قطر

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


یونانی

head

یونانی • (yunâni) (plural یونانیان (yunâniân) or یونانیها (yunâni-hâ))

yunâni (romanization)
یونانیان (plural)
یونانیها (plural)


ایران

ایران • (irân)

fa-proper noun

ایران • (irân)

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾērān, “[land] of the Aryans”). See 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾērān) for word formation, further etymology and cognates.

der

میان ایران و توران تعصب و فتنه افتاد تا بدین غایت هنوز اندر آنند.

c. 1032, گردیزی [Gardēzī], زینالاخبار [Zaynu-l-axbār]:

There has been intolerance and strife between Iran and Turan to the point that they are still engaged in it to this moment.

miyān-i ērān u tūrān ta'assub u fitna uftād tā badīn ğāyat hanūz andar ān-and.

گر به صد زحمت من از هندوستان آیم برون
خود بگو از عهدهی ایران چسان آیم برون

1600s, اشرف مازندرانی [Ašraf Māzandārānī], edited by احمد گلچین معانی [Ahmad Golčin-e Ma'âni], کاروان هند [kārwān-i hind], volume 1, India, published 1970, page 71:

If, by a hundred efforts, I should leave Hindustan
Tell me, how should I ever leave my duty to Iran?

سکندر رفت و شمشیر و علم رفت
خراج شهر و گنج کان و یم رفت
امم را از شهان پاینده تر دان
نمی بینی که ایران ماند و جم رفت

1923, اقبال لاهوری [Muhammad Iqbal], پیام مشرق [Message from the East]:

Alexander is gone, with his sword and his banner,
His cities' revenues and his treasures from mines and seas are gone.
Know that nations are more lasting than kings;
Do you not see that Iran remains, while Jamshid is gone?

sekandar raft o šamšir o 'alam raft
xarâj-e šahr o ganj-e kân o yam raft
omam râ az šahân pâyande-tar dân
ne-mi-bini ke irân mânad o jam raft

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East); (historically) Persia


یونان

head

یونان • (yunân)

fa-proper noun

یونان • (yunân)

→ Arabic: الْيُونَان (al-yūnān)

→ Bengali: ইউনান (iunan)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: यूनान (yūnān)

Urdu: یُونان (yunān)

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: یونان (Yunan)

Ottoman Turkish: یونان (Yunan)

Turkish: Yunan

From Old Persian 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (Yauna), from Ancient Greek Ἰωνία (Iōnía, “Ionia”).

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


چینی

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: چینی (çini)
Turkish: çini

[t͡ʃʰiː.níː]

[t͡ʃʰiː.níː]

[t͡ʃʰiː.níː]

[t͡ʃʰiː.níː]


فرانسه

head

فَرانْسِه • (farânse)

fa-proper noun

فَرانْسِه • (farânse)

فَرانْسِه (canonical)
farânse (romanization)

→ Pashto: فرانسه (farānsa)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: فرانسه (firansa)
Turkish: Fransa
→ Laz: ჶრანსა (fransa)
→ Armenian: Ֆրանսա (Fransa) — Western Armenian

→ Azerbaijani: Fəransə, Fransa


گرج

→ Arabic: كُرْج (kurj)

→ Medieval Latin: Geōrgia
→ English: Georgia (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle French: Georgie
French: Géorgie
→ Middle English: Georgie
English: Georgie (obsolete)
→ Italian: Georgia
→ Norwegian Bokmål: Georgia
→ Romanian: Georgia
→ Spanish: Georgia

From Middle Persian 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 pl (ʿlʿcʾn /Wiruz-ān/, “Iberians, Georgians”); compare Parthian 𐭅𐭉𐭓𐭔𐭍 pl (wyršn /Wiruž-ān/), Manichaean Parthian [Manichaean needed] pl (wrwcʾn), Old Armenian վիր-ք (vir-kʻ), Russian грузи́н (gruzín).

cog

1258-1273, Rumi, Masnavi
در هوا میکرد خود بالای برج
که هزیمت میشد از وی روم و گرج
dar hawā mē-kard xwad bālā-yi burj
ki hazīmat mē-šud az way rōm u gurj

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


عراق

head

عِراق • ('erâq)

fa-proper noun

عِراق • ('erâq)

Borrowed from Arabic الْعِرَاق (al-ʕirāq, “Iraq”).

bor+

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


اسپانیا

head

اِسْپانِیا • (espâniyâ)

fa-proper noun

اِسْپانِیا • (espâniyâ)

اِسْپانِیا (canonical)
espâniyâ (romanization)

desc

→ Pashto: اسپانيا

→ Pashto: اسپانيا

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


سوریه

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


پاکستان

head

پاکستان • (pâkestân)

fa-proper noun

پاکستان • (pâkestân)

[pʰɑː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[pʰɑː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[pʰɑː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[pʰɒː.kʰʲes.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

Borrowed from Urdu پَاکِسْتَان (pākistān), itself from پاک (pāk) + ـِستَان (-istān). By surface analysis, پاک + ـِسْتان.

affix

پاک (pāk) + ـِستَان (-istān)


استانبول

head

استانبول • (estânbol)

fa-proper noun

استانبول • (estânbol)

Borrowed from Byzantine Greek εἰς τὴν Πόλιν (eis tḕn Pólin, “to the City”), perhaps through Arabic.

bor+

εἰς τὴν Πόλιν

و آنجا یعنی بر آن مناره آیینهای حراقه ساخته بودند که هر کشتی رومیان که از استانبول میآمدی چون به مقابله آن رسیدی آتشی از آن آینه افتادی و بسوختی.

c. 1060, Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Safarnāma [Book of Travels]:

And there, that is to say on that lighthouse, a Mirror of Fireships had been constructed so that any Roman [Byzantine] ship which came from Constantinople would catch fire from that mirror when it passed in front of it and be burnt.

w-ānjā ya'nī bar ān munāra āyīna'ē harrāqa sāxta būdand ki har kaštī-yi rūmīyān ki az istānbūl mē-āmadē čōn ba muqābila-yi ān rasīdē ātišē az ān āyīna uftādē u bisōxtē.

Istanbul (a major city and province of Turkey)


ایتالیا

head

ایتالِیا • (itâliyâ)

fa-proper noun

ایتالِیا • (itâliyâ)

ایتالِیا (canonical)
itâliyâ (romanization)

Borrowed from Italian Italia, possibly via Ottoman Turkish ایتالیا (İtalya).


روسیه

head

روسِیِه • (rusiye)

fa-proper noun

روسِیِه • (rusiye)

روسِیِه (canonical)
rusiye (romanization)

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ایسلند

head

ایسْلَنْد • (island)

fa-proper noun

ایسْلَنْد • (island)

ایسْلَنْد (canonical)
island (romanization)

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Iceland (an island and country in Europe, North Atlantic Ocean; capital: Reykjavík)


بلژیک

head

بِلژیک • (belžik)

fa-proper noun

بِلژیک • (belžik)

بِلژیک (canonical)
belžik (romanization)

(Iran) Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


رومانی

head

رومانی • (rumâni)

fa-proper noun

رومانی • (rumâni)

Borrowed from French Roumanie, from Latin Romania.


