تو

اتاق اتاق#Persian

(In some Regional Languages such as Luri) room, especially an outdoor room (Synonymous with اتاق (otâq, otâq) which is of Turkic origin)


مذهب

head

مذهب • (mazhab) (plural مذاهب (mazâheb) or مذهبها (mazhab-hâ))

mazhab (romanization)
مذاهب (plural)
مذهبها (plural)

مذهب شما چیه؟

چه دوزخی، چه بهشتی، چه آدمی، چه پری
به مذهب همه کفر طریقت است امساک

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 299”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

Whether among the people of Hell or of Heaven, whether among mankind or the fairies,
In everyone's religion, stinginess is infidelity to God's path.

či dōžaxī, či bihištī, či ādamī, či parī
ba mazhab-i hama kufr-i tarīqat ast imsāk

مذهب اشعری

مذهب تشیع یکی از مذاهب اسلامی در نیجریه است.

The Shi'ite branch is one of the branches of Islam in Nigeria.

mazhab-e tašayyo' yeki az mazâheb-e eslâmi dar neyjeriye ast.

sect, branch, creed (of a religion); school of jurisprudence or theology

عاقلان از بلا بپرهیزند
مذهب عاشقان دگر باشد

c. 1260, Saʿdī, “Ghazal 193”, in دیوان سعدی [The Divān of Saʿdī]:

Rational people will flee from pain,
But the lovers' creed is otherwise.

āqilān az balā bepurhēzand
mazhab-i āšiqān digar bāšad

(figurative) creed; manner, practice, way


دانا

دانا • (dânâ) (plural دانایان (dânâyân))

From Middle Persian d’n’k' (dānāg). From the verb دانستن (dânestan).
Equivalent to دان (dân, “know”) + ـا (-â).


طلا

talâ (romanization)
telâ (romanization)
tellâ (romanization)

desc

→ Georgian: თელა (tela) (chiefly Fereydan)

Mashhad, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan


رود

→ Urdu: رُود (rūd)

From Middle Persian, from Old Persian 𐎼𐎢𐎫 (rauta-, “river, torrent”), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *hráwtah.


پرنده

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پرنده • (parande) (plural پرندگان (parandegân) or پرندهها (parande-hâ))

parande (romanization)
پرندگان (plural)
پرندهها (plural)
پرندهام (first-person possessive singular)
parandé-am (first-person possessive singular)
Term? (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
parandám (first-person possessive singular)
پرندگانم (first-person possessive singular)
parandegấnam (first-person possessive singular)
parandeấm (first-person possessive singular)
پرندهات (possessive second-person singular)
parandé-at (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
parandát (possessive second-person singular)
پرندگانت (possessive second-person singular)
parandegấnat (possessive second-person singular)
parandeất (possessive second-person singular)
پرندهاش (possessive singular third-person)
parandéaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
parandáš (possessive singular third-person)
پرندگانش (possessive singular third-person)
parandegấnaš (possessive singular third-person)
parandeấš (possessive singular third-person)
پرندهمان (first-person plural possessive)
parandé-mân (first-person plural possessive)
Term? (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
parandámun (first-person plural possessive)
پرندگانمان (first-person plural possessive)
parandegấnemân (first-person plural possessive)
parandeấmun (first-person plural possessive)
پرندهتان (plural possessive second-person)
parandé-tân (plural possessive second-person)
Term? (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
parandátun (plural possessive second-person)
پرندگانتان (plural possessive second-person)
parandegấnetân (plural possessive second-person)
parandeấtun (plural possessive second-person)
پرندهشان (plural possessive third-person)
parandé-šân (plural possessive third-person)
Term? (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
parandášun (plural possessive third-person)
پرندگانشان (plural possessive third-person)
parandegấnešân (plural possessive third-person)
parandeấšun (plural possessive third-person)

→ Gujarati: પરંદા (parandā)

[pʰä.ɾɪ́n̪.d̪ä]

[pʰä.ɾɪ́n̪.d̪ä]

[pʰä.ɾɪ́n̪d̪ä]

[pʰä.ɾín̪d̪ä]

[pʰä.ɾǽn̪.d̪ä]

[pʰäɾ.ɾǽn̪.d̪ä]

From پر (par), present stem of پریدن (paridan, “to fly”), [Term?] + ـنده (-ande, agentive suffix).


ماده تاریک

[mɑːd̪.d̪ä.jɪ t̪ʰɑː.ɾiːk]

[mɑːd̪.d̪ä.jɪ t̪ʰɑː.ɾiːk]

[mɑːd̪.d̪ä.jɪ t̪ʰɑː.ɾiːk]

fa:ماده تاریک


ماه

Iranian Persian: مَاه (mâh)

Tajik: моҳ (moh)

→ Gujarati: માહ (māh)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: माह (māh)

Urdu: مَاہ (māh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Has
Proto-Iranian *mā́Hah
Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐏃 (m-a-h)
Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭥𐭧 (byʿḥ)
Persian ماه
From Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭥𐭧 (byʿḥ /māh/), from Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐏃 (m-a-h /māha/), from Proto-Iranian *mā́Hah (compare Northern Kurdish meh, mang, Ossetian мӕй (mæj), Avestan 𐬨𐬃 (mā̊), 𐬨𐬂𐬢𐬵 (måŋh), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mā́Has (compare Sanskrit मास (mā́sa)), from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (“moon, month”) (compare Albanian muaj, Armenian ամիս (amis), French mois, Tocharian A mañ, English moon, month). Doublet of مانگ (mâng, “Moon”).
For the poetic sense "beautiful person," compare the semantics of Arabic قَمَر (qamar, “Moon; (in poetry) beautiful person”).

ncog

شبم ز روزن اگر ماه آسمان آید
جهم ز جای تصور کنم که ماه منست

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 122:

At night, if the moon of the heavens comes to me through the window,
I leap forth from my place, imagining that it is my beloved.

šabam zi rōzan agar māh-i āsmān āyad
jaham zi jāy tasawwur kunam ki māh-i man ast

تو خیلی ماهی

At night, if the moon of the heavens comes to me through the window,
I leap forth from my place, imagining that it is my beloved [lit: "moon"].

(poetic, figurative) beautiful person; beauty; the beloved


گوهر

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گوهر • (gowhar) (plural گوهرها (gowhar-hâ))

→ Arabic: جَوْهَر (jawhar) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Arabic: جَوَاهِر pl (jawāhir) (see there for further descendants)

→ Azerbaijani: gövhər

→ Bashkir: гәүһәр (gəwhər)

→ Chagatai: گوهر

Uzbek: gavhar

→ Georgian: გოარი (goari)

→ Gujarati: ગૌહર (gauhar)

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: گَوہَر (gauhar)

→ Kazakh: гауһар (gauhar)

→ Middle Mongol: ᠭᠥᠭᠠᠷ (göɣar)

→ Ottoman Turkish: گوهر (gevher)

Turkish: gevher

→ Punjabi:

Shahmukhi script: گَوہَر (gauhar)

desc

→ Sindhi: گوهَرُ

→ Sindhi: گوهَرُ

→ Turkmen: göwher

From Middle Persian gwhl (/gōhr, gōhar/, “substance, essence; jewel”), from Old Persian *gauθra, *gavaθra.

inh

هل مرا تا پردهها را بر درم
تا چو خورشیدی بتابد گوهرم

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3529:

Let me be, that I may rend the curtains asunder,
that my (spiritual) substance may shine forth like a sun

hil marā tā parda-hā rā bar daram
tā čō xwarshēd bitābad gawhar-am


ماده

head

ماده • (mâde)

fa-noun

ماده • (mâde)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मादा (mādā)

Urdu: مادَہ (māda)

From Middle Persian NKḆ, mʾtk' (mādag), from Proto-Iranian *māta-ka- (“female creature”), from *māta- (“female”), from *máHtā (“mother”). Compare Old Armenian մատակ (matak), an Iranian borrowing.


ماده

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: माद्दा (māddā)

Urdu: مادَّہ (mādda)


ولایت فقیه

From Arabic ولايَة الفقيه (wilāyat al-faqīh).

uder

ولايَة الفقيه

Arabic ولايَة الفقيه

branches of government
branches of government

“Protectorship of the Islamic Jurists”; a system of government wherein the Islamic clergy (ulema) have the ultimate say in the military, judicial, legislative, and executive branches of government.


علف

Borrowed from Arabic عَلَف (ʕalaf). Somewhat eclipsed native اسپست (aspast) and واش (vâš) in standard Persian.


پول

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پول • (pul or pôl) (plural پولها (pul-hâ))

pul (romanization)
pôl (romanization)
پولها (plural)

→ Azerbaijani: pul

→ English: pul

desc

→ Old East Slavic: пулъ (pulŭ, “a kind of Tatar coin”) (via a Turkic language)

Russian: пул (pul), пу́ло (púlo)

→ Old Georgian: ფოლი (poli)

Georgian: ფული (puli)

→ Kazakh: пұл (pūl)

→ Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: پووڵ (pûll)

Northern Kurdish: pûl

→ Old Armenian: փող (pʻoł)

Armenian: փող (pʻoġ)

Ottoman Turkish: پول

Turkish: pul

→ Macedonian: пул (pul)

→ Turkmen: pul

→ Uyghur: پۇل (pul)

→ Uzbek: pul

→ Yagnobi: пул (pul)

From Middle Persian *pōl, perhaps a borrowing from Ancient Greek ὀβολός (obolós).

فعلا پول ندارم.


حیاط

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حیاط • (hayât)

fa-noun

حیاط • (hayât)


فرهنگ‌نویسی

فرهنگنویسی (canonical)
farhang-nevisi (romanization)

fa:فرهنگ‌نویسی


انبار

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اَنْبار • (anbâr) (plural انبارها (anbâr-hâ))

اَنْبار (canonical)
anbâr (romanization)
انبارها (plural)

desc

→ Arabic: أَنْبَار (ʔanbār), عَنْبَر (ʕanbar)

→ English: Al Anbar, English: Anbar

→ Azerbaijani: anbar, انبار

→ Belarusian: амбар (ambar) (via a Turkic language)

qualifier

→ English: ambar (rare; in some cases a direct borrowing, in others via another language)

→ Georgian: ამბარი (ambari)

→ Hindustani:

→ Devanagari script: अम्बार (ambār)

→ Arabic script: اَن٘بار (ambār)

→ Kazakh: амбар (ambar)

→ Mongolian: амбаар (ambaar)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: انبار (enbar, anbar, ambar), آنبار (anbar, ambar)
Turkish: ambar
→ Bulgarian: хамбар (hambar)
→ Crimean Tatar: ambar
→ Greek: αμπάρι (ampári)
→ Hungarian: hombár
→ Romanian: hambar
→ Serbo-Croatian: ȁmbār / а̏мба̄р, hȁmbār / ха̏мба̄р

→ Punjabi:

→ Gurmukhi script: ਅੰਬਾਰ (ambār)

→ Shahmukhi script: اَن٘بار (ambār)

→ Russian: амба́р (ambár) (via a Turkic language)

desc

→ Southern Altai: амбар (ambar), алмар (almar)

→ Tatar: амбар (ambar)

→ Ukrainian: амбар (ambar) (via a Turkic language)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hmbʾl), 𐫍𐫖𐫁𐫀𐫡 (hmbʾr /hambār/, “store”), from Old Persian *𐏃𐎶𐎲𐎠𐎼 (hambāraʰ), from Proto-Iranian *hambāráh (compare Avestan 𐬵𐬅𐬨𐬠𐬀𐬭 (hą̇mbar)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sambʰārás (compare Sanskrit सम्भार (sambhārá, “provisions”)).

cog

store, warehouse, granary, depot, reservoir


زنبور عسل

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زنبورهای عسل

زنبور عسل • (zanbur-e 'asal) (plural زنبورهای عسل (zanbur-hâ-ye 'asal))

fa-noun

زنبورهای عسل

zanbur-e 'asal (romanization)
زنبورهای عسل (plural)

From زنبور (zanbur, “bee”) + عسل ('asal, “honey”).

compound

fa:زنبور عسل


پایان

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پایان • (pâyân)

fa-noun

پایان • (pâyân)

From پای + ـان.


چس فیل

Perhaps from the brand name "Chesterfield" (the first brand of popcorn imported into Iran) conflated with the Persian words چس + فیل, literally meaning "elephant's farts".


هزارپا

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هزارپا • (hezâr-pâ)

fa-noun

هزارپا • (hezâr-pâ)

→ Ottoman Turkish: هزارپا

From هزار (hezâr, “thousand”) + پا (pâ, “foot”). Compare Central Kurdish ھەزارپێ (hezarpê).


واژه

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واژه • (vâže) (plural واژهها (vâže-hâ) or واژگان (vâžegân))

vâže (romanization)
واژهها (plural)
واژگان (plural)

Middle Iranian. Compare Middle Persian wʾck' (wāzag, “utterance, saying”).


نانوائی

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نانوائی • (nânvâyê)

fa-noun

نانوائی • (nânvâyê)


زورمند

زورمَند (canonical)
zurmand (romanization)

[zʊːɾ.män̪d̪̥]


شبکه

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شَبَکِه • (šabake) (plural شبکهها (šabake-hâ))

شَبَکِه (canonical)
šabake (romanization)
شبکهها (plural)

[ʃæ.bæ.kʰʲé]


نانوا

نانوا • (nânvâ) (plural نانواها (nânvâ-hâ) or نانوایان (nânvâyân))

nânvâ (romanization)
نانواها (plural)
نانوایان (plural)

From earlier نانبا (nânbâ), from Middle Persian 𐭭𐭠𐭭𐭯𐭠𐭪 (nānbāg, “baker”).

بهر نان شخصی سوی نانوا دوید / داد جان چون حسن نانوا را بدید

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 2785:

A person ran to the baker for bread: on seeing the beauty of the baker, he gave up the ghost.

bahr-i-nân šaxs-i suy-i nânwâ dawîd / dâd jân čôn husn-i-nânwâ râ ba-dîd


زخم

→ Azerbaijani: zəxm

→ Bengali: জখম (jokhom)

→ Gujarati: જખમ (jakham)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ज़ख़्म (zaxm)

Urdu: زخم (zaxm)

→ Marathi: जखम (j̈akham)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਜ਼ਖ਼ਮ (zaxam)

Shahmukhi script: زَخم (zaxm)

→ Tulu: ಜಖಮ್ (jakhamŭ)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (z’hm /zaxm/).


