پا

(dialectal, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) (used only when followed by possessive suffixes) with

پی

used only when not followed by possessive suffixes


مگر

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭫 𐭧𐭲 (ʾl ḥt /ma agar/, “perhaps; lest”), from 𐭠𐭫 (ʾl /ma/, “not”) + 𐭧𐭲 (ḥt /agar/, “if”).

inh

همه بودند مگر علی.

اکنون همه بر جایند مگر حسنک.

c. 1075, Abu'l-Fażl Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn Bayhaqī, تاریخ بیهقی [Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī]:

Presently, all of them are alive except for Hasanak.


ز

زش/زو چه خواهی؟
Zeš/zaš/zu če xâhi?
What do you want from him?.
زش ز او پاسخ دهم اندر نهان؛ زش بپنداری میان مردمان


اندر

From Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (BYN /andar/), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”), from Proto-Iranian *Hántarah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hántaras, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”).

Archaic and poetic form of در (dar, “in; inside”)


از

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭭 (az), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎨𐎠 (hacā), from Proto-Iranian *háčā, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”).

der

از او پرسیدم اگر میخواهد به ایران برود. (more literary)
az u porsidam agar mi-xâhad be irân be-ravad.

ازش پرسیدم اگه میخواد به ایران بره. (more colloquial)

I asked of him if he wanted to go to Iran.

az-aš porsidam age mi-xâd be irân be-re.

از کی تا حالا؟

این کتاب از آن کتاب بهتر است. (more literary)
in ketâb az ân ketâb behtar ast.

این کتاب از اون کتاب بهتره. (more colloquial)


تا

From Middle Persian [script needed] (OD /tā/, “until, so that”), from Old Persian 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 (y-a-t-a /yātā/), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HyátʰaH (“as, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós. Compare Sanskrit यथा (yathā).

inh

تا پارسال

تا اندازهای

تا کنارِ پنجره رفتم.

فاصله اصفهان تا تهران

until; as far as; up to (in time or space)


علی

علیٰ (canonical)
علیـ (canonical)
'alâ (romanization)
'aley- (romanization)

upon, over, on (only used in borrowed Arabic phrases; see related terms below)


ابر

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭣𐭬 (mdm /abar/) (whence also بر (bar)), from Proto-Iranian *upári, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *upári, from Proto-Indo-European *upér.
Cognates include English over, Latin super (whence English super), Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old Armenian վեր (ver), German über, Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri).

ابر (abar, “super”) + قدرت (qodrat, “power”) = ابرقدرت (abarqodrat, “superpower”)

ابر (abar, “super”) + نواختر (now-axtar, “nova”) = ابرنواختر (abarnowaxtar, “supernova”)

A prefix roughly equivalent to English super-, English over-


بد

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭯𐭥𐭭 (pʿn) / PWN (pad, “to, at, in, on”).

Alternative form of به (be, “to; in; for”)


تو

تو رفتی ولی فکر تو، تو سر من موند / همیشه نبودت من و قلبمو ترسوند

2023, “پاقدم”, performed by علیرضا طلیسچی:

you left but the thought of you remained in my head / your absence always scared me and my heart

to rafti vali fekr-e to tu sar-e man mund / hamiše nabudet man o qalbamo tarsund


بی

From earlier ابی (abê), from Middle Persian [script needed] (apě), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Compare Old Armenian ապա- (apa-), an Iranian borrowing.


ده

Colloquial spelling of در (dar, “in, at, within, among”)


به

From Middle Persian 𐭯𐭥𐭭 (pʿn) / PWN (pad, “to, at, in, on”), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎹 (patiy), from Proto-Iranian *pati-.

به من بگو.

نصیحت من به شما این است.

راههای رسیدن به خوشحالی

وزیر خارجه ترکیه به تهران رفت.

The Foreign Minister of Turkey went to Tehran.

vazir-e xâreje-ye torkiye be tehrân raft.