آلمان

head

آلْمان • (âlmân)

fa-proper noun

آلْمان • (âlmân)

[ʔɑːl.mɑ́ːn]

[ʔɒːl.mɒ́ːn]

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


اسلواکی

head

اِسلُواکی • (eslovâki)

fa-proper noun

اِسلُواکی • (eslovâki)

اِسلُواکی (canonical)
eslovâki (romanization)

(Iran) Slovakia (a country in Central Europe)


لهستان

head

لَهِسْتان or لِهِسْتان • (lahestân or lehestân)

لَهِسْتان (canonical)
لِهِسْتان (canonical)
lahestân (romanization)
lehestân (romanization)

[lä.ɦɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[lä.ɦɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From له (lah, “Lech”) + ـستان (-estân, “place of”).


هند

→ Azerbaijani: hind

→ Bashkir: һинд (hind)

→ Bengali: হিন্দ (hindo)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: हिंद (hind)

Urdu: ہند (hind)

→ Odia: ହିନ୍ଦ୍ (hind)

→ Ottoman Turkish: هند

Turkish: Hint

→ Punjabi: ਹਿੰਦ (hind)

→ Uzbek: hind

From Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”) or from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “a river, stream”).


افغانستان

head

اَفْغانِسْتان

اَفْغانِسْتان • (afğânestân)

fa-proper noun

اَفْغانِسْتان

اَفْغانِسْتان • (afğânestân)

اَفْغانِسْتان (canonical)
afğânestân (romanization)

[ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔäv.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

Fa-افغانستان.ogg

af

افغان (afğân) + ـستان (-estân)

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


انگلستان

head

اِنْگِلِسْتان

اِنْگِلِسْتان • (engelestân)

fa-proper noun

اِنْگِلِسْتان

اِنْگِلِسْتان • (engelestân)

اِنْگِلِسْتان (canonical)
engelestân (romanization)

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑːn]

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑːn]

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑːn]

From اِنْگِلیس (engelis) + ـسْتان (-estân).

England (The kingdom established in southeast Britain by Aethelstan of Wessex in 927 and its various successor states, now the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom)


لیسبون

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Lisbon (a port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; capital city of Portugal)


صوفیا

head

صوفیا • (sofiyâ)


پاریس

پاریس • (pâris)

fa-proper noun

پاریس • (pâris)

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


مسکو

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


آمستردام

head

آمستردام • (âmsterdâm)

fa-proper noun

آمستردام • (âmsterdâm)

[ʔɒːms.t̪ʰeɹ.d̪ɒ́ːm]

Amsterdam (the capital city of the Netherlands)


لندن

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


چین

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn, “China”), likely from Gandhari 𐨕𐨁𐨣 (cina), from Sanskrit चीन (cīna), likely from Old Chinese 秦 (OC *zin).

inh+

جمهوری چین

جمهوری خلق چین


اسرائیل

head

اِسْرائیل • (esrâ'il)

fa-proper noun

اِسْرائیل • (esrâ'il)

اِسْرائیل (canonical)
esrâ'il (romanization)

[ʔɪs.ɾɑː.ʔíːl]

[ʔɪs.ɾɑː.ʔíːl]

[ʔɪs.ɾɑː.jíːl]

[ʔes.ɹɒː.ʔíːl̥]

Borrowed from Arabic إِسْرَائِيل (ʔisrāʔīl).


جمهوری اسلامی ایران

head

جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران

جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران • (jomhuri-ye eslâmi-ye irân)

fa-proper noun

جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران

جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران (canonical)
jomhuri-ye eslâmi-ye irân (romanization)

[d͡ʒum.huː.ˈɾiː.ji ʔis.lɑː.ˈmiː.ji ʔeː.ˈɾɑːn]

[d͡ʒäm.huː.ɾí.jɪ ʔɪs.lɑː.mí.jɪ ʔeː.ɾɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒä.muː.ɾí.jɪ ʔɪs.lɑː.mí.jɪ ʔeː.ɾɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒom.huː.ɹí.je ʔes.lɒː.mí.je ʔiː.ɹɒ́ːn]

Islamic Republic of Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran#English

Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran (a country in Western Asia)


عربستان سعودی

head

عَرَبِسْتانِ سَعودی

عَرَبِسْتانِ سَعودی • ('arabestân-e sa'udi)

fa-proper noun

عَرَبِسْتانِ سَعودی

عَرَبِسْتانِ سَعودی (canonical)
'arabestân-e sa'udi (romanization)

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ː.nɪ sä.ʔuː.d̪íː]

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ː.nɪ sä.ʔuː.d̪íː]

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ː.nɪ sä.wuː.d̪íː]

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia)


ترکیه

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तुर्किया (turkiyā)

Urdu: ترکیہ

Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


ژاپن

head

ژاپُن • (žâpon)

fa-proper noun

ژاپُن • (žâpon)

(chiefly Iran) Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


هندوستان

head

هِنْدوسْتان • (hendustân)

fa-proper noun

هِنْدوسْتان • (hendustân)

هِنْدوسْتان (canonical)
hendustân (romanization)

→ Assamese: হিন্দুস্তান (hindustan)

desctree

→ Middle Bengali: হিন্দুস্তান (hindustan), হিন্দুস্থান (hindusthan)
Bengali: হিন্দুস্তান (hindustan), হিন্দুস্থান (hindusthan)

→ Gujarati: હિંદુસ્તાન (hindustān)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: हिंदुस्तान (hindustān)

Urdu: ہِنْدوسْتان (hindostān)

→ Maithili: hindustān

Devanagari script: हिन्दुस्तान

Tirhuta script: 𑒯𑒱𑒢𑓂𑒠𑒳𑒮𑓂𑒞𑒰𑒢

→ Marathi: हिंदुस्थान (hindusthān)

→ Odia: ହିନ୍ଦୁସ୍ଥାନ (hindusthāna)

→ Old Punjabi: ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨੁ (hindusatānu)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਹਿੰਦੋਸਤਾਨ (hindostān)
Shahmukhi script: ہِندُوستان (hindūstān)

desc

→ Sanskrit: हिन्दुस्थान (hindusthāna) (calque)

→ Sindhi: hindustānu

Arabic script: هِندُسْتانُ

Devanagari script: हिंदुस्तानु

[ʔɪn̪.d̪uːs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From هندو (hendu, “Indian”) + ـستان (-stân, “land”).

af

Indian subcontinent
Indian subcontinent#English

(dated) (chiefly historical, proscribed in modern use) the Indian subcontinent, India (a region of South Asia, traditionally delimited by the Himalayas and the Indus river; the Indian subcontinent)

(colloquial) India (a country in South Asia)


کویت

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


اردن

head

اُرْدُن • (ordon)

fa-proper noun

اُرْدُن • (ordon)

اُرْدُن (canonical)
ordon (romanization)

Borrowed from Arabic الْأُرْدُنّ (al-ʔurdunn).

bor+

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)

Jordan (a river in Western Asia, in the Middle East, that empties into the Dead Sea, flowing through Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jordan)


فلسطین

Borrowed from Arabic فِلَسْطِين (filasṭīn).

Palestine (The region in Western Asia in the Middle East between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River)

Palestine (A country in Western Asia, in the Middle East; the State of Palestine; the homeland of the Palestinian people)


لبنان

head

لبنان • (lobnân)

fa-proper noun

لبنان • (lobnân)

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


هلند

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


تاجیکستان

head

تاجیکِسْتان • (tâjikestân)

fa-proper noun

تاجیکِسْتان • (tâjikestân)

تاجیکِسْتان (canonical)
tâjikestân (romanization)

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒeː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒiː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒeː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒiː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒɪ.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɒː.d͡ʒiː.kʰʲes.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

From تاجیک (tâjik, “Tajik”) + ـستان (estân).

