دیو

fa-noun

دیو • (dēw / div) (plural دیوان, or دیوها)

dēw (romanization)
div (romanization)
دیوان (plural)
دیوها (plural)

Dari: دیوْ (dēw)

Iranian Persian: دیوْ (div, “demon”)

→ English: div

Tajik: дев (dev)

→ Bengali: দেও (deō)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: देव (dev)

Urdu: دیوْ (dev)

→ Kazakh: дәу (däu)

→ Turkmen: döw

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: دیو (div)
Turkish: dev, div
→ Serbo-Croatian: div / див

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dyew-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-European *deywós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *daywás
Proto-Iranian *daywáh
Old Persian 𐎭𐎡𐎺 (d-i-v)
Persian دیو
Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠDYA /dēw/, “evil spirit, forces of the Evil One”), from Old Persian 𐎭𐎡𐎺 (daiva-), from Proto-Iranian *daywáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daywás, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós.

inh+

demon, devil, goblin; evil supernatural creature

(Zoroastrianism) daeva, a spirit of evil


گاه

→ Azerbaijani: gah

→ Northern Kurdish: geh

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (gʾs), 𐫃𐫀𐫍 (gʾh /gāh/, “place, throne, bed; time”), from Old Persian [script needed] (gāθu-, “place; throne, chair”), from Proto-Iranian *gātu- / *gāθu-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (“to step”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬁𐬙𐬎 (gātu, “place, seat, throne”) and Sanskrit गातु (gātú, “going; way; place”). Compare the Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian գահ (gah), Classical Syriac ܓܗܐ (gāhā), Arabic جَاه (jāh). Doublet of جاه (jâh), which passed through Arabic.

cog

(Zoroastrianism) One of the five ritual divisions of a 24-hour day, each with a specific Zoroastrian prayer.


مهر

head

مِهْر • (mehr)

fa-proper noun

مِهْر • (mehr)

→ Armenian: Մհեր (Mher)

From Middle Persian mtr' (Mihr), from Old Persian 𐎷𐎰𐎼 (Miθra), from Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 (miθra, “covenant, contract, oath”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mitra (“covenant, treaty, agreement, promise”). Compare Sanskrit मित्र (mitra), Ancient Greek μεσίτης (mesítēs). Doublet of میترا (mitrā, personal name).

der

(Zoroastrianism) Mithra, a Zoroastrian deity.


دروند

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (druwand /dlwnd/, “sinful, unrighteous [one]”), borrowed from Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (druuaṇt), 𐬛𐬭𐬆𐬔𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (drəguuaṇt), from Proto-Iranian *dráwgah-wánts (“follower of the Lie”). Compare Sanskrit द्रुह्वन् (druhvan).


دروند

→ Gujarati: દુરવંદ (durvand)

(Zoroastrianism, archaic) infidel, non-Zoroastrian; (usually) Muslim


دستور

دَسْتور (canonical)
dastur (romanization)
دستورها (plural)

desctree

→ Arabic: دُسْتُور (dustūr)
→ Ottoman Turkish: دستور (düstur)
Turkish: düstur
→ Swahili: desturi

→ Bengali: দস্তুর (dostur)

→ English: dastur

→ Georgian: დასტური (dasṭuri)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: दस्तूर (dastūr)

Urdu: دَسْتُور (dastūr)

→ Kazakh: дәстүр (dästür)

→ Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: دەستور (destur)

Northern Kurdish: destûr

→ Middle Armenian: դաստուր (dastur)

Armenian: դաստուր (dastur)

→ Ottoman Turkish: دستور (destur)

→ Punjabi: ਦਸਤੂਰ (dastūr)

→ Uyghur: دەستۇر (destur)

Multiple origins have been proposed:
* From دست (dast, “hand”) and اور (ur, “fist”).
* From Proto-Iranian *dasta-bara-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas (“hand”) + Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).
* Alternatively, from Proto-Iranian *danh- (“to teach, instruct”), from Proto-Indo-European *dens- (“to become skillful; to instruct, teach”), and cognate with Ancient Greek διδάσκω (didáskō, “to teach”) and Hittite [script needed] (dassu-, “strong”).


اهورامزدا

head

اهورامزدا • (ahurâ-mazdâ)

fa-proper noun

اهورامزدا • (ahurâ-mazdâ)

[ʔä.ɦuː.ɾɑ́ː.mäz.d̪ɑ́ː]

[ʔä.ɦuː.ɾɑ́ː.mäz.d̪ɑ́ː]

[ʔä.wuː.ɾɑ́ː.mäz.d̪ɑ́ː]

[ʔä.wu.ɾɔ́ː.mäz.d̪ɔ́ː]

[ʔæ.ɦuː.ɹɒ́ː.mæz.d̪ɒ́ː]

[ʔä.ɦu.ɾɔ́.mäz.d̪ɔ́]


سوشیانس

fa-noun

سوشیانس • (sōšyāns / sošyâns or sušiyâns)

sōšyāns (romanization)
sošyâns (romanization)
sušiyâns (romanization)
سوشیانت (alternative)

From Middle Persian swkšydns (sōšyans), from Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬊𐬳𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬝 (saoš́iiaṇt̰).


