ſądu Wiécowégo bywáłá. Tit. Wiécá, choćby áppellował.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.

Mowilem cy iuż kroć kyla By czie roſpaċ nieruſyla. Ktora iż wtobie panuie Lacznoċ nam wſytko popſuie. Choczcie ſprawuie ta pany Czo nam wſytko dobre gany.

natrząſa ſię w piſániu ſwym y on Polſki Póétá Rey ſtáry/ ktory choć też ſam rad dobrze pił y iadł/ bo był Phegon práwy/ tegom ia dobrze znał/ bo cżęſto v Podſędká Chełmſkiego oycá moiego dla vżywánia myśliſtwá bywał.

1585, J. Wereszczyński, Gościniec pewny niepomiernym moczygębom, page 241:


choć

Ach nieſtotys chocz mie ſtrach zyal A takem ſię barzo leknal. Nieſmiem przemowicz ny ſlowa


inaczej

Inherited from Old Polish inaczej. Compare Kashubian jinaczi.

inaczyj (alternative Middle Polish)
inaczy (alternative Middle Polish)
inacej (alternative Middle Polish)
inacyj (alternative Middle Polish)
inacej (alternative Middle Polish)
inaczyj (alternative Middle Polish)
inacyj (alternative Middle Polish)
inaczy (alternative Middle Polish)

Alioqui, vel Alioquin Ináczey

Inácżey. Aliter, alia ratione, alio pacto

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 16a:

Aliusmodi – Ynaczei.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 53a:

Aliter – Inaczeij.

(Middle Polish) otherwise; Further details are uncertain.


inaczej

On jest inteligentny inaczej.

(humorous) used to say that a given trait is not possessed by the given person or object; not


jeno

eno (alternative)
ano (alternative)
jano (alternative)
jéno (alternative)
jino (alternative)

(archaic or dialectal, Far Masovian) just, only


tymczasem

Inherited from Old Polish temczasem. By surface analysis, univerbation of tym + czasem. Compare Kashubian timczasã.


mowa

pl-noun

mowa f (diminutive mówka, augmentative mowisko)

mówka (diminutive)
mowisko (augmentative)
mowa (nominative singular)
mowy (nominative plural)
mowy (genitive singular)
mów (genitive plural)
mowie (dative singular)
mowom (dative plural)
mowę (accusative singular)
mowy (accusative plural)
mową (instrumental singular)
mowami (instrumental plural)
mowie (locative singular)
mowach (locative plural)
mowo (singular vocative)
mowy (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mlewH-der.
Proto-Slavic *mъlva
Old Polish mowa
Polish mowa
Inherited from Old Polish mowa.

etymon

(Middle Polish) pronunciation (manner of articulation)


jedynie

From jedyny + -ie. The form with the hard -d- was originally a dialectal result of depalatalization that occurred in Lesser Poland, but ultimately displaced the form with -dz-. First attested in 1522. Compare Kashubian jedinie /jedënie and Silesian jedzinie /jedynie for the hard/soft variation.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jedynie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

jedynnie (alternative Middle Polish)
jedzinie (alternative Middle Polish)

jedynie słuszny pogląd

usually with an adjective, emphasizing something that is just or necessary; only, merely


w ogóle

A tak w ogóle, to mam na imię Kamila.

(idiomatic) by the way (incidentally; used in referencing a parenthetical statement not timely, central, or crucial to the topic at hand; foregone, passed by, something that has already happened)


toć

Inherited from Old Polish toć. By surface analysis, to + -ć.


pewnie

pl-adv

pewnie (comparative pewniej, superlative najpewniej)

pewniej (comparative)
najpewniej (superlative)

Inherited from Old Polish pewnie. By surface analysis, pewny + -ie.

(Middle Polish) constantly (without interruption)


-ś

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe
Proto-Indo-European *ís
Proto-Indo-European *ḱís
Proto-Balto-Slavic *śis
Proto-Slavic *sьder.
Old Polish -ś
Polish -ś
Inherited from Old Polish -ś. Cognate with Kashubian -s, Slovincian -sz.

etymon

interrogative pronoun
interrogative pronoun#English

indefinite pronoun
indefinite pronoun#English

appended to relative/interrogative pronouns to form indefinite pronouns; some-


właściwie

From właściwy + -ie. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “właściwie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

clarifying particle; actually; in fact, in truth


dopiero

dopirzo (alternative Middle Polish)
dopioro (alternative Middle Polish)
dopiro (alternative)
dopir (alternative)


raczej

Inherited from Old Polish radszej (comparative degree of rado (“willingly”)) with an affrication of -dsz- due to frequent use. For a similar affrication, compare przecież.


po prostu

Literally, “just like [that]”. First attested in 1681. Compare Russian по́просту (póprostu).

Paweł Kupiszewski (18.12.2020) “PO%20PROSTU”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “po prostu”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

Nie trzeba wielkich słów, po prostu ze mną bądź

2019, “Po prostu ze mną bądź”, performed by Poparzeni Kawą Trzy:


jacy

Comparative of jako, where the final -y is equal to -ej, and with Mazuration. The expected form would be *jaczej.

Nie já jacy ón tę paskudę zrobił.

It wasn't me, it was rather him who did this nasty thing.

Dáł mi jacy kawáłeczek.


cokolwiek

Inherited from Old Polish cokolwiek, from Proto-Slavic *čьsokolivěkъ. By surface analysis, co + -kolwiek.


ponad

Etymology tree
Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa
Proto-Slavic *po
Old Polish po
Polish po
Proto-Slavic *nadъ
Old Polish nad
Polish nad
Polish ponad
Univerbation of po + nad. Compare Kashubian pònad and Ukrainian по́над (pónad). First attested in 1749.

ref

Paweł Kupiszewski (16.05.2019) “PONAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Latem słońce świeci wysoko ponad górami.

In summer, the sun shines high above the mountains.

denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]

denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]

Kocham to ponad życie.

I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.

denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state [with accusative]


ponadto

Univerbation of ponad + to. Calque of German überdies. First attested in 1831.

Gazeta Wielkiego Xięstwa Poznańskiego (in Polish), number 215, 1831 September 16, page 1141


autentycznie

pl-adv

autentycznie (comparative autentyczniej, superlative najautentyczniej)

autentyczniej (comparative)
najautentyczniej (superlative)

authentically (in agreeance with reality)

genuinely (not hiding one's emotions or thoughts)


awo

Inherited from Old Polish awo. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + wo.


ady

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kielce, Kuyavia, Central Greater Poland, Kalisz Voivodeship) synonym of przecież


czyż

Czyż to nie piękne?

