או

נכרדה או וֿפֿא בא אהל דווראן
שכסתה צד הזאראן עהד ופיימאן

1600s, Elisha ben Shmūel, translated by Dalia Yasharpour, The Prince and the Sufi: The Judeo-Persian Rendition of the Buddha Biographies, Brill, published November 9, 2020:

She has never been faithful to people of the world,
Breaking countless promises and pacts.

na-karde u vafâ bâ ahl-e dowrân
šekaste sad hezârân ahd o peymân


מן

צֿנאן גשתה וֿגִודש פיש מן כֿאר
כה פנדארם כם אז כלבסת צד באר

His existence for me has become so base
That I view him infinitely lower than a dog.

čenin gašte vojud-aš piš-e man xâr
ke pendâram kam az kalb ast sad bâr


خلیفه

head

خلیفه • (xalife) (plural خلفا (xolafâ) or خلیفهها (xalife-hâ))

xalife (romanization)
خلفا (plural)
خلیفهها (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ख़लीफ़ा (xalīfā)

desctree

Urdu: خلیفہ (xalīfa)
→ Telugu: ఖలీఫా (khalīphā)

→ Punjabi:

Shahmukhi script: خَلِیفَہ (xalīfa)

Gurmukhi script: ਖ਼ਲੀਫ਼ਾ (xalīfā)

→ Sindhi: خليفو (xalīfo)


خدا حافظ

head

خدا حافظ • (xodâ hâfez)

[xʊ.d̪ɑ́ː hɑː.fɪ́z]

[xʊ.d̪ɑ́ː hɑː.fɪ́z]

[xʊ.d̪ɑ́ː ʔɑː.fɪ́z]

خداحافظ خداحافظ#Persian


کوچک

fa-adj

کوچک • (kuček) (comparative کوچکتَر (kuček-tar), superlative کوچکتَرین (kuček-tarin))

kuček (romanization)
کوچکتَر (comparative)
کوچکتَرین (superlative)
کوچکم (first-person predicative singular)
kučekam (first-person predicative singular)
کوچکیم (first-person plural predicative)
kučekim (first-person plural predicative)
کوچکی (predicative second-person singular)
kučeki (predicative second-person singular)
کوچکید (plural predicative second-person)
kučekid (plural predicative second-person)
کوچکین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
kučekin (plural predicative second-person)
کوچک است (predicative singular third-person)
kuček ast (predicative singular third-person)
کوچکه (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
kučeke (predicative singular third-person)
کوچکند (plural predicative third-person)
kučekand (plural predicative third-person)
کوچکن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
kučekan (plural predicative third-person)

→ Middle Armenian: Քուչակ (Kʻučʻak)

[kʰʊː.t͡ʃʰǽk]

[kʰuː.t͡ʃʰékʲ]

[kʰuː.t͡ʃʰékʲ]

[kʰuː.t͡ʃʰíːkʲ]

[kʰɵ.t͡ʃʰǽk]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwck' /kūčak/, “small”), from Proto-Iranian *kaw-ča-ka, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kaw- ~ *ku- (“young, small”). Cognate with Mazanderani پچوک (pečok, “small”), Middle Persian [script needed] (kwc /kūč/, “small”), [script needed] (kwk' /kūk/, “small, short”), Persian کودک (kudak, “child”), کوتاه (kutâh, “short”); see کودک (kudak) for more.

cog

برادر من کوچکتر و خواهرم بزرگتر است.

My brother is younger and my sister is older.

barâdar-e man kuček-tar o xâharam bozorg-tar ast.


ازدحام

head

ازدحام • (ezdehâm)

fa-noun

ازدحام • (ezdehâm)

[ʔɪz.d̪e̞.ɦɑ́ːm]

[ʔɪz.d̪e̞.ɦɑ́ːm]

Borrowed from Arabic اِزْدِحَام (izdiḥām).


سپوختن

head

سپوختن • (sepuxtan) (present stem سپوز (sepuz))

sepuxtan (romanization)
سپوز (present stem)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (spwhtn', spwc- /spōxtan, spōz-/, “to thrust; to overstep, disobey; to delay, reject”). Compare Old Armenian սպուժեմ (spužem), an Iranian borrowing.

inh

8th Century CE, Abu'l-Abbas Marwazi
تخم محنت بپاش در گلشان
خنجر کین سپوز در دلشان
toxm-e mehnat bepâš dar gelešân
xanjar-e kin sepuz dar delešân
Sow their lives with seeds of misery!

Penetrate the dagger of grudge in their hearts!

(archaic) to thrust, poke, press, penetrate

1920s, Iraj Mirza, Arefnameh
چو باشد مُلک ایران محشر خر
خر نر میسپوزد بر خر نر
čo bâšad molk-e irân mahšar-e xar / xar-e nar mi-sepuzad bar xar-e nar

As long as Iran is the dominion of donkeys (metaphor: pederasts) / the male donkey sodomizes the male donkey!


پناه

head

پناه • (panâh)

fa-noun

پناه • (panâh)

→ Azerbaijani: pənah

→ Bengali: পনা (pona), পানা (pana)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪਨਾਹ (panāh)

Shahmukhi script: پناه (panāh)

From Middle Persian 𐭯𐭭𐭠𐭧 (panāh, “protector; refuge”).


شخص

head

شخص • (šaxs) (plural اشخاص (ašxâs) or شخصها (šaxs-hâ) or شخصان (šaxsân))

šaxs (romanization)
اشخاص (plural)
شخصها (plural)
شخصان (plural)


غول

Alternative form of آغل (âğol) penfold, caverns for cattle


گلابی

گلابی • (golâbi) (plural گلابیها (golâbi-hâ))

desc

→ Kermanic: golābī, golōwī, gülüvī, golōvī

→ Swahili: gulabi

→ Talysh: گلابی (golâbi), گلاوی (golâvi)

Unknown; possibly cognate with Pashto وېروه (werwa, “pear”), perhaps from Proto-Iranian *wr̥bíš, ultimately of origin.

fa:صورتی fa:گلابی


گلابی

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गुलाबी (gulābī)

Urdu: گلابی

→ Kannada: ಗುಲಾಬಿ (gulābi)

→ Marathi: गुलाबी (gulābī)

→ Nepali: गुलाबी (gulābī)

→ Pashto: ګلابي

[ɡʊ.lɑː.bíː]

[ɡʊ.lɑː.bíː]

[ɡʊ.lɑː.bíː]

Etymology tree
Proto-Iranian *wardah
Old Persian *vr̥dah
Middle Persian gwl
Classical Persian گُل (gul)
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps
Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš
Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a)
Middle Persian ʾp̄
Classical Persian آب (āb)
Classical Persian گُلَاب (gulāb)
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas
Old Persian -𐎡𐎣 (-i-k)
Classical Persian ـِی (-ī)
Persian گلابی
گلاب (gulāb, “rosewater”) + ـی (-ī, “adjective forming suffix”), in reference to the pink color of rosewater.

etymon

fa:صورتی fa:گلابی


דין

המישה פיירוו תורה ודין באש
דגר הם צחבת אהל יקין באש

Always pursue the Torah and religion;
Converse with those who know the Truth.

hamiše peyrow-e torâ o din bâš
degar ham sohbat-e ahl-e yaqin bâš


حفظ

preservation; maintenance; conservation; upholding


مشتری

head

مشتری • (moštari) (plural مشتریها (moštari-hâ) or مشتریان (moštariyân))

moštari (romanization)
مشتریها (plural)
مشتریان (plural)

Borrowed from Arabic مُشْتَرٍ (muštarin).

bor+

[mʊʃ.t̪ʰä.ɾíː]

[mʊʃ.t̪ʰä.ɾíː]

[mʊʃ.t̪ʰä.ɾíː]

[moʃ.t̪ʰæ.ɹíː]


مشتری

fa:مشتری (سیاره)

Borrowed from Arabic الْمُشْتَرِي (al-muštarī).

الْمُشْتَرِي

[mʊʃ.t̪ʰä.ɾíː]

[mʊʃ.t̪ʰä.ɾíː]

[mʊʃ.t̪ʰä.ɾíː]

[moʃ.t̪ʰæ.ɹíː]


جنگل

head

جَنْگَل • (jangal) (plural جنگلها (jangal-hâ))

جَنْگَل (canonical)
jangal (romanization)
جنگلها (plural)

→ Azerbaijani: cəngəl

→ Armenian: ժանգալ (žangal) (probably)

→ Ottoman Turkish: جنگل (cengel)

Turkish: cengel

→ Bulgarian: ге́нгер (génger)

→ Kyrgyz: жаңгел (jaŋgel)

[d͡ʒäŋ.ɡǽl̥]

[d͡ʒæŋ.ɡʲǽl̥]

Borrowed from Hindi जंगल (jaṅgal)/Urdu, from Sanskrit जङ्गल (jaṅgala, “arid, sterile, desert”).


زمین

head

زَمین • (zamin) (plural زمینها (zamin-hâ))

زَمین (canonical)
zamin (romanization)
زمینها (plural)

From earlier زمی (zamī), from Middle Persian zmyk' (zamīg, “earth”), from Proto-Iranian *jáHs, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰžʰáHs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm.
Indo-Iranian cognates include: Northern Kurdish zevî, Northern Luri زمی (zemi), Avestan 𐬰𐬃 (zā̊), Sanskrit क्ष (kṣa)


زمین

→ Azerbaijani: zəmin

→ Baluchi: زمین (zamīn)

desc

→ Bengali: জমিন (jomin), জমিঁ (jomĩ), জমি (jomi)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ज़मीन (zamīn)

Urdu: زمین (zamīn)

→ Northern Kurdish: zemîn

→ Odia: ଜମିନ୍ (jamin), ଜମି (jami)

→ Ottoman Turkish: زمین (zemin)

> Turkish: zemin (inherited)

→ Punjabi:

ਜ਼ਿਮੀਂ (zimī̃)

Gurmukhi script: ਜ਼ਮੀਨ (zamīn), ਜ਼ਿਮੀਂ (zimī̃)

Shahmukhi script: زمین (zamīn)

→ Kannada: ಜಮೀನು (jamīnu)

→ Tamil: ஜமீன் (jamīṉ)

→ Turkmen: zemin

→ Sindhi: زمين (zamīnu)

→ Uyghur: زامىن (zamin)

→ Uzbek: zamin


آناکوندا

head

آناکوندا • (ânâkondâ)

fa-noun

آناکوندا • (ânâkondâ)

[ʔɒː.nɒː.kʰon̪.d̪ɒ́ː]


استانبول

head

استانبول • (estânbol)

fa-proper noun

استانبول • (estânbol)

Borrowed from Byzantine Greek εἰς τὴν Πόλιν (eis tḕn Pólin, “to the City”), perhaps through Arabic.

bor+

εἰς τὴν Πόλιν

و آنجا یعنی بر آن مناره آیینهای حراقه ساخته بودند که هر کشتی رومیان که از استانبول میآمدی چون به مقابله آن رسیدی آتشی از آن آینه افتادی و بسوختی.

c. 1060, Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Safarnāma [Book of Travels]:

And there, that is to say on that lighthouse, a Mirror of Fireships had been constructed so that any Roman [Byzantine] ship which came from Constantinople would catch fire from that mirror when it passed in front of it and be burnt.

w-ānjā ya'nī bar ān munāra āyīna'ē harrāqa sāxta būdand ki har kaštī-yi rūmīyān ki az istānbūl mē-āmadē čōn ba muqābila-yi ān rasīdē ātišē az ān āyīna uftādē u bisōxtē.

Istanbul (a major city and province of Turkey)


تایوان

head

تایوان • (tâyvân)

fa-proper noun

تایوان • (tâyvân)

[t̪ʰɑːj.wɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɒːj.vɒ́ːn]


رومانی

head

رومانی • (rumâni)

fa-proper noun

رومانی • (rumâni)

Borrowed from French Roumanie, from Latin Romania.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


ایتالیا

head

ایتالِیا • (itâliyâ)

fa-proper noun

ایتالِیا • (itâliyâ)

ایتالِیا (canonical)
itâliyâ (romanization)

Borrowed from Italian Italia, possibly via Ottoman Turkish ایتالیا (İtalya).


روسیه

head

روسِیِه • (rusiye)

fa-proper noun

روسِیِه • (rusiye)

روسِیِه (canonical)
rusiye (romanization)

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


بلژیک

head

بِلژیک • (belžik)

fa-proper noun

بِلژیک • (belžik)

بِلژیک (canonical)
belžik (romanization)

(Iran) Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


ایسلند

head

ایسْلَنْد • (island)

fa-proper noun

ایسْلَنْد • (island)

ایسْلَنْد (canonical)
island (romanization)

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Iceland (an island and country in Europe, North Atlantic Ocean; capital: Reykjavík)


اسلواکی

head

اِسلُواکی • (eslovâki)

fa-proper noun

اِسلُواکی • (eslovâki)

اِسلُواکی (canonical)
eslovâki (romanization)

(Iran) Slovakia (a country in Central Europe)


آلمان

head

آلْمان • (âlmân)

fa-proper noun

آلْمان • (âlmân)

[ʔɑːl.mɑ́ːn]

[ʔɒːl.mɒ́ːn]

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


افغانستان

head

اَفْغانِسْتان

اَفْغانِسْتان • (afğânestân)

fa-proper noun

اَفْغانِسْتان

اَفْغانِسْتان • (afğânestân)

اَفْغانِسْتان (canonical)
afğânestân (romanization)

[ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔäv.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

Fa-افغانستان.ogg

af

افغان (afğân) + ـستان (-estân)

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


جزیره

head

جزیره • (jazire) (plural جزائر (jazâ'er) or جزیرهها (jazire-hâ))

jazire (romanization)
جزائر (plural)
جزیرهها (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: जज़ीरा (jazīrā)

Urdu: جَزِیرَہ (jazīra)

Borrowed from Arabic جَزِيرَة (jazīra). Displaced native گنگ (gang), خوست (xast), آبخوست (âb-xast).


