See ـویه in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "ويه",
"alt": "ـويه",
"tr": "-ūya, -awayh"
},
"expansion": "Arabic: ـويه (-ūya, -awayh)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Arabic: ـويه (-ūya, -awayh)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "pal",
"3": "*-ōē",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "Latn",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian *-ōē",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "pal",
"3": "*-ōē",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle Persian *-ōē",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "-o"
},
"expansion": "Northern Kurdish -o",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle Persian *-ōē; see there for further information. Akin to Northern Kurdish -o.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ôê",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "-ûya",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "-ûye",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ـوی",
"roman": "-ôy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ـوئیه",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ـو",
"roman": "-ô, -û",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"dialectal"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "suffix",
"tr": "-ôê, -ûya, -ûye"
},
"expansion": "ـویه • (-ôê, -ûya, -ûye)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Persian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "aštâzuya, aštâzôê",
"word": "اشتاذویه"
},
{
"roman": "ošnuya, ošnnaviye",
"word": "اشنویه"
},
{
"roman": "bâbuya, bâbôê",
"word": "بابویه"
},
{
"roman": "bâluya",
"word": "بالویه"
},
{
"roman": "babruya",
"word": "ببرویه"
},
{
"roman": "bahruya",
"word": "بحرویه"
},
{
"roman": "baxtuya",
"word": "بختویه"
},
{
"roman": "borzuya, borzôê",
"word": "برزویه"
},
{
"roman": "bošruya",
"word": "بشرویه"
},
{
"roman": "battuya",
"word": "بطویه"
},
{
"roman": "benduya, bendôê, bendavayh",
"word": "بندویه"
},
{
"roman": "bakruya",
"word": "بکرویه"
},
{
"roman": "bihuya",
"word": "بیهویه"
},
{
"roman": "tiruya, tirôê",
"word": "تیرویه"
},
{
"roman": "jâduya",
"word": "جادویه"
},
{
"roman": "jâzuya, jâzôê",
"word": "جاذویه"
},
{
"roman": "jabruya",
"word": "جبرویه"
},
{
"roman": "jabuya",
"word": "جبویه"
},
{
"roman": "ja'duya",
"word": "جعدویه"
},
{
"roman": "ja'faruya",
"word": "جعفرویه"
},
{
"roman": "jahruya",
"word": "جهرویه"
},
{
"roman": "javânuya",
"word": "جوانویه"
},
{
"roman": "juruya",
"word": "جورویه"
},
{
"roman": "jiluya",
"word": "جیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "harbuya",
"word": "حربویه"
},
{
"roman": "hasanuya",
"word": "حسنویه"
},
{
"roman": "hasanakuya",
"word": "حسنکویه"
},
{
"roman": "haskuya",
"word": "حسکویه"
},
{
"roman": "hafasuya",
"word": "حفصویه"
},
{
"roman": "hamduya",
"word": "حمدویه"
},
{
"roman": "hamakuya",
"word": "حمکویه"
},
{
"roman": "xâluya",
"word": "خالویه"
},
{
"roman": "xarâsuya",
"word": "خراسویه"
},
{
"roman": "xezruya",
"word": "خضرویه"
},
{
"roman": "xomâruya, xomâravayh",
"word": "خمارویه"
},
{
"roman": "xamiruya",
"word": "خمیرویه"
},
{
"roman": "dâduya, dâdôê",
"word": "دادویه"
},
{
"roman": "dâzûya",
"word": "داذبویه"
},
{
"roman": "dânuya",
"word": "دانویه"
},
{
"roman": "dorostuya",
"word": "درستویه"
},
{
