فیل

head

فیل • (fil) (plural فیلها (fil-hâ) or فیلان (filân))

fil (romanization)
فیلها (plural)
فیلان (plural)

→ Bashkir: фил (fil)

→ Yagnobi: фил (fil)

→ Chechen: пийл (piı̇l)

→ Georgian: ჶილი (fili) — Fereydan

→ Hindi: फ़ील (fīl)

→ Kazakh: піл (pıl)

→ Kyrgyz: пил (pil)

→ Northern Kurdish: fîl

→ Pashto: پيل (pil)

→ Tajik: фил (fil)

→ Tatar: фил (fil)

→ Turkmen: pil

→ Urdu: فیل (fīl)

→ Uyghur: پىل (pil)

→ Uzbek: fil

Borrowed from Arabic فِيل (fīl), itself from Middle Persian 𐭯𐭩𐭫 (pyl /pīl/), ultimately from Akkadian 𒄠𒋛 (/pīru/). Doublet of پیل (pil).


شطرنج

شَطْرَنْج • (šatranj)

fa-noun

شَطْرَنْج • (šatranj)

شَطْرَنْج (canonical)
šatranj (romanization)

[ʃät̪.ɾänd͡ʒ]

[ʃät̪.ɾänd͡ʒ]

[ʃät̪.ɾänd͡ʒ]

[ʃät̪.ɾänd͡ʒ̥]

[ʃæt̪.ɹænd͡ʒ̥]

[ʃät̪.ɾänd͡ʒ]

Borrowed from Arabic شَطْرَنْج (šaṭranj, “shatranj, chess”), from Middle Persian [script needed] (ctlng /čatrang/, “chess”), from Sanskrit चतुरङ्ग (caturaṅga).


اسب

head

اسب • (asb) (plural اسبها (asb-hâ) or اسبان (asbân))

asb (romanization)
اسبها (plural)
اسبان (plural)

→ Judeo-Tat: ⱨəsb

PIE word
 *h1éḱwos
From earlier اسپ (asp), from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾsp̄ /asp/), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (aspa), from Old Median *aspah (compare Old Persian 𐎠𐎿 (asa)), from Proto-Iranian *Hácwah (compare Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (aspa), Northern Kurdish hesp, esp, Pashto آس (ās), Ossetian ефс (efs)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas (compare Sanskrit अश्व (áśva)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (compare Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”), Lithuanian ašva (“mare”), Latin equus).


شاه

desctree

→ Arabic: شَاه (šāh)
→ Basque: xake
→ Czech: šach
→ Galician: xaque
→ Portuguese: xeque, xaque
→ Slovak: šach
→ Slovene: šah
→ Spanish: jaque
→ Vulgar Latin: *scaccus
Italian: scacco
Old French: eschec
French: échec
→ Catalan: xec
→ Middle Dutch: scaec
Dutch: schaak
→ Danish: skak
→ Middle English: chek, chekke
English: check, cheque (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: ches, chees, chesse, echesse, esches (via the plural eschés)
English: chess
Scots: chess
→ Middle High German: schāch
German: Schach
→ Russian: шах (šax)
→ Armenian: շախ (šax)
→ Hungarian: sakk
→ Luxembourgish: Schach
→ Romanian: șah
→ Swedish: schack
→ Finnish: shakki, šakki
→ Saterland Frisian: Schak, Schach
→ Medieval Latin: scaccarium
Old French: eschekier, escheker, eschequier, eskekier
Middle French: eschiquier
French: échiquier
Norman: êchitchi
→ Middle English: escheker, eschecour, eschekker, eschekkere, eschequeer, eschequer, eschequier, esscheker, cheker, checher, chekar, chekere, chekier, chekir, chekker, chekkere, chekkyr, chekyr, chequer, schequer
English: exchequer, Exchequer
English: checker, chequer (checkers, chequers)

→ Azerbaijani: şah

→ Bashkir: шаһ (şah)

→ Belarusian: шах (šax)

→ Bengali: শাহ (śah)

→ Bulgarian: шах (šah)