تابستان

تابستان • (tâbestân) (plural تابستانها (tâbestân-hâ))

tâbestân (romanization)
تابستانها (plural)

→ Gujarati: તાબિસ્તાન (tābistān)

[t̪ʰɑː.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɑː.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɑː.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

Fa-تابستان.ogg

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭲𐭠𐭯𐭮𐭲𐭠𐭭 (tʾpstʾn /tābestān/). By surface analysis, تاب (tâb, “heat”) + ـستان (estân).


دقیقه

head

دَقیقِه • (daqiqe) (plural دقائق (daqâ'eq) or دقیقهها (daqiqe-hâ))

دَقیقِه (canonical)
daqiqe (romanization)
دقائق (plural)
دقیقهها (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: दक़ीक़ा (daqīqā)

Urdu: دَقِیقَہ (daqīqa)

[d̪æ.ʁiː.ʁé]

[d̪æ.ʁiː.ʁé]


ابراهیم

ابراهیم • (ebrâhim)

fa-proper noun

ابراهیم • (ebrâhim)

Tajik: Иброҳим (Ibrohim)

→ Bengali: ইব্রাহীম (ibrahim)

→ Chagatai: ابراهیم

Uyghur: ئىبراھىم (ibrahim)

Uzbek: Ibrohim

→ Dhivehi: އިބްރާހީމް (ibrāhīm̊)

→ Gujarati: ઇબ્રાહીમ (ibrāhīm)

desc

→ Middle Hindi: ابراہیم (abrahym /ibrāhīm/)

Hindustani: ibrāhīm

Hindi: इब्राहीम

Hindi: इब्राहीम

Urdu: اِبْراہِیم

Urdu: اِبْراہِیم

[ʔɪb.ɾɑː.ɦíːm]

[ʔɪb.ɾɑː.ɦíːm]

[ʔɪb.ɾɑː.jíːm]

[ʔeb.ɹɒː.ɦíːm]

Borrowed from Arabic إِبْرَاهِيم (ʔibrāhīm).

etymon

ar>إِبْرَاهِيم>prophet


ثانیه

head

ثانیه • (sâniye) (plural ثانیهها (sâniye-hâ))

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: सानिया (sāniyā)

Urdu: ثانیہ (sāniyā)

یک دقیقه شصت ثانیه دارد.


لهستان

لَهِسْتان or لِهِسْتان • (lahestân or lehestân)

لَهِسْتان (canonical)
لِهِسْتان (canonical)
lahestân (romanization)
lehestân (romanization)

[lä.ɦɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[lä.ɦɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From له (lah, “Lech”) + ـستان (-estân, “place of”).


کی

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (AYMT /kay/) 𐫐𐫏𐫏 (kyy /kay/), 𐫐𐫏 (ky /kay/).

inh

کَی خَو میرِی؟

when are you going to sleep? (Dari, informal)


کی

شما کی هستین؟


کی

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kad /kay/, “legendary ancient king of Iran”), borrowed from Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 (kauui, “poet, bard; vision-poet, Mazdean sacrificer”), from Proto-Iranian *káwHiš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *káwHiš, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁-. The visionary poets of the Avesta were mistakenly interpreted as ancient kings by the Sasanian Zoroastrian priests.

der

(Iranian mythology) Key, Kay: the title of a number of legendary kings of Iran, belonging to the mythical Kayanian dynasty.


گلیم

head

گلیم • (gelim) (plural گلیمها (gelim-hâ))

→ Bashkir: келәм (keləm)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गिलीम (gilīm)

Urdu: گلیم (gilīm)

→ Kazakh: кілем (kılem)

→ Khalaj: gelîm

→ Kyrgyz: килем (kilem)

→ Uzbek: gilam

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كلیم (kilim, “carpet, rug”)
Turkish: kilim
→ Albanian: qilim, qylym
→ Armenian: քիլիմ (kʻilim)
→ Arabic: كِلِيم (kilīm)
→ Belarusian: кілі́м (kilím)
→ Lithuanian: kilimas
→ Bulgarian: кили́м (kilím)
→ Greek: κιλίμι (kilími)
→ Macedonian: ќилим (ḱilim)
→ Pannonian Rusyn: килим (kilim)
→ Romanian: chilim
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ћѝлим
Latin script: ćìlim
→ Ukrainian: ки́лим (kýlym)

Akin to Aramaic גלימא (galīmā, “blanket, garment, cloth”), both from Ancient Greek κάλυμμα (kálumma, “cover, top, covering”) derived from καλύπτω (kalúptō, “to cover”).

der

a rug or carpet made out of coarse material, kilim


انگلستان

head

اِنْگِلِسْتان

اِنْگِلِسْتان • (engelestân)

fa-proper noun

اِنْگِلِسْتان

اِنْگِلِسْتان • (engelestân)

اِنْگِلِسْتان (canonical)
engelestân (romanization)

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑːn]

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑːn]

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑːn]

From اِنْگِلیس (engelis) + ـسْتان (-estân).

England (The kingdom established in southeast Britain by Aethelstan of Wessex in 927 and its various successor states, now the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom)


هفته

head

هَفْتِه • (hafte) (plural هفتهها (hafte-hâ))

هَفْتِه (canonical)
hafte (romanization)
هفتهها (plural)

→ Azerbaijani: həftə

→ Bengali: হপ্তা (hopta)

→ Gujarati: હપતો (hapto)

→ Kazakh: апта (apta)

→ Kyrgyz: апта (apta)

→ Turkish: hafta

→ Laz: ხაჶთა (xafta)

→ Marathi: हप्ता (haptā)

→ Nepali: हप्ता (haptā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: हफ़्ता (haftā), हफ्ता (haphtā)

desctree

Urdu: ہَفْتَہ (hafta)
→ Ushojo: ہفتہ (haftah)
→ Wakhi: ہفتہ (haftah)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਹਫ਼ਤਾ (haftā)

Shahmukhi script: ہفتہ (hafta)

→ Rohingya: háfta

→ Uyghur: ھەپتە (hepte)

→ Uzbek: hafta

→ Turkmen: hepde

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥
Proto-Indo-Iranian *saptá
Proto-Iranian *haptá
Middle Persian hp̄t'
Persian هَفْت
Proto-Iranian *-a-
Proto-Iranian *-kah
Proto-Iranian *-akah
Persian ـه
Persian هَفْتِه
From هفت (haft, “seven”) + ـه (-e). Akin to Sanskrit सप्ताह (saptāha).

etymon

هَفْتِه


ایرانی

head

ایرانی • (irâni) (plural ایرانیان (irâniyân) or ایرانیها (irâni-hâ))

irâni (romanization)
ایرانیان (plural)
ایرانیها (plural)

[ʔeː.ɾɑː.ˈniː]

[ʔeː.ɾɑː.níː]

[ʔeː.ɾɑː.níː]

[ʔeː.ɾɑː.níː]

[ʔeː.ɾɔː.ní]

[ʔiː.ɹɒː.níː]

چندتا ایرانی انگلستان زندگی میکنند؟

čand-tâ irâni engelestân zendegi mi-konand?


ایرانی

fa-adj

ایرانی • (irâni)

[ʔeː.ɾɑː.ˈniː]

[ʔeː.ɾɑː.níː]

[ʔeː.ɾɑː.níː]

[ʔeː.ɾɑː.níː]

[ʔeː.ɾɔː.ní]

[ʔiː.ɹɒː.níː]

از فیلمهای ایرانی خوشش میآید. (more literary)
az film-hâ-ye irâni xošaš mi-âyad.
He likes Iranian films.

از فیلمهای ایرونی خوشش میآد. (more colloquial)
az film-hâ-ye iruni xošeš mi-âd.
He likes Iranian films.

Iranian (of Iran; of the people of Iran)

فارسی یکی از زبانهای ایرانی است.

Persian is one of the Iranian languages.

Iranian, Iranic (of the language family)


هند

→ Azerbaijani: hind

→ Bashkir: һинд (hind)

→ Bengali: হিন্দ (hindo)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: हिंद (hind)

Urdu: ہند (hind)

→ Odia: ହିନ୍ଦ୍ (hind)

→ Ottoman Turkish: هند

Turkish: Hint

→ Punjabi: ਹਿੰਦ (hind)

→ Uzbek: hind

From Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”) or from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “a river, stream”).


لیسبون

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Lisbon (a port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; capital city of Portugal)


آمستردام

head

آمستردام • (âmsterdâm)

fa-proper noun

آمستردام • (âmsterdâm)

[ʔɒːms.t̪ʰeɹ.d̪ɒ́ːm]

Amsterdam (the capital city of the Netherlands)


صوفیا

head

صوفیا • (sofiyâ)


مادربزرگ

[mɑː.d̪äɾ bʊ.zʊɾɡ]

[mɑː.d̪äɾ bʊ.zʊɾɡ]

[mɑː.d̪äɾ bʊ.zʊɾɡ]


پدربزرگ

[pʰä.d̪äɾ.bʊ.zʊɾɡ]

[pʰä.d̪äɾ.bʊ.zʊɾɡ]

[pʰä.d̪äɾ.bʊ.zʊɾɡ]


قرمه سبزی

قرمه سبزی با پلو ― qorme sabzi bâ polow ― ghormeh sabzi with pilaf

ghormeh sabzi, an Iranian green herb stew

fa:قرمه سبزی


پاریس

پاریس • (pâris)

fa-proper noun

پاریس • (pâris)

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


مسکو

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)

Moscow (an oblast of Russia, surrounding the city of Moscow)


مژه

head

مژه • (može) (plural مژهها (može-hâ) or مژگان (možgân))

može (romanization)
مژهها (plural)
مژگان (plural)

→ Khalaj: muja

From Proto-Iranian *maiĵ- (“to blink, wink”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mayš- (“to blink, wink”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyg⁽ʷ⁾ʰ- (“to blink, cover (the eyes)”). Cognate with Sanskrit मिष् (miṣ, “to wink”), Lithuanian miẽgas (“sleep”), Proto-Slavic *měžiti (“to close one's eyes”). Alternatively, from موی (muy, “hair”) + ـژه (že, “diminutive suffix”). Akin to Sogdian [script needed] (miža, muža), and Mazanderani میجیک (mijik).


کوکو

Persian-style egg dish, somewhat comparable to Italian frittata or French quiche.


زانو

From Proto-Iranian *jā́nu, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ā́nu, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Cognate with Mazanderani زندی (zendi), Ancient Greek γόνυ (gónu), Latin genū, English knee.


شما

head

شُما • (šomâ)

From Middle Persian ʾšmʾ, ʿšmʾ (ašmā, išmā, “you”), from Proto-Indo-European *yū́ (“you (plural)”). Compare Southern Luri ایسا (īsâ, “you”) and Bakhtiari ایسا (īsâ, “you”).

inh

you (formal, polite, and grammatically plural)

4 the plural forms آنها and آنان are typically interchangeable

5 all accusative pronouns can be created with the nominative + را


آبی

→ Khalaj: âbi

→ Urdu: آبی (ābī)

From آب (“water”) + ـی (“adjectival suffix”).


عمو

'amu (romanization)
عموها (plural)
عمو (singular)
'amú (singular)
عموها (plural)
'amu-hấ (plural)
عموا (colloquial plural)
'amuấ (plural)
عمو را (definite direct-object singular)
'amú râ (definite direct-object singular)
عمو رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
'amú ro (definite direct-object singular)
عموها را (definite direct-object plural)
'amu-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
عموا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
'amuấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
عموی (ezafe singular)
'amú-ye (ezafe singular)
عموهای (ezafe plural)
'amu-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
عموای (colloquial ezafe plural)
'amuấ-ye (ezafe plural)
عمویی (definite relative singular)
عمویی (indefinite singular stressed)
'amúi (definite relative singular)
'amúi (indefinite singular stressed)
عموهایی (definite plural relative)
عموهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
'amu-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
'amu-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
عموایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
عموایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
'amuấ-i (definite plural relative)
'amuấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
عمویم (first-person possessive singular)
'amúyam (first-person possessive singular)
عموم (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
'amúm (first-person possessive singular)
عموهایم (first-person possessive singular)
'amu-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
عموهام، عموام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
'amuấm (first-person possessive singular)
عمویت (possessive second-person singular)
'amúyat (possessive second-person singular)
عموت (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
'amút (possessive second-person singular)
عموهایت (possessive second-person singular)
'amu-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
عموهات، عموات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
'amuất (possessive second-person singular)
عمویش (possessive singular third-person)
'amúyaš (possessive singular third-person)
عموش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
'amúš (possessive singular third-person)
عموهایش (possessive singular third-person)
'amu-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
عموهاش، عمواش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
'amuấš (possessive singular third-person)
عمویمان (first-person plural possessive)
'amúyemân (first-person plural possessive)
عمومون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
'amúmun (first-person plural possessive)
عموهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
'amu-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
عموهامون، عموامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
'amuấmun (first-person plural possessive)
عمویتان (plural possessive second-person)
'amúyetân (plural possessive second-person)
عموتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
'amútun (plural possessive second-person)
عموهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
'amu-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
عموهاتون، عمواتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
'amuấtun (plural possessive second-person)
عمویشان (plural possessive third-person)
'amúyešân (plural possessive third-person)
عموشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
'amúšun (plural possessive third-person)
عموهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
'amu-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
عموهاشون، عمواشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
'amuấšun (plural possessive third-person)

→ Khalaj: amı


مهتاب

head

مهتاب • (mahtâb)

fa-noun

مهتاب • (mahtâb)

→ Ottoman Turkish: مهتاب

Turkish: mehtap

[mäɦ.t̪ʰɑ́ːb]

[mäɦ.t̪ʰɑ́ːb]

[mɔː.t̪ʰɔ́ːb̥]

[mæɦ.t̪ʰɒ́ːb̥]

[mäɦ.t̪ʰɔ́b]

Nima Yooshij "Mi-tarâvad Mahtâb"
میترواد مهتاب
میدرخشد شبتاب
نیست یکدَم شکند خواب به چشمِ کَس و لیک
غم این خفتهٔ چند
خواب در چشمِ تَرَم میشکند.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


مهتاب

head

مهتاب • (mahtâb)

fa-proper noun

مهتاب • (mahtâb)

→ Ottoman Turkish: مهتاب

Turkish: Mehtap

[mäɦ.t̪ʰɑ́ːb]

[mäɦ.t̪ʰɑ́ːb]

[mɔː.t̪ʰɔ́ːb̥]

[mæɦ.t̪ʰɒ́ːb̥]

[mäɦ.t̪ʰɔ́b]


لندن

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


کوه

→ Hindi: कोह (koh)

→ Kashmiri: کۄہ (kọh) / कॏह (kôh)

→ Punjabi: ਕੋਹ (koh)

From Middle Persian 𐭪𐭥𐭯 (kōf, “hill, mountain”), ultimately from Old Persian 𐎣𐎢𐎳 (kaufa, “mountain”).


