سلام

fa-noun

سلام • (salâm)

→ Bengali: সেলাম (śelam), সালাম (salam)

→ Gujarati: સલામ (salām)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: सलाम (salām)

Urdu: سلام (salām)

→ Kazakh: сәлем (sälem)

→ Kyrgyz: салам (salam)

→ Marathi: सलाम (salām)

→ Mazanderani: سلام (selâm)

→ Nepali: सलाम (salām)

→ Punjabi: ਸਲਾਮ (salām)

→ Pashto: سلام (salām)

→ Sindhi: (salāmu)

Arabic script: سَلامُ

Devanagari script: सलामु

→ Telugu: సలాము (salāmu), సలాం (salāṁ)

→ Turkmen: salam, selam

→ Uyghur: سالام (salam)

→ Uzbek: salom

Borrowed from Arabic سَلَام (salām, “peace”).


برادر

fa-noun

برادر • (barādar / barâdar or birādar / berâdar) (plural برادران, or برادرها)

barādar (romanization)
barâdar (romanization)
birādar (romanization)
berâdar (romanization)
برادران (plural)
برادرها (plural)
برادرم (first-person possessive singular)
برادرت (barâdarat, barâdaret^△) (second-person singular)
برادرش (barâdaraš, barâdareš^△) (possessive singular third-person)
برادرم (first-person possessive singular)
برادرت (barâdarat, barâdaret^△) (second-person singular)
برادرش (barâdaraš, barâdareš^△) (possessive singular third-person)
براذر (alternative obsolete)
وردار (alternative)
برار (alternative)
بیادر (alternative Dari dialectal)

→ Bashkir: борадәр (boradər)

→ Bengali: বেরাদর (berador)

→ Gujarati: બિરાદર (birādar)

→ Hindustani: birādar

desc

Hindi: बिरादर

Hindi: बिरादर

Urdu: بِرادَر

Urdu: بِرادَر

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: برادر (birader), براذر (bürazer, birazer)
Turkish: birader, biladar, bilader, bilâzer, bilezer (dialectal)
→ Albanian: birazer, byrazer, bilazer, birazel, burazer
→⇒ Armenian: Պիլեզերյան (Pilezeryan), Պիլզերյան (Pilzeryan)
→⇒ Bulgarian: Билезер (Bilezer), Билезеров (Bilezerov), Билядеров (Biljaderov)
→ Serbo-Croatian: бура́зер /burázer

→ Punjabi: barādar

Gurmukhi script: ਬਰਾਦਰ

Shahmukhi script: بَرادَر

→ Uzbek: birodar

→ Hindustani: birādarān

desc

Hindi: बिरादरान

Hindi: बिरादरान

Urdu: بِرادَران

Urdu: بِرادَران

[bɪ.ɾɑː.d̪ǽɾ]

[bɪ.ɾɑː.d̪ǽɾ]

[bæ.ɹɒː.d̪ǽɹ]

[bä.ɾɔ.d̪ǽɾ]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (brād, brādar), from Old Persian 𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠 (brātā), from Proto-Iranian *bráHtā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰráHtā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Cognate with English brother.

inh

but the latter is more common in Afghanistan

cases of word final ـا may be shortened to ـه

all family names ending in ـه may have an epenthetic ـی added


بسیج

basij (romanization)
بسیچ (alternative)
پسیچ (alternative)


ژنرال

fa-noun

ژنرال • (ženerâl) (plural ژنرالها)


لشکر

laškar (romanization)
لشکرها (plural)
لشکر (singular)
لشکرها، لشکرا (laškar-hấ, laškarấ^△) (colloquial plural)
لشکر را، لشکر رو (laškar râ, laškaro^△) (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
لشکر (ezafe singular)
لشکری (definite relative singular)
لشکری (indefinite singular stressed)
لشکرم (first-person possessive singular)
لشکرت (laškarat, laškaret^△) (second-person singular)
لشکرش (laškaraš, laškareš^△) (possessive singular third-person)
لشگر (alternative nonstandard)

→ Bengali: লস্কর (lośkor)

→ French: lascar

→ Gujarati: લશ્કર (laśkar)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: लश्कर (laśkar)

Urdu: لَشْکَر (laśkar)

→ Indonesian: laskar

→ Marathi: लष्कर (laṣkar)

→ Marwari: लसकर (laskar)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: լաշքար (laškʻar), լաշքեար (laškʻear)

→ Ottoman Turkish: لشكر (leşker)

Turkish: leşker

→ Sylheti: ꠟꠡ꠆ꠇꠞ (lośxor)

→ Zazaki: lezkar

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek-
Proto-Indo-European *-seti
Proto-Indo-European *h₂lékseti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrákšati
Proto-Iranian *karah
Middle Persian lškl
Persian لشکر
Inherited from Middle Persian lškl, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrákšati + Proto-Iranian *karah. Compare Sanskrit रक्षति (rakṣati).


