سوراخ

سوراخ • (surâx) (plural سوراخها (surâx-hâ))

surâx (romanization)
سوراخها (plural)
سوراخ (singular)
surâx (singular)
سوراخها (plural)
surâx-hấ (plural)
سوراخا (colloquial plural)
surâxấ (plural)
سوراخ را (definite direct-object singular)
surâx râ (definite direct-object singular)
سوراخ رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
surâxo (definite direct-object singular)
سوراخها را (definite direct-object plural)
surâx-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
سوراخا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
surâxấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
سوراخ (ezafe singular)
surâx-e (ezafe singular)
سوراخهای (ezafe plural)
surâx-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
سوراخای (colloquial ezafe plural)
surâxấ-ye (ezafe plural)
سوراخی (definite relative singular)
سوراخی (indefinite singular stressed)
surâx-i (definite relative singular)
surâx-i (indefinite singular stressed)
سوراخهایی (definite plural relative)
سوراخهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
surâxấn-i, surâx-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
surâxấn-i, surâx-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
سوراخایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
سوراخایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
surâxấi (definite plural relative)
surâxấi (indefinite plural stressed)
سوراخم (first-person possessive singular)
surâxam (first-person possessive singular)
سوراخهایم (first-person possessive singular)
surâx-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
سوراخهام، سوراخام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
surâxấm (first-person possessive singular)
سوراخت (possessive second-person singular)
surâxat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
surâxet (possessive second-person singular)
سوراخهایت (possessive second-person singular)
surâx-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
سوراخهات، سوراخات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
surâxất (possessive second-person singular)
سوراخش (possessive singular third-person)
surâxaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
surâxeš (possessive singular third-person)
سوراخهایش (possessive singular third-person)
surâx-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
سوراخهاش، سوراخاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
surâxấš (possessive singular third-person)
سوراخمان (first-person plural possessive)
surâxemân (first-person plural possessive)
سوراخمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
surâxemun (first-person plural possessive)
سوراخهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
surâx-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
سوراخهامون، سوراخامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
surâxấmun (first-person plural possessive)
سوراختان (plural possessive second-person)
surâxetân (plural possessive second-person)
سوراختون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
surâxetun (plural possessive second-person)
سوراخهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
surâx-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
سوراخهاتون، سوراخاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
surâxấtun (plural possessive second-person)
سوراخشان (plural possessive third-person)
surâxešân (plural possessive third-person)
سوراخشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
surâxešun (plural possessive third-person)
سوراخهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
surâx-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
سوراخهاشون، سوراخاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
surâxấšun (plural possessive third-person)
سوراخم (first-person predicative singular)
surâxam (first-person predicative singular)
سوراخیم (first-person plural predicative)
surâxim (first-person plural predicative)
سوراخی (predicative second-person singular)
surâxi (predicative second-person singular)
سوراخید (plural predicative second-person)
surâxid (plural predicative second-person)
سوراخین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
surâxin (plural predicative second-person)
سوراخ است (predicative singular third-person)
surâx ast (predicative singular third-person)
سوراخه (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
surâxe (predicative singular third-person)
سوراخند (plural predicative third-person)
surâxand (plural predicative third-person)
سوراخن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
surâxan (plural predicative third-person)

* From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (swlʾh /sūrāx/) from earlier form [Book Pahlavi needed] (swlʾk' /sūrāg/). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱouH-r-o- and suffix ـاک (/-āk/)
* Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬀 (sūra, “hole”) (>*ćuHráh), Northern Luri سیڵا (/siłā/, “hole”) and Classical Persian سوله (/sūla/, “hole”) (>*ćuHrákah).

uder

واگشایم هفت سوراخ نفاق
در ضیای ماه بیخسف و محاق

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3533:

I will lay bare the seven rifts (sins) of hypocrisy
in the light of the moon that suffers no eclipse or waning.

wāgušāyam haft sūrax-i-nifāq
dar ziyā-i-māh bē-xasf u mahāq

تیم مورد علاقهات سوراخ شد.


یار

→ Azerbaijani: yar

→ Bashkir: йәр (yər)

→ Chagatai: يار

Uyghur: يار (yar)

Uzbek: yor / ёр (yor)

→ Gujarati: યાર (yār)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: यार (yār)

Urdu: یار (yār)

→ Kazakh: жар (jar)

→ Middle Armenian: եար (ear)

Armenian: յար (yar)

Ottoman Turkish: یار (yār)

Turkish: yar

→ Laz: ჲარი (yari)

→ Punjabi: یار (yār) / ਯਾਰ (yār)

→ Marwari: यार (yār)

Contraction of Middle Persian (and archaic New Persian) یاور (yâvar). Akin to Manichaean Middle Persian hyʾr (/hayyār/, “helper, friend”).


ویکی‌واژه

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ویکیواژه • (viki-vâže)

fa-noun

ویکیواژه • (viki-vâže)

ویکیواژه (canonical)
viki-vâže (romanization)

From ویکی (viki, “wiki”) + واژه (vâže, “dictionary”).


آذار

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آذار • (âzâr)

fa-noun

آذار • (âzâr)

→ Gujarati: આઝાર (ājhār)

Borrowed from Arabic آذَار (ʔāḏār), from Classical Syriac ܐܕܪ.


تموز

Borrowed from Arabic تَمُّوز (tammūz), from Classical Syriac ܬܡܘܙ.


شباط

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شُباط • (šobât)

fa-noun

شُباط • (šobât)

Borrowed from Arabic شُبَاط (šubāṭ), from Classical Syriac ܫܒܛ.


محرم

(Islam) mahram; close family member who cannot be married

(by extension) confidant, intimate friend


محرم

Borrowed from Arabic مُحَرَّم (muḥarram).


طالب

head

طالب • (tālib／tâleb) (plural طالبان or طلبه or طلاب)

tālib／tâleb (romanization)
طالبان (plural)
طلبه (plural)
طلاب (plural)

طالِبِ عِلْم


استمنا

استمنا • (estemnâ)

fa-noun

استمنا • (estemnâ)

[ʔɪs.t̪ʰɪm.nɑ́ː]

[ʔɪs.t̪ʰɪm.nɑ́ː]

[ʔɪs.t̪ʰɪm.nɑ́ː]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

استمناء استمناء#Persian

unhamzated form of استمناء (“male masturbation”)

fa:خودارضایی


قطران

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قطران • (qatrân)

fa-noun

قطران • (qatrân)

Borrowed from Arabic قَطْرَان (qaṭrān). Also Persian کتران (katrân, “tar; (cedar) resin, pitch”).


لاستیک

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لاستیک • (lâstik)

fa-noun

لاستیک • (lâstik)

[lɒːs.t̪ʰíːkʲ]

لاستیک مصنوعی

لاستیک طبیعی

لاستیک ماشین پنچر شد.


بازار

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بازار • (bâzâr) (plural بازارها (bâzâr-hâ))

Tajik: бозор (bozor)

→ Arabic: بازار (bāzār)

→ Assamese: বজাৰ (bozar)

→ Azerbaijani: bazar, базар, بازار

→ Bashkir: баҙар (baźar)

→ Bengali: বাজার (bajar)

→ Danish: basar

→ Dutch: bazaar

→ Esperanto: bazaro, budaro

→ Finnish: basaari

→ French: bazar

→ Greenlandic: basaari

→ Gujarati: બજાર (bajār)

→ Hajong: বাজাৰ (bajar)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बाज़ार (bāzār)

Urdu: بازار (bāzār)

→ Hungarian: bazár

→ Hungarian: pazarol

→ Hungarian: vásár

→ Hungarian: vasárnap

→ Serbo-Croatian: vašar, ва́шар

desctree

→ Italian: bazar
→ English: bazaar
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: basar
Norwegian Nynorsk: basar
→ Portuguese: bazar

→ Khalaj: bâzâr

→ Kyrgyz: базар (bazar)

→ Marathi: बाजार (bājār)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: բազար (bazar), պազար (pazar)

Armenian: բազար (bazar)

→ Nepali: बजार (bajār)

→ Odia: ବଜାର (bajāra)

→ Ottoman Turkish: بازار (bâzâr), پازار (pâzâr)

Turkish: pazar

→ Albanian: pazar

→ Bulgarian: пазар (pazar)

→ Crimean Tatar: bazar

→ Macedonian: пазар (pazar)

→ Serbo-Croatian: pàzār, па̀за̄р

→ German: Basar

→ Hungarian: bazár

→ Greek: παζάρι (pazári)

→ Punjabi: ਬਾਜਾਰ (bājār)

→ Russian: база́р (bazár)

→ Spanish: bazar

→ Swedish: basar

→ Tamil: பசார் (pacār)

desctree

→ Malay: pasar
Indonesian: pasar
→ Balinese: ᬧᬲᬃ (pasar)
→ Chinese: 巴剎／巴刹
→ Peranakan Indonesian: pasat
→ Dutch: pasar
→ Javanese: ꦥꦱꦂ (pasar)
→ Petjo: passer
→ Dutch: passer
→ Sundanese: ᮕᮞᮁ (pasar)
→ Western Cham: [script needed] (pasar)
→ Khmer: ផ្សារ (phsaa)

→ Turkmen: bazar

→ Uyghur: بازار (bazar)

→ Mandarin: 巴扎 (bāzhā)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wes-der.
Proto-Indo-European *kʷel-der.
Middle Persian wʾčʾl
Persian بازار
From Middle Persian wʾčʾl (wāzār, “market”); see it for further information.


شهر

شَهْر (canonical)
šahr (romanization)
شهرها (plural)

→ Tajik: шаҳр (šahr)

→ Azerbaijani: şəhər

→ Assamese: চহৰ (sohor)

→ Bengali: শহর (śohor)

→ Crimean Tatar: şeer

desc

→ Dhivehi: ޝަހަރު (šaharu), ސަހަރު (saharu)

→ Gujarati: શહેર (śaher)

→ Gurani: شار (şar)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: शहर (śahar)

Urdu: شَہْر (śahr)

→ Karachay-Balkar: шахар (şaxar)

→ Kazakh: шаһар (şahar)

→ Kumyk: шагьар (şahar)

→ Northern Kurdish: şar

→ Kyrgyz: шаар (şaar)

→ Marathi: शहर (śahar)

→ Nepali: सहर (sahar)

→ Ottoman Turkish: شهر (şehir) (see there for further descendants)

→ Odia: ସହର (sahara)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਹਿਰ (śahir)

Shahmukhi script: شہر (śahir)

→ Uyghur: شەھەر (sheher)

→ Uzbek: shahar

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám
Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štʿy)
Persian شهر
Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štry /šahr/) (compare Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaça-/)), from Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám. Compare Pashto ښار (ẍâr), Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra) and Sanskrit क्षत्र (kṣatra).

inh+

بزرگترین شهر ایران

چو او شهر ایران به گشتاسپ داد
نیامد ترا هیچ زان تخت یاد
سوی او یکی نامه ننوشتهای
از آرایش بندگی گشتهای

c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Tale of Rustam and Isfandiyār”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]:

When he gave the realm of Iran to Gushtāsp,
You did not remember that throne at all;
You did not write a single letter to him,
You turned away from the adornment of vassalage.

čū ō šahr-i ērān ba guštāsp dād
nay-āmad tu-rā hēč z-ān taxt yād
sōy-i ō yakē nāma na-niwišta'ī
az ārāyiš-i bandagī gašta'ī


نظام

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نظام • (nezâm)

fa-noun

نظام • (nezâm)


صفر

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صِفْر • (sefr)

fa-noun

صِفْر • (sefr)


آدمی

head

آدمی • (âdami)

fa-noun

آدمی • (âdami)

Borrowed from Arabic آدَمِيّ (ʔādamiyy, “human being”)

bor+

آدمی مخفی است در زیر زبان
این زبان پرده است بر درگاه جان

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 845:

Man is concealed underneath his tongue:
this tongue is the curtain over the gate of the soul.

ādamī maxfī-st dar zēr-i zabān
īn zabān parda-st dar dargāh-i jān


الو

A Turkic borrowing, compare Azerbaijani alov, Uzbek olov, Turkish alev, Kazakh алау (alau).


تابوت

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تابوت • (tâbut)

fa-noun

تابوت • (tâbut)

[t̪ʰɑː.búːt̪]

[t̪ʰɑː.búːt̪]

[t̪ʰɑː.búːt̪]

[t̪ʰɔː.bút̪]

[t̪ʰɒː.búːt̪]

یا تخت یا تابوت
yâ taxt yâ tâbut
either the throne or the coffin
(aphorism about the dangers of succession wars)


سبب

→ Gujarati: સબબ (sabab)

سبب این حادثه

سبب کاهش قیمتها

ندانم از چه سبب رنگ آشنایی نیست
سهی قدان سیه چشم ماه سیما را

c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 4”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divan of Hafez]:

I do not know for what reason there is no hue of recognition from these ones standing tall, with black eyes and moon-like faces.

na-dânam az če sabab rang-e âšenâyi nist
sahi qaddân-e siyah čašm-e mâh simâ râ


انگریز

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انگریز • (angrēz)

fa-noun

انگریز • (angrēz)

Borrowed from Hindustani اَن٘گْریز (aṅgrez) / अंग्रेज़ (aṅgrez), from Portuguese inglês, from Old French angleis, from Old English Englisċ.


عورت

→ Azerbaijani: övrət

→ Bengali: অওরত (oōrot)

→ Garhwali: औरत (aurat)

→ Gujarati: ઓરત (orat)

→ Old Hindi:

Devanagari script: औरत (aurata)

desctree

Arabic script: عَورَت ('vrt)
Braj: औरत (aurat)
Bundeli: औरत (aurat)
Hindustani:
Hindi: औरत (aurat)
Urdu: عَورَت (‘aurat)
Kannauji: अउरत, औरत

→ Ottoman Turkish: عورت

Turkish: avrat

Punjabi: ਅਉਰਤ (aurat)

→ Sindhi: aurata

Arabic script: عَوْرَتَ

Devanagari script: औरत

Khudabadi script: 𑊹𑋙𑋍

→ Uzbek: avrat

(Islam) the pudenda or pudendum, the privy parts; nakedness


کا

کاکا کاکا#Persian


پر

→ Khalaj: pər

From Proto-Iranian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-Iranian *parnám, from Proto-Indo-European *pornóm (“feather, wing”), from *perH- (“to fly”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀 (par^əna, “feather”), Sanskrit पर्ण (parṇá, “feather”), Lithuanian spar̃nas (“wing”), Old Church Slavonic перо (pero, “wing, feather”), Albanian fier (“fern”), English fern.


کالا

حمل و نقل کالا

سواران جنگی همی تاختند
به کالا گرفتن نپرداختند

c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The reign of Gushtāsp”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]:

The riders were charging for a battle;
They did not set themselves to taking spoils.

sawārān jangē hamē-tāxtand
ba kālā giriftan na-pardāxtand


سیب

→ Bengali: সেব (Seb)

desc

→ Gujarati: સેબ (seb), સેપ (sep), સેવ (sev)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: सेब (seb)

Urdu: سیب (seb)

→ Khalaj: sîb

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸੇਬ (seb)

Shahmukhi script: سیب (seb)

→ Kannada: (via Indo-Aryan) ಸೇಬು (sēbu)

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭰 (sēb), from Proto-Iranian *cáywaH. Compare Sanskrit सेवि (sevi), which may be a borrowing from Iranian.