"roman": "daramuya",
"word": "درمویه"
},
{
"roman": "dastanbuya",
"word": "دستنبویه"
},
{
"roman": "duzdûya",
"word": "دغدویه"
},
{
"roman": "deluya, dalluya",
"word": "دلویه"
},
{
"roman": "dahuya",
"word": "دهویه"
},
{
"roman": "diluya",
"word": "دیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "dikuya",
"word": "دیکویه"
},
{
"roman": "zakaruya",
"word": "ذکرویه"
},
{
"roman": "râsuya",
"word": "راسویه"
},
{
"roman": "râhuya",
"word": "راهویه"
},
{
"roman": "rahmuya",
"word": "رحمویه"
},
{
"roman": "rezquya",
"word": "رزقویه"
},
{
"roman": "rastuya",
"word": "رستویه"
},
{
"roman": "ranbuya",
"word": "رنبویه"
},
{
"roman": "rôzuya",
"word": "روزویه"
},
{
"roman": "zâduya",
"word": "زادویه"
},
{
"roman": "zâzuya",
"word": "زاذویه"
},
{
"roman": "zahmuya",
"word": "زحمویه"
},
{
"roman": "zanbiluya",
"word": "زنبیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "zanjuya",
"word": "زنجویه"
},
{
"roman": "zanguya",
"word": "زنگویه"
},
{
"roman": "zakaruya",
"word": "زکرویه"
},
{
"roman": "zayduya",
"word": "زیدویه"
},
{
"roman": "sâruya",
"word": "سارویه"
},
{
"roman": "sâsuya",
"word": "ساسویه"
},
{
"roman": "sahtuya",
"word": "سحتویه"
},
{
"roman": "saxtuya",
"word": "سختویه"
},
{
"roman": "saruya",
"word": "سرویه"
},
{
"roman": "sesuya",
"word": "سسویه"
},
{
"roman": "sa'duya",
"word": "سعدویه"
},
{
"roman": "salmuya",
"word": "سلمویه"
},
{
"roman": "samuya",
"word": "سمویه"
},
{
"roman": "sahluya",
"word": "سهلویه"
},
{
"roman": "sakuya",
"word": "سکویه"
},
{
"roman": "sibuya, sêbôê, sibavayh",
"word": "سیبویه"
},
{
"word": "سیبوی"
},
{
"roman": "šâdeluya",
"word": "شادلویه"
},
{
"roman": "šâzuya",
"word": "شاذویه"
},
{
"roman": "šâhuya",
"word": "شاهویه"
},
{
"roman": "šabuya",
"word": "شبویه"
},
{
"roman": "šašuya",
"word": "ششویه"
},
{
"roman": "ša'buya",
"word": "شعبویه"
},
{
"roman": "šanbuya, šanbavayh",
"word": "شنبویه"
},
{
"roman": "šahruya",
"word": "شهرویه"
},
{
"roman": "šêruya",
"word": "شیرویه"
},
{
"roman": "tiššavayhûya",
"word": "طشویه"
},
{
"roman": "'abbâsuya, 'abbâsavayh",
"word": "عباسویه"
},
{
"roman": "'abduya",
"word": "عبدویه"
},
{
"roman": "'ajeluya",
"word": "عجلویه"
},
{
"roman": "'asaluya",
"word": "عسلویه"
},
{
"roman": "'asmuya",
"word": "عصمویه"
},
{
"roman": "'aluya",
"word": "علویه"
},
{
"roman": "'amruya",
"word": "عمرویه"
},
{
"roman": "'ammuya",
"word": "عمویه"
},
{
"roman": "'anuya",
"word": "عنویه"
},
{
"roman": "'ayšuya",
"word": "عیشویه"
},
{
"roman": "'aynuya",
"word": "عینویه"
},
{
"roman": "fâduya",
"word": "فادویه"
},
{
"roman": "fâzuya",
"word": "فاذویه"
},
{
"roman": "faduya",
"word": "فدویه"
},
{
"roman": "fasuya",
"word": "فسویه"
},
{
"roman": "fašâûya",
"word": "فشابویه"
},
{
"roman": "fahruya",
"word": "فهرویه"
},
{
"roman": "furuya",
"word": "فورویه"
},
{
"roman": "qar'uya",
"word": "قرعویه"
},
{
"roman": "qomâšuya",
"word": "قماشویه"
},
{
"roman": "quluya",
"word": "قولویه"
},
{
"roman": "laysuya",
"word": "لیثویه"
},
{
"roman": "mâjiluya",
"word": "ماجیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "mâsarjuya, mâsirjuvayh",
"word": "ماسرجویه"
},
{
"roman": "mâmuya",
"word": "مامویه"
},
{
"roman": "mânduya",
"word": "ماندویه"
},
{
"roman": "mâhuya",
"word": "ماهویه"
},
{
"roman": "matuya",
"word": "متویه"
},
{
"roman": "mahmuya",
"word": "محمویه"
},
{