انقلاب

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انقلاب • (enqelâb) (plural انقلابات (enqelâbât) or انقلابها (enqelâb-hâ))

enqelâb (romanization)
انقلابات (plural)
انقلابها (plural)

Dari: اِنْقِلَاب (inqilāb)

Iranian Persian: اِنْقِلَاب (enğelâb)

Tajik: инқилоб (inqilob)

→ Bengali: ইনকিলাব (inkilab)

desc

→ Gujarati: ઈંકલાબ (ī̃kalāb), ઇન્કલાબ (inkalāb)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इंक़लाब (inqalāb), इन्क़लाब (inqalāb), इन्कलाब (inkalāb), इंकलाब (iṅklāb), इंकिलाब (iṅkilāb), इंक़िलाब (iṅqilāb), इन्किलाब (inkilāb), इन्क़िलाब (inqilāb)

Urdu: اِنْقَلَاب (inqalāb)

→ Punjabi: اِنْقِلاب (īnqilāb)

→ Pashto: انقلاب

→ Pashto: انقلاب

Borrowed from Arabic اِنْقِلَاب (inqilāb).

bor+

انقلاب اسلامی

the Islamic revolution of 1979, i.e. the Iranian Revolution

قبل از انقلاب

پس از انقلاب


مهندسی

From مهندس, from Arabic مُهَنْدِس (muhandis), from هَنْدَسَة (handasa, “engineering”), from earlier هَنْدَزَة (handaza), from هَنْدَاز (handāz), from Middle Persian handʾck' (handāzag, “measure, manner”) (> Persian اندازه (andâza)).


لب

head

لب • (lab) (plural لبان (labân) or لبها (lab-hâ))

lab (romanization)
لبان (plural)
لبها (plural)

→ Khalaj: ləb

From Proto-Iranian *lab- / *lap-, from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“lip, to lick”).

inh

اگه گفتی دوستت دارم فقط بازی لبهات بود.

(colloquial) If (when) you said you love me, you weren't serious. (Literally: it was only your lip play.)

Age gofti duset dâram faqat bâziye labhât bud.


ژاپنی

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ژاپُنی • (žâponi)

fa-noun

ژاپُنی • (žâponi)

ژاپُنی (canonical)
žâponi (romanization)


کوکب

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: کَوکَب (kaukab)


دکتر

head

دُکْتُر • (doktor) (plural دکترها (doktor-hâ) or دکتران (doktorân))

دُکْتُر (canonical)
doktor (romanization)
دکترها (plural)
دکتران (plural)


صاحب

صاحِب • (sâheb) (plural صاحبان (sâhebân) or صاحبها (sâheb-hâ))

صاحِب (canonical)
sâheb (romanization)
صاحبان (plural)
صاحبها (plural)

→ Bengali: সাহেব (śaheb)

→ Gujarati: સાહેબ (sāheb)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: साहिब (sāhib), साहब (sāhab)

Urdu: صاحب (sāhib, sāhab, sāhb, sāb)

→ Marathi: साहेब (sāheb)

→ Punjabi: ਸਾਹਬ / صاحب (sāhab)

→ Marwari: सायब (sāyab)

→ Uzbek: sohib

صاحب ماشین

صاحب یک پسر و دختر هستم.

I am the parent of a son and a daughter.

(Dari, Indo-Persian, very formal, otherwise dated) sir; mister; gentleman

Indo-Persian; otherwise dated; Indo-Persian; otherwise dated

صاحب (sâheb) + دل (del, “heart”) → صاحبدل (sâhebdel, “pure-hearted person; empathetic person”)

صاحب (sâheb) + سخن (soxan, “speech”) → صاحب سخن (sâheb soxan, “speaker”)

Used, usually without the ezâfe, to form compound nouns meaning "those who possess [trait]" or "those who are distinguished by [trait]".


خواننده

خوانَنْدِه • (xânande) (plural خوانندگان (xânandegân))

خوانَنْدِه (canonical)
xânande (romanization)
خوانندگان (plural)


دانشجو

دانِشْجو • (dânešju) (plural دانِشجویان (dânešjuyân) or دانِشجوها (dânešju-hâ))

دانِشْجو (canonical)
dânešju (romanization)
دانِشجویان (plural)
دانِشجوها (plural)

→ Urdu: دانش جو (dāniś-jū)

[d̪ɒː.neʃ.d͡ʒúː]

Higher education student, a university student


مردم‌سالاری

مردمسالاری • (mardom-sâlâri)

fa-noun

مردمسالاری • (mardom-sâlâri)

مردمسالاری (canonical)
mardom-sâlâri (romanization)

A compound of مردم (mardom, “people”) + سالاری (sâlâri, “rule”), Calque of Ancient Greek δημοκρατία (dēmokratía).

calque

fa:مردم‌سالاری


طوطی

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طوطی • (tuti) (plural طوطیها (tuti-hâ) or طوطیان (tutiân))

tuti (romanization)
طوطیها (plural)
طوطیان (plural)
طوطی (singular)
tutí (singular)
طوطیها (plural)
tuti-hấ (plural)
طوطیا (colloquial plural)
tutiấ (plural)
طوطی را (definite direct-object singular)
tutí râ (definite direct-object singular)
طوطی رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
tutí ro (definite direct-object singular)
طوطیها را (definite direct-object plural)
tuti-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
طوطیا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
tutiấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
طوطی (ezafe singular)
tutí-ye (ezafe singular)
طوطیهای (ezafe plural)
tuti-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
طوطیای (colloquial ezafe plural)
tutiấ-ye (ezafe plural)
طوطی (definite relative singular)
طوطی (indefinite singular stressed)
tutí (definite relative singular)
tutí (indefinite singular stressed)
طوطیهایی (definite plural relative)
طوطیهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
tuti-hấ-yi (definite plural relative)
tuti-hấ-yi (indefinite plural stressed)
طوطیایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
طوطیایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
tutiấ-yi (definite plural relative)
tutiấ-yi (indefinite plural stressed)
طوطیام (first-person possessive singular)
tutí-am (first-person possessive singular)
Term? (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
tutím (first-person possessive singular)
طوطیهایم (first-person possessive singular)
tuti-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
طوطیهام، طوطیام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
tutiấm (first-person possessive singular)
طوطیات (possessive second-person singular)
tutí-at (possessive second-person singular)
طوطیت (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
tutít (possessive second-person singular)
طوطیهایت (possessive second-person singular)
tuti-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
طوطیهات، طوطیات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
tutiất (possessive second-person singular)
طوطیاش (possessive singular third-person)
tutí-aš (possessive singular third-person)
طوطیش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
tutíš (possessive singular third-person)
طوطیهایش (possessive singular third-person)
tuti-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
طوطیهاش، طوطیاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
tutiấš (possessive singular third-person)
طوطیمان (first-person plural possessive)
tutíyemân (first-person plural possessive)
طوطیمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
tutímun (first-person plural possessive)
طوطیهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
tuti-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
طوطیهامون، طوطیامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
tutiấmun (first-person plural possessive)
طوطیتان (plural possessive second-person)
tutíyetân (plural possessive second-person)
طوطیتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
tutítun (plural possessive second-person)
طوطیهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
tuti-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
طوطیهاتون، طوطیاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
tutiấtun (plural possessive second-person)
طوطیشان (plural possessive third-person)
tutíyešân (plural possessive third-person)
طوطیشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
tutíšun (plural possessive third-person)
طوطیهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
tuti-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
طوطیهاشون، طوطیاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
tutiấšun (plural possessive third-person)
طوطیام (first-person predicative singular)
tutí-am (first-person predicative singular)
طوطیایم (first-person plural predicative)
tutí-im (first-person plural predicative)
طوطیای (predicative second-person singular)
tutí-i (predicative second-person singular)
طوطیاید (plural predicative second-person)
tutí-id (plural predicative second-person)
طوطیاین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
tutí-in (plural predicative second-person)
طوطی است (predicative singular third-person)
tutí ast (predicative singular third-person)
طوطیه (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
tutí-e (predicative singular third-person)
طوطیاند (plural predicative third-person)
tutí-and (plural predicative third-person)
طوطیان (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
tutí-an (plural predicative third-person)

desc

→ Georgian: თუთი (tuti), თუთიყუში (tutiq̇uši)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तोती (totī)

Urdu: طوطی (totī), توتی (totī)

→ Kazakh: тоты (toty)

→ Kyrgyz: тоту (totu)

→ Northern Kurdish: tûtî

→ Ottoman Turkish: توتی (tuti), دودو (dudu), طوطو (dudu, tutu)

Turkish: tutı, tuti, dudu

→ Southern Altai: тотты (tottï)

Borrowed from Sogdian [script needed] (twty /tūtī/) from Indo-Aryan. Compare Middle Armenian թութակ (tʻutʻak), Middle Georgian ტუტაქი (ṭuṭaki), Arabic طُوطَق (ṭūṭaq), طُوطَك (ṭūṭak, “parrot”), Iranian borrowings.


شهید

head

شهید • (šahid) (plural شهیدان (šahidân) or شهدا (šohadâ) or شهیدها (šahid-hâ))

šahid (romanization)
شهیدان (plural)
شهدا (plural)
شهیدها (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: शहीद (śahīd)

Urdu: شَہِید (śahīd)

(honorific) casualty, victim (of a war, a massacre, an accident)


سحر

ما درس سحر در ره میخانه نهادیم
محصول دعا در ره جانانه نهادیم

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 371”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

We have cast away our morning classes on the way to the tavern;
We have cast away the fruits of our prayers on the way to the beloved.

mā dars-i sahar dar rah-i mayxāna nihādēm
mahsūl-i du'ā dar rah-i jānāna nihādēm


آب و هوا

آب و هوا • (âb-o-havâ)

fa-noun

آب و هوا • (âb-o-havâ)

→ Azerbaijani: ab-hava

→ Bengali: আবহাওয়া (abôhawa)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: आब-ओ-हवा (āb-o-havā)

Urdu: آب و ہوا (āb-o-havā)

→ Kurdish:

→ Central Kurdish: ئابوھەوا (abuhewa)

→ Ottoman Turkish: آبو هوا

Turkish: abuhava

→ Marwari: आबहवा (ābahvā)

→ Sindhi: آب و هوا (ābu-o havā)

→ Pashto: آب وهوا (ābohawā)

→ Uzbek: ob-havo

[ʔɑː.bʊ hä.wɑː]

[ʔɑː.bʊ hä.wɑː]

[ʔɑː.bʊ ʔä.wɑː]

[ʔɔː.bu ʔä.wɔː]

From آب (âb, “water”) + و (o, “and”) + هوا (havâ, “air”).

af

آب و هوای این شهر آلوده است.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see آب, و, هوا.


فرهنگی

[fæɹ.hǽɲ.ɡʲiː]

From Classical Persian فرهنگ (farhang) + ی (ē).

فرهنگ فرهنگ#Persian

marked indefinite/relative definite form of فرهنگ (farháng)


کاهو

head

کاهو • (kâhu)

fa-noun

کاهو • (kâhu)

→ Bashkardi:

Minabi: کاهو (kâhu)

→ Kermanic: kāhū, kāū, kāvū

→ Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: کاهوو (kahû)

→ Pashto: کاهو (kâhu)

→ Shahrudi: کاو (kâu)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kʾhwk' /kāhōk/, “lettuce”), perhaps whence borrowings Mazanderani کاهوک (kâhuk), کاوک (kâuk), کهوک (kahuk, “lettuce”), ultimately of unknown origin.

inh

Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativa#Translingual


اوستا

head

اوستا • (ustâ)

fa-noun

اوستا • (ustâ)

استاد استاد#Persian


دریا

head

دَرْیا • (daryâ) (plural دریاها (daryâ-hâ))

دَرْیا (canonical)
daryâ (romanization)
دریاها (plural)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (dlydʾp̄ /drayāb/, “sea”), a merger of āb (“water”) (whence آب (āb)) with Old Persian 𐎭𐎼𐎹 (d-r-y /draya/, “ocean, sea”), from Proto-Iranian *jráyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ráyas, likely from the BMAC substrate. Cognate with Northern Kurdish zrê, zerya (“sea”), Avestan 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 (zraiiaŋh, “sea”), Sanskrit ज्रयस् (jráyas, “expanse”).

inh

در کنار دریا

دریا در چرخه آب نقش دارد.

The ocean plays a role in the water cycle.

ز عشق ار عاشقی میرد، گنه بر عشق ننهد کس
که بهر غرقه کردن عیب نتوان کرد دریا را

c. 1320, Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī, “Ghazal 3”, in دیوانِ امیرخسرو دهلوی [Divan of Amīr Khusraw]:

If the lover dies of love, nobody holds love accountable,
For one does not blame the sea when a person drowns.

zi išq ar āšiqē mīrad gunah bar išq na-nihad kas
ki bahr-i ğarqa kardan ayb na-tawan kard daryā rā

با کمال احتیاج از خلق استغنا خوش است
با دهان خشک مردن بر لب دریا خوش است

mid-1600s, Ṣāʾib-i Tabrīzī, “Ghazal 1012”, in دیوان [Dīvān]:

To disdain people’s help at the utmost height of neediness is fitting;
To die with a dry mouth at the shore of the ocean is fitting.

bā kamāl-i ihtiyāj az xalq istiğnā xwaš ast
bā dahān-i xušk mordan bar lab-i daryā xwaš ast

آمو دریا

بدو گفت چون رستم پیلتن
ندیده بود کس بهر انجمن
دل شیر دارد تن ژنده پیل
نهنگان برآرد ز دریای نیل

c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Tale of Rustam and Isfandiyār”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]:

He told him, "The elephant-bodied Rustam's like
Has not been seen by anyone in any tribe.
He has a lion's heart and a huge elephant's body,
And he drags out the crocodiles from the River Nile."

bad-ō guft čōn rustam-i pīltan
na-dīda būd kas ba har anjuman
dil-i šēr dārad tan-i žanda pīl
nahangān bar-ārad zi daryā-yi nīl


کلم

Tajik: карам (karam), калам (kalam)

→ Azerbaijani: kələm

→ Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: kelem

Central Kurdish: کەلەرم (kelerm)

→ Kyrgyz: керем (kerem)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كلم (kelem)

Turkish: kelem

→ Uzbek: karam

From Middle Persian *kalamb, from Ancient Greek κράμβη (krámbē, “cabbage”).


دیروز

[d̪ʊː.ɾʊ́ːz]


آبلیمو

head

آبلیمو • (âblimu)

fa-noun

آبلیمو • (âblimu)

From آب + لیمو.