نیرو

From Middle Persian [script needed] (nērōg /nylwk’, nyrwg/), from Proto-Iranian *naryawa-ka- (“valor, strength”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnā́ (“man”).

inh

روحی صفت خاطرنشان کرد: میانجیگری پاکستان بین نیروهای طالبان موقتی است؛ زیرا برخی از آنها مخالف دخالت پاکستان در امور افغانستان هستند و به نظر میرسد در آیندهای نزدیک شاهد انشعاب در طالبان باشیم[…]

2021 October 6, “میانجیگری پاکستان بین نیروهای طالبان موقتی است”, in imna.ir, Iran Metropolis News Agency:

Rowhi Sefat noted that Pakistan's mediation between Taliban forces is temporary, given that some of the [latter] are opposed to Pakistani intervention in Afghanistan's affairs, and it appears that we will witness a schism in the Taliban in the near future […]

rowhi sefat xâternešân kard: miyânji-gari-ye pâkestân beyn-e niru-hâ-ye tâlebân movaqqati ast; zirâ barxi az ânhâ moxâlef-e dexâlat-e pâkestân dar omur-e afġânestân hastand va be nazar mi-resad dar âyande-ye nazdik šâhed-e enše'âb dar tâlebân bâšim […]


درجه

fa-noun

درجه • (daraje or dareje) (plural درجهها, or درجات (darajât))

daraje (romanization)
dareje (romanization)
درجهها (plural)

→ Azerbaijani: dərəcə

→ Bashkir: дәрәжә (dərəjə)

→ Gujarati: દરજો (darjo)

→ Hindi: दर्जा (darjā)

→ Marwari: दरजौ (darjau)

→ Ottoman Turkish: درجه

→ Turkish: derece

[d̪ä.ɾä.d͡ʒä]

[d̪ä.ɾä.d͡ʒä]

[d̪ä.ɾä.d͡ʒä]

[d̪ä.ɾä.d͡ʒä]

[d̪ä.ɾä.d͡ʒä]


ارتش

اَرْتِش • (arteš)

اَرْتِش (canonical)
arteš (romanization)

→ Northern Kurdish: artêş

→ Azerbaijani: ərteş

[ʔäɾ.t̪ʰɪ́ʃ]

[ʔäɾ.t̪ʰɪ́ʃ]

[ʔäɾ.t̪ʰɪ́ʃ]

A false back-formation introduced during the Reza Shah regime's Persianization program, from ارتشدار (artešdâr, “soldier”). Erroneously analyzed as a compound word made from two parts with the latter component as ـدار (-dâr, “haver”), the solecism was nonetheless officially approved.
Displaced Turkic قشون (qošun) and اردو (ordu) in Iranian Persian.


گرزه

→ Azerbaijani: gürzə

→ Armenian: գյուրզա (gyurza)

→ Russian: гюрза́ (gjurzá) (via Turkic)

From گرز (gorz, “mace”) + ـه (-e), because of the snake's large head. Compare Classical Syriac ܓܪܣܐ (gārsā), an Iranian borrowing.


کماندار

کماندار • (kamândâr) (plural کمانداران, or کماندارها)

kamândâr (romanization)
کمانداران (plural)
کماندارها (plural)
کماندار (alternative)

→ Gujarati: કમાનદાર (kamāndār)

From کمان (kamân, “bow, arch”) + ـدار (-dâr).
Middle Persian 𐭪𐭬𐭠𐭭𐭣𐭠𐭫 (kamāndār)


ناخدا

ناخدا • (nâxodâ) (plural ناخداها, or ناخدایان)

nâxodâ (romanization)
ناخداها (plural)
ناخدایان (plural)
ناوخدا (alternative archaic)

desctree

→ Arabic: نَاخُوذَاة (nāḵūḏāh), نَاخُوذَة (nāḵūḏa)
→ Swahili: nahodha

→ Bengali: নাখোদা (nakhōda)

→ Gulf Arabic: نوخذة (nōḵiḏa)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: नाख़ुदा (nāxudā)

Urdu: نَاخُدَا (nāxudā)