"roman": "marduya",
"word": "مردویه"
},
{
"roman": "marzuya",
"word": "مرزویه"
},
{
"roman": "maskuya",
"word": "مسکویه"
},
{
"roman": "maškuya",
"word": "مشکویه"
},
{
"roman": "mamuya",
"word": "ممویه"
},
{
"roman": "manduya",
"word": "مندویه"
},
{
"roman": "manuya",
"word": "منویه"
},
{
"roman": "mehruya",
"word": "مهرویه"
},
{
"roman": "nâhuya",
"word": "ناهویه"
},
{
"roman": "nasruya",
"word": "نصرویه"
},
{
"roman": "naftuya",
"word": "نفطویه"
},
{
"roman": "vijuya",
"word": "ویجویه"
},
{
"roman": "kâčûya",
"word": "کاجویه"
},
{
"roman": "kâkuya",
"word": "کاکویه"
},
{
"roman": "karbuya",
"word": "کربویه"
},
{
"roman": "karxuya",
"word": "کرخویه"
},
{
"roman": "korduya",
"word": "کردویه"
},
{
"roman": "karkuya",
"word": "کرکویه"
},
{
"roman": "kohkiluya",
"word": "کهکیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "kusuya",
"word": "کوسویه"
},
{
"roman": "kiluya",
"word": "کیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "gabruya",
"word": "گبرویه"
},
{
"roman": "yazduya",
"word": "یزدویه"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms diminutive or affectionate form of nouns; transliterated as -ūya, -ūyah, -uya, -uyah, -ōē (Classical Persian), -uye, -uyeh (Iranian Persian), -awayh, -awaih, -uwayh (Arabized)"
],
"id": "en-ـویه-fa-suffix-n0IVIEH6",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
],
[
"affectionate",
"affectionate#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/uːje/",
"tags": [
"Iran"
]
}
],
"word": "ـویه"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"roman": "aštâzuya, aštâzôê",
"word": "اشتاذویه"
},
{
"roman": "ošnuya, ošnnaviye",
"word": "اشنویه"
},
{
"roman": "bâbuya, bâbôê",
"word": "بابویه"
},
{
"roman": "bâluya",
"word": "بالویه"
},
{
"roman": "babruya",
"word": "ببرویه"
},
{
"roman": "bahruya",
"word": "بحرویه"
},
{
"roman": "baxtuya",
"word": "بختویه"
},
{
"roman": "borzuya, borzôê",
"word": "برزویه"
},
{
"roman": "bošruya",
"word": "بشرویه"
},
{
"roman": "battuya",
"word": "بطویه"
},
{
"roman": "benduya, bendôê, bendavayh",
"word": "بندویه"
},
{
"roman": "bakruya",
"word": "بکرویه"
},
{
"roman": "bihuya",
"word": "بیهویه"
},
{
"roman": "tiruya, tirôê",
"word": "تیرویه"
},
{
"roman": "jâduya",
"word": "جادویه"
},
{
"roman": "jâzuya, jâzôê",
"word": "جاذویه"
},
{
"roman": "jabruya",
"word": "جبرویه"
},
{
"roman": "jabuya",
"word": "جبویه"
},
{
"roman": "ja'duya",
"word": "جعدویه"
},
{
"roman": "ja'faruya",
"word": "جعفرویه"
},
{
"roman": "jahruya",
"word": "جهرویه"
},
{
"roman": "javânuya",
"word": "جوانویه"
},
{
"roman": "juruya",
"word": "جورویه"
},
{
"roman": "jiluya",
"word": "جیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "harbuya",
"word": "حربویه"
},
{
"roman": "hasanuya",
"word": "حسنویه"
},
{
"roman": "hasanakuya",
"word": "حسنکویه"
},
{
"roman": "haskuya",
"word": "حسکویه"
},
{
"roman": "hafasuya",
"word": "حفصویه"
},
{
"roman": "hamduya",
"word": "حمدویه"
},
{
"roman": "hamakuya",
"word": "حمکویه"
},
{
"roman": "xâluya",
"word": "خالویه"
},
{
"roman": "xarâsuya",
"word": "خراسویه"
},
{
"roman": "xezruya",
"word": "خضرویه"
},
{
"roman": "xomâruya, xomâravayh",
"word": "خمارویه"
},
{
"roman": "xamiruya",
"word": "خمیرویه"
},
{
"roman": "dâduya, dâdôê",
"word": "دادویه"
},
{
"roman": "dâzûya",
"word": "داذبویه"
},
{
"roman": "dânuya",
"word": "دانویه"
},