قاعده

head

قاعده • (qâ'ede)

fa-noun

قاعده • (qâ'ede)

→ Bengali: কায়দা (kaẏoda)

→ Gujarati: કાયદો (kāyado)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क़ायदा (qāydā)

Urdu: قاعِدَہ (qā'ida)

→ Kannada: ಕಾಯ್ದೆ (kāyde)

→ Kazakh: кәде (käde)

→ Marathi: कायदा (kāydā)

→ Odia: କାଇଦା (kāidā)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਇਦਾ (kāidā)

Shahmukhi script: قاعِدہ (qā‘idh)

→ Sindhi:

Arabic script: قاعِدو

Devanagari script: क़ाइदो

[qɑː.ʔɪ.d̪ǽ]

[qɑː.ʔɪ.d̪ǽ]


آناناس

head

آناناس • (ânânâs)

fa-noun

آناناس • (ânânâs)

[ʔɒː.nɒː.nɒ́ːs]


گوجه

→ Gulf Arabic: كوجة (kōja)

From forms of the word treated under گوی (gôy, “ball, globule”) + ـچه (-če, forms diminutives). The similarity to Azerbaijani göyəm and its Turkic family meaning “sloe” is a coincidence.


قارچ

head

قارْچ • (qârč) (plural قارچها (qârč-hâ))

قارْچ (canonical)
qârč (romanization)
قارچها (plural)

Compare Central Kurdish قارچک (qarçik). It is not attested in Classical dictionaries. It must be a later formation with suffix -č like نمچ (namç, “humidity, moisture”): the base γ/qār- can be recognized in ﻏﺎری (ğâri, “sponge”), with -ī < -īk, being derived from Proto-Iranian *garH- (“soak, steep, moisten”). Hence perhaps originally meaning "sponge," it displaced سماروغ (samâruğ) in contemporary Iran.


لیمو

→ Arabic: لَيْمُون (laymūn) (see there for further descendants)

→ Ottoman Turkish: لیمون
Turkish: limon

desc

→ Urdu: لیموں (līmūṉ)

→ Urdu: لیموں (līmūṉ)

Borrowed from Sanskrit निम्बू (nimbū, “lime”), of Austroasiatic origin. Also compare Malay limau.


انبه

→ Gujarati: અંબા (ambā)

From Middle Persian *anbag, from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀅 (aṃbaa), from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀅𑀁𑀩-𑀓 (*aṃba-ka), from Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”).


دماغ

head

دماغ • (damâğ)

fa-noun

دماغ • (damâğ)

→ Bengali: দেমাগ (demag)

→ Hindi: दिमाग़ (dimāġ)

→ Urdu: دِمَاغ (dimāġ)

→ Khalaj: damâğ

[d̪æ.mɒ́ːɢ̥]

Borrowed from Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ, “brain”).

bor+

(Iran) figurative senses
strong inclination

(Iran) figurative senses
disposition, condition, mood

(Dari, otherwise archaic) brain, conceit


بامیه

head

بامیه • (bâmiye)

fa-noun

بامیه • (bâmiye)

Likely related to Arabic بَامِيَة (bāmiya); see there for more. The sweet is named for its resemblance to the vegetable.

Abelmoschus esculentus
Abelmoschus esculentus#Translingual


چوپان

head

چوپان • (čupân)

fa-noun

چوپان • (čupân)

→ Azerbaijani: çoban

→ Crimean Tatar: çoban

desc

→ Gujarati: ચૂબાન (cūbān), ચૂપાન (cūpān)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: चूपान (cūpān)

Urdu: چوپان (cūpān)

→ Kazakh: шопан (şopan)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: چوبان (çoban), شبان (şoban, şuban, şüben), شوبان (şoban, şuban, şüben)
Turkish: çoban
→ Albanian: çoban
→ Armenian: չոբան (čʻoban)
→ Bulgarian: чоба́нин (čobánin)
→ Greek: τσοπάνης (tsopánis)
→ Romanian: cioban
→ Russian: чаба́н (čabán) (usually from other Turkic languages)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: чо̀бан
Latin script: čòban

→ Turkmen: çopan

→ Uzbek: choʻpon

[t͡ʃʰoː.pʰɑ́ːn]

[t͡ʃʰoː.pʰɑ́ːn]

[t͡ʃʰoː.pʰɑ́ːn]

[t͡ʃʰʊː.pʰɔ́ːn]

[t͡ʃʰuː.pʰɒ́ːn]

[t͡ʃʰuː.pʰɒ́ːn]

[t͡ʃʰuː.pʰúːn]

[t͡ʃʰɵ.pʰɔ́n]

From Middle Persian 𐫢𐫇𐫁𐫀𐫗 (šwbʾn /šubān/), from Old Persian *fšupāna-, composed of [script needed] (fšu-, “sheep”) (compare Old Armenian շպետ (špet), Sanskrit पशुपन् (paśupan)) and [script needed] (pāna-, “protector”). Cognate with Pashto شپون (špūn), Baluchi شپانک (šipánk), Northern Kurdish şivan, Zazaki şıwane, Bactrian χοβανο (xobano).


باران

head

باران • (bârân)

fa-noun

باران • (bârân)

→ Azerbaijani: baran

→ Gujarati: બારાન (bārān)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: باران (baran)
Turkish: baran (obsolete)

→ Pashto: باران (bârân)

desc

→ Urdu: باراں (bārā̃)

→ Urdu: باراں (bārā̃)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (wʾlʾn' /wārān/) (Manichaean Middle Persian [script needed] (wʾrʾn /wārān/)), compound of [script needed] (wʾl /wār-/) and [script needed] (-ʾn' /-ān/), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *waHr- (“water; rain”), from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁r- (“water”).
Indo-Iranian cognates include Northern Kurdish baran, Avestan 𐬬𐬁𐬭𐬀 (vāra, “rain”), and Sanskrit वार् (vār, “water”). Other Indo-European cognates include Luwian 𒉿𒀀𒅈 (wār, “water”), Old Norse vari (“liquid, water”) and Latin ūrīnor (“to dive”).

inh

باران کلاهش را تر کرده.

منت باران به کشت آرزویش میدهد
غمزهات گر خستهای را تیرباران کرده است

c. 1650, Mīrzā Abū Ṭālib Kalīm, دیوان [Dīvān]:

Your teasing wink fulfills the duty of rain for the field of [my heart’s] desire
Though it has rained [only] a shower of arrows into a wounded [heart].

minnat-i bârân ba kišt-i ârzû-yaš mê-nihad
ğamza-at gar xasta-ê râ tîrbârân karda ast


منشی

head

منشی • (monši) (plural منشیان (monšiân))

monši (romanization)
منشیان (plural)
منشی (singular)
monší (singular)
منشیان (plural)
monšiấn (plural)
منشیا (colloquial plural)
monšiấ (plural)
منشی را (definite direct-object singular)
monší râ (definite direct-object singular)
منشی رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
monší ro (definite direct-object singular)
منشیان را (definite direct-object plural)
monšiấn râ (definite direct-object plural)
منشیا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
monšiấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
منشی (ezafe singular)
monší-ye (ezafe singular)
منشیان (ezafe plural)
monšiấn-e (ezafe plural)
منشیای (colloquial ezafe plural)
monšiấ-ye (ezafe plural)
منشی (definite relative singular)
منشی (indefinite singular stressed)
monší (definite relative singular)
monší (indefinite singular stressed)
منشیانی (definite plural relative)
منشیانی (indefinite plural stressed)
monšiấn-i (definite plural relative)
monšiấn-i (indefinite plural stressed)
منشیایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
منشیایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
monšiấ-yi (definite plural relative)
monšiấ-yi (indefinite plural stressed)

→ English: munshi

→ Azerbaijani: münşi

خانم مینا شوهرش را در رابطه عاشقانه با منشی اتریشی اش گرفت.

Ms. Mina caught her husband in an affair with her Austrian secretary.


تره

→ Azerbaijani: tərə

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: تره (tere), تره اوتی (tere otu)
Turkish: tere, tere otu
→ Armenian: թառա (tʻaṙa), թէրէ (tʻērē)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (tlk’ /tarrag/, “vegetable”), from [script needed] (tl’ /tarr/, “wet, moist”), compare تر (tar, “wet”).

inh

(archaic) garden herb in general, especially beets, spinach, cresses, leek, parsley, pot-herb

Allium ampeloprasum
Allium ampeloprasum#Translingual

(Iran) Iranian leek, Persian leek (Allium ampeloprasum subsp. persicum, a specific cultivar of the great-headed garlic, Allium ampeloprasum)


فردا

head

فردا • (fardâ)

fa-noun

فردا • (fardâ)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (MHL, pltʾk' /fradāg/, “tomorrow”), from Proto-Iranian *frata- (“early, ahead, front”), an extension of Proto-Iranian *fra- (“front, pro-”). Compare Sanskrit प्रातर् (prātar, “early in the morning; tomorrow”) and German Frühe (“morning”).


بهمن

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (whwmn’ /wahman/), from Old Persian *Vahumanah, name of the first Amahraspand (divine deity) in Zoroastrianism, guardian of cattle, in Avestan 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 (vohu manah). Also showing botanical meanings in Middle Persian, from which Classical Syriac ܒܗܡܢ (bahman) and Arabic بَهْمَن (bahman) are borrowed.

inh

behen, which is cultivated for its flowers and bitter, pungent and potent root vegetable


سیب‌زمینی

سیبزَمینی (canonical)
sib-zamini (romanization)

From سیب (“apple”) + زمینی (“earthly, from earth”), a calque of French pomme de terre.


خربزه

head

خَربُزِه • (xarboze) (plural خربزهها (xarboze-hâ))

خَربُزِه (canonical)
xarboze (romanization)
خربزهها (plural)

→ Abaza: харбыз (xarbəz)

→ Adyghe: къэпраз (qɛpraz)

desc

→ Arabic: خِرْبِز (ḵirbiz, “honeydew melon”)

→ Chechen: хорбаз (xorbaz)

→ Gujarati: ખરભુજા (kharbhujā), ખરબૂજા (kharbūjā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ख़रबूज़ा (xarbūzā)

Urdu: خربوزہ (xarbūzā)

→ Ingush: харбаз (xarbaz)

→ Kabardian: хъарбыз (χarbəz)

→ Ossetian: харбыз (xarbyz)

→ Ottoman Turkish: خربز (harbüz), خربزه (harbüze)

→ Old East Slavic: арбузъ (arbuzŭ)

Russian: арбу́з (arbúz)

→ Buryat: арбуз (arbuz)

→ Estonian: arbuus

→ Latvian: arbūzs

→ Lithuanian: arbūzas

→ Polish: arbuz

→ Volga German: Erbus

→ Ukrainian: гарбу́з (harbúz, “pumpkin”)

→ Belarusian: гарбу́з (harbúz)

→ Latgalian: garbuzs, Latgalian: garbūzs

→ Polish: harbuz

→ Romanian: harbuz

→ Turkic: (taking Persian as representative for all Iranian)

Azerbaijani: qarpız

→ Persian: قارپوز (qârpuz)

Bashkir: ҡарбуз (qarbuz)

Crimean Tatar: qarpız

Karachay-Balkar: харбыз (xarbız)

Kazakh: қарбыз (qarbyz)

Kipchak: قربز (karbız)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قارپوز (karpuz), գարփուզ (karpuz) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: karpuz
→ Abkhaz: а-карпы́жә (a-kʼarpʼə́ẑʷ)
→ Adyghe: хъырбыдз (χərbədz)
→ Albanian: karpuz
→ Bulgarian: карпу́за (karpúza)
→ Greek: καρπούζι (karpoúzi)
→ Kabardian: хъарбыз (χarbəz)
→ Ladino: karpus
→ Serbo-Croatian: kàrpuza / ка̀рпуза

Tatar: карбыз (qarbız)

Turkmen: garpyz

→ Sanskrit: खर्बूज (kharbūja)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hlbyck' /xarbīzag/, “watermelon”), of unclear origin:
* According to Horn, the latter is formed as 𐮴𐮹 (xar, “ass, donkey”) + 𐮱𐮵𐮿𐮵𐮰 (bwcnʾ /bōzīnʾ/, “cucumber; citron”). The first part is from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰáras, and the second part is probably related to Proto-Semitic *būṣ-. However, this is considered a folk etymology by Nişanyan.
* According to Pelliot, a reshaping of Sanskrit त्रपुस (trapusa, “the fruit of colocynth”) by popular etymology.
Forms with t- are attested in Persian: تربزه (tarboze), تربز (tarboz, “watermelon”). Akin to Middle Armenian խարպիզակ (xarpizak), խարբզակ (xarbzak), Georgian ხაბურზაკი (xaburzaḳi), ხარბუზაკი (xarbuzaḳi), Iranian borrowings.


ریواس

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ریواس • (rivâs)

fa-noun

ریواس • (rivâs)

→ Arabic: رِيبَاس (rībās) (see there for further descendants)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (lypʾs /rēbās/, “rhubarb”), from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (lypʾs /rēbās, rēbāh/), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *(h)rabā́š ~ *(h)rabacáh.


اهل

اهل طهران

او اهل کجاست؟

inhabitant; native; citizen; often used as an equivalent of English "to be from"

(collectively) people, inhabitants, citizens

اهل دانش

من اهل این حرفا نیستم.

I'm not the kind of person to say things like this.


بی

Transliteration of the name of the Latin-script letter b in English and other European languages.


کشور

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کِشْوَر • (kešvar) (plural کشورها (kešvar-hâ))

کِشْوَر (canonical)
kešvar (romanization)
کشورها (plural)
کشور (singular)
kešvar (singular)
کشورها (plural)
kešvar-hấ (plural)
کشورا (colloquial plural)
kešvarấ (plural)
کشور را (definite direct-object singular)
kešvar râ (definite direct-object singular)
کشور رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
kešvaro (definite direct-object singular)
کشورها را (definite direct-object plural)
kešvar-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
کشورا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
kešvarấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
کشور (ezafe singular)
kešvar-e (ezafe singular)
کشورهای (ezafe plural)
kešvar-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
کشورای (colloquial ezafe plural)
kešvarấ-ye (ezafe plural)
کشوری (definite relative singular)
کشوری (indefinite singular stressed)
kešvar-i (definite relative singular)
kešvar-i (indefinite singular stressed)
کشورهایی (definite plural relative)
کشورهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
kešvarấn-i, kešvar-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
kešvarấn-i, kešvar-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
کشورایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
کشورایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
kešvarấi (definite plural relative)
kešvarấi (indefinite plural stressed)

From Middle Persian 𐭪𐭱𐭥𐭥 (kišvar), from Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬀 (karšvar, “realm, region; one of the seven realms of the world”), from the root 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀 (karš-, “to plough”) (the same root as کشیدن (kašidan, “to pull, draw, stretch”), hence "a tract of land bordered by a ploughed line".
The term, a Middle Persian ecclesiastical borrowing from Avestan, originally referred to the "seven realms of the (known) world" to the ancient Iranic people, which was virtually only the ancient Indo-Iranian world of Inner Asia. With the expansion of knowledge of the world during the Middle Iranian era, the term expanded to refer to more broader regions. With the secularization of the term following the rise of Islam in Persia, it came to refer to realms, countries, or territories more generally.
Compare Central Kurdish کیشوهر (kîşwer, “continent”), Sogdian 𐫐𐫏𐫢𐫛 (kyšp /kišp/, “country”), and Parthian [script needed] (kišfar).


