سلطان

head

سُلْطان • (soltân) (plural سلاطین (salâtin) or سلطانها (soltân-hâ))

سُلْطان (canonical)
soltân (romanization)
سلاطین (plural)
سلطانها (plural)

→ Assamese: চুলতান (sultan)

→ Bengali: সুলতান (śulotan)

→ Gujarati: સુલતાન (sultān)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: सुल्तान (sultān)

Urdu: سلطان (sultān)

→ Kazakh: сұлтан (sūltan)

→ Marathi: सुलतान (sultān)

desctree

→ Old Gujarati: सुरताण (suratāṇa)
Gojri: سُلْطَانْ (sultān)
Middle Gujarati: सुलताण
Gujarati: સરતાણ (sartāṇ), સુલતાન (sultān)
Malvi: सल्तान (saltān)
Marwari:
Devanagari script: सुलतांण (sultā̃ṇ), सुलतान (sultān), सुलतांन (sultā̃n)
Mahajani script: 𑅰𑅒𑅮𑅣𑅧𑅢 (sultnṇ), 𑅰𑅒𑅮𑅣𑅧 (sultn), 𑅰𑅒𑅮𑅣𑅧𑅧 (sultnn)

desc

→ Sindhi: سُلْطانُ

→ Sindhi: سُلْطانُ

→ Tatar: солтан (soltan)

→ Turkmen: soltan

→ Uyghur: سۇلتان (sultan)

→ Uzbek: sulton

[sʊl̪.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[sʊl̪.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[sʊl̪.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

جز خداوندی که عالم بندهٔ تقدیر اوست
کیست در عالم که او سلطان سلطان سنجر است

c. 1100, Amīr Mu'izzī, “Qaṣīda 41”, in دیوان امیر معزی:

Save for the Lord to whose decree the world is a slave,
Who in the world is there to be king over Sultan Sanjar?

juz xudāwandē ki ālam banda-yi taqdīr-i ō-st
kē-st dar ālam ki ō sultān-i sultān sanjar ast


شاه

desctree

→ Arabic: شَاه (šāh)
→ Basque: xake
→ Czech: šach
→ Galician: xaque
→ Portuguese: xeque, xaque
→ Slovak: šach
→ Slovene: šah
→ Spanish: jaque
→ Vulgar Latin: *scaccus
Italian: scacco
Old French: eschec
French: échec
→ Catalan: xec
→ Middle Dutch: scaec
Dutch: schaak
→ Danish: skak
→ Middle English: chek, chekke
English: check, cheque (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: ches, chees, chesse, echesse, esches (via the plural eschés)
English: chess
Scots: chess
→ Middle High German: schāch
German: Schach (see there for further descendants)
→ Saterland Frisian: Schak, Schach
⇒ Medieval Latin: scaccarium (see there for further descendants)

→ Azerbaijani: şah

→ Bashkir: шаһ (şah)

→ Belarusian: шах (šax)

→ Bengali: শাহ (śah)

→ Bulgarian: шах (šah)

→ Catalan: xa

→ Chinese: 沙阿 (shā'ā), 沙赫 (shāhè)

→ Danish: shah

→ Dutch: sjah

→ English: shah

→ Estonian: šahh

→ Finnish: šakki, shakki, sakki

→ French: schah

→ Georgian: შაჰი (šahi)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: शाह (śāh)

Urdu: شاہ (šāh)

→ Hungarian: sakk

→ Irish: seá

→ Italian: scià

→ Japanese: シャー (shā)

→ Kazakh: шаһ (şah)

→ Khalaj: şâh

→ Korean: 샤 (sya)

→ Kumyk: шагь (şah)

→ Kyrgyz: шах (şah)

→ Latvian: šahs

→ Lezgi: шагь (šah)

→ Lithuanian: šachas

→ Macedonian: шах (šah)

→ Malay: syah

→ Mongolian: шах (šax)

→ Middle Armenian: շահ (šah)

Armenian: շահ (šah)

→ Norwegian: sjah

→ Old Norse: skák
Faroese: skák
Icelandic: skák
Norwegian Bokmål: sjakk
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjakk

→ Ottoman Turkish: شاه (shâh)

Turkish: şah

→ Albanian: shah

→ Hungarian: sah

→ Romanian: șah

→ Pashto: شاه (šāh)

→ Polish: szach

→ Portuguese: xá

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਾਹ (śāh)

Shahmukhi script: شاہ (šāh)

→ Russian: шах (šax)
→ Armenian: շախ (šax)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: шах

Latin script: šah

→ Spanish: sah

→ Swedish: shah

→ Sylheti: ꠡꠣ (śa)

→ Tatar: шаһ (şah)

→ Turkish: şah

→ Turkmen: şah

→ Ukrainian: шах (šax)

→ Uyghur: شاھ (shah)

→ Uzbek: shoh

→ Vietnamese: sa

→ Zazaki: şağ

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /šāh/), from Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/, “king”), from Proto-Iranian *xšáyati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”) (whence Sanskrit क्षयति (kṣáyati)), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”).


جمهوری

head

جُمْهوری • (jomhuri) (plural جمهوریها (jomhuri-hâ))

جُمْهوری (canonical)
jomhuri (romanization)
جمهوریها (plural)

[d͡ʒä.muː.ɾíː]

Borrowed from Arabic جُمْهُورِيَّة (jumhūriyya), from Ottoman Turkish جمهوریت.

bor+

جُمْهُورِيَّة


مردم‌سالاری

head

مردمسالاری • (mardom-sâlâri)

fa-noun

مردمسالاری • (mardom-sâlâri)

مردمسالاری (canonical)
mardom-sâlâri (romanization)

A compound of مردم (mardom, “people”) + سالاری (sâlâri, “rule”), Calque of Ancient Greek δημοκρατία (dēmokratía).

calque

fa:مردم‌سالاری


دولت

head

دُوْلَت • (dowlat) (plural دولتها (dowlat-hâ) or دول (doval))

