پروردن

head

پروردن • (parvardan) (present stem پرور (parvar))

parvardan (romanization)
پرور (present stem)
پروردن (infinitive)
parvardán (infinitive)
پرور (present stem)
parvar (present stem)
پرورد (past stem)
parvard (past stem)
پرورنده (participle present)
parvarandé (participle present)
پرورده (participle past)
parvardé (participle past)
پرورم (aorist first-person indicative singular)
parvaram (aorist first-person indicative singular)
پروری (aorist indicative second-person singular)
parvari (aorist indicative second-person singular)
پرورد (aorist indicative singular third-person)
parvarad (aorist indicative singular third-person)
پروریم (aorist first-person indicative plural)
parvarim (aorist first-person indicative plural)
پرورید (aorist indicative plural second-person)
parvarid (aorist indicative plural second-person)
پرورند (aorist indicative plural third-person)
parvarand (aorist indicative plural third-person)
میپرورم (first-person indicative present singular)
mí-parvaram (first-person indicative present singular)
میپروری (indicative present second-person singular)
mí-parvari (indicative present second-person singular)
میپرورد (indicative present singular third-person)
mí-parvarad (indicative present singular third-person)
میپروریم (first-person indicative plural present)
mí-parvarim (first-person indicative plural present)
میپرورید (indicative plural present second-person)
mí-parvarid (indicative plural present second-person)
میپرورند (indicative plural present third-person)
mí-parvarand (indicative plural present third-person)
دارم میپرورم (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
dấram mí-parvaram (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
داری میپروری (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
dấri mí-parvari (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
دارد میپرورد (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
dấrad mí-parvarad (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
داریم میپروریم (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
dấrim mí-parvarim (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
دارید میپرورید (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
dấrid mí-parvarid (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
دارند میپرورند (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
dấrand mí-parvarand (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
پروردهام (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
parvardé-am (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
پروردهای (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
parvardé-i (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
پرورده است (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
parvardé ast (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
پروردهایم (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
parvardé-im (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
پروردهاید (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
parvardé-id (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
پروردهاند (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
parvardé-and (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
پروردم (first-person indicative past singular)
parvardam (first-person indicative past singular)
پروردی (indicative past second-person singular)
parvardi (indicative past second-person singular)
پرورد (indicative past singular third-person)
parvard (indicative past singular third-person)
پروردیم (first-person indicative past plural)
parvardim (first-person indicative past plural)
پروردید (indicative past plural second-person)
parvardid (indicative past plural second-person)
پروردند (indicative past plural third-person)
parvardand (indicative past plural third-person)
میپروردم (first-person indicative past singular)
mí-parvardam (first-person indicative past singular)
میپروردی (indicative past second-person singular)
mí-parvardi (indicative past second-person singular)
میپرورد (indicative past singular third-person)
mí-parvard (indicative past singular third-person)
میپروردیم (first-person indicative past plural)
mí-parvardim (first-person indicative past plural)
میپروردید (indicative past plural second-person)
mí-parvardid (indicative past plural second-person)
میپروردند (indicative past plural third-person)
mí-parvardand (indicative past plural third-person)
داشتم میپروردم (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
dấštam mí-parvardam (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
داشتی میپروردی (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
dấšti mí-parvardi (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
داشت میپرورد (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
dâšt mí-parvard (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
داشتیم میپروردیم (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
dấštim mí-parvardim (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
داشتید میپروردید (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
dấštid mí-parvardid (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
داشتند میپروردند (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
dấštand mí-parvardand (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
پرورده بودم (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
parvardé búdam (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
پرورده بودی (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
parvardé búdi (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
پرورده بود (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
parvardé bud (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
پرورده بودیم (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
parvardé búdim (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
پرورده بودید (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
parvardé búdid (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
پرورده بودند (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
parvardé búdand (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
خواهم پرورد (first-person future indicative singular)
xâhám parvard (first-person future indicative singular)
خواهی پرورد (future indicative second-person singular)
xâhí parvard (future indicative second-person singular)
خواهد پرورد (future indicative singular third-person)
xâhád parvard (future indicative singular third-person)
خواهیم پرورد (first-person future indicative plural)
xâhím parvard (first-person future indicative plural)
خواهید پرورد (future indicative plural second-person)
xâhíd parvard (future indicative plural second-person)
خواهند پرورد (future indicative plural third-person)
xâhánd parvard (future indicative plural third-person)
بپرورم (first-person present singular subjunctive)
béparvaram (first-person present singular subjunctive)
بپروری (present second-person singular subjunctive)
béparvari (present second-person singular subjunctive)
بپرورد (present singular subjunctive third-person)
béparvarad (present singular subjunctive third-person)
بپروریم (first-person plural present subjunctive)
béparvarim (first-person plural present subjunctive)
بپرورید (plural present second-person subjunctive)
béparvarid (plural present second-person subjunctive)
بپرورند (plural present subjunctive third-person)
béparvarand (plural present subjunctive third-person)
پرورده باشم (first-person past singular subjunctive)
parvardé bấšam (first-person past singular subjunctive)
پرورده باشی (past second-person singular subjunctive)
parvardé bấši (past second-person singular subjunctive)
پرورده باشد (past singular subjunctive third-person)
parvardé bấšad (past singular subjunctive third-person)
پرورده باشیم (first-person past plural subjunctive)
parvardé bấšim (first-person past plural subjunctive)
پرورده باشید (past plural second-person subjunctive)
parvardé bấšid (past plural second-person subjunctive)
پرورده باشند (past plural subjunctive third-person)
parvardé bấšand (past plural subjunctive third-person)
بپرور (imperative second-person singular)
béparvar (imperative second-person singular)
بپرورید (imperative plural second-person)
béparvarid (imperative plural second-person)
پروردن (infinitive)
parvardán (infinitive)
پرور (present stem)
parvar (present stem)
پرورد (past stem)
parvard (past stem)
پرورنده (participle present)
parvarandé (participle present)
پرورده (participle past)
parvardé (participle past)
پرورم (aorist first-person indicative singular)
parvaram (aorist first-person indicative singular)
پروری (aorist indicative second-person singular)
parvari (aorist indicative second-person singular)
پروره (aorist indicative singular third-person)
parvare (aorist indicative singular third-person)
پروریم (aorist first-person indicative plural)
parvarim (aorist first-person indicative plural)
پرورین (aorist indicative plural second-person)
parvarin (aorist indicative plural second-person)
پرورن (aorist indicative plural third-person)
parvaran (aorist indicative plural third-person)
میپرورم (first-person indicative present singular)
mí-parvaram (first-person indicative present singular)
میپروری (indicative present second-person singular)
mí-parvari (indicative present second-person singular)
میپروره (indicative present singular third-person)
mí-parvare (indicative present singular third-person)
میپروریم (first-person indicative plural present)
mí-parvarim (first-person indicative plural present)
میپرورین (indicative plural present second-person)
mí-parvarin (indicative plural present second-person)
میپرورن (indicative plural present third-person)
mí-parvaran (indicative plural present third-person)
دارم میپرورم (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
dấram mí-parvaram (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
داری میپروری (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
dấri mí-parvari (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
داره میپروره (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
dấre mí-parvare (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
داریم میپروریم (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
dấrim mí-parvarim (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
دارین میپرورین (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
dấrin mí-parvarin (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
دارن میپرورن (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
dấran mí-parvaran (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
پروردهام (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
parvardám (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
پروردهای (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
parvardí (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
پرورده (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
parvardé (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
پروردهایم (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
parvardím (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
پروردهاین (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
parvardín (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
پروردهان (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
parvardán (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
پروردم (first-person indicative past singular)
parvardam (first-person indicative past singular)
پروردی (indicative past second-person singular)
parvardi (indicative past second-person singular)
پرورد (indicative past singular third-person)
parvard (indicative past singular third-person)
پروردیم (first-person indicative past plural)
parvardim (first-person indicative past plural)
پروردین (indicative past plural second-person)
parvardin (indicative past plural second-person)
پروردن (indicative past plural third-person)
parvardan (indicative past plural third-person)
میپروردم (first-person indicative past singular)
mí-parvardam (first-person indicative past singular)
میپروردی (indicative past second-person singular)
mí-parvardi (indicative past second-person singular)
میپرورد (indicative past singular third-person)
mí-parvard (indicative past singular third-person)
میپروردیم (first-person indicative past plural)
mí-parvardim (first-person indicative past plural)
میپروردین (indicative past plural second-person)
mí-parvardin (indicative past plural second-person)
میپروردن (indicative past plural third-person)
mí-parvardan (indicative past plural third-person)
داشتم میپروردم (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
dấštam mí-parvardam (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
داشتی میپروردی (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
dấšti mí-parvardi (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
داشت میپرورد (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
dấšt mí-parvard (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
داشتیم میپروردیم (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
dấštim mí-parvardim (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
داشتین میپروردین (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
dấštin mí-parvardin (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
داشتن میپروردن (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
dấštan mí-parvardan (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
پرورده بودم (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
parvardé búdam (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
پرورده بودی (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
parvardé búdi (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
پرورده بود (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
parvardé bud (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
پرورده بودیم (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
parvardé búdim (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
پرورده بودین (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
parvardé búdin (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
پرورده بودن (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
parvardé búdan (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
بپرورم (first-person present singular subjunctive)
béparvaram (first-person present singular subjunctive)
بپروری (present second-person singular subjunctive)
béparvari (present second-person singular subjunctive)
بپروره (present singular subjunctive third-person)
béparvare (present singular subjunctive third-person)
بپروریم (first-person plural present subjunctive)
béparvarim (first-person plural present subjunctive)
بپرورین (plural present second-person subjunctive)
béparvarin (plural present second-person subjunctive)
بپرورن (plural present subjunctive third-person)
béparvaran (plural present subjunctive third-person)
پرورده باشم (first-person past singular subjunctive)
parvardé bấšam (first-person past singular subjunctive)
پرورده باشی (past second-person singular subjunctive)
parvardé bấši (past second-person singular subjunctive)
پرورده باشه (past singular subjunctive third-person)
parvardé bấše (past singular subjunctive third-person)
پرورده باشیم (first-person past plural subjunctive)
parvardé bấšim (first-person past plural subjunctive)
پرورده باشین (past plural second-person subjunctive)
parvardé bấšin (past plural second-person subjunctive)
پرورده باشن (past plural subjunctive third-person)
parvardé bấšan (past plural subjunctive third-person)
بپرور (imperative second-person singular)
béparvar (imperative second-person singular)
بپرورین (imperative plural second-person)
béparvarin (imperative plural second-person)

fa-conj-head

Conjugation of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">پروردن</i> (parvardán) (literary Iranian Persian)

داشتیم میپروردیم

داشتم میپروردم

داشتید میپروردید

داشتی میپروردی

داشتند میپروردند

داشت میپرورد

داریم میپروریم

دارم میپرورم

دارید میپرورید

داری میپروری

دارند میپرورند

دارد میپرورد

پرورده بودیم

پرورده بودید

پرورده بودند

خواهیم پرورد

خواهید پرورد

خواهند پرورد

پرورده باشیم

پرورده باشید

پرورده باشند

fa-conj-colloq-head

Conjugation of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">پروردن</i> (parvardán) (colloquial Tehrani)

داشتیم میپروردیم

داشتم میپروردم

داشتین میپروردین

داشتی میپروردی

داشتن میپروردن

داشت میپرورد

داریم میپروریم

دارم میپرورم

دارین میپرورین

داری میپروری

دارن میپرورن

داره میپروره

پرورده بودیم

پرورده بودین

پرورده باشیم

پرورده باشین

Inherited from Middle Persian plwl-tn' (parwardan, “to foster, nourish, cherish, educate”). Compare Northern Kurdish bergerr (“nourishment, nutrient; food for guests”). Exact cognate to pervert.

cog

to preserve (to prepare food for storage)


کنیز

→ Gujarati: કનીઝ (kanījh)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: कनीज़ (kanīz)

Urdu: کنیز (kanīz)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਨੀਜ਼ (kanīz)

Shahmukhi script: کَنیز (kanez)

desc

→ Southern Kurdish: کەنیژ (kenîj, “maidservant”)

A variant of کنیزک (kanizak), from Middle Persian [script needed] (knyck' /kanīzag/), diminutive of [script needed] (knyk' /kanīg/, “maid”) from Proto-Iranian *kanyáH (“small girl; maiden”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanyáH. Cognate with Sanskrit कन्या (kanyā).


ابتلا

head

ابتلا • (ebtelâ)

fa-noun

ابتلا • (ebtelâ)

[ʔɪb.t̪ʰɪ.lɑː]

[ʔɪb.t̪ʰɪ.lɑː]

[ʔɪb.t̪ʰɪ.lɑː]

Borrowed from Arabic اِبْتِلَاء (ibtilāʔ).


ابتدائی

fa-adj

ابتدائی • (ebtedâ'i)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इब्तिदाई (ibtidāī)

Urdu: ابتدائی (ibtidāī)

[ʔɪb.t̪ʰɪ.d̪ɑː.ʔíː]

[ʔɪb.t̪ʰɪ.d̪ɑː.ʔíː]

[ʔɪb.t̪ʰɪ.d̪ɑː.jíː]

Borrowed from Arabic اِبْتِدَائِيّ (ibtidāʔiyy).

bor+

اِبْتِدَائِيّ

مدرسه ابتدائی


کرپا

head

کرپا • (karpâ)

fa-noun

کرپا • (karpâ)

From Proto-Indo-European *kerp-. Akin to Mazanderani کرفا (kerfâ, “a type of fishing net”).


بادیان رومی

head

بادیان رومی • (bâdiyân-e rumi)

fa-noun

بادیان رومی • (bâdiyân-e rumi)

fa:بادیان رومی


انیسون

→ Mazanderani: انگیسم (angisem)

Borrowed from Arabic أَنِيسُون (ʔanīsūn).