Expresses the direction of movement: to; towards; into

به سرعت

به زور

Forms adverbial phrases of manner: by, -ly

به فارسی

Indicates the language of a text, speech, etc.: in

به نام خدا


در

Appears in the 1100s, a contraction of earlier Classical Persian اندر (andar), from Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (byn /andar/, “in, among, towards, concerning”), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”), from Proto-Iranian, Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hantara-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”).

inh

در خانه

در کیف

در روز یکشنبه

در سال ۲۰۲۴

درصد

دو متر در دو متر


سر

→ Hindustani:

→ Hindi: सर (sar)

→ Urdu: سر (sar)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: سر (ser)
> Turkish: ser (inherited)
→ Arabic: سَر (sar)

→? Pashto: سر (sar)

From Middle Persian 𐭫𐭥𐭩𐭱𐭤 (LOYŠE /sar/), from Proto-Iranian *cŕ̥Hah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćŕ̥Has, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂-; see there for further information.

«کلید من از کجاست» «آن سر میز است» (Dari, formal)
“kilīd-i man az kujā-st” “ān sar-i mēz ast”

«کلی مه از کجایه؟» «او سر میزه» (Dari, informal)

"where are my keys?" "they are on the table"

“kilī-yi ma az kuja-ya?” “ū sar-i mēz-a”


داخل

head

داخِلِ • (dâxel-e)

داخِلِ (canonical)
dâxel-e (romanization)

داخل کشور


پشت

پُشتِ • (pošt-e)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian *pr̥štáh (“back”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (paršta), Sanskrit पृष्ठ (pṛṣṭha).

inh+

وی پشت درخت پنهان میشود. (literary)

اون پشت درخت پنهون میشه. (colloquial)


سی

(dialectal, Kazerun, Bushehr, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) for

(dialectal, Kazerun, Bushehr, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) in order to


چون

From Middle Persian [script needed] (cygwn' /čiyōn/, “as, like, how, when”), from Proto-Iranian *či-gauna- (“shape, figure”), from *či- (“what”) + *gauna- (“color, type”). Synchronically analyzable as چه (če, “what”) + گون (gun, “color, type”).


می

(dialectal, Shiraz, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) except


مثل

مثل تو نیستم.

چرا میخوای مثل من حرف بزنی؟

کان دلیر آخر مثال شیر بود، نیست مثل شیر در جملهی حدود

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume IV, verse 422:

For, after all, the courageous man did resemble the lion, [though] he is not like the lion in all points of the definition.

k-ân delir âxer mesl-e šir bud, nist mesl-e šir dar jomle-ye hodud.


خارج

head

خارج • (xârej)

[xɑː.ˈɾid͡ʒ]

[xɑː.ɾɪ́d͡ʒ]

[xɑː.ɾɪ́d͡ʒ]

[xɑː.ɾɪ́d͡ʒ]

[xɔː.ɾíd͡ʒ̥]

[xɒː.ɹéd͡ʒ̥]


بر

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭣𐭬 (mdm /abar/, “up; on, over”).


روی

Derived from روی (ruy, "face") (see etymology 2) + ezafe.


بدون

From Arabic بِدُونِ (bi-dūni), from the preposition بِ (bi-, “with”) + the preposition دُونَ (dūna, “without”).


نزدیک

→ Middle Bengali: নজদিক (nojodik)

desc

Bengali: নজদিক (nojodik), নজিক (nojik), নগিচ (nogic)

→ Gujarati: નજીક (najīk)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: नज़दीक (nazdīk)

Urdu: نزدیک (nazdīk)

→ Marathi: नजीक (najīk)

→ Nepali: नजिक (najik)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਨਜ਼ਦੀਕ (nazdīk), ਨਜੀਕ (najīk)

Shahmukhi script: نَزدیک (nazdek), نَجیک (najek)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (nzdyk' /nazdīk/), from Proto-Iranian *názdyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *názdyas. One of a few adjectives that has preserved the final -g/k phoneme and did not undergo the regular sound change from Middle Persian to Modern Persian. Others include تاریک (târik, “dark”) and باریک (bârik, “slender”).