دُوْلَت (canonical)
dowlat (romanization)
دولتها (plural)
دول (plural)

→ Assamese: দৌলত (doulot)

→ Azerbaijani: dövlət

→ Bengali: দৌলত (dōulot)

→ Georgian: დოვლათი (dovlati)

→ Gujarati: દોલત (dolat)

desc

Gujarati: دولت (daulat) — Lisan ud-Dawat

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: दौलत (daulat)

Urdu: دَولَت (daulat)

→ Kannada: ದೌಲತ್ತು (daulattu)

→ Kazakh: дәулет (däulet)

→ Kyrgyz: дөөлөт (döölöt)

→ Maithili: daulti

Devanagari script: दौलति

Tirhuta script: 𑒠𑒾𑒪𑒞𑒱

→ Malayalam: ദൌലത്ത് (daulattŭ)

→ Marathi: दौलत (daulat)

→ Marwari: दौलत (daulat)

→ Nepali: दौलत (daulat)

→ Odia: ଦୌଲତ (daulata)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਦੌਲਤ (daulat)

Shahmukhi script: دَولَت (daulat)

→ Sindhi:

Arabic script: دَوْلَتَ

Devanagari script: दौलत

→ Tamil: தௌலத்து (taulattu), தௌலத் (taulat)

→ Tatar: дәүләт (däwlät)

→ Telugu: దౌలత్తు (daulattu)

→ Turkmen: döwlet

→ Uzbek: davlat

Borrowed from Arabic دَوْلَة (dawla).
In medieval sources, it most commonly means "fortune" or "stroke of good fortune," especially associated with the ruling monarch. The word now means "state; government" due to metonymy: "the royal fortune" > "the king's dominion" > "the government of the king". Up to the nineteenth century, the ruling state was most often called دولت عالیه (dowlat-e âliyye, literally “the sublime fortune [of the king]”).

کارمند دولت

مجلس شورای اسلامی در ایران وظیفه قانون گذاری و نظارت بر دولت را دارد.

The Islamic Consultative Assembly in Iran has the duties of lawmaking and supervision of the government.

majles-e šowrâ-ye eslâmi dar irân vazife-ye qânun-gozâri va nazârat bar dowlat râ dârad.


تخت

→ Arabic: تَخْت (taḵt)

→ Azerbaijani: təxt, taxt

→ Avar: тах (tax)

→ Bashkir: тәхет (təxet)

→ Chagatai: تخت

Uyghur: تەخت (text)

Uzbek: taxt

→ Gujarati: તખ્ત (takht)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तख़्त (taxt)

Urdu: تخت (taxt)

→ Kazakh: тақ (taq)

→ Kyrgyz: так (tak)

→ Lezgi: тахт (taχt)

→ Middle Armenian: թախթ (tʻaxtʻ), թախտ (tʻaxt), թաղտ (tʻaġt), թաղթ (tʻaġtʻ)

Armenian: (in some dialects via Ottoman Turkish) թախտ (tʻaxt)

→ Malay: takhta
Indonesian: takhta

→ Northern Kurdish: text

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: تخت (taht)
Turkish: taht
→ Romanian: taht, taft
→ Serbo-Croatian: taht, тахт

→ Pashto: تخت (taxt)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤਖ਼ਤ (taxat)

Shahmukhi script: تَخْت (taxt)

→ Sindhi:

Arabic script: تخت

Devanagari script: तख्तु

→ Tatar: тәхет (täxet)

→ Turkmen: tagt

From Middle Persian [script needed] (tʾht' /taxt/). Compare Central Kurdish تات (tat).


رئیس

head

رَئیس • (ra'is) (plural رؤسا (ro'asâ) or رؤساء (ro'asâ'))

رَئیس (canonical)
ra'is (romanization)
رؤسا (plural)
رؤساء (plural)

→ Urdu: رَئِیس (raīs)

From Arabic رَئِيس (raʔīs), from the verb رَأَسَ (raʔasa, “to be at the head”).


کوشک

کوشْک • (kušk) (plural کوشکها (kušk-hâ))

کوشْک (canonical)
kušk (romanization)
کوشکها (plural)
کوشک (singular)
kốšk (singular)
کوشکها (plural)
kôšk-hấ (plural)
کوشکا (colloquial plural)
kôškấ (plural)
کوشک را (definite direct-object singular)
kốšk râ (definite direct-object singular)
کوشک رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
kốško (definite direct-object singular)
کوشکها را (definite direct-object plural)
kôšk-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
کوشکا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
kôškấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
کوشک (ezafe singular)
kốšk-e (ezafe singular)
کوشکهای (ezafe plural)
kôšk-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
کوشکای (colloquial ezafe plural)
kôškấ-ye (ezafe plural)
کوشکی (definite relative singular)
کوشکی (indefinite singular stressed)
kốšk-i (definite relative singular)
kốšk-i (indefinite singular stressed)
کوشکهایی (definite plural relative)
کوشکهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
kôškấn-i, kôšk-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
kôškấn-i, kôšk-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
کوشکایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
کوشکایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
kôškấi (definite plural relative)
kôškấi (indefinite plural stressed)
کوشکم (first-person possessive singular)
kốškam (first-person possessive singular)
کوشکهایم (first-person possessive singular)
kôšk-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
کوشکهام، کوشکام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
kôškấm (first-person possessive singular)
کوشکت (possessive second-person singular)
kốškat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
kốšket (possessive second-person singular)
کوشکهایت (possessive second-person singular)
kôšk-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
کوشکهات، کوشکات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
kôškất (possessive second-person singular)
کوشکش (possessive singular third-person)
kốškaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
kốškeš (possessive singular third-person)
کوشکهایش (possessive singular third-person)
kôšk-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
کوشکهاش، کوشکاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
kôškấš (possessive singular third-person)
کوشکمان (first-person plural possessive)
kốškemân (first-person plural possessive)
کوشکمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
kốškemun (first-person plural possessive)
کوشکهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
kôšk-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
کوشکهامون، کوشکامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
kôškấmun (first-person plural possessive)
کوشکتان (plural possessive second-person)
kốšketân (plural possessive second-person)
کوشکتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
kốšketun (plural possessive second-person)
کوشکهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
kôšk-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
کوشکهاتون، کوشکاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
kôškấtun (plural possessive second-person)
کوشکشان (plural possessive third-person)
kốškešân (plural possessive third-person)
کوشکشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
kốškešun (plural possessive third-person)
کوشکهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
kôšk-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
کوشکهاشون، کوشکاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
kôškấšun (plural possessive third-person)