جُمْهوریِ تاجیکِسْتان

Tajikistan (a country in Central Asia; capital: Dushanbe)


کره

head

کُرِه • (kore)

fa-proper noun

کُرِه • (kore)

(chiefly Iran) Korea (a country in East Asia, now divided in two)


ازبکستان

From ازبک (ozbak, “Uzbek”) + ـستان (estân, “place of”).


آذربایجان

head

آذَرْبایْجان

آذَرْبایْجان • (âzarbâyjân)

fa-proper noun

آذَرْبایْجان

آذَرْبایْجان • (âzarbâyjân)

آذَرْبایْجان (canonical)
âzarbâyjân (romanization)

[ʔɑː.ðaɾ.bɑːj.ˈd͡ʒɑːn]

[ʔɑː.zaɾ.bɑːj.ˈd͡ʒɑːn]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

[ʔɔː.zäɾ.bäj.d͡ʒɔ́ːn]

[ʔɒː.zæɹ.bɒːj.d͡ʒɒ́ːn]

Arabized form of Middle Persian ʾtwrpʾtkʾn (ādurbādagān). Compare Persian آذربایگان (âzarbâygân) and آذربادگان (âzarbâdgân). By surface analysis, آذرباد (âzarbâd, “Atropates”) + ـگان (-gân, “relational suffix”).

surf

fa:آذربایجان

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


پکن

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


آلبانی

head

آلبانی • (âlbâni)

fa-proper noun

آلبانی • (âlbâni)

[ʔɒːl.bɒː.níː]

(Iran) Albania (a country in Southeast Europe)


نپال

head

نپال • (nepâl)

fa-proper noun

نپال • (nepâl)

Borrowed from French Népal, from Sanskrit नेपाल (nepāla).

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


یمن

Borrowed from Arabic اَلْيَمَن (al-yaman).

bor+

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


فنلاند

head

فَنلاند • (fanlând)

fa-proper noun

فَنلاند • (fanlând)

فَنلاند (canonical)
fanlând (romanization)

Finland (a country in Northern Europe; capital: Helsinki)


گرجستان

head

گُرجِستان • (gorjestân)

fa-proper noun

گُرجِستان • (gorjestân)

گُرجِستان (canonical)
gorjestân (romanization)

desc

→ Azerbaijani: گورجیستان, Ҝүрҹүстан, Gürcüstan

→ Central Kurdish: گورجستان (gurcistan)

→ Crimean Tatar: Гурджистан, Gürcistan

→ Hindi: गुर्जिस्तान (gurjistān)

→ Kazakh: Гүржістан (Gürjıstan)

→ Lak: Гуржисттан (Guržist:an)

→ Lezgi: Гуржистан (Guržistan)

→ Northern Kurdish: Gurcistan

→ Ossetian: Гуырдзыстон (G°yrʒyston)

→ Ottoman Turkish: گورجستان, گرجستان (Gürcistan), Կիւրճիսթան (Gürcistan) — Armeno-Turkish

Turkish: Gürcistan

→ Pashto: ګرجستان (gurjistān)

→ Tatar: Гөрҗистан (Görcistan)

→ Turkmen: Gürjüstan

→ Urdu: گرجستان

→ Urdu: گرجستان

→ Uzbek: Gurjiston

[ɡʊɾ.d͡ʒɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊɾ.d͡ʒɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊɾ.d͡ʒɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡ̥oɹ.d͡ʒes.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

Georgia (a country in Europe and Asia; capital: Tbilisi)


شانگهای

head

شانگهای • (šânghâi)

fa-proper noun

شانگهای • (šânghâi)

[ʃɑːŋɡ.hɑ́ːj]

[ʃɒːɲɡʲ.hɒ́ːj]

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


ایرلند

head

ایرْلَنْد • (irland)

fa-proper noun

ایرْلَنْد • (irland)

ایرْلَنْد (canonical)
irland (romanization)

[ʔiːɹ.lǽn̪d̪̥]

Ireland (an island and country in Western Europe; capital: Dublin)


یورو

منطقه یورو ― mantaqe-ye yuro or yoro ― the Eurozone

euro (the currency unit of the European Monetary Union)


تایلند

head

تایلَنْد • (tâyland)

fa-proper noun

تایلَنْد • (tâyland)

تایلَنْد (canonical)
tâyland (romanization)

[t̪ʰɒːj.læn̪d̪̥]


نروژ

Norway (a country in Scandinavia, in northern Europe)


کرواسی

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


زاگرب

zâgreb (romanization)
zâgrib (romanization)

[zɒːɡʲ.ɹéb̥]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


آتن

head

آتن • (âten)

fa-proper noun

آتن • (âten)

Borrowed from French Athènes, from Latin Athēnae, from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι (Athênai).


پراگ

head

پراگ • (perâg)

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


عمان

عمان • ('omân)

fa-proper noun

عمان • ('omân)

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


مغولستان

head

مُغولِسْتان • (moğolestân)

fa-proper noun

مُغولِسْتان • (moğolestân)

مُغولِسْتان (canonical)
moğolestân (romanization)

From مغول (moğol, “Mongol”) + ـستان (-estân, “-land”).

af

Mongolia (a region in East Asia including Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia, sometimes also including Buryatia, Tuva, Altay)


صربستان

head

صِربِستان • (Serbestân)

fa-proper noun

صِربِستان • (Serbestân)

صِربِستان (canonical)
Serbestân (romanization)

From صرب (Serb, “Serb”) + ـستان (-estân, “-istan, -land: forming place names”).

af

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


مجارستان

head

مَجارِستان • (majârestân)

fa-proper noun

مَجارِستان • (majârestân)

مَجارِستان (canonical)
majârestân (romanization)

[mä.d͡ʒɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[mä.d͡ʒɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[mä.d͡ʒɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[mä.d͡ʒɔː.ɾis.t̪ʰɔ́ːn]

[mæ.d͡ʒɒː.ɹes.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

بوداپـست پایتخت کشور مجارستان و بزرگترین شهر این کشور است.

Budapest is the capital of the country of Hungary and is the largest city in this country.

budâpest pâytaxt-e kešvar-e majârestân va bozorg-tarin šahr-e in kešvar ast.


قزاقستان

head

قَزّاقِسْتان

قَزّاقِسْتان • (qazzâqestân)

fa-proper noun

قَزّاقِسْتان

قَزّاقِسْتان • (qazzâqestân)

قَزّاقِسْتان (canonical)
qazzâqestân (romanization)

From قزاق + ـستان.

af

قزاق + ـستان

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


عربستان

head

عَرَبِسْتان • ('arabestân)

fa-noun

عَرَبِسْتان • ('arabestân)

عَرَبِسْتان (canonical)
'arabestân (romanization)

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From عَرَب ('arab, “Arab”) + ـِستان (-estân).

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ارمنستان

head

اَرْمَنِسْتان

اَرْمَنِسْتان • (armanestân)

fa-proper noun

اَرْمَنِسْتان

اَرْمَنِسْتان • (armanestân)

اَرْمَنِسْتان (canonical)
armanestân (romanization)

[ʔäɾ.mä.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔäɾ.mä.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔäɾ.mä.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From اَرْمَن (arman) + ـِسْتان (-estân).

af

اَرْمَن (arman) + ـِسْتان (-estân)

رفیق من آقای پتروسیان در ارمنستان زندگی میکند. (more literary)
rafiq-e man âqâ-ye petrosiyân dar armanestân zendegi mi-konad.

رفیقم آقای پتروسیان تو ارمنستان زندگی میکنه. (more colloquial)
rafiqam âqâ-ye petrosiyân tu armanestân zendegi mi-kone.
My pal Mister Petrosyan lives in Armenia.