رازیانه

head

رازیانه • (râziyâne)

fa-noun

رازیانه • (râziyâne)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: ռազիան (ṙazian), ռազանա (ṙazana), ըռազիան (əṙazian), ըռզիան (əṙzian), ռզիան (ṙzian), ռազինայ (ṙazinay)

→ Azerbaijani: razyana, razyanə, raziyana, raziyanə

→ Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ڕازیانه (razyane)

Northern Kurdish: rizyane, rizyana

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: رزنه (rezene), رازیانه (raziyane)
Turkish: rezene, raziyane
→ Armenian: ըռեզենե (əṙezene)
→ Azerbaijani: rəzənə
→ Bulgarian: резене́ (rezené)

→ Uyghur: رازىيانە (raziyane)

From Middle Persian *rāziyānag, whence borrowings Northern Kurdish rizyank, rizyang, Arabic رَازِيَانَج (rāziyānaj), ultimately of unknown origin.


پدواز

head

پدواز • (padvâz)

fa-noun

پدواز • (padvâz)

→ Arabic: برواز

Originally probably from پدواذ, from Middle Iranian *padwād(ag).

Dehkhoda Dictionary
Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute
University of Tehran Press


گرچ

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كیرچ (kireç), كیرج (kirec), كرچ (kireç), كرج (kirec)
Turkish: kireç
→ Bulgarian: кире́ч (kiréč)
→ Laz: ქერეჭი (kereç̌i)
→ Macedonian: креч (kreč)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: кре̏ч
Latin script: krȅč

Borrowed from Aramaic גִּירָא (gīrā), from Akkadian 𒌋𒀜 (gīru, kīru, “kiln”), from Sumerian 𒌋𒀜 (gir, “kiln”).


گیج

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܓܵܝܸܓ̰ (gāyij)

Cognate with Bakhtiari گێز (gız, “mad”), Northern Luri گێژ (gıj, “mad”), Dezfuli [script needed] (geyz, “dizzy; confused”), Northern Kurdish gêj (“dizzy”), Sogdian [script needed] (kyc /kēč/). Compare also the Iranian borrowings: Middle Armenian գիժ (giž), Middle Georgian გიჟი (giži, “crazy, mad; foolish”), Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܓܫ̰ܘܢܐ (gežūnē), Udi ҝиж (gʲiž).
The Persian is probably borrowed from a Northwestern Iranian language, rather than inherited.


کازود

head

کازود • (kâzud)

fa-noun

کازود • (kâzud)


تارمی

head

تارمی • (târomi)

fa-noun

تارمی • (târomi)

Perhaps a diminutive of older طارم (târam, “chamber”).


ارش

head

ارش • (araš)

fa-noun

ارش • (araš)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (”ryšn /ārešn/), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎡 (a-r-š-n-i /arašni/).


تاباق

head

تاباق • (tâbâq)

fa-noun

تاباق • (tâbâq)


مشق

مَشْق (canonical)
mašq (romanization)
مشقها (plural)


ساج

Ultimately from Sanskrit शाक (śāka, “vegetable; herb; teak-tree”).

der

teak tree and wood (Tectona gen. et spp.)


ساج

A Turkic borrowing, see Turkish sac / ساج.


شتا

head

شتا • (šetâ)

fa-noun

شتا • (šetâ)


هیوا

head

هیوا • (hivâ)

fa-proper noun

هیوا • (hivâ)

Borrowed from Central Kurdish ھیوا (hîwa, “hope”).

bor+

a male given name, Hiva, from Central Kurdish


خیری

xeyri (romanization)
xiri (romanization)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: խիրի (xiri), խիր (xir)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hylyk' /hērīg/, “wallflower”). Compare Old Armenian հիրիկ (hirik), հիր (hir), Classical Syriac ܟܝܪܝܓ (ḵīrīg), ܟܝܪܝ (ḵīrī), and ܟܝܪܘܓ (ḵīrūg) corresponding to the خیرو (xiru) variant, Arabic خَيْرِيّ (ḵayriyy), Iranian borrowings.


کلیز

head

کلیز • (kaliz) (plural کلیزها (kaliz-hâ))

(archaic outside Dari and Khorasani) bee


تشویش

تشویش • (tašviš)

fa-noun

تشویش • (tašviš)

desc

→ Urdu: تَشوِیش (taśvīś)

→ Urdu: تَشوِیش (taśvīś)


نسترن

From Middle Persian [script needed] (nstln' /nastaran/, “dog rose”).


شمشاد

head

شمشاد • (šemšâd) (plural شمشادها (šemšâd-hâ))

desc

→ Arabic: شَمْشَاد (šamšād), شَمْشَار (šamšār), شَمْشِير (šamšīr)

→ Kazakh: шамшат (şamşat)

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: شمشاد (şimşad)

Azerbaijani: şümşad

→ Lezgi: шуьмшат (šümšat)

→ Lezgi: шуьмшат (šümšat)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چمشیر (çimşir), شمشیر (şimşir), شمشار (şimşar), شمشاد (şimşad)
Turkish: şimşir
→ Albanian: shimshir
→ Aromanian: šimšír
→ Bulgarian: чимши́р (čimšír), чемши́р (čemšír)
→ Greek: τσιμσίρι (tsimsíri), τσιμισίρι (tsimisíri)
→ Karachay-Balkar: шемсер (şemser)
→ Macedonian: шимшир (šimšir)
→ Romanian: cimișir, cimșir
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шѝмшир
Latin script: šìmšir

→ Pashto: شمشاد (šamšâd)

→ Punjabi: ਸ਼ਮਸ਼ਾਦ (śamśād)

→ Russian: самши́т (samšít)

→ Belarusian: самши́т (samšít)

→ Ukrainian: самши́т (samšýt)

→ Turkmen: şemşat

→ Uzbek: шамшод (shamshod)

[ʃɪm.ʃɑ́ːd̪]

[ʃɪm.ʃɑ́ːd̪]

[ʃɪm.ʃɑ́ːd̪]

[ʃim.ʃɔ́ːd̪̥]

[ʃem.ʃɒ́ːd̪̥]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (šmšʾl /šimšār/), borrowed from Classical Syriac ܫܡܫܪܐ (šemšārā, šamšārā), ܫܡܫܛ (šemšaṭ, “boxwood”), or perhaps the other way around, ultimately of uncertain origin. Cognate with Akkadian 𒅆𒈨𒌍𒊭𒇻𒌋 (ši-meš-ša-lu-u /šimeššalû/), 𒋆𒊭𒇻𒌋 (šim-ša-lu-u /šimšalû, šimšallu/, “a tree; potentially boxwood”).

der

šemšārā, šamšārā

cog

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual

(poetic) Metaphor for the beloved's graceful figure.


کولخاس

head

کولخاس • (kulexâs)

fa-noun

کولخاس • (kulexâs)


روناک

head

روناک • (ronâk)

fa-proper noun

روناک • (ronâk)

Borrowed from Central Kurdish ڕووناک (rûnak, “light, bright, luminous”), compare also Northern Kurdish ronak (“bright; clear; light”).

cog

a female given name, Ronak, from Central Kurdish


ژوان

head

ژوان • (žovân)

fa-proper noun

ژوان • (žovân)

Borrowed from Central Kurdish ژوان (jwan, “tryst”).

bor+

a female given name, Zhovan, from Central Kurdish


چموش

fa-adj

چموش • (čamuš)

Akin to Arabic شُمُوس (šumūs), an Iranian borrowing.


کم‌بخت

کمبخت (canonical)
kam-baxt (romanization)

desc

→ Armenian: քամբախտ (kʻambaxt), քյամբախտ (kʻyambaxt)

→ Azerbaijani: kəmbəxt

→ Baluchi: [script needed] (kambaxt)

→ Gujarati: કમબખ્ત (kambakht)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: कमबख़्त (kambaxt)

Urdu: کمبخت (kambaxt)

→ Northern Kurdish: k’ambax (“in ruins, ruined, destroyed, razed to the ground; in bad condition; ruins”) (possibly)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕੰਬਖ਼ਤ (kambxat)

Shahmukhi script: کَمبَخت (kambaxt)

→? Armenian: քամբախ (kʻambax), քյամբախ (kʻyambax, “ruined”) (possibly)

→? Azerbaijani: kambax (“ruined”) (possibly)


انکاس

head

انکاس • (enkâs)

fa-noun

انکاس • (enkâs)

[ʔɪŋ.kʰɑ́ːs]

[ʔɪŋ.kʰɑ́ːs]

[ʔɪŋ.kʰɑ́ːs]

[ʔiŋ.kʰɔ́ːs]

[ʔeŋ.kʰɒ́ːs]

Probably from Ancient Greek ἔγκαυστον (énkauston).


کنفت

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gnebʰ- (“to press, tighten”).


انک کردن

[ʔæ.nǽkʲ kʰʲæɹ.d̪ǽn]

From Proto-Iranian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-Iranian [Term?]. Cognate with Sanskrit अणक (aṇaka, “contemptible, insignificant”).


خاتوله

head

خاتوله • (xâtule)

fa-noun

خاتوله • (xâtule)

A distortion of an Arabic word from the root خ ت ل (ḵ-t-l).


خنور

xanur (romanization)
xonur (romanization)

Perhaps cognate with Old Norse knǫrr (“merchant ship”).

(obsolete) vessel, container, crock, jar


باسترک

Perhaps cognate with Proto-Slavic *pьstrъ (“variegated”).


فرم

Borrowed from French forme and English form.

پاهای خوش فرم


سروش

head

سروش • (sorôš)

fa-proper noun

سروش • (sorôš)

→ Azerbaijani: süruş

→ Udi: соруш (soruš)

→ Urdu: سروش (saroš)

Inherited from Middle Persian slwš (/Srōš/), from Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬊𐬱𐬀 (sraoša, “Sraosha”).

inh+

(Islam, poetry) A messenger angel who brings good news from God, an Islamization of the Zoroastrian figure; often considered a Persian name or title of the archangel Gabriel.

(Zoroastrianism, Iranian mythology) Sraosha, yazata of conscience


خوش‌نمک

خوشنمک (canonical)
xoš-namak (romanization)

From خوش (xoš, “pleasant”) + نمک (namak, “salt”).

compound

2013, کودکان را نباید به مصرف زیاد نمک عادت داد, Iranian Students News Agency
نمک غذا تنها بایستی در حدی باشد که غذا قابل خوردن شود نه این که خوش نمک و یا شور شود.

The salt in the food should have such amount to make the food easy to consume, not to make it pleasantly salty or too salty.

2013, روزنامه كيهان91/5/16: مديريت تغذيه روزه داران در مناطق گرمسير, Kayhan
غذاهای فست فود و سس های چرب و خوش نمک انتخاب خوبی برای سحری نیستند

fast foods and fatty and salty sauces are not good options for suhur.

2018, طعم یک غذای ماندگار, Donya-e-Eqtesad
[...] اما به نظرم برنج کمی خوش نمک بود

… but I think the rice was slightly salty.

slightly salty, especially when it makes the food tasty


شلتاق

head

شلتاق • (šeltâq)

fa-noun

شلتاق • (šeltâq)

(colloquial) a dispute under false pretenses; quarrel; litigation


پلارک

Turkish: parlak


کلته

Possibly cognate with Old English healt.


نهره

→ Azerbaijani: nehrə

Ultimately of Semitic origin; if not from Arabic نَهْر (nahr, “river”) by a multistep semantic change as in river → liquid → milk → churn, from Aramaic נַהְרָא / ܢܰܗܪܴܐ (nahrā, “river”) in the sense of canal pertinent to urbanized Mesopotamia used figuratively for the passageway of milk.

bor

Aramaic נַהְרָא


بگنی

Cognate with Ossetian бӕгӕны (bægæny, “beer”).


پید

From Parthian ʾpyd (apēd, “departed, vanished”).


سامه

head

سامه • (sâme)

fa-noun

سامه • (sâme)


مجدانی

head

مجدانی • (majdâni)

fa-noun

مجدانی • (majdâni)

[mæd͡ʒdɒːˈniː]


قبراق

fa-adj

قبراق • (qebrâq)

[qeb.ɹɒ́ːɢ̥]


آگاه

head

آگاه • (âgâh)

→ Azerbaijani: agah

→ Chagatai: آگاه (agâh)

→ Ottoman Turkish: آگاه (agâh)

Turkish: agâh

→ Middle Armenian: ակեահ (akeah)

→ Urdu: آگاہ (āgāh)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾkʾs /āgāh/, “aware, knowing”), ultimately a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see; to look”). Related to نگاه (negâh) and dialectal گاس (gâs). Related to Old Armenian ակահ (akah), an Iranian borrowing.


فرچی

Probably from Ancient Greek φᾶρος (phâros).


اتلاف

head

اِتلاف • (etlâf)

fa-noun

اِتلاف • (etlâf)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इत्लाफ़ (itlāf)

Urdu: اِتْلاف (itlāf)

[ʔɪt̪.lɑ́ːf]

[ʔɪt̪.lɑ́ːf]

[ʔɪt̪.lɑ́ːf]

اتلاف پول

اتلاف وقت


اتفاقا

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: اتفاقاً (ittifāqan)

Borrowed from Arabic اِتِّفَاقًا (ittifāqan).

bor+

خواست دختر را ببیند زیر دست، اتفاقا دختر اندر مکتبست

She wished to privately meet with the girl, [but] as it so happens the girl is at the maktab

xwāst duxtar-rā bibīnad zēr-i dast, ittifāqan duxtar andar maktab-ast


چندش

head

چندش • (čendeš)

fa-noun

چندش • (čendeš)


یمان

head

یمان • (yamân)

fa-noun

یمان • (yamân)

Borrowed from Sogdian ymʾn (*yimān, “defect”).

bor+

an infectious disease that occurs primarily in horses, mules, and donkeys.