سوشینت

سوشینت • (sošyant)

sošyant (romanization)
سوشیانس (alternative)
سوشیانت (alternative)


سوشیانت

سوشیانت • (sōšyānt / sošyânt or sušiyânt)

sōšyānt (romanization)
sošyânt (romanization)
sušiyânt (romanization)
سوشیانس (alternative)

[sʊːʃ.jɔːn̪t̪]


مغ

مُغ • (moġ) (plural مُغان (moġân), or مُغها (moġ-hâ))

مُغ (canonical)
moġ (romanization)
مُغان (plural)

→ Azerbaijani: muğ

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭢𐭥 (mgw /mow/), from Old Persian 𐎶𐎦𐎢𐏁 (m-gu-u-š /maguš/).

توشعار ملت اسلامیان بگذار اگر خواهی، که در دیر مغان آیی و اسرار نهان بینی.

c. 1585, عرفی شیرازی ('Orfi Shirazi), “Poem 56”, in قصیدهها:

Put aside the customs of the Muslim people if you wish, that you may enter the temples of the magi and see [their] arcane secrets.

še'âr-e mellat-e eslâmiyân bogzâr agar xâhi, ke dar deyr-e moġân âyi o asrâr-e nehân bini.


مهرگان

desctree

→ Arabic: مِهْرَجان (mihrajān)
South Levantine Arabic: مهرجان (mahrajān)

[me̞ɦ.ɾä.ɡɑ́ːn]

[me̞ɦɾ.ɡɑ́ːn]

[me̞ɦ.ɾä.ɡɑ́ːn]

[me̞ɦɾ.ɡɑ́ːn]

[mɪ.ɾä.ɡɑ́ːn]

[meɦɹ.ɡɒ́ːn]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (mihragān). By surface analysis, مهر (mehr, the first month of autumn in the Zoroastrian calendar) + ـگان (-gân, relational suffix).

surf

مهر
<id:mihr><pos:the first month of autumn in the Zoroastrian calendar>

(Zoroastrianism) Mehregan (festival held in the month of Mehr)


اورمزد

urmazd (romanization)
اورمزدم (first-person singular)
اورمزدمان (Urmazdemân, Urmazdemun^△) (first-person plural)
اورمزدت (Urmazdat, Urmazdet^△) (second-person singular)
اورمزدتان (Urmazdetân, Urmazdetun^△) (plural second-person)
اورمزدش (Urmazdaš, Urmazdeš^△) (singular third-person)
اورمزدشان (Urmazdešân, Urmazdešun^△) (plural third-person)
ارمزد (alternative)
هرمزد (alternative)
هورمز (alternative)
هرمز (alternative)

[ʔʊːɾ.mǽzd̪̥]

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣 (Ōhrmazd). Compare Parthian 𐭀𐭇𐭅𐭓𐭌𐭆𐭃 (ʾḥwrmzd).


میزد

Borrowed from Avestan 𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀 (miiazda). Compare Middle Persian [script needed] (mēzd), also from Avestan.


سروش

head

سروش • (sorôš)

fa-proper noun

سروش • (sorôš)

→ Azerbaijani: süruş

→ Udi: соруш (soruš)

→ Urdu: سروش (saroš)

Inherited from Middle Persian slwš (/Srōš/), from Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬊𐬱𐬀 (sraoša, “Sraosha”).

inh+

(Zoroastrianism, Iranian mythology) Sraosha, yazata of conscience


خونیرث

xuniras (romanization)
خونیرس (alternative)
هنیره (alternative)
خنیرس (alternative)
خنیرث (alternative)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hwnyls’ /xwanīrah/, “Xwanirah”), with the influence of Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬥𐬌𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaniraθa).

inh

(Zoroastrianism) Xwanirah, the central and largest of the continents in Zoroastrianism and Old Iranian Mythology, believed to be the region where the most advanced civilizations on earth reside.


چینود

činavad (romanization)
چنیود (alternative)

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (cynwt' /činwad/), which was borrowed from Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬬𐬀𐬙𐬋 (cinvatō). Both the concept and the word were then transferred to Islam following the Arab conquests.

inh+

ترا هست محشر رسول حجاز
دهنده به پول چنیود جواز

1066, Asadī Ṭūsī, گرشاسپنامه [Garshāsp Nāma]:

On Resurrection Day, the Prophet from Hejaz is there for you
To grant the right of passage on the Bridge of Chinavad.

tu rā hast mahšar rasūl-i hijāz
dihanda ba pūl-i čanīwad jawāz

(Zoroastrianism, Islam) An extremely narrow bridge that Zoroastrians and Muslims believe all souls will cross on Doomsday, with only the virtuous able to cross. Called the Chinvat Bridge in Avestan and al-Ṣirāṭ in Arabic.