پلو

پِلَاوْ (pilāw):

→ Azerbaijani: plov

→ Bashkir: былау (bılaw)

→? Gujarati: પલાવ (palāv)

→ Kazakh: палау (palau)

→ Uzbek: palov

→ Uyghur: پولۇ (polu)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پلاو (pilav) (see there for further descendants)

→ Bengali: পোলাও (pōlaō)

→ Georgian: ფლავი (plavi)

From earlier Classical Persian پِلَاوْ (pilāw) / پَلَاوْ (palāw), borrowed from Hindustani पुलाव (pulāv) / پُلاؤ (pulāv), from Sanskrit पुलाक (pulāka, “lump of boiled rice”).
The term is said to be of Dravidian origin; compare Kannada ಪುೞ್ಗಿ (puḻgi, “a rice dish”), Malayalam പുഴുങ്ങുക (puḻuṅṅuka, “to be boiling”), Tamil புழுக்கல் (puḻukkal, “cooked rice”), and Telugu పులగము (pulagamu, “a dish made with rice and lentils”).
Compare पुलाक (pulāka)'s inhertied descendant Punjabi ਪੁਲਾਉ／پُلاؤ (pulāu).

cog

ਪੁਲਾਉ//پُلاؤ

pilaf (a dish of boiled rice then steamed with other ingredients)


آتش

Tajik: оташ (otaš)

→ Bengali: আতশ (ātôş)

→ Gujarati: આતશ (atiş)

→ Northern Kurdish: atêş, ateş

→ Armenian: աթաշ (atʻaš)

→ Kyrgyz: аташ (ataş)

→ Azerbaijani: atəş

→ Old Armenian: աթաշ (atʻaš)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: آتش (ateş)
Turkish: ateş

→ Turkmen: ataş

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: आतिश (ātiś)

Urdu: آتش (ātiś)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਆਤਸ਼ (ātaś)

Shahmukhi script: آتش (ātaś)

→ Uzbek: otash

[ʔɑː.t̪ʰɪ́ʃ]

[ʔɑː.t̪ʰéːʃ]

[ʔɒː.t̪ʰíːʃ]

From Middle Persian ʾthš (ātaxš, “fire”), borrowed from Avestan 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱 (ātarš, “fire”) for its special meaning in Zoroastrianism and well preserved unlike the other word آذر (âzar, “fire”). Doublet of آذر. Ultimately from Proto-Iranian *HáHtr̥š; see there for further information.


خورشید

head

خورشید • (xoršid)

fa-noun

خورشید • (xoršid)

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: ख़्वुरशेद (xvurśed), ख़ुर्शीद (xurśīd)

Urdu: خورشید (xurśid)

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭥𐭫(𐭧)𐭱𐭩𐭲 (xwar(x)šēd, “sun”), from Proto-Iranian *huHarxšaytah. Compare Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆-𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀- (huuarə-xšaēta-, “bright sun (an epithet)”).
The first part is cognate with خراسان (xorâsân), the name of a province in eastern Iran (since the sun rises in the east), and the second part (equivalent to شید (“bright”) in modern Persian) with Old Armenian աշխէտ (ašxēt).

cog

𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀

𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆-𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀-


خورشید

head

خورشید • (xoršid)

fa-proper noun

خورشید • (xoršid)

cog

𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀

𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆-𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀-


از

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭭 (az), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎨𐎠 (hacā), from Proto-Iranian *háčā, from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”).

der

از او پرسیدم اگر میخواهد به ایران برود. (more literary)
az u porsidam agar mi-xâhad be irân be-ravad.

ازش پرسیدم اگه میخواد به ایران بره. (more colloquial)

I asked of him if he wanted to go to Iran.

az-aš porsidam age mi-xâd be irân be-re.

از کی تا حالا؟

این کتاب از آن کتاب بهتر است. (more literary)
in ketâb az ân ketâb behtar ast.

این کتاب از اون کتاب بهتره. (more colloquial)


چه

چه دارید؟


چه

(before a definite noun) what sort of...

چه کتابی پیدا کردی؟

بهبه! چه کتابی!

(before an indefinite noun) what a... (exclamatory)


چه

شهر اصفهان چه زیباست!


ساده

fa-adj

ساده • (sâde) (comparative سادهتَر (sâde-tar), superlative سادهتَرین (sâde-tarin))

sâde (romanization)
سادهتَر (comparative)
سادهتَرین (superlative)

→ Azerbaijani: sadə

→ Bengali: সাদা (śada)

→ Georgian: სადა (sada)

→ Gujarati: સાદું (sādũ)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: सादा (sādā)

Urdu: سادہ (sādā)

→ Marathi: साधे (sādhe)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: ساده (sade)
Turkish: sade
→ Armenian: սատե (sate), սա̈դա̈ (sädä)
→ Romanian: sadea

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸਾਦਾ (sādā)

Shahmukhi script: سادہ (sādh)

→ Uzbek: sodda

→ South Levantine Arabic: سادة (sāda)

From Middle Persian *sādag, whence also Arabic سَاذَج (sāḏaj). Compare Bactrian σαδγο (sadgo, “plain, even”) and Old Armenian սատակ (satak), a Middle Iranian loanword.

حمله بر خود میکنی ای ساده مرد، همچو آن شیری که بر خود حمله کرد.

You are attacking yourself, o simple man, like that lion who attacked himself.

hamle bar xod mi-koni ey sâde mard, hamčo ân šir-i ke bar xod hamle kard.


اثاث

head

اثاث • (asâs)

fa-noun

اثاث • (asâs)


پدر

head

پِدَر • (pedar) (plural پدران (pedarân) or پدرها (pedar-hâ))

پِدَر (canonical)
pedar (romanization)
پدران (plural)
پدرها (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: पिदर (pidar)

Urdu: پدر (pidar)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پدر

Turkish: peder

From Middle Persian 𐭓𐭐𐭃 (pidar), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 (pitā), from Proto-Iranian *pHtā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pHtā́ (compare Sanskrit पितृ (pitṛ), Hindi पिता (pitā), बाप (bāp)), from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.


بازو

بازو • (bâzu) (plural بازوها (bâzu-hâ) or بازوان (bâzovân))

bâzu (romanization)
بازوها (plural)
بازوان (plural)

→ Bengali: বাজু (baju)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बाज़ू (bāzū)

Urdu: بازو (bāzo)

→ Kannada: ಬಾಜು (bāju)

→ Malay: baju (see there for further descendants)

→ Turkish: pazu

From Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐏀𐎢 (bāzu), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaHȷ́ʰúš, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬠𐬁𐬰𐬬𐬋 (bāzvō), Khotanese bāysū, Sanskrit बाहु (bāhu) and Ancient Greek πῆχυς (pêkhus, “forearm”). Also akin to Old Armenian բազուկ (bazuk), an Iranian borrowing.


فرزند

فَرزَند • (farzand) (plural فَرزَندان or فَرزَندها)

فَرزَند (canonical)
farzand (romanization)
فَرزَندان (plural)
فَرزَندها (plural)

→ Bengali: ফরজন্দ (phorjondo)

→ Gujarati: ફરજંદ (pharjand)

→ Kazakh: перзент (perzent)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਫ਼ਰਜ਼ੰਦ (farzand)

Shahmukhi script: فرزند (farzand)

→ Urdu: فرزند (farzand)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (prznd /frazand/, “child, son”) (Manichaean Middle Persian [script needed] (frzynd, przynd)), from Proto-Iranian *frazanti-, from Proto-Iranian *fra- (“forward, pro-”) + a root descended from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, give birth”).

inh

چندتا فرزند در این خانواده وجود دارد؟

čandta farzand dar in xânevâde vojud dârad?


بچه

head

بَچه or بَچّه • (bače or bačče) (plural بچگان (bačegân) or بچهها (bače-hâ))

بَچه (canonical)
بَچّه (canonical)
bače (romanization)
bačče (romanization)
بچگان (plural)
بچهها (plural)
بچه (singular)
bačé (singular)
بچهها (plural)
bače-hấ (plural)
بچها (colloquial plural)
bačeấ (plural)
بچه را (definite direct-object singular)
bačé râ (definite direct-object singular)
بچه رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
bačá ro (definite direct-object singular)
بچهها را (definite direct-object plural)
bače-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
بچها رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
bačeấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
بچهٔ (ezafe singular)
bačé-ye (ezafe singular)
بچههای (ezafe plural)
bače-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
بچهای (colloquial ezafe plural)
bačeấ-ye (ezafe plural)
بچهای (definite relative singular)
بچهای (indefinite singular stressed)
bačé-i (definite relative singular)
bačé-i (indefinite singular stressed)
بچههایی (definite plural relative)
بچههایی (indefinite plural stressed)
bače-hấ-yi (definite plural relative)
bače-hấ-yi (indefinite plural stressed)
بچهایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
بچهایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
bačeấ-yi (definite plural relative)
bačeấ-yi (indefinite plural stressed)
بچهام (first-person possessive singular)
bačé-am (first-person possessive singular)
بچم (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
bačám (first-person possessive singular)
بچههایم (first-person possessive singular)
bače-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
بچههام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
bačeấm (first-person possessive singular)
بچهات (possessive second-person singular)
bačé-at (possessive second-person singular)
بچت (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
bačát (possessive second-person singular)
بچههایت (possessive second-person singular)
bače-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
بچههات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
bačeất (possessive second-person singular)
بچهاش (possessive singular third-person)
bačé-aš (possessive singular third-person)
بچش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
bačáš (possessive singular third-person)
بچههایش (possessive singular third-person)
bače-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
بچههاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
bačeấš (possessive singular third-person)
بچهمان (first-person plural possessive)
(bačé-(y)emân) (first-person plural possessive)
بچهمون، بچمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
bačámun (first-person plural possessive)
بچههایمان (first-person plural possessive)
bače-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
بچههامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
bačeấmun (first-person plural possessive)
بچهتان (plural possessive second-person)
(bačé-(y)etân) (plural possessive second-person)
بچهتون، بچتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
bačátun (plural possessive second-person)
بچههایتان (plural possessive second-person)
bače-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
بچههاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
bačeấtun (plural possessive second-person)
بچهشان (plural possessive third-person)
(bačé-(y)ešân) (plural possessive third-person)
بچهشون، بچشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
bačášun (plural possessive third-person)
بچههایشان (plural possessive third-person)
bače-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
بچههاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
bačeấšun (plural possessive third-person)

→ Khalaj: bəççə

[bät͡ʃ.t͡ʃʰä]

[bät͡ʃ.t͡ʃʰä]

[bät͡ʃ.t͡ʃʰä]

[bät͡ʃ.t͡ʃʰä]

[bät͡ʃ.t͡ʃʰä]

From Middle Persian wck' (wačag, “child, baby, cub”), from Proto-Iranian *wacáh (“calf”).

inh

بَچهِ اِصفَهانَم


ساعت

head

ساعَت • (sâ'at) (plural ساعتها (sâ'at-hâ) or ساعات (sâ'ât))

ساعَت (canonical)
sâ'at (romanization)
ساعتها (plural)
ساعات (plural)

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܣܵܥܲܬ (sāʿat)

→ Azerbaijani: saat

→ Bashkir: сәғәт (səğət)

→ Kazakh: сағат (sağat), сәт (sät)

→ Chagatai: ساعت

Uyghur: سائەت (sa'et)

Uzbek: soat

→ Chuvash: сехет (seh̬et)

desctree

→ Georgian: საათი (saati)
→ Bats: საათ (saat)

→ Kazakh: сағат (sağat)

→ Northern Kurdish: seet

→ Kyrgyz: саат (saat)

→ Ottoman Turkish: ساعت

Turkish: saat

→ Albanian: sahat

→ Macedonian: са́ат (sáat)

→ Serbo-Croatian: са̑т/sȃt

→ Tatar: сәгать (sägat’)

→ Turkmen: sagat, сагат

دو ساعت

نیم ساعت

ساعتِ دو

ساعت چند است؟ — ساعت یک است. (literary)
sâ'at čand ast? — sâ'at yek ast.