اجرا

head

اجرا • (ejrâ)

fa-noun

اجرا • (ejrâ)

[ʔid͡ʒ.ˈɾɑː]

[ʔɪd͡ʒ.ɾɑ́ː]

[ʔɪd͡ʒ.ɾɑ́ː]

[ʔɪd͡ʒ.ɾɑ́ː]

[ʔid͡ʒ.ɾɔ́ː]

[ʔed͡ʒ.ɹɒ́ː]

اجرای طرح


اجتناب

head

اجتناب • (ejtenâb)

fa-noun

اجتناب • (ejtenâb)

[ʔɪd͡ʒ.t̪ʰɪ.nɑ́ːb]

[ʔɪd͡ʒ.t̪ʰɪ.nɑ́ːb]

[ʔɪd͡ʒ.t̪ʰɪ.nɑ́ːb]

Borrowed from Arabic اِجْتِنَاب (ijtināb).

bor+

اجتناب ناپذیر

اجتناب از او ممکن نیست.


آذوقه

âzuqa (romanization)
âzuqe (romanization)

→ Khalaj: âzuqa


چنته

head

چنته • (čante)

fa-noun

چنته • (čante)

Probably from Ottoman Turkish چانطه (çanta), itself from Persian تنچه (tanče), تمچه (tamče).


احتراز

head

احتراز • (ehterâz)

fa-noun

احتراز • (ehterâz)

[ʔe̞ɦ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑ́ːz]

[ʔe̞ɦ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑ́ːz]

[ʔɪ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑ́ːz]

[ʔeɦ.t̪ʰe.ɹɒ́ːz]

Borrowed from Arabic اِحْتِرَاز (iḥtirāz).


ریستن

head

ریستن • (ristan) (present stem ریهـ (rih))

ristan (romanization)
ریهـ (present stem)


اخراج

اخراج • (exrâj)

fa-noun

اخراج • (exrâj)

[ʔix.ˈɾɑːd͡ʒ]

[ʔɪx.ɾɑ́ːd͡ʒ]

[ʔɪx.ɾɑ́ːd͡ʒ]

[ʔɪx.ɾɑ́ːd͡ʒ]

[ʔix.ɾɔ́ːd͡ʒ̥]

[ʔex.ɹɒ́ːd͡ʒ̥]

[ʔiχ.ɾɔ́d͡ʒ]


اخلاق

head

اخلاق • (axlāq)

fa-noun

اخلاق • (axlāq)

plural of خلق (xolq)
morals, ethics, virtues


دواج

head

دواج • (davâj)

fa-noun

دواج • (davâj)

[d̪ä.wɑːd͡ʒ]

[d̪ä.wɑːd͡ʒ]

[d̪ä.wɑːd͡ʒ]

[d̪ä.wɔːd͡ʒ̥]

[d̪æ.vɒːd͡ʒ̥]

A self-Arabicized form of دیبا (dêbâ, “brocade”) which went into Arabic as دِيبَاج (dībāj, “silk brocade; spruce decoration, brilliant fashion, beauty”).

stuffed bed-quilt, sheet, coverlet; or any nappy underlay or covering


دفنوک

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“fitting; to fit together”).

der

(Transoxianan, obsolete) ornamental covering of a saddle; saddlecloth


سالوک

head

سالوک • (sâluk)

fa-noun

سالوک • (sâluk)

From Proto-Iranian [Term?] (compare Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬀 (sādra, “misery”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂d- (“hatred, strong emotion”).


ارجمند

fa-adj

ارجمند • (arjomand) (comparative ارجمندتَر (arjomand-tar), superlative ارجمندتَرین (arjomand-tarin))

arjomand (romanization)
ارجمندتَر (comparative)
ارجمندتَرین (superlative)

[ʔäɾ.d͡ʒʊ.mǽn̪d̪]

[ʔäɾ.d͡ʒʊ.mǽn̪d̪]

[ʔäɾ.d͡ʒʊ.mǽn̪d̪]

[ʔäɾ.d͡ʒu.mǽn̪d̪̥]

[ʔæɹ.d͡ʒo.mǽn̪d̪̥]

Related to ارزیدن (arzidan, “to cost, be of value”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elgʷʰ- (“to cost, have value”).

cog

چینیان صد رنگ از شه خواستند
پس خزینه باز کرد آن ارجمند

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3472:

The Chinese requested the King to give them a hundred colours:
then that excellent (king) opened the treasury.

čîniyân sad rang az ša xwastand
pas xazîna bâz kard ân arjumand


ادیب

head

ادیب • (adib) (plural ادیبان (adibân) or ادبا (odabâ))

adib (romanization)
ادیبان (plural)
ادبا (plural)

سرزمین کهن ایران همواره زادگاه ادیبان و دانشمندانی بوده است.

The ancient land of Iran has always been the birthplace of writers and scholars.

sarzamin-e kohan-e irân hamvâre zâdgâh-e adibân o dânešmandâni bude ast.


ارتکاب

ارتکاب • (ertekâb)

fa-noun

ارتکاب • (ertekâb)

[ʔɪɾ.t̪ʰɪ.kʰɑ́ːb]

[ʔɪɾ.t̪ʰɪ.kʰɑ́ːb]

[ʔɪɾ.t̪ʰɪ.kʰɑ́ːb]

[ʔiɾ.t̪ʰi.kʰɔ́ːb̥]

[ʔeɹ.t̪ʰe.kʰɒ́ːb̥]

Borrowed from Arabic اِرْتِكَاب (irtikāb).

bor+

ارتکاب جنایت

با وجود اتهامات نقض قوانین بینالمللی و ارتکاب نسلکشی که اسرائیل آنها را به شدت تحریف شده میخواند، بنیامین نتانیاهو از عقبنشینی خودداری میکند.

2024 April 9, “آیا اسرائیل میتواند حماس را نابود کند؟”, in YouTube, BBC Persian:

Despite the accusations of violating international law and perpetrating genocide, which Israel calls severely perverse, Benjamin Netanyahu refuses to retreat.

bâ vojud-e ettehâmât-e naqz-e qavânin-e beyn-ol-melali va ertekâb-e nasl-koši ke esrâ'il ânhâ râ be šeddat tahrif šode mi-xânad, benyâmin netânyâhu az aqab-nešini xod-dâri mi-konad.


هات

اون خیلی هاته.


ازل

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अज़ल (azal)

Urdu: ازل (azal)

Borrowed from Arabic أَزَل (ʔazal), from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾsl /asar/, “endless”), from [script needed] (ʾ- /a-/, “un-, without”) + [script needed] (sl /sar/, “head; end”, whence modern سر (sar)).

der

در ازل پرتوِ حسنت ز تجلی دم زد
عشق پیدا شد و آتش به همه عالم زد

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 152”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

In pre-eternity, your beauty's ray let out a breath from epiphany;
Love emerged and set fire to the entire world.

dar azal partaw-i husn-at zi tajalli dam zad
išq paydā šud u ātiš ba hama ālam zad

(Islam, Sufism) pre-eternity, eternity without beginning; the era before God created space and time


اسامی

head

اسامی • (asâmi)

fa-noun

اسامی • (asâmi)


استینه

Could be from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”).

(obsolete) egg (?) or perhaps a food made with eggs


چجور

head

چجور • (čejur)


پوران

پوران • (purân)

fa-proper noun

پوران • (purân)


پورنگ

[pʰuː.ɹǽɲɡʲ̥]


آفند

head

آفند • (âfand)

fa-noun

آفند • (âfand)

[ʔɑː.fǽn̪d̪]

[ʔɑː.fǽn̪d̪]

[ʔɑː.fǽn̪d̪]

[ʔɔː.fǽn̪d̪̥]

[ʔɒː.fǽn̪d̪̥]


یغر

Borrowed from Sogdian yγrt (*yiγart, “wide”).
Or of Turkic origin, compare Azerbaijani yoğurmaq.


جخش

head

جخش • (jaxš)

fa-noun

جخش • (jaxš)

From either Parthian [script needed] (yxš /yaxš/, “a class of demon”) or Sogdian [script needed] (ykš /yakš/, “fiend, devil, Yaksha, ghost”), ultimately from Sanskrit यक्ष (yakṣa).


رست

10th Century CE, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh
یکی سخت پیمانت خواهم نخست
که لرزان شود زو بر و بوم و رست
yaki saxt paymânt xwâham naxost
ke larzân šavad zô bar u bum u rost

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


مشعل

head

مَشْعَل • (maš'al) (plural مَشاعِل (mašâ'el))

مَشْعَل (canonical)
maš'al (romanization)
مَشاعِل (plural)

عجب روز و شبی دارم که از دود دل ریشم
فرو شد آفتاب و مشعل مه ز آسمان گم شد

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 151:

Strange are my days and nights! From the smoke of my wounded heart
The sun has gone down, and the moon's torch is lost from the sky.

ajab rōz u šabē dāram ki az dūd-i dil rēšam
furō šud āftāb u maš'al-i mah z-āsmān gum šud


بابلی

fa-adj

بابلی • (bâbeli)

From بابل + ـی.


یازیدن

head

یازیدن • (yâzidan)

fa-verb

یازیدن • (yâzidan)

