تاج محل

[t̪ʰɑːd͡ʒ mä.ɦäl]

[t̪ʰɑːd͡ʒ mä.ɦäl]

[t̪ʰɑːd͡ʒ mɑːäl]

[t̪ʰɔːd͡ʒ̥ mɔːäl̥]

[t̪ʰɒːd͡ʒ̥ mæ.ɦæl̥]

[t̪ʰɔd͡ʒ mä.ɦäl]

From تاج (tâj, “crown”) + محل (mahal, “palace”).

af

Taj Mahal (a monument in Agra, India, constructed between 1631 and 1654, considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in the world)


پنجاب

head

پنجاب • (panjâb)

fa-proper noun

پنجاب • (panjâb)

→ Arabic: الْبَنْجَاب (al-banjāb)

→ Azerbaijani: Pəncab

→ Bashkir: Пәнжаб (Pənjab)

desctree

→ Chagatai: پَنْجاب
Uyghur: پەنجاب (penjab)
Uzbek: Panjob

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: पंजाब (pañjāb)

Urdu: پَنْجاب (panjāb)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پَنْجاب (Pencâb)
Turkish: Pencap
→ Bulgarian: Пенджаб (Pendžab)
→ French: Pendjab
→ Macedonian: Пенџаб (Pendžab)
→ Polish: Pendżab
→ Portuguese: Pendjab
→ Russian: Пенджа́б (Pendžáb)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: Пенџаб
Latin script: Pendžab

→ Pashto: پَنْجاب (panjāb)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪੰਜਾਬ (pañjāb)

Shahmukhi script: پَن٘جاب (pañjāb)

→ Sindhi: پَنْجابُ (panjābu)

→ Tatar: Пәнҗаб (Päncab)

→ Turkmen: Penjap

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːw]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɔ́ːb̥]

[pʰæn.d͡ʒɒ́ːb̥]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps
Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš
Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a)
Middle Persian ʾp̄
Persian آب
Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pánča
Proto-Iranian *pánča
Persian پنج
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pánča
Sanskrit पञ्चन् (pañcan)
Sanskrit पञ्च (pañca)
Proto-Indo-Iranian *nadader.?
Sanskrit नद (nada)
Sanskrit पञ्चनद (pañcanada)calq.
Persian پنجاب
Compound of پنج (panj, “five”) + آب (âb, “river”), a calque of Sanskrit पञ्चनद (pañcanada, “[Land of] the Five Rivers”), from पञ्च (pañca, “five”) and नद (nada, “river”).

calque

Punjab (a geographical region in South Asia, politically divided between India and Pakistan)


کشمیر

head

کَشمیر • (kašmir)

fa-proper noun

کَشمیر • (kašmir)

کَشمیر (canonical)
kašmir (romanization)

[kʰʲæʃ.míːɹ]

Borrowed from Sanskrit कश्मीर (kaśmīra).

6th A.H., Abul-Ma'ālī Nasrullāh-i Munšī, "Kabūtar-i Tawq-dār [کبوتر طوقدار]", Kalīla u Dimna.
آوردهاند که در ناحیت کشمیر متصیَّدی خوش و مرغزاری نزه بود که از عکس ریاحین او، پر زاغ چون دم طاووس نمودی و در پیش جمال او دم طاووس به پر زاغ مانستی.
âvarda-and ki dar nâhiyat-i kašmîr mutasayyadê xwaš u marġzârê nazih bûd ki az aks-i rayâhîn-i û, par-i zâġ čun dum-i tâvûs namûdê va dar pêš-i jamâl-i û, dum-i tâvûs ba par-i zâġ mânistê.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


تاج‌محل

تاجمحل (canonical)
tâj-mahal (romanization)

From تاج (tâj, “crown”) + محل (mahall, “place”).