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


جمهوری چک

head

جُمْهوریِ چِک

جُمْهوریِ چِک • (jomhuri-ye ček)

fa-proper noun

جُمْهوریِ چِک

جُمْهوریِ چِک • (jomhuri-ye ček)

جُمْهوریِ چِک (canonical)
jomhuri-ye ček (romanization)

Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


پنجاب

head

پنجاب • (panjâb)

fa-proper noun

پنجاب • (panjâb)

→ Arabic: الْبَنْجَاب (al-banjāb)

→ Azerbaijani: Pəncab

→ Bashkir: Пәнжаб (Pənjab)

desctree

→ Chagatai: پَنْجاب
Uyghur: پەنجاب (penjab)
Uzbek: Panjob

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: पंजाब (pañjāb)

Urdu: پَنْجاب (panjāb)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پَنْجاب (Pencâb)
Turkish: Pencap
→ Bulgarian: Пенджаб (Pendžab)
→ French: Pendjab
→ Macedonian: Пенџаб (Pendžab)
→ Polish: Pendżab
→ Portuguese: Pendjab
→ Russian: Пенджа́б (Pendžáb)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: Пенџаб
Latin script: Pendžab

→ Pashto: پَنْجاب (panjāb)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪੰਜਾਬ (pañjāb)

Shahmukhi script: پَن٘جاب (pañjāb)

→ Sindhi: پَنْجابُ (panjābu)

→ Tatar: Пәнҗаб (Päncab)

→ Turkmen: Penjap

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːw]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɔ́ːb̥]

[pʰæn.d͡ʒɒ́ːb̥]

Compound of پنج (panj, “five”) + آب (âb, “river”), a calque of Sanskrit पञ्चनद (pañcanada, “[Land of] the Five Rivers”), from पञ्च (pañca, “five”) and नद (nada, “river”).

calque

Islamabad Capital Territory
Islamabad Capital Territory

Punjab (a geographical region of South Asia, divided (by the Radcliffe Line) between India and Pakistan. Pakistani Punjab includes the (West) Punjab Province and parts of the Islamabad Capital Territory; Indian Punjab includes (East) Punjab State and some other territories.)


شاهنامه

head

شاهنامه • (šâhnâme)

fa-proper noun

شاهنامه • (šâhnâme)

→ Gujarati: શાહનામું (śāhnāmũ)

→ Urdu: شاہ نامہ (śāh-nāma)

[ʃɑːɦ.nɑː.mǽ]

[ʃɑːɦ.nɑː.mǽ]

[ʃɑː.nɑː.mǽ]

[ʃɔː.nɔː.mǽ]

[ʃɒːɦ.nɒː.mé]

From Classical Persian شاه (šāh, “king”) + نامه (nāma, “book of”), literally “book of kings”.

af

Shahnameh (an epic poem written by Ferdowsi around 1000 CE, telling the mythical and historical past of ancient Persia from the beginning of the world until the Muslim invasion)


دانمارک

head

دانمارک • (dânmârk)

fa-proper noun

دانمارک • (dânmârk)

[d̪ɒːn.mɒ́ːɹkʲ]

Denmark (a country in Northern Europe; capital: Copenhagen)


کامبوج

head

کامبوج • (kâmboj)

fa-proper noun

کامبوج • (kâmboj)

[kʰɒːm.bód͡ʒ̥]


شام

→ Urdu: شام (śām)

سوی شامست این نشان و این خبر / در ره قدسش ببینی در گذر

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 89:

This sign and this information lies in the direction of Syria: you will see it as you pass on the way to Jerusalem.

suy-e šâm-ast in nešân o in xabar / dar rah-e qods-aš be-bini dar gozar

Greater Syria, the Levant (a region of Western Asia)


گنگ

→ Arabic: الْكَنْك (al-kank)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كنك (Geng)

Turkish: Geng


آرارات

head

آرارات • (ârârât)

fa-proper noun

آرارات • (ârârât)

[ʔɑː.ɾɑː.ˈɾɑːt]

[ʔɑː.ɾɑː.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ʔɑː.ɾɑː.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ʔɑː.ɾɑː.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ʔɔː.ɾɔː.ɾɔ́ːt̪]

[ʔɒː.ɹɒː.ɹɒ́ːt̪]

[ʔɔ.ɾɔ.ɾɔ́t̪]


اتریش

head

اُتْریش • (otriš)

fa-proper noun

اُتْریش • (otriš)

اُتْریش (canonical)
otriš (romanization)


نمسا

head

نَمسا • (namsâ)

fa-proper noun

نَمسا • (namsâ)

Borrowed from Arabic النَّمْسَا (an-namsā), from Ottoman Turkish نمچه (Nemçe), itself borrowed from a Slavic language, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *němьcь.

bor+

(dated) Austria (a country in Central Europe)


ایروان

head

ایروان • (iravân)

fa-proper noun

ایروان • (iravân)

→ Azerbaijani: İrəvan

→ Ottoman Turkish: اروان (Erivan)

> Turkish: Erivan (inherited)

→ Russian: Эривань (Erivanʹ)

Ultimately from Armenian Երևան (Erewan).


ویتنام

From Vietnamese Việt Nam, likely via English Vietnam.


قبرس

قِبرِس (canonical)
qebres (romanization)

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


جاپان

head

جاپان • (jâpân)

fa-proper noun

جاپان • (jâpân)

[d͡ʒɑː.pʰɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒɑː.pʰɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒɑː.pʰɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒɔː.pʰɔ́ːn]

Borrowed from English Japan. Either directly from English or via Pashto and Urdu جاپان (jāpān).

Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


میانمار

head

میانمار • (myânmâr)

fa-proper noun

میانمار • (myânmâr)


بحرین

uder

الْبَحْرَيْن

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


فیلیپین

Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


پاکستانی

fa-adj

پاکِستانی • (pâkestâni)

پاکِستانی (canonical)
pâkestâni (romanization)


پاکستانی

head

پاکستانی • (pâkestâni) (plural پاکستانیها (pâkestâni-hâ))

pâkestâni (romanization)
پاکستانیها (plural)


بوسنی و هرزگوین

بوسنی و هِرزِگوین

بوسنی و هِرزِگوین • (bosni o herzegovin)

fa-proper noun

بوسنی و هِرزِگوین

بوسنی و هِرزِگوین (canonical)
bosni o herzegovin (romanization)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

(Iran) Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


پرتغال

head

پرتغال • (portoğâl)

fa-proper noun

پرتغال • (portoğâl)

[pʰoɹ.t̪ʰo.ɢɒ́ːl̥]


اتحادیه اروپا

head

اِتِّحادِیِهٔ اُروپا

اِتِّحادِیِهٔ اُروپا • (ettehâdiye-ye orupâ)

fa-proper noun

اِتِّحادِیِهٔ اُروپا

اِتِّحادِیِهٔ اُروپا (canonical)
ettehâdiye-ye orupâ (romanization)

[ʔɪt̪.t̪ʰe̞.ɦɑː.d̪i.jä.jɪ ʔʊ.ɾuː.pʰɑː]

[ʔɪt̪.t̪ʰe̞.ɦɑː.d̪i.jä.jɪ ʔʊ.ɾuː.pʰɑː]

Fa-اتحادیه اروپا.ogg


بلاروس

head

بلاروس • (belârus)

fa-proper noun

بلاروس • (belârus)


اوکراین

head

اوکْرایْن • (okrâyn)

fa-proper noun

اوکْرایْن • (okrâyn)