→ Catalan: xa

→ Chinese: 沙阿 (shā'ā), 沙赫 (shāhè)

→ Danish: shah

→ Dutch: sjah

→ English: shah

→ Estonian: šahh

→ Finnish: šakki, shakki, sakki

→ French: schah, chah, shah

→ Georgian: შაჰი (šahi)

→ German: schah

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: शाह (śāh)

Urdu: شاہ (śāh)

→ Hungarian: sakk

→ Irish: seá

→ Italian: scià

→ Japanese: シャー (shā)

→ Kazakh: шаһ (şah)

→ Khalaj: şâh

→ Korean: 샤 (sya)

→ Kumyk: шагь (şah)

→ Kyrgyz: шах (şah)

→ Latvian: šahs

→ Lezgi: шагь (šah)

→ Lithuanian: šachas

→ Macedonian: шах (šah)

→ Malay: syah

→ Mongolian: шах (šax)

→ Middle Armenian: շահ (šah)

Armenian: շահ (šah)

→ Norwegian: sjah

→ Old Norse: skák
Faroese: skák
Icelandic: skák
Norwegian Bokmål: sjakk
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjakk

desc

→ Odia: ଶାହା (śāhā), ସାହା (sāhā)

→ Odia: ଶାହା (śāhā), ସାହା (sāhā)

→ Ottoman Turkish: شاه (şâh)

Turkish: şah

→ Albanian: shah

→ Hungarian: sah

→ Romanian: șah

→ Pashto: شاه (šāh)

→ Polish: szach

→ Portuguese: xá

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਾਹ (śāh)

Shahmukhi script: شاہ (śāh)

→ Romansch: schah

desctree

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: шах

Latin script: šah

→ Spanish: sah

→ Swedish: shah

→ Sylheti: ꠡꠣ (śa)

→ Tatar: шаһ (şah)

→ Turkish: şah

→ Turkmen: şah

→ Ukrainian: шах (šax)

→ Uyghur: شاھ (shah)

→ Uzbek: shoh

→ Vietnamese: sa

→ Zazaki: şağ

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /šāh/), from Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/, “king”), from Proto-Iranian *xšáyati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”) (whence Sanskrit क्षयति (kṣáyati)), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”).


سرباز

head

سَرْباز • (sarbâz) (plural سربازان (sarbâzân) or سربازها (sarbâz-hâ))

سَرْباز (canonical)
sarbâz (romanization)
سربازان (plural)
سربازها (plural)
سرباز (singular)
sarbâz (singular)
سربازان (plural)
sarbâzấn (plural)
سربازا (colloquial plural)
sarbâzấ (plural)
سرباز را (definite direct-object singular)
sarbâz râ (definite direct-object singular)
سرباز رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
sarbâzo (definite direct-object singular)
سربازان را (definite direct-object plural)
sarbâzấn râ (definite direct-object plural)
سربازا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
sarbâzấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
سرباز (ezafe singular)
sarbâz-e (ezafe singular)
سربازان (ezafe plural)
sarbâzấn-e (ezafe plural)
سربازای (colloquial ezafe plural)
sarbâzấ-ye (ezafe plural)
سربازی (definite relative singular)
سربازی (indefinite singular stressed)
sarbâz-i (definite relative singular)
sarbâz-i (indefinite singular stressed)
سربازانی (definite plural relative)
سربازانی (indefinite plural stressed)
sarbâzấn-i (definite plural relative)
sarbâzấn-i (indefinite plural stressed)
سربازایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
سربازایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
sarbâzấi (definite plural relative)
sarbâzấi (indefinite plural stressed)
سربازم (first-person possessive singular)
sarbâzam (first-person possessive singular)
سربازهایم (first-person possessive singular)
sarbâz-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
سربازهام، سربازام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
sarbâzấm (first-person possessive singular)
سربازت (possessive second-person singular)
sarbâzat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
sarbâzet (possessive second-person singular)
سربازهایت (possessive second-person singular)
sarbâz-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
سربازهات، سربازات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
sarbâzất (possessive second-person singular)
سربازش (possessive singular third-person)
sarbâzaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
sarbâzeš (possessive singular third-person)
سربازهایش (possessive singular third-person)
sarbâz-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
سربازهاش، سربازاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
sarbâzấš (possessive singular third-person)
سربازمان (first-person plural possessive)
sarbâzemân (first-person plural possessive)
سربازمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
sarbâzemun (first-person plural possessive)
سربازهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
sarbâz-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
سربازهامون، سربازامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
sarbâzấmun (first-person plural possessive)
سربازتان (plural possessive second-person)
sarbâzetân (plural possessive second-person)
سربازتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
sarbâzetun (plural possessive second-person)
سربازهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
sarbâz-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
سربازهاتون، سربازاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
sarbâzấtun (plural possessive second-person)
سربازشان (plural possessive third-person)
sarbâzešân (plural possessive third-person)
سربازشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
sarbâzešun (plural possessive third-person)
سربازهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
sarbâz-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
سربازهاشون، سربازاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
sarbâzấšun (plural possessive third-person)
سربازم (first-person predicative singular)
sarbâzam (first-person predicative singular)
سربازیم (first-person plural predicative)
sarbâzim (first-person plural predicative)
سربازی (predicative second-person singular)
sarbâzi (predicative second-person singular)
سربازید (plural predicative second-person)
sarbâzid (plural predicative second-person)
سربازین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
sarbâzin (plural predicative second-person)
سرباز است (predicative singular third-person)
sarbâz ast (predicative singular third-person)
سربازه (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
sarbâze (predicative singular third-person)
سربازند (plural predicative third-person)
sarbâzand (plural predicative third-person)
سربازن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
sarbâzan (plural predicative third-person)