Tajik: кӯшк (küšk)

→ Azerbaijani: köşk

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كوشك (köşk, kuşk)
Turkish: köşk
→ Armenian: քյոշկ (kʻyošk)
→ Italian: chiosco
→ French: kiosque
→ Dutch: kiosk
Afrikaans: kiosk
→ Indonesian: kios
→ Ternate: kios
→ English: kiosk
→ Norman: kiosque
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kiosk
→ Polish: kiosk
→ Portuguese: quiosque
→ Russian: киоск (kiosk)
→ Georgian: კიოსკი (ḳiosḳi)
→ Hebrew: קִיּוֹסְק (kiyósk)
→ Yakut: киоск (kiosk)
→ Spanish: kiosco
→ English: kiosk
→ Japanese: キオスク (kiosuku)
→ German: Kiosk
→ Hungarian: kioszk
→ Persian: کیوسک (kiyusk)
→ Polish: kiosk
→ Portuguese: quiosque
→ Spanish: quiosco
→ Romanian: chioșc

→ Turkmen: köşk

From Middle Persian kwšk' (kōšk, “pavilion, palace, kiosk”). Compare Aramaic קושקא (qōšqāʾ) / ܓܘܫܩܐ (gawšāqāʾ), Iranian borrowings. Doublet of کیوسک.


زندان

head

زِندان • (zendân)

fa-noun

زِندان • (zendân)

زِندان (canonical)
zendân (romanization)

→ Azerbaijani: zindan

→ Kazakh: зындан (zyndan)

→ Middle Armenian: զնտան (zntan)

→ Northern Kurdish: zindan, zîndan

desc

→ Ossetian: зындон (zyndon), зиндонӕ (zindonæ), дзиндонӕ (ʒindonæ)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: زندان (zından, zindan)
Turkish: zindan
→ Albanian: zindan
→ Aromanian: zindáne, zundáne, zãndáne
→ Bulgarian: занда́н (zandán)
→ Macedonian: зандана (zandana)
→ Romanian: zandán
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: зѝнда̄н
Latin script: zìndān

→ Uyghur: زىندان (zindan)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (zyndʾn' /zēndān/, “prison”). Ultimate origin uncertain. Perhaps originally "arsenal, armoury", from [Book Pahlavi needed] (zyn' /zēn/, “weapon, armour”) and [script needed] (-dʾn' /-dān/, “holder, container”).
Compare Old Armenian զնդան (zndan), Classical Syriac ܙܢܕܢܝܩ (zendānīq), Iranian borrowings.

inh

مردی که از خانم مینا درخواست کرد دکلته را بپوشاند الان در زندان است.

The man who requested Ms. Mina to cover her décolletage now sits in prison.


دودمان

head

دودمان • (dudmân) (plural دودمانها (dudmân-hâ))

→ Urdu: دُودمان (dūdmān)

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwtkmʾn /dūtakmān, dūdagmān/). By surface analysis, دود (dud, “smoke”) + ـمان (-mân).

surf

دودمان پهلوی

دودمان سونگ

به توره و آئین مقرر صوفیان دودمان صفویه بر تخت سلطنت و قالیچه ارشاد که میراث آباء و اجداد عظام جنت مقام است متمکن گردانیده شرف پای بوس دریافتند.

1628—1629, Iskandar Beg Munshi, عالمآرای عباسی [Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi]:

In accordance with the established custom and practice of the Sufis of the Safavid house, they placed him on the throne of the sultanate, and they laid out the prayer rug of spiritual guidance, an heirloom from his great, heavenly-ranked ancestors, and were honored with kissing his feet.

be ture va â'yen-e moqarrar-e sufiyân-e dudmân-e safaviyye bar taxt-e saltanat va qâliče-ye eršâd ke mirâs-e âbâ' va ajdâd-e 'ezâm-e jannat-maqâm ast motammaken gardânide šaraf-e pây-bus dar-yâftand.


وزیر

head

وَزیر • (vazir) (plural وزرا (vozarâ) or وزیران (vazirân))

وَزیر (canonical)
vazir (romanization)
وزرا (plural)
وزیران (plural)

Dari: وزیر (wazīr)

Iranian Persian: وزیر (vazir)

Tajik: вазир (vazir)

desc

vəzir//вәзир

→ Azerbaijani: vəzir／вәзир

→ Bengali: উজির (uzir)

→ Chagatai: وزیر

→ Uyghur: ۋەزىر (wezir), вәзир (wezir)

→ Uzbek: vazir／вазир

→ Gujarati: વજીર (vajīr)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: वज़ीर (vazīr), विज़ीर (vizīr)

Urdu: وَزیر (vazīr)

→ Ottoman Turkish: وزیر (vezir) (see there for further descendants)

→ Pashto: وزیر


وزارت

head

وِزارَت • (vezârat)

fa-noun

وِزارَت • (vezârat)

وِزارَت (canonical)
vezârat (romanization)

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: विज़ारत (vizārat), वज़ारत (vazārat)

Urdu: وِزارَت (vizārat)

Pashto: وزارت (wezārat)

Borrowed from Arabic وِزَارَة (wizāra), وَزَارَة (wazāra).