بادنجان

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بادنجان • (bâdenjân) (plural بادنجانها (bâdenjân-hâ))

bâdenjân (romanization)
بادنجانها (plural)

desc

Tajik: бодинҷон (bodinjon), бодимҷон (bodimjon), боқлаҷон (boqlajon)

→ Arabic: بَاذِنْجَان (bāḏinjān), بَاتِنْجَان (bātinjān), بَتِنْجَان (batinjān), بِدِنْجَان (bidinjān) (see there for further descendants)

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܦܐܬܠܓܢ (pāṯelgān)

→ Azerbaijani: badımcan

→ Northern Kurdish: balîcan, bacan, balîcan, badincan

Northern Kurdish: bacanê

→ Lishana Deni: באגׄאנא (bājāna), בנגׄאנא (banjāna)

Central Kurdish: بادمجان (badimcan), باینجان (bayincan)

→ Lak: бадуржан (baduržan), бадиржан (badiržan)

→ Lezgi: бадамжан (badamžan)

→ Ottoman Turkish: بادلجان (bâdlicân), بادنجان (badincan), بادنگان (badingan), پاتلجان (patlıcan), پاطلجان (patlıcan) (see there for further descendants)

→ Turkmen: badamjan

→ Urdu: بادنجان (bādinjān, bādanjān)

→ Uyghur: پەتىنگان (petin'gan)

→ Uzbek: baqlajon

→ Zazaki: baincan

[bɑː.d̪ɪn.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

[bɑː.d̪ɪn.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

[bɑː.d̪ɪn.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

From earlier بَادِنْگَان (bādingān), an Indo-Aryan borrowing, from Sanskrit वातिङ्गण (vātiṅgaṇa).


گوجه‌فرنگی

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گُوْجِهفَرَنْگی

گُوْجِهفَرَنْگی • (gowje-farangi) (plural گوجهفرنگیها (gowje-farangi-hâ))

fa-noun

گُوْجِهفَرَنْگی

گُوْجِهفَرَنْگی (canonical)
gowje-farangi (romanization)
گوجهفرنگیها (plural)

[ɡ̥ow.d͡ʒe.fæ.ɹæɲ.ɡʲíː]

From گوجه (gowje, “plum”) + فرنگی (farangi, “European”). Compare with Dari بادنجان رومی (bādinjān-e rumi, “Roman aubergine”), Bengali বিলাতী বেগুন (bilati begun, “British eggplant”), and Urdu ولایتی بینگن (vilāyatī baiṅgan, “foreign aubergine”).


عذاب

head

عذاب • (azâb)

fa-noun

عذاب • (azâb)

→ Bengali: আজাব (ajab), আযাব (ajab)

→ Bashkir: ғазап (ğazap)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अज़ाब (azāb)

desctree

Urdu: عَذَاب ('azāb)
→ Phalura: azaáb
→ Ushojo: عذاب

→ Kazakh: азап (azap)

→ Kyrgyz: азап (azap)

→ Tatar: газап (ğazap)

→ Turkmen: azap

→ Uyghur: ئازاپ (azap)

→ Uzbek: azob

Etymology tree
Arabic عَذَاب (ʕaḏāb)bor.
Persian عذاب
Borrowed from Arabic عَذَاب (ʕaḏāb).


دلفین

head

دلفین • (dolfin) (plural دلفینها (dolfin-hâ))

Borrowed from Arabic دُلْفِين (dulfīn), from Ancient Greek δελφίν (delphín).

در موج بحر خشم تو دلفین همی غریق
وز یاد هیبت تو همی اصفر آفتاب

c. 1620, Mīr Dāmād, “Qaṣīda 1”, in دیوان اشراق:

In the wave of the sea of your wrath, the dolphin is always submerged;
And by remembering your dreadfulness, the sun is always yellow [as if with fear].

dar mawj-i bahr-i xišm-i tu dulfīn hamē ğarīq
w-az yād-i haybat-i tu hamē asfar āftāb


سرباز

سَرْباز • (sarbâz) (plural سربازان (sarbâzân) or سربازها (sarbâz-hâ))

سَرْباز (canonical)
sarbâz (romanization)
سربازان (plural)
سربازها (plural)
سرباز (singular)
sarbâz (singular)
سربازان (plural)
sarbâzấn (plural)
سربازا (colloquial plural)
sarbâzấ (plural)
سرباز را (definite direct-object singular)
sarbâz râ (definite direct-object singular)
سرباز رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
sarbâzo (definite direct-object singular)
سربازان را (definite direct-object plural)
sarbâzấn râ (definite direct-object plural)
سربازا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
sarbâzấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
سرباز (ezafe singular)
sarbâz-e (ezafe singular)
سربازان (ezafe plural)
sarbâzấn-e (ezafe plural)
سربازای (colloquial ezafe plural)
sarbâzấ-ye (ezafe plural)
سربازی (definite relative singular)
سربازی (indefinite singular stressed)
sarbâz-i (definite relative singular)
sarbâz-i (indefinite singular stressed)
سربازانی (definite plural relative)
سربازانی (indefinite plural stressed)
sarbâzấn-i (definite plural relative)
sarbâzấn-i (indefinite plural stressed)
سربازایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
سربازایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
sarbâzấi (definite plural relative)
sarbâzấi (indefinite plural stressed)
سربازم (first-person possessive singular)
sarbâzam (first-person possessive singular)
سربازهایم (first-person possessive singular)
sarbâz-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
سربازهام، سربازام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
sarbâzấm (first-person possessive singular)
سربازت (possessive second-person singular)
sarbâzat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
sarbâzet (possessive second-person singular)
سربازهایت (possessive second-person singular)
sarbâz-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
سربازهات، سربازات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
sarbâzất (possessive second-person singular)
سربازش (possessive singular third-person)
sarbâzaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
sarbâzeš (possessive singular third-person)
سربازهایش (possessive singular third-person)
sarbâz-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
سربازهاش، سربازاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
sarbâzấš (possessive singular third-person)
سربازمان (first-person plural possessive)
sarbâzemân (first-person plural possessive)
سربازمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
sarbâzemun (first-person plural possessive)
سربازهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
sarbâz-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
سربازهامون، سربازامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
sarbâzấmun (first-person plural possessive)
سربازتان (plural possessive second-person)
sarbâzetân (plural possessive second-person)
سربازتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
sarbâzetun (plural possessive second-person)
سربازهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
sarbâz-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
سربازهاتون، سربازاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
sarbâzấtun (plural possessive second-person)
سربازشان (plural possessive third-person)
sarbâzešân (plural possessive third-person)
سربازشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
sarbâzešun (plural possessive third-person)
سربازهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
sarbâz-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
سربازهاشون، سربازاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
sarbâzấšun (plural possessive third-person)
سربازم (first-person predicative singular)
sarbâzam (first-person predicative singular)
سربازیم (first-person plural predicative)
sarbâzim (first-person plural predicative)
سربازی (predicative second-person singular)
sarbâzi (predicative second-person singular)
سربازید (plural predicative second-person)
sarbâzid (plural predicative second-person)
سربازین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
sarbâzin (plural predicative second-person)
سرباز است (predicative singular third-person)
sarbâz ast (predicative singular third-person)
سربازه (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
sarbâze (predicative singular third-person)
سربازند (plural predicative third-person)
sarbâzand (plural predicative third-person)
سربازن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
sarbâzan (plural predicative third-person)

→ Azerbaijani: sərbaz

→ Kazakh: сарбаз (sarbaz)

→ Uzbek: sarboz

From سر (sar, “head”) + باز (-bâz, “to loose, to let go”).

compound

ما همه سرباز توایم خمینی، گوش به فرمان توایم خمینی (a motto during the Iranian Revolution)

We are all your soldiers, Khomeini; we all heed your command, Khomeini.

mâ hame sarbâz-e to-im xomeyni, guš be farmân-e to-im xomeyni


پرتقال

portoqâl (romanization)
porteqâl (romanization)

→ Khalaj: purtəğâl

[pʰoɹ.t̪ʰo.ʁɒ́ːl̥]

[pʰoɹ.t̪ʰe.ʁɒ́ːl̥]

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پورتقال (portokal, portakal).

bor+

(Mughal empire)


هندوانه

head

هندوانه • (hendevâne) (plural هندوانهها (hendevâne-hâ))

hendevâne (romanization)
هندوانهها (plural)

→ Khalaj: hunduvâna

→ Pashto: هندوانه (hindvāná)

→ Punjabi: hiṉdvāṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਹਿੰਦਵਾਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: ہندواݨہ

By surface analysis, هندو (hendu, “Indian”) + ـانه (-âne).

surf

دو تا هندوانه را با یک دست برداشتن

do tâ hendevâne râ bâ yek dast bardâštan


فرهنگ

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فَرْهَنْگ • (farhang) (plural فَرهَنگها (farhang-hâ))

فَرْهَنْگ (canonical)
farhang (romanization)
فَرهَنگها (plural)
فرهنگ (singular)
farhang (singular)
فرهنگها (plural)
farhang-hấ (plural)
فرهنگا (colloquial plural)
farhangấ (plural)
فرهنگ را (definite direct-object singular)
farhang râ (definite direct-object singular)
فرهنگ رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
farhango (definite direct-object singular)
فرهنگها را (definite direct-object plural)
farhang-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
فرهنگا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
farhangấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
فرهنگ (ezafe singular)
farhang-e (ezafe singular)
فرهنگهای (ezafe plural)
farhang-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
فرهنگای (colloquial ezafe plural)
farhangấ-ye (ezafe plural)
فرهنگی (definite relative singular)
فرهنگی (indefinite singular stressed)
farhang-i (definite relative singular)
farhang-i (indefinite singular stressed)
فرهنگهایی (definite plural relative)
فرهنگهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
farhangấn-i, farhang-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
farhangấn-i, farhang-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
فرهنگایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
فرهنگایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
farhangấi (definite plural relative)
farhangấi (indefinite plural stressed)
فرهنگم (first-person possessive singular)
farhangam (first-person possessive singular)
فرهنگهایم (first-person possessive singular)
farhang-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
فرهنگهام، فرهنگام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
farhangấm (first-person possessive singular)
فرهنگت (possessive second-person singular)
farhangat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
farhanget (possessive second-person singular)
فرهنگهایت (possessive second-person singular)
farhang-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
فرهنگهات، فرهنگات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
farhangất (possessive second-person singular)
فرهنگش (possessive singular third-person)
farhangaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
farhangeš (possessive singular third-person)
فرهنگهایش (possessive singular third-person)
farhang-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
فرهنگهاش، فرهنگاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
farhangấš (possessive singular third-person)
فرهنگمان (first-person plural possessive)
farhangemân (first-person plural possessive)
فرهنگمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
farhangemun (first-person plural possessive)
فرهنگهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
farhang-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
فرهنگهامون، فرهنگامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
farhangấmun (first-person plural possessive)
فرهنگتان (plural possessive second-person)
farhangetân (plural possessive second-person)
فرهنگتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
farhangetun (plural possessive second-person)
فرهنگهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
farhang-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
فرهنگهاتون، فرهنگاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
farhangấtun (plural possessive second-person)
فرهنگشان (plural possessive third-person)
farhangešân (plural possessive third-person)
فرهنگشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
farhangešun (plural possessive third-person)
فرهنگهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
farhang-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
فرهنگهاشون، فرهنگاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
farhangấšun (plural possessive third-person)
فرهنگ (singular)
farhang (singular)
فرهنگها (plural)
farhang-hā́ (plural)
فرهنگ را (definite direct-object singular)
farhang rā́ (definite direct-object singular)
فرهنگ ره (Dari colloquial definite direct-object singular)
farhanga (definite direct-object singular)
فرهنگها را (definite direct-object plural)
farhang-hā́ rā́ (definite direct-object plural)
فرهنگا ره (Dari colloquial definite direct-object plural)
farhangā́ ra (definite direct-object plural)
فرهنگ (singular)
farhang-i (singular)
فرهنگهای (plural)
farhang-hā́-yi (plural)
فرهنگای (Dari colloquial plural)
farhangā́-yi (plural)
فرهنگی (singular)
farhang-ē (singular)
فرهنگهایی (plural)
farhangā́n-ē, farhang-hā́-ē (plural)
فرهنگایی (Dari colloquial plural)
farhangā́-yē (plural)
فرهنگم (first-person possessive singular)
farhangam (first-person possessive singular)
فرهنگهایم (first-person possessive singular)
farhang-hā́yam (first-person possessive singular)
فرهنگایم (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
farhangā́ym (first-person possessive singular)
فرهنگت (possessive second-person singular)
farhangat (possessive second-person singular)
فرهنگهایت (possessive second-person singular)
farhang-hā́yat (possessive second-person singular)
فرهنگایت (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
farhangā́yt (possessive second-person singular)
فرهنگش (possessive singular third-person)
farhangaš (possessive singular third-person)
فرهنگشِی (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
farhangšī (possessive singular third-person)
فرهنگهایش (possessive singular third-person)
farhang-hā́yaš (possessive singular third-person)
فرهنگایش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
farhangā́yš (possessive singular third-person)
فرهنگمان (first-person plural possessive)
farhangimān (first-person plural possessive)
فرهنگما (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
farhangimā (first-person plural possessive)
فرهنگهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
farhang-hā́yimān (first-person plural possessive)
فرهنگایما (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
farhangā́ymā (first-person plural possessive)
فرهنگتان (plural possessive second-person)
farhangitān (plural possessive second-person)
فرهنگهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
farhang-hā́yitān (plural possessive second-person)
فرهنگایتان (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
farhangā́ytān (plural possessive second-person)
فرهنگشان (plural possessive third-person)
farhangišān (plural possessive third-person)
فرهنگهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
farhang-hā́yišān (plural possessive third-person)
فرهنگایشان (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
farhangā́yšān (plural possessive third-person)

[fæɹ.hǽɲɡʲ̥]

Deverbal noun of فرهیختن (farhixtan). From Middle Persian plʾhng (/frahang/, “education, knowledge; dictionary”), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *θanǰáyati; see there for further information. Compare Old Armenian հրահանգ (hrahang), an Iranian loanword.

inh

نشان فرهنگ و هنر

فرهنگ و تمدن ایران

تکیه بر عقل خود و فرهنگ خویش / بودمان تا این بلا آمد به پیش

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume VI, verse 3781:

We relied on our own intelligence and wisdom, so that this tribulation has come to pass.

takye bar 'aql-e xod o farhang-e xiš / bud-emân tâ in balâ âmad be piš


پیاز

head

پیاز • (piyâz) (plural پیازها (piyâz-hâ))

→ Assamese: পিয়াঁজ (piãz)

→ Bengali: পেঁয়াজ (pẽẏaj)

→ Gujarati: પ્યાજ (pyāj)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: प्याज़ (pyāz)

Urdu: پیاز (pyāz)

→ Kazakh: пияз (piäz)

→ Kyrgyz: пияз (piyaz)

→ Maithili: पेआजु (pēājʉ)

→ Magahi: 𑂣𑂵𑂄𑂔𑂳 (peāju)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪਿਆਜ਼ (piāza)

Shahmukhi script: پیاز (peyāz)

→ Uyghur: پىياز (piyaz)

→ Uzbek: piyoz

→ Chinese: 皮芽子, 皮牙子 (píyázi)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian; compare Sogdian [script needed] (pyʾk /piyāk/, “onion”), Khotanese pau (“onion”). Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ-; compare Ancient Greek πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”).