ساعت چنده؟ — ساعت یکه. (colloquial)
sâ'at čand-e? — sâ'at yek-e.
What time is it? — It's one o'clock.

چه ساعتی شام بخوریم؟

نیم ساعتی استراحت کردیم.

روز حرب چون چشم بر لشکر خصم افگنی و هر دو لشکر روی بیکدیگر نهند خندهناک باش و با لشکر خویش همی گوی که چه سگان باشند اینها؟ یک ساعت دمار ازیشان برآوریم.

When your eyes fall upon the enemy army on the day of battle and both armies face each other, be humorous and keep saying to your own army, "What kind of dogs are these? We'll take care of them in just an hour."

rōz-i harb čūn čašm bar laškar-i xasm afganī u har du laškar rōy ba yakdīgar nahand xanda-nāk bāš u bā laškar-i xwēš hamē gūy ki či sagān bāšand īnhā? yak sā'at damār az ēšān bar-awārēm.

ساعتش را تعمیر کردم.


یک

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾywk'), 𐫏𐫐 (yk /ēwak/), from Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾy /ē/), 𐭧𐭣 (HD), 𐫙𐫏𐫇 (ʿyw /ēw/), from Proto-Iranian *Háywah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háywas, from Proto-Indo-European *óywos.
Indo-European cognates include Bactrian ιωγο (iōgo), Sanskrit एक (eka), Ancient Greek οἶος (oîos), German ein, French un, English one, Latin ūnus, etc..


یک

→ Azerbaijani: yek

→ Chagatai: یَک

Uyghur: يەك (yek)

Uzbek: yak

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: यक (yak)

Urdu: یَک (yak)

→ Ottoman Turkish: یَك (yek)

Turkish: yek

→ Punjabi: یَک (yak)


ماهی

head

ماهی • (mâhi) (plural ماهیان (mâhiyân) or ماهیها (mâhi-hâ))

mâhi (romanization)
ماهیان (plural)
ماهیها (plural)

→ Gujarati: માહી (māhī)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (mʾhyk' /māhīg/), from Proto-Iranian *mácyah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mátsyas. Cognate with Younger Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀 (masiia), Sanskrit मत्स्य (mátsya).


ماهی

head

ماهی • (mâhi)

fa-noun

ماهی • (mâhi)


کباب

head

کباب • (kabâb) (plural کبابها (kabâb-hâ))

→ Bengali: কাবাব (kabab), কবাব (kobab)

→ Chagatai: کباب (kabāb)

Uyghur: كاۋاپ (kawap)

Uzbek: kabob

→ Gujarati: કબાબ (kabāb)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: कबाब (kabāb)

Urdu: کباب (kabāb)

→ Kazakh: кәуап (käuap), кәуәп (käuäp)

→ Kyrgyz: кебеп (kebep)

→ Marathi: कबाब (kabāb)

→ Pashto: کباب (kabãb)

→ Punjabi: ਕਬਾਬ (kabāb)

→ Sarikoli: kabub

→ Tatar: кәбаб (käbab)

→ Yazghulami: kabób

[kʰʲæ.bɒːb̥]

جگرم کباب شد.
jegar-am kabâb šod.
I felt terribly sad.
(literally, “My liver became kebab.”)

لب و دندانْت را حقوق نمک
هست بر جان و سینههایِ کباب

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 13”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

Your lips and teeth owe rights of salt
To the soul and chests of [our] sizzling hearts.

lab u dandân-t râ huqûq-i namak
hast bar jân u sîna-hâ-yi kabâb

(figurative) heart burning with emotion; heart being "roasted" with yearning or grief


انگشت

اَنگُشت • (angošt) (plural اَنگُشتها (angošt-hâ) or اَنگُشتان (angoštân))

اَنگُشت (canonical)
angošt (romanization)
اَنگُشتها (plural)
اَنگُشتان (plural)
انگشت (singular)
angošt (singular)
انگشتان، انگشتها (plural)
angoštấn, angošt-hấ (plural)
انگشتا (colloquial plural)
angoštấ (plural)
انگشت را (definite direct-object singular)
angošt râ (definite direct-object singular)
انگشت رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
angošto (definite direct-object singular)
انگشتان را، انگشتها را (definite direct-object plural)
angoštấn râ, angošt-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
انگشتا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
angoštấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
انگشت (ezafe singular)
angošt-e (ezafe singular)
انگشتان، انگشتهای (ezafe plural)
angoštấn-e, angošt-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
انگشتای (colloquial ezafe plural)
angoštấ-ye (ezafe plural)
انگشتی (definite relative singular)
انگشتی (indefinite singular stressed)
angošt-i (definite relative singular)
angošt-i (indefinite singular stressed)
انگشتانی، انگشتهایی (definite plural relative)
انگشتانی، انگشتهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
angoštấn-i, angošt-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
angoštấn-i, angošt-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
انگشتایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
انگشتایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
angoštấi (definite plural relative)
angoštấi (indefinite plural stressed)
انگشتم (first-person possessive singular)
angoštam (first-person possessive singular)
انگشتهایم (first-person possessive singular)
angošt-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
انگشتهام، انگشتام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
angoštấm (first-person possessive singular)
انگشتت (possessive second-person singular)
angoštat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
angoštet (possessive second-person singular)
انگشتهایت (possessive second-person singular)
angošt-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
انگشتهات، انگشتات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
angoštất (possessive second-person singular)
انگشتش (possessive singular third-person)
angoštaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
angošteš (possessive singular third-person)
انگشتهایش (possessive singular third-person)
angošt-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
انگشتهاش، انگشتاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
angoštấš (possessive singular third-person)
انگشتمان (first-person plural possessive)
angoštemân (first-person plural possessive)
انگشتمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
angoštemun (first-person plural possessive)
انگشتهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
angošt-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
انگشتهامون، انگشتامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
angoštấmun (first-person plural possessive)
انگشتتان (plural possessive second-person)
angoštetân (plural possessive second-person)
انگشتتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
angoštetun (plural possessive second-person)
انگشتهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
angošt-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
انگشتهاتون، انگشتاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
angoštấtun (plural possessive second-person)
انگشتشان (plural possessive third-person)
angoštešân (plural possessive third-person)
انگشتشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
angoštešun (plural possessive third-person)
انگشتهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
angošt-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
انگشتهاشون، انگشتاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
angoštấšun (plural possessive third-person)

→ Gujarati: અંગુશ્ત (aṅguśt)

[ʔäŋ.ɡʊ́ʃt̪]

[ʔäŋ.ɡʊ́ʃt̪]

[ʔäŋ.ɡʊ́ʃt̪]

Inherited from Middle Persian ʾngwst', from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hangúštʰas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“joint”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬧𐬔𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (aṇgušta) and Sanskrit अङ्गुष्ठ (aṅguṣṭha, “thumb, big toe”).

cog

لیک در ظلمت یکی دزدی نهان / مینهد انگشت بر استارگان

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 385:

But in the darkness a hidden thief is laying his finger upon the stars.

lik dar zolmat yeki dozd-i nehân / mi-nehad angošt bar estâregân

digit; (especially) the Persian digit of about 2 cm


انگشت

head

انگشت • (angešt)

fa-noun

انگشت • (angešt)

[æŋˈɡʲeʃt̪ʰ]

[ʔäŋ.ɡɪ́ʃt̪]

[ʔäŋ.ɡɪ́ʃt̪]

[ʔäŋ.ɡɪ́ʃt̪]

[ʔæŋ.ɡʲéʃt̪]

From Proto-Iranian *angišta-, from Proto-Iranian *Hángārah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hángāras, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óngʷl̥ (“charcoal”).


سبزی

head

سبزی • (sabzi) (plural سبزیجات (sabzijât) or سبزیها (sabzi-hâ))

sabzi (romanization)
سبزیجات (plural)
سبزیها (plural)

→ Bengali: সবজি (śoboji)

→ Gujarati: સબજી (sabjī)

→ Hindustani:

→ Hindi: सब्ज़ी (sabzī)

→ Urdu: سَبْزِی (sabzī)

→ Odia: ସବୁଜି (sabuji)

→ Punjabi:

→ Gurmukhi script: ਸਬਜ਼ੀ (sabzī)

→ Shahmukhi script: سَبْزِی (sabzī)

vegetable, herb, greens (fleshy or leafy edible plant with a savoury taste)


آش

→ Gulf Arabic: آش (āš)

desc

→ English: aush, aash, āsh, ash, āshe, ashe, osh

Perhaps from a Turkic language, see Common Turkic *aš, however there seems to be an unexplained mismatch in vowel length.
Compare Azerbaijani aş, Bashkir аш (aş), Yakut ас (as).
Alternatively, inherited from Middle Persian [Term?] (/āš/), a hapax legomenon found in the Vendidad, although this word is claimed to be misread.
Connections with Sanskrit आश (āśa, “food”) are also sometimes proposed, but the correspondance would not be regular.