وزارت دفاع

وزارت امور خارجه ایران


حکومت

head

حُکومَت • (hokumat) (plural حکومتها (hokumat-hâ))

حُکومَت (canonical)
hokumat (romanization)
حکومتها (plural)
حکومت (singular)
hokumat (singular)
حکومتها (plural)
hokumat-hấ (plural)
حکومتا (colloquial plural)
hokumatấ (plural)
حکومت را (definite direct-object singular)
hokumat râ (definite direct-object singular)
حکومت رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
hokumato (definite direct-object singular)
حکومتها را (definite direct-object plural)
hokumat-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
حکومتا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
hokumatấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
حکومت (ezafe singular)
hokumat-e (ezafe singular)
حکومتهای (ezafe plural)
hokumat-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
حکومتای (colloquial ezafe plural)
hokumatấ-ye (ezafe plural)
حکومتی (definite relative singular)
حکومتی (indefinite singular stressed)
hokumat-i (definite relative singular)
hokumat-i (indefinite singular stressed)
حکومتهایی (definite plural relative)
حکومتهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
hokumatấn-i, hokumat-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
hokumatấn-i, hokumat-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
حکومتایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
حکومتایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
hokumatấi (definite plural relative)
hokumatấi (indefinite plural stressed)
حکومتم (first-person possessive singular)
hokumátam (first-person possessive singular)
حکومتهایم (first-person possessive singular)
hokumat-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
حکومتهام، حکومتام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
hokumatấm (first-person possessive singular)
حکومتت (possessive second-person singular)
hokumátat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
hokumátet (possessive second-person singular)
حکومتهایت (possessive second-person singular)
hokumat-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
حکومتهات، حکومتات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
hokumatất (possessive second-person singular)
حکومتش (possessive singular third-person)
hokumátaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
hokumáteš (possessive singular third-person)
حکومتهایش (possessive singular third-person)
hokumat-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
حکومتهاش، حکومتاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
hokumatấš (possessive singular third-person)
حکومتمان (first-person plural possessive)
hokumátemân (first-person plural possessive)
حکومتمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
hokumátemun (first-person plural possessive)
حکومتهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
hokumat-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
حکومتهامون، حکومتامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
hokumatấmun (first-person plural possessive)
حکومتتان (plural possessive second-person)
hokumátetân (plural possessive second-person)
حکومتتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
hokumátetun (plural possessive second-person)
حکومتهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
hokumat-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
حکومتهاتون، حکومتاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
hokumatấtun (plural possessive second-person)
حکومتشان (plural possessive third-person)
hokumátešân (plural possessive third-person)
حکومتشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
hokumátešun (plural possessive third-person)
حکومتهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
hokumat-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
حکومتهاشون، حکومتاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
hokumatấšun (plural possessive third-person)


ملک

→ Assamese: মুলুক (muluk)

→ Bengali: মুলুক (muluk)

→ Gujarati: મુલક (mulak)

desctree

→ Old Hindi: मुलक (mulaka)
Hindustani:
Hindi: मुल्क (mulk)
Urdu: مُلْک (mulk)

→ Maithili

Devanagari script: मुलुक (muluk)

Tirhuta script: 𑒧𑒳𑒪𑒳𑒏 (muluk)

→ Marathi: मुलूख (mulūkh)

→ Marwari: मुलक (mulak)

→ Nepali: मुलुक (muluk)

→ Odia: ମୁଲକ (mulaka)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮੁਲਕ (mulak)

Shahmukhi script: مُلَک (mulak)

→ Sindhi:

Arabic script: مُلْڪُ (mulku)

Devanagari script: मुल्कु (mulku)

Borrowed from Arabic مُلْك (mulk, “kingship, royalty, monarchy”).


سلطنت

Bengali: সালতানাত (saltanat)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: सल्तनत (saltanat)

Urdu: سَلْطَنَت (saltanat)

Borrowed from Arabic سَلْطَنَة (salṭana).


کلاه

head

کلاه • (kolâh) (plural کلاهها (kolâh-hâ))

→ Azerbaijani: külah

→ Gujarati: કુલાહ (kulāh)

→ Malay: kulah

Indonesian: kulah

→ Ottoman Turkish: كلاه (külah)

→ Turkish: külah

From Middle Persian [script needed] (kwlʾp̄ /kulāf/, “cap, bonnet”). Compare Middle Armenian սաքուլայ (sakʻulay) and Northern Luri کلو (kelo).

inh

10th Century CE, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh
به ایوان خرامید و بنشست شاد
کلاه کیانی به سر بر نهاد
be ivân xarâmid o benšast šâd
kolâhe kiyâni bar sar nehâd
(He) gingerly approached and delightedly acceded to the throne


امپراتوری

head

امپراتوری • (emperâturi)

fa-noun

امپراتوری • (emperâturi)


امپراتور

head

اِمْپِراتور • (emperâtur) (plural امپراتورها (emperâtur-hâ))

اِمْپِراتور (canonical)
emperâtur (romanization)
امپراتورها (plural)

[ʔɪm.pʰä.ɾɑː.t̪ʰúːɾ]

[ʔem.pʰe.ɹɒː.t̪ʰúːɹ]


ملکه

ملکه • (maleke) (plural ملکهها (maleke-hâ) or ملکات (malekât))

maleke (romanization)
ملکهها (plural)
ملکات (plural)

Dari: مَلِکَه (malika)

Iranian Persian: مَلِکِه (maleke)

Tajik: малика (malika)

→ Gujarati: મલિકા (malikā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मलिका (malikā)

Urdu: مَلِکَہ (malika)

→ Marwari: मलिका (malikā)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮਲਕਾ (malkā)

Shahmukhi script: مَلِکَہ (malikah)

→ Sindhi: malikā

Arabic script: مَلڪَھ

Devanagari script: मलिका

Borrowed from Arabic مَلِكَة (malika). By surface analysis, ملک (malek) + ـه (-e).