بیرون

From Middle Persian bylwn' (bērōn, “outside”), synchronically analyzable as by-, BRA (bē, “out, but”) + lwn (rōn, “direction, yearning”). The former part can be seen in other New Persian compounds such as بیگانه (bēgāna, “outsider, foreigner”) and بیگار (bēgār, “corvee, forced labour”). The latter component is from Proto-Iranian *raun(a)- (“direction, yearning”), from Proto-Iranian *hraw- (“to stream, flow”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sraw- (“to stream”), from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to stream, flow”).

ref

MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “bērōn”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 18

der

پنبهی وسواس بیرون کن ز گوش، تا به گوشت آید از گردون خروش

c. 1260, Rumi, “2:1943”, in The Masnavi:

take the cotton of whispers [of temptation] out from your ear, so the shouts from Heaven may enter your ears

panbe-ye vasvâs birun kon ze guš, tâ be guš-at âyad az gardun xoruš


زیر

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hcdl /azēr/, “underneath”), from Old Persian *hacā-adari, equivalent to 𐏃𐎨𐎠 (h-c-a /hacā/, “from”, from Proto-Iranian *háčaH, from Proto-Indo-European *sékʷ-eh₂) + *adari (“under”, from Proto-Iranian *Hadárah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hadʰáras, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰ-ér-o-s, distantly related to English under).
The prepositional usage is a contraction of older در زیرِ (dar zir-e, literally “in the underneath of”) or به زیرِ (be zir-e, literally “at the underneath of”); the full forms are dated in Iran but more common in the eastern lands.

inh

زیر میز

زیر نظر ستاد

خانه ی ماهی کوچولو و مادرش پشت سنگ سیاهی بود؛ زیر سقفی از خزه.

1967, Samad Behrangi, ماهی سیاه کوچولو [The Little Black Fish]:

The house of the little fish and his mother was behind a black stone, under a roof of moss.

xâne-ye mâhi-ye kučulu o mâdar-eš pošt-e sang-e siyâhi bud; zir-e saqfi az xaze.


بعد از

[bɔːd̪̥ ʔäz]

[bæʔd̪̥ ʔæz]

بعد (ba'd, “after”, from Arabic بَعْد (baʕd)) + از (az, “from”).

af

from Arabic <i class="Arab mention" lang="ar">بَعْد</i> (baʕd)

فروشگاههای چینی بعد از سال نو چینی تعطیل میشوند. (more literary)

The Chinese shops are closed after the Chinese New Year.

forušgâh-hâ-ye čini ba'd az sâl-e now-e čini ta'til mi-šavand.

فروشگاههای بعد از سال نو چینی تعطیل میشن. (more colloquial)

forušgâh-â-ye čini ba'd az sâl-e now-e čini ta'til mi-šan.

بعد از اینکه حالت خوب شد (more literary)

بعد از اینکه حالت خوب شد (more colloquial)


بین

→ Urdu: بَینـ (bain-)

Borrowed from Arabic بَيْنَ (bayna), بَيْن (bayn).

بین این دو beyn-e in do


با

From earlier ابا (abâ), from Middle Persian.


همراه

→ Armenian: համըռահ (haməṙah)

→ Kazakh: ымыра (ymyra)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: همراه (hemrah)
Turkish: hem-rāh

From هم (ham, “same”) + راه (râh, “way”).

همراه من بیا.


میان

From Middle Persian mdyʾn' (mayān), from Old Persian *madyānaʰ, from Proto-Iranian *mádyānah, composed of *mádyah + *-anah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mádʰyas, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos. Cognate with Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬀 (maⁱδiia), Sanskrit मध्य (madhya), Ossetian мидӕг (midæg), Gilaki مئن (men) and Arabic مَيْدَان (maydān).


طبق

طبق افسانه

طبق قرآن


بخاطر

[bä.xɑː.t̪ʰɪ́.ɾɪ]

[bä.xɑː.t̪ʰɪ́.ɾɪ]

[bä.xɑː.t̪ʰɪ́.ɾɪ]

for the sake of, because of, by virtue of


درباره

دربارهٔ (canonical)
darbâre-ye (romanization)

[d̪äɾ bɑː.ɾǽ.jɪ]

[d̪äɾ bɑː.ɾǽ.jɪ]

[d̪äɾ bɑː.ɾǽ.jɪ]

From در (dar, “on, in”) + باره (bâre, “issue, subject”).

af

من کتابی درباره شعر فارسی دنبال میگردم.