پسته

head

پسته • (peste) (plural پستهها (peste-hâ))

→ Azerbaijani: püstə

→ Bengali: পেস্তা (pesta)

→ Georgian: ფისტა (pisṭa)

→ Gujarati: પિસ્તા (pistā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: पिस्ता (pistā)

Urdu: پستہ (pistā)

→ Kazakh: пісте (pıste)

→ Khalaj: pistə

→ Marathi: पिस्ता (pistā)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پسته (piste)

→ Pashto: پسته (pistá)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪਿਸਤਾ (pistā)

Shahmukhi script: پستا (pistā)

→ Sindhi: پستو (pisto)

→ Tatar: пестә (pestä)

→ Uzbek: pista

From Middle Persian pstk' (/pistag/, “pistachio nut”), from Old Persian *pistaka, attested as Elamite [Term?] (/pi-iš-tuk-ka₄/, “pistachio nut”). Related to Persian بسته (boste, “nut”), cognate with Sanskrit बुस्त (busta, “husk or shell of fruit”).


سوسک

سوسک حمام
سوسک حمام#Persian

cockroach; short for سوسک حمام (susk-e hammâm).


مایو

head

مایو • (mâyo)

fa-noun

مایو • (mâyo)

swimming costume, bathing suit, swimsuit


عابر بانک

head

عابر بانک • ('âber bânk)


هلو

A Northwestern Iranian doublet of آلو (âlu, “plum”), compare Mazanderani هلی (halī, “plum”), Northern Kurdish hilîk, hilûk, halûk, helûje, hulîk, hulûk, helû, hulû etc., Central Kurdish هەڵووچە (hellûçe), هەڵووژە (hellûje, “plum”).


نعناع

نعناع • (na'nâ')

fa-noun

نعناع • (na'nâ')


زیره

→ Azerbaijani: zirə / زیره, cirə

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ज़ीरा (zīrā)

Urdu: زیرہ (zīrā)

→ Kashmiri: زیره / ज़ीर (zīr)

→ Ottoman Turkish: زیره (zîre)

→ Russian: зира (zira)

→ Ukrainian: зіра (zira) (not directly)

→ Uyghur: زىرە (zire)

→ Chinese: 孜然 (zīrán)

Cognate with Baluchi زیرگ (zirrag), Northern Kurdish zîre, Central Kurdish زیرە (zîre), Southern Kurdish زیرە (zîre), Sogdian [script needed] (zyr'kk /zîrê/), and distantly with Sanskrit जीरक (jīraka).

زیرهٔ سیاه
زیره سیاه#Persian

زیرهٔ سبز
زیره سبز#Persian


رایانه

head

رایانِه • (râyâne) (plural رایانهها (râyâne-hâ))

رایانِه (canonical)
râyâne (romanization)
رایانهها (plural)

[ɹɒː.jɒː.né]

A purist coinage from Middle Persian [script needed] (lʾdyn /rāyēn-/, “to direct; to arrange; to organize”) with suffix ـه (-e), perhaps a calque of French ordinateur.


کامپیوتر

head

کامْپْیوتِر • (kâmpyuter) (plural کامپیوترها (kâmpyuter-hâ))

کامْپْیوتِر (canonical)
kâmpyuter (romanization)
کامپیوترها (plural)

Fa-کامپیوتر.ogg


دوچرخه

دوچَرْخِه • (dočarxe) (plural دوچرخهها (dočarxe-hâ))

دوچَرْخِه (canonical)
dočarxe (romanization)
دوچرخهها (plural)

[d̪u.t͡ʃʰäɾ.χä]


اتوبوس

اُتوبوس • (otobus) (plural اتوبوسها (otobus-hâ))

اُتوبوس (canonical)
otobus (romanization)
اتوبوسها (plural)


زشتی

زشتی • (zešti)

fa-noun

زشتی • (zešti)


جعفری

→ Azerbaijani: cəfəri

Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Ja'far ibn Abi Talib

From a Caspian language, probably Mazanderani جفری (jaferi). Cognate with Transoxianan Persian obsolete ژافه (žâfa, “a kind of herb, saffron?”), dialectal زافه (zâfe, “a kind of Persian shallot”), and Sanskrit जवा (javā, “saffron, rose”). Related to زعفران (za'ferân, “saffron”).
It is a misspelling to match to Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib, the prophet’s companion, even though there is no correlation. See also گل لالب بوسی (gol-e lâ lab busi, “Mirabilis jalapa”) which most people recognize as گل لاله عباسی (gol-e lâle 'abbâsi, “the tulip of ʿAbbās”).

/d͡ʒæʔfæˈɾiː/

[d͡ʒæːfæˈɾi]

جعفری دیدم که بر جعفر سوار
جعفری میخورد و از جعفر گذشت
ja'fari didam ke bar ja'far savâr
ja'fari mixord o az ja'far gozašt
I saw a [man named] Ja'far riding on a camel
he was eating parsley and crossed the stream


آدرس

head

آدرس • (âdres) (plural آدرسها (âdres-hâ))

آدْرِسِ فِرِسْتَادِه

آدْرِسِ گیرَنْدِه


فوتبال

فوتبال • (futbâl)

fa-noun

فوتبال • (futbâl)

فوتبال آمریکایی ― futbâl âmrikâyi ― American football


خیار

head

خیار • (xiyâr)

fa-noun

خیار • (xiyâr)

→ Amharic: ኪያር (kiyar)

→ Arabic: خِيَار (ḵiyār)

Gulf Arabic: خيار (ḵyār)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܟ݂ܝܵܪܵܐ (ḵyārā)

→ Azerbaijani: xiyar

→ Bashkir: ҡыяр (qıyar)

→ Chuvash: хӑяр (hăjar)

→ Gujarati: ખિયાર (khiyār)

→ Kalmyk: хаяр (xayar)

→ Karakalpak: qıyar

→ Kazakh: қияр (qiär)

→ Khalaj: xiyâr

→ Kumyk: хыяр (xıyar)

→ Maltese: ħjara

→ Middle Armenian: խիար (xiar)

Armenian: խիար (xiar)

→ Moksha: куяр (kujar)

→ Ottoman Turkish: خیار (hıyar)

Turkish: hıyar

→ Tatar: кыяр (qıyar)

→ Turkmen: hyýar

→ Udmurt: кияр (kijar)

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭩𐭠𐭥 (xyār). Cognate to Sanskrit क्षीरक (kṣīraka).


کارت

Borrowed from French carte, from Latin charta, from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs), of further disputed origin.

کارت ملی


کفش

Arabic: قفش (qafš)

→ Hindi: कफ़्श (kafś)

Georgian: ქოში (koši)

From Middle Persian kpš (kafš, “shoe”), with further origin uncertain. Akin to Old Armenian կօշիկ (kōšik) and Arabic قَفْش (qafš), Iranian loanwords.


کدو

→ Gujarati: કદૂ (kadū)

→ Khalaj: kudı

Uncertain.
Read in Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kaẟō). In Gilaki کوی (kūī, “gourd; bowl, vessel, stop”). Possibly related to Sanskrit कटु (kaṭu, “bitter”), or a variant reflex of کندو (kandū, “beehive; a large clay bin for grain”) extended from Aramaic כּדּא (kaddā), כַּנְדָּא (kandā), from Old Tamil 𑀓𑀺𑀡𑁰𑀝𑀺 (kiṇṭi).


کدو

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

کدام کدام#Persian


قله

head

قله • (qolle) (plural قلهها (qolle-hâ) or قلل (qolal) or قلات (qollât))

qolle (romanization)
قلهها (plural)
قلل (plural)
قلات (plural)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: قله
Turkish: kule
→ Bulgarian: кула (kula)
→ Macedonian: кула (kula)
→ Romanian: culă
→ Serbo-Croatian: кула


شنا

head

شنا • (šenâ)

fa-noun

شنا • (šenâ)

Attested as Middle Persian [script needed] (šnāz, “swimming”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to swim”), compare Avestan 𐬯𐬥𐬁 (snā) and Sanskrit स्नान (snāna, “bathing”).


ببر

head

ببر • (babr) (plural ببرها (babr-hâ) or ببران (babrân))

babr (romanization)
ببرها (plural)
ببران (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बबर (babar)

Urdu: ببر

→ Khalaj: bəbr

→ Russian: бабр (babr)

→ Yakut: баабыр (baabır)

→ Tajik: бабр (babr)

* From Middle Persian bpl (babr, “tiger, lion, panther”), ultimately derived from Sumerian 𒌨𒁇𒊏 (urbarra, literally “outside dog, wild predator”) likely inherited from an Old Persian form, becoming semantically specified from the more general "wild predators".
* From Middle Persian bpl (babr, “tiger”), dubiously connected to Proto-Indo-Iranian *wy(H)āgʰrás. Cognate with Sanskrit व्याघ्र (vyāghrá) and related to Old Armenian վագր (vagr) and Old Georgian ვიგრი (vigri) (both loanwords from Iranian).


همسایه

head

همسایه • (hamsâye) (plural همسایهها (hamsâye-hâ) or همسایگان (hamsâyegân))

hamsâye (romanization)
همسایهها (plural)
همسایگان (plural)

→ Gojri: ہَمْسایو (hamsāyo)

→ Kannauji: हमसाया

desc

→ Middle Hindi: ہمسايہ (hmsayh /hamsāya/)

Hindustani:

Hindi: हमसाया (hamsāyā)

Urdu: ہَمْسایَہ (hamsāya)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਹਮਸਾਇਆ (hamsāiā)

Shahmukhi script: ہَمسایَہ (hamsāyah)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hmsʾdk' /hamsāyag/, “neighbour”), whence also Old Armenian համսայեակ (hamsayeak). By surface analysis, هم (ham, “same”) + سایه (sâye, “shadow, shade”). Cognate with Northern Kurdish hevsî (“neighbour”), Talysh hamusiyə (“neighbour”).

surface analysis

کشور همسایه ایران

گر چه در خود خانه نوری یافته ست
آن ز همسایهی منور تافته ست

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3256:

Although the house (your heart) has found a light within it,
that (light) has shone forth from an illumined neighbour.

gar či dar xōd xāna nūr-ī yāfta-st
ān za hamsāya-i-munavvar tāfta-st


ده

head

ده • (deh) (plural دهها (deh-hâ) or دهات (dehât))

deh (romanization)
دهها (plural)
دهات (plural)

→ Gujarati: દિહ (dih)

→ Middle Armenian: դիհ (dih)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (MTA /deh/, “village”), from Old Persian 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢 (d-h-y-a-u /dahạyau/), from Proto-Iranian *dáhyuš (“Village”). Compare Old Armenian դեհ (deh), an Iranian borrowing.


انتها

head

انتها • (entehâ) (plural انتهاها (entehâ-hâ))

entehâ (romanization)
انتهاها (plural)
انتها (singular)
entehấ (singular)
انتهاها (plural)
entehâ-hấ (plural)
انتها را (definite direct-object singular)
entehấ râ (definite direct-object singular)
انتها رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
entehấ ro (definite direct-object singular)
انتهاها را (definite direct-object plural)
entehâ-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
انتهاها رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
entehâ-hấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
انتهای (ezafe singular)
entehấ-ye (ezafe singular)
انتهاهای (ezafe plural)
entehâ-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
انتهایی (definite relative singular)
انتهایی (indefinite singular stressed)
entehấ-i (definite relative singular)
entehấ-i (indefinite singular stressed)
انتهاهایی (definite plural relative)
انتهاهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
entehâ-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
entehâ-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
انتهایم (first-person possessive singular)
entehấyam (first-person possessive singular)
انتهام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
entehấm (first-person possessive singular)
انتهاهایم (first-person possessive singular)
entehâ-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
انتهاهام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
entehâ-hấm (first-person possessive singular)
انتهایت (possessive second-person singular)
entehấyat (possessive second-person singular)
انتهات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
entehất (possessive second-person singular)
انتهاهایت (possessive second-person singular)
entehâ-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
انتهاهات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
entehâ-hất (possessive second-person singular)
انتهایش (possessive singular third-person)
entehấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
انتهاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
entehấš (possessive singular third-person)
انتهاهایش (possessive singular third-person)
entehâ-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
انتهاهاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
entehâ-hấš (possessive singular third-person)
انتهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
entehấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
انتهامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
entehấmun (first-person plural possessive)
انتهاهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
entehâ-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
انتهاهامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
entehâ-hấmun (first-person plural possessive)
انتهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
entehấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
انتهاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
entehấtun (plural possessive second-person)
انتهاهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
entehâ-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
انتهاهاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
entehâ-hấtun (plural possessive second-person)
انتهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
entehấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
انتهاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
entehấšun (plural possessive third-person)
انتهاهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
entehâ-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
انتهاهاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
entehâ-hấšun (plural possessive third-person)

[ʔɪn̪.t̪ʰe̞.ɦɑː]

[ʔɪn̪.t̪ʰe̞.ɦɑː]

انتهاء انتهاء#Persian


ابری

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: ابری (abrī)

→ Late Ottoman Turkish: ابرو (ebru)

Turkish: ebru

→ English: ebru

a decorated paper known as marbled paper in English


ول

From Fahlavīyāt, from Middle Persian [Term?].


مه

(poetic) Alternative form of ماه (mâh, “moon”)


مه

From Proto-Iranian *HmíčaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hmíčš, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European*h₃meygʰ- (“fog, mist, cloud”).
Cognates with English mist, Vedic Sanskrit मिह् (mih, “fog, mist”), Ancient Greek ὀμίχλη (omíkhlē, “fog, mist”), and Lithuanian miglà (“mist, haze”). Also Related to Persian میغ (miğ) and Hindi मेघ (megh) both meaning cloud.


مه

From Middle Persian 𐫖𐫏𐫆 (myẖ /meh/), from Proto-Iranian *majā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maȷ́ʰā́, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (“great”). Cognate with English mickle, much.