دخمه

→ Azerbaijani: dəxmə

→ Ottoman Turkish: دخمه (dahme)

Turkish: dahme

→ Urdu: دخمہ (daxma)

→ Uzbek: daxma

(Zoroastrianism) dakhma, tower of silence


آتشدان

fa-noun

آتشدان • (âtašdân)

→ Gujarati: આતશદાન (ātaśdān)

[ʔɑː.t̪ʰäʃ.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[ʔɑː.t̪ʰäʃ.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[ʔɑː.t̪ʰäʃ.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[ʔɔː.t̪ʰäʃ.d̪ɔ́ːn]

[ʔɒː.t̪ʰæʃ.d̪ɒ́ːn]

[ʔɔ.t̪ʰäʃ.d̪ɔ́n]

From آتش (âtaš, “fire”) + ـدان (-dân, “holder, container”).

af

(Zoroastrianism) fire altar; vessel of the sacred flame


فرشگرد

[fä.ɾäʃ.ɡɪ́ɹd̪]

[fɪ.ɾäʃ.ɡɪ́ɹd̪]

[fä.ɾäʃ.ɡɪ́ɹd̪]

[fɪ.ɾäʃ.ɡɪ́ɹd̪]

[fä.ɾäʃ.ɡɪ́ɹd̪]

[fɪ.ɾäʃ.ɡɪ́ɹd̪]

[fä.ɾäʃ.ɡíɹd̪̥]

[fi.ɾäʃ.ɡíɹd̪̥]

[fæ.ɹæʃ.ɡʲéɹd̪̥]

[fe.ɹæʃ.ɡʲéɹd̪̥]

[fä.ɾäʃ.ɡíɹd̪]

[fi.ɾäʃ.ɡíɹd̪]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (prš(y)gyrd /fraš(a)gird/, “Frashokereti; making wonderful, excellent”), from Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬋𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬌 (frašōkər^əti).

der

(Zoroastrianism) Frashokereti, the final renovation of the world, wherein evil is destroyed, and the world is purified


رشن

head

رشن • (rašn)

fa-proper noun

رشن • (rašn)

From Middle Persian lšn (rašn), from Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬥𐬎 (rašnu).

(Zoroastrianism) Rashnu, the yazata of justice and the divine judge


سگدید

[säɡ.d̪íːd̪]

[säɡ.d̪íːd̪]

[säɡ.d̪íːd̪]

[säɡ.d̪íd̪̥]

[sæɡʲ.d̪íːd̪̥]

From سگ (sag, “dog”) + دید (did, “vision”).

(Zoroastrianism) presentation of a recently deceased body to a dog, whose sight is considered purifying


مناجات

fa-noun

مناجات • (monâjât)

→ Bengali: মোনাজাত (mōnajat)

desc

→ Gujarati: મુનાજાત (munājāt), મોનાજાત (monājāt)

→ Kazakh: мінәжат (mınäjat)

→ Ottoman Turkish: مناجات (münacat)

[mʊ.nɑː.d͡ʒɑ́ːt̪]

[mʊ.nɑː.d͡ʒɑ́ːt̪]

[mʊ.nɑː.d͡ʒɑ́ːt̪]

Borrowed from Arabic مُنَاجَاة (munājāh, “intimate conversation”). The religious associations come from Qur'an 19:52, where the verb نَاجَى (nājā) is used to describe God's conversation with Moses, and was popularized by the eleventh-century mystic Abdullah Ansari in his mystical work مناجاتنامه (monâjât-nâme).

bor+

(Zoroastrianism) intimate prayer, often in the form of poetry, in New Persian or Gujarati (as opposed to Avestan or Middle Persian)


اشم وهو

[ʔæ.ʃém vo.ɦúː]

Borrowed from Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬆𐬨 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬏 (aṣ̌əm vohū).