{
"roman": "dorostuya",
"word": "درستویه"
},
{
"roman": "daramuya",
"word": "درمویه"
},
{
"roman": "dastanbuya",
"word": "دستنبویه"
},
{
"roman": "duzdûya",
"word": "دغدویه"
},
{
"roman": "deluya, dalluya",
"word": "دلویه"
},
{
"roman": "dahuya",
"word": "دهویه"
},
{
"roman": "diluya",
"word": "دیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "dikuya",
"word": "دیکویه"
},
{
"roman": "zakaruya",
"word": "ذکرویه"
},
{
"roman": "râsuya",
"word": "راسویه"
},
{
"roman": "râhuya",
"word": "راهویه"
},
{
"roman": "rahmuya",
"word": "رحمویه"
},
{
"roman": "rezquya",
"word": "رزقویه"
},
{
"roman": "rastuya",
"word": "رستویه"
},
{
"roman": "ranbuya",
"word": "رنبویه"
},
{
"roman": "rôzuya",
"word": "روزویه"
},
{
"roman": "zâduya",
"word": "زادویه"
},
{
"roman": "zâzuya",
"word": "زاذویه"
},
{
"roman": "zahmuya",
"word": "زحمویه"
},
{
"roman": "zanbiluya",
"word": "زنبیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "zanjuya",
"word": "زنجویه"
},
{
"roman": "zanguya",
"word": "زنگویه"
},
{
"roman": "zakaruya",
"word": "زکرویه"
},
{
"roman": "zayduya",
"word": "زیدویه"
},
{
"roman": "sâruya",
"word": "سارویه"
},
{
"roman": "sâsuya",
"word": "ساسویه"
},
{
"roman": "sahtuya",
"word": "سحتویه"
},
{
"roman": "saxtuya",
"word": "سختویه"
},
{
"roman": "saruya",
"word": "سرویه"
},
{
"roman": "sesuya",
"word": "سسویه"
},
{
"roman": "sa'duya",
"word": "سعدویه"
},
{
"roman": "salmuya",
"word": "سلمویه"
},
{
"roman": "samuya",
"word": "سمویه"
},
{
"roman": "sahluya",
"word": "سهلویه"
},
{
"roman": "sakuya",
"word": "سکویه"
},
{
"roman": "sibuya, sêbôê, sibavayh",
"word": "سیبویه"
},
{
"word": "سیبوی"
},
{
"roman": "šâdeluya",
"word": "شادلویه"
},
{
"roman": "šâzuya",
"word": "شاذویه"
},
{
"roman": "šâhuya",
"word": "شاهویه"
},
{
"roman": "šabuya",
"word": "شبویه"
},
{
"roman": "šašuya",
"word": "ششویه"
},
{
"roman": "ša'buya",
"word": "شعبویه"
},
{
"roman": "šanbuya, šanbavayh",
"word": "شنبویه"
},
{
"roman": "šahruya",
"word": "شهرویه"
},
{
"roman": "šêruya",
"word": "شیرویه"
},
{
"roman": "tiššavayhûya",
"word": "طشویه"
},
{
"roman": "'abbâsuya, 'abbâsavayh",
"word": "عباسویه"
},
{
"roman": "'abduya",
"word": "عبدویه"
},
{
"roman": "'ajeluya",
"word": "عجلویه"
},
{
"roman": "'asaluya",
"word": "عسلویه"
},
{
"roman": "'asmuya",
"word": "عصمویه"
},
{
"roman": "'aluya",
"word": "علویه"
},
{
"roman": "'amruya",
"word": "عمرویه"
},
{
"roman": "'ammuya",
"word": "عمویه"
},
{
"roman": "'anuya",
"word": "عنویه"
},
{
"roman": "'ayšuya",
"word": "عیشویه"
},
{
"roman": "'aynuya",
"word": "عینویه"
},
{
"roman": "fâduya",
"word": "فادویه"
},
{
"roman": "fâzuya",
"word": "فاذویه"
},
{
"roman": "faduya",
"word": "فدویه"
},
{
"roman": "fasuya",
"word": "فسویه"
},
{
"roman": "fašâûya",
"word": "فشابویه"
},
{
"roman": "fahruya",
"word": "فهرویه"
},
{
"roman": "furuya",
"word": "فورویه"
},
{
"roman": "qar'uya",
"word": "قرعویه"
},
{
"roman": "qomâšuya",
"word": "قماشویه"
},
{
"roman": "quluya",
"word": "قولویه"
},
{
"roman": "laysuya",
"word": "لیثویه"
},
{
"roman": "mâjiluya",
"word": "ماجیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "mâsarjuya, mâsirjuvayh",
"word": "ماسرجویه"
},
{
"roman": "mâmuya",
"word": "مامویه"
},
{
"roman": "mânduya",
"word": "ماندویه"
},
{
"roman": "mâhuya",
"word": "ماهویه"
},
{
"roman": "matuya",
"word": "متویه"
},
{