I'm looking for a book about Persian poetry.

man ketâb-i dar-bâre-ye še'r-e fârsi donbâl mi-gardam.


کنار

head

کِنارِ • (kenâr-e)

کِنارِ (canonical)
kenâr-e (romanization)

[kʰʲe.nɒ́ːɹ]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (knʾl /kanār/, “side, edge”), from a metathesis of کران (karân, “border, edge”).

inh

آیا میتوانیم کنار پنجره بنشینیم؟ (literary)

âyâ mi-tavânim kenâr-e panjere be-nešinim?

میشه کنار پنجره بشینیم؟ (colloquial)


تحت

[t̪ʰäɦ.t̪ʰɪ]

[t̪ʰäɦ.t̪ʰɪ]

[t̪ʰɑː.t̪ʰɪ]

[t̪ʰɔː.t̪ʰi]

[t̪ʰæɦ.t̪ʰe]

[t̪ʰäɦ.t̪ʰi]


אז

צֿנאן גשתה וֿגִודש פיש מן כֿאר
כה פנדארם כם אז כלבסת צד באר

1600s, Elisha ben Shmūel, translated by Dalia Yasharpour, The Prince and the Sufi: The Judeo-Persian Rendition of the Buddha Biographies, Brill, published November 9, 2020:

His existence for me has become so base
That I view him infinitely lower than a dog.

čenin gašte vojud-aš piš-e man xâr
ke pendâram kam az kalb ast sad bâr


بری

barey (romanization)
baroy (romanization)
berey (romanization)

برای برای#Persian


جز

From Middle Persian [script needed] (Jud az, “except, apart from”).

جز این از هر کتابی خوشم میآد.


برای

→ Khalaj: bərâyı

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਬਰਾਏ (barāē)

Shahmukhi script: براے (barāē)

Urdu: بَرائے (barāe)

[bä.ɾɑ́ː.jɪ]

[bä.ɾɑ́ː.jɪ]

From a grammaticalized phrase in Middle Iranian, *pad rāy (“(literally) for the thing”), itself composed of Proto-Iranian *pati- (“for, towards, against”) + *rādi- (“reason, thing”), the latter a lexicalization of the locative singular of Proto-Iranian *rād-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HraHdʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange, accomplish”). By surface analysis, به (be, “for”) + رای (rây, “reason”) + ـِ (-e, “ezafe”)


حول

=نخستوزیر قطر همچنین گفت اختلاف اصلی دو طرف حول محور آزادی گروگانها و آتشبس موقت یا پایان دادن به جنگ است: «یک طرف میخواهد جنگ را خاتمه دهد و بعد درباره گروگانها صحبت کند و طرف دیگر میخواهد گروگانها برگردند و جنگ را ادامه دهند.»

2024 May 14, “انتقادها به حمله به کاروانهای امدادرسان به غزه؛ قطر: مذاکرات آتشبس به بنبست رسیده است”, in bbc.com/persian, BBC Persian:

The Qatari Prime Minister also said that there are fundamental disputes between the two sides around the axes of freeing the hostages and either a temporary ceasefire or bringing the war to an end: "One side wants to end the war and talk about the hostages afterwards, and the other side wants the hostages to come back and to continue the war."

naxost-vazir-e qatar hamčenin goft extelâf-e asli-ye do taraf howl-e mehvar-e âzâdi-ye gerowgân-hâ va âtaš-bas-e movaqqat yâ pâyân dâdan be jang ast: "yek taraf mi-xâhad jang râ xâteme dehad va ba'd darbâre-ye gerowgân-hâ sohbat konad va taraf-e digar mi-xâhad gerowgân-hâ bargardand va jang râ edâme dehand.