→ Azerbaijani: sərbaz

→ Kazakh: сарбаз (sarbaz)

→ Uzbek: sarboz

From سر (sar, “head”) + باز (-bâz, “to loose, to let go”).


سرباز

head

سَرْباز • (sarbâz)

fa-proper noun

سَرْباز • (sarbâz)

سَرْباز (canonical)
sarbâz (romanization)

Sistan and Baluchestan
w:Sistan and Baluchestan

Sarbaz (a city and county of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran)


رخ

desctree

→ Arabic: رُخّ (ruḵḵ)
→ Catalan: roc
→ Spanish: roque
→ Old French: roc
Middle French: roc
French: roc
→ Middle English: rook
English: rook
→ Japanese: ルーク (rūku)
→ Korean: 룩 (ruk)

→ Georgian: როქი (roki)

→ Italian: rocco

→ Ottoman Turkish: رخ

→ Urdu: رخ (rux)

From Middle Persian lhw' (rox, “rook, castle (chess)”).
Possibly cognate with Sanskrit रथ (ratha, “chariot”).


پیاده

head

پیاده • (piyâde) (plural پیادهها (piyâde-hâ))

→ Azerbaijani: piyada

→ Bengali: পেয়াদা (peẏada)

→ Crimean Tatar: piyade

→ Gujarati: પ્યાદું (pyādũ)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: प्यादा (pyādā)

Urdu: پیادہ (pyādā), پیادا (piyādā)

→ Kannada: ಪ್ಯಾದೆ (pyāde)

→ Marathi: प्यादे (pyāde)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪਿਆਦਾ (piādā)

Shahmukhi script: پیادہ (peyādh)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پیاده (piyāde)

> Turkish: piyade (inherited)

→ Turkmen: pyýada

→ Uyghur: پىيادە (piyade)

→ Uzbek: piyoda

From Middle Persian 𐭯𐭣𐭠𐭲𐭪' (pdʾtk' /payādag/), from Proto-Iranian *padātaka- / *padātika- (“on foot”), either from a compound of *pada- + *taka-, the former component from Proto-Iranian *pā́dah (“foot”), the latter from Proto-Iranian *tač- (“to walk, flow”), from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run, flow”), or from *padāti- + *-kah, the former a secondary derivation from *pā́dah, the latter from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas (“deadjectival suffix, -ic”). Compare russian пешка(peška) from proto-slavic *pědšь(on foot) + suffix *ka.