(emphatic) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


znaczy

in other words, namely, that is, that is to say


oby

obym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
obyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
obyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
obyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
oby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
oby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

hopefully, if only, let, may, had better


wyraźnie

From wyraźny + -ie. Compare Kashubian wërazno and Silesian wyraźnie.

clearly (without a doubt; obviously; to a degree clearly discernible)


ledwo

Inherited from Old Polish jedwo, ledwo, from Proto-Slavic *edъvà. Cognate to Czech jedva, Russian едва́ (jedvá) and Serbo-Croatian је̏два.


bagatela

bagatelka (diminutive)
bagatela (nominative singular)
bagatele (nominative plural)
bagateli (genitive singular)
bagatel (genitive plural)
bagateli (dative singular)
bagatelom (dative plural)
bagatelę (accusative singular)
bagatele (accusative plural)
bagatelą (instrumental singular)
bagatelami (instrumental plural)
bagateli (locative singular)
bagatelach (locative plural)
bagatelo (singular vocative)
bagatele (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French bagatelle or Italian bagatella.

(literature, music) bagatelle (short piece of literature or of instrumental music, typically light or playful in character)


wprost

pl-adv

wprost (comparative bardziej wprost, superlative najbardziej wprost)

bardziej wprost (comparative)
najbardziej wprost (superlative)


przykładowo

From przykładowy + -o. First attested in 1872.

ref

Niwa : dwutygodnik naukowy, literacki i artystyczny (in Polish), volumes 1, 1, number 8, 1872 April 15, page 200


doprawdy

Univerbation of do + prawdy. Compare Italian davvero.

emphasises the truthfulness of a speaker's assertion; really, verily, indeed


przypadkiem

Instrumental singular of przypadek. Compare Hungarian esetleg.

Near-synonyms: aby, czasami, czasem

Nie masz przypadkiem klucza?

You don't happen to have the key, do you?

(with a verb) expresses the speaker's certainty of their statement; happen to, isn't?


równo

Choć ty chcesz, równo nie pójdę.

(Central Greater Poland) synonym of jednakże


tyle

(colloquial) used to signal that one has exhausted the topic and is finished talking about something


i tyle

(colloquial, idiomatic) and that's that, so much for


pewno

pl-adv

pewno (comparative pewniej, superlative najpewniej)

absolutely, for certain, certainly, definitely, for sure


równocześnie

From równoczesny + -ie. First attested in 1812. Compare Kashubian równoczasno.

ref

Gazeta Lwowska (in Polish), number 88, 1812 November 3, page 741


wcale

→ Kashubian: wcale

→ Silesian: wcale

Univerbation of w + cale. First attested in the 17th century. Compare English at all.

“WCALE”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 20.09.2022

Wcale nie jestem głodny.

Near-synonym: bynajmniej

not in the slightest
not in the slightest

(colloquial) quite, rather, completely, wholly


zatem

Inherited from Old Polish zatem. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + tym.


człowieku

(literary) used with a male speaker to express outrage or to emphasize one's statement


z groszami

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see z, grosze.


pewnikiem

(dated or dialectal, Lasovia) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, sure


co nieco

/ˈt͡sɔ ˈɲɛ.t͡sɔ/

(colloquial, idiomatic) alternative form of coś niecoś


co nieco

/ˈt͡sɔ ˈɲɛ.t͡sɔ/


co nieco

/ˈt͡sɔ ˈɲɛ.t͡sɔ/


juz

juz (nominative singular)
juzy (nominative plural)
juzu (genitive singular)
juzów (genitive plural)
juzowi (dative singular)
juzom (dative plural)
juz (accusative singular)
juzy (accusative plural)
juzem (instrumental singular)
juzami (instrumental plural)
juzie (locative singular)
juzach (locative plural)
juzie (singular vocative)
juzy (plural vocative)

Named after British-American inventor David Edward Hughes.

named-after

(historical, colloquial) printing telegraph


bynajmniej

used to emphasise a negative; not at all, by no means, far from


dojść

dochodzić (imperfective)
dojść (infinitive)
dojdę (future singular)
dojdziemy (future plural)
dojdziesz (future singular)
dojdziecie (future plural)
dojdzie (future singular third-person)
dojdą (future plural third-person)
dojdzie się (future impersonal)
doszedłem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m doszedł (masculine past singular)
doszłam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m doszła (feminine past singular)
doszłom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m doszło (neuter past singular)
doszliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy doszli (past plural virile)
doszłyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy doszły (nonvirile past plural)
doszedłeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś doszedł (masculine past singular)
doszłaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś doszła (feminine past singular)
doszłoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś doszło (neuter past singular)
doszliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście doszli (past plural virile)
doszłyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście doszły (nonvirile past plural)
doszedł (masculine past singular third-person)
doszła (feminine past singular third-person)
doszło (neuter past singular third-person)
doszli (past plural third-person virile)
doszły (nonvirile past plural third-person)
doszedłbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym doszedł (conditional masculine singular)
doszłabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym doszła (conditional feminine singular)
doszłobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym doszło (conditional neuter singular)
doszlibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy doszli (conditional plural virile)
doszłybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy doszły (conditional nonvirile plural)
doszedłbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś doszedł (conditional masculine singular)
doszłabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś doszła (conditional feminine singular)
doszłobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś doszło (conditional neuter singular)
doszlibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście doszli (conditional plural virile)
doszłybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście doszły (conditional nonvirile plural)
doszedłby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by doszedł (conditional masculine singular third-person)
doszłaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by doszła (conditional feminine singular third-person)
doszłoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by doszło (conditional neuter singular third-person)
doszliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by doszli (conditional plural third-person virile)
doszłyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by doszły (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
niech dojdę (imperative singular)
dojdźmy (imperative plural)
dojdź (imperative singular)
dojdźcie (imperative plural)
niech dojdzie (imperative singular third-person)
niech dojdą (imperative plural third-person)
doszedłszy (adverbial anterior participle)
dojście (noun-from-verb)
dojć (alternative Middle Polish)
dość (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Old Polish dojć. By surface analysis, do- + iść. For the insertion of ś, see iść.

(intransitive, colloquial) to come (to achieve orgasm)


dojść

dochodzić (imperfective)
dojść (infinitive)
dojdzie (future indicative)
doszło (indicative past)
doszłoby (conditional)
by doszło (conditional)
niech dojdzie (imperative)
dojć (alternative Middle Polish)
dość (alternative Middle Polish)

(impersonal) to come to (to result in a particular negative situation) [with do (+ genitive) ‘what’]


od razu

Literally, “at once”. Ellipsis of od pierwszego razu (“from the first time”), a translation of French du premier coup. First attested in the second half of the 18th century. Compare English at once and Russian сра́зу (srázu).

etydate

(idiomatic) but (used to signal that what has been said is too much)


wyłącznie

/vɘˈwɔnt͡ʂ.ɲɛ/

From wyłączny + -ie. First attested in 1791.

ref

La Constitution Française : Présentée au Roi par l'Assemblée Nationale le 3. Septembre 1791. & acceptée par Sa Majesté 13. du même mois Konstytucya Francuzka : Podana Krolowi przez Zgromadzenie Narodowe dnia 3. Września 1791, a przyięta od Nayiaśnieyszego Króla Jmci dnia 13. tegoż Miesiąca (in Polish), 1791, page 27


przeważnie

/pʂɛˈvaʐ.ɲɛ/

as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


zaiste

Inherited from Old Polish zaiste. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + iste. Compare Czech zajisté, Serbo-Croatian zȁista /за̏иста.

cog

zȁista//за̏иста


zaś

Clipping of zasię. Compare Czech zase and Kashubian zôs. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zaś”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Żywiec) again


iż

(Middle Polish) indicates a following event in time

(Middle Polish) forms the third person imperative in the singular and plural; let, may


w końcu

W końcu my wszyscy umieramy.