متعلق

مُتَعَلِّق (canonical)
mota'alleq (romanization)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मुतअल्लिक़ (mutaalliq)

Urdu: مُتَعَلِّق (muta'alliq)

→ Punjabi:

desc

Gurmukhi script: ਮੁਤਅੱਲਕ (mutaallak), ਮੁਤੱਲਕ (mutallak)

Shahmukhi script: مُتعَّلَق (mutʻʻalaq)

Borrowed from Arabic مُتَعَلِّق (mutaʕalliq).

bor+

belonging, related, attached or otherwise connected to


مانند

Derived from مانستن (mânestan, “to resemble”).

این بدن مانند آن شیر علم / فکر میجنباند او را دم به دم

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume IV, verse 3054:

This body is like the lion on the banner: thought is causing it to move continually.

in badan mânand-e ân šir-e 'alam / fekr mi-jonbânad u râ dam be dam


پایین

head

پایینِ • (pâyin-e)

پایینِ (canonical)
pâyin-e (romanization)

پائینِ پائین#Persian


برا

برا • (barâ)

→ Khalaj: bara

برای برای#Persian

(informal) Colloquial form of برای (barâye).


دومن

(dialectal, Kazerun, Tang-e Eram) at the bottom of


رو

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

(with ezafe) Alternative form of روی (ru-ye, “on, above”)


ری

(dialectal, Bushehr, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) on

(dialectal, Bushehr, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) above

(dialectal, Bushehr, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) upon


نزد

→ Ottoman Turkish: نزد

Turkish: nezd

From Middle Persian [script needed] (nzd /nazd/), from Proto-Iranian *názdah. Compare also نزدیک (nazdik).

inh

اگر بر تقدیر معقولیت میفرمایید پس باطلترین و نجسترین و گندهترین دینها پیش من دین ایشان است بلكه دین هنود نزد من از دین ایشان بهتر!

1611, ʿAbd al-Sattār ibn Qāsim Lāhōrī, مجالس جهانگیری [Majālis-i Jahāngīrī]:

If you assess it based on plausibility, then my view is that the absurdest, the impurest, and the dirtiest of religions is theirs: in my opinion, the religion of the Hindus is better than theirs!

agar bar taqdīr-i ma'quliyat mē-farmāyēd pas bātiltarīn u najistarīn u gandatarīn-i dīn-hā pēš-i man dīn-i ēšān ast balki dīn-i hunūd nazd-i man az dīn-i ēšān bihtar!


پس از

From پس (pas, “so, after, behind”) + از (az, “from”).

af

بادشاه امسال دعوای نبوت کرده است، گر خدا خواهد پس از سالی خدا خواهد شد

late 16th c., Mullā Shīrī, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

This year, the emperor has laid claim to prophethood; God willing, after a year, he will become a god.

bâdšâh emsâl da'vâ-ye nobovvat karde ast, gar xodâ xâhad pas az sâli xodâ xâhad šod


راجع به

head

راجع به • (râje' be)

[rɑː.d͡ʒe̞ʔ bä]

[rɑː.d͡ʒe̞ʔ bä]

[ɾɔ.d͡ʒeʔ bä]


واس

A preposition not attested in Classical Persian, but borrowed from Caspian, spoken in later Persianized territories, compare Gilaki واسی (vâsi, “for, because of, the reason of”), Mazanderani وسه (vesse, “for, by the reason of”), and Khwarezmian [script needed] (wsn, “for, because of”), Parthian [script needed] (wsnʾd /wasnāδ/, “for, on account of, concerning, about”). The form سی (si) is also heard in Lurish, Southwestern Fars, Larestani and many Southern dialects.

cog

(colloquial) for, by reason of, for the sake of


وسناد

head

وسناد • (vasnâd)

From Parthian wsnʾd (wasnāδ, “for, on account of, concerning, about”).


