و

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: व (va)

Urdu: و (va, o)

→ Marathi: व (va)

Both inherited from Middle Persian and borrowed from Arabic, hence the multiple pronunciations:
* Pronunciation 1: From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭥𐭣 (ʾʿd /ud/), 𐭠𐭥 (ʾʿ /u/); from Old Persian 𐎢𐎫𐎠 (u-t-a /utā/, “and”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)utá, from *(H)u, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u.
* Pronunciation 2: From Arabic وَ (wa), from Proto-Semitic *wa. Also the etymology of the written form.

21st century, Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi
گر چه جیب و جام من از مال و مِی تُهیست.
Gar če jib o jām-e man az māl o mey tohist.

Although my pocket and my cup are empty of money and wine.


مگر

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭫 𐭧𐭲 (ʾl ḥt /ma agar/, “perhaps; lest”), from 𐭠𐭫 (ʾl /ma/, “not”) + 𐭧𐭲 (ḥt /agar/, “if”).

inh

مگر کتاب را نخواندی؟ (literary)
magar ketâb râ na-xândi?

مگه کتاب و نخوندی؟ (colloquial)
mage ketâb o na-xundi?
Didn't you read the book? / Oh, you didn't read the book?
[assuming that the listener did or should have read the book; or, that the speaker had previously thought the listener had read the book]

مگر غذا میخواهی؟ (literary)
magar ğazâ mi-xâhi?

مگه غذا میخوای؟ (colloquial)

You don't want food, do you? / I thought you didn’t want food?

گفت: مگر گوشت نیافته بودی و نقل که مرا و کدخدایم را بخورید؟

c. 1075, Abu'l-Fażl Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn Bayhaqī, تاریخ بیهقی [Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī]:

He said, “Had you not found any meat or delicacy, that you had to ‘eat’ [slander] me and my chamberlain?”

guft: magar gōšt nayāfta būdī u nuql ki marā u kadxudāyam rā bixwarēd?

Used to introduce a question to which the opposite answer is expected, or had been previously assumed; expresses surprise or disbelief.

من میروم مگر او هم برود. (literary)
man mi-ravam magar u ham beravam.

من میرم مگه اونم برم. (colloquial)

مگر از روی جنازه من رد بشوی!

[Not] unless you cross over my dead body!

magar az ru-ye jenâze-ye man rad bešavi!

مگه خیلی پول داری! (colloquial)

برف منظرۀ طبیعت را خیلی زیبا میسازد، مگر هوا را خیلی سرد میسازد. (Dari, more literary)

Snow makes the scenery of nature very beautiful, but [it also] makes the air very cold.

barf manzara-yi tabī'at rā xaylē zēbā mēsāzad, magar hawā rā xaylē sard mēsāzad.

زود میآمد که دردم را دوا سازد مگر
باز گشت از در بچشم در فشان مسکین طبیب

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 113:

He had come early to cure my pain, but
The helpless physician turned back from the door with eyes strewing pearls [metaphor: teardrops].

zūd mē-āmad ki dardam rā dawā sāzad magar
bāz gašt az dar ba-čašm-i durr fišān miskīn tabīb

(chiefly Dari, Indo-Persian) but; however

(archaic) it happened that...; used to introduce a narrative.

تا وزیدست برو از تو نسیم ادبی
زنده گشتست مگر از دم عیسی لاله

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 87:

As long as courteous breezes from you have wafted upon it,
The tulip has become alive, as if from Jesus's breath.

tā wazīdast bar ō az tō nasīm-i adabī
zinda gaštast magar az dam-i īsā lāla

ز دریا مگر بر لب آمد حباب.

1699, Muḥammad Amīn ibn Mīrzā Muḥammad Zamān Bukhārī, محیط التواریخ [Muḥīṭ al-Tawārīkh]:

[It was] as if bubbles were coming from the sea to its lips.