(idiomatic) in the end, roughly, with a verb end up


szczerze mówiąc

szczerze (alternative)
tak szczerze (alternative)
tak szczerze mówiąc (alternative)

(idiomatic) frankly speaking, to tell the truth, in truth, in all honesty, to be honest


zaprawdę

Univerbation of za + prawdę. Largely displaced by naprawdę.

A Król im odpowie: "Zaprawdę, powiadam wam: Wszystko, co uczyniliście jednemu z tych braci moich najmniejszych, Mnieście uczynili".

1983, Biblia Tysiąclecia [The Millennium Bible]:

And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me.

(dated, literary) actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


wreszcie

→ Ukrainian: вре́шті (vréšti)

/ˈvrɛʂ.t͡ɕɛ/

/ˈvrɛʂ.t͡ɕɛ/

Univerbation of w + reszcie. First attested in 1713–1714.

Józef Gierowski, editor ((Can we date this quote?)), Rzeczpospolita w dobie upadku 1700-1740. Wybór źródeł (in Polish), published 1955, Przestroga generalna stanów Rzpltej…, page 201

wreście (alternative dialectal proscribed)

used to list the final thing in a list; and finally


zresztą

→ Silesian: zresztōm (calque)

Univerbation of z + resztą. First attested in 1773.

Gazety wilenskie (in Polish), volume 13, number 38, 1773 September 18, page 3

moreover, furthermore, also; besides, anyway


rzeczywiście

→ Silesian: rzeczywiście

/ʐɛ.t͡ʂɘˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

/r̝ɛ.t͡ʂɨˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

/ʐɛ.t͡ʂɨˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

From rzeczywisty + -ie. First attested in 1579.

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “rzeczywiście”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


nareszcie

→ Ukrainian: наре́шті (naréšti)


niezbyt

(colloquial) not much, not quite, not really, not very


następnie

From następny + -ie. First attested in 1621.

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “następnie”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

(obsolete) in order (following a sequence)


praktycznie

praktycznie rzecz biorąc

for all intents and purposes
for all intents and purposes

for all intents and purposes, in practice


wszystkiego

all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


specjalnie

Ja specjalnie zrobiłem to dla ciebie.

I did this specially for you./I went out of my way to do this for you.

specially, specifically, on purpose, intentionally


jakby

jakbym (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
jakbyśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
jakbyś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
jakbyście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
jakby (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
jakby (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish jakby. By surface analysis, jak + -by. Compare Kashubian jakbë.

Quasi adver. similitudinis Iákoby/ Równie ták.

(Middle Polish) as, at the same time as; Further details are uncertain.


jakby

(Middle Polish) clarification particle; that is; namely; for example

(Middle Polish) creates a conditional third person imperative; let, may


m.i.

Teraz juz^([sic – meaning już]) wiem[,] ze^([sic – meaning że]) te koszmary to m.i. moja wina i juz^([sic – meaning już]) nigdy nie dam sie^([sic – meaning się]) tak traktowac^([sic – meaning traktować]) […]

2006 July 28, Ann~, M't, siasia_ck, Margolka, Sloneczk0, syzyff, hela1101, “Lesbijka, Kolezanka[,] I Oboz^([sic – meaning lesbijka, koleżanka, obóz])”, in www.forumowisko.pl (forum):

Now I know, that these nightmares are, among other things, my fault and now I will never be treated like this again […]

Przegraliśmy kolejno 5 meczów m.i. [z] Bayernem Monachium, Schalke 04, Bayerem Leverkusen, Dortmundem[,] i w St. Pauli[;] i spadliśmy na 15 miejsce w tabeli.

2001 November 15, Marek Młynarczyk, “Z Widzewa do Bundesligi”, in Express Ilustrowany, Łódź: Oddział Prasa Łódzka, →ISSN, →OCLC:

We lost 5 matches consecutively; among others, [against] Bayern Munich, Schalke 04, Bayer Leverkusen, Dortmund[,] and at St. Pauli[;] and we dropped to 15th place in the table.

Ostatni cykl warsztatów, „Gender i tożsamość. Perspektywa naukowa i pedagogiczna”, składał się ze zróżnicowanych tematycznie referatów odnoszących się m.i. do kwestii tożsamości muzułmanek w Wielkiej Brytanii, a także do dyskryminacji kobiet w sferze prywatnej i publicznej w Polsce.

2007 05, Aleksandra M[aria]. Różalska, “Tożsamość społeczna i obywatelstwo. Spojrzenie wielokulturowe”, in KRONIKA - pismo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, number 102, Łódź: Uniwersytet Łódzki:

The last series of workshops, "Gender and Identity: A Scholarly and Pedagogical Perspective", consisted of thematically diverse papers addressing, among other things, the identity of Muslim women in Great Britain, as well as discrimination against women in the private and public sphere in Poland.


niby

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ney
Proto-Balto-Slavic *nei
Proto-Slavic *ni
Polish ni
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti
Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei
Proto-Slavic *byti
Proto-Slavic *by
Old Polish by
Polish by
Polish niby
Univerbation of ni + by. First attested in 1579.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


niby

Niby ja?

Niby po co dzwonią?


owszem

Inherited from Old Polish owszem. Compare Czech ovšem (“but; certainly, yes, of course”).


atoli

Inherited from Old Polish atoli. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + to + li.

surf

(Middle Polish) used to introduce a new, conflicting fact, but; after all

(Middle Polish) emphasizes the following statement; well


akuratnie

pl-adv

akuratnie (comparative akuratniej, superlative najakuratniej)

akuratniej (comparative)
najakuratniej (superlative)
jakoratnie (alternative)

From akuratny + -ie. First attested in 1787. Compare Slovincian akúrótnjê.

ref

Continuacya wyrokow y rozkazow powszechnych w Galicyi y Lodomeryi Krolestwach (in Polish), 1787, page 105

(literary, of a person) accurately (paying attention to every detail)


kęsa

(Eastern Lublin, Turobin) synonym of omal


omal

+obj

negative&clause<translated in the positive>

almost, nearly, practically [with negative clause ‘translated in the positive’]


byle

Inherited from Old Polish byle (particle). By surface analysis, univerbation of by + le.


moim zdaniem

(idiomatic) for my money, if you ask me, in my opinion, in my view, methinks (the way I see it; the way I see things; to my way of thinking)


słowem

briefly speaking, in a word, in short, in sum


oczywista

of course, naturally, sure, sure thing (an affirmative reply; yes; certainly)


przeszło

Near-synonym: z górą

Przeszło sto osób przyszło na imprezę.