(Zoroastrianism) Ashem Vohu, one of the four great Avestan mantras


اشم

fa-noun

اشم • (ašem)

سوی جنت چو خواهد رفت جانم
اشم آری در آن دم بر زبانم

1599, Bahman-i Kay Kubād, قصه سنجان [Qissa-yi Sanjān]:

When my soul departs towards Heaven,
May You bring the ashem upon my tongue at that moment.

sōy-i jannat čū xwāhad raft jān-am
ašim ārī dar ān dam bar zabān-am

اشم وهو
اشم وهو#Persian

(Zoroastrianism) short for اشم وهو (ašem vohu)


گنامینو

head

گنامینو • (ganāmīnō)

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (gnʾk' mynwk /gannāk mēnōg/, “the Stinking Spirit”).

inh+

وزان پس هم گنامینو گجسته
مر این ره را دگر باره شکسته

And after that too, the accursed Stinking Spirit
Broke this road a second time.

w-az ān pas ham ganāmīnō gujasta
mar īn rah rā digar bāra šikasta

(Zoroastrianism, obsolete) Ahriman, Angra Mainyu (the evil spirit)


جددین

→ Gujarati: જુદ્દીન (juddīn)

[d͡ʒʊd̪.d̪íːn]

[d͡ʒʊd̪.d̪íːn]

[d͡ʒʊd̪.d̪íːn]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ywdt dyn' /jud-dēn/, literally “[those of] anti-religion”).

inh

بکرده دور سه فرسنگ جددین
نمانده کس درو جز مرد بهدین

The infidels were driven out three leagues away,
Nobody remained there except for men of the Good Faith.

bakarda dūr si farsang juddīn
na-mānda kas dar ō juz mard-i bihdīn


یشتن

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (yštn' /yaštan/), borrowed from Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yazaⁱti, “to worship, to venerate”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyáȷ́ati, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁yaǵ-.

der

به چندان روز و ماه یشت و یزشها
بیشتند و بسی کردند تخشا

For so many days and months, they performed rites and rituals and were very diligent.

ba čandān rōz u māh yašt u yaziš-hā
biyaštand u basē kardand taxšā

(Zoroastrianism, obsolete) to worship, to perform Zoroastrian rituals


خویدوده

fa-noun

خویدوده • (xidude)

Learned borrowing from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytw(k)ds /xwēdodah/), borrowed from Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaētuuadaθa). The earlier Persian Revayats do not use this spelling but rather خیتودت (xitudat), خویدیودت (xidyudat), خویتودث (xitudas), etc.

lbor

(Zoroastrianism) xwedodah; close-kin marriage


ارد

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭩 (ʾlty /ard/), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /r̥taʰ/), from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥táh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥tás. Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “truth”), Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá, “fixed order, truth”).

inh+

نهم عزیز چو ارد ایزد و دهم اشتاد
بهوش باش که گفتم اگر تو نادانی

1800s?, کی بهرام, در صفت دوازده امام و چهارده معصوم گویم, published 1942:

Since the ninth dear one is the divine Ard and the tenth is Ashtad,
Be aware that I have told you, if you did not know!

nohom aziz čo ard izad o dahom aštâd
be huš bâš ke goftam agar to nâdân-i

(Zoroastrianism) Ard, a goddess and divine assistant of Spenta Armaiti, thought to preside over the twenty-fifth day


هیربد

[ʔeːɾ.bʊ́d̪]

[ʔeːɾ.búd̪̥]

[ʔeːɾ.bǽd̪̥]

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hylpt' /hērbed/, “religious scholar”), borrowed from Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (aēθrapaⁱti, “teacher priest”). By surface analysis, هیر (hir, “fire; worship, obedience”) + ـبد (-bod, “lord, master”).

surf

اینکه موبدان و دستوران و ردان و هیربدان را نشاید که همه کس را پهلوی آموزند که زردشت از هورمزد پرسید که پهلوی آموختن مر کسان را شاید هورمزد به افزونی جواب داد که هر که از نسل تو باشد موبد و دستور و هیربدی که خردمند باشد. دیگر هیچ کس را نشاید جز از اینکه گفتهام اگر دیگران را آموزند او را عظیم گناه باشد اگر بسیار کار کرفه کرده باشد فرجام او را بدوزخ بود.

That the mowbeds and dasturs and rads and herbods [orders of Zoroastrian priests] must not let everybody learn Pahlavi, for Zoroaster asked Ahura Mazda whether learning Pahlavi was suitable for people, and Ahura Mazda answered extensively, "Everyone descended from you who are mowbeds and dasturs and herbods who are wise. Nobody else should [learn the Pahlavi language], except for those who I have mentioned. If it is taught to others, it is a great sin. [Even] if his good deeds are many, his end will be in Hell."

īn-ki mūbidān u dastūrān u radān u hērbudān rā na-šāyad ki hama kas rā pahlawī amōzand ki zardušt az hūrmazd porsīd ki pahlawī āmōxtan mar kasān rā šāyad hūrmazd ba afzūnī jawāb dād ki har ki az nasl-i tō bāšad mūbid u dastūr u hērbudē ki xiradmand bāšad. dīgar hēč kas rā na-šāyad juz az īn-ki gufta'am agar dīgarān rā āmōzand ō rā azīm gunāh bāšad agar bisyār kār-i kirfa karda bāšad farjām-i ō rā ba dōzax buwad.

(Zoroastrianism) herbad, lowest-ranking Zoroastrian priest