دیش

دیش ماهواره
دیش ماهواره#Persian

Short for دیش ماهواره (diš-e mâhvâre, “satellite dish”).


چپاتی

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چپاتی • (čapâti)

fa-noun

چپاتی • (čapâti)

[t͡ʃʰä.pʰɑː.t̪ʰíː]

[t͡ʃʰä.pʰɑː.t̪ʰíː]

[t͡ʃʰä.pʰɑː.t̪ʰíː]

[t͡ʃʰä.pʰɔː.t̪ʰí]

[t͡ʃʰæ.pʰɒː.t̪ʰíː]

[t͡ʃʰä.pʰɔ.t̪ʰí]


موتر

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موتر • (môtar) (plural موترها (môtar-hâ))


گوشت

گوشْت • (gušt)

fa-noun

گوشْت • (gušt)

Assamese: গোছ (güs)

Hindi: गोश्त (gośt)

Bengali: গোশত (gośto)/গোশ (goś)

→ Gujarati: ગોશ્ત (gośt), ગોસ (gos)

Kyrgyz: гөш (göş)

Punjabi: ਗੋਸ਼ਤ (gośt) / گوشت (gośt)

Urdu: گوشت (gośt)

Chagatai: گوشت (gošt)

Uyghur: گۆش (gösh)

Uzbek: goʻsht

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwšt' /gōšt/, “meat, flesh”), from Proto-Iranian *gawštaH. See it for more.


میزان

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میزان • (mizân)

fa-noun

میزان • (mizân)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मीज़ान (mīzān)

Urdu: میزان (mīzān)

→ Uzbek: mezon

میزان رشد

میزان درآمد او

میزان ازدواج کل کشور


ترازو

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ترازو • (tarâzu)

fa-noun

ترازو • (tarâzu)

→ Azerbaijani: tərəzi

→ Chagatai: ترازو (tarāzū)

Uyghur: تارازا (taraza)

Uzbek: tarozi

→ Kazakh: таразы (tarazy)

→ Bengali: তরাজূ (tôrazū)

→ Chechen: терза (terza)

→ Chuvash: тараса (taras̬a)

→ Crimean Tatar: teraze

→ Georgian: თარაზო (tarazo)

→ Gujarati: ત્રાજવું (trājvũ)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तराज़ू (tarāzū)

Urdu: ترازو (tarāzū)

→ Tamil: தராசு (tarācu)

→ Ingush: тараз (taraz)

→ Khmer: ត្រាជូ (traacuu)

→ Kumyk: терезе (tereze)

→ Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: terazî

Central Kurdish: تەرازوو (terazû)

→ Classical Malay: تراجو (teraju)

Indonesian: teraju

Malay: teraju

→ Marathi: तराजू (tarājū)

→ Nepali: तराजु (tarāju)

→ Odia: ତରାଜୁ (tarāju)

desctree

→ Old Javanese: taraju, traju
> Javanese: ꦠꦿꦗꦸ (traju) (inherited)

→ Ottoman Turkish: ترازو (terazu)

Turkish: terazi

→ Macedonian: терезија (terezija)

→ Serbo-Croatian: теразије, terazije

→ Telugu: తరాజు (tarāju)

→ Thai: ตราชู (dtraa-chuu)

→ Ukrainian: терези (terezy)

[t̪ʰä.ɾɑː.zúː]

[t̪ʰä.ɾɑː.zúː]

[t̪ʰä.ɾɑː.zúː]

[t̪ʰä.ɾɔː.zú]

[t̪ʰæ.ɹɒː.zúː]

[t̪ʰä.ɾɔ.zú]

From Middle Persian [Term?] (/tarāzūg/, “scales”) (compare Parthian [script needed] (talāzūg)), borrowed from Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀.𐬀𐬰𐬎 (tara.azu). Compare Sanskrit तुला (tulā).

inh

اندر آن کفهی ترازو ز اعتداد، او به جای سنگ آن گل را نهاد.

He placed the clay, because of its being ready [to his hand], in one scale of the balance instead of the [proper] weight.

andar ân kaffe-ye tarâzu z-e'tedâd, u be jâ-ye sang ân gel-râ nehâd.


فضاپیما

head

فضاپیما • (fazâpeymâ) (plural فضاپیماها (fazâpeymâ-hâ))

fazâpeymâ (romanization)
فضاپیماها (plural)


چینی

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: چینی (çini)
Turkish: çini

[t͡ʃʰiː.níː]

[t͡ʃʰiː.níː]

[t͡ʃʰiː.níː]

[t͡ʃʰiː.níː]


تمساح

head

تمساح • (temsâh) (plural تمساحها (temsâh-hâ))

temsâh (romanization)
تمساحها (plural)
تمساح (singular)
temsâh (singular)
تمساحها (plural)
temsâh-hấ (plural)
تمساحا (colloquial plural)
temsâhấ (plural)
تمساح را (definite direct-object singular)
temsâh râ (definite direct-object singular)
تمساح رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
temsâho (definite direct-object singular)
تمساحها را (definite direct-object plural)
temsâh-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
تمساحا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
temsâhấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
تمساح (ezafe singular)
temsâh-e (ezafe singular)
تمساحهای (ezafe plural)
temsâh-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
تمساحای (colloquial ezafe plural)
temsâhấ-ye (ezafe plural)
تمساحی (definite relative singular)
تمساحی (indefinite singular stressed)
temsâh-i (definite relative singular)
temsâh-i (indefinite singular stressed)
تمساحهایی (definite plural relative)
تمساحهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
temsâhấn-i, temsâh-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
temsâhấn-i, temsâh-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
تمساحایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
تمساحایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
temsâhấi (definite plural relative)
temsâhấi (indefinite plural stressed)
تمساحم (first-person possessive singular)
temsâham (first-person possessive singular)
تمساحهایم (first-person possessive singular)
temsâh-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
تمساحهام، تمساحام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
temsâhấm (first-person possessive singular)
تمساحت (possessive second-person singular)
temsâhat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
temsâhet (possessive second-person singular)
تمساحهایت (possessive second-person singular)
temsâh-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
تمساحهات، تمساحات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
temsâhất (possessive second-person singular)
تمساحش (possessive singular third-person)
temsâhaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
temsâheš (possessive singular third-person)
تمساحهایش (possessive singular third-person)
temsâh-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
تمساحهاش، تمساحاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
temsâhấš (possessive singular third-person)
تمساحمان (first-person plural possessive)
temsâhemân (first-person plural possessive)
تمساحمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
temsâhemun (first-person plural possessive)
تمساحهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
temsâh-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
تمساحهامون، تمساحامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
temsâhấmun (first-person plural possessive)
تمساحتان (plural possessive second-person)
temsâhetân (plural possessive second-person)
تمساحتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
temsâhetun (plural possessive second-person)
تمساحهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
temsâh-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
تمساحهاتون، تمساحاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
temsâhấtun (plural possessive second-person)
تمساحشان (plural possessive third-person)
temsâhešân (plural possessive third-person)
تمساحشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
temsâhešun (plural possessive third-person)
تمساحهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
temsâh-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
تمساحهاشون، تمساحاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
temsâhấšun (plural possessive third-person)
تمساحم (first-person predicative singular)
temsâham (first-person predicative singular)
تمساحیم (first-person plural predicative)
temsâhim (first-person plural predicative)
تمساحی (predicative second-person singular)
temsâhi (predicative second-person singular)
تمساحید (plural predicative second-person)
temsâhid (plural predicative second-person)
تمساحین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
temsâhin (plural predicative second-person)
تمساح است (predicative singular third-person)
temsâh ast (predicative singular third-person)
تمساحه (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
temsâhe (predicative singular third-person)
تمساحند (plural predicative third-person)
temsâhand (plural predicative third-person)
تمساحن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
temsâhan (plural predicative third-person)

[t̪ʰɪm.sɑːʱ]

[t̪ʰɪm.sɑːʱ]


ترگمان

[t̪ʰäɾ.ɡʊ.mɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰäɾ.ɡʊ.mɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰäɾ.ɡʊ.mɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰäɾ.ɡu.mɔ́ːn]

[t̪ʰæɹ.ɡo.mɒ́ːn]

From Middle Persian tlgmʾn' (targumān, “interpreter”) (Manichaean Middle Persian trkwmʾn (tarkumān)), from Old Persian [Term?], from Akkadian 𒅴𒁄 (/targumannu, turgumannu/, “interpreter”); for more see ت ر ج م (t-r-j-m).


ناقوس

head

ناقوس • (nâqus) (plural ناقوسها (nâqus-hâ))


سوری

Borrowed from Iranian with suffix ـی (-i) attached, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *cuxráh (“red”). Doublet of سرخ (sorx) which was inherited. Compare Central Kurdish سوور (sûr, “red”), Pashto سور (sur, “red”), Northern Luri سور (sur, “red”).


سوری

From سور (sur, “nuptials, banquet, entertainment”) + ـی (-i).

af

سور
<t:nuptials, banquet, entertainment>

hanger-on, person fond of feasting or dinner-hunting


واجب

head

واجب • (vâjeb)

fa-noun

واجب • (vâjeb)

[wɑː.ˈd͡ʒiβ]

[wɑː.d͡ʒɪ́b]

[wɑː.d͡ʒɪ́b]

[wɑː.d͡ʒɪ́b]

[wɔː.d͡ʒíb̥]

[vɒː.d͡ʒéb̥]


زائر

head

زائر • (zâ'er) (plural زائران (zâ'erân))


فوق

فوق تصور من بود.


مجنون

مجنون • (majnun) (plural مجنونها (majnun-hâ) or مجنونان (majnunân))

majnun (romanization)
مجنونها (plural)
مجنونان (plural)


ناف

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃nebʰ- (“navel”). Compare Avestan 𐬥𐬁𐬟𐬋 (nāfō), Sanskrit नाभि (nābhi), English navel.


صباح

صباح • (sabâh)

fa-noun

صباح • (sabâh)

(chiefly Dari or Eastern Iran, typically colloquial) tomorrow


شمال

head

شمال • (šomâl)

fa-noun

شمال • (šomâl)


مهندس

head

مهندس • (mohandes) (plural مهندسان (mohandesân) or مهندسین (mohandesin) or مهندسها (mohandes-hâ))

mohandes (romanization)
مهندسان (plural)
مهندسین (plural)
مهندسها (plural)

Borrowed from Arabic مُهَنْدِس (muhandis) (see there for further information), ultimately from Middle Persian handʾc- (handāz-), hndʾhtn' (handāxtan, “to plan, allot, reckon, judge”), or hndʾck' (handāzag, “measure, manner”)

bor+

مهندس پارسا
mohandes-e pârsâ
Mr. Parsa

(informal, chiefly Iran, as a title of respect) Used to describe one who is educated; Dr., Mr., Sir, Lord.

Rumi, Fihi Ma Fihi


شاهد

head

شاهد • (šâhed) (plural شاهدان (šâhedân) or شاهدها (šâhed-hâ) or شاهدین (šâhedin))

šâhed (romanization)
شاهدان (plural)
شاهدها (plural)
شاهدین (plural)
šâhed (romanization)
شواهد (plural)

→ Bashkir: шаһит (şahit)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: शाहिद (śāhid)

Urdu: شاہد (śāhid)

→ Pashto: شاهد (šāhéd)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਾਹਦ (śāhad)

Shahmukhi script: شاہد (śāhid)

→ Uzbek: shohid

Borrowed from Arabic شاهِد (šāhid, “witness”).

bor+

قاضی به دو شاهد بدهد فتوی شرع
در مذهب عشق شاهدی بس باشد

c. 1260, Saʿdī, “Rubaʿī 44”, in دیوان سعدی [The Divān of Saʿdī]:

The qadi gives the Holy Law's fatwa on [the word of] two witnesses;
In the doctrine of love, one beloved should be enough.

qāzī ba du šāhid bidahad fatwā-yi šar'
dar mazhab-i išq šāhidē bas bāšad

(archaic, literature) beauty; beautiful person; the beloved (so beautiful that their physical beauty illuminates or "testifies" to the beauty of God)

example; exemplary quotation (e.g. in a dictionary)

شواهد کافی نیست.

(pluralia tantum) evidence; always as the plural شواهد.

A non-human:
evidence; always as the plural شواهد.

شواهد شواهد#Persian


گل

→ Arabic: جُلّ (jull)

→ Azerbaijani: gül

→ Bashkir: гөл (göl)

→ Bengali: গুল (gul)

→ Chagatai:

> Uyghur: گۈل (gül) (inherited)

> Uzbek: gul (inherited)

→ Gilaki: گل (gul)

→ Gujarati: ગુલ (gul)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गुल (gul)

Urdu: گل (gul)

→ Ishkashimi: gul

→ Kashmiri: गुल (gul)

→ Kazakh: гүл (gül)

→ Khalaj: gul

→ Kyrgyz: гүл (gül)

→ Mandaic: ࡂࡅࡋ

→ Northern Kurdish: gul

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: گل (gül)
Turkish: gül
→ Armenian: կիւլ (kiwl), գյուլ (gyul)
→ Laz: გჲული (gyuli), ჯული (culi) — Okordule
→ Macedonian: ѓул (ǵul)
→ Romanian: ghiul
→ Serbo-Croatian: ђул／đul
→ Albanian: gjylë

→ Parachi: ګل (gul)

→ Pashto: ګل (gul)

→ Punjabi: ਗੁਲ (gul) / گل (gul)

→ Sanglechi: gɛl

→ Sarikoli: gəl

→ Shahmirzadi: [script needed] (gel)

→ Shughni: гул (gul)

→ Sindhi: گل (gulu)

→ Turkmen: gül

→ Wakhi: gul, gыl

→ Yazghulami: г̊ол (g̊ol)

→ Yidgha: گل (gul)

fa:گل (گیاه)

From late Middle Persian gwl (gul, “rose, flower”), from Old Persian *vr̥dah.

der

زن شیر از آن نامه شهریار
 چو رخشنده گل شد به وقت بهار

940-1020, فردوسی [firdawsī], شهنامه [šahnāma]:

صبحدم مرغ سحر با گل نوخاسته گفت
 ناز کم کن که در این باغ بسی چون تو شکفت

1325-1389, حافظ [hāfiz], دیوان حافظ [dēwān-i hāfiz]:

the core of a watermelon (which is the sweetest part)


گل

→ Gujarati: ગિલ (gil)


وقت

head

وقت • (vaqt) (plural وقتها (vaqt-hâ) or اوقات (owqât))

vaqt (romanization)
وقتها (plural)
اوقات (plural)

Borrowed from Arabic وَقْت (waqt), itself suggested to be borrowed by Arabic from Iranic, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide, distribute, allot”).

der

برای خواندن همه این کتابها وقت ندارم.