More than one hundred people came to the party.

over, more than (used to indicate that the actual number is higher than the one given)


przede wszystkim

Near-synonyms: głównie, szczególnie, w pierwszym rzędzie, w szczególności, zwłaszcza


rzędu

on the order of (approximately) [with genitive ‘of what’]


toli

Toli jidzie!


przecie

przedsię (alternative)
przedsie (alternative)
przecię (alternative)
przećsię (alternative)
przedcię (alternative)
przedcie (alternative)
przećsie (alternative)
przećcię (alternative)
przećcie (alternative)

From earlier przedsię, from Old Polish przedsie.

/ˈpr̝ɛ.t͡ɕɛ/

(dated or dialectal, Central Greater Poland, Northern Greater Poland, Eastern Greater Poland) synonym of przecież

Central Greater Poland; Northern Greater Poland; Eastern Greater Poland; Central Greater Poland; Northern Greater Poland; Eastern Greater Poland


hady

Hady nie mogę.

(Lasovia) alternative form of ady (“in no way”)


literalnie

(literary) exactly, precisely (used to provide emphasis)


zali

(archaic) used to ask the listener for confirmation of or agreement with a statement; isn't it?; isn't it so?; right?


zali

(archaic) used to introduce a subordinate clause expressing uncertainty as to whether something will be as the speaker thinks it will be; if, whether


wszak

Inherited from Old Polish wszako, from Proto-Slavic *vьśako.

indicates a statement is true regardless of other considerations; used to reinforce or explain a point; after all


wszakże

after all; indicates a statement is true regardless of other considerations; used to reinforce or explain a point


wpół

something has the feature in question to a degree too small to say with certainty that it has it; there is something that makes it possible to say that it does not have the feature; not quite


przeto

Inherited from Old Polish prze to. By surface analysis, prze- + to.


poza tym

(idiomatic) besides (used to add an aside or warning to a text)


jak to

introduces a subordinate clause; as; how

Near-synonyms: jak, że


jak to

denotes perceived obviousness of something; as


nie ma co

(colloquial, idiomatic) no question about it


bowiem

Inherited from Old Polish bowiem. By surface analysis, univerbation of bo + wiem.


zaledwie

Univerbation of za + ledwie. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “zaledwie”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


tylo

(Near Masovian, Malbork) alternative form of tylko


acz

(Middle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


lajt

(slang) no problem, without any problems


mianowicie

pl-adv

mianowicie (not generally comparable, comparative mianowiciej, superlative najmianowiciej)

mianowiciej (comparative)
najmianowiciej (superlative)
mienowicie (alternative Middle Polish)

Inherited from Old Polish mianowicie. By surface analysis, mianowity + -ie.


dosyć

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do syti, from *sytь. Compare Ukrainian до́сить (dósytʹ).

Dosyć was tam było?

Dosyć razy po wodę pójdziesz?


autentyk

autentyk (nominative singular)
autentyki (nominative plural)
autentyku (genitive singular)
autentyków (genitive plural)
autentykowi (dative singular)
autentykom (dative plural)
autentyk (accusative singular)
autentyki (accusative plural)
autentykiem (instrumental singular)
autentykami (instrumental plural)
autentyku (locative singular)
autentykach (locative plural)
autentyku (singular vocative)
autentyki (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin authenticus.

lbor

original, real McCoy, genuine article, real deal (something authentic to the original)


widocznie

pl-adv

widocznie (comparative widoczniej, superlative najwidoczniej)

widoczniej (comparative)
najwidoczniej (superlative)


wnet

Inherited from Old Polish wnet. Doublet of inegdy (“elsewhen”). Cognate with Czech hned.

(literary or Southern Greater Poland) shortly, soon

Dziś wnet obiad dali.

(Western Greater Poland) synonym of wcześnie


wnet

→ Kashubian: wnet


choj

On bedzie miál choj co, a drudzy nic.

He will have anything and others will have nothing.

(Podegrodzie) alternative form of choć (“any-”)


to znaczy

(idiomatic) namely, in other words, that is, that is to say


w każdym razie

w każdym bądź razie (alternative proscribed)

(idiomatic) at any rate, in any event, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


tak czy inaczej

Literally, “this way or another”. Compare Russian та́к и́ли ина́че (ták íli ináče) or English either way.

cog

та́к и́ли ина́че

(idiomatic) either way (no matter what choice)


bez dwóch zdań

To jest bez dwóch zdań najlepsza restauracja.

(colloquial, idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, hands down


na bank

(colloquial, idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, in the bag


na sto procent

(colloquial, idiomatic) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure


z pewnością

/s‿pɛvˈnɔɕ.t͡ɕɔw̃/


bez wątpienia

(idiomatic) doubtlessly, indubitably, undoubtably


między innymi

Near-synonyms: dajmy na to, i tym podobne, na przykład

(idiomatic) among other things, inter alia, including (and many others, and not only)


na ogół

(idiomatic) as a rule, at large, commonly, generally, in general, mostly, usually


przy okazji

I tak będę w mieście, więc równie dobrze mogę przy okazji zrobić zakupy.

I'm going to be in the city anyways, so I might as well do the shopping while I'm at it.

(idiomatic) by the way, while one is at it


przy okazji

A przy okazji, kiedy oddasz mi Couplanda? Na pewno i tak nie przeczytałeś.

By the way, when are you going to give me my Coupland back? I'm sure you haven't read it anyway.

(idiomatic) apropos, by the way, speaking of


na dodatek

(idiomatic) also, in addition, on top of that


na dobitkę

add insult to injury
add insult to injury

to make matters worse
to make matters worse

(colloquial, idiomatic) add insult to injury, for the worse, to make matters worse, to top it all off


jednym słowem

(idiomatic) briefly speaking, in a word, in short, in sum


koniec końców

Literally, “the end of the ends”. Compare Czech koneckonců.

at the end of the day
at the end of the day

when all is said and done
when all is said and done

(colloquial, idiomatic) at the end of the day, in the end, when all is said and done


tym bardziej

(idiomatic) all the more, let alone, to say nothing of


szczególnie że

/ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡul.ɲɛ ˈʐɛ/


swoją drogą

Literally, “by one's way”. Compare English by the way.


nawiasem mówiąc

(idiomatic, literary) nota bene; used to add an aside or warning to a text


na domiar złego

Literally, “in addition to [the] bad [one]”.

lit

(idiomatic) add insult to injury, for the worse, to make matters worse, to top it all off


co gorsza

/ˈt͡sɔ ˈɡɔr.ʂa/


omalże

almost, nearly, practically [with negative clause ‘translated in the positive’]


toż

Sto tysięcy? Toż to majątek.