بحث کردن

bahs kardan (romanization)
بحث کردن (infinitive)
bahs kardán (infinitive)
بحث کن (present stem)
bahs kon (present stem)
بحث کرد (past stem)
bahs kard (past stem)
بحث کننده (participle present)
bahs konandé (participle present)
بحث کرده (participle past)
bahs kardé (participle past)
بحث کنم (aorist first-person indicative singular)
bahs kónam (aorist first-person indicative singular)
بحث کنی (aorist indicative second-person singular)
bahs kóni (aorist indicative second-person singular)
بحث کند (aorist indicative singular third-person)
bahs kónad (aorist indicative singular third-person)
بحث کنیم (aorist first-person indicative plural)
bahs kónim (aorist first-person indicative plural)
بحث کنید (aorist indicative plural second-person)
bahs kónid (aorist indicative plural second-person)
بحث کنند (aorist indicative plural third-person)
bahs kónand (aorist indicative plural third-person)
بحث میکنم (first-person indicative present singular)
bahs mí-konam (first-person indicative present singular)
بحث میکنی (indicative present second-person singular)
bahs mí-koni (indicative present second-person singular)
بحث میکند (indicative present singular third-person)
bahs mí-konad (indicative present singular third-person)
بحث میکنیم (first-person indicative plural present)
bahs mí-konim (first-person indicative plural present)
بحث میکنید (indicative plural present second-person)
bahs mí-konid (indicative plural present second-person)
بحث میکنند (indicative plural present third-person)
bahs mí-konand (indicative plural present third-person)
دارم بحث میکنم (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
dấram bahs mí-konam (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
داری بحث میکنی (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
dấri bahs mí-koni (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
دارد بحث میکند (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
dấrad bahs mí-konad (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
داریم بحث میکنیم (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
dấrim bahs mí-konim (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
دارید بحث میکنید (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
dấrid bahs mí-konid (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
دارند بحث میکنند (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
dấrand bahs mí-konand (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
بحث کردهام (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
bahs kardé-am (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
بحث کردهای (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
bahs kardé-i (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
بحث کرده است (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
bahs kardé ast (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
بحث کردهایم (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
bahs kardé-im (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
بحث کردهاید (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
bahs kardé-id (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
بحث کردهاند (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
bahs kardé-and (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
بحث کردم (first-person indicative past singular)
bahs kárdam (first-person indicative past singular)
بحث کردی (indicative past second-person singular)
bahs kárdi (indicative past second-person singular)
بحث کرد (indicative past singular third-person)
bahs kard (indicative past singular third-person)
بحث کردیم (first-person indicative past plural)
bahs kárdim (first-person indicative past plural)
بحث کردید (indicative past plural second-person)
bahs kárdid (indicative past plural second-person)
بحث کردند (indicative past plural third-person)
bahs kárdand (indicative past plural third-person)
بحث میکردم (first-person indicative past singular)
bahs mí-kardam (first-person indicative past singular)
بحث میکردی (indicative past second-person singular)
bahs mí-kardi (indicative past second-person singular)
بحث میکرد (indicative past singular third-person)
bahs mí-kard (indicative past singular third-person)
بحث میکردیم (first-person indicative past plural)
bahs mí-kardim (first-person indicative past plural)
بحث میکردید (indicative past plural second-person)
bahs mí-kardid (indicative past plural second-person)
بحث میکردند (indicative past plural third-person)
bahs mí-kardand (indicative past plural third-person)
داشتم بحث میکردم (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
dấštam bahs mí-kardam (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
داشتی بحث میکردی (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
dấšti bahs mí-kardi (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
داشت بحث میکرد (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
dâšt bahs mí-kard (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
داشتیم بحث میکردیم (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
dấštim bahs mí-kardim (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
داشتید بحث میکردید (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
dấštid bahs mí-kardid (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
داشتند بحث میکردند (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
dấštand bahs mí-kardand (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
بحث کرده بودم (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
bahs kardé búdam (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
بحث کرده بودی (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
bahs kardé búdi (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
بحث کرده بود (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
bahs kardé bud (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
بحث کرده بودیم (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
bahs kardé búdim (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
بحث کرده بودید (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
bahs kardé búdid (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
بحث کرده بودند (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
bahs kardé búdand (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
بحث خواهم کرد (first-person future indicative singular)
bahs xâhám kard (first-person future indicative singular)
بحث خواهی کرد (future indicative second-person singular)
bahs xâhí kard (future indicative second-person singular)
بحث خواهد کرد (future indicative singular third-person)
bahs xâhád kard (future indicative singular third-person)
بحث خواهیم کرد (first-person future indicative plural)
bahs xâhím kard (first-person future indicative plural)
بحث خواهید کرد (future indicative plural second-person)
bahs xâhíd kard (future indicative plural second-person)
بحث خواهند کرد (future indicative plural third-person)
bahs xâhánd kard (future indicative plural third-person)
بحث کنم (first-person present singular subjunctive)
bahs konam (first-person present singular subjunctive)
بحث کنی (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bahs koni (present second-person singular subjunctive)
بحث کند (present singular subjunctive third-person)
bahs konad (present singular subjunctive third-person)
بحث کنیم (first-person plural present subjunctive)
bahs konim (first-person plural present subjunctive)
بحث کنید (plural present second-person subjunctive)
bahs konid (plural present second-person subjunctive)
بحث کنند (plural present subjunctive third-person)
bahs konand (plural present subjunctive third-person)
بحث کرده باشم (first-person past singular subjunctive)
bahs kardé bấšam (first-person past singular subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشی (past second-person singular subjunctive)
bahs kardé bấši (past second-person singular subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشد (past singular subjunctive third-person)
bahs kardé bấšad (past singular subjunctive third-person)
بحث کرده باشیم (first-person past plural subjunctive)
bahs kardé bấšim (first-person past plural subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشید (past plural second-person subjunctive)
bahs kardé bấšid (past plural second-person subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشند (past plural subjunctive third-person)
bahs kardé bấšand (past plural subjunctive third-person)
بحث کن (imperative second-person singular)
bahs kon (imperative second-person singular)
بحث کنید (imperative plural second-person)
bahs konid (imperative plural second-person)
بحث کردن (infinitive)
bahs kardán (infinitive)
بحث کن (present stem)
bahs kon (present stem)
بحث کرد (past stem)
bahs kard (past stem)
بحث کننده (participle present)
bahs konandé (participle present)
بحث کرده (participle past)
bahs kardé (participle past)
بحث کنم (aorist first-person indicative singular)
bahs kónam (aorist first-person indicative singular)
بحث کنی (aorist indicative second-person singular)
bahs kóni (aorist indicative second-person singular)
بحث کنه (aorist indicative singular third-person)
bahs kóne (aorist indicative singular third-person)
بحث کنیم (aorist first-person indicative plural)
bahs kónim (aorist first-person indicative plural)
بحث کنین (aorist indicative plural second-person)
bahs kónin (aorist indicative plural second-person)
بحث کنن (aorist indicative plural third-person)
bahs kónan (aorist indicative plural third-person)
بحث میکنم (first-person indicative present singular)
bahs mí-konam (first-person indicative present singular)
بحث میکنی (indicative present second-person singular)
bahs mí-koni (indicative present second-person singular)
بحث میکنه (indicative present singular third-person)
bahs mí-kone (indicative present singular third-person)
بحث میکنیم (first-person indicative plural present)
bahs mí-konim (first-person indicative plural present)
بحث میکنین (indicative plural present second-person)
bahs mí-konin (indicative plural present second-person)
بحث میکنن (indicative plural present third-person)
bahs mí-konan (indicative plural present third-person)
دارم بحث میکنم (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
dấram bahs mí-konam (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
داری بحث میکنی (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
dấri bahs mí-koni (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
داره بحث میکنه (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
dấre bahs mí-kone (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
داریم بحث میکنیم (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
dấrim bahs mí-konim (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
دارین بحث میکنین (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
dấrin bahs mí-konin (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
دارن بحث میکنن (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
dấran bahs mí-konan (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
بحث کردهام (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
bahs kardám (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
بحث کردهای (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
bahs kardí (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
بحث کرده (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
bahs kardé (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
بحث کردهایم (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
bahs kardím (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
بحث کردهاین (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
bahs kardín (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
بحث کردهان (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
bahs kardán (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
بحث کردم (first-person indicative past singular)
bahs kárdam (first-person indicative past singular)
بحث کردی (indicative past second-person singular)
bahs kárdi (indicative past second-person singular)
بحث کرد (indicative past singular third-person)
bahs kárd (indicative past singular third-person)
بحث کردیم (first-person indicative past plural)
bahs kárdim (first-person indicative past plural)
بحث کردین (indicative past plural second-person)
bahs kárdin (indicative past plural second-person)
بحث کردن (indicative past plural third-person)
bahs kárdan (indicative past plural third-person)
بحث میکردم (first-person indicative past singular)
bahs mí-kardam (first-person indicative past singular)
بحث میکردی (indicative past second-person singular)
bahs mí-kardi (indicative past second-person singular)
بحث میکرد (indicative past singular third-person)
bahs mí-kard (indicative past singular third-person)
بحث میکردیم (first-person indicative past plural)
bahs mí-kardim (first-person indicative past plural)
بحث میکردین (indicative past plural second-person)
bahs mí-kardin (indicative past plural second-person)
بحث میکردن (indicative past plural third-person)
bahs mí-kardan (indicative past plural third-person)
داشتم بحث میکردم (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
dấštam bahs mí-kardam (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
داشتی بحث میکردی (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
dấšti bahs mí-kardi (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
داشت بحث میکرد (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
dấšt bahs mí-kard (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
داشتیم بحث میکردیم (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
dấštim bahs mí-kardim (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
داشتین بحث میکردین (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
dấštin bahs mí-kardin (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
داشتن بحث میکردن (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
dấštan bahs mí-kardan (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
بحث کرده بودم (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
bahs kardé búdam (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
بحث کرده بودی (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
bahs kardé búdi (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
بحث کرده بود (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
bahs kardé bud (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
بحث کرده بودیم (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
bahs kardé búdim (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
بحث کرده بودین (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
bahs kardé búdin (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
بحث کرده بودن (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
bahs kardé búdan (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
بحث کنم (first-person present singular subjunctive)
bahs konam (first-person present singular subjunctive)
بحث کنی (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bahs koni (present second-person singular subjunctive)
بحث کنه (present singular subjunctive third-person)
bahs kone (present singular subjunctive third-person)
بحث کنیم (first-person plural present subjunctive)
bahs konim (first-person plural present subjunctive)
بحث کنین (plural present second-person subjunctive)
bahs konin (plural present second-person subjunctive)
بحث کنن (plural present subjunctive third-person)
bahs konan (plural present subjunctive third-person)
بحث کرده باشم (first-person past singular subjunctive)
bahs kardé bấšam (first-person past singular subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشی (past second-person singular subjunctive)
bahs kardé bấši (past second-person singular subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشه (past singular subjunctive third-person)
bahs kardé bấše (past singular subjunctive third-person)
بحث کرده باشیم (first-person past plural subjunctive)
bahs kardé bấšim (first-person past plural subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشین (past plural second-person subjunctive)
bahs kardé bấšin (past plural second-person subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشن (past plural subjunctive third-person)
bahs kardé bấšan (past plural subjunctive third-person)
بحث کن (imperative second-person singular)
bahs kon (imperative second-person singular)
بحث کنین (imperative plural second-person)
bahs konin (imperative plural second-person)
بحث کردن (infinitive)
bahs kardán (infinitive)
بحث کن (present stem)
bahs kun (present stem)
بحث کرد (past stem)
bahs kard (past stem)
بحث کننده (participle present)
bahs kunindá (participle present)
بحث کرده (participle past)
bahs kardá (participle past)
بحث کنم (aorist first-person indicative singular)
bahs kúnam (aorist first-person indicative singular)
بحث کنی (aorist indicative second-person singular)
bahs kúnī (aorist indicative second-person singular)
بحث کند (aorist indicative singular third-person)
bahs kúnad (aorist indicative singular third-person)
بحث کنیم (aorist first-person indicative plural)
bahs kúnēm (aorist first-person indicative plural)
بحث کنید (aorist indicative plural second-person)
bahs kúnēd (aorist indicative plural second-person)
بحث کنند (aorist indicative plural third-person)
bahs kúnand (aorist indicative plural third-person)
بحث میکنم (first-person indicative present singular)
bahs mḗ-kunam (first-person indicative present singular)
بحث میکنی (indicative present second-person singular)
bahs mḗ-kunī (indicative present second-person singular)
بحث میکند (indicative present singular third-person)
bahs mḗ-kunad (indicative present singular third-person)
بحث میکنیم (first-person indicative plural present)
bahs mḗ-kunēm (first-person indicative plural present)
بحث میکنید (indicative plural present second-person)
bahs mḗ-kunēd (indicative plural present second-person)
بحث میکنند (indicative plural present third-person)
bahs mḗ-kunand (indicative plural present third-person)
دارم بحث میکنم (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
dā́ram bahs mḗ-kunam (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
داری بحث میکنی (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
dā́rī bahs mḗ-kunī (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
دارد بحث میکند (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
dā́rad bahs mḗ-kunad (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
داریم بحث میکنیم (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
dā́rēm bahs mḗ-kunēm (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
دارید بحث میکنید (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
dā́rēd bahs mḗ-kunēd (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
دارند بحث میکنند (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
dā́rand bahs mḗ-kunand (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
بحث کردهام (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
bahs kardá-am (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
بحث کردهای (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
bahs kardá-ī (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
بحث کرده است (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
bahs kardá ast (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
بحث کردهایم (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
bahs kardá-ēm (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
بحث کردهاید (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
bahs kardá-ēd (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
بحث کردهاند (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
bahs kardá-and (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
بحث کردم (first-person indicative past singular)
bahs kárdam (first-person indicative past singular)
بحث کردی (indicative past second-person singular)
bahs kárdī (indicative past second-person singular)
بحث کرد (indicative past singular third-person)
bahs kard (indicative past singular third-person)
بحث کردیم (first-person indicative past plural)
bahs kárdēm (first-person indicative past plural)
بحث کردید (indicative past plural second-person)
bahs kárdēd (indicative past plural second-person)
بحث کردند (indicative past plural third-person)
bahs kárdand (indicative past plural third-person)
بحث میکردم (first-person indicative past singular)
bahs mḗ-kardam (first-person indicative past singular)
بحث میکردی (indicative past second-person singular)
bahs mḗ-kardī (indicative past second-person singular)
بحث میکرد (indicative past singular third-person)
bahs mḗ-kard (indicative past singular third-person)
بحث میکردیم (first-person indicative past plural)
bahs mḗ-kardēm (first-person indicative past plural)
بحث میکردید (indicative past plural second-person)
bahs mḗ-kardēd (indicative past plural second-person)
بحث میکردند (indicative past plural third-person)
bahs mḗ-kardand (indicative past plural third-person)
داشتم بحث میکردم (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
dā́štam bahs mḗ-kardam (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
داشتی بحث میکردی (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
dā́štī bahs mḗ-kardī (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
داشت بحث میکرد (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
dā́št bahs mḗ-kard (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
داشتیم بحث میکردیم (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
dā́štēm bahs mḗ-kardēm (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
داشتید بحث میکردید (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
dā́štēd bahs mḗ-kardēd (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
داشتند بحث میکردند (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
dā́štand bahs mḗ-kardand (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
بحث کرده بودم (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
bahs kardá bū́dam (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
بحث کرده بودی (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
bahs kardá bū́dī (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
بحث کرده بود (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
bahs kardá būd (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
بحث کرده بودیم (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
bahs kardá bū́dēm (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
بحث کرده بودید (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
bahs kardá bū́dēd (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
بحث کرده بودند (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
bahs kardá bū́dand (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
بحث خواهم کرد (first-person future indicative singular)
bahs xāhám kard (first-person future indicative singular)
بحث خواهی کرد (future indicative second-person singular)
bahs xāhī́ kard (future indicative second-person singular)
بحث خواهد کرد (future indicative singular third-person)
bahs xāhád kard (future indicative singular third-person)
بحث خواهیم کرد (first-person future indicative plural)
bahs xāhḗm kard (first-person future indicative plural)
بحث خواهید کرد (future indicative plural second-person)
bahs xāhḗd kard (future indicative plural second-person)
بحث خواهند کرد (future indicative plural third-person)
bahs xāhánd kard (future indicative plural third-person)
بحث کنم (first-person present singular subjunctive)
bahs kunam (first-person present singular subjunctive)
بحث کنی (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bahs kunī (present second-person singular subjunctive)
بحث کند (present singular subjunctive third-person)
bahs kunad (present singular subjunctive third-person)
بحث کنیم (first-person plural present subjunctive)
bahs kunēm (first-person plural present subjunctive)
بحث کنید (plural present second-person subjunctive)
bahs kunēd (plural present second-person subjunctive)
بحث کنند (plural present subjunctive third-person)
bahs kunand (plural present subjunctive third-person)
بحث کرده باشم (first-person past singular subjunctive)
bahs kardá bā́šam (first-person past singular subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشی (past second-person singular subjunctive)
bahs kardá bā́šī (past second-person singular subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشد (past singular subjunctive third-person)
bahs kardá bā́šad (past singular subjunctive third-person)
بحث کرده باشیم (first-person past plural subjunctive)
bahs kardá bā́šēm (first-person past plural subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشید (past plural second-person subjunctive)
bahs kardá bā́šēd (past plural second-person subjunctive)
بحث کرده باشند (past plural subjunctive third-person)
bahs kardá bā́šand (past plural subjunctive third-person)
بحث کن (imperative second-person singular)
bahs kun (imperative second-person singular)
بحث کنید (imperative plural second-person)
bahs kunēd (imperative plural second-person)
بحث کدن (infinitive)
bās kadán (infinitive)
بحث کو (present stem)
bās ku (present stem)
بحث کد (past stem)
bās kad (past stem)
بحث کننده (participle present)
bās kunindá (participle present)
بحث کده (participle past)
bās kadá (participle past)
بحث کنم (aorist first-person indicative singular)
bās kúnum (aorist first-person indicative singular)
بحث کنی (aorist indicative second-person singular)
bās kúnī (aorist indicative second-person singular)
بحث کنه (aorist indicative singular third-person)
bās kúna (aorist indicative singular third-person)
بحث کنیم (aorist first-person indicative plural)
bās kúnēm (aorist first-person indicative plural)
بحث کنین (aorist indicative plural second-person)
bās kúnēn (aorist indicative plural second-person)
بحث کنن (aorist indicative plural third-person)
bās kúnan (aorist indicative plural third-person)
بحث میکنم (first-person indicative present singular)
bās mḗ-kunum (first-person indicative present singular)
بحث میکنی (indicative present second-person singular)
bās mḗ-kunī (indicative present second-person singular)
بحث میکنه (indicative present singular third-person)
bās mḗ-kuna (indicative present singular third-person)
بحث میکنیم (first-person indicative plural present)
bās mḗ-kunēm (first-person indicative plural present)
بحث میکنین (indicative plural present second-person)
bās mḗ-kunēn (indicative plural present second-person)
بحث میکنن (indicative plural present third-person)
bās mḗ-kunan (indicative plural present third-person)
دارم بحث میکنم (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
dā́ram bās mḗ-kunum (first-person indicative present progressive singular)
داری بحث میکنی (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
dā́rī bās mḗ-kunī (indicative present progressive second-person singular)
داره بحث میکنه (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
dā́ra bās mḗ-kuna (indicative present progressive singular third-person)
داریم بحث میکنیم (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
dā́rēm bās mḗ-kunēm (first-person indicative plural present progressive)
دارین بحث میکنین (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
dā́rēn bās mḗ-kunēn (indicative plural present progressive second-person)
دارن بحث میکنن (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
dā́ran bās mḗ-kunan (indicative plural present progressive third-person)
بحث کدم (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
bās kadám (first-person indicative perfect present singular)
بحث کدی (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
bās kadī́ (indicative perfect present second-person singular)
بحث کداست (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
bās kadást (indicative perfect present singular third-person)
بحث کدیم (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
bās kadḗm (first-person indicative perfect plural present)
بحث کدین (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
bās kadḗn (indicative perfect plural present second-person)
بحث کدن (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
bās kadán (indicative perfect plural present third-person)
بحث کدم (first-person indicative past singular)
bās kádum (first-person indicative past singular)
بحث کدی (indicative past second-person singular)
bās kádī (indicative past second-person singular)
بحث کده (indicative past singular third-person)
bās kad (indicative past singular third-person)
بحث کدیم (first-person indicative past plural)
bās kádēm (first-person indicative past plural)
بحث کدین (indicative past plural second-person)
bās kádēn (indicative past plural second-person)
بحث کدن (indicative past plural third-person)
bās kádan (indicative past plural third-person)
بحث میکدم (first-person indicative past singular)
bās mḗ-kadum (first-person indicative past singular)
بحث میکدی (indicative past second-person singular)
bās mḗ-kadī (indicative past second-person singular)
بحث میکده (indicative past singular third-person)
bās mḗ-kada (indicative past singular third-person)
بحث میکدیم (first-person indicative past plural)
bās mḗ-kadēm (first-person indicative past plural)
بحث میکدین (indicative past plural second-person)
bās mḗ-kadēn (indicative past plural second-person)
بحث میکدن (indicative past plural third-person)
bās mḗ-kadan (indicative past plural third-person)
داشتم بحث میکدم (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
dā́štam bās mḗ-kadum (first-person indicative past progressive singular)
داشتی بحث میکدی (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
dā́štī bās mḗ-kadī (indicative past progressive second-person singular)
داشته بحث میکده (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
dā́šta bās mḗ-kada (indicative past progressive singular third-person)
داشتیم بحث میکدیم (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
dā́štēm bās mḗ-kadēm (first-person indicative past plural progressive)
داشتین بحث میکدین (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
dā́štēd bās mḗ-kadē (indicative past plural progressive second-person)
داشتن بحث میکدن (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
dā́štand bās mḗ-kadan (indicative past plural progressive third-person)
بحث کده بودم (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
bās kadá bū́dum (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
بحث کده بودی (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
bās kadá bū́dī (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
بحث کده بوده (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
bās kadá būda (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
بحث کده بودیم (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
bās kadá bū́dēm (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
بحث کده بودین (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
bās kadá bū́dēn (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
بحث کده بودن (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
bās kadá bū́dan (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
بحث خوایم کد (first-person future indicative singular)
bās xāyyúm kad (first-person future indicative singular)
بحث خوایی کد (future indicative second-person singular)
bās xāyyī́ kad (future indicative second-person singular)
بحث خوایه کد (future indicative singular third-person)
bās xāyyá kad (future indicative singular third-person)
بحث خواییم کد (first-person future indicative plural)
bās xāyyḗm kad (first-person future indicative plural)
بحث خوایین کد (future indicative plural second-person)
bās xāyyḗn kad (future indicative plural second-person)
بحث خواین کد (future indicative plural third-person)
bās xāyyán kad (future indicative plural third-person)
بحث کنم (first-person present singular subjunctive)
bās kunum (first-person present singular subjunctive)
بحث کنی (present second-person singular subjunctive)
bās kunī (present second-person singular subjunctive)
بحث کنه (present singular subjunctive third-person)
bās kuna (present singular subjunctive third-person)
بحث کنیم (first-person plural present subjunctive)
bās kunēm (first-person plural present subjunctive)
بحث کنین (plural present second-person subjunctive)
bās kunēn (plural present second-person subjunctive)
بحث کنن (plural present subjunctive third-person)
bās kunan (plural present subjunctive third-person)
بحث کده باشم (first-person past singular subjunctive)
bās kadá bā́šam (first-person past singular subjunctive)
بحث کده باشی (past second-person singular subjunctive)
bās kadá bā́šī (past second-person singular subjunctive)
بحث کده باشه (past singular subjunctive third-person)
bās kadá bā́ša (past singular subjunctive third-person)
بحث کده باشیم (first-person past plural subjunctive)
bās kadá bā́šēm (first-person past plural subjunctive)
بحث کده باشین (past plural second-person subjunctive)
bās kadá bā́šēn (past plural second-person subjunctive)
بحث کده باشن (past plural subjunctive third-person)
bās kadá bā́šan (past plural subjunctive third-person)
بحث کو (imperative second-person singular)
bās ku (imperative second-person singular)
بحث کنین (imperative plural second-person)
bās kunēn (imperative plural second-person)