yâzidan (romanization)
یازیدن (infinitive)
yâzidán (infinitive)
یاز (present stem)
yâz (present stem)
یازید (past stem)
yâzid (past stem)
یازنده (participle present)
yâzandé (participle present)
یازیده (participle past)
yâzidé (participle past)
یازم (aorist first-person indicative singular)
yâzam (aorist first-person indicative singular)
یازی (aorist indicative second-person singular)
yâzi (aorist indicative second-person singular)
یازد (aorist indicative singular third-person)
yâzad (aorist indicative singular third-person)
یازیم (aorist first-person indicative plural)
yâzim (aorist first-person indicative plural)
یازید (aorist indicative plural second-person)
yâzid (aorist indicative plural second-person)
یازند (aorist indicative plural third-person)
yâzand (aorist indicative plural third-person)
مییازم (first-person indicative present singular)
mí-yâzam (first-person indicative present singular)
مییازی (indicative present second-person singular)
mí-yâzi (indicative present second-person singular)
مییازد (indicative present singular third-person)
mí-yâzad (indicative present singular third-person)
مییازیم (first-person indicative plural present)
mí-yâzim (first-person indicative plural present)
مییازید (indicative plural present second-person)
mí-yâzid (indicative plural present second-person)
مییازند (indicative plural present third-person)
mí-yâzand (indicative plural present third-person)
دارم مییازم (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
dấram mí-yâzam (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
داری مییازی (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
dấri mí-yâzi (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
دارد مییازد (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
dấrad mí-yâzad (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
داریم مییازیم (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
dấrim mí-yâzim (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
دارید مییازید (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
dấrid mí-yâzid (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
دارند مییازند (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
dấrand mí-yâzand (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
یازیدهام (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
yâzidé-am (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
یازیدهای (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
yâzidé-i (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
یازیده است (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
yâzidé ast (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
یازیدهایم (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
yâzidé-im (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
یازیدهاید (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
yâzidé-id (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
یازیدهاند (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
yâzidé-and (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
یازیدم (first-person indicative past singular)
yâzidam (first-person indicative past singular)
یازیدی (indicative past second-person singular)
yâzidi (indicative past second-person singular)
یازید (indicative past singular third-person)
yâzid (indicative past singular third-person)
یازیدیم (first-person indicative past plural)
yâzidim (first-person indicative past plural)
یازیدید (indicative past plural second-person)
yâzidid (indicative past plural second-person)
یازیدند (indicative past plural third-person)
yâzidand (indicative past plural third-person)
مییازیدم (first-person indicative past singular)
mí-yâzidam (first-person indicative past singular)
مییازیدی (indicative past second-person singular)
mí-yâzidi (indicative past second-person singular)
مییازید (indicative past singular third-person)
mí-yâzid (indicative past singular third-person)
مییازیدیم (first-person indicative past plural)
mí-yâzidim (first-person indicative past plural)
مییازیدید (indicative past plural second-person)
mí-yâzidid (indicative past plural second-person)
مییازیدند (indicative past plural third-person)
mí-yâzidand (indicative past plural third-person)
داشتم مییازیدم (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
dấštam mí-yâzidam (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
داشتی مییازیدی (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
dấšti mí-yâzidi (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
داشت مییازید (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
dâšt mí-yâzid (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
داشتیم مییازیدیم (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
dấštim mí-yâzidim (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
داشتید مییازیدید (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
dấštid mí-yâzidid (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
داشتند مییازیدند (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
dấštand mí-yâzidand (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
یازیده بودم (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
yâzidé búdam (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
یازیده بودی (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
yâzidé búdi (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
یازیده بود (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
yâzidé bud (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
یازیده بودیم (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
yâzidé búdim (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
یازیده بودید (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
yâzidé búdid (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
یازیده بودند (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
yâzidé búdand (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
خواهم یازید (first-person future indicative singular)
xâhám yâzid (first-person future indicative singular)
خواهی یازید (future indicative second-person singular)
xâhí yâzid (future indicative second-person singular)
خواهد یازید (future indicative singular third-person)
xâhád yâzid (future indicative singular third-person)
خواهیم یازید (first-person future indicative plural)
xâhím yâzid (first-person future indicative plural)
خواهید یازید (future indicative plural second-person)
xâhíd yâzid (future indicative plural second-person)
خواهند یازید (future indicative plural third-person)
xâhánd yâzid (future indicative plural third-person)
بیازم (first-person present singular subjunctive)
béyâzam (first-person present singular subjunctive)
بیازی (present second-person singular subjunctive)
béyâzi (present second-person singular subjunctive)
بیازد (present singular subjunctive third-person)
béyâzad (present singular subjunctive third-person)
بیازیم (first-person plural present subjunctive)
béyâzim (first-person plural present subjunctive)
بیازید (plural present second-person subjunctive)
béyâzid (plural present second-person subjunctive)
بیازند (plural present subjunctive third-person)
béyâzand (plural present subjunctive third-person)
یازیده باشم (first-person past singular subjunctive)
yâzidé bấšam (first-person past singular subjunctive)
یازیده باشی (past second-person singular subjunctive)
yâzidé bấši (past second-person singular subjunctive)
یازیده باشد (past singular subjunctive third-person)
yâzidé bấšad (past singular subjunctive third-person)
یازیده باشیم (first-person past plural subjunctive)
yâzidé bấšim (first-person past plural subjunctive)
یازیده باشید (past plural second-person subjunctive)
yâzidé bấšid (past plural second-person subjunctive)
یازیده باشند (past plural subjunctive third-person)
yâzidé bấšand (past plural subjunctive third-person)
بیاز (imperative second-person singular)
béyâz (imperative second-person singular)
بیازید (imperative plural second-person)
béyâzid (imperative plural second-person)
یازیدن (infinitive)
yâzidán (infinitive)
یاز (present stem)
yâz (present stem)
یازید (past stem)
yâzid (past stem)
یازنده (participle present)
yâzandé (participle present)
یازیده (participle past)
yâzidé (participle past)
یازم (aorist first-person indicative singular)
yâzam (aorist first-person indicative singular)
یازی (aorist indicative second-person singular)
yâzi (aorist indicative second-person singular)
یازه (aorist indicative singular third-person)
yâze (aorist indicative singular third-person)
یازیم (aorist first-person indicative plural)
yâzim (aorist first-person indicative plural)
یازین (aorist indicative plural second-person)
yâzin (aorist indicative plural second-person)
یازن (aorist indicative plural third-person)
yâzan (aorist indicative plural third-person)
مییازم (first-person indicative present singular)
mí-yâzam (first-person indicative present singular)
مییازی (indicative present second-person singular)
mí-yâzi (indicative present second-person singular)
مییازه (indicative present singular third-person)
mí-yâze (indicative present singular third-person)
مییازیم (first-person indicative plural present)
mí-yâzim (first-person indicative plural present)
مییازین (indicative plural present second-person)
mí-yâzin (indicative plural present second-person)
مییازن (indicative plural present third-person)
mí-yâzan (indicative plural present third-person)
دارم مییازم (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
dấram mí-yâzam (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
داری مییازی (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
dấri mí-yâzi (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
داره مییازه (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
dấre mí-yâze (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
داریم مییازیم (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
dấrim mí-yâzim (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
دارین مییازین (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
dấrin mí-yâzin (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
دارن مییازن (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
dấran mí-yâzan (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
یازیدهام (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
yâzidám (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
یازیدهای (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
yâzidí (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
یازیده (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
yâzidé (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
یازیدهایم (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
yâzidím (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
یازیدهاین (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
yâzidín (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
یازیدهان (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
yâzidán (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
یازیدم (first-person indicative past singular)
yâzidam (first-person indicative past singular)
یازیدی (indicative past second-person singular)
yâzidi (indicative past second-person singular)
یازید (indicative past singular third-person)
yâzid (indicative past singular third-person)
یازیدیم (first-person indicative past plural)
yâzidim (first-person indicative past plural)
یازیدین (indicative past plural second-person)
yâzidin (indicative past plural second-person)
یازیدن (indicative past plural third-person)
yâzidan (indicative past plural third-person)
مییازیدم (first-person indicative past singular)
mí-yâzidam (first-person indicative past singular)
مییازیدی (indicative past second-person singular)
mí-yâzidi (indicative past second-person singular)
مییازید (indicative past singular third-person)
mí-yâzid (indicative past singular third-person)
مییازیدیم (first-person indicative past plural)
mí-yâzidim (first-person indicative past plural)
مییازیدین (indicative past plural second-person)
mí-yâzidin (indicative past plural second-person)
مییازیدن (indicative past plural third-person)
mí-yâzidan (indicative past plural third-person)
داشتم مییازیدم (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
dấštam mí-yâzidam (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
داشتی مییازیدی (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
dấšti mí-yâzidi (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
داشت مییازید (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
dấšt mí-yâzid (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
داشتیم مییازیدیم (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
dấštim mí-yâzidim (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
داشتین مییازیدین (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
dấštin mí-yâzidin (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
داشتن مییازیدن (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
dấštan mí-yâzidan (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
یازیده بودم (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
yâzidé búdam (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
یازیده بودی (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
yâzidé búdi (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
یازیده بود (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
yâzidé bud (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
یازیده بودیم (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
yâzidé búdim (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
یازیده بودین (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
yâzidé búdin (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
یازیده بودن (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
yâzidé búdan (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
بیازم (first-person present singular subjunctive)
béyâzam (first-person present singular subjunctive)
بیازی (present second-person singular subjunctive)
béyâzi (present second-person singular subjunctive)
بیازه (present singular subjunctive third-person)
béyâze (present singular subjunctive third-person)
بیازیم (first-person plural present subjunctive)
béyâzim (first-person plural present subjunctive)
بیازین (plural present second-person subjunctive)
béyâzin (plural present second-person subjunctive)
بیازن (plural present subjunctive third-person)
béyâzan (plural present subjunctive third-person)
یازیده باشم (first-person past singular subjunctive)
yâzidé bấšam (first-person past singular subjunctive)
یازیده باشی (past second-person singular subjunctive)
yâzidé bấši (past second-person singular subjunctive)
یازیده باشه (past singular subjunctive third-person)
yâzidé bấše (past singular subjunctive third-person)
یازیده باشیم (first-person past plural subjunctive)
yâzidé bấšim (first-person past plural subjunctive)
یازیده باشین (past plural second-person subjunctive)
yâzidé bấšin (past plural second-person subjunctive)
یازیده باشن (past plural subjunctive third-person)
yâzidé bấšan (past plural subjunctive third-person)
بیاز (imperative second-person singular)
béyâz (imperative second-person singular)
بیازین (imperative plural second-person)
béyâzin (imperative plural second-person)

fa-conj-head

Conjugation of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">یازیدن</i> (yâzidán) (literary Iranian Persian)

داشتیم مییازیدیم

داشتم مییازیدم

داشتید مییازیدید

داشتی مییازیدی

داشتند مییازیدند

داشت مییازید

داریم مییازیم

دارید مییازید

دارند مییازند

یازیده بودیم

یازیده بودید

یازیده بودند

خواهیم یازید

خواهید یازید

خواهند یازید

یازیده باشیم

یازیده باشید

یازیده باشند

fa-conj-colloq-head

Conjugation of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">یازیدن</i> (yâzidán) (colloquial Tehrani)

داشتیم مییازیدیم

داشتم مییازیدم

داشتین مییازیدین

داشتی مییازیدی

داشتن مییازیدن

داشت مییازید

داریم مییازیم

دارین مییازین

یازیده بودیم

یازیده بودین

یازیده باشیم

یازیده باشین

Borrowed from Parthian yʾd- (yād-, “to reach (a goal), come to, attain”).

bor+

(transitive, obsolete) to attain, to reach or come to

(intransitive, obsolete) to attain, to come or arrive


ایاس

head

ایاس • (ayâs)

fa-noun

ایاس • (ayâs)


همیان

head

همیان • (hamyân)

fa-noun

همیان • (hamyân)

→ Kazakh: әмиян (ämiän)


استوار

fa-adj

استوار • (ostovâr)

→ Urdu: استوار (ustuvār)

[ʔʊs.t̪ʰʊ.wɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔʊs.t̪ʰʊ.wɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔʊs.t̪ʰʊ.wɑ́ːɾ]

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] ('wstwb'l M 'wystw'r /awestwār/).


اسرار

head

اسرار • (asrâr)

From Arabic أَسْرَار (ʔasrār), plural of سِرّ (sirr).


اسلوب

→ Urdu: اسلوب (uslūb, “style, fashion”)

→ Malay:

Indonesian: uslub (“literary style”)

method, manner, mode, style, technique, way


اشتراکی

fa-adj

اشتراکی • (ištirākī／ešterâki)

[ʔɪʃ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑː.kʰiː]

[ʔɪʃ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑː.kʰiː]

[ʔɪʃ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑː.kʰiː]

[ʔeʃ.t̪ʰe.ɹɒː.kʰʲiː]


اشتراکی

head

اشتراکی • (ištirākī／ešterâki)

fa-noun

اشتراکی • (ištirākī／ešterâki)

[ʔɪʃ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑː.kʰiː]

[ʔɪʃ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑː.kʰiː]

[ʔɪʃ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑː.kʰiː]

[ʔeʃ.t̪ʰe.ɹɒː.kʰʲiː]


اشراق

head

اشراق • (ešrâq)

fa-noun

اشراق • (ešrâq)

luster; splendor; brilliance; illumination

(philosophy) in the metaphysics of Suhrawardi, a cosmic light which permeates the essence of things


اشفاق

head

اشفاق • (išfāq, ašfāq)

fa-noun

اشفاق • (išfāq, ašfāq)

išfāq (romanization)
ašfāq (romanization)

→ Urdu: اشفاق (ašfāq, išfāq)

Borrowed from Arabic إِشْفَاق (ʔišfāq), verbal noun of أَشْفَقَ (ʔašfaqa), sometimes also understood as أَشْفَاق (ʔašfāq), the plural of شَفَق (šafaq).


اصطبل

Borrowed from Arabic إِصْطَبْل (ʔiṣṭabl), via Byzantine Greek στάβλον (stáblon) from Latin stabulum.


اصرار

head

اصرار • (esrâr)

fa-noun

اصرار • (esrâr)

حماس در بیانیهای با اشاره به اصرار نخست وزیر رژیم صهیونیستی برای حمله به غزه، این روند را به مثابه به چالش طلبیدن جامعه جهانی دانست.

2024 March 25, “حماس: اصرار نتانیاهو برای حمله به رفح به چالش کشیدن هشدارهای جهانی است”, in irna.ir, Islamic Republic News Agency:

In a statement referring to the Zionist regime's prime minister's insistence on an attack on Gaza, Hamas called this conduct an attempt to challenge the global community.

hamâs dar bayâniye'i bâ ešâre be esrâr-e noxost vazir-e režim-e sahyunisti barâ-ye hamle be ğazze, in ravand râ be masâbe be čâleš talabidan-e jâme'e-ye jahâni dânest.


اصلاح

head

اِصلاح • (eslâh)

fa-noun

اِصلاح • (eslâh)

dressing (the hair), shaving (the beard))

آتشی کاصلاح آهن یا زر است
کی صلاح آبی و سیب تر است

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 827:

The fire that does good to iron or gold —
how is it good for fresh quinces and apples?

ātiš-ē k-islāh āhan yā zar ast
kay salāh ābī u sēb-i tar ast


اصلا

اصلاً (canonical)
اصلا (canonical)
aslan (romanization)
aslâ (romanization)

→ Azerbaijani: əsla

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: اصلاً (aslan)

→ Khalaj: aslən

→ Uzbek: aslo

→ Uyghur: ئەسلا (esla)

ز ان نشان با والد یحیی بگفت، که نیایی تا سه روز اصلا به گفت.

c. 1260, Rumi, “2:1675”, in The Masnavi:

Concerning that [last-mentioned] sign, [God] said to the father of Yahya, "You shall not begin to speak at all until three days [have passed]."

z-ân nešân bâ vâled-e yahya be-goft, ke nay-âyi tâ se ruz aslan be goft.


اطاعت

head

اطاعت • (etâ'at)

fa-noun

اطاعت • (etâ'at)

[ʔɪ.t̪ʰɑː.ʔǽt̪]

[ʔɪ.t̪ʰɑː.ʔǽt̪]

[ʔɪ.t̪ʰɑːǽt̪]

[ʔi.t̪ʰɔːǽt̪]

[ʔe.t̪ʰɒː.ʔǽt̪]

[ʔi.t̪ʰɔ.ʔǽt̪]

اطاعت از دستور

اگر گوید که آنکس که مسلمانان او را امام کردند او امام حق بود و اطاعت او واجب بود از بهر آنکه خبر است از رسول علیه السلام[…]

c. 1070, Nāṣir Khusraw, وجه دین [Wajh-i Dīn]:

If he says that the person whom the Muslims make the Imam is the true Imam, and that obedience to him is obligatory based on what is reported from the Prophet, peace be upon him […]

agar gōyad ki ān kas ki musalmānān ō rā imām kardand ō imām-i haqq buwad u itā'at-i ō wājib buwad az bahr-i ān ki xabar ast az rasūl alayhi s-salām […]


اشتراک

head

اشتراک • (ešterâk) (plural اشتراکات (ešterâkât))

ešterâk (romanization)
اشتراکات (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इश्तिराक (iśtirāk)

desc

Urdu: اِشْتِرَاک (iśtirāk)

Urdu: اِشْتِرَاک (iśtirāk)

→ Uzbek: ishtirok

[ʔɪʃ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑ́ːk]

[ʔɪʃ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑ́ːk]

[ʔɪʃ.t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑ́ːk]

[ʔiʃ.t̪ʰi.ɾɔ́ːk]

[ʔeʃ.t̪ʰe.ɹɒ́ːkʲ]

Etymology tree
Arabic اِشْتَرَكَ (ištaraka)
Arabic اِشْتِرَاك (ištirāk)bor.
Persian اِشْتِراکBorrowed from Arabic اِشْتِرَاك (ištirāk), from اِشْتَرَكَ (ištaraka).

etymon

اِشْتِراک

اشتراک نتفلیکس

حق اشتراک


اطراف

head

اطراف • (atrāf)

fa-noun

اطراف • (atrāf)

[ʔät̪.ɾɑ́ːf]

[ʔät̪.ɾɑ́ːf]

[ʔät̪.ɾɑ́ːf]

[ʔät̪.ɾɔ́ːf]

[ʔæt̪.ɹɒ́ːf]


اطراف

head

اطراف • (itrāf)

fa-noun

اطراف • (itrāf)

[ʔɪt̪.ɾɑ́ːf]

[ʔɪt̪.ɾɑ́ːf]

[ʔɪt̪.ɾɑ́ːf]

[ʔit̪.ɾɔ́ːf]

[ʔet̪.ɹɒ́ːf]


تخلخل

Borrowed from Arabic تَخَلْخُل (taḵalḵul).