"roman": "mahmuya",
"word": "محمویه"
},
{
"roman": "marduya",
"word": "مردویه"
},
{
"roman": "marzuya",
"word": "مرزویه"
},
{
"roman": "maskuya",
"word": "مسکویه"
},
{
"roman": "maškuya",
"word": "مشکویه"
},
{
"roman": "mamuya",
"word": "ممویه"
},
{
"roman": "manduya",
"word": "مندویه"
},
{
"roman": "manuya",
"word": "منویه"
},
{
"roman": "mehruya",
"word": "مهرویه"
},
{
"roman": "nâhuya",
"word": "ناهویه"
},
{
"roman": "nasruya",
"word": "نصرویه"
},
{
"roman": "naftuya",
"word": "نفطویه"
},
{
"roman": "vijuya",
"word": "ویجویه"
},
{
"roman": "kâčûya",
"word": "کاجویه"
},
{
"roman": "kâkuya",
"word": "کاکویه"
},
{
"roman": "karbuya",
"word": "کربویه"
},
{
"roman": "karxuya",
"word": "کرخویه"
},
{
"roman": "korduya",
"word": "کردویه"
},
{
"roman": "karkuya",
"word": "کرکویه"
},
{
"roman": "kohkiluya",
"word": "کهکیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "kusuya",
"word": "کوسویه"
},
{
"roman": "kiluya",
"word": "کیلویه"
},
{
"roman": "gabruya",
"word": "گبرویه"
},
{
"roman": "yazduya",
"word": "یزدویه"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "ويه",
"alt": "ـويه",
"tr": "-ūya, -awayh"
},
"expansion": "Arabic: ـويه (-ūya, -awayh)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Arabic: ـويه (-ūya, -awayh)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "pal",
"3": "*-ōē",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "Latn",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian *-ōē",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "pal",
"3": "*-ōē",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle Persian *-ōē",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "-o"
},
"expansion": "Northern Kurdish -o",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle Persian *-ōē; see there for further information. Akin to Northern Kurdish -o.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ôê",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "-ûya",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "-ûye",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ـوی",
"roman": "-ôy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ـوئیه",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ـو",
"roman": "-ô, -û",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"dialectal"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "suffix",
"tr": "-ôê, -ûya, -ûye"
},
"expansion": "ـویه • (-ôê, -ûya, -ûye)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Persian entries with incorrect language header",
"Persian lemmas",
"Persian suffixes",
"Persian terms derived from Middle Persian",
"Persian terms inherited from Middle Persian"
],
"glosses": [
"forms diminutive or affectionate form of nouns; transliterated as -ūya, -ūyah, -uya, -uyah, -ōē (Classical Persian), -uye, -uyeh (Iranian Persian), -awayh, -awaih, -uwayh (Arabized)"
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
],
[
"affectionate",
"affectionate#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/uːje/",
"tags": [
"Iran"
]
}
],
"word": "ـویه"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ـویه meaning in Persian (8.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Persian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-20 using wiktextract (3dadd05 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.