به خاطر

بخاطر بخاطر#Persian


به عنوان

به عنوان مثال

به عنوان دلیل ذکر کردن

آخرین سخنرانی روحانی به عنوان رئیس جمهور ایران

Rowhani's last speech as president of Iran

âxarin soxanrâni-ye rowhâni be onvân-e ra'is-jomhur-e irân


درمورد

در مورد این کتاب چه می دانید؟


در طول

[d̪ǽɾ t̪ʰúː.lɪ]

[d̪ǽɾ t̪ʰúː.lɪ]

[d̪ǽɾ t̪ʰúː.lɪ]

[d̪ǽɹ t̪ʰúː.le]

در طول تابستان این اتاق خیلی گرم است.

(with an ezafe) during, across, throughout (time)


مورا

Ultimately derived from Latin mora, via French or English.

fa:مورا (زبانشناسی)


کتی

Unknown, but thought to be related to colloquial Tajik қатӣ (qati), with the same meaning.
Both terms are suggested to be from a Turkic language, but there is little consensus on the matter.

برنج کتی گوشت میخایی یا تو آلی خو میری ― birinj kat(ē) gōšt mē-xāyī yā tū ālē xaw mē-rī (Dari, colloquial)

برنج کتی گوشت میخواهی یا تو حالا خواب میروی

do you want rice and/alongside meat or will you go to bed now? (Dari, more formal)

birinj katē gōšt mē-xāhī yā tū hālā xāb mē-rawī

(Dari, Hazaragi, more colloquial) with, by, alongside


پیش از

head

پیش از • (piš az)

From پیش (piš, “previously, fore, front”) + از (az, “from”).

af

تو ما را از خواب خرگوشی بیدار کردی، به ما چیزهایی یاد دادی که پیش از این حتی فکرش را هم نکرده بودیم.

You woke us up from our stupor; you taught us things that we hadn't even thought about before now.

to mâ-râ az xâb-e xarguši bidâr kardi, be mâ čiz-hâ-yi yâd dâdi ke piš az in hattâ fekr-eš-râ ham na-karde budim.


قبل از

قبل (qabl, “previous”, from Arabic قَبْل (qabl)) + از (az, “from”).

from Arabic <i class="Arab mention" lang="ar">قَبْل</i> (qabl)

خانم مینا, قبل از اینکه یک کلمه را بگویید, پستان خود را بپوشانید!

Ms. Mina, before you say a word, cover your breast!

صوفی سلطان ابن ترسون محمد سلطان را که قبل از این حکومت تالقان داشت به ایالات خوارزم و ورگنج مقرر فرموده

c. 1730, Hājji Mir Muḥammad Salīm, سلسله السلاطین [Silsilat al-salaṭin], page 208a:

He appointed, to the provinces of Khwarazm and Urganj, Sufi Sultan ibn Tursun Muhammad Sultan, who had held the governorship of Taloqan prior to this.

sufi soltân ebn-e torsun mohammad soltân-râ ke qabl az in hokumat-e tâleqân dâšt be eyâlât-e xârezm va urganj moqarrar farmude


توسط

Borrowed from Arabic تَوَسُّط (tawassuṭ). The preposition is short for به توسطِ (be tavassot-e).


به علاوه

دو به علاوه دو


طی

طی چند سال

(of a period of time) during, over, over the course of

طی بیانیهای این حمله را محکوم کرد.

He condemned this attack in a statement.

teyy-e bayâniye'i in hamle râ mahkum kard.


روبرو

[rʊː.bä.ɾʊː]

Univerbation of رو (ru, “face”) + به (be, “to”) + رو (ru, “face”).

univerbation

کافه روبرو دریا ― kâfe ruberu daryâ ― café facing the sea


علیه

→ Ottoman Turkish: علیه (aleyh-i)

Turkish: aleyh-i

خشونت علیه زنان

حمله علیه نظامیان روسی


درون

Clipping of اندرون (andarun), from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾndlwn' /andarōn/, “inside, within”).