I do not have time to read all of these books.

barâ-ye xândan-e hame-ye in ketâb-hâ vaqt na-dâram.

تنهایی، موضوعی است که کمتر مطرح میشود و بیشتر اوقات درباره آن بحث و گفتگو نمیکنیم.

2023 October 1, “چرا تنهاییم و با تنهایی چه کنیم؟”, in bbc.com/persian, BBC Persian:

Loneliness is a topic which is rarely brought forth, and most of the time, we do not discuss or make conversation about it.

tanhâyi, mowzu'i ast ke kamtar matrah mi-šavad va bištar-e owqât darbâre-ye ân bahs va goftogu ne-mi-konim.


منزل

head

مَنزِل • (manzel) (plural مَنازِل (manâzel) or منزلها (manzel-hâ))

مَنزِل (canonical)
manzel (romanization)
مَنازِل (plural)
منزلها (plural)

→ Assamese: মঞ্জিল (moñzil)

→ Bajjika:

Devanagari script: मंजिल

Kaithi script: 𑂧𑂁𑂔𑂱𑂪

→ Bengali: মঞ্জিল (monjil)

→ Garhwali: मंजिल (mañjil)

→ Gujarati: મંજિલ (mañjil)

desctree

→ Old Hindi: مَنْزِل (mnzl)
Braj: मंजिल (mañjil)
Hindustani: manzil
Hindi: मंज़िल
Urdu: مَنْزِل
Kannauji: मंजिल

→ Kumaoni: मंजिल

→ Magahi:

Devanagari script: मंजिल (mañjil)

Kaithi script: 𑂧𑂁𑂔𑂱𑂪 (mañjil)

→ Maithili: mañjil

Devanagari script: मञ्जिल

Tirhuta script: 𑒧𑒘𑓂𑒖𑒱𑒪

→ Malayalam: മഞ്ചല് (mañcal)

→ Marwari:

desc

Devanagari script: मंजल (mañjal), मंजिल (mañjil)

Mahajani script: 𑅬𑅧𑅛𑅮 (mnjl), 𑅬𑅧𑅛𑅑𑅮 (mnjil)

→ Punjabi: manzal, manzil

Gurmukhi script: ਮੰਜ਼ਲ, ਮੰਜ਼ਿਲ

Shahmukhi script: مَنْزِل, مَنْزَل

→ Sindhi: manzila

Arabic script: مَنْزِلَ

Devanagari script: मंज़िल

Khudabadi script: 𑋗𑋟𑋂𑋩𑋡𑋚

→ Tamil: மஞ்சில் (mañcil)

→ Uzbek: manzil

مدرسه در منزل ― madrese dar manzel ― homeschooling

منزلتان کجاست؟

اجاره بهای منزل

در منزل آسایش کردم.

temporary stop for travellers; lodging house, way station


قلم

head

قَلَم • (qalam) (plural قلمها (qalam-hâ) or اقلام (aqlâm))

قَلَم (canonical)
qalam (romanization)
قلمها (plural)
اقلام (plural)

Borrowed from Arabic قَلَم (qalam), from Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos, “reed”).

گویی که هست شعله تیغ زبان من
آهم که پای لوح و قلم را قلم کند

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 159:

The sigh which breaks the base of the tablet and the reed pen [because the sigh of love cannot be written down]
Is as if it were a spark from the blade of my tongue.

gōyē ki hast ša'la-yi tēğ-i zabān-i man
āham ki pā-yi lawh u qalam rā qalam kunad

چندین قلم جنس در مغازه داریم.

We have various kinds of articles (or goods) in our store.


لله

A nursery word probably originally referring to brothers or friend; compare Persian لالا (lālā, “brother”), Baluchi لالا (lálá, “brother”), Pashto لالا (lālā, term used to address an elder brother), Punjabi لالا (lālā, term used to address an elder brother).


ریال

head

ریال • (riyâl)

fa-noun

ریال • (riyâl)

Compare Arabic ريال and Ottoman Turkish ریال, both from Spanish real.


فجر

→ Urdu: فجر (fajr)


مکتب

head

مکتب • (maktab) (plural مکتبها (maktab-hâ) or مکاتب (makâteb))

maktab (romanization)
مکتبها (plural)
مکاتب (plural)

من بدون خواهرم به مکتب نمیروم. (Dari)

I'm not going to school without my sister.

man bidûn-i xâhar-am ba maktab na-mê-rawam.

مکتب کنفوسیوس

the Confucian school; Confucian ideology

مکتب فرانکفورت


جهنم

جَهَنَّم (canonical)
jahannam (romanization)

→ Bengali: জাহান্নাম (jahannam)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਜਹੰਨਮ (jahannam)

Shahmukhi script: جہنم (jahannam)

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: जहन्नुम (jahannum), जहन्नम (jahannam)

Urdu: جَہَنُّم (jahannum), جَہَنَّم (jahannam)

Borrowed from Arabic جَهَنَّم (jahannam), from Hebrew גֵּיהִנּוֹם (gehinóm), from גַּיא בֶּן הִנֹּם (ge ben hinnom, “Valley of Hinnom”).


کو

Alternative form of کوی (kuy, “street; city block”).


ضد

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਜਿਦ (jid)

Shahmukhi script: ضد (zid)

که ز ضدها ضدها آمد پدید
در سویدا روشنایی آفرید

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3865:

For contraries are manifested by means of contraries:
in the black core (of the heart) He (God) created the light (of love).

ki zi zidd-hā zidd-hā āmad padīd
dar suwaydā rōšanāyī afarīd


مردم

head

مَرْدُم • (mardom) (plural مردمان (mardomân))

مَرْدُم (canonical)
mardom (romanization)
مردمان (plural)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (mltwm' /mardōm/, “mankind, people”), from Proto-Iranian *mártyah (“man”) + *táwxma (“family, seed”). Equivalent to Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (mlt' /mard/, “man”, modern مرد (mard)) + Middle Persian 𐫤𐫇𐫍𐫖 (twhm /tōhm/, “family, seed”, modern تخم (toxm)): "the seed of man". Cognate to Sogdian [script needed] (mrtxm’y /martoxmē, martəxmē/, “people, man”).

cog

modern <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">مرد</i> (mard)

modern <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">تخم</i> (toxm)

مردم کشور

مردمان ترک

دور دور عیسی است ای مردمان
بشنوید اسرار کیش او به جان

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 360:

The epoch is the epoch of Jesus. O men,
Hearken with your souls unto the mysteries of his religion!

dawr dawr-i īsā ast ay mardumān
bešnawēd asrār-i kēš-i ō dar jān

غلام مردم چشمم که با سیاه دلی
هزار قطره ببارد چو درد دل شمرم

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 330”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

I am a slave to the pupil of my eye, which malevolently
Rains down a thousand teardrops when I count the pains of my heart.

ğulām-i mardum-i čašmam ki bā siyāh dilī
hazār qatra bibārad čū dard-i dil šimuram

مردمک مردمک#Persian

(literary) Synonym of مردمک (mardomak, “pupil (of the eye)”).


عجب

در چنین مستی مراعات ادب، خود نباشد ور بود باشد عجب

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 1394:

In such [mystical] intoxication [as his], the observance of due respect [to the letter of the Qur'an] will not be there at all; or if it be, 'tis a wonder.

dar čonin masti mora'at-e adab, xod na-bâšad v-ar bovad bâšad 'ajab.


جنس

head

جنس • (jens) (plural اجناس (ajnâs) or جنسها (jens-hâ))

jens (romanization)
اجناس (plural)
جنسها (plural)

جنس ماده

جنس مونث

جنس نر

جنس مذکر

جنس اسمها

جنس بشر

همچو من، سوخته جانی به همه عالم نیست
می توان گفت که در جنس بنی آدم نیست

c. 1911, Mohammad Hossein Âğuli Torki-ye Shirâzi, دیوان ترکی شیرازی:

There is no burnt soul like me in the entire world;
You can say that I am not of the human race.

hamču man, suxte jâni be hame âlam nist
mi-tavân goft ke dar jens-e bani âdam nist

(music) jins (set of stepwise pitches in Islamic music theory)

جنس این پنبه است.

nature, intrinsic quality
material (which something is made of)

جنسش خیلی خوبه. (colloquial Iranian)

از جنس عالی

nature, intrinsic quality
(good or bad) quality

این آدم جنسش خرابه. (colloquial Iranian)
in âdam jens-eš xarâb-e.
This guy is a terrible person.

literally, “This guy's nature is corrupt.”

nature, intrinsic quality
fundamental nature (of a personality)

قیمت اجناس

A generic noun:
goods, commodities, merchandise

A generic noun:
(especially Dari) thing (in general)


نوید

From Middle Persian nwyk' (*niwē), from Proto-Iranian *wayd-. Compare Manichaean Parthian nwydg (niwēdag, “good news”). Related to Parthian nwyst (niwist, “invited”).


لال

desctree

→ Arabic: لَعْل (laʕl)
→ Azerbaijani: ləl
→ Persian: لعل (la'l)
→ Kazakh: лағыл (lağyl)
→ Kyrgyz: лаал (laal)
→ Tajik: лаъл (laʾl)
→ Uzbek: laʼl

→ Middle Armenian: լալ (lal), ղաղ (ġaġ)

Armenian: լալ (lal)

→ Baluchi: لال (lal)

→ Georgian: ლალი (lali)

→ Kashmiri:

Arabic script: لال (lāl)

Devanagari script: लाल् (lāl)

→ Nepali: लाल् (lāl)

→ Tibetan: ནལ་ (nal, “a ruby-like gem”)

→ Mongolian: нал (nal)

a red gemstone, cornelian, garnet, spinel, tourmaline


دنیا

head

دُنْیا • (donyâ)

fa-noun

دُنْیا • (donyâ)

Dari: دنیا (dunyā)

Iranian Persian: دنیا (donyâ)

Tajik: дунё (dunyo)

→ Adyghe: дунае (dunaje)

→ Azerbaijani: dünya

→ Bashkir: донъя (donʺya)

→ Bengali: দুনিয়া (duniẏa)

→ Central Kurdish: دنیا (dinya)

→ Chagatai:

Uyghur: دۇنيا (dunya)

Uzbek: dunyo

→ Dhivehi: ދުނިޔެ (duniye)

→ Dongxiang: duya, dunya

→ Georgian: დუნია (dunia)

→ Kazakh: дүние (dünie)

→ Kumyk: дюнья (dünʹya)

→ Kyrgyz: дүйнө (düynö)

→ Lishana Deni: דונייה (dunye)

→ Marathi: दुनिया (duniyā)

→ Nogai: дуныя (dunıya)

→ Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: દુનિયા (duniyā)

Marwari: दुनियांण (duniyā̃ṇ)

→ Old Hindi:

Hindi: दुनिया (duniyā)

→ Nepali: दुनिया (duniyā)

→ Pashto: دنيا (dunyā)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਦੁਨੀਆ (dunīā)

Shahmukhi script: دنیا (dunīā)

→ Siberian Tatar: тонйа (tonya)

→ Tatar: дөнья (dön’ya)

→ Tausug: dunya

→ Turkmen: dünýä


جارو برقی

head

جارو برقی • (jâru barqi)

fa-noun

جارو برقی • (jâru barqi)

جاروبرقی جاروبرقی#Persian

Alternative spelling of جاروبرقی (jâru-barqi)


پله برقی

پلهبرقی پلهبرقی#Persian

Alternative form of پلهبرقی (pelle-barqi)


حسابدار

head

حسابدار • (hesâbdâr)

fa-noun

حسابدار • (hesâbdâr)

[ʔɪ.sɑːb.d̪ɑːɾ]

A compound of حساب (hesâb) and the suffix ـدار (-dâr).


عالم

head

عالَم • ('âlam)

fa-noun

عالَم • ('âlam)

→ Gujarati: આલમ (ālam)

کین جهان چاهیست بس تاریک و تنگ
هست بیرون عالمی بی بو و رنگ

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 64:

[Saying,] "This world is an exceeding dark and narrow pit; outside is a world without scent or colour."

k-in jahân čâhi-st bas târik o tang
hast birun 'âlami bi bu o rang

زیرکی را گفتم این احوال بین خندید و گفت
صعب روزی بوالعجب کاری پریشان عالمی

late 1300s, Xāja Shams-ud-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī, “Ghazal 470 (Sīne mālāmāl-e dard ast)”, in دیوان حافظ [Divān of Ḥāfeẓ]:

I said to a wise one, "Look at these conditions!" He laughed and said,
"A difficult day, a strange affair, a perplexing world!"

ziraki râ goftam in ahvâl bin, xandid o goft
sa'b ruzi, bol-'ajab kâri, parišân 'âlami


علم

عِلْم (canonical)
'elm (romanization)
علوم (plural)

Borrowed from Arabic عِلْم (ʕilm), from عَلِمَ (ʕalima).

etymon

science (knowledge via the scientific method)

بینی اندر دل علوم انبیا / بیکتاب و بیمعید و اوستا

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3461:

And behold within thy heart [all] the sciences of the prophets, without book and without preceptor and master.

bini andar del 'olum-e anbiyâ / bi-ketâb o bi-mo'id o ustâ


علم

head

عَلَم • ('alam) (plural علمها ('alam-hâ))

عَلَم (canonical)
'alam (romanization)
علمها (plural)

→ Gujarati: અલમ (alam)


بت

بت • (bot) (plural بتها (bot-hâ) or بتان (botân))

bot (romanization)
بتها (plural)
بتان (plural)

→ Azerbaijani: büt

→ Baluchi: بت (but)

→ Bengali: বুত (but)

→ Crimean Tatar: put

→ Gujarati: બુત (but)

→ Ottoman Turkish: بت (but, put)

Turkish: put

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਬੁੱਤ (butta)

Shahmukhi script: بت (but)

→ Turkmen: but

→ Ushojo: بت (but)

→ Urdu: بت (but)

→ Uzbek: but

From Middle Persian bwt' (/but/, “Buddha, idol”), ultimately from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha). In the earliest New Persian sources of the ninth century, the word already has the extended meaning of “beautiful person; the beloved” (whom one worships instead of God).

inh

چو آگه شدند از نکو دین اوی
گرفتند آن راه و آیین اوی
بتان از سر کوه میسوختند
بجای بت آذر برافروختند

When they learned of the good religion of his,
They took up the ways and customs of his;
They burned the idols from the mountaintops,
And in the idol's place, they lit the sacred flame.