→ Malay: nakhoda
Indonesian: nakhoda

→ Ottoman Turkish: ناخدا (nahuda)

From earlier ناوخدا (nâvxodâ), compound of ناو (nâv, “boat, ship”) + خدا (xodâ, “master, lord, chief”). Compare Ancient Greek ναύκληρος (naúklēros), Latin nauclērus for the formation.

af

[nɑː.xʊ.d̪ɑ́ː]

[nɑː.xʊ.d̪ɑ́ː]

[nɑː.xʊ.d̪ɑ́ː]


جبهه

fa-noun

جبهه • (jebhe) (plural جبههها (jebhe-hâ), or جباه)

jebhe (romanization)
جبههها (plural)
جباه (plural)


حمله

حَمْله • (hamle) (plural حملات (hamalât, hamelât), or حملهها)

حَمْله (canonical)
hamle (romanization)
حملات (plural)
حملهها (plural)

→ Azerbaijani: həmlə

→ Bengali: হামলা (hamla)

→ Gujarati: હુમલો (humlo)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: हमला (hamlā)

Urdu: حَمْلَہ (hamlā)

→ Phalura: hamlá

→ Pashto: حمله (hamla)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਹਮਲਾ (hamlā)

Shahmukhi script: حملہ (hamlā)

→ Turkish: hamle

→ Uzbek: hamla

حملهٔ تروریستی

پردلان در جنگ هم از بیم جان، حمله کرده سوی صف دشمنان

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume IV, verse 2918:

The courageous, also from fear for their lives, have charged towards the ranks of the enemy.

pordelân dar jang ham az bim-e jân, hamle kard suy-e saff-e došmanân.


آرپی‌جی

آرپیجی (canonical)
âr-pi-ji (romanization)
آرپی جی (alternative)
آر پی جی (alternative)
آر.پی.جی (alternative)

rocket-propelled grenade
rocket-propelled grenade

(weaponry) RPG, rocket-propelled grenade


سرهنگ

سرهنگ • (sarhang) (plural سرهنگها (sarhang-hā / sarhang-hâ), or سرهنگان (sarhangān / sarhangân), Tajik spelling сарҳанг)

sarhang (romanization)
سرهنگها (plural)
spelling сарҳанг (Tajik)

→ Azerbaijani: sərhəng

[sæɹ.hæɲɡʲ̥]

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐫘𐫡𐫍𐫗𐫃 (srhng /sarhang/, “commander”) from Proto-Iranian *θanǰáyati (“to pull”). By surface analysis, سر (sar /sar, “head; chief”) + آهنگ (āhang /âhang, “leading, out pulling”, deverbal noun from آهیختن (āhīxtan /âhixtan, “to lead, pull out”)). Compare with Latin archidux and German Erzherzog.

surf

آهنگ
<t:leading, out pulling><pos:deverbal noun from آهیختن (āhīxtan /âhixtan, “to lead, pull out”)>


تهاجم

[t̪ʰä.ɦɑː.d͡ʒʊ́m]

[t̪ʰä.ɦɑː.d͡ʒʊ́m]

[t̪ʰɑːɑː.d͡ʒʊ́m]

[t̪ʰɔːɔː.d͡ʒúm]

[t̪ʰæ.ɦɒː.d͡ʒóm]

[t̪ʰä.ɦɔ.d͡ʒúm]

Borrowed from Arabic تَهَاجُم (tahājum).


امداد

fa-noun

امداد • (emdâd)

[ʔɪm.d̪ɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔɪm.d̪ɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔɪm.d̪ɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔim.d̪ɔ́ːd̪̥]

[ʔem.d̪ɒ́ːd̪̥]


پادگان

پادگان • (pâdegân or pâdgân) (plural پادگانها)

pâdegân (romanization)
pâdgân (romanization)
پادگانها (plural)

[pʰɒː.d̪e.ɡɒ́ːn]

[pʰɒːd̪.ɡɒ́ːn]

From پاد (pâd, “guardian, defender”) + ـگان (-gân). Coined by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature in 1939, replacing the Turkic loan ساخلو (sâxlow).

af

رسانههای پاکستان دقایقی قبل به نقل از مسوولان نظامی در شهر ژوب اعلام کردند که حمله تروریستی به پادگان با واکنش سریع نیروهای امنیتی همراه شد در عین حال ۵ نظامی پاکستان در تبادل آتش با تروریستها جان خود را از دست دادند و ۳ مهاجم نیز کشته شدند.