اگر

→ Awadhi: अगर (agar)

→ Azerbaijani: əgər

→ Bashkir: әгәр (əgər)

→ Chuvash: эхер (eh̬er)

→ Dogri: agar

Devanagari script: अगर

Dogra script: 𑠀𑠌𑠤

→ Gojri: اگر (agar)

→ Gujarati: અગર (agar)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अगर (agar)

desctree

Urdu: اَگَرْ (agar)
→ Phalura:
Arabic script: اگر
Latin script: ágar

→ Kazakh: егер (eger)

→ Kumyk: эгер (eger)

→ Kyrgyz: эгер (eger)

→ Lezgi: [script needed] (eger)

→ Maithili: agar

Devanagari script: अगर

Tirhuta script: 𑒁𑒑𑒩

→ Malvi: अगर (agar)

→ Marathi: अगर (agar)

→ Marwari: agar

Devanagari script: अगर (agar)

Mahajani script: 𑅐𑅗𑅭 (agr)

→ Odia: ଅଗର (agara)

→ Ottoman Turkish: اگر

Turkish: eğer

→ Punjabi: agar

Gurmukhi script: ਅਗਰ

Shahmukhi script: اگَر

→ Sindhi: اَگَر

→ Tabasaran: [script needed] (eger)

→ Talysh:

→ Tatar: әгәр (ägär)

→ Turkmen: eger

→ Uyghur: ئەگەر (eger)

→ Uzbek: agar

→ Varhadi: अगर (agar)

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭲 (ḥt /agar/). Compare Parthian 𐭀𐭊 (ag).

اگر فارسی بلد بودم این کتاب را نمیخریدم. (more literary)

Had I known Persian [which I did not], I would not have bought this book.

agar fârsi balad budam in ketâb-râ ne-mi-xaridam.

اگه فارسی بلد بودم این کتاب و نمیخریدم. (more colloquial)

If I knew Persian [which I did not], I wouldn't have bought this book.

age fârsi balad budam in ketâb-o ne-mi-xaridam.

اگر میرفتی، محمد را میدیدی. (more literary)

If you had gone [but you did not], you would have seen Mohammad.

اگر رفته بودی، محمد را دیده بودی (more literary)

اگر رفته باشی، محمد را میدیدی. (more literary)

If you had gone [and perhaps you did], you would have seen Mohammad.

اگر بروی، محمد را میبینی. (more literary)

اگر غم را چو آتش دود بودی / جهان تاریک ماندی جاودانه

10th century, Poem attributed to Shahid Balkhi:

If grief gave off smoke, as fire does / The world would remain forever in the dark.

agar ğam-râ čo âtaš dud budi / jahân târik mânadi jâvedâne

اگر آن ترک شیرازی به دست آرد دل ما را / به خال هندویش بخشم سمرقند و بخارا را

late 14th century, Xāja Shams-ud-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī, “اگر آن ترک شیرازی به دست آرد دل ما را (Shirazi Turk)”, in دیوان حافظ [Divān of Ḥāfeẓ]:

If that Shirazi Turk accepts my heart in their hand / for their Indian mole I will give Samarkand and Bukhara.

agar ân tork-e širâzi be dast ârad del-e mâ-râ / be xâl-e hendu-yaš baxšam samarqand o boxârâ-râ

یار تا قتل چنین باشد اگر همراهم / سفر ملک عدم را ز خدا میخواهم

c. 1650, Muḥammad Ṭāhir Ğanī Kašmīrī, translated by Mufti Mudasir Farooqi and Nusrat Bazaz, دیوان [Divān]:

If my love accompanies me to my execution / A journey to the other world, I shall seek from God.

yâr tâ qatl čonin bâšad agar hamrâh-am / safar-e molk-e 'adam râ ze xodâ mi-xâham.

if (used in a hypothetical or conditional statement)

اگر جواب را نمیدانی، چرا حرف میزنی؟ (more literary)

Since you don't know the answer, why are you talking?

agar javâb-râ ne-mi-dâni, čerâ harf mi-zani?

اگه جواب و نمیدونی، چرا حرف میزنی؟ (more colloquial)

age javâb-o ne-mi-duni, čerâ harf mi-zani?