čō āgah šudand az nikū dīn-i ōy
giriftand ān rāh u āyīn-i ōy
butān az sar-i kōh mē-sūxtand
ba jāy-i but āḏar bar-afrūxtand

ما را جگر بتیر تو خسته گشت
ای صبر بر فراق بتان نیک جوشنی

c. 950, Abū‘l-Hasan Ali Munjīk, گنج سخن, 4th edition, volume 1, Tehran: Ibn-i Sīnā, published 1961, page 50:

My heart [lit. liver] has been wounded by the arrow of separation from you;
O patience! You are a fine breastplate against separation from beauties.

mā rā jigar ba tīr-i firāq-i tu xasta gašt
ay sabr bar firāq-i butān nēk jawšan-ī


بت

desc

→ Malayalam: വാത്ത (vātta), വാത്ത് (vāttŭ), പാത്ത (pātta)

desctree

→ Tamil: வாத்து (vāttu)
→ Irula: வாத்து (vāttu)

→ Telugu: బాతు (bātu)

A wanderwort related to Arabic بَطَّة (baṭṭa), بَطّ (baṭṭ), Old Armenian բադ (bad), Hindi बत्तख़ (battax), Punjabi ਬੱਤਖ਼ (battax) / بَطَّخ (bat̤t̤ax), Gujarati બતક (batak).


قطب

head

قطب • (qotb) (plural قطبها (qotb-hâ) or اقطاب (aqtâb))

qotb (romanization)
قطبها (plural)
اقطاب (plural)

قطب شمال

(Sufism) saint; specifically, a high-ranking saint considered the "pole of the world".


سو

From Middle Persian swk' (sōg, “side, direction”).

inh

Alternative form of سوی (suy): direction, side


سو

From Middle Persian swk' (sōg, “burning, combustion”). Related to سوختن (suxtan, “to burn”). Compare Mazanderani سو (su), سوسو (susu, “bright, illuminating”).


سو

Inherited from Middle Persian swk' (sōg, “profit, advantage”), or alternative form of سود (sud).


پل

پُل (canonical)
pol (romanization)
پلها (plural)

→ Bengali: পুল (pul)

→ Romani: phurt

From Middle Persian 𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭫𐭩 (puhl, “bridge”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”) (compare English ford, German Furt, and Latin portus).


سرطان

[sä.ɾä.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[sä.ɾä.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[sä.ɾä.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[sä.ɾä.t̪ʰɔ́ːn]

[sæ.ɹæ.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

[sä.ɾä.t̪ʰɔ́n]

Borrowed from Arabic سَرَطَان (saraṭān).


عقرب

head

عقرب • ('aqrab) (plural عقربها ('aqrab-hâ))


بوق

بوق کشتی

هر شب هزار مرد پاسبان این قصر باشند پانصد سوار و پانصد پیاده که از نماز شام بوق و دهل و کاسه میزنند و گردش میگردند تا روز.

c. 1060, Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Safarnāma [Book of Travels]:

Every night, a thousand men stand guard in this castle, five hundred mounted and five hundred on foot. From the evening prayers on, they blow trumpets and beat drums and cymbals, and go around [the castle] until daybreak.

har šab hazār mard pāsbān-i īn qasr bāšand pānsad sawār u pānsad pīyāda ki az namāz-i šām būq u duhul u kāsa mē-zanand u gird-aš mē-girdand tā rōz.

(archaic, original sense) trumpet; conch


نوکری

→ Bengali: নওকরি (noōkri)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: नौकरी (naukrī)

Urdu: نوکری (naukarī)

→ Marathi: नोकरी (nokrī)


نوکر

نُوْکَر • (nokar) (plural نوکرها (nokar-hâ))

نُوْکَر (canonical)
nokar (romanization)
نوکرها (plural)

→ Bengali: নওকর (noōkor)

→ Gujarati: નોકર (nokar)

→ Hindi: नौकर (naukar)

Via some Turkic source, compare Azerbaijani nökər (“servant”). Ultimately of Mongolic origin, compare Modern Mongolian нөхөр (nöxör, “friend”), from Proto-Mongolic *nökör (“friend”).
The meaning of “servant” is owing to a semantic shift that happened in Turkic words borrowed from Mongolic; the Persian word was loaned from one of such Turkic words with the altered meaning.


کام

Etymology tree
Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎶 (k-a-m)
Middle Persian 𐭠𐭬𐭪 (ʾmk)
Persian کام
From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭬𐭪 (kʾm), 𐫐𐫀𐫖 (kʾm /kām/, “will, desire, purpose”), from Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎶 (k-a-m /kāma/), from Proto-Iranian *káHmah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *káHmas, from Proto-Indo-European *kóh₂-mo-s, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂- (“to desire, wish”).

der

ایام به کام [باشد]! ― Ayyâm be kâm [bâšad]! ― May the days be of desire!


کام

→ Khalaj: kâm


بنزین

head

بِنْزین • (benzin)

fa-noun

بِنْزین • (benzin)

بِنْزین (canonical)
benzin (romanization)


گرو

→ Azerbaijani: girov

→ Uzbek: garov

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गिरौ (girau)

Urdu: گرو (girau)

→ Northern Kurdish: gerew

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (glwb' /graw/), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *grabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 (gar^əβ, “to seize”), Sanskrit ग्रभ् (grabh), English grab. Related to گرفتن (gereftan, “to take”).


چیز

→ Bengali: চিজ (cij)

→ Gujarati: ચીજ (cīj)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: चीज़ (cīz)

Urdu: چِیز (cīz)

→ Marathi: चीज (cīj)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਚੀਜ਼ (cīz)

Shahmukhi script: چِیز (cīz)

From Proto-Iranian *čiš-čid / *čiš-čit, from Proto-Iranian *čiš + a suffix *čit of unknown, possibly reduplicative, origin. The former component is from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kíš, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷis, *kʷos (“who, which, what”).

der

(informal) A thing, something, thingamajig (used to refer to something vaguely or when one cannot recall or does not wish to mention its name).


ثلاثة

salāsat (romanization)
salāsa (romanization)

ثلاثه ثلاثه#Persian


مال

head

مال • (mâl) (plural اموال (amvâl) or مالها (mâl-hâ))

mâl (romanization)
اموال (plural)
مالها (plural)

→ Assamese: মাল (mal)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: माल (māl)

Urdu: مال (māl)

→ Sindhi: 𑋗𑋠𑋚𑋣 (mālu)

Borrowed from Arabic مَال (māl). The pronominal use is also found in Iraqi Arabic, hence it may have entered Persian through dialectical Arabic.

آن سگ بزرگ مال توست؟

این کتاب مال من نیست.

این مال ایران است؟

این داستان مال ۱۵ سال پیشه.

بیشتر کلاسام مال صبحه.

Used in the singular with a subsequent ezâfe to form constructions equivalent to English possessive pronouns and constructions.

(as an independent noun) property, wealth, money, assets


آچار

آچار • (āčār)

fa-noun

آچار • (āčār)

→ Gulf Arabic: اچار (ačār)

→ Yemeni Arabic: عُشَّار (ʕuššār)

→ Bengali: আচার (acar)

→ Bhojpuri:

desc

Devanagari script: अचार (acār), अचाँर (acā̃r)

Kaithi script: 𑂃𑂒𑂰𑂩 (acār), 𑂃𑂒𑂰𑂀𑂩 (acā̃r)

→ Gujarati: આચાર (ācār), અચાર (acār)

→ Malayalam: അച്ചാർ (accāṟ)

→ Tamil: அச்சார் (accār)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अचार (acār), आचार (ācār)

Urdu: اچار (acār), آچار (ācār)

→ Indonesian: acar

→ Madurese: ꦲꦕꦂ (acar)

→ Nepali: अचार (acār)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਅਚਾਰ (acār)

Shahmukhi script: اچار (acār)

→ Sindhi: آچار (ācār)

→ Swahili: achari, achali

cog

Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾp̄cʾl, ʾp̄zʾl /abzār/, “instrument, means; spice”)

[ʔɑː.ˈt͡ʃɑːɾ]

[ʔɑː.t͡ʃʰɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɑː.t͡ʃʰɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɑː.t͡ʃʰɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɔː.t͡ʃʰɔ́ːɾ]

[ʔɒː.t͡ʃʰɒ́ːɹ]

[ʔɔ.t͡ʃʰɔ́ɾ]


آچار

head

آچار • (âčâr)

fa-noun

آچار • (âčâr)

[ʔɑː.ˈt͡ʃɑːɾ]

[ʔɑː.t͡ʃʰɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɑː.t͡ʃʰɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɑː.t͡ʃʰɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɔː.t͡ʃʰɔ́ːɾ]

[ʔɒː.t͡ʃʰɒ́ːɹ]

[ʔɔ.t͡ʃʰɔ́ɾ]


افسوس

head

افسوس • (afsôs)

fa-noun

افسوس • (afsôs)

Middle Armenian: ափսոս (apʻsos)

Armenian: ափսոս (apʻsos)

Assamese: আফচোচ (aphosüs)

→ Azerbaijani:

Latin script: əfsus

Arabic script: افسۇس

Bengali: আফসোস (aphośōs)

desc

Georgian: აფსუს (apsus), აფსუსი (apsusi)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अफ़सोस (afsos)

Urdu: افسوس (afsos)

Ottoman Turkish: افسوس (efsus)

Turkish: efsus

Punjabi: ਅਫਸੋਸ (aphasos)

Sindhi: افسوس (afsos)

Uyghur: ئەپسۇس (epsus)

Vaghri: અપસોસ (apasos)

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾp̄sws /afsōs/).


اجنبی

head

اجنبی • (ajnabi) (plural اجانب (ajâneb))

Borrowed from Arabic أَجْنَبِيّ (ʔajnabiyy).


اثر

head

اثر • (asar) (plural آثار (âsâr) or اثرها (asar-hâ) or آثارات (âsârât))

asar (romanization)
آثار (plural)
اثرها (plural)
آثارات (plural)

→ Gujarati: અસર (asar)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: असर (asar)

Urdu: اثر (asar)

این زمین از حلم حق دارد اثر / تا نجاست برد و گلها داد بر

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 1803:

This earth has the mark of God's clemency, in that it got filth and gave flowers as the produce.

in zamin az helm-e haqq dârad asar / tâ nejâsat bord o gol-hâ dâd bar

جفت کردیم این عمل را با اثر / چون رسد جفتی رسد جفتی دگر

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 2874:

We have mated this action with the effect: when one mate arrives, another mate arrives.

joft kardim in 'amal-râ bâ asar / čon rasad joft-i rasad joft-i degar

عقل اثر را روح پندارد ولیک / نور خور از قرص خور دورست نیک

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 3587:

The intellect deems the impression to be the Spirit, but the light of the sun is very far from (being) the orb of the sun.

'aql asar-râ ruh pendârad va-lik / nur-e xor az qors-e xor dur-ast nik

آثار آثار#Persian

(in the plural, آثار) relic, historical monument


امیر

امیر • (amir) (plural امیران (amirân) or امرا (omarâ) or امیرها (amir-hâ))

amir (romanization)
امیران (plural)
امرا (plural)
امیرها (plural)

→ Gujarati: અમીર (amīr)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अमीर (amīr)

Urdu: امیر (amīr)


انار

انار • (anâr)

fa-noun

انار • (anâr)

→ Awadhi: अनार (anār)

→ Bengali: আনার (anar)

→ Gujarati: અનાર (anār)

→ Hindustani: [Term?], anār

Hindi: अनार

desc

Urdu: اَنَار

Urdu: اَنَار

→ Kalmyk: анр (anr)

→ Kazakh: анар (anar)

→ Kumzari: آنر

→ Northern Kurdish: hinar

→ Kyrgyz: анар (anar)

→ Mongolian: анар (anar)

→ Nepali: अनार (anār)

→ Punjabi: ਅਨਾਰ (anār)

→ Sindhi: انار (anāru)

→ Shor: анар

→ Shor: анар

→ Turkmen: nar

→ Uyghur: ئانار (anar)

→ Uzbek: anor

desctree

⇒ Persian: نار (nâr)
→ Azerbaijani: nar
→ Bulgarian: нар (nar)
→ Gujarati: નાર (nār)
→ Ottoman Turkish: نار (nâr)
Turkish: nar
→ Adyghe: нарэ (narɛ)
→ Kabardian: нары (narə)
→ Laz: ნარი (nari)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: нар
Latin script: nar

From Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾnʾl /anār/). Arguably ultimately related to the pomegranate terms under Arabic رُمَّان (rummān).


آزادی

head

آزادی • (âzâdi) (plural آزادیها (âzâdi-hâ))

âzâdi (romanization)
آزادیها (plural)
آزادی (singular)
âzâdí (singular)
آزادیها (plural)
âzâdi-hấ (plural)
آزادیا (colloquial plural)
âzâdiấ (plural)
آزادی را (definite direct-object singular)
âzâdí râ (definite direct-object singular)
آزادی رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
âzâdí ro (definite direct-object singular)
آزادیها را (definite direct-object plural)
âzâdi-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
آزادیا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
âzâdiấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
آزادی (ezafe singular)
âzâdí-ye (ezafe singular)
آزادیهای (ezafe plural)
âzâdi-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
آزادیای (colloquial ezafe plural)
âzâdiấ-ye (ezafe plural)
آزادی (definite relative singular)
آزادی (indefinite singular stressed)
âzâdí (definite relative singular)
âzâdí (indefinite singular stressed)
آزادیهایی (definite plural relative)
آزادیهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
âzâdi-hấ-yi (definite plural relative)
âzâdi-hấ-yi (indefinite plural stressed)
آزادیایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
آزادیایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
âzâdiấ-yi (definite plural relative)
âzâdiấ-yi (indefinite plural stressed)
آزادیام (first-person possessive singular)
âzâdí-am (first-person possessive singular)
Term? (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
âzâdím (first-person possessive singular)
آزادیهایم (first-person possessive singular)
âzâdi-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
آزادیهام، آزادیام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
âzâdiấm (first-person possessive singular)
آزادیات (possessive second-person singular)
âzâdí-at (possessive second-person singular)
آزادیت (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
âzâdít (possessive second-person singular)
آزادیهایت (possessive second-person singular)
âzâdi-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
آزادیهات، آزادیات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
âzâdiất (possessive second-person singular)
آزادیاش (possessive singular third-person)
âzâdí-aš (possessive singular third-person)
آزادیش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
âzâdíš (possessive singular third-person)
آزادیهایش (possessive singular third-person)
âzâdi-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
آزادیهاش، آزادیاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
âzâdiấš (possessive singular third-person)
آزادیمان (first-person plural possessive)
âzâdíyemân (first-person plural possessive)
آزادیمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
âzâdímun (first-person plural possessive)
آزادیهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
âzâdi-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
آزادیهامون، آزادیامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
âzâdiấmun (first-person plural possessive)
آزادیتان (plural possessive second-person)
âzâdíyetân (plural possessive second-person)
آزادیتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
âzâdítun (plural possessive second-person)
آزادیهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
âzâdi-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
آزادیهاتون، آزادیاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
âzâdiấtun (plural possessive second-person)
آزادیشان (plural possessive third-person)
âzâdíyešân (plural possessive third-person)
آزادیشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
âzâdíšun (plural possessive third-person)
آزادیهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
âzâdi-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
آزادیهاشون، آزادیاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
âzâdiấšun (plural possessive third-person)

→ Azerbaijani: azadi

→ Bengali: আজাদী (azadī)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: आज़ादी (āzādī)

Urdu: آزادی (āzādī)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਅਜ਼ਾਦੀ (azādī)

Shahmukhi script: آزادی (āzādī)

[ʔɑː.zɑː.ˈðiː]

[ʔɑː.zɑː.d̪íː]

[ʔɑː.zɑː.d̪íː]

[ʔɑː.zɑː.d̪íː]

[ʔɔː.zɔː.d̪í]

[ʔɒː.zɒː.d̪íː]

زن، زندگی، آزادی


الماری

الماری • (almārī)

fa-noun

الماری • (almārī)

[ʔäl.mɑː.ɾíː]

Ultimately borrowed from Portuguese armário, from Latin armārium. Likely via Pashto and Urdu الماری.