از طرف

[ʔäz t̪ʰä.ɾǽ.fɪ]

[ʔäz t̪ʰä.ɾǽ.fɪ]

[ʔäz t̪ʰä.ɾǽ.fɪ]


جهت

[d͡ʒe̞.ɦǽt̪]

[d͡ʒe̞.ɦǽt̪]

بر جانب جنوب میناست، و بیشتر شهرهای ساحل را میناست و آن چیزیست که جهت محافظت کشتیها ساختهاند، مانند اسطبل که پشت بر شهرستان دارد و دیوارها بر لب آب دریا درآمده.

c. 1060, Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Safarnāma [Book of Travels]:

To the south, there is a mīnāʾ [Arabic for "port; harbor"]. Most of the coastal cities have this thing [called a mīnāʾ], which is built for the sake of safeguarding ships like a stable [for horses], behind the city; its walls touch upon the shores of the ocean.

bar jānib-i junūb mīnā-st, u bēštar-i šahr-hā-yi sāhil rā ān čīzē-st ki jihat-i muhāfazat-i kišti-hā sāxta-and, mānand-i istabl ki pušt-i šahristān dārad u dēwār-hā bar lab-i āb-i daryā darāmada.

(with ezâfe) for, for the sake of; short for از جهتِ (az jehat-e, “for the sake of”) or به جهتِ (be jehat-e, “for the sake of”).


به سوی

(literal) expresses movement to a place: to; towards; into


بهطورکلی

به طور کلی
به طور کلی#Persian


سرتاسر

رگبار شهابسنگ در سرتاسر بریتانیا؟
Ragbâr-e ŝahâbsang dar sartâsar-e Britâniâ ?
Shooting stars all over Britain ?


پائین

head

پائینِ • (pâ'in-e)

پائینِ (canonical)
pâ'in-e (romanization)

[pʰɑː.ʔíː.nɪ]

[pʰɑː.ʔíː.nɪ]


مابین

Borrowed from Arabic مَا بَيْنَ (mā bayna, literally “what is in-between”).

bor+

مابین یخچال


علی رغم

head

علی رغم • (alâ rağm-e)

[ʔä.lɑː.ɾǽɣ.mɪ]

[ʔä.lɑː.ɾǽɣ.mɪ]

[ʔä.lɑː.ɾǽɣmɪ]

[ʔä.lɔː.ɾǽɣmi]

Borrowed from Arabic عَلَى الرَّغْمِ (ʕalā ar-raḡmi). By surface analysis, علی (alâ) + رغم (rağm) + ی (-e, the ezâfe).

bor+

عَلَى الرَّغْمِ

surf

آنی که دلش برای ایران میسوزد به این سادگی کشورش را ول نمیکند، علیرغم تمام سختیها که ممکن است وجود داشته باشد.

2024, Masoud Pezeshkian, نگاهی به مطالبات نسل نو: گفتوگویی چالشی با دکتر مسعود پزشکیان [A look at the Demands of the New Generation: A Challenging Discussion with Dr. Masoud Pezeshkian]:

A person who is passionate about Iran will not abandon his country easily, in spite of all the difficulties that may exist.

âni ke delaš barây-e irân misuzad be in sâdegi kešvaraš râ vel namikonad, alâ-rağm-e tamâm-e saxti-hâ ke momken ast vojud dâšte bâšad.


بحکم

به (be, “by, at”) + حکم (hokm, “order”). But also compare Arabic بِحُكْم (biḥukm, “because”).

بحکم آنکه


برخلاف

برخلاف میلم

در زبان فارسی برخلاف زبان انگلیسی در جمله نیازی به آوردن فاعل نیست.

In Persian, unlike in English, it is not necessary to mention the subject in a sentence.

dar zabân-e fârsi barxelâf-e zabân-e engelisi dar jomle niyâzi be âvordan-e fâ'el nist.


در سایه

سایه سایه#Persian

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see در, سایه.


محض

به محض
به محض#Persian

Short for به محض (be mahz-e, “because of; as soon as”).


جدا از

head

جدا از • (jodâ az)

[d͡ʒo.d̪ɒ́ː ʔæz]

جدا از این


نسبت به

نسبت به من احساسش چی هست؟

What feelings does he/she have towards me?