2023 July 12, “حمله به پادگان ارتش در بلوچستان پاکستان ۸ کشته برجای گذاشت”, in irna.ir, Islamic Republic News Agency:

A few minutes ago, Pakistani media outlets announced, quoting military authorities in the city of Zhob, that the terrorist attack on the garrison was met with a swift response by security forces. 5 Pakistani soldiers lost their lives in this situation while exchanging fire with the terrorists, and 3 attackers were also killed.

resâne-hâ-ye pâkestân daqâyeqi qabl be naql az mas'ulân-e nezâmi dar šahr-e žob e'lâm kardand ke hamle-ye teroristi be pâdegân bâ vâkoneš-e sari'-e niru-hâ-ye amniyati hamrâh šod dar ein-e hâl 5 nezâmi-ye pâkestân dar tabâdol-e âtaš bâ terorist-hâ jân-e xod râ az dast dâdand va 3 mohâjem niz košte šodand.


قنداق

qondâq (romanization)
قنداقها (plural)
غنداق (alternative)
قنداغ (alternative)
قنداقه (alternative)

[qon̪.d̪ɒ́ːɢ̥]

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قونداق (kundak, kondak, “bundle, faggot; rifle butt”), from Byzantine Greek κοντάκιον (kontákion), diminutive of Byzantine Greek κόνταξ (kóntax, “pole”), diminutive of κοντός (kontós, “pole”). The meaning of wrapped cloths may instead be from Sogdian, found prefixed with ni- in Sogdian [script needed] (nɣʾwntʾk, “blanket”), [script needed] (nɣʾwntʾ-, “to dress, to cover”) = Persian نهفتن (nehoftan).

cog

(firearms) gun carriage, mount of a cannon


هنگ

hang (romanization)
spelling ҳанг (Tajik)

back-formation from سرهنگ (sarhang /sarhang).


رژیمان

fa-noun

رژیمان • (režimân)


دفیله

Dehkhoda Dictionary
Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute
University of Tehran Press


توپخانه

توپخانه • (tupxâne)


ضدماهواره

zedd-e-mâhvâre (romanization)
ضد ماهواره (alternative)

[zɪd̪.d̪ɪ mɑːɦ.wɑː.ɾä]

[zɪd̪.d̪ɪ mɑːɦ.wɑː.ɾä]

[zɪd̪.d̪ɪ mɑː.wɑː.ɾä]


ضدتانک

zedd-e-tânk (romanization)
ضد تانک (alternative)

[zɪd̪.d̪ɪ.t̪ʰɑːŋk]

[zɪd̪.d̪ɪ.t̪ʰɑːŋk]

[zɪd̪.d̪ɪ.t̪ʰɑːŋk]

مین ضدتانک


برخورد

[bäɾ.xʊ́ɹd̪]

[bäɾ.xʊ́ɹd̪]

[bäɾ.xʊ́ɹd̪]

[bæɹ.ˈxvæɹd̪̥]

برخورد دو ارتش بزرگ

(military) clash, confrontation, encounter


ضدحمله

ضِدِّحَمْله • (zedd-e-hamle) (plural ضدحلات (zedd-e-hamelât), or ضدحملهها)

ضِدِّحَمْله (canonical)
zedd-e-hamle (romanization)
ضدحلات (plural)
ضدحملهها (plural)
ضد حمله (alternative)


پهلو

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: पहलू (pahlū), पहल (pahal)

Urdu: پہلو (pahlū), پہل (pahal)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: پهلو (pehlû)
Turkish: pehlu

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (pʾhlwk' /pahlūg/), from Old Persian *parθukah, suffixed from Proto-Iranian *párcuš (“rib”). Compare Northern Kurdish parsû (“side”), Sanskrit पर्शु (parśu, “rib”), Russian пе́рси (pérsi, “bosom”).


استحکامات

fa-noun

استحکامات • (estehkâmât)

[ʔɪs.t̪ʰe̞ɦ.kʰɑː.mɑ́ːt̪]

Arabic plural of استحکام (estehkâm), from Arabic اِسْتِحْكَام (istiḥkām, “intensification, becoming fortified”). Probably a calque of French fortification, likely via Ottoman Turkish استحكامات (istihkamat).

bor

اِسْتِحْكَام

(military) fortification (especially one that fully encircles the defended position)


سنگر

→ Azerbaijani: səngər

→ Central Kurdish: سەنگەر (senger)

→ English: sangar

→ Georgian: სანგარი (sangari)

→ Northern Kurdish: senger

→ Pashto: سنګر (sangar)

(military) fortification, redoubt, fortified spot