شاهزاده

head

شاهزاده • (šâhzâde) (plural شاهزادگان (šâhzâdegân))

šâhzâde (romanization)
شاهزادگان (plural)

→ Azerbaijani: şahzadə

desctree

→ Chagatai: شهزاده
Uyghur: شاھزادە (shahzade)
Uzbek: shahzoda

→ English: shahzada

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: शहज़ादा (śahzādā)

Urdu: شہزادہ (šahzādaʰ, šehzādaʰ)

→ Kazakh: шаһзада (şahzada)

→ Ottoman Turkish: شاهزاده

Turkish: şehzade

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਾਹਜ਼ਾਦਾ (śāhzādā)

Shahmukhi script: شہزادہ (šahzāda)

→ Tatar: шаһзадә (şahzadä)

→ Turkmen: şazada

[ʃɑːɦ.zɑː.d̪ä]

[ʃɑːɦ.zɑː.d̪ä]

[ʃɑː.zɑː.d̪ä]

[ʃɔː.zɔː.d̪ä]

[ʃɒːɦ.zɒː.d̪e]

[ʃɔɦ.zɔ.d̪ä]

From شاه (šâh, “king”) + زاده (zâde, “offspring”).


حاکم

head

حاکم • (hâkem) (plural حاکمان (hâkemân) or حاکمها (hâkem-hâ))

hâkem (romanization)
حاکمان (plural)
حاکمها (plural)


تاج

→ Baluchi: تاج (táj)

→ Bashkir: таж (taj)

→ Bengali: তাজ (taj)

→ Chechen: таж (taž)

→ Kazakh: тәж (täj)

→ Punjabi: ਤਾਜ (tāj)

→ Turkish: taç

→ Urdu: تاج (tāj) / Hindi: ताज (tāj)

Borrowed from Arabic تَاج (tāj), from Parthian [Manichaean needed] (tʾg /tāg/, “crown”), attested in 𐫟𐫀𐫡𐫤𐫀𐫃 (xʾrtʾg /xārtāg/, “crown of thorns”), from Old Iranian *tāga-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“to cover”).
Related to Persian تخت (taxt, “bed, throne”), and akin to Old Armenian թագ (tʻag), Arabic تاج (tāj), and Aramaic תָּגָא (tāḡā), Iranian borrowings.


سلسله

head

سلسله • (selsele) (plural سلسلهها (selsele-hâ))

Borrowed from Arabic سِلْسِلَة (silsila).


خان

head

خان • (xân) (plural خانها (xân-hâ) or خوانین (xavânin))

xân (romanization)
خانها (plural)
خوانین (plural)

→ Gujarati: ખાન (khān), ખાં (khā̃)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ख़ान (xān)

Urdu: خان (xān)

Borrowed from Turkic; first attested in Islamic lands in Karakhanid coinage from the 900s. See Old Turkic 𐰴𐰍𐰣 (qǧn¹ /qaɣan/) for more.

بیگلربیگی بیگلربیگی#Persian

سلطان سلطان#Persian

(historical) khan (nomadic ruler); by extension:

A Safavid provincial governor ranking between بیگلربیگی (beyglarbeygi, “governor-general”) and سلطان (soltân, “deputy governor”).

In the Mughal and Qajar empires, an extremely common title used for any nobleman and courtier, even if not of nomadic background.

khan (nomadic ruler); by extension:
The Ottoman emperor.

چنگیز خان


خان

خان • (xân) (plural خانها (xân-hâ) or خانات (xânât))

xân (romanization)
خانها (plural)
خانات (plural)

→ Arabic: خَان (ḵān)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: خان (han)
Turkish: han
→ Albanian: han
→ Aromanian: háne
→ Bulgarian: хан (han)
→ Greek: χάνι (cháni)
→ Hungarian: hán
→ Romanian: han
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ха̑н
Latin script: hȃn

fa:کاروانسرا

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hʾn' /xān/, “house”). See خانه (xâne) for more.

inh

rifling (system of grooves in a rifled gun barrel or cannon)


فرعون

head

فرعون • (fer'own) (plural فراعنه (farâ'ene) or فرعونها (fer'own-hâ))

fer'own (romanization)
فراعنه (plural)
فرعونها (plural)

Borrowed from the Arabic فِرْعَوْن (firʕawn).


دستور

دَسْتور • (dastur) (plural دستورها (dastur-hâ))

دَسْتور (canonical)
dastur (romanization)
دستورها (plural)

desctree

→ Arabic: دُسْتُور (dustūr)
→ Ottoman Turkish: دستور (düstur)
Turkish: düstur
→ Swahili: desturi

→ Bengali: দস্তুর (dostur)

→ English: dastur

→ Georgian: დასტური (dasṭuri)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: दस्तूर (dastūr)

Urdu: دَسْتُور (dastūr)

→ Kazakh: дәстүр (dästür)

→ Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: دەستور (destur)

Northern Kurdish: destûr

→ Middle Armenian: դաստուր (dastur)

Armenian: դաստուր (dastur)

→ Ottoman Turkish: دستور (destur)

→ Punjabi: ਦਸਤੂਰ (dastūr)

→ Uyghur: دەستۇر (destur)

Multiple origins have been proposed:
* From دست (dast, “hand”) and اور (ur, “fist”).
* From Proto-Iranian *dasta-bara-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰástas (“hand”) + Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).
* Alternatively, from Proto-Iranian *danh- (“to teach, instruct”), from Proto-Indo-European *dens- (“to become skillful; to instruct, teach”), and cognate with Ancient Greek διδάσκω (didáskō, “to teach”) and Hittite [script needed] (dassu-, “strong”).