A hundred thousand złotys? But it's a fortune.

(dated) refers to a situation or someone's statement, introducing a polemical tone


w sumie

(idiomatic) all in all, altogether, in sum, in total, overall


w istocie

Literally, “in essence”.
For the meaning development compare with Russian в су́щности (v súščnosti), по су́ти (po súti), по существу́ (po suščestvú) and English in essence.

(formal, idiomatic) as a matter of fact, essentially, in essence, in fact, in point of fact


w zasadzie

(idiomatic) in fact (actually, in truth)


na serio

(idiomatic) for real, seriously (let's be serious)


wprawdzie

Univerbation of w prawdzie. First attested in 1656–1688.

ref

“WPRAWDZIE”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 16.11.2023

Wprawdzie nie wiem, co się dzieje, ale chętnie się przyłączę.

Even though I don't know what's going on, I'll gladly join.


prawdę mówiąc

(idiomatic) frankly speaking, to tell the truth, in truth, in all honesty, to be honest


do kwadratu

(idiomatic) mighty, so, very (what is being referred to has a particular feature to a greater extent than usual, so that it draws attention to it)


do tego

(idiomatic) besides, furthermore, what's more


odwrotnie

arse about face, contrariwise, gainwise, inversely


przeciwnie

/pʂɛˈt͡ɕiv.ɲɛ/


na dobrą sprawę

(idiomatic) for all intents and purposes, in practice


w gruncie rzeczy

/ˈv‿ɡrun.t͡ɕɛ ˈʐɛ.t͡ʂɘ/

Literally, “in the ground of the matter”.


nie lada

Miłośników hokeja na koniec sezonu czeka nie lada gratka.

Field hockey fans are in for quite a treat at the end of the season.

(idiomatic) not just any (used to show that something is not like average objects of the same type) [with nominative]


równie dobrze

Równie dobrze możesz to ignorować.

(idiomatic) as well, might as well [with móc]


i tak

I tak będę zmęczony, więc po co pójść spać?.

I'm going to be tired either way, so what's the point of going to sleep?

(idiomatic) anyways, anyway, either way, anyhow, as it is


mimo wszystko

(idiomatic) after all, all the same, still and all, regardless


w sensie

(colloquial, idiomatic) as in (in the sense of)


zapewne

(literary) arguably, belike, probably; presumption of the speaker that the judgment communicated in the sentence is true


czyżby

introduces a rhetorical question, contradicts its content, or calls into question what was said


bez mała

bez mała dwadzieścia lat

w każdym bez mała mieszkaniu


wiadomo

From wiadomy + -o. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Kashubian wiadomò and Silesian wiadōmo.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “wiadomo”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


indziej

a component of some compound adverbs, e.g. gdzie indziej, kiedy indziej


gdyby nie

/ˈɡdɘ.bɘ ɲɛ/

Gdyby nie ty, tobym nie żył.

If it weren't for you, I wouldn't be alive.

if not for (if something were not (or had not been) there; in the absence of something; without)


żeby nie

lest (for fear that; that not; in order to prevent something from happening; in case)


nie żeby

(idiomatic) not that (used to indicate that the following clause is not true and that this negatively impacts the importance of the preceding clause)


z całym szacunkiem

with all due respect
with all due respect

(idiomatic) with all due respect, respectfully


jak najbardziej

of course, naturally, sure, sure thing (an affirmative reply; yes; certainly)


jak najbardziej

(idiomatic) as much as possible (used for comparisons of adjectives and adverbs)


na odwrót

the other way around
the other way around

(idiomatic) the other way around, vice versa


jeśli chodzi o

Literally, “if I mean”, or more loosely translated as “if it comes to”.

lit

Jeśli chodzi o piwo, to wolę lagery.

(idiomatic) when it comes to, as far as, concerning [with accusative ‘something’]


jeżeli chodzi o

Jeżeli chodzi o piwo, to wolę lagery.

(idiomatic) alternative form of jeśli chodzi o


aż nadto

Literally, “to the point [where] it's too much”.

Powodów było aż nadto.

Rozumiem aż nadto.

(idiomatic) all too, way too (an excessive amount) [with genitive]


popadnie

Zacząłem wrzucać na talerz co popadnie, żeby została.

I started to put anything on the plate so that she would stay.

Stawiał klocki jak popadnie.

Nie rzucaj śmieci gdzie popadnie!

any old, any, absolutely any (always preceded by an interrogative, such as co, jak, or gdzie)


poniekąd

Univerbation of po nie kędy. Compare English in a way.


choćby

From choć + -by. First attested in 1549. Compare Kashubian chòcbë, and Silesian choćby.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “choćby”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish) even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned, as compared to the implied reality)


przeciętnie

pl-adv

przeciętnie (comparative bardziej przeciętnie or przeciętniej, superlative najbardziej przeciętnie or najprzeciętniej)

bardziej przeciętnie (comparative)
przeciętniej (comparative)
najbardziej przeciętnie (superlative)
najprzeciętniej (superlative)

/pʂɛˈt͡ɕɛnt.ɲɛ/


nie do końca

/ɲɛ‿dɔ‿ˈkɔɲ.t͡sa/

(idiomatic) not exactly, not quite, not fully


całe szczęście

/ˈt͡sa.wɛ ˈʂt͡ʂɛw̃ɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

/ˈt͡sa.wɛ ˈʂt͡ʂɛɲɕ.t͡ɕɛ/


do potęgi

/dɔ‿pɔˈtɛŋ.ɡi/

Ta impreza jest nudna do potęgi.

(idiomatic) mighty, so, very (what is being referred to has a particular feature to a greater extent than usual, so that it draws attention to it)


na pierwszy rzut oka

(idiomatic) at first glance, on the face of it (upon initial inspection)


dla odmiany

(idiomatic) for a change (wishing for something new)


tak zwany

tak zwany (masculine nominative singular)
tak zwana (feminine nominative singular)
tak zwane (neuter nominative singular)
tak zwani (nominative plural virile)
tak zwane (nominative plural)
tak zwanego (genitive masculine singular)
tak zwanej (feminine genitive singular)
tak zwanego (genitive neuter singular)
tak zwanych (genitive plural)
tak zwanych (genitive plural virile)
tak zwanemu (dative masculine singular)
tak zwanej (dative feminine singular)
tak zwanemu (dative neuter singular)
tak zwanym (dative plural)
tak zwanym (dative plural virile)
tak zwanego (accusative animate masculine singular)
tak zwany (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
tak zwaną (accusative feminine singular)
tak zwane (accusative neuter singular)
tak zwanych (accusative plural virile)
tak zwane (accusative plural)
tak zwanym (instrumental masculine singular)
tak zwaną (feminine instrumental singular)
tak zwanym (instrumental neuter singular)
tak zwanymi (instrumental plural)
tak zwanymi (instrumental plural virile)
tak zwanym (locative masculine singular)
tak zwanej (feminine locative singular)
tak zwanym (locative neuter singular)
tak zwanych (locative plural)
tak zwanych (locative plural virile)
tzw. (alternative)


hę

huh? (when the listener did not hear what the speaker said)


z hakiem

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see z, hak.


przy tym

To był dobry film, i przy tym długi.