fa-conj-head

Conjugation of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">بحث کردن</i> (bahs kardán) (literary Iranian Persian)

داشتیم بحث میکردیم

داشتم بحث میکردم

داشتید بحث میکردید

داشتی بحث میکردی

داشتند بحث میکردند

داشت بحث میکرد

داریم بحث میکنیم

دارم بحث میکنم

دارید بحث میکنید

داری بحث میکنی

دارند بحث میکنند

دارد بحث میکند

بحث کرده است

بحث کرده بودیم

بحث کرده بودم

بحث کرده بودید

بحث کرده بودی

بحث کرده بودند

بحث کرده بود

بحث خواهیم کرد

بحث خواهم کرد

بحث خواهید کرد

بحث خواهی کرد

بحث خواهند کرد

بحث خواهد کرد

بحث کرده باشیم

بحث کرده باشم

بحث کرده باشید

بحث کرده باشی

بحث کرده باشند

بحث کرده باشد

fa-conj-colloq-head

Conjugation of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">بحث کردن</i> (bahs kardán) (colloquial Tehrani)

داشتیم بحث میکردیم

داشتم بحث میکردم

داشتین بحث میکردین

داشتی بحث میکردی

داشتن بحث میکردن

داشت بحث میکرد

داریم بحث میکنیم

دارم بحث میکنم

دارین بحث میکنین

داری بحث میکنی

دارن بحث میکنن

داره بحث میکنه

بحث کرده بودیم

بحث کرده بودم

بحث کرده بودین

بحث کرده بودی

بحث کرده بودن

بحث کرده بود

بحث کرده باشیم

بحث کرده باشم

بحث کرده باشین

بحث کرده باشی

بحث کرده باشن

بحث کرده باشه

fa-conj-head

Conjugation of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">بحث کردن</i> (bahs kardán) (literary Dari Persian)

داشتیم بحث میکردیم

داشتم بحث میکردم

داشتید بحث میکردید

داشتی بحث میکردی

داشتند بحث میکردند

داشت بحث میکرد

داریم بحث میکنیم

دارم بحث میکنم

دارید بحث میکنید

داری بحث میکنی

دارند بحث میکنند

دارد بحث میکند

بحث کرده است

بحث کرده بودیم

بحث کرده بودم

بحث کرده بودید

بحث کرده بودی

بحث کرده بودند

بحث کرده بود

بحث خواهیم کرد

بحث خواهم کرد

بحث خواهید کرد

بحث خواهی کرد

بحث خواهند کرد

بحث خواهد کرد

بحث کرده باشیم

بحث کرده باشم

بحث کرده باشید

بحث کرده باشی

بحث کرده باشند

بحث کرده باشد

Conjugation of <i class="Arab fa-Arab mention" lang="fa">بحث کدن</i> (bās kadán) (colloquial Kabuli)

داشتیم بحث میکدیم

داشتم بحث میکدم

داشتین بحث میکدین

داشتی بحث میکدی

داشتن بحث میکدن

داشته بحث میکده

داریم بحث میکنیم

دارم بحث میکنم

دارین بحث میکنین

داری بحث میکنی

دارن بحث میکنن

داره بحث میکنه

بحث کده بودیم

بحث کده بودم

بحث کده بودین

بحث کده بودی

بحث کده بودن

بحث کده بوده

بحث خواییم کد

بحث خوایم کد

بحث خوایین کد

بحث خوایی کد

بحث خواین کد

بحث خوایه کد

بحث کده باشیم

بحث کده باشم

بحث کده باشین

بحث کده باشی

bās kadá bā́šī

بحث کده باشن

بحث کده باشه

[bǽɦs kʰʲæɹ.d̪ǽn]


مغرور

fa-adj

مغرور • (mağrur) (comparative مغرورتَر (mağrur-tar), superlative مغرورتَرین (mağrur-tarin))

mağrur (romanization)
مغرورتَر (comparative)
مغرورتَرین (superlative)

From Arabic مَغْرُور (maḡrūr, “arrogant, conceited”).


داریوش

head

داریوش • (dâryuš)

fa-proper noun

داریوش • (dâryuš)

[dɑːɾ.ˈjuːʃ]

[d̪ɑːɾ.júːʃ]

[d̪ɑːɾ.júːʃ]

[d̪ɑːɾ.júːʃ]

[d̪ɒːɹ.júːʃ]

Borrowed from Imperial Aramaic 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔 (drwš) or Ancient Greek Δαρεῖος (Dareîos), both ultimately from Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 (d-a-r-y-v-u-š /Dārayavaʰuš/).

der

a male given name, Daryush, Daryoush, or Daryoosh, from Old Persian, equivalent to English Darius


توت

Tajik: тут (tut)
→ Yagnobi: тут (tut)

→ Azerbaijani: tut

→ Bengali: তুঁত (tũt)

→ Bashkir: тут (tut)

→ Gujarati: તૂત (tūt)

→ Kazakh: тұт (tūt)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: طوت (tut, dut), توت (tut), دوت (dut)
Turkish: dut
→ Albanian: dudë
→ Aromanian: dudã
→ Bulgarian: дуд (dud)
→ Laz: მდუთა (mduta)
→ Macedonian: дуд (dud)
→ Romanian: dud, dudă
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ду̏д
Latin script: dȕd

→ Pashto: توت (tut)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤੂਤ (tūt)

Shahmukhi script: توت (tut)

→ Russian: тут (tut) (via Turkic)

→ Tatar: тут (tut)

→ Ukrainian: тут (tut) (via Turkic)

Related to Kermanic [script needed] (tü), Mazanderani [script needed] (tir), [script needed] (tīr), Khwarezmian [script needed] (twt), Wakhi tыt, tыẟ, Munji tūy, Parachi tī, Waneci [script needed] (tūwa, təwā), Sanskrit तूत (tūta), तूद (tūda), Kashmiri तूल् (tūl), تُل (tul), Odia ତୁଳ (tuḷa) etc., all meaning mulberry. The direction of borrowing between the Iranian and Indo-Aryan words is disputed.
The ultimate origin is unknown.
Found also in Semitic and the languages of the Caucasus, likely borrowed from Iranian: Aramaic תותא / ܬܘܬܐ (tūṯā), Hebrew תּוּת (tūṯ), Neo-Babylonian 𒄑𒌅𒌓𒌈 (/tuttu/), Arabic تُوت (tūt); Old Armenian թութ (tʻutʻ), Georgian თუთა (tuta, “mulberry”).

unk

unknown


زعفران

desctree

→ Azerbaijani: zəfəran
→ Georgian: ზაფარან (zaparan) — Ingilo

→ Bengali: জাফরান (japhoran)

desc

→ Georgian: ზაფარანი (zaparani) — Fereydan

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ज़ाफ़रान (zāfrān)

Urdu: زعفران (zāfrān)

→ Sindhi: زعفران

→ Sindhi: زعفران

Borrowed from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (zaʕfarān).