گاز

گاز طبیعی
گاز طبیعی#Persian

Short for گاز طبیعی (gâz-e tabi'i, “natural gas”).

پدال گاز
پدال گاز#Persian

Short for پدال گاز (pedâl-e gâz, “accelerator”).


گاز

Probably ultimately from Proto-Iranian *gaz- (“to bite”), borrowed from another Iranian language. Compare Classical Persian گزیدن (gazīdan, “to bite”), Zazaki gaz (“bite”).


گاز

Borrowed from French gaze or English gauze.


سیر

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: سیر (sir)
Turkish: sir, sirmo (dialectal)

→ Romani: sir

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European; in Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (syl) or Aramaic heterogram [script needed] (TWMʾ); often claimed to come from an Old Persian *θigraʰ, only imagined to be reflected in the month name Old Persian 𐎰𐎠𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎨𐎡𐏁 (Θāigraciš, literally “*the month of garlic-collecting”), while another suggestion sees the full term rather reflected by Proto-Turkic *sarmïsak (“garlic”) borrowed from Iranian.


سیر

داشتیم وقت سحر در سیر گلشن گریهای
کز غمم خواند این غزل مرغی بدرد افغان کنان

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 83:

I wept a little at the time of dawn during my outing to the rose garden,
For out of my grief, a bird sang this love poem with a pain that makes one cry out.

dāštēm waqt-i sahar dar sayr-i gulšan girya'ē
k-az ğamam xwānd īn ğazal murğē ba-dard-i afğān kunān


خشخاش

head

خشخاش • (xašxâš)

fa-noun

خشخاش • (xašxâš)

desctree

→ Arabic: خَشْخَاش (ḵašḵāš)
Maltese: xaħxieħ, ħuxħax, ħoxħax
→⇒ Aragonese: cascall
→⇒ Catalan: cascall
→ Spanish: cascal (Murcia)

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܚܫܚܫ (ḥašḥāš)

→ Azerbaijani: xaşxaş

desc

→ Georgian: ხაშხაში (xašxaši), ღაჟღაჟი (ɣažɣaži), ღაშღაში (ɣašɣaši)

→ Kumyk: хашхаш (xaşxaş)

→ Malayalam: കശകശ (kaśakaśa)

→ Middle Armenian: խաշխաշ (xašxaš)

Armenian: խաշխաշ (xašxaš)

→ Northern Kurdish: xaşxaş

→ Ottoman Turkish: خشخاش (haşhaş)

Turkish: haşhaş

→ Pashto: خاشخاش (xâšxâš)

→ Pashto: خاشخاش (xâšxâš)

Related to Central Kurdish قاشقاشە (qaşqaşe), Pashto قشقاق (qašqâš), قاشقاش (qâšqâš), and further likely to Middle Armenian կակաչ (kakačʻ), Georgian ყაყაჩო (q̇aq̇ačo), Karachay-Balkar къачхач (qaçxaç), Kumyk шакъшакъ (şaqşaq), Abaza къвашвхӏа (qʷʼašʷḥa), Kabardian ӏущхьэ (ʼwuśḥɛ), Japanese 芥子 (けし, keshi), all denoting "(opium) poppy".
According to Pictet, ultimately from Sanskrit खस्खस (khaskhasa, “poppy”), a reduplication of खस (khasa, “itch, scab”), because poppy was supposedly used against it. Note also the Sanskrit compound खसतिल (khasa-tila, “poppy”).

cog

Abaza къвашвхӏа (qʷʼašʷḥa)


گیلاس

head

گیلاس • (gilâs) (plural گیلاسها (gilâs-hâ))

gilâs (romanization)
گیلاسها (plural)
گیلاس (singular)
gilâs (singular)
گیلاسها (plural)
gilâs-hấ (plural)
گیلاسا (colloquial plural)
gilâsấ (plural)
گیلاس را (definite direct-object singular)
gilâs râ (definite direct-object singular)
گیلاس رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
gilâso (definite direct-object singular)
گیلاسها را (definite direct-object plural)
gilâs-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
گیلاسا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
gilâsấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
گیلاس (ezafe singular)
gilâs-e (ezafe singular)
گیلاسهای (ezafe plural)
gilâs-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
گیلاسای (colloquial ezafe plural)
gilâsấ-ye (ezafe plural)
گیلاسی (definite relative singular)
گیلاسی (indefinite singular stressed)
gilâs-i (definite relative singular)
gilâs-i (indefinite singular stressed)
گیلاسهایی (definite plural relative)
گیلاسهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
gilâsấn-i, gilâs-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
gilâsấn-i, gilâs-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
گیلاسایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
گیلاسایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
gilâsấi (definite plural relative)
gilâsấi (indefinite plural stressed)
گیلاسم (first-person possessive singular)
gilâsam (first-person possessive singular)
گیلاسهایم (first-person possessive singular)
gilâs-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
گیلاسهام، گیلاسام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
gilâsấm (first-person possessive singular)
گیلاست (possessive second-person singular)
gilâsat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
gilâset (possessive second-person singular)
گیلاسهایت (possessive second-person singular)
gilâs-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
گیلاسهات، گیلاسات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
gilâsất (possessive second-person singular)
گیلاسش (possessive singular third-person)
gilâsaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
gilâseš (possessive singular third-person)
گیلاسهایش (possessive singular third-person)
gilâs-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
گیلاسهاش، گیلاساش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
gilâsấš (possessive singular third-person)
گیلاسمان (first-person plural possessive)
gilâsemân (first-person plural possessive)
گیلاسمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
gilâsemun (first-person plural possessive)
گیلاسهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
gilâs-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
گیلاسهامون، گیلاسامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
gilâsấmun (first-person plural possessive)
گیلاستان (plural possessive second-person)
gilâsetân (plural possessive second-person)
گیلاستون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
gilâsetun (plural possessive second-person)
گیلاسهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
gilâs-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
گیلاسهاتون، گیلاساتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
gilâsấtun (plural possessive second-person)
گیلاسشان (plural possessive third-person)
gilâsešân (plural possessive third-person)
گیلاسشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
gilâsešun (plural possessive third-person)
گیلاسهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
gilâs-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
گیلاسهاشون، گیلاساشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
gilâsấšun (plural possessive third-person)

→ Armenian: գիլաս (gilas)

→ Azerbaijani: gilas

→ Northern Kurdish: gêlaz

→ Uyghur: گىلاس (gilas)

[ɡʲiː.lɒ́ːs]


گیلاس

گیلاس • (gilâs or gêlâs) (plural گیلاسها (gilâs-hâ))

gilâs (romanization)
gêlâs (romanization)
گیلاسها (plural)

Borrowed from Hindustani گلاس / गिलास (gilās), from English glass.

یَک گیلاس اَو بالایِ میز است (more colloquial)


مورچه

مورچه • (murče) (plural مورچگان (murčegân) or مورچهها (murče-hâ))

murče (romanization)
مورچگان (plural)
مورچهها (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मोर्चा (morcā)

Urdu: مورچہ

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮੋਰਚਾ (morcā)

Shahmukhi script: مورچہ (morcah)

[moːɾ.t͡ʃʰä]

[moːɾ.t͡ʃʰä]

[moːɾ.t͡ʃʰä]

[mʊːɾ.t͡ʃʰä]

Diminutive of مور (mur), from Middle Persian [script needed] (mwl /mōr/), from Proto-Iranian *marwíš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *marwíš, from Proto-Indo-European *morwi-.


توله‌سگ

تولهسگ (canonical)
tule-sag (romanization)


کرم ابریشم

From کرم (“worm”) and ابریشم (“silk”). Compare with Bengali রেশম কীট (reśom kiṭ).

fa:کرم ابریشم


فکر

head

فکر • (fekr) (plural افکار (afkâr) or فکرها (fekr-hâ))

fekr (romanization)
افکار (plural)
فکرها (plural)

Dari: فِکْر (fikr)

Iranian Persian: فِکْر (fekr)

Tajik: фикр (fikr)

→ Bengali: ফিকির (fikir)

→ Gujarati: ફિકર (phikar)

desctree

→ Old Hindi: फिकरि (phikari)
Hindustani:
Hindi: फ़िक्र (fikr), फ़िकर (fikar)
Urdu: فِکْر (fikr)

→ Marathi: फिकीर (phikīr)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਫ਼ਿਕਰ (fikar)

Shahmukhi script: فِکر (fikr)

→ Sindhi:

Arabic script: فِڪرُ

Devanagari script: फ़िकिरु


اسفناج

head

اسفناج • (esfanâj, esfenâj) (plural اسفناجها (esfanâj, esfenâj-hâ))

esfanâj (romanization)
esfenâj (romanization)
اسفناجها (plural)

desctree

→ Arabic: سَبَانِخ (sabāniḵ), إِسْفَانَاخ (ʔisfānāḵ), إِسْفَنَاخ (ʔisfanāḵ), إِسْفَنَاج (ʔisfanāj), إِسْفَانَاج (ʔisfānāj), سَبَانَغ (sabānaḡ), سَبَانَج (sabānaj)
Andalusian Arabic: إِسْفِنَاج (isfināj), إِسْبِنَاج (isbināj), إِسْبِنَاخ (isbināḵ)
→ Aragonese: espinai
→ Catalan: espinac
→ Occitan: espinac, espinarc (influenced by french)
→ Portuguese: espinafre
→ Spanish: espinaca
→ Medieval Latin: spinacium, spinachium, spinarchia (influenced by spina (“thorn”))
→ Byzantine Greek: σπινάκιον (spinákion), σπανάκιν (spanákin), σπινάκι (spináki)
Greek: σπανάκι (spanáki), σπανάκιον (spanákion)
→ Bulgarian: спанак (spanak)
→ Romanian: spanac
→ Serbo-Croatian: спанаћ / spanać
→ Italian: spinacio, spinace (uncommon)
→ Middle High German: spināt (final -t perhaps influenced by Salat)
German: Spinat
→ Kashubian: szpinat
→ Russian: шпинат (špinat)
→ Bashkir: шпинат (şpinat)
→ Serbo-Croatian: шпинат / špìnāt
→ Ukrainian: шпина́т (špynát)
→ Old French: espinoche, espinache, espinarde, espinaces
French: épinard, (obsolete) epinart
→ English: spinach, (obsolete) spinage
→ Irish: spionáiste
→ Sicilian: spinacia

→ Georgian: ისპანახი (isṗanaxi)

→ Middle Armenian: սպանախ (spanax), ասպանախ (aspanax), սպաննախ (spannax)
Armenian: սպանախ (spanax)

desc

→ Ottoman Turkish: اسفناج (isfinâj), اسپناخ (ispenâh), اسفاناخ (isfânâh)

→ Turkic:

Azerbaijani: ispanaq

Kipchak:

Kipchak: yspanac

Ottoman Turkish: اسپانق, اسپناق, اسپاناق (ispanak, ıspanak), اسپاناك, اسپناك (ispanâk)

Turkish: ıspanak

Turkmen: ysmanak

Kulturwort of Iranian origin. According to Asatrian, there were probably two forms in late Middle Iranian, *ispanāg (or *ispināg) and (the dialectal) *ispanāx (or *ispināx), yielding Arabized forms إِسْفَنَاج / إِسْفِنَاج (ʔisfanāj / ʔisfināj) and إِسْفَنَاخ / إِسْفِنَاخ (ʔisfanāḵ / ʔisfināḵ), which were popularized in Persian and Arabic, respectively (alternative forms with پ (p) are directly from Middle Iranian). The Old Iranian form would be *spināka-, *spinaka- (compare Northern Kurdish sping), from the root *spin- (Northwestern Iranian), *sin- (Southwestern Iranian), ultimately from the Proto-Iranian *spai- (*spi-), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“thorn-like”) (*spi-), which are also reflected in Latin spina, Persian سنجد (senjed), Ossetian сындз (synʒ), синдзӕ (sinʒæ, “thorn”), Baluchi [script needed] (šinž), Central Iranian šeng, Kermani šank (“thorn”). Also akin to Semnani esbenāγa.
According to Cabolov, related to Northern Kurdish siping (“meadow salsify, possibly also spinach”) and Persian سپند (sepand, “wild rue”).

cog

من سپاناخ تو با هرچم پزی
 یا ترشبا یا که شیرین میسزی

man sipānāx tō bā harčam pazī
 yā turš-bā yā ka šīrīn mī-sazī


اسپانیایی

head

اسپانیایی • (espâniyâyi) (plural اسپانیاییها (espâniyâyi-hâ))

espâniyâyi (romanization)
اسپانیاییها (plural)


سینما

سینما • (sinamâ) (plural سینماها (sinamâ-hâ))


به

→ Avar: бигь (bih)

desctree

→ Georgian: ბია (bia)
→ Abkhaz: а-биа (a-bja)
→ Laz: ბიჲა (biya) — Chkhala
→ Mingrelian: ბია (bia)
→ Ossetian: биа (bia) — Digor

→ Lak: бигь (bih)

→ Northern Kurdish: bîhok

From Middle Persian [script needed] (byh /bēh/, “quince”).


اسکناس

head

اسکناس • (eskenâs) (plural اسکناسها (eskenâs-hâ))

eskenâs (romanization)
اسکناسها (plural)

Borrowed from Russian ассигнация (assignacija), either from French assignat, or from Polish asygnacja.


اتاق

otâq (romanization)
اتاقها (plural)
اتاقم (first-person possessive singular)
otâqam (first-person possessive singular)
اتاقهایم (first-person possessive singular)
otâq-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
اتاقهام، اتاقام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
otâqấm (first-person possessive singular)
اتاقت (possessive second-person singular)
otâqat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
otâqet (possessive second-person singular)
اتاقهایت (possessive second-person singular)
otâq-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
اتاقهات، اتاقات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
otâqất (possessive second-person singular)
اتاقش (possessive singular third-person)
otâqaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
otâqeš (possessive singular third-person)
اتاقهایش (possessive singular third-person)
otâq-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
اتاقهاش، اتاقاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
otâqấš (possessive singular third-person)
اتاقمان (first-person plural possessive)
otâqemân (first-person plural possessive)
اتاقمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
otâqemun (first-person plural possessive)
اتاقهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
otâq-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
اتاقهامون، اتاقامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
otâqấmun (first-person plural possessive)
اتاقتان (plural possessive second-person)
otâqetân (plural possessive second-person)
اتاقتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
otâqetun (plural possessive second-person)
اتاقهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
otâq-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
اتاقهاتون، اتاقاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
otâqấtun (plural possessive second-person)
اتاقشان (plural possessive third-person)
otâqešân (plural possessive third-person)
اتاقشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
otâqešun (plural possessive third-person)
اتاقهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
otâq-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
اتاقهاشون، اتاقاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
otâqấšun (plural possessive third-person)

[ʔʊ.t̪ʰɑ́ːq]

[ʔʊ.t̪ʰɑ́ːq]

[ʔʊ.t̪ʰɑ́ːq]

[ʔu.t̪ʰɔ́ːq]

[ʔo.t̪ʰɒ́ːɢ̥]

A Turkic borrowing. Compare Azerbaijani otaq, Turkish otağ (Ottoman Turkish اوتاق (otak)), Turkmen otag, Turkish oda (Ottoman Turkish اوطه (oda)), all meaning chamber, room.