تا

From Middle Persian [script needed] (OD /tā/, “until, so that”), from Old Persian 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 (y-a-t-a /yātā/), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HyátʰaH (“as, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós. Compare Sanskrit यथा (yathā).

inh

تا یادش میآید

تا مادرم آنجاست او باید برود.

As long as my mother is there, he should go.

تا تو نروی٬ مادرت نمیآید.
tâ to na-ravi, mâdar-at ne-mi-âyad.
Your mother will not come until you go.

literally, “As long as you do not go, your mother will not come.”

(usually in the initial clause) as long as, so long as, as far as

تا رسیدم دختر رفته بود.

By the time I arrived, the girl had left.

تا درسم را تمام کردم، کار خوبی پیدا کرده بودم.

By the time I finished my studies, I had found good job.

tâ dars-am râ tamâm kardam, kâr-e xubi peydâ karde budam.

(usually in the initial clause) by the time, when

تا من دیدمش، خانه را ترک کردم.

(in the initial clause, taking the main stress of the sentence) as soon as

مادرت نمیآید تا تو بروی.

رفتم تا او را ببینم.

الله الله قسم مسکین بعد من
 وا مگیریدش ز حرص خویشتن
 تا بماند بر شما کشت و ثمار
 در پناه طاعت حق پایدار.

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume 5, verse 1480—1481:

For God's sake, for God's sake, after I am gone, do not on account of your covetousness withhold the portion of the poor,
So that the crops and fruit may remain [as a] permanent [blessing bestowed] on you under the safeguard of your obedience to God.

allāh allāh qism-i miskīn ba'd-i man
 wā magīrīdaš z-i hirs-i xwēštan
 tā bimānad bar šumā kišt u simār
 dar panāh-i tā'at-i haqq pāydār.

(with subjunctive, in a subsequent clause) to; in order to; so that


ولی

From earlier ولیکن (walēkin), from Arabic وَلٰكِن (walākin) or a conjugation of و (wa) and لیکن (lēkin) from Arabic لٰكِن (lākin).


اما

head

امّا • (ammâ)


یا

→ Arabic:

Egyptian Arabic: يا (ya)

Gulf Arabic: يا ... يا (yā ... yā)

South Levantine Arabic: يا (ya)

→ Azerbaijani: ya

→ Bashkir: йә (yə)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: या (yā)

Urdu: یا (yā)

→ Phalura: yaá/یا

→ Kannada: ಯಾ (yā)

→ Ottoman Turkish: یا (ya)

Turkish: ya

→ Turkmen: ýa

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾywp /ayāb/), Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫀𐫁 (ʾyʾb /ayāb/). Cognate with Parthian 𐫀𐫃𐫀𐫖 (ʾgʾm /āgām/). Further etymology unclear; not found in Old Persian.

inh+

امروز یا فردا میروید؟ (more literary)
emruz yâ fardâ mi-ravid?

امرو یا فردا میرین؟ (more colloquial)

عزم دیدار تو دارد جانِ بر لب آمده
باز گردد یا برآید؟ چیست فرمان شما؟

c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 12”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Hafez]:

My soul, resolved to see you, has come to the edge;
Shall it go back, or come forth? Which do you command?

azm-i dîdâr-i tu dârad jân-i bar lab âmada
bâz gardad yâ bar-âyad? čî-st farmân-i šumâ?

یا امروز یا فردا


چون

From Middle Persian [script needed] (cygwn' /čiyōn/, “as, like, how, when”), from Proto-Iranian *či-gauna- (“shape, figure”), from *či- (“what”) + *gauna- (“color, type”). Synchronically analyzable as چه (če, “what”) + گون (gun, “color, type”).

af

چون هوا خیلی سرد بود نیامدند.

They did not come since it was very cold.

چون بزه خواهی کرد باری بزه بیمزه مکن ، شراب که خوری خوشتر خور و سماع که شنوی خوشتر شنو.

When you want to commit sin for a time, do not commit tasteless sin. When you drink wine, drink from the best! And when you listen to music, listen to the best!