پادشاه

head

پادِشاه or پادْشاه • (pâdešâh or pâdšâh) (plural پادِشاهان (pâdešâhân) or پادشاهان (pâdšâhân))

پادِشاه (canonical)
پادْشاه (canonical)
pâdešâh (romanization)
pâdšâh (romanization)
پادِشاهان (plural)
پادشاهان (plural)

desc

→ Arabic: بَادْشَاه (bādšāh), بَادِيشَاه (bādīšāh)

→ Azerbaijani:

Latin script: padşah

Cyrillic script: падшаһ

Arabic script: پادشاه

→ Bashkir: батша (batşa), падишаһ (padişah)

→ Chuvash: патша (patša)

→ Crimean Tatar: padişa

→ Gujarati: પાદશાહ (pādśāh), બાદશાહ (bādśāh)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बादशाह (bādśāh)

Urdu: بادْشاہ (bādśāh)

Urdu: بادْشاہ (bādśāh)

→ Italian: padiscià

→ Kazakh: патша (patşa), падишаһ (padişah)

→ Kyrgyz: падыша (padışa)

→ Old Gujarati: पातशाह (pātaśāha)

Gujarati: પાતશાહ (pātśāh)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: پادشاه (pādišāh)
Turkish: padişah
→ Bulgarian: падиша́х (padišáh)
→ Cappadocian Greek: Πατισάχης (Patisáchis)
→ Czech: pádišáh
→ Hungarian: padisah
→ Macedonian: падишах (padišah)
→ Romanian: padișah
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: па̀дишах
Latin script: pàdišah

→ Mazanderani: پاشا (pâšâ)

→ Pashto: باچا (bāčā)

→ Punjabi: ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹ (bādśāh)

→ Russian: падиша́х (padišáx)

→ Southern Altai: батша (batša)

desc

→ Tatar: патша (patşa), падишаһ (padişah)

→ Turkmen: patyşa

→ Uyghur: پادىشاھ (padishah)

→ Uzbek: podshoh

[pɑː.ði.ˈʃɑːh]

[pɑːð.ˈʃɑːh]

[pʰɑː.d̪ɪ.ʃɑ́ːʱ]

[pʰɑːd̪.ʃɑ́ːʱ]

[pʰɑː.d̪ɪ.ʃɑ́ːʱ]

[pʰɑːd̪.ʃɑ́ːʱ]

[pʰɑː.t͡ʃʰɑː]

[pʰɑː.d̪ɪ.ʃɑ́ː]

[pʰɑːd̪.ʃɑ́ː]

[pʰɔː.d̪i.ʃɔ́ː]

[pʰɔːd̪.ʃɔ́ː]

[pʰɒː.d̪e.ʃɒ́ːʰ]

[pʰɒːd̪.ʃɒ́ːʰ]

[pʰɔ.d̪i.ʃɔ́ʱ]

[pʰɔd̪.ʃɔ́ʱ]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (šlyta /padixšā(y)/, “ruler, powerful, authoritative, authorized”).


پادشاهی

head

پادِشاهی or پادْشاهی • (pâdešâhi or pâdšâhi)

پادِشاهی (canonical)
پادْشاهی (canonical)
pâdešâhi (romanization)
pâdšâhi (romanization)

[pɑːð.ʃɑː.ˈhiː]

[pʰɑː.d̪ɪ.ʃɑː.ɦíː]

[pʰɑːd̪.ʃɑː.ɦíː]

[pʰɑː.d̪ɪ.ʃɑː.ɦíː]

[pʰɑːd̪.ʃɑː.ɦíː]

[pʰɑː.d̪ɪ.ʃɑː.jíː]

[pʰɑːd̪.ʃɑː.jíː]

[pʰɔːd̪.ʃɔː.jí]

[pʰɒː.d̪e.ʃɒː.ɦíː]

[pʰɒːd̪.ʃɒː.ɦíː]

[pʰɔd̪.ʃɔ.ɦí]

پادِشاه (pâdešâh) + ـی (-i) or پادْشاه (pâdšâh) + ـی (-i).

af

پادِشاه (pâdešâh) + ـی (-i)

پادْشاه (pâdšâh) + ـی (-i)


دموکراسی

head

دموکراسی • (demokrâsi)

fa-noun

دموکراسی • (demokrâsi)

Borrowed from French démocratie, from Middle French democratie, from Medieval Latin dēmocratia, from Ancient Greek δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ (dēmokratíā).


شهبانو

head

شهبانو • (šahbânu)

fa-noun

شهبانو • (šahbânu)

→ Bengali: শাহবানু (śahbanu)

→ English: shahbanu


شاهدخت

head

شاهدخت • (šâhdoxt)

fa-noun

شاهدخت • (šâhdoxt)

[ʃɑːɦ.d̪ʊxt̪]

[ʃɑːɦ.d̪ʊxt̪]

[ʃɑː.d̪ʊxt̪]

[ʃɔɦ.d̪uχt̪]


ناحیه

head

ناحیه • (nâhiye) (plural ناحیهها (nâhiye-hâ) or نواحی (navâhi))

nâhiye (romanization)
ناحیهها (plural)
نواحی (plural)

→ English: nahiye


بلوک

Borrowed from Chagatai بولك (bölük), cognate to Ottoman Turkish بلوك (bölük, “part, fraction; squadron”).

cog

ولایت ولایت#Persian

cluster of villages or towns constituting a district under a province (ولایت) (pl. ـات)


کارآگاه

head

کارآگاه • (kâr-âgâh)

fa-noun

کارآگاه • (kâr-âgâh)

From کار + آگاه.

(law enforcement) detective, a police officer who looks for evidence as part of solving a crime; an investigator.