توت فرنگی

[t̪ʰuːt̪ fä.ɾäŋ.ɡíː]

[t̪ʰuːt̪ fä.ɾäŋ.ɡíː]

[t̪ʰuːt̪ fä.ɾäŋ.ɡíː]

[t̪ʰut̪ fä.ɾäŋ.ɡí]

[t̪ʰuːt̪ fæ.ɹæɲ.ɡʲíː]

[t̪ʰut̪ fä.ɾäŋ.ɡí]

fa:توت فرنگی


عناب

'onnâb (romanization)
'anâb (romanization)


عناب

[ʔän.nɔ́ːb̥]

[ʔæn.nɒ́ːb̥]


کاراته

head

کاراته • (kârâte)

fa-noun

کاراته • (kârâte)

[kʰɑː.ɾɑː.t̪ʰä]

[kʰɑː.ɾɑː.t̪ʰä]

[kʰɑː.ɾɑː.t̪ʰä]

[kʰɔː.ɾɔː.t̪ʰä]

[kʰɒː.ɹɒː.t̪ʰe]

Ultimately derived from Japanese 空(から)手(て) (karate).


دیوار

head

دیوار • (divâr) (plural دیوارها (divâr-hâ))

Dari: دیوار (dēwār), دیوال (dēwāl)

Iranian Persian: دیوار (divâr)

Tajik: девор (devor)

→ Assamese: দেৱাল (dewal)

→ Azerbaijani: divar

→ Bashkir: диуар (diwar)

desc

→ Gujarati: દિવાલ (divāl), દીવાલ (dīvāl)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: दीवार (dīvār)

Urdu: دیوار (dīvār, dīwār)

→ Kazakh: дуал (dual)

→ Khalaj: duvâr

→ Middle Bengali: দেওয়ার (deōẇar)

Bengali: দেওয়াল (deōẇal)

→ Odia: ଦେୱାଲ (dēwālå)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: دیوار (duvar)
Turkish: duvar
→ Bulgarian: дува́р (duvár)
→ Greek: ντουβάρι (ntouvári)
→ Macedonian: дувар (duvar)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ду̏ва̄р
Latin script: dȕvār

desc

→ Punjabi: ਦੀਵਾਰ (dīvār), دیوار (dīvār, dīwār)

[d̪eː.wɑ́ːɾ]

[d̪eː.wɑ́ːɾ]

[d̪eː.wɑ́ːɾ]

[d̪eː.wɔ́ːɾ]

[d̪iː.vɒ́ːɹ]

[d̪iː.vɒ́ːɹ]

From Middle Persian dywʾl (dēwār, “wall”). Compare Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (daēza, “wall”), Ancient Greek τεῖχος (teîkhos, “wall, fortifications”).

cog

گرچه دیوار افکند سایهی دراز
باز گردد سوی او آن سایه باز

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 214:

Although the wall casts a long shadow, yet at last the shadow turns back again towards it [as the sun moves].

garči dēwār afkand sāya-yi darāz
bāz gardad sōy-i ō ān sāya bāz


شکر

šakar (romanization)
šakkar (romanization)
šekar (romanization)

→ Azerbaijani: şəkər

→ Baluchi: شکر (šakkal)

→ Bashkir: шәкәр (şəkər)

→ Chagatai: شکر

Uyghur: شەكەر (sheker)

Uzbek: shakar

→ Chechen: шекар (šekar)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: शक्कर (śakkar)

Urdu: شکر (śakkar)

→ Karachay-Balkar: шекер (şeker)

→ Kazakh: шекер (şeker)

→ Kumyk: шекер (şeker)

→ Kyrgyz: шекер (şeker)

desctree

→ Proto-Mongolic: *šiker
Buryat: шэхэр (šexer)
East Yugur: shigir
Middle Mongol:
Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠬᠢᠷ (sikir), ᠰᠢᠬᠡᠷ (siker), ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠷ (čikir)
Khalkha: чихэр (čixer)
→ Southern Altai: чикир (čikir)
→ Tuvan: чигир (çigir)
Jerim: /ʃixər/
Juu Uda:
Baarin: /ʃixər/
Aru Khorchin: /t͡ʃʰixər/
Ulan Tsab: /t͡ʃixər/, /t͡ʃʰixər/
Shilingol: /t͡ʃixər/
Ordos: /ʃikxər/
→ Arabic: شيكر (šiker, šikir)
→ Chinese: 扯克兒／扯克儿 (čeker) (Beilu Yiyu)
→ Uyghur: شېكەر (shëker)
Written Oirat:
Kalmyk: шикр (şikr)
→ Kalmyk: шикр-балта (şikr-balta)
→ Southern Altai: шикир (šikir)

→ Ossetian: сӕкӕр (sækær)

→ Ottoman Turkish: شكر (şeker)
Turkish: şeker
→ Adyghe: шэкэр (šɛkɛr)
→ Albanian: sheqer
→ Armenian: շեքեր (šekʻer)
→ Bulgarian: шеке́р (šekér)
→ Central Kurdish: شەکر (şekir)
→ Crimean Tatar: şeker
→ Gagauz: şeker
→ Gulf Arabic: شكر (shákar)
→ Iraqi Arabic: شكر (shákar)
→ Ladino: sheker
→ Laz: შექერი (şekeri), შეჩერი (şeçeri) — Atina, Vizha, Artasheni
→ Macedonian: шеќер (šeḱer)
→ Northern Kurdish: şekir
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шећер
Latin script: šećer
→ Zazaki: şeker

→ Pashto: شکره (šakᶕra)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ੱਕਰ (śakkar)

Shahmukhi script: شَکَّر (śakkar)

→ Shor: сакер (saker)

desc

شڪر<alt:شَڪَرِ>

→ Sindhi: شَڪَرِ (śakari)

→ Tatar: шикәр (şikär)

→ Turkmen: şeker

[ʃækʲ.kʰʲǽɹ]

[ʃækʲ.kʰʲǽɹ]

From Middle Persian 𐭱𐭪𐭥 (škʿ /šakar/), from Gandhari 𐨭𐨐𐨪 (śakara), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar, originally meaning grit, gravel”).

der

گرچه هندی در عذوبت شکر است، طرز گفتار دری شیرینتر است.

1915, Muhammad Iqbal, اسرار خودی [The Secrets of the Self]:

Though the Indian [language, i.e. Urdu] is sugar in its sweetness, the way of Dari [i.e. Persian] speech is sweeter yet.

garče hendi dar 'ozubat šekar ast, tarz-e goftâr-e dari širin-tar ast.


شکر

head

شکر • (šokr)

fa-noun

شکر • (šokr)

شکر کردن

خدا را شکر!

(especially religion) thankfulness, gratitude


فلفل

head

فلفل • (felfel) (plural فلفلها (felfel-hâ))

Borrowed from Arabic فِلْفِل (filfil), from Persian پلپل (pelpel), from Indo-Aryan. Compare Old Armenian պղպեղ (płpeł), պղպիղ (płpił) and Georgian პილპილი (ṗilṗili), Iranian borrowings.

pepper (including sweet peppers, chilis as well as black pepper)


خاک

→ Bengali: খাক (khâk)

→ Gujarati: ખાક (khāk)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ख़ाक (xāk)

Urdu: خاک (xāk)

→ Ottoman Turkish: خاك (hak)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਖ਼ਾਕ (xāk)

Shahmukhi script: خاک (xāk)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hʾk' /xāk/), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-.


درد

→ Azerbaijani: dərd

→ Bengali: দরদ (dorod)

→ Gujarati: દર્દ (dard)

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: درد (dard)

Hindi: दर्द (dard)

→ Kazakh: дерт (dert)

→ Northern Kurdish: derd

desc

→ Middle Armenian: դարդ (dard), տարտ (tart), դերդ (derd), տէրտ (tērt)

→ Armenian: դարդ (dard)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: درد (dert)
Turkish: dert

Albanian: dert

Greek: ντέρτι (ntérti)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਦਰਦ (darad)

Shahmukhi script: دَرَد (darad)

→ Zazaki: derd

→ Uyghur: دەرد (derd)

→ Uzbek: dard

From Middle Persian dlt' (dard, “pain”), from Proto-Iranian *dar-ta- (“torn, burning, pain”), from Proto-Iranian *darH- (“to have pain”), from either Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear, split”) or Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- (“to split, suffer, be in pain”), the latter which Cheung considers to be related to the former. See also دریدن (daridan, “to ravage, attack”).


درد

desc

→ Middle Armenian: դիրտ (dirt), տիրտ (tirt), դուրտ (durt), տուրտին (turtin), դրտին (drtin), դրուրտ (drurt), դուրտին (durtin) (see there for further descendants)

→ Armenian: դըռդի (dəṙdi)

→ Ottoman Turkish: طورتی (tortu)

Turkish: tortu, torta, tort

→ Azerbaijani: torta

→ Georgian: დურდო (durdo)

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: [script needed] (dürtʿ)

→ Northern Kurdish: tort

From Proto-Iranian *dr̥ti- (“manure, feces”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰṛ-to-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰreyd- (“to have diarrhea”), whence also English dirt, Old Norse dríta (“to defecate”), and Russian дриста́ть (dristátʹ, “to shart”). Possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *dʰerh₃- (“to spring, leap”) (whence perhaps Sanskrit धारा (dhārā, “current, torrent”)).
Compare the Iranian borrowings: Aramaic דּוּרְדָּא / דֻּרְדָּא (durdā, “sediment; lees”), in plural דּוּרְדֵּי / דֻּרְדֵּי (durdī); Arabic دُرْدِيّ (durdiyy, “liquid sediment, lees, amurca”).

cog

דּוּרְדָּא / דֻּרְדָּא


قلب

قَلْب (canonical)
qalb (romanization)
قلوب (plural)

→ Gujarati: કલ્બ (kalb)

→ Urdu: قَلْب (qalb)


نخود

head

نخود • (noxod) (plural نخودها (noxod-hâ))

→ Azerbaijani: noxud

→? Gulf Arabic: نخي (naxi)

→? Khowar: نَخوے (naxóy)

→ Ottoman Turkish: نخود (nohut)

Turkish: nohut

→ Romanian: năut

→ Ukrainian: нут (nut)

From Middle Persian nhwt' (naxōd, “chickpea”).


شیرینی

head

شیرینی • (širini)

fa-noun

شیرینی • (širini)


روسری

head

روسری • (rusari) (plural روسریها (rusari-hâ))

[ɹuː.sæ.ɹíː]

From رو (ru, “on”) + سر (sar, “head”) + ـی (-i).


سلیقه

→ Hindi: सलीक़ा (salīqā)

Borrowed from Arabic سَلِيقَة (salīqa). See there for further information.


دستمال

head

دستمال • (dastmâl) (plural دستمالها (dastmâl-hâ))

dastmâl (romanization)
دستمالها (plural)

Azerbaijani: dəsmal

Bashkir: таҫтамал (taśtamal)

→ Gujarati: દસ્તમાલ (dastamāl)

Northern Kurdish: destmal

Tabasaran: дасмал (dasmal)

Zazaki: destmale

چرا دستمال در قزوین گران شد؟

Why have handkerchiefs become expensive in Qazvin?


بخت

desctree

→ Arabic: بَخْت (baḵt)
Algerian Arabic: بخت (baḵt)
Egyptian Arabic: بخت (baḵt)
Gulf Arabic: بخت (baḵt)
Omani Arabic: بخت (baḵt)
→ Swahili: bahati
South Levantine Arabic: بخت (baḵt)

→ Azerbaijani: bəxt

→ Bashkir: бәхет (bəxet)

→ Hindi: बख़्त (baxt)

→ Kazakh: бақыт (baqyt)

→ Khalaj: baxt

→ Northern Kurdish: baxt

→ Ottoman Turkish: بخت (baht)
Turkish: baht
→ Bulgarian: бахт (baht)
→ Serbo-Croatian: bȁht/ ба̏хт, bȃt / ба̑т

→ Punjabi: ਬਖ਼ਤ (baxat)

→ Romani: baxt

→ Romanian: baftă

→ Urdu: بخت (baxt)

→ Uyghur: بەخت (bext)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (b(ʾ)ht' /baxt/, “fortune, luck”) which is the past stem of Middle Persian [script needed] (b(ʾ)htn', bhš- /baxtan, baxš/, “to apportion, to distribute, to allocate”) , from Proto-Iranian *bagta- (“assigned, allotted; fate”), a lexicalized past participle ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to distribute”); see there for further information.

der

fortune, prosperity, felicity, happiness

horoscope, nativity, planet, constellation


مصرف

head

مصرف • (masraf) (plural مصارف (masâref) or مصرفها (masraf-hâ))

masraf (romanization)
مصارف (plural)
مصرفها (plural)

میزان مصرف


دست

دَسْت • (dast) (plural دستان (dastân) or دستها (dast-hâ))

دَسْت (canonical)
dast (romanization)
دستان (plural)
دستها (plural)
دست (singular)
dast (singular)
دستان (plural)
dastấn (plural)
دستا (colloquial plural)
dastấ (plural)
دست را (definite direct-object singular)
dast râ (definite direct-object singular)
دست رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
dasto (definite direct-object singular)
دستان را (definite direct-object plural)
dastấn râ (definite direct-object plural)
دستا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
dastấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
دست (ezafe singular)
dast-e (ezafe singular)
دستان (ezafe plural)
dastấn-e (ezafe plural)
دستای (colloquial ezafe plural)
dastấ-ye (ezafe plural)
دستی (definite relative singular)
دستی (indefinite singular stressed)
dast-i (definite relative singular)
dast-i (indefinite singular stressed)
دستانی (definite plural relative)
دستانی (indefinite plural stressed)
dastấn-i (definite plural relative)
dastấn-i (indefinite plural stressed)
دستایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
دستایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
dastấi (definite plural relative)
dastấi (indefinite plural stressed)
دستم (first-person possessive singular)
dástam (first-person possessive singular)
دستانم (first-person possessive singular)
dastấnam (first-person possessive singular)
دستام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
dastấm (first-person possessive singular)
دستت (possessive second-person singular)
dástat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
dástet (possessive second-person singular)
دستانت (possessive second-person singular)
dastấnat (possessive second-person singular)
دستات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
dastất (possessive second-person singular)
دستش (possessive singular third-person)
dástaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
dásteš (possessive singular third-person)
دستانش (possessive singular third-person)
dastấnaš (possessive singular third-person)
دستاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
dastấš (possessive singular third-person)
دستمان (first-person plural possessive)
dástemân (first-person plural possessive)
دستمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
dástemun (first-person plural possessive)
دستانمان (first-person plural possessive)
dastấnemân (first-person plural possessive)
دستامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
dastấmun (first-person plural possessive)
دستتان (plural possessive second-person)
dástetân (plural possessive second-person)
دستتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
dástetun (plural possessive second-person)
دستانتان (plural possessive second-person)
dastấnetân (plural possessive second-person)
دستاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
dastấtun (plural possessive second-person)
دستشان (plural possessive third-person)
dástešân (plural possessive third-person)
دستشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
dástešun (plural possessive third-person)
دستانشان (plural possessive third-person)
dastấnešân (plural possessive third-person)
دستاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
dastấšun (plural possessive third-person)