قنداق

head

قنداق • (qondâq) (plural قنداقها (qondâq-hâ))

[qon̪.d̪ɒ́ːɢ̥]

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قونداق (kundak, kondak, “bundle, faggot; rifle butt”), from Byzantine Greek κοντάκιον (kontákion), diminutive of Byzantine Greek κόνταξ (kóntax, “pole”), diminutive of κοντός (kontós, “pole”). The meaning of wrapped cloths may instead be from Sogdian, found prefixed with ni- in Sogdian [script needed] (nɣʾwntʾk, “blanket”), [script needed] (nɣʾwntʾ-, “to dress, to cover”) = Persian نهفتن (nehoftan).

cog

cloths wrapped around an infant, “baby roll”, swaddling-clothes

(firearms) gun carriage, mount of a cannon


اطلس

Borrowed from Arabic أَطْلَس, from Ancient Greek Ἄτλας (Átlas).


پته

Probably from Middle Persian pštk' (paštag, “pact, bond, agreement”).


فلنج

Probably from Ancient Greek φάλαγξ (phálanx).


اگیر

→ Kazakh: айыр (aiyr), иір (iır)

→ Middle Armenian: ակիր (akir)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: اگیر (eğir), اگر (eğir)
Turkish: eğir
→ Belarusian: а́ер (ájer)
→ Russian: аи́р (aír)
→ Serbo-Croatian: (√ اگیر اوتی (eğir otu))
Cyrillic script: иђѝрот, ѝђирот
Latin script: iđìrot, ìđirot
→ Ukrainian: а́їр (ájir), а́єр (ájer)
→ Polish: ajer

→ Uzbek: игир (igir)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄκορος (ákoros).

bor+

Acorus calamus
Acorus calamus#Translingual


هوار

head

هوار • (havâr)

fa-noun

هوار • (havâr)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.


راتینه

head

راتینه • (râtine)

fa-noun

راتینه • (râtine)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥητίνη (rhētínē).


جریب

jerib (romanization)
jarib (romanization)

From earlier گریب (*girîb, *girêb), from Middle Persian glyw' (*grīw). Perhaps related to گرفتن (gereftan).


اگرا

head

اگرا • (ogrâ)

fa-noun

اگرا • (ogrâ)

From a Turkic source. Compare Uyghur ئۈگرە (ügre) and Uzbek ugra.


پرت

یک دهکورهی پرت در کوهستان

(of a place) far away, remote, isolated, inaccessible

فقط ازم سوالای پرت پرسید!

He/she asked me only irrelevant questions!

(informal, of a person or topic) irrelevant, unrelated, off-topic

(informal, of a person or thought) distracted


پرت

Borrowed from French perte (“loss, waste”).

bor+

پرتِ حرارتی


کاله‌جوش

head

کالهجوش • (kâle-juš)

fa-noun

کالهجوش • (kâle-juš)

کالهجوش (canonical)
kâle-juš (romanization)

desc

→ Armenian: գալաճոշ (galačoš), քալաճոշ (kʻalačoš), քլնգոշ (kʻlngoš), քալաջոշ (kʻalaǰoš), քյալագյոշ (kʻyalagyoš), քյալագոշ (kʻyalagoš), քալագոշ (kʻalagoš)

→ Azerbaijani: kələkoş, kələcoş, kələdoş

→ Northern Kurdish: keledoş, keleçoş

→ Turkish: kelecoş, keledoş, keleçüş, kalacoş

From کال (kâl, “unripe, here connoting cooked rare”) + جوش (juš, present stem of جوشیدن (jušidan, “to boil”)), because when preparing the dish, people let it boil only for three seconds.

af

جوش
<pos:present stem of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">جوشیدن</i> (jušidan, “to boil”)>


راسن

head

راسن • (râsan)

fa-noun

راسن • (râsan)

→ Arabic: رَاسَن (rāsan)

→ Classical Syriac: ܪܤܢ

Ultimately from Sanskrit रास्ना (rāsnā, “Rasna, Pluchea lanceolata”, literally “rope, girdle; string of medicinal or potent-tasting herbs”), used throughout Ayurvedic literature; another plant within the Asteraceae family just as Inula helenium.

der

Inula helenium
Inula helenium#Translingual


سنجاق

head

سنجاق • (sanjâq)

fa-noun

سنجاق • (sanjâq)

[sæn.d͡ʒɒ́ːɢ̥]


الیف

Probably from Middle Iranian *alēf, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp- (“to tear”).

inh

(dialectal or colloquial) piece, slice, segment


بادرم

head

بادرم • (bâdrom)

fa-noun

بادرم • (bâdrom)

Akin to Parthian wyʾdrwmb (wiyādrumb), Persian گترم (gotrom).


غرمج

Borrowed from Sogdian γrmʾych (γarmēč, “(a kind of) hot food”).


قیمه

→ Bengali: কিমা (kima)

→ English: gheimeh

→ Gujarati: ખીમો (khīmo)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क़ीमा (qīmā)

desctree

Urdu: قِیمَہ (qīma)
→ Burmese: ကီးမား (ki:ma:)
→ English: keema
→ Swahili: kima

→ Marathi: खिमा (khimā)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕ਼ੀਮਾ (qīmā)

Shahmukhi script: قِیمہ (qīmh)

Borrowed from Turkic. Compare Ottoman Turkish قیمه, قییمه (modern Turkish kıyma).


هپل هپو

Probably from Middle Persian ʾpl (appar, “theft, robbery”).


هپلی کردن

هپولی کردن
هپولی کردن#Persian


بادبیزن

head

بادبیزن • (bâdbizan)

fa-noun

بادبیزن • (bâdbizan)


وسمه

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: وَسْمَہ (vasma)

→ Punjabi:

Shahmukhi script: وَسْمَہ (vasmah)

woad, indigo (dye), historically used as an eyebrow dye in Iran, Azerbaijan and South Asia


ارغه

fa-adj

ارغه • (arğe)


ارژنگ

head

ارژنگ • (aržang)

fa-noun

ارژنگ • (aržang)

[ʔæɹ.ʒǽɲɡʲ̥]

Perhaps from a variant of unattested *ارذنگ (arzang), from Middle Persian [Term?].


زودپز

head

زودپز • (zudpaz) (plural زودپزها (zudpaz-hâ))


توکیو

[t̪ʰʊːk.jʊ́ː]

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan)


نغنخواد

nağanxwâd (romanization)
nağnaxwâd (romanization)

نانخواه نانخواه#Persian

Obsolete and rare form of نانخواه (nânaxvâh, “ajwain”)


ژاژ

(archaic) A tough, insipid variety of artichoke which cannot be chewed or swallowed by the camel

مصطفی مه میشکافد نیم شب
ژاژ میخاید ز کینه بو لهب

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 420:

Mustafá (Mohammed) splits the moon at midnight;
Abú Lahab from hatred talks drivel.

Mustafa mah mē-šikāfad nīm šab
žāž mē-xāyad za kīna Bū Lahab


گشفتن

گشفتن • (gošoftan) (present stem گشوب (gošub))

gošoftan (romanization)
گشوب (present stem)

[ɡʊ.ʃʊf.t̪ʰǽn]

[ɡʊ.ʃʊf.t̪ʰǽn]

[ɡʊ.ʃʊf.t̪ʰǽn]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (wšwp-tn' /wišuftan/, “to disturb, destroy”).


ارود کردن

(Iran, colloquial) to pluck (remove feathers)


شید کردن

[ʃiːd̪ kʰäɾ.d̪ǽn]

[ʃiːd̪ kʰäɾ.d̪ǽn]

[ʃiːd̪ kʰäɾ.d̪ǽn]

[ʃid̪̥ kʰäɾ.d̪ǽn]

[ʃiːd̪̥ kʰʲæɹ.d̪ǽn]

(Iran, colloquial) to tease; tousle; scatter


شیهه

šeyhe (romanization)
šihe (romanization)


دول دادن

(Iran, colloquial) to put off, temporize, delay


باختر

head

باختر • (bâxtar)

fa-noun

باختر • (bâxtar)

→ Urdu: باختر (bāxtar)

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾpʾhtl /abāxtar/, “north”), derived from Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬑𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (apāxtara, “north; direction of the daevas, direction of Ahriman, direction of Hell”), from Old Iranian *apāxtara (“retrograde, backward-turning”), comparative stem based on *apāk-/*apāŋ (“backward”), from the preposition *apa (“behind”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *apatamás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo-tm̥mo-, from *h₂epó (“from, away, off”).
See also Albanian afër (“close, nearby”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 (afar, “after”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼 (apara, “later, after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (apara, “more behind, later”).


باختر

head

باختر • (bâxtar)

fa-proper noun

باختر • (bâxtar)

Bokhtar (a city, the provincial capital of Khatlon, Tajikistan)

Bactria (the ancient name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya in West Asia, encompassing parts of northern Afghanistan, eastern Turkmenistan, southern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and northern Pakistan)


سورپرایز

surprâyz (romanization)
surperâyz (romanization)


خدنگ

Perhaps related to Ancient Greek κάττα (kátta), Classical Syriac ܩܛܘ (qaṭṭu).

[xæ.d̪ǽɲɡʲ̥]


خدنگ

[xæ.d̪ǽɲɡʲ̥]

(obsolete) a type of arrow made of birch


خیش

From Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾyš /ēš/, “plough”) (Manichaean Middle Persian [script needed] (hyš /hēš/)).


جبه

desc

→ Gujarati: જબ્બો (jabbo), જુબ્બા (jubbā), જભ્ભો (jabhbho), ઝભો (jhabho), ઝભ્ભો (jhabhbho)

Borrowed from Arabic جُبَّة (jubba, “robe, tunica, coat, gown, jubbah”).


جبه

→ Gujarati: જુબ્બા (jubbā)

Of Mongolic origin, compare Kalmyk зевсег (zevseg), зебсег (zebseg, “weapons”), зер-зевсег (zer-zevseg), зер-зевсег (zer-zevseg, “weapons, equipment”), Mongolian зэр зэвсег (zer zevseg, “weapons”), зэвсэг (zevseg, “weapon”), ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *jebseg (“weapon”) related to Proto-Mongolic *jebe (“arrowhead”), Mongolian зэв (zev, “arrowhead”). The Persian is also found in the figure جیر وجبه (jêr v-jebe), the former part of which is an archaism in Mongolic only found in the mentioned coordinated pair.


ویم

From Middle Persian wym (/wēm/, “rock”).

سرای خودرا کردم ستانهٔ زرین
 بسقف خانه بدر بر ندیده کهگل و ویم

12th century, Suzani, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

sarā-yi xwad-rā kardam satāna-yi zarrīn
 ba-saqf-i xāna badar bar nadīda kahgil u wīm


کالوج

head

کالوج • (kâluj)

fa-noun

کالوج • (kâluj)

From Middle Persian 𐫞𐫀𐫡𐫇𐫝 (qʾrwc /kārūz/, “herald”).

inh

(obsolete) messenger pigeon, homing pigeon


جابیز

head

جابیز • (jâbiz)

fa-noun

جابیز • (jâbiz)

From جا (jâ) + بیز (biz), the second element may derive from Middle Persian wyhyc- (/wihēz-/, “to move, progress”), or Middle Persian wyc- (/wēz-/, “to swing, throw”).


جلیبی

head

جَلیبِی • (jalêbî)

fa-noun

جَلیبِی • (jalêbî)

جَلیبِی (canonical)
jalêbî (romanization)

Borrowed from Hindustani جلیبی / जलेबी (jalebī).


کوپل

Etymologically identical to گلپر (golpar).

feverfew (Tanacetum), chrysanthemum, camomile vel sim.


گیدی

→ Arabic: كَاذِيّ (kāḏiyy)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كاذی (kazi)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (gytyk /gēdīg/) (attested in Husraw ī Kawādān ud rēdag-ē), probably from Sanskrit केतक (ketaka).

inh

گل گیدی


هوبره

hubare (romanization)
hubarre (romanization)

Borrowed from Arabic حُبَارَى (ḥubārā), the original Arabic name for Chlamydotis macqueenii, also applied for the temperate climate Otis tarda and other fowls of the family when the Arabs faced North. Reinterpreted in Persian as آهو (âhu, “gazelle”) + بره (barre, “lamb”) because it runs as fast as the former and is as plump and palatable as a lamb, with similar pairs found in Turkic.


تاور

head

تاور • (tâvar)

fa-noun

تاور • (tâvar)

(obsolete) happening, occurrence, event, circumstance, incident


چاوش

head

چاوش • (čâvoš)

fa-noun

چاوش • (čâvoš)

Shortened of Persian چاوش خوان (čâvoš-xwân) or چاوشگر (čâvošgar), probably related to Persian verb چاویدن (čâvidan, “to tweet, chirp; to cry aloud”), actually should be pronounced čāveš, but in Iranian Persian suffix -eš after āv pronounced -oš, compare with کاوش (kâvoš), تراوش (tarâvoš). At least the sense “apparitor, beadle” derives from Turkic, specifically from the Ottoman Turkish چاوش (çavuş).

(historical) the head of a caravan who loudly sang poems in medieval Persia

(obsolete) beadle, apparitor, usher, pursuivant, messenger, herald


قرموت

Borrowed from Russian кормить (kormitʹ), via Azerbaijani.


استحمار

head

استحمار • (estehmâr)

fa-noun

استحمار • (estehmâr)

[ʔɪs.t̪ʰe̞ɦ.mɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɪs.t̪ʰe̞ɦ.mɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɪs.t̪ʰɪ.mɑ́ːɾ]

act like a donkey; act stupidly or naively.