اوکْرایْن (canonical)
okrâyn (romanization)

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


آندورا

head

آندورا • (ândorâ)

fa-proper noun

آندورا • (ândorâ)

[ʔɒːn̪.d̪o.ɹɒ́ː]

(Iran) Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


سری‌لانکا

head

سِریلانْکا • (seri-lânkâ)

fa-proper noun

سِریلانْکا • (seri-lânkâ)

سِریلانْکا (canonical)
seri-lânkâ (romanization)

[sɪ.ɾiː.lɑːŋ.kʰɑ́ː]

[sɪ.ɾiː.lɑːŋ.kʰɑ́ː]

[sɪ.ɾiː.lɑːŋ.kʰɑ́ː]

Sri Lanka (a country and island in South Asia; capital: Colombo)


قرقیزستان

head

قِرْقیزِسْتان

قِرْقیزِسْتان • (qerqizestân)

fa-proper noun

قِرْقیزِسْتان

قِرْقیزِسْتان • (qerqizestân)

قِرْقیزِسْتان (canonical)
qerqizestân (romanization)

From قرقیز + ـستان.

af

قرقیز + ـستان

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia; capital: Bishkek)


ترکمنستان

[t̪ʰoɾkʲæmænesˈt̪ʰɒːn]

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)

fa:ترکمنستان


مولداوی

head

مولداوی • (moldâvi)

fa-proper noun

مولداوی • (moldâvi)

Borrowed from French Moldavie, from Latin Moldavia.


لتونی

لِتونی (canonical)
letoni (romanization)

Latvia (a country in Eastern Europe; capital: Riga)


لیتوانی

head

لیتوانی • (litvâni)

Lithuania (a country in Eastern Europe; capital: Vilnius)


استونی

اِستونی • (estoni)

fa-proper noun

اِستونی • (estoni)

اِستونی (canonical)
estoni (romanization)

Estonia (a country in Eastern Europe; capital: Tallinn)


بنگلادش

head

بَنْگِلادِش • (banglâdeš)

fa-proper noun

بَنْگِلادِش • (banglâdeš)

بَنْگِلادِش (canonical)
banglâdeš (romanization)

[bäŋɡ.lɑː.d̪ɪ́ʃ]

[bäŋɡ.lɑː.d̪ɪ́ʃ]

[bäŋɡ.lɑː.d̪ɪ́ʃ]

[bäŋɡ.lɔː.d̪íʃ]

[bæŋɡʲ.lɒː.d̪éʃ]


بلغارستان

head

بُلغارِستان • (bolğârestân)

fa-proper noun

بُلغارِستان • (bolğârestân)

بُلغارِستان (canonical)
bolğârestân (romanization)

[bʊl.ɣɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[bʊl.ɣɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[bʊl.ɣɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From بلغار + ـستان.

af

بلغار + ـستان

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


سوئیس

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)


اسلوونی

head

اِسلووِنی • (esloveni)

fa-proper noun

اِسلووِنی • (esloveni)

اِسلووِنی (canonical)
esloveni (romanization)

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


بوتان

head

بوتان • (butân)

fa-proper noun

بوتان • (butân)

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


ایالت

head

ایالت • (eyâlat) (plural ایالات (eyâlât))

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इयालत (iyālat)

Urdu: اِیالَت (iyālat)

eyalet (administrative division of the Ottoman Empire)


خوارزم

خوارزم • (xwârazm)

fa-proper noun

خوارزم • (xwârazm)

→ Arabic: خَوَارِزْم (ḵawārizm)

→ Armenian: Խորեզմ (Xorezm)

→ Azerbaijani: Xarəzm

→ English: Khwarazm

→ Kazakh: Хорезм (Xorezm)

→ Russian: Хоре́зм (Xorézm)

→ Turkish: Harezm

→ Turkmen: Horezm

→ Uzbek: Xorazm

From Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 (u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š /ʰuvārazmī-/). More at Khwarazm.

der

خیزید و خز آرید که هنگام خزان است
باد خنک از جانب خوارزم وزان است
xêzêd u xaz ârêd ki hangâm-i xazân ast

bâd-i xunak az jânib-i xwârazm vazân ast


پرتگالی

head

پرتگالی • (purtağâlî)

fa-proper noun

پرتگالی • (purtağâlî)

[pʰʊɾ.t̪ʰä.ɡɑː.liː]

From پرتگال.


روم

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrōm), from Byzantine Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē, “Rome”) and Ῥωμανία (Rhōmanía, “Byzantine Empire”), from Latin Romani (“Romans”), from Roma (“Rome”) of uncertain origin. In particular application to central Anatolia, from such use in Seljuk Old Anatolian Turkish.

روم باستان ― rum-e bâstân ― Ancient Rome

(obsolete or archaic) Synonym of رُم (Rom), Rome (the capital of Italy)

آناتولی آناتولی#Persian

(archaic) Synonym of آناتولی (Ânâtoli), Anatolia (a region of southwestern Asia)


دماوند

From Middle Persian dmbʾwnd (dumbāwand).

der

Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to release”)


راجستان

head

راجستان • (râjastân)

fa-proper noun

راجستان • (râjastân)

[rɑː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[rɑː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[rɑː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[rɔː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɔ́ːn]

[ɹɒː.d͡ʒæs.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

Rajasthan (a state in northwestern India, created in 1949 and replacing the former province of Rajputana)


برلین

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)

Berlin (a state of Germany, containing the capital city)


بنگال

head

بَنْگَال • (bangâl)

fa-proper noun

بَنْگَال • (bangâl)

بَنْگَال (canonical)
bangâl (romanization)

[bäŋ.ɡɔ́ːl̥]

[bæŋ.ɡɒ́ːl̥]

[beŋ.ɡɒ́ːl̥]

Borrowed from Middle Bengali বাঙ্গালা (baṅgala), said to be named after the Vanga Kingdom, of uncertain ultimate origin. Suggestions include a connection to Sanskrit वङ्ग (vaṅga, “tin”), a borrowing from the Dravidian tribe *Bong with the suffix അളം (aḷaṁ, “place”), or from Tibetan བནས (bans, “marshy place”). More at Bengal.

bor+

Bengal (a region in the northeast of South Asia, today divided between Bangladesh and India (particularly the state of West Bengal).)


سنگاپور

head

سنگاپور • (sangâpur)

fa-proper noun

سنگاپور • (sangâpur)

[sɪŋ.ɡɑː.pʰúːɾ]

[sɪŋ.ɡɑː.pʰúːɾ]

[sɪŋ.ɡɑː.pʰúːɾ]

[siŋ.ɡɔː.pʰúɾ]

[sæŋ.ɡɒː.pʰúːɹ]

In the case of Iranian Persian, borrowed from French Singapour. In the case of Dari, borrowed from English Singapore. Both are ultimately from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhapura).

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


آسام

head

آسام • (âsâm)

fa-proper noun

آسام • (âsâm)


گجرات

→ Arabic: كُجَرَات (kujarāt)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: گجرات (Gücerât)
Turkish: Gücerat
→ French: Gudjérat
→ Italian: Gugerat
→ Russian: Гуджера́т (Gudžerát)

→ Tatar: Гөҗәрат (Göcärat)

→ Turkmen: Güjerat

→ Uzbek: Gujarot

[ɡʊ.d͡ʒä.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ɡʊ.d͡ʒä.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ɡʊ.d͡ʒä.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ɡu.d͡ʒä.ɾɔ́ːt̪]

[ɡ̥o.d͡ʒæ.ɹɒ́ːt̪]

[ɡu.d͡ʒä.ɾɔ́t̪]


گرگان

head

گرگان • (gorgân)

fa-proper noun

گرگان • (gorgân)

From Middle Persian 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 (Gurgān), from Old Persian 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (Varkāna), from Proto-Iranian *wr̥kāna- (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬁𐬥𐬀 (Vəhrkāna)).
Equivalent to گرگ (gorg, “wolf”) + suffix.
Borrowed into Ancient Greek as Ὑρκᾱνίᾱ (Hurkāníā).