کدام حیوان بزرگترین مغز را نسبت به اندازه بدنش دارد؟

Which animal has the largest brain relative to body size?

kodâm heyvân bozorg-tarin moğz râ nesbat be andâze-ye badan-eš dârad?


از طریق

[ʔäz t̪ʰä.ɾíː.qɪ]

[ʔäz t̪ʰä.ɾíː.qɪ]

[ʔäz t̪ʰä.ɾíː.qɪ]

[ʔæz t̪ʰæ.ɹíː.ɢe]


همچو

همچو • (hamčo)

کی ببینم روی خود را ای عجب
تا چه رنگم همچو روزم یا چو شب

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 92:

How, I wonder, shall I behold my own face,
so as to see what complexion I have and whether I am like day or like night?

kay bi-bīnam rōy-i xwad rā ay 'ajab
tā či rang-am hamču rōz-am yā šab


همچون

همچون • (hamčun)

Compound of هم (ham, “also, even”) + چون (čun, “when, because, like”)

af

هست قرآن مر تو را همچون عصا
کفرها را در کشد چون اژدها

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 1209:

To thee the Qur’án is even as the rod (of Moses):
it swallows up (all) infidelities, like a dragon.

hast qur'ān mar tū rā hamčūn 'asā
kufr-hā rā dar kašad čūn aždahā


در مورد

درمورد درمورد#Persian

Alternative form of درمورد (dar-mowred-e)


عاید به

head

عاید به • (âyed be)

عائد به
عائد به#Persian


عائد به

عائد به • (â'ed be)

[ʔɑː.ʔɪd̪ bä]

[ʔɑː.ʔɪd̪ bä]

[ʔɑː.jɪd̪ bä]

این همایش یک روز دوام میکند، و در جریان آن، بحث و بررسیها عائد به فضای اطلاعاتی برگزار میشود.

The conference lasts for one day, and during it discussions and studies about the information space will be held.

in hamâyeš yek ruz davâm mikonad, va dar jarayân-e ân, bahs-o-barresihâ â'ed be fazâ-ye ettelâ'âti bargozâr mišavad.


با وجود

بَا وُجُودِ • (bâ vojud-e)

بَا وُجُودِ (canonical)
bâ vojud-e (romanization)

[bɑː wʊ.d͡ʒúː.d̪ɪ]

[bɑː wʊ.d͡ʒúː.d̪ɪ]

[bɑː wʊ.d͡ʒúː.d̪ɪ]

From با + وجود.


الی

به دلیل آب و هوای گرم و خشک این شهر و شرایط سخت زیستمحیطی، گردشگری را به سه الی چهار ماه در سال که هوای بهتری وجود دارد، محدود کرده است.

2018 August 8, “تیمبوکتو، شهر تاریخی در مسیر صحرای آفریقا [Timbuktu, historical city on Africa's Sahara paths]”, in donya-e-eqtesad.com, Donya-e-Eqtesad:

Due to this city's hot, arid climate and difficult environmental conditions, it has limited tourism to the three to four months in the year when there is better weather.

be dalil-e âb o havâ-ye garm o xošk-e in šahr va šarâyet-e saxt-e zist-mohiti, gardešgari râ be se elâ čahâr mâh dar sâl ke havâ-ye behtari vojud dârad, mahdud karde ast.

بهگفته این اداره، هر ماه دو هزار و ۵۰۰ الی سه هزار نفر از اماکن تاریخی و جاذبههای گردشگری این ولایت بازدید میکنند.

2022 September 3, “رونق گردشگری در هرات؛ فرهنگیان نگران وضعیت بناهای تاریخی هستند”, in www.etilaatroz.com:

According to this office, 2,500 to 3,000 tourists visited the historical places and tourist sites in this province every month.

ba gufta-yi īn idāra, har māh dū hazār u 500 ilā sih hazār nafar az amākin-i tārīxī u jāziba-hā-yi gardišgarī-yi īn wilāyat bāzdīd mē-kunand.


فیمابین

Unadapted borrowing from Arabic فِيمَا بَيْنَ (fīmā bayna).

ubor

فِيمَا بَيْنَ