گهگاه

head

گهگاه • (gahgâh)


قرمزی

Borrowed from Arabic قِرْمِزِيّ (qirmiziyy). By surface analysis, قرمز (qermez) + ـی (-i).


بینی

→ Gujarati: બીની (bīnī)

From Middle Persian 𐭥𐭩𐭭𐭩𐭪 (wēnīg), traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”) and related to بین (bīn, form of دیدن (dīdan)).
However, Gershevitch rejects this etymology, transcribing the Middle Persian term as wīnīg instead, and deriving it from Proto-Iranian *wí (“apart”) + an Iranian formation descended from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”). The prefix is from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wí, from Proto-Indo-European *wi (“apart”).


بینی

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.}

nonlemma

دیدن دیدن#Persian

second-person simple present of دیدن (didan)


سیم کارت

head

سیم کارت • (sim kârt)

fa-noun

سیم کارت • (sim kârt)


کار

→ Azerbaijani: kar

→ Baharna Arabic: كار (kār)

→ Gulf Arabic: كار (kār, “hard-worker”)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: कार (kār)

Urdu: کار (kār)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كار (kâr)
Turkish: kâr
→ Armenian: քյար (kʻyar)
→ Bulgarian: кяр (kjar)
→ Macedonian: ќар (ḱar)
→ Serbo-Croatian: ćȃr/ћа̑р
→ Crimean Tatar: kâr

From Middle Persian [script needed] (kʾl /kār/, “work, deed, affair”). Ultimately a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make, construct”). Related to کردن (kardan), پیکر (peykar), پیکار (peykār) etc. Cognates include Sanskrit -कार (-kāra) and Armenian կար- (kar-) (to be able to).

der

دنبال یک کار تازه میگردم.


کار

کشتن کشتن#Persian

present stem form of کشتن (keštan, “to sow, to plant”)


مرگ

From Proto-Iranian *marka-, from Proto-Iranian *marč- (“to destroy, damage”), from a blend of Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”) and Proto-Indo-European *melkʷ- (“to damage”). Compare with Northern Kurdish merg, Pashto مرګ (marg), Ossetian марг (marg, “poison”), and Ancient Greek βλάπτω (bláptō, “to disable, harm”).


همجنس‌باز

همجنسباز (canonical)
hamjens-bâz (romanization)


همجنس‌باز

head

همجنسباز • (hamjens-bâz) (plural همجنسبازان (hamjens-bâzân) or همجنسبازها (hamjens-bâz-hâ))

همجنسباز (canonical)
hamjens-bâz (romanization)
همجنسبازان (plural)
همجنسبازها (plural)


گردو

گردو • (gerdu) (plural گردوها (gerdu-hâ))

گردو شکستن


سنگ

Coptic: ⲃⲁⲥⲛϭ (basnc)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: संग (saṅg)

Urdu: سنگ (saṅg)

Ottoman Turkish: سنگ (seng)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸੰਗ (saṅg)

Shahmukhi script: سنگ (saṅg)

From Middle Persian KYPA / sng (sang, “stone, rock”).


سنگ

Deverbal noun of سنجیدن (sanjidan) or سختن (saxtan, “to weigh, compare”).


مردد

fa-adj

مردد • (moraddad) (comparative مرددتَر (moraddad-tar), superlative مرددتَرین (moraddad-tarin))

moraddad (romanization)
مرددتَر (comparative)
مرددتَرین (superlative)

Borrowed from Arabic مُرَدَّد (muraddad).


چین

Perhaps lexicalization of the stem چیدن (čidan, “to gather up, to fold, to be put closer together”). Cognate with Khotanese tcāna-, meaning "wrinkle."


چین

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn, “China”), likely from Gandhari 𐨕𐨁𐨣 (cina), from Sanskrit चीन (cīna), likely from Old Chinese 秦 (OC *zin).

inh+

جمهوری چین

جمهوری خلق چین


تا

From Middle Persian [script needed] (OD /tā/, “until, so that”), from Old Persian 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 (y-a-t-a /yātā/), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HyátʰaH (“as, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós. Compare Sanskrit यथा (yathā).

inh

تا پارسال

تا اندازهای

تا کنارِ پنجره رفتم.

فاصله اصفهان تا تهران

until; as far as; up to (in time or space)


تا

تا یادش میآید

تا مادرم آنجاست او باید برود.

As long as my mother is there, he should go.

تا تو نروی٬ مادرت نمیآید.
tâ to na-ravi, mâdar-at ne-mi-âyad.
Your mother will not come until you go.

literally, “As long as you do not go, your mother will not come.”

(usually in the initial clause) as long as, so long as, as far as

تا رسیدم دختر رفته بود.

By the time I arrived, the girl had left.

تا درسم را تمام کردم، کار خوبی پیدا کرده بودم.

By the time I finished my studies, I had found good job.

tâ dars-am râ tamâm kardam, kâr-e xubi peydâ karde budam.

(usually in the initial clause) by the time, when

تا من دیدمش، خانه را ترک کردم.

(in the initial clause, taking the main stress of the sentence) as soon as

مادرت نمیآید تا تو بروی.

رفتم تا او را ببینم.

الله الله قسم مسکین بعد من
 وا مگیریدش ز حرص خویشتن
 تا بماند بر شما کشت و ثمار
 در پناه طاعت حق پایدار.

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume 5, verse 1480—1481:

For God's sake, for God's sake, after I am gone, do not on account of your covetousness withhold the portion of the poor,
So that the crops and fruit may remain [as a] permanent [blessing bestowed] on you under the safeguard of your obedience to God.

allāh allāh qism-i miskīn ba'd-i man
 wā magīrīdaš z-i hirs-i xwēštan
 tā bimānad bar šumā kišt u simār
 dar panāh-i tā'at-i haqq pāydār.

(with subjunctive, in a subsequent clause) to; in order to; so that


تا

From Middle Persian [script needed] (tʾk' /tāg/, “item; unit; single”), already used as a classifier in MP. Doublet of طاق (tâq, “odd (of a number); unique”), which apparently passed through Arabic.

doublet

دیروز ۲۴تا کتاب خریدم.

این ۶تا بهتر از همه هستند.

The generic classifier, used as a counting unit for numbers greater than one. Obligatory in colloquial Persian.


سماور

From Russian самова́р (samovár), literally “self-boiler”; from само́ (samó) “self” + вари́ть (varítʹ) “to boil” or “to cook”.


اسب آبی

[ˈäs.bɪ ʔɑː.bíː]

[ˈäs.bɪ ʔɑː.bíː]

[ˈäs.bɪ ʔɑː.bíː]

Literally, “water horse”, from اسب (asb, “horse”) and آبی (âbi, “water”).


همسر

head

هَمسَر • (hamsar) (plural همسران (hamsarân))

هَمسَر (canonical)
hamsar (romanization)
همسران (plural)


بانک

بانْک • (bânk) (plural بانکها (bânk-hâ))

بانْک (canonical)
bânk (romanization)
بانکها (plural)

→ Georgian: ბანკი (banḳi)

→ Ossetian: банк (bank)

→ Pashto: بانک (bānk)


ته‌دیگ

تهدیگ (canonical)
tah-dig (romanization)
tah-dêg (romanization)

→ Urdu: تہ دیگ (tah deg)

[t̪ʰäɦ.d̪eːɡ]

[t̪ʰäɦ.d̪eːɡ]

[t̪ʰɑː.d̪eːɡ]

[t̪ʰɔː.d̪eːɡ̥]

[t̪ʰæɦ.d̪iːɡʲ̥]

[t̪ʰäɦ.d̪eɡ]

From Classical Persian ته (tah) + دیگ (dēg).


بزرگ

fa-adj

بُزُرْگ • (bozorg) (comparative بُزُرْگتَر (bozorg-tar), superlative بُزُرْگتَرین (bozorg-tarin))

بُزُرْگ (canonical)
bozorg (romanization)
بُزُرْگتَر (comparative)
بُزُرْگتَرین (superlative)
بزرگم (first-person predicative singular)
bozorgam (first-person predicative singular)
بزرگیم (first-person plural predicative)
bozorgim (first-person plural predicative)
بزرگی (predicative second-person singular)
bozorgi (predicative second-person singular)
بزرگید (plural predicative second-person)
bozorgid (plural predicative second-person)
بزرگین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
bozorgin (plural predicative second-person)
بزرگ است (predicative singular third-person)
bozorg ast (predicative singular third-person)
بزرگه (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
bozorge (predicative singular third-person)
بزرگند (plural predicative third-person)
bozorgand (plural predicative third-person)
بزرگن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
bozorgan (plural predicative third-person)

→ Bengali: বুজুর্গ (buzurg)

→ Gujarati: બુજરગ (bujrag)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बुज़ुर्ग (buzurg)

Urdu: بُزُرْگ (buzurg)

→ Marathi: बुजुर्ग (buj̈urga)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਬਜ਼ੁਰਗ (bazurag)

Shahmukhi script: بَزُرگ (bazurg)

→ Ottoman Turkish: بزرك (büzürk)

Turkish: büzürk

→ Malay: besar

From Middle Persian 𐭥𐭰𐭥𐭫𐭢 (wuzurg, wazurg, “big, great”), from Old Persian 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 (vazạrka), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wáȷ́ras, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ-.

inh

نزدیک شهر کوه بزرگی است. (literary)

There is a large mountain near the city.

نزدیک شهر کوهی بزرگ است. (literary)

نزدیک شهر یه کوه بزرگه. (colloquial)

خانهٔ شما خیلی بزرگ است. (literary)

خونه شما خیلی بزرگه. (colloquial)

او واقعاً آدم بزرگی ست.

یک شرکت بزرگ


گلدان

head

گلدان • (goldân) (plural گلدانها (goldân-hâ))

→ Azerbaijani: güldan

→ Gujarati: ગુલદાન (guldān)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਗੁਲਦਾਨ (guldān)

Shahmukhi script: گلدان (guldān)

→ Urdu: گلدان (guldān)

[ɡʊl̪.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊl̪.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊl̪.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[ɡ̥ol̪.d̪ɒ́ːn]

From گل (gol, “flower”) + ـدان (-dân, “holder, container”).

af

میگفتی بی تو هیچم، با من بمون همیشه
نباشی من میمیرم، گل بی گلدون نمیشه

1970, “گل بی گلدون”, performed by Googoosh:

You were telling me I'm nothing without you, stay with me forever
If you're not there I'll die, a flower cannot grow without a flowerpot

migofti bi to hičam, bâ man bemun hamiše
nabâši man mimiram, gol bi goldun nemiše


کلاس

head

کلاس • (kelâs) (plural کلاسها (kelâs-hâ))

kelâs (romanization)
کلاسها (plural)
کلاسم (first-person possessive singular)
kelâsam (first-person possessive singular)
کلاسهایم (first-person possessive singular)
kelâs-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
کلاسهام، کلاسام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
kelâsấm (first-person possessive singular)
کلاست (possessive second-person singular)
kelâsat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
kelâset (possessive second-person singular)
کلاسهایت (possessive second-person singular)
kelâs-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
کلاسهات، کلاسات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
kelâsất (possessive second-person singular)
کلاسش (possessive singular third-person)
kelâsaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
kelâseš (possessive singular third-person)
کلاسهایش (possessive singular third-person)
kelâs-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
کلاسهاش، کلاساش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
kelâsấš (possessive singular third-person)
کلاسمان (first-person plural possessive)
kelâsemân (first-person plural possessive)
کلاسمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
kelâsemun (first-person plural possessive)
کلاسهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
kelâs-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
کلاسهامون، کلاسامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
kelâsấmun (first-person plural possessive)
کلاستان (plural possessive second-person)
kelâsetân (plural possessive second-person)
کلاستون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
kelâsetun (plural possessive second-person)
کلاسهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
kelâs-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
کلاسهاتون، کلاساتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
kelâsấtun (plural possessive second-person)
کلاسشان (plural possessive third-person)
kelâsešân (plural possessive third-person)
کلاسشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
kelâsešun (plural possessive third-person)
کلاسهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
kelâs-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
کلاسهاشون، کلاساشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
kelâsấšun (plural possessive third-person)


طناب

طناب • (tanâb)

fa-noun

طناب • (tanâb)

→ Turkmen: tanap

→ Khalaj: tanâb

Borrowed from Arabic أطناب. Majorly displaced native رَسَن (rasan) and اَرویس (arvês) (from Middle Persian [script needed] (’lwys /arwēs/)).


بلبل

→ Azerbaijani: bülbül

→ Baluchi: بلبل

→ Bashkir: былбыл (bılbıl)

→ Bengali: বুলবুল (bulbul)

→ Burushaski: bulbul

→ Georgian: ბულბული (bulbuli)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बुलबुल (bulbul)

Urdu: بلبل (bulbul)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: բլբուլ (blbul), պլպուլ (plpul)

→ Armenian: բլբուլ (blbul)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: بلبل (bülbül)
Turkish: bülbül
→ Albanian: bilbil
→ Greek: μπιρμπίλι (birmpíli)
→ Ladino: bilbil
→ Northern Kurdish: bilbil
→ Serbo-Croatian: bulbul

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਬੁਲਬੁਲ (bulbul)

Shahmukhi script: بلبل (bulbul)

From Proto-Indo-European *bal-bal- (“babbling, unclear speech”), or from Arabic بُلْبُل (bulbul).