Gorgan, city in Golestan Province of Iran


کره جنوبی

head

کُرِهٔ جُنوبی

fa-proper noun

کُرِهٔ جُنوبی

کُرِهٔ جُنوبی (canonical)
kore-ye jonubi (romanization)

fa:کره جنوبی


کره شمالی

head

کُرِهٔ شُمالی

کُرِهٔ شُمالی • (kore-ye šomâli)

fa-proper noun

کُرِهٔ شُمالی

کُرِهٔ شُمالی • (kore-ye šomâli)

کُرِهٔ شُمالی (canonical)
kore-ye šomâli (romanization)


فغفور

head

فغفور • (fağfur)

fa-noun

فغفور • (fağfur)

Borrowed from Sogdian 𐼱𐼲𐼾𐼰𐼴𐽀 (βɣpʾwr /βaγpūr/); see there for further information.


عاصی

head

عاصی • ('âsi)

fa-proper noun

عاصی • ('âsi)

From Arabic عَاصِي (ʕāṣī, “sinner; Asi/Orontes river”).

uder

1045-1052, Nasir Khusraw, Safarnama
و از آنجا به شهر حمات شدیم، شهری خوشی و آبادان بر لب آب عاصی و این آب را از آن سبب عاصی گویند که به جانب روم میرود، یعنی، چون از بلاد اسلام به بلاد کفر میرود، عاصی است و بر آب دولاب های بسیار ساخته اند.
wa az ānjā ba šahr-i hamāt šudēm, šahrē xwaš u ābādān bar lab-i āb-i āsī. wa īn āb rā az ān sabab "āsī" gōyand ki ba jānib-i rōm mē-rawad; ya'nī, čūn az bilād-i Islām ba bilād-i kufr mē-rawad, āsī ast, wa bar āb dolāb-hāyi basyār sāxta-and.

and from there we went to city of Hama, a pleasant and inhabited place near the Asi [Sinful] River. And this river is called "sinful" because it is flowing toward Rome [Byzantine Empire], that is to say, since it is going from the lands of Islam to the lands of kufr, it is "sinful", and over [the] river they have built many Persian wheels.


وین

(Iran) Vienna (the capital city of Austria)


لیورپول

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Liverpool (a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England)


اتحاد شوروی

head

اِتِّحادِ شورَوی

اِتِّحادِ شورَوی • (ettehâd-e šuravi)

fa-proper noun

اِتِّحادِ شورَوی

اِتِّحادِ شورَوی • (ettehâd-e šuravi)

اِتِّحادِ شورَوی (canonical)
ettehâd-e šuravi (romanization)

[ʔɪt̪.t̪ʰe̞.ɦɑː.d̪ɪ ʃuː.ɾä.wiː]

[ʔɪt̪.t̪ʰe̞.ɦɑː.d̪ɪ ʃuː.ɾä.wiː]

(history) Soviet Union (a former country in Eastern Europe and Asia, existing from 1922 to 1991)


منطقه یورو

mantaqe-ye yuro (romanization)
yoro (romanization)

کشورهای منطقه یورو ― kešvar-hâ-ye mantaqe-ye yuro ― Eurozone countries

fa:منطقه یورو


لائوس

head

لائوس • (lâ'us)

fa-proper noun

لائوس • (lâ'us)


مالت

head

مالت • (mâlt)

fa-proper noun

مالت • (mâlt)

Borrowed from French Malte. Doublet of مالته (mālta, “orange”).

Malta (an island country in Southern Europe)

Malta (The largest island in the Maltese Archipelago)


داس و چکش

head

داس و چکش • (dâs-o-čakoš)

fa-noun

داس و چکش • (dâs-o-čakoš)

fa:داس و چکش


جمهوری خلق چین

head

جمهوری خلق چین • (jomhuri-ye xalq-e čin)

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

People's Republic of China (a country in East Asia; capital: Beijing)


کاخ باکینگهام

کاخ باکینگهام • (kâx-e bâkinghâm)

fa-proper noun

کاخ باکینگهام • (kâx-e bâkinghâm)

Buckingham Palace (the London residence and principal workplace of the monarchy of the United Kingdom)

fa:کاخ باکینگهام


مالزی

head

مالزی • (mâlezi)

fa-proper noun

مالزی • (mâlezi)

(Iran) Malaysia (a country in Southeast Asia)


تورفان

head

تورفان • (turfân)

fa-proper noun

تورفان • (turfân)


جرمنی

Borrowed from Hindustani جرمنی / जर्मनी (jarmanī), from English Germany.

(now less common) Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


دهلی

head

دِهْلی • (dehli)

fa-proper noun

دِهْلی • (dehli)

→ Arabic: دِهْلِي (dihlī)

→ Ottoman Turkish: دهلی (Dihli)

desctree

→ Urdu: دہلی (dihlī)
→ Arabic: دِهْلِي (dihlī)
→ English: Delhi
→ Arabic: دِلْهِي (dilhī)
→ Chinese: 德里 (Délǐ)
→ Greek: Δελχί (Delchí)
→ Hebrew: דֵלְהִי (delhī)
→ Japanese: デリー (Derī)
→ Turkish: Delhi
→ Kannada: ದೆಹಲಿ (dehali)

Delhi (a megacity and union territory of India, containing the national capital New Delhi)

حضرت دهلی

Delhi the Sacred; a title used when referring to the city


لیختن‌اشتاین

head

لیختناشتاین • (lixten-eštâyn)

fa-proper noun

لیختناشتاین • (lixten-eštâyn)

لیختناشتاین (canonical)
lixten-eštâyn (romanization)

Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)


امارات متحده عربی

head

اِماراتِ مُتَّحِدِهٔ عَرَبی

اِماراتِ مُتَّحِدِهٔ عَرَبی • (emârât-e mottahede-ye 'arabi)

fa-proper noun

اِماراتِ مُتَّحِدِهٔ عَرَبی

اِماراتِ مُتَّحِدِهٔ عَرَبی (canonical)
emârât-e mottahede-ye 'arabi (romanization)

[ʔɪ.mɑː.ɾɑ́ː.t̪ʰɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.ɦɪ.d̪ǽ.jɪ ʔä.ɾä.bíː]

[ʔɪ.mɑː.ɾɑ́ː.t̪ʰɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.jɪ.d̪ǽ.jɪ ʔä.ɾä.bíː]

[ʔi.mɔː.ɾɔ́ː.t̪ʰi mut̪.t̪ʰä.ji.d̪ǽ.ji ʔä.ɾä.bí]

[ʔe.mɒː.ɹɒ́ː.t̪ʰe mot̪.t̪ʰæ.ɦe.ˈd̪e.je ʔæ.ɹæ.bíː]

[ʔi.mɔ.ɾɔ́.t̪ʰi mut̪.t̪ʰä.ɦi.d̪ǽ.ji ʔä.ɾä.bí]

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ورشو

Masovian Voivodeship
Masovian Voivodeship#English

(chiefly Iran) Warsaw (the capital city of Poland; capital city of the Masovian Voivodeship)


اندونزی

head

اَندونِزی • (andonezi)

fa-proper noun

اَندونِزی • (andonezi)

اَندونِزی (canonical)
andonezi (romanization)

Indonesia (a country in Southeast Asia; capital: Jakarta)


کاخ وست‌مینستر

کاخ وستمینستر (canonical)
kâx-e vest-minster (romanization)

Palace of Westminster
Palace of Westminster

fa:کاخ وست‌مینستر


وست‌مینستر

وستمینستر (canonical)
vest-minster (romanization)

پل وستمینستر

fa:وست‌مینستر


بارسات

head

بارسات • (bârsât)

fa-noun

بارسات • (bârsât)

→ Ottoman Turkish: بارسات (barsat)

[bɑːɾ.sɑːt̪]

[bɑːɾ.sɑːt̪]

[bɑːɾ.sɑːt̪]

[bɔːɾ.sɔːt̪]

[bɒːɹ.sɒːt̪]

Borrowed from Hindustani برسات / बरसात (barsāt), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺 (vāsāratti), from Sanskrit वर्षारात्रि (varṣārātri).