مولا

mowlâ (romanization)
mawlā (romanization)

→ Bengali: মওলা (moōla)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मौला (maulā)

Urdu: مولا (maulā)

→ Swahili: Mola

Etymology tree
Arabic مَوْلًى (mawlan)bor.
Persian مولا
Borrowed from Arabic مَوْلًى (mawlan). Doublet of ملا (mollâ).

etymon

یا مولا دلم تنگ آمده
yā mawlā dilam tang āmada
oh god, i'm overcome with sadness
(literally, “oh lord, tightness comes to my heart”)


مدام

fa-adj

مدام • (modâm)

ما در پیاله عکس رخ یار دیدهایم
ای بیخبر ز لذت شرب مدام ما

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 11”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

I have seen the reflection of the beloved's face in the goblet,
O you who are unaware of the joys of my eternal drinking!

mā dar piyāla aks-i rux-i yār dīda'ēm
ay bē-xabar zi lazzat-i šurb-i mudām-i mā

unending, ceaseless, perpetual; (adverbially) ceaselessly, forever


نانوشته

نانوشته • (nânevešte)

املای نانوشته غلط ندارد.
emlâ-ye nâ-nevešte ğalat nadârad
An unwritten dictation does not have mistakes.


ندارد

[nä.d̪ɑː.ɾäd̪]

[nä.d̪ɑː.ɾäd̪]

[nä.d̪ɑː.ɾäd̪]

[nä.d̪ɔː.ɾäd̪̥]

[næ.d̪ɒː.ɹæd̪̥]

داشتن داشتن#Persian

third-person singular negative present indicative of داشتن (dâštan, “to have”)


ماهی آزاد

head

ماهی آزاد • (mâhi-âzâd)

fa-noun

ماهی آزاد • (mâhi-âzâd)


حیله‌گر

حیلهگر (canonical)
hile gar (romanization)


حیله‌گر

→ Azerbaijani: hiyləgər

→ Ottoman Turkish: حیلهكار (hilekâr)

Turkish: hilekâr

→ Turkmen: hilegär

→ Ubykh: ҳилеҟаӷ (hileqʼağ)

→ Uyghur: ھىيلىگەر (hiyliger)

→ Uzbek: hiylagar


آبزی

fa-adj

آبزی • (âb-zi)


آبزی

head

آبزی • (âb-zi)

fa-noun

آبزی • (âb-zi)


مکار

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मक्कार (makkār)

Urdu: مَکَّار (makkār)

→ Russian: мака́р (makár)

[mäk.kʰɑ́ːɾ]

[mäk.kʰɑ́ːɾ]

[mäk.kʰɑ́ːɾ]

[mäk.kʰɔ́ːɾ]

[mækʲ.kʰɒ́ːɹ]


شاه‌ماهی

head

شاهماهی • (šâh-mâhi)

fa-noun

شاهماهی • (šâh-mâhi)

شاهماهی (canonical)
šâh-mâhi (romanization)

Judeo-Tat: şamaj

desc

→ Armenian: շամայի (šamayi), շահմայ (šahmay), շամմայի (šammayi), շահմայի (šahmayi), շամայա (šamaya), շարմահի (šarmahi), շարհամի (šarhami) — dialectal

→ Azerbaijani: şamayı

desctree

→ Georgian: შამაია (šamaia)
→ Mingrelian: შამაია (šamaia)

desc

→ Russian: шемая́ (šemajá), шамая́ (šamajá), шама́йка (šamájka) (via Turkic)

→ English: shemaya

[ʃɑːɦ.mɑː.ɦiː]

[ʃɑːɦ.mɑː.ɦiː]

[ʃɒːɦ.mɒː.ɦiː]

compound

شاه (šâh) + ماهی (mâhi)


وقار

head

وقار • (vaqâr)

fa-noun

وقار • (vaqâr)

ناگفته یک سخن دل و جان صید میکنی
ای ناز و دلبری بتو لایق وقار هم

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 80:

The heart has not uttered a word and you are hunting the soul,
O you by whom even flirting and heart-capturing become worthy of dignity!

nāgufta yak suxan dil u jān sayd mēkunī
ay nāz u dilbarē ba-tō lāyiq-i waqār ham


طومار

head

طومار • (tumâr) (plural طومارها (tumâr-hâ))

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: طومار (tumar, tomar)
Turkish: tomar

→ Kazakh: тұмар (tūmar)

[t̪ʰuː.mɑːɾ]

[t̪ʰuː.mɑːɾ]

[t̪ʰuː.mɑːɾ]

[t̪ʰuː.mɒːɹ]

Borrowed from Arabic طُومَار (ṭūmār), from Byzantine Greek τομάριον (tomárion).


بلروسی

From بلاروس + ـی.


بلروسی

From بلاروس + ـی.


ترانزیستور

head

ترانزیستورها

ترانزیستور • (terânzistor) (plural ترانزیستورها (terânzistor-hâ))

fa-noun

ترانزیستورها

terânzistor (romanization)
ترانزیستورها (plural)

fa:ترانزیستور


بایگانی

bâyegâni (romanization)
bâygâni (romanization)


والیبال

head

والیبال • (vâlibâl)

fa-noun

والیبال • (vâlibâl)


والیبال ساحلی

head

والیبال ساحلی • (vâlibâl-e sâheli)

fa-noun

والیبال ساحلی • (vâlibâl-e sâheli)

fa:والیبال ساحلی


همایش

head

هَمایِش • (hamâyeš) (plural همایشها (hamâyeš-hâ))

هَمایِش (canonical)
hamâyeš (romanization)
همایشها (plural)

From هم (ham) + آی (ây, present stem of آمدن (âmadan)) + ـش (-eš).

af

آی
<pos:present stem of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">آمدن</i> (âmadan)>


سنگ کلیه

head

سنگ کلیه • (sang-e koliye) (plural سنگهای کلیه (sang-hâ-ye koliye))

sang-e koliye (romanization)
سنگهای کلیه (plural)


فرنچ پرس

فرنچ پرس • (ferenč peres) (plural فرنچ پرسها)

ferenč peres (romanization)
فرنچ پرسها (plural)


همزه

همزه • (hamze) (plural همزات or همزهها (hamze-hâ))

hamze (romanization)
همزات (plural)
همزهها (plural)

the hamza (an Arabic letter representing the glottal stop)


کاسنی

کاسنی • (kâsni)

fa-noun

کاسنی • (kâsni)

→ Azerbaijani: kasnı

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: कासनी (kāsnī)

Urdu: کاسنی (kāsnī)

→ Marathi: कासनी (kāsnī)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كاسنی (kâsni)

Turkish: kasnı

→ Sanskrit: कासनी (kāsanī)

→ Tamil: காசினி (kāciṉi)

→ Telugu: కాసిని (kāsini)

Cichorium intybus
Cichorium intybus#Translingual

chicory (any Cichorium plant and especially Cichorium intybus)


سیرک

head

سیرْک • (sirk) (plural سیرکها (sirk-hâ))

سیرْک (canonical)
sirk (romanization)
سیرکها (plural)


منتظر

مُنتَظِر (canonical)
montazer (romanization)

[mʊn̪.t̪ʰä.zɪ́ɾ]

[mʊn̪.t̪ʰä.zɪ́ɾ]

[mʊn̪.t̪ʰä.zɪ́ɾ]

Borrowed from Arabic مُنْتَظِر (muntaẓir).

bor+

بامدادان از برای امتحان / ایستاد او منتظر بر آستان

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 3305:

At daybreak, in order to make trial, he stood waiting on the threshold.

bâmdâdân az barâ-ye emtehân / istâd u montazer bar âstân


منتظر

head

مُنتَظِر • (montazer) (plural مُنتَظِران (montazerân))

مُنتَظِر (canonical)
montazer (romanization)
مُنتَظِران (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मुंतज़िर (muntzir)

Urdu: مُنتَظِر (muntazir)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮੁੰਤਜ਼ਰ (muntzar)

Shahmukhi script: مُنتظر (muntz̤r)

→ Sindhi: منتظر

[mʊn̪.t̪ʰä.zɪ́ɾ]

[mʊn̪.t̪ʰä.zɪ́ɾ]

[mʊn̪.t̪ʰä.zɪ́ɾ]

منتظر تو هستم. (more literary)
montazer-e to hastam.
I am waiting for you.
(literally, “I am your awaiter.”)

منتظرتم (more colloquial)
montazer-et-am.
I'm waiting for you.
(literally, “I'm your awaiter.”)

شما منتظر پایان نیستید؛ منتظر شروع مسابقه هستید.

2021 May 7, “بیگ داگ؛ سختترین و عجیبترین مسابقهای که تصور میکنید”, in bbc.com/persian, BBC Persian:

You're not waiting for the end; you're waiting for the beginning of the match.

šomâ montazer-e pâyân nistid; montazer-e šoru'-e mosâbeqe hastid.


فیزیک نظری

fa:فیزیک نظری


برهم‌نهی

برهمنهی (canonical)
barham-nahi (romanization)


دیود

دیود • (diyod) (plural دیودها (diyod-hâ))


عید پاک

From French Pâques. Coincidentally, analysable in Persian as “the pure/holy feast”.


هوش مصنوعی

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

fa:هوش مصنوعی


کامیار

کامیار • (kâmyâr)

fa-proper noun

کامیار • (kâmyâr)

[kɑːm.ˈjɑːɾ]

[kʰɑːm.jɑ́ːɾ]

[kʰɑːm.jɑ́ːɾ]

[kʰɑːm.jɑ́ːɾ]

[kʰɔːm.jɔ́ːɾ]

[kʰɒːm.jɒ́ːɹ]


جوشکاری

head

جوشکاری • (juškâri)

fa-noun

جوشکاری • (juškâri)


جوشکار

head

جوشکار • (juškâr) (plural جوشکاران (juškârân) or جوشکارها (juškâr-hâ))

juškâr (romanization)
جوشکاران (plural)
جوشکارها (plural)


سلول خورشیدی

سلولهای خورشیدی

سلول خورشیدی • (sellul-e xoršidi) (plural سلولهای خورشیدی (sellul-hâ-ye xoršidi))

fa-noun

سلولهای خورشیدی

sellul-e xoršidi (romanization)
سلولهای خورشیدی (plural)

fa:سلول خورشیدی


میراث

head

میراث • (mirâs) (plural میراثها (mirâs-hâ))

میراث فرهنگی


شالیزار

شالیزار • (šâlizâr) (plural شالیزارها (šâlizâr-hâ))

šâlizâr (romanization)
شالیزارها (plural)

[ʃɑː.liː.ˈzɑːɾ]

[ʃɑː.liː.zɑ́ːɾ]

[ʃɑː.liː.zɑ́ːɾ]

[ʃɑː.liː.zɑ́ːɾ]

[ʃɔː.li.zɔ́ːɾ]

[ʃɒː.liː.zɒ́ːɹ]

شالی (šâli) + ـزار (-zâr)

af

شالی (šâli) + ـزار (-zâr)


مخلوق

ای عنصر تو مخلوق از کیمیای عزت
و ای دولت تو ایمن از وصمت تباهی

c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 489”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divan of Hafez]:

O you whose elements are a creation from the elixir of glory,
O you whose good fortune is secure from the sin of devastation.

ay unsur-i tu maxlūq az kīmīyā-yi izzat
u ey dawlat-i tu ēman az wasmat-i tabāhī


کشتی آزاد

head

کشتی آزاد • (košti-ye âzâd)

fa-noun

کشتی آزاد • (košti-ye âzâd)

fa:کشتی آزاد


فینالیست

head

فینالیست • (finâlist) (plural فینالیستها (finâlist-hâ))

finâlist (romanization)
فینالیستها (plural)


امپدانس

امپدانس • (ampedâns)

fa-noun

امپدانس • (ampedâns)


کهگیلویه و بویراحمد

head

کهگیلویه و بویراحمد • (kohgeluye va boyerahmad)

استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد

the province of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province

Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad#English

Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (a province of Iran)

fa:کهگیلویه و بویراحمد


سقا

حاجی سقّا را بخواند و وی بیامد و کوزه آب پیش وی داشت، دست فرومیکرد و یخ میبرآورد و میخورد[…]

c. 1075, Abu'l-Fażl Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn Bayhaqī, تاریخ بیهقی [Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī]:

The hajji called for the water carrier, and he arrived and placed the water vase in front of him, and he [the hajji] lowered his hand and took out the ice and ate it […]

hajjī saqqā rā bixwānd u way biyāmad u kōza-yi āb pēš-i way dāšt, dast furō-mē-kard u yax mē-bar-āward u mē-xward […]


کرمانشاه

کرمانشاه • (kermânšâh)

fa-proper noun

کرمانشاه • (kermânšâh)

[kʰɪɾ.mɑːn.ʃɑ́ːʱ]

[kʰɪɾ.mɑːn.ʃɑ́ːʱ]

[kʰɪɾ.mɑːn.ʃɑ́ː]

[kʰiɾ.mɔːn.ʃɔ́ː]

[kʰʲeɹ.mɒːn.ʃɒ́ːʰ]

کرمان (kermân, “Kerman”) + شاه (šâh, “king”).

Kermanshah (the provincial capital of Kermanshah Province, Iran)

استان کرمانشاه ― ostân-e kermânšâh ― the province of Kermanshah, Kermanshah Province


توالت فرنگی

head

توالتهای فرنگی

توالت فرنگی • (tuâlet-e farangi or tuâlet farangi) (plural توالتهای فرنگی (tuâlet-hâ-ye farangi))

fa-noun

توالتهای فرنگی

tuâlet-e farangi (romanization)
tuâlet farangi (romanization)
توالتهای فرنگی (plural)

Western-style toilet
Western-style toilet

fa:توالت فرنگی


هرمزگان

[ʔʊɾ.mʊz.ɡɑ́ːn]

From هرمز (hormoz, “Hormuz”) + ـگان (-gân). The province is located along the Strait of Hormuz.