راجستان

head

راجستان • (râjastân)

fa-proper noun

راجستان • (râjastân)

[rɑː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[rɑː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[rɑː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[rɔː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɔ́ːn]

[ɹɒː.d͡ʒæs.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

Rajasthan (a state in northwestern India, created in 1949 and replacing the former province of Rajputana)


گجرات

→ Arabic: كُجَرَات (kujarāt)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: گجرات (Gücerât)
Turkish: Gücerat
→ French: Gudjérat
→ Italian: Gugerat
→ Russian: Гуджера́т (Gudžerát)

→ Tatar: Гөҗәрат (Göcärat)

→ Turkmen: Güjerat

→ Uzbek: Gujarot

[ɡʊ.d͡ʒä.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ɡʊ.d͡ʒä.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ɡʊ.d͡ʒä.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ɡu.d͡ʒä.ɾɔ́ːt̪]

[ɡ̥o.d͡ʒæ.ɹɒ́ːt̪]

[ɡu.d͡ʒä.ɾɔ́t̪]


آسام

head

آسام • (âsâm)

fa-proper noun

آسام • (âsâm)


بنگال

head

بَنْگَال • (bangâl)

fa-proper noun

بَنْگَال • (bangâl)

بَنْگَال (canonical)
bangâl (romanization)
بَنْگَالَه (alternative archaic)

[bäŋ.ɡɔ́ːl̥]

[bæŋ.ɡɒ́ːl̥]

[beŋ.ɡɒ́ːl̥]

Borrowed from Middle Bengali বাঙ্গালা (baṅgala), said to be named after the Vanga Kingdom, of uncertain ultimate origin. Suggestions include a connection to Sanskrit वङ्ग (vaṅga, “tin”), a borrowing from the Dravidian tribe *Bong with the suffix അളം (aḷaṁ, “place”), or from Tibetan བནས (bans, “marshy place”). More at Bengal.

bor+

Bengal (a geographic region in the northeast of South Asia today divided between Bangladesh and India (particularly the state of West Bengal))


سند

→ Arabic: السِّنْد (as-sind)

→ English: Sind

Indus (a major river in China, India and Pakistan, rising in Tibet and flowing into the Arabian Sea)


دهلی

head

دِهْلی • (dehli)

fa-proper noun

دِهْلی • (dehli)

→ Arabic: دِهْلِي (dihlī)

→ Ottoman Turkish: دهلی (Dihli)

desctree

→ Urdu: دہلی (dihlī)
→ Arabic: دِهْلِي (dihlī)
→ English: Delhi
→ Arabic: دِلْهِي (dilhī)
→ Chinese: 德里 (Délǐ)
→ Greek: Δελχί (Delchí)
→ Hebrew: דֵלְהִי (delhī)
→ Japanese: デリー (Derī)
→ Tamil: டெல்லி (ṭelli)
→ Turkish: Delhi
→ Kannada: ದೆಹಲಿ (dehali)

Delhi (a megacity and union territory of India, containing the national capital New Delhi)

حضرت دهلی

Delhi the Sacred; a title used when referring to the city


بنارس

Varanasi (a city in Uttar Pradesh, India, sacred to Hinduism and Jainism)


قشمیر

head

قشمیر • (qešmir)

fa-proper noun

قشمیر • (qešmir)


لداخ

head

لداخ • (ladâx)

fa-proper noun

لداخ • (ladâx)

→ English: Ladakh

→ Punjabi: لداخ (ldāx), ਲੱਦਾਖ਼ (laddāx)

→ Urdu: لداخ (laddāx)

Borrowed from Tibetan ལ་དྭགས (la dwags).


بنگالی

head

بنگالی • (bangâli)

fa-proper noun

بنگالی • (bangâli)

[bäŋ.ɡɑː.líː]

[bäŋ.ɡɑː.líː]

[bäŋ.ɡɑː.líː]

[bäŋ.ɡɔː.lí]

[bæŋ.ɡɒː.líː]

fa:زبان بنگالی

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands#English

a village in Nancowry tehsil, Nicobar district, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India


سورت

fa:سورت (گجرات)


چناب

head

چناب • (čanâb)

fa-proper noun

چناب • (čanâb)

→ Azerbaijani: Çənab

→ Chagatai: چَناب

Uyghur: چەناب (chenab)

Uzbek: Chanob

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: चनाब (canāb)

Urdu: چَناب (canāb)

→ Ottoman Turkish: چَناب (Çenab)

Turkish: Çenab

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਚਨਾਬ (canāb)

Punjabi: چَناب (canāb)

→ Sindhi: چَناب

[t͡ʃʰä.nɑ́ːb]

[t͡ʃʰä.nɑ́ːb]

[t͡ʃʰä.nɑ́ːb]

[t͡ʃʰä.nɔ́ːb̥]

[t͡ʃʰæ.nɒ́ːb̥]