شاهنشاه

head

شاهَنْشاه • (šâhanšâh) (plural شاهنشاهان (šâhanšâhân) or شاهنشاهها (šâhanšâh-hâ))

شاهَنْشاه (canonical)
šâhanšâh (romanization)
شاهنشاهان (plural)
شاهنشاهها (plural)

desc

→ Arabic: شَاهَنْشَاه (šāhanšāh)

→ Arabic: شَاهَنْشَاه (šāhanšāh)

lang

علی صیادانی، وامواژههای فارسی دیوان ابن هانی؛ شاعر شیعه اندلس, پژوهشهای زبانشناسی تطبیقی، ص ۱۵۵

Andalusian Arabic: شَهَنْشَاه

→ Azerbaijani: şahənşah

→ English: shahanshah

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: शहंशाह (śahañśāh)

desc

Urdu: شَہَنْشاہ (śahanśāh)

Urdu: شَہَنْشاہ (śahanśāh)

→ Middle Armenian: շահնշահ (šahnšah)

Armenian: շահնշահ (šahnšah)

→ Ottoman Turkish: شاهنشاه (şâhenşâh), شاهنشه (şâhenşeh), شهنشاه (şehenşâh), شهنشه (şehenşeh)

Turkish: şehinşah

→ Romanian: șahinșah

→ Polish: szachinszach

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਹਿਨਸ਼ਾਹ (śahinśāh)

Shahmukhi script: شَہَنْشاہ (śahanśāh)

[ʃɑː.ɦän.ʃɑːʱ]

[ʃɑː.ɦän.ʃɑːʱ]

[ʃɒː.ɦæn.ʃɒːʱ]

[ʃɔ.ɦän.ʃɔʱ]

From earlier شَاهَانشَاه (šāhān-šāh), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠𐭭 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (šāhān šāh, “king of kings”).


رئیس‌جمهور

head

رَئیسجُمْهور

رَئیسجُمْهور • (ra'is-jomhur) (plural رئیسجمهوران (ra'is-jomhurân) or رئیسجمهورها (ra'is-jomhur-hâ))

fa-noun

رَئیسجُمْهور

رَئیسجُمْهور (canonical)
ra'is-jomhur (romanization)
رئیسجمهوران (plural)
رئیسجمهورها (plural)


گمرک

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish كمرك ,گومروك (gümrük), from Byzantine Greek κομμέρκιον (kommérkion), from Latin commercium.

bor+

كمرك ,گومروك

<i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">gümrük</i>


افسر

head

افسر • (afsar) (plural افسرها (afsar-hâ))

→ Azerbaijani: əfsər

→ Ottoman Turkish: افسر (efser)

Turkish: efser

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (’p̄ysl /aꞵesar/). Further possibly containing a deformed prefix to سر (sar, “head”) and a clipped ending after a Proto-Iranian *upasarah.

inh+

10th Century CE, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh
که جاوید باد افسر و تخت او
ز خورشید تابندهتر بخت او
ke jâvid bâd afsar o taxte 'u
ze xoršid tâbande-tar baxte 'u
May his crown and throne be ever-lasting

May his fortune be brighter than the sun


افرنگ

[ʔæf.ɹæɲɡʲ̥]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾplng /abrang/, “splendour”), from Proto-Iranian *abi-ra(n)ǰ- (“to color, dye”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)reg-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ῥέζω (rhézō, “I dye, paint”) and Persian رنگ (rang) itself; also a doublet of اورنگ (abranjan, “bracelet”).


تزار

head

تزار • (tezâr) (plural تزارها (tezâr-hâ))


نخست‌وزیر

نُخُستوزیرَ or نَخُستوزیرَ • (noxost-vazir or naxost-vazir) (plural نخستوزیران (noxost-vazirân))

نُخُست وزیرَ (canonical)
نَخُست وزیرَ (canonical)
noxost-vazir (romanization)
naxost-vazir (romanization)
نخستوزیران (plural)


آتش‌نشانی

آتشنشانی • (âtaš-nešâni) (plural آتشنشانیها (âtaš-nešâni-hâ))

آتشنشانی (canonical)
âtaš-nešâni (romanization)
آتشنشانیها (plural)

compound

آتش (âtaš) + نشانی (nešâni)


آتش‌نشان

head

آتشنشان • (âtaš-nešân) (plural آتشنشانان (âtaš-nešân-ân) or آتشنشانها (âtaš-nešân-hâ))

آتشنشان (canonical)
âtaš-nešân (romanization)
آتشنشانان (plural)
آتشنشانها (plural)

[ʔɑː.t̪ʰäʃ.nɪ.ʃɑːn]

[ʔɑː.t̪ʰäʃ.nɪ.ʃɑːn]

[ʔɑː.t̪ʰäʃ.nɪ.ʃɑːn]

[ʔɔː.t̪ʰäʃ.ni.ʃɔːn]

[ʔɒː.t̪ʰæʃ.ne.ʃɒːn]

From آتش (âtaš, “fire”) + نشان (nešân, “to show”).

compound

(firefighting) firefighter, fireman, firewoman


قانون اساسی

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قانونِ اساسی

قانونِ اساسی • (qânun-e asâsi)

fa-noun

قانونِ اساسی

قانونِ اساسی • (qânun-e asâsi)

قانونِ اساسی (canonical)
qânun-e asâsi (romanization)


وزیر اعظم

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وَزیرِ اَعظَم

fa-noun

وَزیرِ اَعظَم

وَزیرِ اَعظَم (canonical)
vazir-e a'zam (romanization)

Bengali: উজিরে আজম (uzire azôm)

→ Hindustani:

desc

वज़ीर-ए-आज़म

Hindi: वज़ीर-ए-आज़म (vazīr-e-āzam)

وَزِیرِ اَعْظَم

Urdu: وَزِیرِ اَعْظَم (vazīr-e āzam)

Urdu: وَزِیرِ اَعْظَم (vazīr-e āzam)

Derived from Arabic وَزِير أَعْظَم (wazīr ʔaʕẓam).