وزیر

head

وَزیر • (vazir) (plural وزرا (vozarâ) or وزیران (vazirân))

وَزیر (canonical)
vazir (romanization)
وزرا (plural)
وزیران (plural)

Dari: وزیر (wazīr)

Iranian Persian: وزیر (vazir)

Tajik: вазир (vazir)

desc

vəzir//вәзир

→ Azerbaijani: vəzir／вәзир

→ Bengali: উজির (uzir)

→ Chagatai: وزیر

→ Uyghur: ۋەزىر (wezir), вәзир (wezir)

→ Uzbek: vazir／вазир

→ Gujarati: વજીર (vajīr)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: वज़ीर (vazīr), विज़ीर (vizīr)

Urdu: وَزیر (vazīr)

→ Ottoman Turkish: وزیر (vezir) (see there for further descendants)

→ Pashto: وزیر


نرد

→ Azerbaijani: nərd

→ Arabic: نَرْد (nard)

desctree

→ Georgian: ნარდი (nardi)
→ Armenian: նարդի (nardi)
→ Russian: нарды (nardy)
→ Latvian: nardi
→ Lithuanian: nardai
→ Mongolian: нарды (nardy)

→ Kazakh: нарт (nart)

→ Middle Armenian: նարտ (nart)

Armenian: նարտ (nart)

→ Ottoman Turkish: نرد (nerd)

Turkish: nerd

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਨਰਦ (narad)

Shahmukhi script: نرد (nard)

→ Slovak: nardy

→ Tatar: нәрәтә (närätä)

→ Urdu: نرد (nard)

From earlier نردشیر (nardašir), from Middle Persian nywʾlthšyl (nēw-ardaxšīr, “backgammon”).


قلعه

head

قَلعه • (qal'e) (plural قَلعهها (qal'e-hâ) or قِلاع (qelâ'))

قَلعه (canonical)
qal'e (romanization)
قَلعهها (plural)
قِلاع (plural)

→ Azerbaijani: qala

→ Bashkir: ҡала (qala)

→ Bengali: কেল্লা (kella)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क़िला (qilā)

desctree

Urdu: قِلْعَہ (qil'a)
→ English: qila
→ Shina: قلعہ (qilla)

→ Kazakh: қала (qala)

→ Kyrgyz: калаa (kalaa)

→ Marathi: किल्ला (killā)

→ Tajik: қалъа (qalʾa)

→ Tatar: кала (qala)

→ Turkmen: gala

→ Uzbek: qalʼa

→ Ottoman Turkish: قلعه (kalʼa, kalʼe)
Turkish: kale
→ Albanian: kala
→ Armenian: խալէ (xalē), ղալա (ġala), կալա (kala)
→ Bulgarian: кале́ (kalé)
→ Macedonian: кале (kale)
→ Ubykh: ӄ'ала (q̣ala)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਿਲ੍ਹਾ (kilhā)

Shahmukhi script: قلعہ (qila)

→ Uyghur: قەلئە (qel'e)

Etymology tree
Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa)bor.
Persian قلعهBorrowed from Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa).


کیش

Dehkhoda Dictionary
Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute
University of Tehran Press

Presumably onomatopoeic, used to scare off chickens, gaining the meaning of "go away, run" and then being used in chess to Literally, “(king) go away”, referring how the king has to make a move to survive.


آچمز

fa-adj

آچمز • (âčmaz)

[ʔɑːt͡ʃ.mǽz]

[ʔɑːt͡ʃ.mǽz]

[ʔɑːt͡ʃ.mǽz]

[ʔɔːt͡ʃ.mǽz]

[ʔɒːt͡ʃ.mǽz]

Borrowed from Turkic. Compare Turkish açmaz (“pinned (chess)”).