مونته‌نگرو

مونتهنگرو (canonical)
monte-negro (romanization)

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)

fa:مونته‌نگرو


موناکو

head

موناکو • (monâko)

fa-proper noun

موناکو • (monâko)


سن مارینو

head

سن مارینو • (san mârino)

fa-proper noun

سن مارینو • (san mârino)

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)

fa:سن مارینو


مالدیو

head

مالدیو • (mâldiv)

fa-proper noun

مالدیو • (mâldiv)

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


توکیو

[t̪ʰʊːk.jʊ́ː]

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan)


توران

head

توران • (turân)

fa-proper noun

توران • (turân)

[t̪ʰuː.ɾɑːn]

[t̪ʰuː.ɾɑːn]

[t̪ʰuː.ɾɑːn]

[t̪ʰuː.ɹɒːn]

"Son of Tur," whose name is of uncertain origin; possibly from تور (“brave”). The name is attested in the Avesta as 𐬙𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (tūⁱriia), drawing comparisons to Sanskrit तुरीय (turīya, “fourth”).

(historical) Turan (a region of Central Asia, originally populated by Iranian Central Asian nomads; later, Iranians came to identify Turkic neighbours as Turanians)


آسیای غربی

head

آسیای غربی • (âsiyâ-ye ğarbi)

fa-proper noun

آسیای غربی • (âsiyâ-ye ğarbi)

Holonym: آسیا (âsiyâ)

fa:آسیای غربی


ورکانه

head

ورکانه • (varkâne)

fa-proper noun

ورکانه • (varkâne)

From Old Iranian *Varkānaka-, from Proto-Iranian *wr̥kāna-. Compare Old Persian 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (Varkāna).

Varkaneh, village in Hamadan province of Iran


آبشینه

head

آبشینه • (âbšine)

fa-proper noun

آبشینه • (âbšine)

Western Middle Iranian *āp-šēnag, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *āp- + *xšaina- + *-ka-. For the first component, compare Old Persian [Term?] (/āpi/, “water”). For the second component, compare Old Persian [Term?] (/axšaina-/, “dark blue”), Old Persian *xšaina- (“shiny”)
Literally meaning "where the water shines". The place is located on the foot of the northern valleys of Alvand mountains.

cog

Abshineh, village in Hamadan province of Iran


مریانج

From Middle Persian *margānag, from Old Persian *margā + [Term?] (/-ānag/); compare Middle Persian [script needed] (mlw' /marw/, “plant”), Parthian [script needed] (mrg /marγ/, “prairie”), Sogdian [script needed] (mrg /marγ/, “prairie”), Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀 (mar^əγa, “plant”), Persian مرغ (marğ, “plant”).
The variant مریانه (maryâne) (Hamadan dialect) is influenced by Middle Persian. The variant مرگانه (margâne) (Maryanaj dialect) is an older form influenced by Northwestern Middle Iranian languages.

Maryanaj, city in Hamadan province of Iran


سیلان

head

سیلان • (seylân)

desc

→ Armenian: սեյլան (seylan, “garnet”), սելյան (selyan), սելան (selan), սիլան (silan), սէյլան (sēylan), սէլեան (sēlean), սէլան (sēlan) — traditional orthography

→ Georgian: სეილანი (seilani)

→ Old French: Seilan

French: Ceylan

→ Portuguese: Ceilão

→ English: Ceylon

→ Spanish: Ceylán

→ Ottoman Turkish: سیلان (Seylan, “Ceylon”), سیلان تاشی (Seylan taşı, “garnet”)

Turkish: Seylan, Seylan taşı

→ Tatar: сәйлән (säylän)

→ Malay: Sailan, selan

Ultimately from Pali sīhaḷa, from Sanskrit सिंहल (siṃhala).


لداخ

head

لداخ • (ladâx)

fa-proper noun

لداخ • (ladâx)

→ English: Ladakh

→ Punjabi: لداخ (ldāx), ਲੱਦਾਖ਼ (laddāx)

→ Urdu: لداخ (laddāx)

Borrowed from Tibetan ལ་དྭགས (la dwags).

Ladakh (a union territory in northern India; capital: Leh and Kargil)


برلن

(obsolete) Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)


اندلس

Borrowed from Arabic الْأَنْدَلُس (al-ʔandalus).

bor+

الْأَنْدَلُس

autonomous community
autonomous community

Andalusia (an autonomous community of Spain)


مقدونیه شمالی

head

مَقْدونِیِهٔ شُمالی

مَقْدونِیِهٔ شُمالی • (mağduniye-ye šomâli)

fa-proper noun

مَقْدونِیِهٔ شُمالی

مَقْدونِیِهٔ شُمالی (canonical)
mağduniye-ye šomâli (romanization)

North Macedonia
North Macedonia#English:_Q221

North Macedonia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


تاجکستان

head

تاجِکِسْتان • (tājikistān)

fa-proper noun

تاجِکِسْتان • (tājikistān)

تاجِکِسْتان (canonical)
tājikistān (romanization)

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒɪ.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From تاجک (tâjik, “Tajik”) + ـستان (stân).

(Dari) Tajikistan (a country in Central Asia)


نیپال

head

نیپال • (nêpâl)

fa-proper noun

نیپال • (nêpâl)

Borrowed from Urdu نیپال (nepāl), from Sanskrit नेपाल (nepāla).

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


سورت

fa:سورت (گجرات)


واتیکان

head

واتیکان • (Vâtikân)

fa-proper noun

واتیکان • (Vâtikân)

[wɑː.t̪ʰiː.kʰɑ́ːn]

[wɑː.t̪ʰiː.kʰɑ́ːn]

[wɑː.t̪ʰiː.kʰɑ́ːn]

[vɒː.t̪ʰiː.kʰɒ́ːn]

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


احمدآباد

head

احمدآباد • (ahmad-âbâd)

fa-proper noun

احمدآباد • (ahmad-âbâd)

→ Gujarati: અમદાવાદ (amdāvād)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अहमदाबाद (ahmadābād)

desc

اَحْمَد آباد

Urdu: اَحْمَد آباد (ahmad ābād)

→ Marathi: अहमदाबाद (ahmadābād)

[ʔah.ma.ðɑː.ˈβɑːð]

[ʔäɦ.mä.d̪ɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔäɦ.mä.d̪ɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔɑː.mä.d̪ɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔɔː.mä.d̪ɔː.bɔ́ːd̪̥]

[ʔæɦ.mæ.d̪ɒː.bɒ́ːd̪̥]

[ʔäɦ.mä.d̪ɔ.bɔ́d̪]

Ahmedabad (the largest city in Gujarat, India)


آسیای جنوبی

Holonym: آسیا (âsiyâ)

fa:آسیای جنوبی


آسیای شرقی

head

آسیای شرقی • (âsiyâ-ye šarqi)

fa-proper noun

آسیای شرقی • (âsiyâ-ye šarqi)

Holonym: آسیا (âsiyâ)

fa:آسیای شرقی


کلن

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


پرتگال

[pʰʊɾ.t̪ʰä.ɡɑːl]

Borrowed from Urdu پرتگال, from English Portugal, from Portuguese Portugal.