čūn baza xwāhī kard bārē baza-yi bē-maza makun, šarāb ki xwarī xwaštar xwar u samā' ki šinawī xwaštar šinaw.

چونی؟

تو مپندار که مِهر از دلِ محزون نرود
آتشِ عشق به جان افتد و بیرون نرود
وین محبّت به صد افسانه و افسون نرود
چه گمان غلط است این، برود، چون نرود؟

c. 1580, Vahshī Bāfqī, “شرح پریشانی”, in گزیده اشعار [Selected Poems]:

Don't think that affection can't leave a forlorn heart,
That the fire of love falls on the soul and never leaves,
That this love won't leave after a hundred fables and empty spells:
What a mistake of a thought! [Love] leaves, how could it not?

tū ma-pindār ki mihr az dil-i mahzūn na-rawad
ātaš-i išq ba jān uftad u bērūn na-rawad
w-īn muhabbat ba sad afsāna u afsūn na-rawad
či gamān-i ğalat ast īn, bi-rawad, čūn na-rawad?


می

(dialectal, Shiraz, Kazerun, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) but

(dialectal, Shiraz, Khesht, Kazerun, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) unless


که

→ Azerbaijani: ki

→ Gujarati: કે (ke)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: कि (ki)

Urdu: کِہ (ki)

→ Marathi: की (kī)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كه (ki)
Turkish: ki
→ Armenian: քի (kʻi)
→ Laz: ქი (ki), ჭი (ç̌i) — Atina, ჩი (çi) — Artasheni

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਿ (ki)

Shahmukhi script: کِہ (kih)

Uzbek: ki

Merger of Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭪 (AYK /kū/, “that”, used for subordination to a main clause) with [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (MNW /kē/, “who, which”, used for relative clauses) and [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (AMT /ka/, “when; if, since”), all but the latter are ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís, *kʷós. Cognate with Northern Kurdish ku, Italian che, French que.

inh

شنیدم که با فرشته ازدواج کرد.

I heard that he got married to Fereshteh.

نمیدونستم که پسرشون پشتو بلده. (colloquial Iranian)

I didn't know that their son knows Pashto.

ne-mi-dunestam ke pesar-ešun pašto balad-e.

that; subordinates a clause to a main clause

آن کتابی را که به تو دادم هنوز میخوانی؟ (more literary)
ân ketâbi râ ke be to dâdam hanuz mi-xâni?

اون کتابی رو که بهت دادم هنوز میخونیش؟ (more colloquial)

Are you still reading the book that I gave you?

un ketâbi ro ke be-het dâdam hanuz mi-xuni-š?

آن زنی را که بهرنگ با او ازدواج میکند میشناسی؟ (more literary)
ân zani râ ke behrang bâ u ezdevâj mi-konad mi-šenâsi?

اون زنی رو که بهرنگ باهاش ازدواج میکنه میشناسیش؟ (more colloquial)

Do you know the woman to whom Behrang is getting married?

un zani ro ke behrang bâ-hâš ezdevâj mi-kone mi-šnâsi-š?

آن شهری که من در آن زندگی میکردم بزرگ است. (more literary)
ân šahri ke man dar ân zendegi mi-kardam bozorg ast.

اون شهری که من توش زندگی میکردم بزرگه. (more colloquial)

un šahri ke man tu-š zendegi mi-kardam bozorg-e.

that, which, when, where; attaches a relative clause to a noun phrase

بیرون رفته بود که ببیندم.

غذا که خوردم، بیرون رفتم.

من غذا میخوردم که شوهرم رسید.

او که برگشت!

Used after a topic to emphasize, or express surprise or indignation at, information pertaining to it.


ای

dialectal: most Southern dialects of Persian

If you tell him don't bother (more power to your elbow), he would say let me ride on your shoulder.