That was a good movie, and a long one at that.

(idiomatic) at that, also, in addition, no less


bez cienia wątpliwości

beyond a shadow of a doubt
beyond a shadow of a doubt


w szczególności

/f‿ʂt͡ʂɛ.ɡulˈnɔɕ.t͡ɕi/

(idiomatic) especially, mainly, mostly, particularly


bodaj

Inherited from Old Polish bodaj, bogdaj, bohdaj, a univerbation of bóg daj. Ultimately from Proto-Slavic *bogъ daďь.

inh+

Bodaj palce mu zginęły!


niekoniecznie

/ɲɛ.kɔˈɲɛt͡ʂ.ɲɛ/

(colloquial) not much, not quite, not really, not very


w rzeczy samej

(idiomatic) actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


nie bardzo

Nie bardzo rozumiem.

(colloquial, idiomatic) not much, not quite, not really, not very


ależ

Inherited from Old Polish ależ. By surface analysis, ale + -ż.

(emphatic) used at the beginning of a sentence; similar in meaning to the English "hey, not so fast", especially when used multiple times

(Middle Polish) that much, so, so much so; emphasizes the scale of a quality


bez przesady

"Przecież to jest nielegalne." "Och, bez przesady. Nie jest aż tak źle."

"But that's illegal." "Oh c'mon. It's not that bad.

(idiomatic, colloquial)c'mon, without exaggeration, within reason, let's not exaggerate, don't overdo it, over-


nieszczególnie

pl-adv

nieszczególnie (comparative bardziej nieszczególnie, superlative najbardziej nieszczególnie)

bardziej nieszczególnie (comparative)
najbardziej nieszczególnie (superlative)

/ɲɛ.ʂt͡ʂɛˈɡul.ɲɛ/

(litotes) generically, ordinarily, facelessly


ale to

Nikt, ale to nikt nie może o tym wiedzieć.

No one, and I mean no one, can know about this.

Jestem bardzo, ale to bardzo głodny.

(idiomatic) but, oh so, absolutely, ever so, and I mean (used to emphasis a previously mentioned point)


dowolnie

dowolnie (comparative dowolniej, superlative najdowolniej)

dowolniej (comparative)
najdowolniej (superlative)


w pierwszym rzędzie

/ˈf‿pjɛr.fʂɘm ˈʐɛɲ.d͡ʑɛ/

Literally, “in [the] first row”. Calque of German in erster Linie.


co dopiero

(idiomatic) all the more, let alone, to say nothing of


chcąc nie chcąc

Literally, “wanting [to] or not [wanting to]”.

lit

Nie miałem hajsu, więc, chcąc nie chcąc, wróciłem do banku.

I didn't have any cash so whether I wanted to or not I went back to the bank.

(colloquial, idiomatic) willy-nilly, like it or not


zasię

Inherited from Old Polish zasię. By surface analysis, univerbation of za + się. Compare przecież.

surf

(Southern Greater Poland) after, afterwards; thereupon


słowo harcerza

(idiomatic) Scout's honor (used to promise something)


dajmy na to

(idiomatic) say, let's say (for example, let's assume)


jakby tego było mało

Literally, “as if that were [too] little”.

lit

(colloquial, idiomatic) add insult to injury, for the worse, as if that weren't enough


na koniec

(idiomatic) finally, in conclusion, lastly


dość powiedzieć

/ˈdɔɕt͡ɕ pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/


jakże

jakżem (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
jakżeśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
jakżeś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
jakżeście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
jakże (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
jakże (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Old Polish jakże. By surface analysis, jak + -że.

Jakże głośno potem kichali!

Afterwards, they sneezed so very loudly!

Expresses high degree or intensity; oh so very


alboż

Inherited from Old Polish alboż. By surface analysis, albo + -ż.


albo co

(transitive, idiomatic) or what? (expresses doubt)


czy co

/ˈt͡ʂɘ ˈt͡sɔ/


jak amen w pacierzu

Literally, “like saying amen in a prayer”.

Może otruła, może nie otruła, na dwoje babka wróżyła - włączyła się do dysputy gruba mieszczka w haftowanym półkożuszku. - Powiadają, ten poprzedni na śmierć się zapił. Szewc był. - Szewc, nie szewc, otruła go, jak amen w pacierzu - zawyrokował chudy.

"Maybe she poisoned him to death, maybe not, it's hard to say." A fat townswoman in an embroidered, short sheepskin coat joined the dispute. "They say that the last one drank to death. He was a cobbler." "Whether he's a shoemaker or not", and she poisoned him, no ifs ands or buts about it." the skinny one chimed in.

(colloquial, idiomatic, simile) indubitably, undeniably, no ifs ands or buts about it (for sure, definitely)


na koniec dnia

Literally, “at the end of the day”. Calque of English at the end of the day.

(colloquial, idiomatic) at the end of the day, in the end, when all is said and done


wogule

Dla mnie to najlepszy i najsmaczniejszy Kebab ktorego wogule jadlam.

For me it's the best and tastiest kebab that I ever ate.

Bo jak każdy co chodzi na mecze nie widziało ich wogule, chyba zostały schowane w szafie razem z osobami które je kupiły!

2018 April 29, Xxxmartysxxx5, Re: województwo Zachodniopomorskie:

Because everyone who goes to matches didn't see them at all, I think they were hidden in a closet with everyone who bought them!

Jebać bycie miłym, ludzie tutaj juz wogule kurwa nie wkładają w nie wysiłku, robia je na szybko, wiele o takiej samej tematyce.

2022 February 23, moznajaknajbardziej, Flota be like:

Fuck being nice, people here don't fucking put effort in stuff at all, they do it fast, often within the same subject area.


azali

Inherited from Old Polish azali. By surface analysis, univerbation of aza + li.

surf

(archaic) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


azaliż

(archaic, emphatic) alternative form of azali


bagatelka

(rare) used to emphasize the importance and value of something just said


nie za bardzo

(colloquial, idiomatic) alternative form of nie bardzo


z innej beczki

(colloquial, idiomatic) in other news, so random; used to note that what the speaker said was unrelated to anything said before


dyć

Dyć ón ma być księdzem, a nie pisarzem.

But he's supposed to be a priest, not a writer.

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Far Masovian) synonym of przecież


rychtyk

Borrowed from German richtig. Compare Kashubian richtich and Silesian rychtig

(Kuyavia, Far Masovian, Kielce, Lasovia) exactly, right


znowuż

On nie jest znowuż taki głupi.

(archaic) after all, I guess; used to lessen the effect

(archaic) I beg your pardon, pardon me (used to express irritation at a suggestion that the speaker cannot agree with)


na mur beton

Na mur beton wrócili do siebie.