(dialectal, mostly Tehran, chess) pinned


شاه‌مات

head

شاهمات • (šâh-mât)

fa-noun

شاهمات • (šâh-mât)

شاهمات (canonical)
šâh-mât (romanization)

[ʃɑːɦ.mɑːt̪]

[ʃɑːɦ.mɑːt̪]

[ʃɒːɦ.mɒːt̪]

Literally, “the king is amazed”, from شاه (šâh, “king”) + مات (mât, “stunned, amazed”). When the term passed into Arabic before being borrowed into Romance languages, the second element was interpreted as مَاتَ (māta, “to die”). The Tajik usage of шоҳмот (šohmot) to mean "chess" is a phono-semantic matching of Russian шахматы (šaxmaty).


تخته نرد

From تخته (taxte, “board”) + نرد (nard, “backgammon”).


مهره

head

مهره • (mohre) (plural مهرگان (mohregân) or مهرهها (mohre-hâ))

mohre (romanization)
مهرگان (plural)
مهرهها (plural)

desctree

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: مهره (mühre)
Azerbaijani: möhrə
Ottoman Turkish: مهره (mühre)
Turkish: mühre

From Middle Persian [script needed] (mwhlk' /muhrag/, “bead, vertebra, piece (in backgammon, etc.)”). Compare Parthian [script needed] (mwhrg /muhrag/). Equivalent to مهر (mohr, “seal”) + ـه (-e). Note especially the meanings of a polished parchment or papyrus found in Arabic مُهْرَق (muhraq), apart from Old Armenian մուրհակ (murhak, “deed”), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מוהרק (mūhraq, “writ”) and the many senses of Sanskrit मुद्रा f (mudrā, “seal”), from which the meanings of a bead or shell must be transferred. For comparison, one even derived, by way of an absurd literary meaning-guessing, the sense of a “mirror” for سَجَنْجَل (sajanjal, “glossy papyrus leaves”), the original meaning being a hapax against copious abuse. Akin to Mazanderani میرکا (mirkâ, “bead”).


گشایش

head

گشایش • (gošâyêš)

fa-noun

گشایش • (gošâyêš)

[ɡʊ.ʃɑː.jɪ́ʃ]

[ɡʊ.ʃɑː.jɪ́ʃ]

[ɡʊ.ʃɑː.jɪ́ʃ]

[ɡu.ʃɔː.jíʃ]

[ɡ̥o.ʃɒː.jéʃ]

opening; act of becoming open
(chess) opening


شطرنج‌باز

head

شَطرَنجباز • (šatranj-bâz) (plural شطرنجبازان (šatranj-bâzân) or شطرنجبازها (šatranj-bâz-hâ))

شَطرَنجباز (canonical)
šatranj-bâz (romanization)
شطرنجبازان (plural)
شطرنجبازها (plural)

[ʃät̪.ɾänd͡ʒ.bɑːz]

[ʃät̪.ɾänd͡ʒ.bɑːz]

[ʃät̪.ɾänd͡ʒ.bɑːz]

[ʃät̪.ɾänd͡ʒ.bɔːz]

[ʃæt̪.ɹænd͡ʒ.bɒːz]

From شطرنج (šatranj, “shatranj, chess”) + ـباز (-bâz, “denoting one who plays”).


فرزین

From Middle Persian 𐭯𐭫𐭲𐭱𐭩𐭭 (frazēn /plcyn'/, “guard, (chess) queen”).

inh

از سفر بیدق شود فرزین راد
وز سفر یابید یوسف صد مراد

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 535:

Through travel the pawn becomes a noble queen,
and through travel Joseph gained a hundred objects of desire.

az safar baydaq šawad farzīn-i rād
waz safar yābīd Yūsuf sad murād


کیش‌مات

head

کیشمات • (kiš mât)

fa-noun

کیشمات • (kiš mât)

کیشمات (canonical)
kiš mât (romanization)

[kʰɪʃ mɑːt̪]

[kʰɪʃ mɑːt̪]

[kʰɪʃ mɑːt̪]

[kʰʲeʃ mɒːt̪]

From کیش (kiš, “check”) + مات (mât, “stunned, amazed”).


شاهرخ

head

شاهرخ • (šâhrox)

fa-noun

شاهرخ • (šâhrox)

From شاه (šâh, “king”) + رخ (rox, “rook”).