ای وهش گفتی نه خسته میگو بشی تا کولتاوم. Éy vaš gófti na xáste migú béši tâ kúlet-awom. (Proverb, Dashtestan)

روز مرگُم باشه ای یی رو بفَمَم که اَزُم سیر شده وُ دوسُم نداره.
Ruze margom baše ay yey ru befāmam ke azom sir šode o dusom nadâre. (Shiraz)


اگرچه

head

اگرچه • (agarče)

→ Central Kurdish: ئەگەرچی (egerçî)

→ Azerbaijani: əgərçi

→ Turkish: gerçi, eğerçi

→ Uzbek: garchi

→ Uyghur: گەرچە (gerche)

→ Urdu: اَگَرْچِہ (agarci)

[ʔǽ.ɡäɾ.t͡ʃʰɪ]

[ʔǽ.ɡäɾ.t͡ʃʰɪ]

[ʔǽ.ɡäɾ.t͡ʃʰɪ]

[ʔǽ.ɡäɾ.t͡ʃʰi]

[ʔǽ.ɡʲæɹ.t͡ʃʰe]

[ʔǽ.ɡäɾ.t͡ʃʰi]

اگرچه امروز هوا گرم است، اما ما غذای داغ خوردیم.

Although the weather is warm today, we ate hot food.

agarče emruz havâ garm ast, ammâ mâ ğazâ-ye dâğ xordim.

اگرچه قبلا شما را ندیده باشم، ولی اسمتان به من آشنا بود.

Although I hadn't seen you before, your name was familiar to me.

agarče qablan šomâ râ nadide bâšam, vali esmatân be man âšnâ bud.


لیکن

Dari: لیکِن (lēkin)

desc

Iranian Persian: لیکِن (liken) (uncommon)

Tajik: лекин (lekin)

→ Azerbaijani: lakin

→ Bengali: লেকিন (lekin)

→ Chagatai:

Uyghur: لېكىن (lëkin)

Uzbek: lekin

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: लेकिन (lekin)

Urdu: لیکِن (lekin)

→ Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: لێکن (lêkin)

Northern Kurdish: lêkin, lê

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਲੇਕਿਨ (lekin), ਲੇਕਨ (lekan)

Shahmukhi script: لیکن (lekin, lekan)

Borrowed from Arabic لٰكِنْ (lākin, “but”) (with the long vowel shifted by imāla). Compare Classical Persian ایمِنْ (ēmin) and بَلی (balē), from Arabic آمِنْ (ʔāmin) and بَلَى (balā).

bor+

عشق در عالم معنی ست نهالی شاداب
خوش نهالی ست و لیکن ثمرش جز غم نیست

c. 1911, Mohammad Hossein Âğuli Torki-ye Shirâzi, دیوان ترکی شیرازی:

The meaning of love in the world is a well-watered sapling;
It is a pretty sapling, but its fruit is naught but grief.

ešq dar âlam ma'ni-st nahâli šâdâb
xoš nahâli-st va likan samr-aš joz ğam nist


کجا

head

کُجا • (kojâ)

[kʰʊ.d͡ʒɑ́ː]

[kʰʊ.d͡ʒɑ́ː]

[kʰo.d͡ʒɒ́ː]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (AYK gywʾk' /kū gyāg/). By surface analysis, کو (ku, “where”) + جا (jâ, “place”).

surf

کجا یزدان امیدم را وفا کرد
بدین پیوند کامم را روا کرد

c. 1030, Fakhr al-Dīn Asʿad Gurgānī, ويس و رامين [Vīs u Rāmīn]:

Because God was loyal to my hope,
He permitted my desire through this bond.

kujā yazdān umēd-am rā wafā kard
bad-ĕn paywand kām-am rā rawā kard


پس

From Middle Persian 𐭯𐭮 (ps /pas/, “then, afterwards, behind”), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎿𐎠 (p-s-a /pasā/), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pasčáH, from Proto-Indo-European *pos-(sḱ)-kʷéh₁.


כה

בדאן כה אין כתאב בן המלך והנזיר אוֿלא בזבאן יונאני בודה אסת ותֿאני בלגֿת ערבי אנתקאל יאפֿתה.