استان هرمزگان ― ostân-e hormozgân ― the province of Hormozgan, Hormozgan Province


املا

head

املا • (emlâ)

fa-noun

املا • (emlâ)


ایرلند شمالی

head

ایرْلَنْدِ شُمالی

ایرْلَنْدِ شُمالی • (irland-e šomâli)

fa-proper noun

ایرْلَنْدِ شُمالی

ایرْلَنْدِ شُمالی • (irland-e šomâli)

ایرْلَنْدِ شُمالی (canonical)
irland-e šomâli (romanization)

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

Northern Ireland (a constituent country of the United Kingdom; capital: Belfast)


توالت ایرانی

head

توالتهای ایرانی

توالت ایرانی • (tuâlet-e irâni or tuâlet irâni) (plural توالتهای ایرانی (tuâlet-hâ-ye irâni))

fa-noun

توالتهای ایرانی

tuâlet-e irâni (romanization)
tuâlet irâni (romanization)
توالتهای ایرانی (plural)

fa:توالت ایرانی


دستمالچی

head

دستمالچی • (dastmâlči)

fa-proper noun

دستمالچی • (dastmâlči)

[d̪äst̪.mɑːl.t͡ʃʰíː]

[d̪äst̪.mɑːl.t͡ʃʰíː]

[d̪äst̪.mɑːl.t͡ʃʰíː]

[d̪æst̪.mɒːl.t͡ʃʰíː]


کتاب‌ها

head

کتابها • (ketâb-hâ)

کتابها (canonical)
ketâb-hâ (romanization)

کتاب کتاب#Persian


مغاره‌ها

مغارهها • (mağâre-hâ)

مغارهها (canonical)
mağâre-hâ (romanization)

مغاره مغاره#Persian

plural of مغاره (mağâre, “cave, cavern”)


دست‌مزد

دستمزد (canonical)
dast-mozd (romanization)

دستمزد دستمزد#Persian


تربد

Borrowed from Sanskrit त्रिपुटा (tripuṭā), त्रिपुट (tripuṭa), literally “triplicated”, names of several plants.


همجنسگراهراس

[hæmdʒensɡæɾɒhæˈɾɒs]

From همجنسگرا + ـهراس.

af

همجنسگرا + ـهراس

fa:همجنسگراهراس


همجنسگراهراس

head

همجنسگراهراسان

همجنسگراهراسها

همجنسگراهراس • (hamjensgarâharâs or hamjensgerâharâs) (plural همجنسگراهراسان (hamjensgarâharâsân) or همجنسگراهراسها (hamjensgarâharâs-hâ))

fa-noun

همجنسگراهراسان

همجنسگراهراسها

hamjensgarâharâs (romanization)
hamjensgerâharâs (romanization)
همجنسگراهراسان (plural)
همجنسگراهراسها (plural)

[hæmdʒensɡæɾɒhæˈɾɒs]

From همجنسگرا + ـهراس.

af

همجنسگرا + ـهراس

fa:همجنسگراهراس


همجنس‌گراهراس

همجنسگراهراس (canonical)
hamjens-garâ-harâs (romanization)

[häm.d͡ʒɪns.ɡä.ɾɑː.ɦä.ɾɑːs]

[häm.d͡ʒɪns.ɡä.ɾɑː.ɦä.ɾɑːs]

[ʔäm.d͡ʒɪns.ɡä.ɾɑːä.ɾɑːs]

[ʔäm.d͡ʒins.ɡä.ɾɔːä.ɾɔːs]

[hæm.d͡ʒens.ɡʲæ.ɹɒː.ɦæ.ɹɒːs]

From همجنسگرا (hamjens-garâ) + ـهراس (-harâs).

fa:همجنس‌گراهراس


همجنس‌گراهراس

head

همجنسگراهراسان

همجنسگراهراسها

همجنسگراهراس • (hamjens-garâ-harâs) (plural همجنسگراهراسان (hamjens-garâ-harâsân) or همجنسگراهراسها (hamjens-garâ-harâs-hâ))

fa-noun

همجنسگراهراسان

همجنسگراهراسها

همجنسگراهراس (canonical)
hamjens-garâ-harâs (romanization)
همجنسگراهراسان (plural)
همجنسگراهراسها (plural)

[häm.d͡ʒɪns.ɡä.ɾɑː.ɦä.ɾɑːs]

[häm.d͡ʒɪns.ɡä.ɾɑː.ɦä.ɾɑːs]

[ʔäm.d͡ʒɪns.ɡä.ɾɑːä.ɾɑːs]

[ʔäm.d͡ʒins.ɡä.ɾɔːä.ɾɔːs]

[hæm.d͡ʒens.ɡʲæ.ɹɒː.ɦæ.ɹɒːs]

fa:همجنس‌گراهراس


اقلام

head

اقلام • ('aqlâm)

From Arabic أَقْلَام (ʔaqlām), broken plural of قَلَم (qalam).

قَلَم قلم#Persian


انواع

انواع • (anvâ')

From Arabic أَنْوَاع (ʔanwāʕ), broken plural of نَوْع (nawʕ, “type, kind”).

bor

Arabic أَنْوَاع (ʔanwāʕ)


پالودن

head

پالودن • (pâludan) (present stem پالا (pâlâ))

pâludan (romanization)
پالا (present stem)
پالودن (infinitive)
pâludán (infinitive)
پالای (present stem)
pâlây (present stem)
پالود (past stem)
pâlud (past stem)
پالاینده (participle present)
pâlâyandé (participle present)
پالوده (participle past)
pâludé (participle past)
پالایم (aorist first-person indicative singular)
pâlâyam (aorist first-person indicative singular)
پالایی (aorist indicative second-person singular)
pâlâyi (aorist indicative second-person singular)
پالاید (aorist indicative singular third-person)
pâlâyad (aorist indicative singular third-person)
پالاییم (aorist first-person indicative plural)
pâlâyim (aorist first-person indicative plural)
پالایید (aorist indicative plural second-person)
pâlâyid (aorist indicative plural second-person)
پالایند (aorist indicative plural third-person)
pâlâyand (aorist indicative plural third-person)
میپالایم (first-person indicative present singular)
mí-pâlâyam (first-person indicative present singular)
میپالایی (indicative present second-person singular)
mí-pâlâyi (indicative present second-person singular)
میپالاید (indicative present singular third-person)
mí-pâlâyad (indicative present singular third-person)
میپالاییم (first-person indicative plural present)
mí-pâlâyim (first-person indicative plural present)
میپالایید (indicative plural present second-person)
mí-pâlâyid (indicative plural present second-person)
میپالایند (indicative plural present third-person)
mí-pâlâyand (indicative plural present third-person)
دارم میپالایم (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
dấram mí-pâlâyam (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
داری میپالایی (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
dấri mí-pâlâyi (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
دارد میپالاید (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
dấrad mí-pâlâyad (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
داریم میپالاییم (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
dấrim mí-pâlâyim (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
دارید میپالایید (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
dấrid mí-pâlâyid (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
دارند میپالایند (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
dấrand mí-pâlâyand (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
پالودهام (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
pâludé-am (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
پالودهای (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
pâludé-i (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
پالوده است (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
pâludé ast (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
پالودهایم (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
pâludé-im (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
پالودهاید (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
pâludé-id (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
پالودهاند (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
pâludé-and (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
پالودم (first-person indicative past singular)
pâludam (first-person indicative past singular)
پالودی (indicative past second-person singular)
pâludi (indicative past second-person singular)
پالود (indicative past singular third-person)
pâlud (indicative past singular third-person)
پالودیم (first-person indicative past plural)
pâludim (first-person indicative past plural)
پالودید (indicative past plural second-person)
pâludid (indicative past plural second-person)
پالودند (indicative past plural third-person)
pâludand (indicative past plural third-person)
میپالودم (first-person indicative past singular)
mí-pâludam (first-person indicative past singular)
میپالودی (indicative past second-person singular)
mí-pâludi (indicative past second-person singular)
میپالود (indicative past singular third-person)
mí-pâlud (indicative past singular third-person)
میپالودیم (first-person indicative past plural)
mí-pâludim (first-person indicative past plural)
میپالودید (indicative past plural second-person)
mí-pâludid (indicative past plural second-person)
میپالودند (indicative past plural third-person)
mí-pâludand (indicative past plural third-person)
داشتم میپالودم (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
dấštam mí-pâludam (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
داشتی میپالودی (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
dấšti mí-pâludi (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
داشت میپالود (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
dâšt mí-pâlud (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
داشتیم میپالودیم (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
dấštim mí-pâludim (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
داشتید میپالودید (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
dấštid mí-pâludid (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
داشتند میپالودند (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
dấštand mí-pâludand (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
پالوده بودم (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
pâludé búdam (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
پالوده بودی (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
pâludé búdi (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
پالوده بود (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
pâludé bud (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
پالوده بودیم (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
pâludé búdim (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
پالوده بودید (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
pâludé búdid (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
پالوده بودند (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
pâludé búdand (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
خواهم پالود (first-person future indicative singular)
xâhám pâlud (first-person future indicative singular)
خواهی پالود (future indicative second-person singular)
xâhí pâlud (future indicative second-person singular)
خواهد پالود (future indicative singular third-person)
xâhád pâlud (future indicative singular third-person)
خواهیم پالود (first-person future indicative plural)
xâhím pâlud (first-person future indicative plural)
خواهید پالود (future indicative plural second-person)
xâhíd pâlud (future indicative plural second-person)
خواهند پالود (future indicative plural third-person)
xâhánd pâlud (future indicative plural third-person)
بپالایم (first-person present singular subjunctive)
bépâlâyam (first-person present singular subjunctive)
بپالایی (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bépâlâyi (present second-person singular subjunctive)
بپالاید (present singular subjunctive third-person)
bépâlâyad (present singular subjunctive third-person)
بپالاییم (first-person plural present subjunctive)
bépâlâyim (first-person plural present subjunctive)
بپالایید (plural present second-person subjunctive)
bépâlâyid (plural present second-person subjunctive)
بپالایند (plural present subjunctive third-person)
bépâlâyand (plural present subjunctive third-person)
پالوده باشم (first-person past singular subjunctive)
pâludé bấšam (first-person past singular subjunctive)
پالوده باشی (past second-person singular subjunctive)
pâludé bấši (past second-person singular subjunctive)
پالوده باشد (past singular subjunctive third-person)
pâludé bấšad (past singular subjunctive third-person)
پالوده باشیم (first-person past plural subjunctive)
pâludé bấšim (first-person past plural subjunctive)
پالوده باشید (past plural second-person subjunctive)
pâludé bấšid (past plural second-person subjunctive)
پالوده باشند (past plural subjunctive third-person)
pâludé bấšand (past plural subjunctive third-person)
بپالای (imperative second-person singular)
bépâlây (imperative second-person singular)
بپالایید (imperative plural second-person)
bépâlâyid (imperative plural second-person)
پالودن (infinitive)
pâludán (infinitive)
پالای (present stem)
pâlây (present stem)
پالود (past stem)
pâlud (past stem)
پالاینده (participle present)
pâlâyandé (participle present)
پالوده (participle past)
pâludé (participle past)
پالایم (aorist first-person indicative singular)
pâlâyam (aorist first-person indicative singular)
پالایی (aorist indicative second-person singular)
pâlâyi (aorist indicative second-person singular)
پالایه (aorist indicative singular third-person)
pâlâye (aorist indicative singular third-person)
پالاییم (aorist first-person indicative plural)
pâlâyim (aorist first-person indicative plural)
پالایین (aorist indicative plural second-person)
pâlâyin (aorist indicative plural second-person)
پالاین (aorist indicative plural third-person)
pâlâyan (aorist indicative plural third-person)
میپالایم (first-person indicative present singular)
mí-pâlâyam (first-person indicative present singular)
میپالایی (indicative present second-person singular)
mí-pâlâyi (indicative present second-person singular)
میپالایه (indicative present singular third-person)
mí-pâlâye (indicative present singular third-person)
میپالاییم (first-person indicative plural present)
mí-pâlâyim (first-person indicative plural present)
میپالایین (indicative plural present second-person)
mí-pâlâyin (indicative plural present second-person)
میپالاین (indicative plural present third-person)
mí-pâlâyan (indicative plural present third-person)
دارم میپالایم (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
dấram mí-pâlâyam (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
داری میپالایی (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
dấri mí-pâlâyi (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
داره میپالایه (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
dấre mí-pâlâye (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
داریم میپالاییم (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
dấrim mí-pâlâyim (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
دارین میپالایین (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
dấrin mí-pâlâyin (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
دارن میپالاین (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
dấran mí-pâlâyan (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
پالودهام (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
pâludám (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
پالودهای (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
pâludí (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
پالوده (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
pâludé (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
پالودهایم (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
pâludím (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
پالودهاین (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
pâludín (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
پالودهان (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
pâludán (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
پالودم (first-person indicative past singular)
pâludam (first-person indicative past singular)
پالودی (indicative past second-person singular)
pâludi (indicative past second-person singular)
پالود (indicative past singular third-person)
pâlud (indicative past singular third-person)
پالودیم (first-person indicative past plural)
pâludim (first-person indicative past plural)
پالودین (indicative past plural second-person)
pâludin (indicative past plural second-person)
پالودن (indicative past plural third-person)
pâludan (indicative past plural third-person)
میپالودم (first-person indicative past singular)
mí-pâludam (first-person indicative past singular)
میپالودی (indicative past second-person singular)
mí-pâludi (indicative past second-person singular)
میپالود (indicative past singular third-person)
mí-pâlud (indicative past singular third-person)
میپالودیم (first-person indicative past plural)
mí-pâludim (first-person indicative past plural)
میپالودین (indicative past plural second-person)
mí-pâludin (indicative past plural second-person)
میپالودن (indicative past plural third-person)
mí-pâludan (indicative past plural third-person)
داشتم میپالودم (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
dấštam mí-pâludam (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
داشتی میپالودی (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
dấšti mí-pâludi (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
داشت میپالود (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
dấšt mí-pâlud (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
داشتیم میپالودیم (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
dấštim mí-pâludim (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
داشتین میپالودین (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
dấštin mí-pâludin (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
داشتن میپالودن (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
dấštan mí-pâludan (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
پالوده بودم (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
pâludé búdam (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
پالوده بودی (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
pâludé búdi (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
پالوده بود (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
pâludé bud (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
پالوده بودیم (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
pâludé búdim (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
پالوده بودین (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
pâludé búdin (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
پالوده بودن (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
pâludé búdan (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
بپالایم (first-person present singular subjunctive)
bépâlâyam (first-person present singular subjunctive)
بپالایی (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bépâlâyi (present second-person singular subjunctive)
بپالایه (present singular subjunctive third-person)
bépâlâye (present singular subjunctive third-person)
بپالاییم (first-person plural present subjunctive)
bépâlâyim (first-person plural present subjunctive)
بپالایین (plural present second-person subjunctive)
bépâlâyin (plural present second-person subjunctive)
بپالاین (plural present subjunctive third-person)
bépâlâyan (plural present subjunctive third-person)
پالوده باشم (first-person past singular subjunctive)
pâludé bấšam (first-person past singular subjunctive)
پالوده باشی (past second-person singular subjunctive)
pâludé bấši (past second-person singular subjunctive)
پالوده باشه (past singular subjunctive third-person)
pâludé bấše (past singular subjunctive third-person)
پالوده باشیم (first-person past plural subjunctive)
pâludé bấšim (first-person past plural subjunctive)
پالوده باشین (past plural second-person subjunctive)
pâludé bấšin (past plural second-person subjunctive)
پالوده باشن (past plural subjunctive third-person)
pâludé bấšan (past plural subjunctive third-person)
بپالای (imperative second-person singular)
bépâlây (imperative second-person singular)
بپالایین (imperative plural second-person)
bépâlâyin (imperative plural second-person)