گربه

head

گُرْبِه • (gorbe) (plural گربهها (gorbe-hâ) or گربگان (gorbegân))

گُرْبِه (canonical)
gorbe (romanization)
گربهها (plural)
گربگان (plural)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गुर्बा (gurbā)

Urdu: گربہ (gurbā)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (gwlbk' /gurbag/, “cat”), from Proto-Iranian *wr̥pa-ka-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl̥pís. Compare Lithuanian vilpišys (“wildcat”), Latin vulpes (“fox”). Perhaps anciently related to روباه (rubâh, “fox”); see there for more.

inh

و آن جا زنان را علتی میافتد به اوقات که چون مصروعی دو سه بار بانگ کنند و باز به هوش آیند و در خراسان شنیده بودم که جزیرهای است که زنان آن جا چون گربگان به فریاد میآیند و آن بر این گونه است که ذکر رفت.

And there, a disease comes upon women from time to time so that they cry out like an epileptic two or three times, then return to sanity again. And in Khurasan, I had heard that there is an island whose women scream like cats. That is the same sort of thing as what has been mentioned.

w-ān jā zanān rā ilatē mē-uftad ba awqāt ki čōn masrū'ē du si bār bāng kunand u bāz ba hōš āyand u dar xurāsān šunīda būdam ki jazīra'ē ast ki zanān ān jā čōn gurbagān ba faryād mē-āyand u ān bar īn gōna ast ki zikr raft.


ستاره

head

سِتارِه • (setâre) (plural ستارگان (setâregân) or ستارهها (setâre-hâ))

سِتارِه (canonical)
setâre (romanization)
ستارگان (plural)
ستارهها (plural)

desc

→ Bengali: সিতারা (śitara), সেতার (śetar)

→ Gujarati: સિતારો (sitāro)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: सितारा (sitārā)

→ Marathi: सितारा (sitārā)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: ستاره (sitare)
Turkish: sitare

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸਿਤਾਰਾ (sitārā)

Shahmukhi script: ستارہ (stārh)

[sɪ.t̪ʰɑː.ɾǽ]

[sɪ.t̪ʰɑː.ɾǽ]

[sɪ.t̪ʰɑː.ɾǽ]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (stʾlk' /stārag/), [script needed] (stl /star/), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎼 (star-), from Proto-Iranian *Hstā́, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hstā́, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.
Cognate with English star.

inh

دیگر ستارگان را حتی هیچ اعتماد نیست. شاید ستارهها شبگردهای دشمن ما باشند.

1985, قیصر امینپور [Qeysar Aminpour], “شعری برای جنگ”, in تنفس صبح:

Even the stars are no longer reliable. Perhaps the stars are our enemy's night patrols.

digar setâregân-râ hattâ hič e'temâd nist. šâyad setâre--hâ šabgard-hâ-ye došman-e mâ bâšand.

بس ستارهی آتش از آهن جهید، و ان دل سوزیده پذرفت و کشید

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 384:

Many a spark of fire shot forth from the iron, and that burning heart received and drew [them] in.

bas setâre-ye âtaš az âhan jahid, v-ân del-e suzide pazroft o kašid


ستاره

head

ستاره • (setâre)

fa-proper noun

ستاره • (setâre)

[sɪ.t̪ʰɑː.ɾǽ]

[sɪ.t̪ʰɑː.ɾǽ]

[sɪ.t̪ʰɑː.ɾǽ]

a female given name, Setareh, Sitara, Setare, or Sitora, from Middle Persian


بهائی

head

بهائی • (bahâ'i)

fa-noun

بهائی • (bahâ'i)

[bä.ɦɑː.ʔiː]

[bä.ɦɑː.ʔiː]

[bæ.ɦɒː.ʔiː]

Baháʼí Baháʼí


بهائی

fa-adj

بهائی • (bahâ'i)

[bä.ɦɑː.ʔiː]

[bä.ɦɑː.ʔiː]

[bæ.ɦɒː.ʔiː]

Baháʼí Baháʼí


دوغ

Borrowed from Parthian [Manichaean needed] (dwwg), from Proto-Iranian *dáwgah. Related to دوختن (duxtan), دوشیدن (dušidan, “to milk”). Also compare Sanskrit दुग्ध (dugdhá).

bor+

doogh, a carbonated or noncarbonated yoghurt drink.


چاق

fa-adj

چاق • (čâq) (comparative چاقتَر (čâq-tar), superlative چاقتَرین (čâq-tarin))

čâq (romanization)
چاقتَر (comparative)
چاقتَرین (superlative)

→ Armenian: չաղ (čʻaġ)

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: چاق (cāq)

→ Khalaj: çâq

Doublet of چاغ (čâğ) and from the same Turkic source as the former. The semantic development must have been along the lines of 'measure of something' → 'in high measure' → 'strong' → 'thick, healthy, sound' etc. Compare Uzbek chogʻ (“happy, gay, joyful”), Azerbaijani çağ (“healthy; well-fed; happy”) for a similar development. Cognate with Talysh çok (“good”). Persian چاغ (čâğ) was borrowed from a parallel track of semantic development, 'measure of something' → 'measure of time' → 'time'.

cog

سه کیلو چاق شدهام.

دماغت چاقه؟


لاغر

fa-adj

لاغَر • (lâğar) (comparative لاغَرتَر (lâğar-tar), superlative لاغَرتَرین (lâğar-tarin))

لاغَر (canonical)
lâğar (romanization)
لاغَرتَر (comparative)
لاغَرتَرین (superlative)
لاغر
lâğar
لاغر (ezafe)
lâğar-e (ezafe)
لاغری (definite relative)
لاغری (indefinite stressed)
lâğar-i (definite relative)
lâğar-i (indefinite stressed)
لاغرم (first-person predicative singular)
lâğaram (first-person predicative singular)
لاغریم (first-person plural predicative)
lâğarim (first-person plural predicative)
لاغری (predicative second-person singular)
lâğari (predicative second-person singular)
لاغرید (plural predicative second-person)
lâğarid (plural predicative second-person)
لاغرین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
lâğarin (plural predicative second-person)
لاغر است (predicative singular third-person)
lâğar ast (predicative singular third-person)
لاغره (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
lâğare (predicative singular third-person)
لاغرند (plural predicative third-person)
lâğarand (plural predicative third-person)
لاغرن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
lâğaran (plural predicative third-person)

→ Middle Armenian: լաղար (laġar)

Armenian: լղար (lġar)

→ Azerbaijani: lağər

→ Central Kurdish: لهڕ (lerr)

→ Khalaj: lâğər

→ Northern Kurdish: lexer

→ Ottoman Turkish: لاغر (lağar)

Turkish: lagar

From Middle Persian *lāgar, from Old Persian *lagrah, from Proto-Iranian *Hlagráh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hlagʰrás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ln̥gʷʰrós (“lightweight”). Cognate with Northern Kurdish lawaz, Gurani لاواز (lāwāz).

که طمع لاغر کند زرد و ذلیل / نیست او از علت ابدان علیل

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume V, verse 3629:

For [mere] hope makes him lean, pale, and wretched: he is not ill with bodily ailment.

ke tama' lâğar konad zard o zalil / nist u az 'ellat-e abdân 'alil

و من به جفتگیری گلها میاندیشم / به غنچههایی با ساقههای لاغر کم خون

published 1973, فروغ فرخزاد [Forugh Farrokhzad], translated by Hasan Javadi and Susan Sallée (in Another Birth: Selected Poems of Forugh Farrokhzad), ایمان بیاوریم به آغاز فصل سرد:

and I think of the pollination of the flowers / of the buds with thin anemic stems

va man be joft-giri-ye gol-hâ mi-andišam / be ğonče-hâ-yi bâ sâqe-hâ-ye lâğar-e kam-xun


اسب

head

اسب • (asb) (plural اسبها (asb-hâ) or اسبان (asbân))

asb (romanization)
اسبها (plural)
اسبان (plural)

→ Judeo-Tat: ⱨəsb

PIE word
 *h1éḱwos
From earlier اسپ (asp), from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾsp̄ /asp/), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (aspa), from Old Median *aspah (compare Old Persian 𐎠𐎿 (asa)), from Proto-Iranian *Hácwah (compare Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (aspa), Northern Kurdish hesp, esp, Pashto آس (ās), Ossetian ефс (efs)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas (compare Sanskrit अश्व (áśva)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (compare Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”), Lithuanian ašva (“mare”), Latin equus).


کیف

→ Azerbaijani: kif


کیف

→ Bashkir: кәйеф (kəyef)


موسیقی

→ Azerbaijani: musiqi

→ Central Kurdish: مووسیقی (mûsîqî)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: موسیقی (musiki)
Turkish: musiki

→ Pashto: موسيقي (musiqi)

desc

→ Urdu: مُوسِیقِی (mūsīqī)

→ Urdu: مُوسِیقِی (mūsīqī)

Borrowed from Arabic مُوسِيقَى (mūsīqā), ultimately from Ancient Greek μουσική (mousikḗ).


اسرائیل

head

اِسْرائیل • (esrâ'il)

fa-proper noun

اِسْرائیل • (esrâ'il)

اِسْرائیل (canonical)
esrâ'il (romanization)

[ʔɪs.ɾɑː.ʔíːl]

[ʔɪs.ɾɑː.ʔíːl]

[ʔɪs.ɾɑː.jíːl]

[ʔes.ɹɒː.ʔíːl̥]

Borrowed from Arabic إِسْرَائِيل (ʔisrāʔīl).


گلستان

→ Azerbaijani: gülüstan

→ Bengali: গুলিস্তান (gulistan)

→ Gujarati: ગુલિસ્તાન (gulistān)

→ Hindi: गुलिस्तान (gulistān)

→ Karakalpak: gúlistan

→ Kazakh: гүлстан (gülstan)

→ Kyrgyz: гүлстан (gülstan)

→ Turkish: gülistan

→ Urdu: گلستان (gulistān)

→ Uyghur: گۈلىستان (gülistan)

→ Uzbek: guliston

[ɡʊ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

غنیمت دان و می خور در گلستان
که گل تا هفتهٔ دیگر نباشد

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 162”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

Know the opportunity and drink wine in the rose garden,
For next week, the rose will be no more.

ğanīmat dān u may xwar dar gulistān
ki gul tā hafta-yi dīgar nabāšad


گلستان

→ Gujarati: ગુલિસ્તાન (gulistān)

[ɡʊ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

the Gulistan of Sa'di, a renowned thirteenth-century prosimetrum


ما

From Middle Persian 𐭫𐭭𐭤 (LNE /amāh/, “we, us”), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎶𐎠𐎧𐎶 (amāxam) (genitive plural form of the first person plural pronoun), ultimately from the PIE variant *mey of the personal pronoun *wey.

inh

we, us; the first-person plural pronoun.

(poetic or humble) I, me; the first-person singular pronoun, used to show deference to the listener or in poetic contexts.


ما

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


بابا

head

بابا • (bâbâ)

fa-noun

بابا • (bâbâ)

→ Khalaj: bâba

Originally from baby talk, see mama and papa.

onomatopoeic

baby talk

fa:نسبتهای خانوادگی

بعد از آن گفتند ای مادر بیا / گور بابا کو تو ما را ره نما

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 1174:

Afterwards they said, "Come, O mother, where is our father's grave? Do thou show us the way."

ba'd az ân goftand ey mâdar biy-â / gur-e bâbâ ku to mâ râ rah namâ


سبز

From Middle Persian spz, sbz (sabz, “green, fresh”), of uncertain origin.
Morgenstierne derives the word from an unattested form [script needed] (*sapači-) and connects it, along with Pashto سابه (sābə́, “vegetables, greens”), to Ancient Greek κῆπος (kêpos, “garden”).
Henning is skeptical of this, however, and relates the word to Parthian [script needed] (‘spyxt, “radiant, verdant”), deriving both from Proto-Iranian *(H)spar(H)- (“to sprout, bloom, blossom”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pregʰ- (“to scatter, to jerk”); compare Latin spargō (“to scatter, strew”), Old Irish arg (“a drop”), Lithuanian sprogti (“a bud, a shoot”), Northern Sami sprygg (“active, brisk”), Old Norse freknur (“speckles”) (whence English freckle), Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀-𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬈𐬔𐬀 (fra-sparega, “twig, branch, something jerked off of a tree”), Sanskrit पर्जन्य (parjanya, “rain god, rain”).
Cheung does not consider Parthian [script needed] (‘spyxt) to be descended from Proto-Iranian *(H)spar(H)-, and instead derives it from Proto-Iranian *spaič / *spaiǰ (“to shine; to bloom”), which appears to be an exclusively Iranian root.


سبز

→ Assamese: সেউজ (xeuz)

→ Baluchi: سبز (sabz)

→ Bengali: সবুজ (śobuj)

→ Hindi: सब्ज़ (sabz)

→ Odia: ସବୁଜ (sabuja)

→ Punjabi: ਸਬਜ਼ (sabaz)

→ Urdu: سبز (sabz)


دو

du／do (romanization)
۲ (Persian numeral)

From Middle Persian 𐭲𐭥𐭩𐭭 (tʿyn /dō/), from Proto-Iranian *dwáH, Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwáH, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Indo European cognates include Northern Kurdish du, Pashto دوه (dwa), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀 (duua), Sanskrit द्व (dvá), Hindi दो (do)/Urdu دو (do), Punjabi ਦੋ (do), Russian два (dva), Lithuanian du, Greek δύο (dýo), Spanish dos, English two, etc..