→ Azerbaijani: dəst

→ Bengali: দস্ত (dosto)

→ Gujarati: દસ્ત (dast)

→ Gulf Arabic: دست (dast, “glove”) (Kuwait)

→ Hindi: दस्त (dast)

→ Kumzari: دست

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭩𐭣𐭤 (YDH /dast/), from Old Persian 𐎭𐎿𐎫 (dasta), from Proto-Iranian *jástah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas (“hand”).
Compare Northern Kurdish dest, Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀 (zasta), Sogdian ܕܣܛ (ẟast-, “hand”), Sanskrit हस्त (hasta), Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír, “hand”), Albanian dorë (“hand”), Tocharian A tsar, Latin hīr (“hand”).

inh+

11th century, Abulfazl-i Bayhaqī, Tārīx-i Bayhaqīhttps://web.archive.org/web/20150328224423/http://www.iust.ac.ir/find.php?item=10.1654.1059.fa
خواجه امیر حسنک را هر چند خواست که پیش وی بنشیند نگذاشت و بر دست راست من و دست راست خواجه ابوالقاسم کثیر و بونصر مشکان بنشاند، هر چند ابوالقاسم کثیر معزول بود، اما حرمتش سخت بزرگ بود و بوسهل بر دست چپ خواجه، از این نیز سختتر بتابید
Although Amir Hasanak wanted to sit near him, Khwajah [Ahmad] didn't let it, and seated him at my right-hand, and at Khwajah Abul-Qasim Kasir's and Bu Nasr Mushkan's right-hand—although Abul-Qasim Kasir was deposed, his reverence was so great—and [seated] Bu Sahl at Khwajah's left-hand; he [Bu Sahl] was outraged even more because of this.

hand (side; part, camp; direction, either right or left)


شانه

head

شانه • (šâne)

fa-noun

شانه • (šâne)

From Middle Persian šʾnk' (šānag, “comb; pitchfork”), from Proto-Iranian *fšā- (“to comb”), from Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to pluck (wool, hair)”). Cognate with Khotanese kṣāna- (“shoulder”), etc.


شانه

head

شانه • (šâne)

fa-noun

شانه • (šâne)

Of uncertain origin. Bailey derives the root from Proto-Indo-European *psen-, which he takes as a metathesis of Proto-Indo-European *spen-, and links with Ancient Greek σφήν (sphḗn), as well as with English spoon and spade. Alternatively, from the same origin as Etymology 1.


ناهار

head

ناهار • (nâhâr)

fa-noun

ناهار • (nâhâr)

The adjective is most probably from ناـ (nâ-, “non-, un-”) + آهار (âhâr, “food, stew”), exactly equivalent to Sanskrit अनाहार (anāhāra, “not taking food, abstinent”). Compare also Old Armenian նիհար (nihar), an Iranian borrowing. The Persian dictionaries derive the noun for “lunch” from this adjective, saying that it originally referred to something eaten on an empty stomach (breakfast). On the other hand, John R. Perry (emerite professor of Persian at the University of Chicago) derives the noun from Arabic نَهار (nahār, “day, daytime”) with a vocalic assimilation that is not unusual in Persian; compare colloquial چاهار (čâhâr) for چهار (čahâr). In fact, both the noun and the adjective were also formerly spelt نهار (nahâr). It might be hypothesised that the inherited word was associated with the Arabic based on the parallelism with Persian روزه (ruze, “fasting”), which is eventually derived from روز (ruz, “day”). Compare also شام (šâm, “supper”, originally “evening”).


ساحل

head

ساحل • (sâhel) (plural ساحلها (sâhel-hâ) or سواحل (savâhel))

sâhel (romanization)
ساحلها (plural)
سواحل (plural)

ساحل رود ― sâhel-e rud ― riverside

ساحل شرقی

سواحل دریای خزر

شب تاریک و بیم موج و گردابی چنین هایل
کجا دانند حال ما سبکباران ساحلها

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 1”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

The dark night, the fear of waves, such a terrifying whirlpool!
How can they know our state, those with light burdens on the shore?

šab-i tārīk u bīm-i mawj u girdābē čunīn hāyil
kujā dānand hāl-i mā sabukbārān-i sāhil-hā


حجاب

حجاب • (hejâb)

fa-noun

حجاب • (hejâb)

[hi.ˈd͡ʒɑːβ]

[hɪ.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[hɪ.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[ʔɪ.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[ʔi.d͡ʒɔ́ːb̥]

حجاب مسأله مهم کشور است

Hijab is an important issue for the country


حمام

head

حَمّام • (hammâm)

fa-noun

حَمّام • (hammâm)

حَمّام (canonical)
hammâm (romanization)


کرم

PIE word
 *kwŕ̥mis
From Proto-Iranian *kŕ̥miš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kŕ̥miš, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷŕ̥mis (“worm”). Cognate with Sanskrit कृमि (kṛ́mi, “worm”), Proto-Slavic *čьrvь (“worm”), Lithuanian kirmìs (“worm”).


کرم

kerem (romanization)
krem (romanization)


کتابخانه

head

کِتابْخانِه • (ketâbxâne) (plural کتابخانهها (ketâbxâne-hâ))

کِتابْخانِه (canonical)
ketâbxâne (romanization)
کتابخانهها (plural)

→ Azerbaijani:

→ Arabic script: کتابخانه

→ Cyrillic script: китабхана

→ Latin script: kitabxana

→ Bashkir: китапхана (kitapxana)

→ Bengali: কুতুবখানা (kutubkhana)

→ Kazakh: кітапхана (kıtapxana)

→ Kyrgyz: китепкана (kitepkana)

→ Malay: kutubkhanah

→ Tatar: китапханә (kitapxanä)

→ Turkmen: kitaphana

→ Urdu: کُتُب خانَہ (kutub xānā)

→ Uyghur: كۇتۇپخانا (kutupxana)

→ Uzbek: kutubxona

From کتاب (ketâb, “book”) + خانه (xâne, “house”).

affix

کتابخانه درس میخوانی یا خانه؟


هتل

head

هُتِل • (hotel) (plural هتلها (hotel-hâ))

هُتِل (canonical)
hotel (romanization)
هتلها (plural)


یهودیت

Borrowed from Arabic يَهُودِيَّة (yahūdiyya). By surface analysis, یهود (yahūd／yahud) + ـیت (-iyyat／-iyyat).


مذاکره

head

مذاکره • (mozâkere) (plural مذاکرهها (mozâkere-hâ) or مذاکرات (mozâkerât))

mozâkere (romanization)
مذاکرهها (plural)
مذاکرات (plural)

Borrowed from Arabic مُذَاكَرَة (muḏākara).

bor+

مذاکرات هستهای

(often in the plural) talks; negotiation


هوش

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭥𐭱 (ōš), from Proto-Iranian *HušíH (“(two) ears; understanding”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws. Compare Northern Kurdish hiş.


هوش

توسکا توسکا#Persian


مالیه

Borrowed from Arabic مَالِيَّة (māliyya).


استان

head

اُسْتان • (ostân) (plural استانها (ostân-hâ))

اُسْتان (canonical)
ostân (romanization)
استانها (plural)

[ʔʊs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwstʾn /ōstān/), a later form of [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwstʾm /ōstām/), [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (ʾwstʾm /ōstām/), Manichaean Middle Persian 𐫀𐫇𐫏𐫘𐫤𐫀𐫖 (ʾwystʾm /aꞵestām/), from Old Persian *abistavānā-, as witnessed by Elamite [script needed] (ap-pi-iš-da-man-na, “domain, demesne, estate”). Also found borrowed in Old Armenian ոստան (ostan) and exotisms Arabic أُسْتَان (ʔustān) and Classical Syriac ܐܘܣܬܢܐ (ʾustānā).
The word became less common over the course of the Middle Ages, but was resurrected as a purist replacement of the Arabic loan ولایت (velâyat) in the modern period.


گز

→ Middle Armenian: գազ (gaz), կազ (kaz)

→ Azerbaijani: gəz

→ Ottoman Turkish: گز (gez)

Turkish: gez

→ Crimean Tatar: gez

From Middle Persian [script needed] (gc /gaz/, “tamarisk”). Compare Old Armenian գազ (gaz, “milkvetch”), an Iranian borrowing.

inh

a kind of confectionary which is a speciality of Isfahan and is similar to nougat, gaz – made from tragacanth and other gums of various manna trees

Fraxinus ornus
Fraxinus ornus#Translingual


گز

→ Ashkun: gë́s

→ Armenian: գազ (gaz)

→ Gujarati: ગજ (gaj)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गज़ (gaz)

Urdu: گز (gaz)

→ Kamkata-viri: géć

→ Malay: gaz

Indonesian: gaz

→ Prasuni: gaz

From Middle Persian [script needed] (gt' /gad/, “rod, club”), from Proto-Iranian *gádaH, Proto-Indo-Iranian *gadaH (“club”).


پاپایا

head

پاپایا • (pâpâyâ)

fa-noun

پاپایا • (pâpâyâ)


صبر

دیده دریا کنم و صبر به صحرا فکنم
واندر این کار دل خویش به دریا فکنم

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 348”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

I make my eyes an ocean, and throw patience to the desert;
And while doing this, I throw my heart into the ocean.

dīda daryā kunam u sabr ba sahrā fikanam
w-andar īn kār dil-i xwēš ba daryā fikanam


میوه اژدها

head

میوه اژدها • (mêve-ye aždahâ)

fa:میوه اژدها


رژیم

رژیم • (režim)

fa-noun

رژیم • (režim)


آواکادو

head

آواکادو • (âvâkâdo)

fa-noun

آواکادو • (âvâkâdo)

[ʔɒː.vɒː.kʰɒː.d̪ó]


شلیل

head

شلیل • (šalil)

fa-noun

شلیل • (šalil)


خرمالو

head

خُرْمالو • (xormâlu) (plural خرمالوها (xormâluhâ))

خُرْمالو (canonical)
xormâlu (romanization)
خرمالوها (plural)

→ Arabic: خُرْمَال (ḵurmāl)

From خرما (xormâ, “date”) + آلو (âlu, “plum”).


زر

→ Armenian: զառ (zaṙ), զար (zar)

→ Azerbaijani: zər

→ Bengali: জর (zôr)

→ Georgian: ზარი (zari)

→ Gujarati: જર (jar)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ज़र (zar)

Urdu: زر (zar)

→ Marathi: जर (j̈ar)

→ Ottoman Turkish: زر

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਜ਼ਰ (zar)

Shahmukhi script: زَر (zar)

From Middle Persian *zarr (“gold”), from Parthian *zarn (“gold”); the inherited form would have started with a D, as is seen in Old Persian 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹 (d-r-n-y). Ultimately from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow; gleam; to shine”). Indo-Iranian cognates include Northern Kurdish zêrr, and Sanskrit हिरण्य (hiraṇya). Other cognates include Old Church Slavonic злато (zlato), Latvian zelts, and English gold and yellow.


زر

From Proto-Iranian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-Iranian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer-, *gʰer- (“to encircle; to spin around”).


زر

From Proto-Iranian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-Iranian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old, to mature”).

همی نوبهار آید و تیر ماه/ جهان گاه برنا شود گاه زر


گریپ فروت

head

گریپ فروت • (grep frūt)

fa-noun

گریپ فروت • (grep frūt)


ازگیل

→ Azerbaijani: əzgil

→ Lak: азгил (azgil)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: ازگیل (ezgil)
Turkish: ezgil
→⇒ Arabic: إِسْكِدُنْيَا (ʔiskidunyā), أَسْكِيدُنْيَا (ʔaskīdunyā), إِسْكِيدُنْيَا (ʔiskīdunyā), إِكِّدُنْيَا (ʔikkidunyā), أَكِدُنْيَا (ʔakidunyā), إِيكِّيدُنْيَا (ʔīkkīdunyā), إِكِّيدُنْيَا (ʔikkīdunyā)

[ʔæz.ˈɡiːl̥]

The origin is unknown. Possibly connected with Georgian ასკილი (asḳili, “dog rose”) and Middle Armenian զկեռ (zkeṙ, “medlar”).

unk

unknown


شاه‌توت

head

شاهتوت • (šâh-tut) (plural شاهتوتها (šâh-tut-hâ))

شاهتوت (canonical)
šâh-tut (romanization)
شاهتوتها (plural)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਤੂਤ (śatūt)

Shahmukhi script: شتوت (śatūt)

Urdu: شہتوت (śahtūt), شاہ توت (śāh-tūt)

[ʃɑːɦ.t̪ʰúːt̪]

[ʃɑːɦ.t̪ʰúːt̪]

[ʃɑː.t̪ʰúːt̪]

[ʃɔː.t̪ʰút̪]

[ʃɒːɦ.t̪ʰúːt̪]

[ʃɔɦ.t̪ʰút̪]

From شاه + توت.


کارگر

کَارْگَر • (kârgar) (plural کارگران (kârgarân) or کارگرها (kârgar-hâ))

کَارْگَر (canonical)
kârgar (romanization)
کارگران (plural)
کارگرها (plural)

→ Georgian: ქარგალი (kargali)

→ Bengali: কারিগর (karigor)

→ Gujarati: કારીગર (kārīgar)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: कारीगर (kārīgar)

Urdu: کارِیگَر (kārīgar)

→ Maithili:

Devanagari script: कारीगर (kārīgar)

Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒩𑒲𑒑𑒩 (kārīgara)

→ Marathi: कारागीर (kārāgīr)

→ Odia: କାରିଗର (kārigara)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كاركر (kârger)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਾਰੀਗਰ (kārīgar)

Shahmukhi script: کارِیگَر (kārīgar)

→ Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڪارِيگَرُ

Devanagari script: कारीगरु

[kʰɒːɹ.ɡʲǽɹ]

Middle Persian kʾrgr. By surface analysis, کار (“work”) + ـگَر (“-er”).