(Dari, of a kitchen) cupboard, shelf; almirah


آخر

head

آخر • (âxer)

fa-noun

آخر • (âxer)

→ Gujarati: આખિર (ākhir), આખર (ākhar)

→ Khalaj: âxır

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਆਖਰ (ākhar)

Shahmukhi script: آخر (āxar)

Borrowed from Arabic آخِر (ʔāḵir, “last”).

bor+

میخواهم بروم ببینم آخرِ جویبار کجاست.

1967, Samad Behrangi, ماهی سیاه کوچولو [The Little Black Fish]:

I want to go and see where the end of the stream is.

mi-xâham be-ravam be-binam âxar-e juybâr kojâ-st.


آخر

head

آخر • (âxor)

fa-noun

آخر • (âxor)

آخور آخور#Persian


آداب

head

آداب • (âdâb)

fa-noun

آداب • (âdâb)

[ʔɑː.d̪ɑ́ːb]

[ʔɑː.d̪ɑ́ːb]

[ʔɑː.d̪ɑ́ːb]

[ʔɔː.d̪ɔ́ːb̥]

[ʔɒː.d̪ɒ́ːb̥]

Borrowed from Arabic آدَاب (ʔādāb), plural of أَدَب (ʔadab).


آسانی

head

آسانی • (âsâni)

fa-noun

آسانی • (âsâni)

→ Bengali: আসানী (aśani)

→ Dogri:|alt=āsānī

Devanagari script: आसानी

Dogra script: 𑠁𑠩𑠬𑠝𑠮

→ Gojri: اسانی (asānī)

→ Gujarati: આસાની (āsānī)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: आसानी (āsānī)

desc

Urdu: آسَانِی (āsānī)

Urdu: آسَانِی (āsānī)

→ Marathi: आसानी (āsānī)

→ Punjabi: asānī

Gurmukhi script: ਅਸਾਨੀ

Shahmukhi script: اَسانی

→ Sindhi: āsānī

Arabic script: آسَانِي

Devanagari script: आसानी

Khudabadi script: 𑊱𑋝𑋠𑋑𑋢

→ Varhadi: आसानी (āsānī)

به آسانی

ملت ایران آگاه هستند که این انقلاب، به آسانی به دست نیامده بلکه برای به ثمر رسیدن آن خون های زیادی ریخته شده و حضور در انتخابات نیز یکی از راههای صیانت از انقلاب است.

2021 April 25, “امامجمعه اهل سنت نقده: مشارکت در انتخابات وظیفه شرعی و عقلی است”, in irna.ir, Islamic Republic News Agency:

The Iranian nation is aware that this revolution has not been achieved easily, but rather that much blood has been shed for it to bear fruit, and participating in the elections is also among the ways to safeguard the revolution.

mellat-e irân âgâh hastand ke in enqelâb, be âsâni be dast nay-âmade balke barâ-ye be samar rasidan-e ân xun-hâ-ye ziyâdi rixte šode va hozur dar entexâbât niz az râh-hâ-ye siyânat az enqelâb ast.


انتظار

head

اِنتِظار • (entezâr) (plural اِنتِظارات (entezârât))

اِنتِظار (canonical)
entezâr (romanization)
اِنتِظارات (plural)

[ʔɪn̪.t̪ʰɪ.zɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɪn̪.t̪ʰɪ.zɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɪn̪.t̪ʰɪ.zɑ́ːɾ]

Borrowed from Arabic اِنْتِظَار (intiẓār).

bor+

قلب پهلو میزند با زر به شب / انتظار روز میدارد ذهب

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3294:

At night the false coin jostles [in rivalry] with the gold: the gold is waiting for day.

qalb pahlu mi-zanad bâ zar be šab / entezâr-e ruz mi-dârad zahab


انسان

head

اِنسان • (ensân) (plural انسانها (ensân-hâ) or انسانان (ensânân))

اِنسان (canonical)
ensân (romanization)
انسانها (plural)
انسانان (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इंसान (insān)

Urdu: انسان (insān)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਇਨਸਾਨ (inasān)

Shahmukhi script: انسان (insān)

→ Bengali: ইনসান (insan)


بیر

→ Urdu: بیر (bīr)

From Middle Persian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós.


عمارت

عمارت • ('emârat) (plural عمارتها ('emârat-hâ) or عمارات)

'emârat (romanization)
عمارتها (plural)
عمارات (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इमारत (imārat)

Urdu: عمارت (imārat)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਇਮਾਰਤ (imārat)

Shahmukhi script: عمارت (imārat)


انکار

انکار • (enkâr)

fa-noun

انکار • (enkâr)


انعام

head

انعام • (en'âm)

fa-noun

انعام • (en'âm)


تاریخ

head

تاریخ • (târix)

fa-noun

تاریخ • (târix)

→ Assamese: তাৰিখ (tarikh)

→ Bengali: তারিখ (tarikh)

→ Gujarati: તારીખ (tārīkh)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तारीख़ (tārīx)

Urdu: تارِیخ (tārīx)
→ Phalura: taaríx

→ Kyrgyz: тарых (tarıh)

→ Marathi: तारीख (tārīkh)

→ Nogai: тарых (tarıx)

→ Southern Altai: тарых (tarïh)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤਾਰੀਖ਼ (tārīx)

Shahmukhi script: تارِیخ (tārīx)

→ Telugu: తారీఖు (tārīkhu)

[t̪ʰɑː.ɾíːx]

[t̪ʰɑː.ɾíːx]

[t̪ʰɑː.ɾíːx]

[t̪ʰɒː.ɹíːx]


امتحان

head

اِمْتِحان • (emtehân) (plural امتحانات (emtehânât))

اِمْتِحان (canonical)
emtehân (romanization)
امتحانات (plural)

→ Azerbaijani: imtahan

→ Bashkir: имтихан (imtixan)

→ Bengali: ইমতেহান (imtehan)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इम्तिहान (imtihān)

Urdu: اِمْتِحان (imtihān)

→ Phalura: imtihaán

desc

امتحان/इंटेहन

Sindhi: امتحان/इंटेहन (emtahaañ)

→ Kazakh: емтихан (emtixan)

→ Uzbek: imtihon

[ʔɪm.t̪ʰe̞.ɦɑ́ːn]

[ʔɪm.t̪ʰe̞.ɦɑ́ːn]

Etymology tree
Arabic اِمْتَحَنَ (imtaḥana)
Arabic اِمْتِحَان (imtiḥān)bor.
Persian امتحانBorrowed from Arabic اِمْتِحَان (imtiḥān).

etymon

ar>اِمْتِحَان>test

امتحان رانندگی


چا

→ Punjabi: ਚਾਹ (cāh)


چای

desc

→ Arabic: شَاي (šāy), صَاي (ṣāy), صَا (ṣā)

→ Amharic: ሻይ (šay)

→ Gulay: sáȳ, sáyā

→ Hausa: shāyì

→ Nupe: shayì

→ Hijazi Arabic: شاهي (šāhi)

→ Libyan Arabic: شاهي (šāhi)

→ Mango: sáỳ

→ Gulf Arabic: چاي

→ Swahili: chai

→ Mabaan: caayi

→ Aramaic: ܟ݈ܐܝ (chai)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: चाय (cāy), चा (cā)

Urdu: چای (ćāy), چا (cā)

→ Kalasha: čay

→ Khalaj: čây

→ Konkani: चा (cā), च्या (cyā)

→ Malayalam: ചായ (cāya)

→ Marathi: चहा (cahā)

→ Mongolian: цай (caj) ᠴᠠᠢ (čai)

→ Odia: ଚା (cā)

→ Pashto: چای (čây)

→ Punjabi: ਚਾਹ (cāh) / چاہ (cāh)

→ Sindhi: چانھ (čānhi)

→ Ottoman Turkish: چای (çay) (see there for further descendants)

→ Turkmen: çaý

From possibly چا + ـی or Chinese 茶葉／茶叶 (cháyè).


گند

گُنداوری (gondâvari), گُنداور (gondâvar)

(anatomy, archaic, dialectal, Kazerun, Khesht, Konartakhteh) testicle

Dehkhoda Dictionary
Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute
University of Tehran Press


چهره

head

چهره • (čehre) (plural چهرهها (čehre-hâ))

→ Assamese: চেহেৰা (sehera)

→ Azerbaijani: çöhrə

→ Bengali: চেহারা (cehara)

→ Gujarati: ચહેરો (cahero)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: चेहरा (cehrā)

Urdu: چِہْرَہ (cihra)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਚਿਹਰਾ (cihrā)

Shahmukhi script: چِہْرَہ (cihrah)

→ Ottoman Turkish: چهره (çehre)

Turkish: çehre

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чехра

Latin script: čehra

→ Uyghur: چىراي (chiray)

→ Uzbek: chehra, chiroy

[t͡ʃʰe̞ɦ.ɾä]

[t͡ʃʰe̞ɦ.ɾä]

David Neil MacKenzie
Nicholas Sims-Williams

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭧𐭫𐭪𐭩 (čihrag), from Old Persian *čiθrakah, from Proto-Iranian *čiθrákah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čitrám, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷi-tróm, from *kʷey- (“bright, burning”). Cognate with Sanskrit चित्र (citra). Baluchi چِهرَگ (čihrag, “countenance, face”)


چوری

head

چوری • (čûrî)

fa-noun

چوری • (čûrî)

Borrowed from Hindustani چوڑی / चूड़ी (cūṛī).

[t͡ʃuː.ˈɾiː]

[t͡ʃʰuː.ɾíː]

[t͡ʃʰuː.ɾíː]

[t͡ʃʰuː.ɾíː]

[t͡ʃʰuː.ɹíː]


چوری

head

چوری • (čuri)

fa-noun

چوری • (čuri)

[t͡ʃuː.ˈɾiː]

[t͡ʃʰuː.ɾíː]

[t͡ʃʰuː.ɾíː]

[t͡ʃʰuː.ɾíː]

[t͡ʃʰuː.ɹíː]

(dialectal, Isfahan, Yazd) chick (young chicken)


گزر

desc

→ Arabic: جَزَر (jazar), جَزَرَة (jazara)

Egyptian Arabic: جزر (gazar)

Hijazi Arabic: جُزَر (juzar)

→ Bashkir: кишер (kişer)

→ Hebrew: גֶּזֶר (gézer)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गज़र (gazar)

Urdu: گزر (gazar)

desctree

→ Middle Armenian: գազար (gazar)
Armenian: գազար (gazar)
→ Udi: кӏаьзаьр (ḳäzär)

→ Ottoman Turkish: جزر (cezer)

Azerbaijani: کشیر (Khoy dialect)

→ Tatar: кишер (kişer)

From Middle Persian *gazar. Compare Sanskrit गार्जर (gārjara), Classical Syriac ܓܙܪܐ (gezzārāʾ), Hebrew גֶּזֶר (gézer), Pashto ګازره (gāzara), Alviri-Vidari گزر (gazer), Baluchi گزرک (gizirk, gazirk), Kurdish gêzer, گێزەر (gêzer), Northern Luri گزر (gezer). Compare also the Turkic borrowings: Bashkir кишер (kişer), Tatar кишер (kişer), Turkmen käşir.


گزر

گزیر گزیر#Persian


گپ

→ Armenian: գափ (gapʻ)

→ Azerbaijani: gap

→ Bashkir: гәпләшеү (gəpləşew)

→ Kazakh: гәп (gäp)

→ Turkmen: gep

→ Turkmen: geplemek

→ Uzbek: gap

→ Uzbek: gaplamoq

Compare Mazanderani گپ (gap), Gilaki گب (gəb), Talysh گف (gaf), Talysh گپ (gap) (in Astara), Northern Luri گپ (gap), Yidgha گپ (gap), Ishkashimi [script needed] (gap), Northern Kurdish gef ('threat') and gep ('cheek'). Compare the verb گپتن (gaptan, goptan).


غریب

head

غریب • (ğarib) (plural غریبها (ğarib-hâ) or غریبان (ğaribân))

ğarib (romanization)
غریبها (plural)
غریبان (plural)


گیتا

گیتا • (gitâ)

fa-noun

گیتا • (gitâ)

[ɡʲiː.t̪ʰɒː]


قاشق

qâšoq (romanization)
qâšeq (romanization)

→ Iraqi Arabic: خاشوغه (xāšūga)

desc

→ Pashto: کاچوغه (kāčúǧa), قاشوغه (kāšúǧa)

→ Punjabi: ਕਾਸਕ (kāsak) (uncommon)

Borrowed from Old Anatolian Turkish قاشق (qašuq, qašıq).

bor+

قاشق چایخوری

قاشق غذاخوری


گرمی

From Middle Persian 𐭢𐭥𐭬𐭩𐭧 (garmīh). See گرم (garm, “warm”) for more.


گلی

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


روز

rōz／ruz (romanization)
روزها (plural)
روزان (plural)

→ Old Gujarati: रोज (roja)

Gujarati: રોજ (roj)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: रोज़ (roz)

Urdu: روز (roz)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਰੋਜ਼ (roz)

Shahmukhi script: روز (roz)

→ Telugu: రోజు (rōju)

→ Tamil: ரோஜ் (rōj)

→ Bengali: রোজ (rōj)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lewk-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ráwčas
Proto-Iranian *ráwčah
Old Persian 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃 (r-u-c-h)
Middle Persian 𐭩𐭥𐭬 (yʿm)
Persian روزInherited from Middle Persian 𐭩𐭥𐭬 (yʿm), from Old Persian 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃 (r-u-c-h), from Proto-Iranian *ráwčah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ráwčas. Compare Indo-Iranian cognates Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬵 (raocah, “light, day”)) and Sanskrit रोचते (rocate, “to shine, to be bright”)).

cog

۳ روز است که پدرشان گم شده.
Se ruz ast ke pedarešân gom šode.

Their father's been missing for three days.

۳ روزه که پدرشون گم شده. Se ruz-e ke pedarešun gom šode. (more colloquial)

(Literally, “It is three days that their father has gone missing.”)