fa-conj-head

Conjugation of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">پالودن</i> (pâludán) (literary Iranian Persian)

داشتیم میپالودیم

داشتم میپالودم

داشتید میپالودید

داشتی میپالودی

داشتند میپالودند

داشت میپالود

داریم میپالاییم

دارم میپالایم

دارید میپالایید

داری میپالایی

دارند میپالایند

دارد میپالاید

پالوده بودیم

پالوده بودید

پالوده بودند

خواهیم پالود

خواهید پالود

خواهند پالود

پالوده باشیم

پالوده باشید

پالوده باشند

fa-conj-colloq-head

Conjugation of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">پالودن</i> (pâludán) (colloquial Tehrani)

داشتیم میپالودیم

داشتم میپالودم

داشتین میپالودین

داشتی میپالودی

داشتن میپالودن

داشت میپالود

داریم میپالاییم

دارم میپالایم

دارین میپالایین

داری میپالایی

دارن میپالاین

داره میپالایه

پالوده بودیم

پالوده بودین

پالوده باشیم

پالوده باشین

From Middle Persian pʾlwtn' (pālūdan, “to strain, filter, purify”), from Proto-Iranian *para-dā́wati, from Proto-Iranian *dā́wati (“to run”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰā́wati (“to run”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to run, flow”). Compare Persian دویدن (“to run”), Sanskrit धावति (dhā́vati) and Ancient Greek θέω (théō).


پنگان

head

پنگان • (pengân)

fa-noun

پنگان • (pengân)

→ Arabic: فِنْجَان (finjān) (see there for further descendants)

→ Bikol Central: pinggán

→ Cebuano: pinggan

→ Khumi Chin: pangkae

→ Maguindanao: pinggán / ڤنغن

→ Malagasy: zíngga, zìnga

→ Malay: pinggan / ڤيڠݢن

Indonesian: pinggan

→ Maranao: pinggan

→ Mapun: pinggán

→ Tagalog: pinggán

desc

→ Tamil: பீங்கான் (pīṅkāṉ)

→ Tamil: பீங்கான் (pīṅkāṉ)

→ Tausug: pinggan

→ Toba Batak: pinggan

→ Ottoman Turkish: پنگان (pingân)

→ Waray-Waray: pinggán

[pʰɪŋ.ɡɑ́ːn]

[pʰɪŋ.ɡɑ́ːn]

[pʰɪŋ.ɡɑ́ːn]

[pʰiŋ.ɡɔ́ːn]

[pʰeŋ.ɡɒ́ːn]

Presumed to be borrowed, alongside Ossetian фынг (fyng), фингӕ (fingæ, “table”), from Ancient Greek πίναξ (pínax), πίνακος (pínakos, “wooden plank, dish, writing table”), possibly via Classical Syriac ܦܝܢܟܐ (pinkā). Perhaps cognate with Sanskrit पिनाक (pínāka, “staff, stick”). Whereas according to Vinson this is all from a compound of Middle Chinese, Mandarin 瓫 (pén, “flat dish”)) and 盎 (àng, “wide-bellied bowl”) (perhaps instead 銀／银 (yín, “silver”), 案 (àn, “desk, table”)?), however not attested, so alternatively he suggests 平安 (píng'ān, “tranquil, safe”) printed onto Chinese household appliances like vases.


سنباده

head

سنباده • (sonbâde)

fa-noun

سنباده • (sonbâde)

→ Azerbaijani: sumbata

→ Lezgi: сумбат (sumbat)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: صونپاره (sunpara), صومپاره (sumpara), زیمپاره (zımpara), زمپره (zımpara), زنپره (zınpara), سمپاره (sumpara)
Turkish: zımpara
→ Middle Armenian: սնփարայ (snpʻaray)
→ Armenian: սմփարա (smpʻara), զմփառա (zmpʻaṙa), զմփարա (zmpʻara)

Compare Old Armenian սմպատակ (smpatak), Arabic سُنْبَاذَج (sunbāḏaj), سُنْبَادَج (sunbādaj), Iranian borrowings.


بیگاری

head

بیگاری • (bigâri)

fa-noun

بیگاری • (bigâri)

بیگاری کودکان


حرز

منصور بن مظفّر غازیست حرز من
و از این خجسته نام بر اعدا مظفّرم

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 329”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

The holy warrior Mansūr bin Muzaffar is my refuge,
And through this auspicious name, I triumph over my foes.

mansūr bin muzaffar-i ğāzī-st hirz-i man
u az īn xujasta nām bar a'dā muzaffaram


گوهرها

گوهر گوهر#Persian


جای

→ Azerbaijani: cay

→ Kazakh: жай (jai)

→ Uzbek: joy


کفاش

head

کفاش • (kaffâš) (plural کفاشان (kaffâšân) or کفاشها (kaffâš-hâ))

kaffâš (romanization)
کفاشان (plural)
کفاشها (plural)

[kʰäf.fɑ́ːʃ]

[kʰäf.fɑ́ːʃ]

[kʰäf.fɑ́ːʃ]

[kʰäf.fɔ́ːʃ]

[kʰʲæf.fɒ́ːʃ]

Pseudo-Arabic formation from کفش (kafš, “shoe”), using the Arabic pattern فَعّال (faʕʕāl), which creates words for habitual actions and professions. Compare عکاس ('akkâs, “photographer”).


بیسراک

بیسراک • (bisorâk)

fa-noun

بیسراک • (bisorâk)


کفچه

head

کفچه • (kafče)

fa-noun

کفچه • (kafče)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (kpck' /kafčag/, “spoon, ladle”).


هی

Dialectal or alternative variant of classical همی (hamē), which is also the source of the verbal prefix می (mi-).

او هی میگفت مشکلی نیست.

مادرش اینا هی زنگ زدن.

His mom and the rest kept calling on the phone.


هی

هی!


هی

Borrowed from Arabic هاء (hāʔ) with vowel shift due to imala

Name of the thirty-first letter of the Persian alphabet ه.


بربری

[bäɾ.bä.ɾíː]

[bäɾ.bä.ɾíː]

[bäɾ.bä.ɾíː]

[bæɹ.bæ.ɹíː]

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬍𐬔 (barbarīg, “barbarian; African”), ultimately from Ancient Greek βᾰ́ρβᾰρος (bárbaros). Equivalent to بربر (barbar, “Barbary”) + ی (-i). For the sense "Berber", presumably a semantic loan from Arabic بَرْبَرِيّ (barbariyy).

semantic loan

گوئی که تاتاری
در انتهای چشمانش
پیوسته در کمین سواریست
گوئی که بربری
در برق پر طراوت دندانهایش
مجذوب خون گرم شکاریست

1963, Forugh Farrokhzad, “معشوق من”, in تولدی دیگر [Another Birth]:

As if a Tartar
Is always waiting to ambush a horseman
In the extremities of his eyes
As if a savage
Is ecstasied by the prey's warm blood
In the lustrous lightning of his teeth

guyi ke tâtâri
dar entehâ-ye čašmân-aš
peyvaste dar kamin-e savâri-st
guyi ke barbari
dar barq-e por tarâvat-e dandânhâ-yaš
majzub-e xun-e garm-e šekâri-st

(offensive) Hazara (ethnic group in central Afghanistan)

نان بربری
نان بربری#Persian

Short for نان بربری (nân-e barbari, Persian flatbread).


بربری

[bäɾ.bä.ɾíː]

[bäɾ.bä.ɾíː]

[bäɾ.bä.ɾíː]

[bæɹ.bæ.ɹíː]


جلاد

head

جلاد • (jallâd) (plural جلادان (jallâdân))

[d͡ʒäl.lɑ́ːd̪]

[d͡ʒäl.lɑ́ːd̪]

[d͡ʒäl.lɑ́ːd̪]

[d͡ʒäl.lɔ́ːd̪̥]

[d͡ʒæl.lɒ́ːd̪̥]

(figurative) a merciless person, a violent person


خطا

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ख़ता (xatā)

Urdu: خَطا (xatā)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਖਤਾ (khatā)

Shahmukhi script: خطا (xat̤ā)


خطا

خطا • (xatâ)

fa-proper noun

خطا • (xatâ)


کابین

head

کابین • (kâbin)

fa-noun

کابین • (kâbin)

→ French: kabin

→ Turkish: kebin (dialectal)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kʾp̄yn' /kābēn/, “marriage-portion, dowry”). Compare Old Armenian կապէն-ք (kapēn-kʻ, “price of prostitution”), an Iranian borrowing.


سورنجان

head

سورنجان • (surenjân)

fa-noun

سورنجان • (surenjân)

Borrowed from Arabic سُورِنْجَان (sūrinjān).

bor+

meadow-saffron, hermodactyl (Colchicum spp.)


لگام

head

لگام • (legâm)

fa-noun

لگام • (legâm)

desctree

→ Arabic: لِجَام (lijām)
Maltese: lġiem
→ Amharic: ልጓም (ləgʷam)
→ Argobba: ልጓም (ləgʷam)
→ Gafat: ልጓም (ləgʷam)
→ Ge'ez: ልጓም (ləgʷam)
→ Persian: لجام (lejâm)
Tajik: лаҷом (lajom)
→ Tigre: ልጋም (ləgam)
→ Tigrinya: ልጓም (ləgʷam)

→ Middle Armenian: լկամ (lkam)

→ Bengali: লাগাম (lagam)

→ Gujarati: લગામ (lagām)

desc

→ Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: לוּגְמׇא (lūḡmā)

→ Georgian: ლაგამი (lagami)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਲਗਾਮ (lagām)

Shahmukhi script: لگام (lagām)

→ Classical Syriac: ܠܓܡܐ (lgāmā), ܠܘܓܡܐ (lūḡmā, luḡmā)

→ Urdu: لگام (lagām)

→ Telugu: లగాము (lagāmu)

→ Kolami: లగ్గం (laggaṁ)

→ Kannada: ಲಗಾಮು (lagāmu)

→ Malayalam: ലഗാന് (lagānŭ)

* Müller derives from Latin ligāmen.
* Fraenkel sees a Semitic origin in that the Aramaic forms means the maxillary, and Arabic لَقِمَ (laqima) means “to swallow” – cognate to Ge'ez ለቀመ (läḳämä, “to chew on, to eat”), Tigrinya ለቐመ (läḳʰämä, “to chew on, to eat”), and probably identical to Ge'ez ለቀመ (läḳämä, “to pick, to choose”), Tigrinya ለቐመ (läḳʰämä, “to pick, to peck, to graze”), Amharic ለቀመ (läḳämä, “to peck, to glean, to graze”) –, with Nöldeke thus seeing Aramaic origin as secured; but the rarity and late attestation of the Aramaic words raises doubts, and for the same reason it is difficult to explain that the Ethiopian Semitic word for the bridle is attested in pre-Islamic times already.


بدحجاب

fa-adj

بدحجاب • (bad-hejâb) (comparative بدحجابتَر (bad-hejâb-tar), superlative بدحجابتَرین (bad-hejâb-tarin))

bad-hejâb (romanization)
بدحجابتَر (comparative)
بدحجابتَرین (superlative)

From بد (bad, “bad”) + حجاب (hejâb, “hijab”).

آیا پاسبانان زن بدحجاب را کتک زدند؟

Did the policemen hit the insufficiently veiled woman?

âyâ pâsbânân zan-e bad-hejâb râ kotak zadand?

(of a woman) badly veiled; wearing a form of Islamic dress which is considered (by the speaker or some authority) not to be modest enough


کلمات

kalemât (romanization)
kalamât (romanization)

کلمه کلمه#Persian


کلف

(dialectal, Alamarvdašt) Alternative form of قفل (qofl, “lock”)