1600s, Elisha ben Shmūel, translated by Dalia Yasharpour, The Prince and the Sufi: The Judeo-Persian Rendition of the Buddha Biographies, Brill, published November 9, 2020:

Know that this book, The Prince and the Ascetic, was first in Greek and secondly translated into the Arabic language.

bedân ke in ketâb-e ben ha-malak wa ha-nazer avvalan be zabân-e yunân bude ast o sâni be loğat-e arab enteqâl yâfte.


زیرا

head

زیرا • (zirâ)

→ Azerbaijani: zira

desc

→ Middle Armenian: զէրէ (zērē), զէրայ (zēray), զէրա (zēra)

Armenian: զերե (zere)

→ Ottoman Turkish: زیرا (zira)

Turkish: zira

→ Armenian: զիրա (zira)

From classical compound از (az, “of”) + ایرا (ērā, “because”).

چون که زیرا (colloquial)

equivalent to English “because I said so” (literally, “because because”)


لیک

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

گر چه تفسیر زبان روشنگر است / لیک عشق بیزبان روشنتر است

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 133:

Although the commentary of the tongue makes (all) clear, yet tongueless love is clearer.

gar-či tafsīr-i zabān rawšan-gar ast / lēk išq-i bē-zabān rawšan-tar ast

لیکن لیکن#Persian

(archaic, literary) alternative form of لیکن (“but, however, nevertheless”)


گر

Rumi, Divan-e Shams, http://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3/%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%82_%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF
گر جان عاشق دم زند، آتش در این عالم زند
gar jân-e 'âšeq dam zanad, âtaš dar in 'âlam zanad
If the soul of the lover remains silent, fire will consume this world (literally: strike this world).


برای اینکه

head

برای اینکه • (barâye inke)

برای خواهرم چندتا کتاب خریدم برای اینکه میدونم از خوندن خوشش میآد.

I bought some books for my sister because I know she likes reading.

Barâye xâharam čand-tâ ketâb xaridam barâye inke mi-dunam az xundan xošeš mi-âd.


آنگاه

آنگاه • (ângâh)


ایرا

ایرا • (irâ)

From Middle Persian ʾyd rʾy (ēd rāy, “on account of this, because”), the latter a lexicalization of the locative singular of Proto-Iranian *rād-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HraHdʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange, accomplish”).

der

(obsolete) herefore, for this reason, because


برای این‌که

برای اینکه (canonical)
barâye in-ke (romanization)


انگار

head

انگار • (engâr)

طوری با من حرف میزد انگار من ایرانیام.

He was speaking to me as if I were Iranian.

towri bâ man harf mi-zad engâr man irâni-am.

انگار این و نمیدونستی. (colloquial)

(somewhat colloquial) it’s as if; it’s like; it seems like


بلکه

→ Armenian: բալքի (balkʻi)

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: بلكه (bälki)

Azerbaijani: bəlkə (“maybe, perhaps”)

Khalaj: bəlki (“maybe, perhaps”)

desc

Ottoman Turkish: بلكه (“certainly, beyond any doubt; even; perhaps”)

Turkish: belki (“maybe, perhaps”)

→ Crimean Tatar: belki (“maybe, perhaps”)

→ Hijazi Arabic: بلكن (balkin, “maybe, perhaps”), بلكي (balki) (archaic)

→ South Levantine Arabic: بلكي (balki, “perhaps”), بلكن (balken), بركي (barki)

→ Libyan Arabic: بلكي (balki, “perhaps”)

→ Cypriot Arabic: perki (“maybe, perhaps”)

→ Laz: ბექითა (bekita), ბეჩი (beçi) — Atina, ბექი (beki) — Arkabi, ბელქი (belki) — Batumi

→ Macedonian: белки (belki, “perhaps, possibly”), белким (belkim, “perhaps, possibly”)

→ Zazaki: belki (“maybe, perhaps”)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बल्कि (balki)

Urdu: بلکہ (balki, “but”)

→ Chagatai:

Uyghur: بەلكى (belki, “maybe, perhaps”)

Uzbek: balki (“maybe, perhaps”)

→ Bashkir: бәлки (bəlki, “maybe, perhaps”)

→ Kazakh: бәлки (bälki), бәлкім (bälkım, “maybe, perhaps”)

→ Kyrgyz: балки (balki), балким (balkim, “maybe, perhaps”)

From Arabic بَلْ (bal, “but”) + که (ke, “that”).

af

نه تنها آسانسور هتلتان خراب بود، بلکه ما از پلّکانتان هم نتوانستیم استفاده کنیم!