[t͡ʃʰä.nɔ́b]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *čandrás
Sanskrit चन्द्र (candra)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgás
Sanskrit भाग (bhāga)
Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā)bor.
Persian چناب
Borrowed from Sanskrit चन्द्रभागा (candrabhāgā).

etymon

sa>चन्द्रभागा>river


حیدرآباد

head

حیدرآباد • (heydar-âbâd)

fa-proper noun

حیدرآباد • (heydar-âbâd)

[ʔäj.d̪ä.ɾɑː.bɑːd̪]

[ʔäj.d̪ä.ɾɔː.bɔːd̪̥]

the capital and largest city of Telangana, India, and de-jure capital of Andhra Pradesh

a Hyderabad State|former state]], landlocked in south-central India, from 1724 to 1948


اورنگ‌آباد

head

اورنگآباد • (owrang-âbâd)

fa-proper noun

اورنگآباد • (owrang-âbâd)

اورنگآباد (canonical)
owrang-âbâd (romanization)

[ʔäw.ɾäŋ.ɡɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔäw.ɾäŋ.ɡɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔäw.ɾäŋ.ɡɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔäw.ɾäŋ.ɡɔː.bɔ́ːd̪̥]

[ʔow.ɹæŋ.ɡɒː.bɒ́ːd̪̥]

[ʔäw.ɾäŋ.ɡɔ.bɔ́d̪]

Aurangabad (a district of Maharashtra, India)

Aurangabad (a large city, the headquarters of Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India)


احمدآباد

head

احمدآباد • (ahmad-âbâd)

fa-proper noun

احمدآباد • (ahmad-âbâd)

→ Gujarati: અમદાવાદ (amdāvād)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अहमदाबाद (ahmadābād)

desc

اَحْمَد آباد

Urdu: اَحْمَد آباد (ahmad ābād)

→ Marathi: अहमदाबाद (ahmadābād)

[ʔäɦ.mä.d̪ɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔäɦ.mä.d̪ɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔɑː.mä.d̪ɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔɔː.mä.d̪ɔː.bɔ́ːd̪̥]

[ʔæɦ.mæ.d̪ɒː.bɒ́ːd̪̥]

[ʔäɦ.mä.d̪ɔ.bɔ́d̪]

Ahmedabad (the largest city in Gujarat, India)


بمبئی

Mumbai (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India, also known as Bombay)


ممبی

From Urdu مُمبَئی, from Marathi मुंबई (mumbaī).

der

Urdu مُمبَئی


پالم

head

پَالَم • (pālam)

fa-proper noun

پَالَم • (pālam)

Perhaps borrowed from Hindustani پَالَم / पालम (pālam).

سَلْتَنَتِ شَاه عَالَم اَز دِهْلِی تَا پَالَم

The sultanate of Shah Alam II [only extends] from Delhi to Palam.

South West Delhi
South West Delhi#English

(Indo-Persian) Palam (a neighborhood of South West Delhi district, Delhi, India)


قنوج

qannuj (romanization)
کنوج (alternative)

Borrowed from Arabic قَنُّوج (qannūj), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀚 (kaṇṇaüjja).

چو بازگشت به پیروزی از در قنوج
مظفر و ظفر و فتح بر یمین و یسار

c. 1030, Farrukhī Sīstānī, “Qaṣīda 30”, in دیوان فرخی سیستانی [Dīvān of Farrukhī]:

When he returned in triumph from the gate of Kannauj,
Victorious, with victory and conquest to his left and right

čū bāzgašt ba pērōzī az dar-i qannūj
muzaffar u zafar u fath bar yamin u yasār

Kannauj (a city in Uttar Pradesh, India)


آگرا

head

آگرا • (âgrâ)

fa-proper noun

آگرا • (âgrâ)

Ultimately derived from Sanskrit, possibly via Hindustani आगरा (āgrā). See Agra for more.

Agra (a large city, district, and division of Uttar Pradesh, India)


گلکنده

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كلكنده (Gülkünde)
Turkish: Gülkünde

Borrowed from Urdu گولْکُنْڈَہ (golkunḍa).


جیپور

jaypūr (romanization)
jeypur (romanization)

[d͡ʒäj.pʰúːɾ]

[d͡ʒäj.pʰúːɾ]

[d͡ʒäj.pʰúːɾ]

[d͡ʒäj.pʰúɾ]

[d͡ʒäj.pʰúɾ]

Jaipur (the state capital of Rajasthan, India)

Jaipur (a district of Rajasthan, India, containing the city of the same name)