قسمت

head

قسمت • (qesmat) (plural قسمتها (qesmat-hâ))

→ Azerbaijani: qismət

desc

→ Bengali: কিসমত (kiśomot), কিসমৎ (kiśomot)

→ Georgian: ყისმათი (q̇ismati)

→ Gujarati: કિસ્મત (kismat)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क़िस्मत (qismat)

desctree

Urdu: قِسْمَت (qismat)
→ Tamil: கிஸ்மத் (kismat)

desc

→ Punjabi: ਕ਼ਿਸਮਤ (qismat), قِسْمَت (qismat)

→ Uyghur: قىسمەت (qismet)

→ Uzbek: qismat

Etymology tree
Arabic قَسَمَ (qasama)
Arabic قِسْمَة (qisma)bor.
Persian قِسْمَتBorrowed from Arabic قِسْمَة (qisma), from قَسَمَ (qasama). Cognate with Ottoman Turkish قِسْمَت (kısmet).

etymon

قِسْمَت

قسمت شهر

به سه قسمت تقسیم شده بود.

پس از بازداشت و انتقال او به قسمت پشت وانت یخچالدار، یکی از مردان در حالیکه روی نیکا نشسته بود به آزار و اذیت جنسی او پرداخت.

2024 April 30, “یک سند محرمانه از تعرض جنسی به نیکا شاکرمی و جزئیات قتل او به دست نیروهای امنیتی ایران پرده برداشت”, in bbc.com/persian, BBC Persian:

After arresting her and moving her to the back part of the refrigerated truck, one of the men began sexually harassing her while sitting on top of her.

pas az bâzdâšt o enteqâl-e u be qesmat-e pošt-e vânet-e yaxčâl-dâr, yeki az mardân dar hâli-ke ru-ye nikâ nešaste bud be âzâr o aziyat-e jensi-ye u pardâxt.

قابل قسمت


لغت

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لغت • (loğat) (plural لغتها (loğat-hâ) or لغات (loğât))

loğat (romanization)
لغتها (plural)
لغات (plural)


لغت

(dialectal, Tehran: some people, Bushehr, Kazerun, Sabzevar, Dashtestan) kick


دل

دِل (canonical)
del (romanization)
دلها (plural)

→ Judeo-Tat: дуьл (dyl)

→ Azerbaijani: dil

→ Bengali: দিল (dil)

→ Chagatai: دل

Uyghur: دىل (dil)

Uzbek: dil

→ Gujarati: દિલ (dil)

Lisan ud-Dawat Gujarati: دل (dil)

desctree

→ Old Hindi: दिल (dila)
Hindustani: dil
Hindi: दिल
Urdu: دِل (dil)

→ Kyrgyz: дил (dil)

→ Maithili: dil

Devanagari script: दिल

Tirhuta script: 𑒠𑒱𑒪

→ Marathi: दिल (dil)

→ Marwari: दिल (dil)

→ Nepali: दिल (dil)

→ Odia: ଦିଲ (dila)

→ Old Punjabi: ਦਿਲੁ (dilu)
Punjabi: dil
Gurmukhi script: ਦਿਲ
Shahmukhi script: دِل

→ Ottoman Turkish: دل

Turkish: dil

→ Sindhi:

Arabic script: دِلُ

Devanagari script: दिलु

→ Turkmen: dil

→ Yagnobi: дил (dil)

From Middle Persian 𐭣𐭩𐭫 (dyl /dil/), from Proto-Iranian *jŕ̥dayam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr; with a regular phonetic shift *ȷ́ŕ̥d- > *dŕ̥d > *dŕ̥l > dil. For the phonetic change, compare گل (gol) and سالار (sâlâr).
Cognates with Parthian 𐫉𐫏𐫡𐫅 (zyrd /zirδ/), Avestan 𐬰𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛 (zərəd), old Mazanderani زیله (zila), Northern Kurdish dil, Sanskrit हृदय (hṛdaya), Armenian սիրտ (sirt), Pashto زړه (zrë,zra) and English heart.

دلم درد میکند

دلم شکست

mind; (figurative) the heart (as the seat of emotion)


منظر

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منظر • (manzar) (plural مناظر (manâzer))

هر هوا و ذرهای خود منظری است
ناگشاده کی گود کانجا دری است

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3766:

Every air and mote is indeed a place for vision (of God),
(but so long as it is) unopened, who says “Yonder is a door”?

har hawā u zarra-i xwad manzar-ē-st
nā-gušāda kī guwad kānjā dar-ē-st


غلط

→ Bengali: গলদ (gôlôd), গলতি (gôlti)

→ Gujarati: ગલત (galat)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ग़लत (ġalat)

Urdu: غلط (ġalat)

→ Pashto: غلط (ǧalát)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਗਲਤ (galat)

Shahmukhi script: غلط (ġalat)

→ Uzbek: gʻalat

→ Uyghur: غەلەت (ghelet)

Etymology tree
Arabic غَلَط (ḡalaṭ)bor.
Persian غلطBorrowed from Arabic غَلَط (ḡalaṭ).


غلط

Back-formation from غلطیدن (ğaltidan), غلتیدن (ğaltidan, “to roll”), if not vice versa.

غلطانیدن

غلطان (ğaltân), غلتان (ğaltân, “rolling, rotating”)

غلطبان

large cylinder to consolidate clay roofs


عشق

عِشْق (canonical)
'ešq (romanization)
عشقها (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इश्क़ (iśq)

Urdu: عِشْق ('iśq)

→ Chagatai:

Uyghur: ئىشق (ishq)

Uzbek: ishq

Borrowed from Arabic عِشْق (ʕišq, “love, passion”).

bor+

دَرْدِ عِشْق

ز عشق ناتمام ما جمال یار مستغنی است

late 14th century, Xāja Shams-ud-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī, “اگر آن ترک شیرازی به دست آرد دل ما را (Shirazi Turk)”, in دیوان حافظ [Divān of Ḥāfeẓ]:

Of my imperfect love the glory of the beloved is independent

zi išq-i nātamām-i mā jamāl-i yār mustağnī ast

چو درد عشق رسد خواهش دوا کفر است

c. 1650, Chandar Bhan Brahman, دیوان برهمن [The Brahman's divan], Lahore, Mughal Empire:

When the pain of love arrives, the desire for medicine is infidelity

čō dard-i išq rasad xwāhiš-i dawā kufr ast

هر کس که دل به عشق وطن کرد مبتلا، ایمان و عقل و دین نشود هیچ از و جدا.

1915, محمود طرزی, (Mahmud Tarzi), translated by Wali Ahmadi (Modern Persian Literature in Afghanistan), پراکنده مجموعه اشعار [Collection of Scatted Poems], Kabul, Afghanistan: 'Ināyat Press:

That one who is ever consumed by love for his homeland: faith, reason, and belief shall never abandon him.

har kas ki dil ba išq-i watan kard mubtalā, īmān u aql u dīn našawad hēč az u judā

عِشْقِ مَن


فولاد

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فولاد • (fulâd)

fa-noun

فولاد • (fulâd)

[fʊː.lɔ́ːd̪̥]

From Early Classical Persian پولاد (pōlād).


نمک

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਨਮਕ (namak)

Shahmukhi script: نمک (namak)


پنیر

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پنیر • (panir) (plural پنیرها (panir-hâ))

→ Assamese: পনিৰ (ponir)

→ Azerbaijani: pendir, peynir

→ Baluchi: پنیر (paner)

→ Bengali: পনীর (pônīr)

→ Gujarati: પનીર (panīr)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: पनीर (panīr)

Urdu: پنیر (panīr)

→ Khalaj: pənîr

→ Malay: panir, ڤانير

→ Malayalam: പനീര് (panīṟ)

→ Nepali: पनीर (panīra)

→ Dzongkha: པ་ནིར (pa nir)

desc

→ Ottoman Turkish: پنیر (penîr), پینیر (peynîr)

Turkish: peynir, (dialectal) pendir

→ Romani: pendír

→ Zazaki: pendîr, peynir

→ Pashto: پنیر (panir)

→ Wakhi: pənir

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪਨੀਰ (panīr)

Shahmukhi script: پنیر (panīr)

→ Sindhi: پنير

→ Turkmen: peýnir

From Middle Persian pnyl (panīr); see there for further information.


اوج لذت جنسی

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اوج لذت جنسی

fa-noun

اوج لذت جنسی

fa:اوج لذت جنسی


جنگ

جَنْگ (canonical)
jang (romanization)
جنگها (plural)

→ Bengali: জঙ্গ (joṅgo)

→ Crimean Tatar: cenk

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: जंग (jaṅg)

Urdu: جَن٘گ (jaṅg)

→ Gujarati: જંગ (jaṅg)

→ Ottoman Turkish: جنك

Turkish: cenk (“war”)

→ Laz: ჯენგი (cengi)

→ Northern Kurdish: ceng

→ Punjabi:

Shahmukhi script: جنگ (jaṅg)

Gurmukhi script: ਜੰਗ (jaṅg)

> Tajik: ҷанг (jang) (inherited)

→ Yagnobi: ҷанг (jang)

→ Turkmen: jeň

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (yng), 𐫋𐫗𐫗𐫃 (jnng /ǰang/, “struggle, fight”)).

inh

جَنْگِ داخِلی


جنگ

Borrowed from Hindi जंग (jaṅg) or Malay jong.


جنگ

Cognate Mazanderani جونیکا (junikâ, “bullock”).


اجازه

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اجازه • (ejâze)

fa-noun

اجازه • (ejâze)

[ʔɪ.d͡ʒɑː.zǽ]

[ʔɪ.d͡ʒɑː.zǽ]

[ʔɪ.d͡ʒɑː.zǽ]


روزنامه

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روزْنامِه • (ruznâme) (plural روزنامجات (ruznâmejât) or روزنامهها (ruznâme-hâ))

روزْنامِه (canonical)
ruznâme (romanization)
روزنامجات (plural)
روزنامهها (plural)

desc

→ Arabic: رُوزْنَامَة (rūznāma)

→ Arabic: رُوزْنَامَة (rūznāma)

→ Azerbaijani: ruznamə

→ Chagatai: روزنامه

Uzbek: roʻznoma

→ Gujarati: રોજનામું (rojnāmũ)

→ Gulf Arabic: رزنامة (riznāma, “agenda, calendar”)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: रोज़नामा (roznāmā)

Urdu: روزْنامَہ (roznāma)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: روزنامه (ruzname)
Turkish: ruzname

→ Pashto: روزنامه (roznāmá)

→ Punjabi: روزنامَہ (roznāmah)

desc

→ Sindhi: روزنامو

→ Sindhi: روزنامو

From روز (ruz, “day”) + نامِه (nâme, “book, record, message”). Compare Central Kurdish ڕۆژنامە (rojname).

compound

کتاب روزنامهی غزوات هندوستان
ketâb-e ruznâme-ye ğazavât-e hendustân
Book of the daily record of the holy wars in Hindustan
(Title of a fifteenth-century work by Ali Yazdi)


دوست

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دوسْت • (dust) (plural دوستان (dustân) or دوستها (dust-hâ))

دوسْت (canonical)
dust (romanization)
دوستان (plural)
دوستها (plural)
دوست (singular)
dust (singular)
دوستها (plural)
dust-hấ (plural)
دوستا (colloquial plural)
dustấ (plural)
دوست را (definite direct-object singular)
dust râ (definite direct-object singular)
دوست رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
dusto (definite direct-object singular)
دوستها را (definite direct-object plural)
dust-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
دوستا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
dustấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
دوست (ezafe singular)
dust-e (ezafe singular)
دوستهای (ezafe plural)
dust-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
دوستای (colloquial ezafe plural)
dustấ-ye (ezafe plural)
دوستی (definite relative singular)
دوستی (indefinite singular stressed)
dust-i (definite relative singular)
dust-i (indefinite singular stressed)
دوستهایی (definite plural relative)
دوستهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
dustấn-i, dust-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
dustấn-i, dust-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
دوستایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
دوستایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
dustấi (definite plural relative)
dustấi (indefinite plural stressed)
دوستم (first-person possessive singular)
dustam (first-person possessive singular)
دوستهایم (first-person possessive singular)
dust-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
دوستهام، دوستام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
dustấm (first-person possessive singular)
دوستت (possessive second-person singular)
dustat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
dustet (possessive second-person singular)
دوستهایت (possessive second-person singular)
dust-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
دوستهات، دوستات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
dustất (possessive second-person singular)
دوستش (possessive singular third-person)
dustaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
dusteš (possessive singular third-person)
دوستهایش (possessive singular third-person)
dust-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
دوستهاش، دوستاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
dustấš (possessive singular third-person)
دوستمان (first-person plural possessive)
dustemân (first-person plural possessive)
دوستمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
dustemun (first-person plural possessive)
دوستهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
dust-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
دوستهامون، دوستامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
dustấmun (first-person plural possessive)
دوستتان (plural possessive second-person)
dustetân (plural possessive second-person)
دوستتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
dustetun (plural possessive second-person)
دوستهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
dust-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
دوستهاتون، دوستاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
dustấtun (plural possessive second-person)
دوستشان (plural possessive third-person)
dustešân (plural possessive third-person)
دوستشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
dustešun (plural possessive third-person)
دوستهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
dust-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
دوستهاشون، دوستاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
dustấšun (plural possessive third-person)
دوست (singular)
dōst (singular)
دوستها (plural)
dōst-hā́ (plural)
دوست را (definite direct-object singular)
dōst rā́ (definite direct-object singular)
دوست ره (Dari colloquial definite direct-object singular)
dōsta (definite direct-object singular)
دوستها را (definite direct-object plural)
dōst-hā́ rā́ (definite direct-object plural)
دوستا ره (Dari colloquial definite direct-object plural)
dōstā́ ra (definite direct-object plural)
دوست (singular)
dōst-i (singular)
دوستهای (plural)
dōst-hā́-yi (plural)
دوستای (Dari colloquial plural)
dōstā́-yi (plural)
دوستی (singular)
dōst-ē (singular)
دوستهایی (plural)
dōstā́n-ē, dōst-hā́-ē (plural)
دوستایی (Dari colloquial plural)
dōstā́-yē (plural)
دوستم (first-person possessive singular)
dōstam (first-person possessive singular)
دوستهایم (first-person possessive singular)
dōst-hā́yam (first-person possessive singular)
دوستایم (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
dōstā́ym (first-person possessive singular)
دوستت (possessive second-person singular)
dōstat (possessive second-person singular)
دوستهایت (possessive second-person singular)
dōst-hā́yat (possessive second-person singular)
دوستایت (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
dōstā́yt (possessive second-person singular)
دوستش (possessive singular third-person)
dōstaš (possessive singular third-person)
دوستشِی (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
dōstšī (possessive singular third-person)
دوستهایش (possessive singular third-person)
dōst-hā́yaš (possessive singular third-person)
دوستایش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
dōstā́yš (possessive singular third-person)
دوستمان (first-person plural possessive)
dōstimān (first-person plural possessive)
دوستما (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
dōstimā (first-person plural possessive)
دوستهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
dōst-hā́yimān (first-person plural possessive)
دوستایما (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
dōstā́ymā (first-person plural possessive)
دوستتان (plural possessive second-person)
dōstitān (plural possessive second-person)
دوستهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
dōst-hā́yitān (plural possessive second-person)
دوستایتان (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
dōstā́ytān (plural possessive second-person)
دوستشان (plural possessive third-person)
dōstišān (plural possessive third-person)
دوستهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
dōst-hā́yišān (plural possessive third-person)
دوستایشان (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
dōstā́yšān (plural possessive third-person)