Not only was the elevator of your hotel out of order, but we also couldn't use the stairs!

na tanhâ âsânsor-e hoteletân xarâb bud, balke mâ az pellekânetân ham na tavânestim estefâde konim!

من با مدیر حرف نزدم، بلکه با کارمندی که در آنجا بود حرف زدم.

I didn't talk to the manager, but (rather) to the employee who was there.

man bâ modir harf na zadam, balke bâ kârmandi ke dar ânjâ bud harf zadam.


خب

Variation of خوب (xub, “good, well, so”), from Middle Persian 𐭧𐭥𐭡 (xūb), from Old Persian [script needed] (*ʰuvāpa), from Proto-Iranian *HhuHā́pah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HsuHápas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (“good”) + *h₃épos (“work”). Compare Sogdian [script needed] (xwp).


گرچه

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گرچه • (garče)

[ɡʲæɹ.t͡ʃʰe]

اگرچه اگرچه#Persian


با این که

با این که • (bâ in-ke)

[bɑː ʔiːn kʰɪ]

[bɑː ʔiːn kʰɪ]

[bɑː ʔiːn kʰɪ]

From با (bâ, “with”) + این (in, “this”) + که (ke, “that”).


گویی

علف در زیر پاهاشان نرم و کوتاه بود، گویی که آن را چیده یا کوتاه کرده بودند.

The grass under their feet was smooth and short, as if it had been mown or shaven.

Alaf dar zir-e pâhâšân narm va kutâh bud, guyi ké ân râ chideh yâ kutâh karde budand.


لذا

head

لذا • (lezâ)

Borrowed from Arabic لِذَا (liḏā), short for لِذٰلِكَ (liḏālika).


مبادا

مبادا • (mabâdâ)

[ˈma bɑː.ðɑː]

The archaic negative optative of بودن (budan).

بمیرند و برون ندهند مشتاقان دم حسرت
کله ناگه مبادا کج شود آن سرو بالا را

c. 1320, Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī, “Ghazal 3”, in دیوانِ امیرخسرو دهلوی [Divan of Amīr Khusraw]:

They shall die, but the lovers do not let out even a sigh of regret,
Lest the hat suddenly become crooked on that [beloved like a] lofty cypress [due to the wind of their sighs].

bimīrand u birōn na-dahand muštāqān dam-i hasrat
kulah nāgah mabādā kaj šawad ān sarw-i bālā rā


آخه

→ Azerbaijani: axı

Alternative form of آخر (âxar, “another, different”). Compare Northern Kurdish axir (“after all”).


چنانچه

چنانچه • (čonânče or čenânče)

čonânče (romanization)
čenânče (romanization)

[t͡ʃʰʊ.nɑːn.t͡ʃʰɪ́]

[t͡ʃʰʊ.nɑːn.t͡ʃʰɪ́]

[t͡ʃʰʊ.nɑːn.t͡ʃʰɪ́]

[t͡ʃʰu.nɔːn.t͡ʃʰí]

[t͡ʃʰe.nɒːn.t͡ʃʰé]

[t͡ʃʰo.nɒːn.t͡ʃʰé]

af

چنان (čenân) + چه (če)

چنانچه گفته شد

چنانکه چنانکه#Persian

(proscribed) just as, as, in the same way that; alternative form of چنانکه (čenânke)


در صورتی که

[d̪äɾ suː.ɾǽ.t̪ʰeː kʰɪ]

[d̪äɾ suː.ɾǽ.t̪ʰeː kʰɪ]

[d̪äɾ suː.ɾǽ.t̪ʰeː kʰɪ]

[d̪æɹ suː.ɹǽ.t̪ʰiː kʰʲe]

if, in the case that; introduces a hypothetical.

whereas; introduces an opposition or juxtaposition.