I would bet anything they got back together.

(colloquial, idiomatic) for sure, concrete, solid


mur beton

(colloquial, idiomatic) alternative form of na mur beton


bez porównania

To jest bez porównania trudniejsze.

(idiomatic, in comparisons) incomparably, immeasurably, beyond measure


jak nic

(colloquial, idiomatic, simile) absolutely, certainly, definitely, for sure, hands down


o niebo

Czuję się o niebo lepiej.


żeby nie było

/ˈʐɛ.bɘ ɲɛ‿ˈbɘ.wɔ/

Literally, “so that it wasn't [unclear]”.

lit

(idiomatic) for what it's worth, for the record, for clarity's sake, just so you know, I'll have you know, just so it's clear


bezdyskusyjnie

From bezdyskusyjny + -ie. First attested in 1920.

indisputably, undebatably, unquestionably, undeniably, undisputedly, inarguably, unarguably


bo ja wiem

(colloquial) I don't know (used as a pause for the speaker to come up with a term)


bodajby

From earlier bogdajby. By surface analysis, bodaj + -by. First attested in 1607.


bodajże

From earlier bogdajże. By surface analysis, bodaj + -że. First attested in the first half of the 16th century.


zaraz, zaraz

used to let someone know that the speaker needs a moment to think about what they want to say and that they will continue speaking in a moment


w istocie rzeczy

/v‿isˈtɔ.t͡ɕɛ ˈʐɛ.t͡ʂɘ/

Literally, “in the essence of the matter”.

lit

(formal, idiomatic) as a matter of fact, essentially, in essence, in fact, in point of fact


możliwie

pl-adv

możliwie (comparative możliwiej, superlative najmożliwiej)

możliwiej (comparative)
najmożliwiej (superlative)

(colloquial) acceptably, after a fashion, fair to middling


alez

(Masuria, Warmia) alternative form of ależ


tak czy siak

Literally, “this way or another”. Compare dialectal takatak.

(colloquial, idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


tak czy tak

(idiomatic) at any rate, anyway, anyhow (used to initiate a new topic)


w pewnym sensie

(idiomatic) in a way, kind of, so to speak


aboć

Inherited from Old Polish aboć. By surface analysis, abo + -ć.


aboć

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria) synonym of alboć; introduces a rhetorical question


alić

Inherited from Old Polish alić. By surface analysis, ali + -ć.


aliż

Inherited from Old Polish aliż. By surface analysis, ali + -ż.

(Middle Polish) introduces a conjunctional coordinate or superordinate clause; that


aliż

(archaic) used to reinforce a point, usually expressing dissimilarity


aczci

Inherited from Old Polish aczci. By surface analysis, acz + -ci.


aczci

(Middle Polish) highlights or emphasizes an element; which is


alboć

Inherited from Old Polish alboć. By surface analysis, albo + -ć.

(Middle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


aleć

Inherited from Old Polish aleć. By surface analysis, ale + -ć.

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria, emphatic) emphatic particle


anić

Inherited from Old Polish anić. By surface analysis, ani + -ć.


aniż

Inherited from Old Polish aniż. By surface analysis, ani + -ż.


atoć

Inherited from Old Polish atoć. By surface analysis, ato + -ć.


azać

Inherited from Old Polish azać. By surface analysis, aza + -ć.

Azać ja co dzień bede pas bydło?

Will I be feeding the livestock every day?

(Middle Polish or Far Masovian) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


azaż

Inherited from Old Polish azaż. By surface analysis, aza + -ż.


jaż

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia, Lublin) alternative form of aż


ażby

Inherited from Old Polish ażby. By surface analysis, aż + -by.


ażci

Inherited from Old Polish ażci. By surface analysis, aż + -ci.

(Middle Polish, emphatic) highlighting particle


ażeć

Inherited from Old Polish ażeć. By surface analysis, aże + -ć.


przedsię

/ˈpʂɛt.ɕɛw̃/

Inherited from Old Polish przedsie. By surface analysis, univerbation of przed + się.

surf

przedsie (alternative)
przecię (alternative)
przecie (alternative)
przećsię (alternative)
przedcię (alternative)
przedcie (alternative)
przećsie (alternative)
przećcię (alternative)
przećcie (alternative)


na dokładkę

(colloquial, idiomatic) also, in addition, on top of that


mało tego

(idiomatic) also, in addition, on top of that


snadź

Inherited from Old Polish snadź, from Proto-Slavic *snadь.


aby do

Aby do wtorku, a potem już można odpoczywać.

Just wait till Tuesday, and then you can finally rest.

used to express the hope that what we consider good will begin when the thing in question begins


oprócz tego

(idiomatic) besides, furthermore, what's more


prócz tego

(idiomatic, literary) besides, furthermore, what's more


do sześcianu

/dɔ‿ʂɛɕˈt͡ɕa.nu/

(idiomatic) mighty, so, very (what is being referred to has a particular feature to a greater extent than usual, so that it draws attention to it)


nie mówiąc o

(idiomatic) let alone, to say nothing of, not to mention; all the more


ex definitione

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ex dēfīnītiōne.

ubor

(idiomatic, literary) by definition, inherently


za pozwoleniem

– Ale przypomniało nam się...
– Za pozwoleniem, nie: nam, tylko: mnie!

– But we were reminded...
– I'm sorry, not: us, but: me!

(colloquial, dated, idiomatic) the speaker interrupts another person to say something, to contradict what is being said, or to ask about something


a więc

Stół znajduje się raczej po lewej stronie, a więc dość daleko od wejścia z prawej.

The table is rather on the left side, so quite far from the entrance on the right.


znaczy się

(idiomatic) in other words, namely, that is, that is to say


niestocie

/ɲɛˈstɔ.t͡ɕɛ/

Inherited from Old Polish niestojcie. By surface analysis, univerbation of nie + stójcie.


totalnie

(colloquial) completely, totally (to the fullest extent or degree)


chocia

Inherited from Old Polish chocia. Cognate with Russian хотя́ (xotjá).

Mowilem cy iuż kroć kyla By czie roſpaċ nieruſyla. Ktora iż wtobie panuie Lacznoċ nam wſytko popſuie. Choczcie ſprawuie ta pany Czo nam wſytko dobre gany.

natrząſa ſię w piſániu ſwym y on Polſki Póétá Rey ſtáry/ ktory choć też ſam rad dobrze pił y iadł/ bo był Phegon práwy/ tegom ia dobrze znał/ bo cżęſto v Podſędká Chełmſkiego oycá moiego dla vżywánia myśliſtwá bywał.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


chociaj

(Middle Polish) alternative form of chocia


jeszcze jak

(idiomatic) of course, naturally, sure, sure thing (an affirmative reply; yes; certainly)


dopiro

(Middle Polish or Near Masovian) alternative form of dopiero


plus minus

(idiomatic, literary) approximately, more or less


otóż to

(idiomatic) exactly (signifying agreement or recognition)


otóż

Inherited from Old Polish otóż. By surface analysis, oto + -ż.