→ Armenian: դոստ (dost)

→ Azerbaijani: dost

→ Baluchi: دوست (dost)

→ Bashkir: дуҫ (duś)

→ Bengali: দোস্ত (dōsto)

→ Crimean Tatar: dost

→ Dongxiang: dosi

→ Gujarati: દોસ્ત (dost)

→ Hindi: दोस्त (dost)

→ Telugu: దోస్తు (dōstu)

→ Georgian: დოსტი (dosṭi)

→ Kazakh: дос (dos)

→ Northern Kurdish: dost

→ Kyrgyz: дос (dos)

→ Malayalam: ദോസ്ത് (dōstŭ)

→ Mandarin: 朵斯提 (duǒsītí)

→ Pashto: دوست (dost)

→ Punjabi: ਦੋਸਤ (dosat), دوست (dost)

→ Turkish: dost

→ Urdu: دوسْت (dost)

→ Uyghur: دوست (dost)

→ Uzbek: doʻst

→ Zazaki: dost

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst' /dōst/), from Old Persian 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /dauštā/, “friend, lover”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́awštā́ (one who loves), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és. Cognate with Sanskrit जोष्टा (joṣṭā, “lover”).

inh

دوستان بین، کو نشان دوستان
دوستان را رنج باشد همچو جان

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 1458:

See the friends! Where is the sign of (true) friends?
To (true) friends pain is as (dear as) life.”

dōstān bīn, kū nišān-i dōstān
dōstān rā ranj bāšad hamču jān


امید

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امید • (omid, ommid) (plural امیدها (omid, ommid-hâ))

omid (romanization)
ommid (romanization)
امیدها (plural)

→ Ahirani: उमेद (umed)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: ումէտ (umēt), ումետ (umet), ումէդ (umēd), ումէկ (umēk)

→ Awadhi: उमेद (umed)

→ Azerbaijani: ümid

→ Bashkir: өмөт (ömöt)

→ Baluchi: امیت (omit)

→ Bengali: উমেদ (umed)

→ Dogri: med

Devanagari script: मेद

Dogra script: 𑠢𑠳𑠛

→ Gilaki: [script needed] (umid)

→ Gojri: اُمید (umed)

→ Gujarati: ઉમેદ (umed)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: उम्मीद (ummīd)

Urdu: اُمِّیدْ (ummīd)

→ Ishkashimi: [script needed] (amēd)

→ Kannada: ಉಮೇದು (umēdu)

→ Kashmiri: وۄمیٖد (vọmīd)

→ Kazakh: үміт (ümıt)

→ Kermanic:

Abyanehi: [script needed] (omīd)

Kashani: [script needed] (umīd)

→ Konkani:

Devanagari script: उमेद (umed)

Kannada script: ಉಮೆದ್

Latin script: umed

→ Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ئومێد (umêd), ھومێد (humêd)

Northern Kurdish: umêd

Southern Kurdish: ئِمێد (imêd), ئومێد (umêd), ھِمێد (himêd), ھومێد (humêd)

→ Kyrgyz: үмүт (ümüt)

→ Southern Luri: امید

→ Maithili: umēd

Devanagari script: उमेद

Tirhuta script: 𑒅𑒧𑒹𑒠

→ Malvi: उम्मीद (ummīd)

→ Marathi: उमेद (umed)

→ Marwari:

Devanagari script: उमेद (umed), उम्मीद (ummīd), उम्मेद (ummed)

Mahajani script: 𑅒𑅬𑅓𑅥 (umed), 𑅒𑅬𑅬𑅑𑅥 (ummid), 𑅒𑅬𑅬𑅓𑅥 (ummed)

→ Nepali: उमेद (umed), उम्मेद (ummed)

→ Parachi: [script needed] (umēd)

→ Pashto:

Pashto: امېد (umêd, umîd)

Waziri: وُممیند (ummīnd), وُممېند (ummēnd)

→ Punjabi: umīd

Gurmukhi script: ਉਮੀਦ

Shahmukhi script: اُمِید

→ Sanglechi: [script needed] (amēδ)

→ Saraiki:

Devanagari script: उमेण्द (umeṇd), उमेद (umed)

Multani script: 𑊂𑊠𑊕𑊘 (umṇd), 𑊂𑊠𑊘 (umd)

Shahmukhi script: اُمیݨد (umeṇd), اُمید (umed)

→ Sindhi:

Arabic script: اُميدَ

Devanagari script: उमेद, उम्मीद, उम्मेद

Khudabadi script: 𑊴𑋗𑋥𑋏 (umeda), 𑊴𑋗𑋪𑋗𑋢𑋏 (ummīda), 𑊴𑋗𑋪𑋗𑋥𑋏 (ummeda)

→ Talysh: [script needed] (umid)

→ Tamil: உமேது (umētu)

→ Tatar: өмет (ömet)

→ Telugu: ఉమేదు (umēdu), ఉమేజు (umēju)

→ Ottoman Turkish: امید (ümid)

Turkish: ümit

→ Gagauz: ümit

→ Turkmen: umyt

→ Uyghur: ئۈمىد (ümid)

→ Uzbek: umid

→ Varhadi: उमीद (umīd), उमेद (umed)

→ Wakhi: [script needed] (amēd, amid, umid)

→ Yidgha: [script needed] (ūmɛd, umēd)

→ Yagnobi: умед (umed /umḗ̝d/)

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwmyt' /ummēd, ōmēd/, “hope”), from Proto-Iranian *hamwátiš.


خواب

head

خواب • (xwāb／xâb)

fa-noun

خواب • (xwāb／xâb)

desc

→ Bengali: খোয়াব (khwab), খোওয়াব (khowab), খ্বাব (khwab)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ख़्वाब (xvāb), ख़ाब (xāb), खाब (khāb)

Urdu: خواب (xvāb, xāb, khāb)

→ Sylheti: ꠈꠥꠀꠛ (kúab), ꠈꠣꠛ (xáb)

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭥𐭠𐭡 (hwʾb /xwāb/), from Proto-Iranian *hwápati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *swap-, from Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to dream”). Compare Sanskrit स्वप्न (svapna), Northern Kurdish xew, xewn, Russian спать (spatʹ), and Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos, “sleep”), whence hypnosis.

سر فرا گوش من آورد، به آواز حزین
گفت: ای عاشق دیرینه من خوابت هست؟

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 26”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

He brought his head close to my ear and, in a plaintive voice,
Said, "Hey, old-time lover of mine, are you asleep [lit. is sleep upon you]?"

sar farâ gôš-i man âward ba âwâz-i hazîn
guft ay âšiq-i dêrîna-yi man xwâb-at hast?

چون من خیال رویت جانا به خواب بینم
کز خواب مینبیند چشمم به جز خیالی

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 464”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

My love, how can I glimpse your face in dreams
When my eyes cannot get but a single glimpse of sleep?

čôn man xayâl-i rôy-at jân-â ba xwâb bênam
k-az xwâb mê-na-bênad čašm-am ba juz xayâlê

بیداری میان دو خواب است هستیم
گرد تخیل دو سراب است هستیم

c. 1720, 'Abd al-Qādir Bēdil, دیوان بیدل [The Divān of Bēdil]:

There is wakefulness between two slumbers; that is us;
There is the dust of fancies between two mirages; that is us.

bîdârî-yi miyân-i dô xwâb ast hastêm
gard-i taxayyul-i dô sarâb ast hastêm

این جهان پاک خواب کردار است
آن شناسد که دلش بیدار است

c. 930, Rōdakī, دیوان رودکی [The Divān of Rōdakī]:

This world acts wholly like a dream;
He whose heart is awake shall realize it.

în jahân pâk xwâb kirdâr ast
ân šinâsad ki dil-aš bidâr ast

رئیس طبیعی شود عالم را، و او را از عالم اعلا نصرت رسد و سخن او در عالم علوی مسموع باشد، و خواب و الهام او به کمال رسد.

c. 1185, Shihāb al-Dīn Suhrawardī, پرتونامه [The Book of Illumination]:

He shall become the natural ruler of the world; succor shall come to him from the sublime world, and his word shall be obeyed in the celestial world; his dreams and inspirations shall reach perfection.

ra'îs-i tabî'î šawad âlim râ, u ô râ az âlim-i a'lâ nusrat rasad o suxan-i ô dar âlim-i ulwî masmû' bâšad, u xwâb u ilhâm-i ô ba kamâl rasad.


تنور

desctree

→ Arabic: تَنُّور (tannūr)
→ Catalan: atanor
→ English: athanor
→ French: athanor
→ Italian: atanor
→ Sicilian: tannura
→ Serbo-Croatian: tanjir
→ Spanish: atanor
→ Swahili: tanuri

→ Bengali: তন্দুর (tondur)

→ Hindi: तंदूर (tandūr), तनूर (tanūr), तन्दूर (tandūr)
→ English: tandoor

→ Khalaj: tunnûr

→ Punjabi: ਤੰਦੂਰ (tandūr)

→ Urdu: تندور (tandūr)

→ Uyghur: تونۇر (tonur)

[t̪ʰän.núːɾ]

[t̪ʰän.núːɾ]

[t̪ʰän.núːɾ]

[t̪ʰæn.núːɹ]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (tnwl), 𐫤𐫗𐫇𐫡 (tnwr /tanūr/, “oven”). Compare Sogdian [script needed] (tnʾwr /tanūr/, “furnace, oven”). From Akkadian 𒋾𒂟 (tinūru).


خط

head

خط • (xatt) (plural خطوط (xotut) or خطها (xatt-hâ))

xatt (romanization)
خطوط (plural)
خطها (plural)

→ Malayalam: കത്ത് (kattŭ)

→ Marwari: खत (khat)

→ Punjabi:

→ Gurmukhi script: ਖ਼ਤ (xat)

→ Shahmukhi script: خط (xt̤)

→ Hindustani:

→ Hindi: ख़त (xat)

→ Urdu: خط (xat)

→ Phalura: xat

خط مستقیم

خط منحنی

خط چینی ― xatt-e čini ― Chinese characters

نبشت او بران نامهٔ خسروی
نبود آن زمان خط جز پهلوی

c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Khusraw Nōshēnrawān”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]:

He wrote an imperial book on it;
In those times, there was no script except for Pahlavi.

nibišt ō bar-ān nāma-yi xusrawī
na-būd ān zamān xatt juz pahlawī

چو خط که از لب لعلت دمد رقم نتوان کرد
اگر شوند چو یاقوت قدسیان همه کاتب

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 112:

When the hair blooms from your ruby lips, it cannot be written down
Even were all the scribes to become like the Yāqūt of the angels.

čū xatt ki az lab-i la'lat damad raqam natawān kard
agar šawand čū yāqūt-i qudsiyān hama kātib

چشم تو و خط و خالت ای بت رعنا
برده زمن عقل و صبر و هوش به یغما

c. 1911, Mohammad Hossein Âğuli Torki-ye Shirâzi, دیوان ترکی شیرازی:

Your eye and your down and your beauty-mark, o beautiful idol,
Has carried off as plunder the time for reason and patience and wisdom.

čašm-e to o xatt o xâl-at ey bot-e ra'nâ
borde zaman-e aql o sabr o huš be yağmâ

(poetic) down or fresh facial hair on an adolescent face (a mark of beauty)


دختر

دُخْتَر • (doxtar) (plural دختران (doxtarân) or دخترها (doxtar-hâ))

دُخْتَر (canonical)
doxtar (romanization)
دختران (plural)
دخترها (plural)
دختر (singular)
doxtar (singular)
دختران (plural)
doxtarấn (plural)
دخترا (colloquial plural)
doxtarấ (plural)
دختر را (definite direct-object singular)
doxtar râ (definite direct-object singular)
دختر رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
doxtaro (definite direct-object singular)
دختران را (definite direct-object plural)
doxtarấn râ (definite direct-object plural)
دخترا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
doxtarấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
دختر (ezafe singular)
doxtar-e (ezafe singular)
دختران (ezafe plural)
doxtarấn-e (ezafe plural)
دخترای (colloquial ezafe plural)
doxtarấ-ye (ezafe plural)
دختری (definite relative singular)
دختری (indefinite singular stressed)
doxtar-i (definite relative singular)
doxtar-i (indefinite singular stressed)
دخترانی (definite plural relative)
دخترانی (indefinite plural stressed)
doxtarấn-i (definite plural relative)
doxtarấn-i (indefinite plural stressed)
دخترایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
دخترایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
doxtarấi (definite plural relative)
doxtarấi (indefinite plural stressed)
دخترم (first-person possessive singular)
doxtaram (first-person possessive singular)
دخترهایم (first-person possessive singular)
doxtar-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
دخترهام، دخترام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
doxtarấm (first-person possessive singular)
دخترت (possessive second-person singular)
doxtarat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
doxtaret (possessive second-person singular)
دخترهایت (possessive second-person singular)
doxtar-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
دخترهات، دخترات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
doxtarất (possessive second-person singular)
دخترش (possessive singular third-person)
doxtaraš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
doxtareš (possessive singular third-person)
دخترهایش (possessive singular third-person)
doxtar-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
دخترهاش، دختراش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
doxtarấš (possessive singular third-person)
دخترمان (first-person plural possessive)
doxtaremân (first-person plural possessive)
دخترمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
doxtaremun (first-person plural possessive)
دخترهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
doxtar-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
دخترهامون، دخترامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
doxtarấmun (first-person plural possessive)
دخترتان (plural possessive second-person)
doxtaretân (plural possessive second-person)
دخترتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
doxtaretun (plural possessive second-person)
دخترهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
doxtar-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
دخترهاتون، دختراتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
doxtarấtun (plural possessive second-person)
دخترشان (plural possessive third-person)
doxtarešân (plural possessive third-person)
دخترشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
doxtarešun (plural possessive third-person)
دخترهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
doxtar-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
دخترهاشون، دختراشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
doxtarấšun (plural possessive third-person)
دختر (singular)
duxtar (singular)
دختران (plural)
duxtarā́n (plural)
دختر را (definite direct-object singular)
duxtar rā́ (definite direct-object singular)
دختر ره (Dari colloquial definite direct-object singular)
duxtara (definite direct-object singular)
دختران را (definite direct-object plural)
duxtarā́n rā́ (definite direct-object plural)
دخترا ره (Dari colloquial definite direct-object plural)
duxtarā́ ra (definite direct-object plural)
دختر (singular)
duxtar-i (singular)
دختران (plural)
duxtarā́n-i (plural)
دخترای (Dari colloquial plural)
duxtarā́-yi (plural)
دختری (singular)
duxtar-ē (singular)
دخترانی (plural)
duxtarā́n-ē (plural)
دخترایی (Dari colloquial plural)
duxtarā́-yē (plural)
دخترم (first-person possessive singular)
duxtaram (first-person possessive singular)
دخترهایم (first-person possessive singular)
duxtar-hā́yam (first-person possessive singular)
دخترایم (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
duxtarā́ym (first-person possessive singular)
دخترت (possessive second-person singular)
duxtarat (possessive second-person singular)
دخترهایت (possessive second-person singular)
duxtar-hā́yat (possessive second-person singular)
دخترایت (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
duxtarā́yt (possessive second-person singular)
دخترش (possessive singular third-person)
duxtaraš (possessive singular third-person)
دخترشِی (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
duxtaršī (possessive singular third-person)
دخترهایش (possessive singular third-person)
duxtar-hā́yaš (possessive singular third-person)
دخترایش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
duxtarā́yš (possessive singular third-person)
دخترمان (first-person plural possessive)
duxtarimān (first-person plural possessive)
دخترما (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
duxtarimā (first-person plural possessive)
دخترهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
duxtar-hā́yimān (first-person plural possessive)
دخترایما (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
duxtarā́ymā (first-person plural possessive)
دخترتان (plural possessive second-person)
duxtaritān (plural possessive second-person)
دخترهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
duxtar-hā́yitān (plural possessive second-person)
دخترایتان (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
duxtarā́ytān (plural possessive second-person)
دخترشان (plural possessive third-person)
duxtarišān (plural possessive third-person)
دخترهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
duxtar-hā́yišān (plural possessive third-person)
دخترایشان (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
duxtarā́yšān (plural possessive third-person)