der

وَزِير أَعْظَم

Arabic وَزِير أَعْظَم (wazīr ʔaʕẓam)

der+

وَزِير أَعْظَم


دیکتاتوری

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دیکتاتوری • (diktâtori) (plural دیکتاتوریها (diktâtori-hâ))

diktâtori (romanization)
دیکتاتوریها (plural)

fa:دیکتاتوری


دولت عمیق

دولت عمیق • (dowlat-e 'amiq) (plural دولت عمیقها (dowlat-e 'amiq-hâ))

dowlat-e 'amiq (romanization)
دولت عمیقها (plural)
دولت عمیق (singular)
dowlat-e amiq (singular)
دولت عمیقها (plural)
dowlat-e amiq-hấ (plural)
دولت عمیقا (colloquial plural)
dowlat-e amiqấ (plural)
دولت عمیق را (definite direct-object singular)
dowlat-e amiq râ (definite direct-object singular)
دولت عمیق رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
dowlat-e amiqo (definite direct-object singular)
دولت عمیقها را (definite direct-object plural)
dowlat-e amiq-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
دولت عمیقا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
dowlat-e amiqấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
دولت عمیق (ezafe singular)
dowlat-e amiq-e (ezafe singular)
دولت عمیقهای (ezafe plural)
dowlat-e amiq-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
دولت عمیقای (colloquial ezafe plural)
dowlat-e amiqấ-ye (ezafe plural)
دولت عمیقی (definite relative singular)
دولت عمیقی (indefinite singular stressed)
dowlat-e amiq-i (definite relative singular)
dowlat-e amiq-i (indefinite singular stressed)
دولت عمیقهایی (definite plural relative)
دولت عمیقهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
dowlat-e amiqấn-i, dowlat-e amiq-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
dowlat-e amiqấn-i, dowlat-e amiq-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
دولت عمیقایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
دولت عمیقایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
dowlat-e amiqấi (definite plural relative)
dowlat-e amiqấi (indefinite plural stressed)

From دولت (dowlat) + عمیق ('amiq), probably a calque of Turkish derin devlet (“deep state”) (early uses were in relation to Turkey, especially the 1996 Susurluk scandal).

calque

دولت عمیق در ایالات متحده آمریکا.

Deep state in the United States of America.

state within a state
state within a state

deep state, shadow government, state within a state


خانواده سلطنتی

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خانوادههای سلطنتی

خانواده سلطنتی • (xânevâde-ye saltanati) (plural خانوادههای سلطنتی (xânevâde-hâ-ye saltanati))

fa-noun

خانوادههای سلطنتی

xânevâde-ye saltanati (romanization)
خانوادههای سلطنتی (plural)

fa:خانواده سلطنتی


شاهانه

fa-adj

شاهانه • (šâhâne)

šâhâne (romanization)
شاهانهام (first-person predicative singular)
šâhâné-am (first-person predicative singular)
شاهانهام، شاهانم (colloquial first-person predicative singular)
šâhânám (first-person predicative singular)
شاهانهایم (first-person plural predicative)
šâhâné-im (first-person plural predicative)
شاهانهای (predicative second-person singular)
šâhâné-i (predicative second-person singular)
شاهانهاید (plural predicative second-person)
šâhâné-id (plural predicative second-person)
شاهانهاین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
šâhâné-in (plural predicative second-person)
شاهانه است (predicative singular third-person)
šâhâné ast (predicative singular third-person)
شاهانهئه، شاهانس (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
šâhâné-e, šâhânás (predicative singular third-person)
شاهانهاند (plural predicative third-person)
šâhâné-and (plural predicative third-person)
شاهانهان، شاهانن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
šâhâné-an, šâhânán (plural predicative third-person)

→ Azerbaijani: şahanə

→ Bengali: শাহানা (śahana)

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: शाहाना (śāhānā)

Hindi: शाहाना (śāhānā)

Urdu: شاہانہ

Urdu: شاہانہ

→ Ottoman Turkish: شاهانه

Turkish: şahane

→ Uzbek: shohona

[ʃɑː.ɦɑː.nǽ]

[ʃɑː.ɦɑː.nǽ]

[ʃɒː.ɦɒː.né]

From شاه + ـانه.


سورسات

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سورسات • (sursât)

fa-noun

سورسات • (sursât)

→ Avar: сурсат (sursat)

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→ Armenian: սուրսաթ (sursatʻ), սուրուսաթ (surusatʻ) [17th c.]

→ Azerbaijani: sursat

→ Chechen: сурсат (sursat)

→ English: soorsaut

→ Georgian: სურსათი (sursati)

→ Lak: сурсат (sursat)

→ Lezgi: суьрсет (sürset)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: سورسات (sürsat), سرسات (sürsat), سورصات (sürsat)
→ Turkish: sürsat

Because of the measure a likely Turkic or Mongolic borrowing but the root is uncertain, first attested in both Persian and Ottoman Turkish in the 17th century, perhaps from Azerbaijani sür (“to drive, to push, to send”) + sat (“to sell”), for contributions may involve forced sales or “sales” for free, and the frequent variant سیورسات (soyursât) is perhaps aligned to سیورغال (soyurğâl, “hereditary benefice”).

bor

marching rations, requisitions, contributions raised by the army and various officials for war, the reigner when he travelled, couriers, and state guests squired by mehmandars


شهربانی

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شهربانی • (šahrbâni)

fa-noun

شهربانی • (šahrbâni)

[ʃæɦɹ.bɒː.níː]


امپراطور

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اِمْپِراطور • (emperâtur) (plural امپراطورها (emperâtur-hâ))

اِمْپِراطور (canonical)
emperâtur (romanization)
امپراطورها (plural)

[ʔɪm.pʰä.ɾɑː.t̪ʰúːɾ]

[ʔem.pʰe.ɹɒː.t̪ʰúːɹ]

Ultimately from Latin imperātor, possibly via Ottoman Turkish ایمپراطور (imperator).


ولیعهد

→ Chagatai: ولی عهد (walī 'ahd)

Uyghur: ۋەلىئەھد (weli'ehd)

Uzbek: valiahd

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: वलीअहद (valīahd)

Urdu: ولی عہد (valī 'ahd)

desc

→ Pashto: ولي عهد

→ Pashto: ولي عهد

→ Punjabi: وَلِی عَہْد (valī ʻahd)

→ Sindhi: ولي عهد

→ Sindhi: ولي عهد

Borrowed from Arabic وَلِيّ عَهْد (waliyy ʕahd). By surface analysis, ولی (vali) + عهد (ahd).

bor+

وَلِيّ عَهْد