(emphatic) emphasizes the following statement; well


co nie

On poszedł do sklepu, co nie?

Jak tam pójdziesz, co nie, to skręć w lewo i dojdziesz na plac.

When you go there, right, turn left and you'll arrive at the square.

(colloquial, idiomatic) tag question; right? isn't it?


cn

(text messaging, Internet slang) abbreviation of co nie


a nie mówiłem

Literally, “and wasn't I saying [that]?”.


co tu dużo mówić

Literally, “what's there a lot to say here”


co tu dużo gadać

co tu dużo mówić
co tu dużo mówić#Polish

(idiomatic) alternative form of co tu dużo mówić


mówiąc między nami

między nami (alternative)
między nami mówiąc (alternative)
tak między nami (alternative)


między nami

mówiąc między nami
mówiąc między nami#Polish

(idiomatic) alternative form of mówiąc między nami


na marginesie mówiąc

(idiomatic) alternative form of na marginesie


chciałoby się powiedzieć

/ˈxt͡ɕa.wɔ.bɘ ɕɛ‿pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/

/ˈxt͡ɕa.wɔ.bɘ ɕɛw̃‿pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/

Literally, “one would feel like saying”.

(idiomatic) used to express that the following expression might be surprising but better describes something than another; One could say


chciałoby się rzec

/ˈxt͡ɕa.wɔ.bɘ ˈɕɛʐɛt͡s/

/ˈxt͡ɕa.wɔ.bɘ ˈɕɛw̃ʐɛt͡s/

chciałoby się powiedzieć
chciałoby się powiedzieć#Polish

(idiomatic) alternative form of chciałoby się powiedzieć


tak samo

used to say that someone or something has the same trait as something previously mentioned; the same; also, too


gdzie tam

/ˈɡd͡ʑɛ ˈtam/

(colloquial, idiomatic) tell me another, nothing of the kind, a likely story, yeah, right


umówmy się

used by the speaker that the listener might not like the following information but should accept it; here's the deal, let's be honest


w całym tego słowa znaczeniu

/ˈf‿t͡sa.wɘm ˈtɛ.ɡɔ ˈswɔ.va znaˈt͡ʂɛ.ɲu/

Literally, “in the entire meaning of this word”.

in every sense of the word
in every sense of the word

(idiomatic) in every sense of the word; par excellence


w pełnym tego słowa znaczeniu

Literally, “in the full meaning of this word”.

w całym tego słowa znaczeniu
w całym tego słowa znaczeniu#Polish

(idiomatic) synonym of w całym tego słowa znaczeniu


i basta

(colloquial, idiomatic) and that's that, so much for


i cześć

/i‿ˈt͡ʂɛɕt͡ɕ/


i już

Literally, “and [that's] already [that]”.


i koniec kropka

Literally, “and [that's the] end full stop”.


i kropka

Literally, “and [that's the] full stop”.


koniec i kropka

Literally, “[that's the] end and full stop”.


by nie powiedzieć

/ˈbɘ ɲɛ‿pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/

żeby nie powiedzieć
żeby nie powiedzieć#Polish


żeby nie powiedzieć

/ˈʐɛ.bɘ ɲɛ‿pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/


by tak powiedzieć

aby tak powiedzieć (alternative)
żeby tak powiedzieć (alternative)


aby tak powiedzieć

by tak powiedzieć
by tak powiedzieć#Polish


żeby tak powiedzieć

/ˈʐɛ.bɘ ˈtak pɔˈvjɛ.d͡ʑɛt͡ɕ/


łatwo powiedzieć

easier said than done
easier said than done


łatwo mówić

łatwo powiedzieć
łatwo powiedzieć#Polish


nie powiem, żeby

/ɲɛ‿ˈpɔ.vjɛm |ˈʐɛ.bɘ/


nie powiem, by

nie powiem, żeby
nie powiem, żeby#Polish


nikt mi nie powie, że

/ˈɲikt mi‿ɲɛ‿ˈpɔ.vjɛ |ˈʐɛ/

(idiomatic) used to express emphatic certainty; nobody can tell me


powiem więcej

to add to that, on top of that, what's more


że tak powiem

Literally, “that I will say it like that”.

(idiomatic) if you will; so to speak, as it were


inna sprawa

(idiomatic) (that's) another story, different story, separate issue, other thing


coś niecoś

/ˈt͡sɔɕ ˈɲɛ.t͡sɔɕ/

(colloquial, idiomatic) something-something; ish (a bit; not much)


człeku

(literary) used with a male speaker to express outrage or to emphasize one's statement


człecze

/ˈt͡ʂwɛ.t͡ʂɛ/

/ˈt͡ʂɫɛ.t͡ʂɛ/


też człowiek

used to remind someone that something shouldn't suffer and also has needs


przedsięż

/ˈpr̝ɛt.ɕɛ̃ʂ/

/ˈpʂɛt.ɕɛ̃ʂ/


przecię

/ˈpr̝ɛ.t͡ɕɛ̃/

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕɛ̃/


przećsię

/ˈpr̝ɛ.t͡ɕɕɛ̃/

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕɕɛ̃/


przećsie

/ˈpr̝ɛ.t͡ɕɕɛ/

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕɕɛ/


przedcię

/ˈpr̝ɛt.t͡ɕɛ̃/

/ˈpʂɛt.t͡ɕɛ̃/


przedcie

/ˈpʂɛt.t͡ɕɛ/


przećcię

/ˈpr̝ɛ.t͡ɕt͡ɕɛ̃/

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕt͡ɕɛ̃/


przećcie

/ˈpr̝ɛ.t͡ɕt͡ɕɛ/

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕt͡ɕɛ/


włącznie

od 1 do 10 włącznie

od poniedziałku do piątku włącznie

inclusive (including the extremes as well as the area between)


siłą rzeczy

/ˈɕi.wɔw̃ ˈʐɛ.t͡ʂɘ/

Literally, “by [the] force of things”. Calque of French par la force des choses.

cal

Near-synonyms: ex definitione, par excellence, z definicji, z natury rzeczy, z założenia

(idiomatic) necessarily, by necessity, logically, inevitably, perforce


dla przykładu

(idiomatic) for an example (so that one may have a reference point)


bo nie

(colloquial, idiomatic) because I said so, just because (the listener does not need to understand the reasons)


stety

Back-formation from niestety (“unfortunately”).


nie ma jak

(idiomatic) there is nothing like (what is being discussed is, according to the speaker, the best)


nie owijając w bawełnę

not to put too fine a point on it
not to put too fine a point on it

(colloquial, idiomatic) not to put too fine a point on it (used to inform that what one wants to say will be communicated directly in blunt terms as it is necessary to know everything about the subject under discussion)


duskus

A duskus widziałam go wcora uchlanego w kárcmie.

And I actually saw him drunk in the tavern yesterday.