→ Gujarati: દુખ્તર (dukhtar)

desc

Lisan ud-Dawat Gujarati: دُخْتَر (duxtar)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: दुख़्तर (duxtar)

Urdu: دُخْتَر (duxtar)

→ Marwari:

Devanagari script: दूखतर (dūkhtar)

Mahajani script: 𑅥𑅒𑅖𑅣𑅭 (dukhtr)

→ Sindhi: duxtari

Arabic script: دُخْتَرِ

Devanagari script: दुख़्तरि

Khudabadi script: 𑋏𑋣𑊻𑋩𑋪𑋍𑋙𑋡

[d̪ʊx.t̪ʰäɾ]

[d̪ʊx.t̪ʰäɾ]

[d̪ʊx.t̪ʰäɾ]

[d̪uχ.t̪ʰäɾ]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwhtl /duxtar/), oblique case of [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwht' /duxt/), from Old Persian *duxçī-, from Proto-Iranian *dúgdā. Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit दुहिता (duhitā), Northern Kurdish dot, Pashto لور (lur), Mazanderani دتر (deter), Baluchi دہت (duht).


زهر

→ Middle Armenian: զահր (zahr)

Armenian: զահր (zahr)

→ Azerbaijani: zəhər

→ Bengali: জহর (zohor)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ज़हर (zahr)

Urdu: زہر (zahr)

→ Gilaki: زهر (zahr)

→ Kazakh: зәр (zär)

→ Kermanic:

Abyanehi: [script needed] (zāhr)

→ Khalaj: zə̂r

→ Larestani: زهر (zahr)

→ Sarikoli: [script needed] (zār)

→ Shughni: [script needed] (zār)

→ Ottoman Turkish: زهر (zehr)

Gagauz: zihir

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зе̏хер

Latin script: zȅher

Turkish: zehir

→ Turkmen: zäher

→ Chagatai:

→ Uyghur: زەھەر (zeher)

→ Uzbek: zahar

→ Yidgha: [script needed] (zahᵃr)

From Middle Persian zʾhl (zahr, “poison, venom”).


محبت

head

مُحَبَّت or مَحَبَّت • (mohabbat or mahabbat)

مُحَبَّت (canonical)
مَحَبَّت (canonical)
mohabbat (romanization)
mahabbat (romanization)

→ Bashkir: мөхәббәт (möxəbbət)

→ Bengali: মহব্বত (mohobbot)

→ Gujarati: મોહબત (mohbat)

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: मुहब्बत (muhabbat), मोहब्बत (mohabbat)

Urdu: محبت (mohabbat, muhabbat)

→ Malayalam: മുഹബ്ബത്ത് (muhabbattŭ)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: محبت (muḥabbet)
Turkish: muhabbet
→ Albanian: muhabet
→ Aromanian: muabeti
→ Armenian: մուհապէթ (muhapētʻ)
→ Greek: μουχαμπέτι (mouchampéti)
→ Ladino: moabet
→ Macedonian: муабет (muabet)
→ Pontic Greek: μουχαμπέτι (mouchampéti)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮੁਹੱਬਤ (muhabbat)

Shahmukhi script: محبت (muḥabbat)

→ Tatar: мәхәббәт (mäxäbbät)

→ Uyghur: مۇھەببەت (muhebbet)

→ Uzbek: muhabbat, муҳаббат (muhabbat)

Borrowed from Arabic مَحَبَّة (maḥabba, “love”). The predominant shift of the first vowel from /a/ to /u/ is due to analogy with the large number of Arabic participles with initial /mu/ such as مهندس (muhandis, mohandes, “engineer”), محاربه (muhāraba, mohârabe, “war”) etc.


ناخن

head

ناخن • (nâxon)

fa-noun

ناخن • (nâxon)

Hindustani:

Hindi: नाख़ुन (nāxun)

Urdu: ناخُن (nāxun)

From Proto-Iranian *Hnāxunah, a derivative of *Hnā́xš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnā́kš, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʰs.
Compare Indo-Iranian cognates Central Kurdish نینۆک (nînok), Northern Kurdish neynok, Baluchi ناہن (náhun)/ناکن (nákun), Sanskrit नख (nakha).


سیاست

head

سِیاسَت • (siyâsat) (plural سِیاسَتها)

fa-noun

سِیاسَت • (siyâsat) (plural سِیاسَتها)

سِیاسَت (canonical)
siyâsat (romanization)
سِیاسَتها (plural)
سیاستم (first-person possessive singular)
siyâsatam (first-person possessive singular)
سیاستهایم (first-person possessive singular)
siyâsat-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
سیاستهام، سیاستام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
siyâsatấm (first-person possessive singular)
سیاستت (possessive second-person singular)
siyâsatat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
siyâsatet (possessive second-person singular)
سیاستهایت (possessive second-person singular)
siyâsat-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
سیاستهات، سیاستات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
siyâsatất (possessive second-person singular)
سیاستش (possessive singular third-person)
siyâsataš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
siyâsateš (possessive singular third-person)
سیاستهایش (possessive singular third-person)
siyâsat-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
سیاستهاش، سیاستاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
siyâsatấš (possessive singular third-person)
سیاستمان (first-person plural possessive)
siyâsatemân (first-person plural possessive)
سیاستمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
siyâsatemun (first-person plural possessive)
سیاستهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
siyâsat-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
سیاستهامون، سیاستامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
siyâsatấmun (first-person plural possessive)
سیاستتان (plural possessive second-person)
siyâsatetân (plural possessive second-person)
سیاستتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
siyâsatetun (plural possessive second-person)
سیاستهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
siyâsat-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
سیاستهاتون، سیاستاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
siyâsatấtun (plural possessive second-person)
سیاستشان (plural possessive third-person)
siyâsatešân (plural possessive third-person)
سیاستشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
siyâsatešun (plural possessive third-person)
سیاستهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
siyâsat-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
سیاستهاشون، سیاستاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
siyâsatấšun (plural possessive third-person)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: सियासत (siyāsat)

Urdu: سیاست (siyāsat)

desctree

→ Malay: siasat
Indonesian: siasat
→ Tagalog: siyasat

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸਿਆਸਤ (siāsat)

Shahmukhi script: سیاست (siyāsat)

→ Sindhi: سياست


نفرت

→ Azerbaijani: nifrət

→ Bashkir: нәфрәт (nəfrət)

→ Gujarati: નફરત (naphrat)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: नफ़रत (nafrat)

Urdu: نفرت (nafrat)

→ Tatar: нәфрәт (näfrät)

→ Ottoman Turkish: نفرت (nefret)
Turkish: nefret

→ Uyghur: nafrat

→ Uzbek: nafrat

terror, hatred, detestation, aversion, dislike, abhorrence, abomination


خاموشی

head

خاموشی • (xâmuši)

fa-noun

خاموشی • (xâmuši)


خوشی

head

خوشی • (xoši)

fa-noun

خوشی • (xoši)

From خوش (xoš, “happy”) + ـی (-i, “-ness”).


خاندان

head

خانْدان • (xândân)

fa-noun

خانْدان • (xândân)

خانْدان (canonical)
xândân (romanization)

→ Bengali: খানদান (khanodan)

→ Gujarati: ખાનદાન (khāndān)

→ Turkish: hanedan

[xɑːn̪.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[xɑːn̪.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[xɑːn̪.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[xɔːn̪.d̪ɔ́ːn]

[xɒːn̪.d̪ɒ́ːn]

[χɔn̪.d̪ɔ́n]


پنجره

head

پَنْجَرِه • (panjere) (plural پنجرهها (panjere-hâ))

پَنْجَرِه (canonical)
panjere (romanization)
پنجرهها (plural)
پنجره (singular)
panjeré (singular)
پنجرهها (plural)
panjere-hấ (plural)
پنجرها (colloquial plural)
panjereấ (plural)
پنجره را (definite direct-object singular)
panjeré râ (definite direct-object singular)
پنجره رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
panjerá ro (definite direct-object singular)
پنجرهها را (definite direct-object plural)
panjere-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
پنجرها رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
panjereấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
پنجرهٔ (ezafe singular)
panjeré-ye (ezafe singular)
پنجرههای (ezafe plural)
panjere-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
پنجرهای (colloquial ezafe plural)
panjereấ-ye (ezafe plural)
پنجرهای (definite relative singular)
پنجرهای (indefinite singular stressed)
panjeré-i (definite relative singular)
panjeré-i (indefinite singular stressed)
پنجرههایی (definite plural relative)
پنجرههایی (indefinite plural stressed)
panjere-hấ-yi (definite plural relative)
panjere-hấ-yi (indefinite plural stressed)
پنجرهایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
پنجرهایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
panjereấ-yi (definite plural relative)
panjereấ-yi (indefinite plural stressed)

→ Azerbaijani: pəncərə

→ Gagauz: pencerä

→ Georgian: ფანჯარა (panǯara)

→ Khalaj: pəncərə

desctree

→ Middle Armenian: փանջարայ (pʻanǰaray), փանճարայ (pʻančaray)
Armenian: փանջարա (pʻanǰara)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پنجره (pencere)
Turkish: pencere
→ Abkhaz: аԥенџьыр (apendžər)
→ Albanian: penxhere
→ Crimean Tatar: pencere
→ Macedonian: пенџер (pendžer), пенџере (pendžere)
→ Serbo-Croatian: пенџер, pendžer

→ Turkmen: penjire

[pʰän.d͡ʒä.ɾä]

[pʰän.d͡ʒä.ɾä]

[pʰän.d͡ʒä.ɾä]

[pʰän.d͡ʒä.ɾä]

[pʰän.d͡ʒä.ɾä]

From Sanskrit पिञ्जर (piñjara, “cage, skeleton”), itself from Sanskrit पञ्जर (pañjara).

cog

پنجره رو باز کردم ولی هوا هنوز خیلی گرمه.

I opened the window but it's still very hot.

panjere ro bâz kardam vali havâ hanuz xeyli garm-e.


زقاق

head

زقاق • (zoqâq)

fa-noun

زقاق • (zoqâq)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: سوقاق (sokak), صوقاق (sokak)
Turkish: sokak
→ Armenian: սոխախ (soxax)
→ Albanian: sokak
→ Aromanian: sucachie
→ Bulgarian: сока́к (sokák)
→ Greek: σοκάκι (sokáki)
→ Macedonian: сокак (sokak)
→ Mariupol Greek: суха́х (suxáx)
→ Romanian: socac
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: со̀ка̄к
Latin script: sòkāk


خواهر

head

خواهر • (xâhar) (plural خواهران (xâharân) or خواهرها (xâhar-hâ))

xâhar (romanization)
خواهران (plural)
خواهرها (plural)
خواهر (singular)
xâhár (singular)
خواهران (plural)
xâharấn (plural)
خواهرا (colloquial plural)
xâharấ (plural)
خواهر را (definite direct-object singular)
xâhár râ (definite direct-object singular)
خواهر رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
xâháro (definite direct-object singular)
خواهران را (definite direct-object plural)
xâharấn râ (definite direct-object plural)
خواهرا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
xâharấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
خواهر (ezafe singular)
xâhár-e (ezafe singular)
خواهران (ezafe plural)
xâharấn-e (ezafe plural)
خواهرای (colloquial ezafe plural)
xâharấ-ye (ezafe plural)
خواهری (definite relative singular)
خواهری (indefinite singular stressed)
xâhár-i (definite relative singular)
xâhár-i (indefinite singular stressed)
خواهرانی (definite plural relative)
خواهرانی (indefinite plural stressed)
xâharấn-i (definite plural relative)
xâharấn-i (indefinite plural stressed)
خواهرایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
خواهرایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
xâharấi (definite plural relative)
xâharấi (indefinite plural stressed)
خواهرم (first-person possessive singular)
xâháram (first-person possessive singular)
خواهرانم (first-person possessive singular)
xâharấnam (first-person possessive singular)
خواهرام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
xâharấm (first-person possessive singular)
خواهرت (possessive second-person singular)
xâhárat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
xâháret (possessive second-person singular)
خواهرانت (possessive second-person singular)
xâharấnat (possessive second-person singular)
خواهرات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
xâharất (possessive second-person singular)
خواهرش (possessive singular third-person)
xâháraš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
xâháreš (possessive singular third-person)
خواهرانش (possessive singular third-person)
xâharấnaš (possessive singular third-person)
خواهراش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
xâharấš (possessive singular third-person)
خواهرمان (first-person plural possessive)
xâháremân (first-person plural possessive)
خواهرمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
xâháremun (first-person plural possessive)
خواهرانمان (first-person plural possessive)
xâharấnemân (first-person plural possessive)
خواهرامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
xâharấmun (first-person plural possessive)
خواهرتان (plural possessive second-person)
xâháretân (plural possessive second-person)
خواهرتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
xâháretun (plural possessive second-person)
خواهرانتان (plural possessive second-person)
xâharấnetân (plural possessive second-person)
خواهراتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
xâharấtun (plural possessive second-person)
خواهرشان (plural possessive third-person)
xâhárešân (plural possessive third-person)
خواهرشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
xâhárešun (plural possessive third-person)
خواهرانشان (plural possessive third-person)
xâharấnešân (plural possessive third-person)
خواهراشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
xâharấšun (plural possessive third-person)

→ Urdu: خواہر (xāhar)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (xwah(ar)), from Proto-Iranian *hwáhā (compare Northern Kurdish xwişk, xweh, خوشک (xuşk), Baluchi گوہار (gohár), Pashto خور (xowr), Ossetian хо (xo), Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬭 (xᵛaŋhar)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *swasar- (compare Sanskrit स्वसृ (svásṛ)), from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr (compare Armenian քույր (kʻuyr), Russian сестра́ (sestrá), Welsh chwaer, Latin soror, English sister).