منزی

Borrowed from Middle Mongol [Term?], ultimately from Chinese 蠻子／蛮子 (mánzi, “barbarian”).

(historical, obsolete) Song China; after the Mongol conquest, southern China under Yuan rule [12th, 13th centuries]


بنگله‌دیش

head

بنگلهدیش • (bangla-dēš)

fa-proper noun

بنگلهدیش • (bangla-dēš)

بنگلهدیش (canonical)
bangla-dēš (romanization)

[bäŋɡ.lä.d̪éːʃ]

[bäŋɡ.lä.d̪éːʃ]

[bäŋɡ.lä.d̪éːʃ]

[bäŋɡ.lä.d̪éːʃ]


اندونیزیا

indōnīziyā (romanization)
indūnīziyā (romanization)

(Dari) Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)

fa:اندونیزیا


مالیزیا

head

مالیزیا • (mālēziyā)

fa-proper noun

مالیزیا • (mālēziyā)


مالدیف

head

مالدیف • (mâldif)

fa-proper noun

مالدیف • (mâldif)


چاتگام

head

چاتگام • (čâtgâm)

fa-proper noun

چاتگام • (čâtgâm)

→ Arabic: جَاتْجَام (jātjām)

[t͡ʃɑːt.ˈɡɑːm]

[t͡ʃʰɑːt̪.ɡɑ́ːm]

[t͡ʃʰɑːt̪.ɡɑ́ːm]

[t͡ʃʰɑːt̪.ɡɑ́ːm]

[t͡ʃʰɔːt̪.ɡɔ́ːm]

[t͡ʃʰɒːt̪.ɡɒ́ːm]

[t͡ʃʰɔt̪.ɡɔ́m]


کرواسیا

head

کرواسیا • (kuruwāsiyā)

fa-proper noun

کرواسیا • (kuruwāsiyā)

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان

head

جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان • (jomhuri-ye eslâmi-ye afğânestân)

jomhuri-ye eslâmi-ye afğânestân (romanization)

[d͡ʒäm.huː.ɾí.jɪ ʔɪs.lɑː.mí.jɪ ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒä.muː.ɾí.jɪ ʔɪs.lɑː.mí.jɪ ʔäv.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒä.mu.ɾí.ji ʔis.lɔː.mí.ji ʔäv.ɣɔː.nis.t̪ʰɔ́ːn]

[d͡ʒom.huː.ɹí.je ʔes.lɒː.mí.je ʔæf.ɢɒː.nes.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan#English

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Afghanistan (a country in Central Asia)

en-جمهوری_اسلامی_افغانستان-fa-name-Na3jiNIX


جمهوری تاجیکستان

جُمْهوریِ تاجیکِسْتان

جُمْهوریِ تاجیکِسْتان • (jomhuri-ye tâjikestân)

fa-proper noun

جُمْهوریِ تاجیکِسْتان

جُمْهوریِ تاجیکِسْتان (canonical)
jomhuri-ye tâjikestân (romanization)

[d͡ʒʊm.huː.ɾí.jɪ t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒiː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒʊ.muː.ɾí.jɪ t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒiː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒom.huː.ɹí.je t̪ʰɒː.d͡ʒiː.kʰʲes.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

Republic of Tajikistan
Republic of Tajikistan#English

Republic of Tajikistan, Tajikistan (a country in Central Asia; capital: Dushanbe)


لوکزامبورگ

head

لوکزامبورگ • (lukzâmburg)

fa-proper noun

لوکزامبورگ • (lukzâmburg)

[luːkʲ.zɒːm.búːɹɡʲ̥]


اندورا

head

اندورا • (andōrrā)

fa-proper noun

اندورا • (andōrrā)

(Dari) Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


آلبانیا

head

آلبانیا • (ālbānyā)

fa-proper noun

آلبانیا • (ālbānyā)

[ʔɑːl.bɑ́ːɲ.jɑː]

[ʔɑːl.bɑ́ːɲ.jɑː]

[ʔɑːl.bɑ́ːɲjɑː]

[ʔɔːl.bɔ́ːɲjɔː]

Borrowed from Urdu البانیا (albâniya), from English Albania. Possibly influenced by Iranian Persian آلبانی (âlbâni).


البانیا

head

البانیا • (albāniyā)

fa-proper noun

البانیا • (albāniyā)

آلبانیا آلبانیا#Persian

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

(Dari) Alternative spelling of آلبانیا: Albania (a country in Southeast Europe)


بوسنیا و هرزگوینا

head

بوسنیا و هرزگوینا

بوسنیا و هرزگوینا • (bōsniyā u harziguwīnā)

fa-proper noun

بوسنیا و هرزگوینا

(Dari) Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


بلجیم

head

بَلجیم • (baljīm)

fa-proper noun

بَلجیم • (baljīm)

بَلجیم (canonical)
baljīm (romanization)

Derived from English Belgium, probably via Pashto بېلجيم and Urdu بیلجیم.

bor

Pashto بېلجيم


سلواکیا

head

سلواکیا • (s(i)lôwâkiyâ)

fa-proper noun

سلواکیا • (s(i)lôwâkiyâ)

(Dari) Slovakia (a country in Central Europe; capital: Bratislava)


فدراسیون روسیه

head

فِدِراسْیونِ روسِیِه

فِدِراسْیونِ روسِیِه • (federâsyon-e rusiye)

fa-proper noun

فِدِراسْیونِ روسِیِه

فِدِراسْیونِ روسِیِه (canonical)
federâsyon-e rusiye (romanization)

Russian Federation
Russian Federation#English

Russian Federation (a country in Eastern Europe and Asia)


ازبیکستان

head

ازبیکستان • (uzbēkistān)

fa-proper noun

ازبیکستان • (uzbēkistān)

From اُزْبیک (uzbēk) + ـِسْتَان (-istān).

af

اُزْبیک (uzbēk) + ـِسْتَان (-istān)

fa:ازبیکستان


ممبی

From Urdu مُمبَئی, from Marathi मुंबई (mumbaī).

der

Urdu مُمبَئی

Mumbai (a megacity, the capital of Maharashtra, India, also known as Bombay)


فلمنک

Ultimately related to Dutch Vlaming (“Fleming”).

(dated) the Netherlands (a country in Europe)


تیمور شرقی

head

تیمورِ شَرْقی

تیمورِ شَرْقی • (timor-e šarqi)

fa-proper noun

تیمورِ شَرْقی

تیمورِ شَرْقی • (timor-e šarqi)

تیمورِ شَرْقی (canonical)
timor-e šarqi (romanization)

East Timor (a country and island in Southeast Asia; capital: Dili)


نکبت

the Nakba (the exile of Palestinians in 1948)


تسالونیک

head

تسالونیک • (tesâlonik)

fa-proper noun

تسالونیک • (tesâlonik)

Borrowed from French Thessalonique, from Latin Thessalonīca, from Ancient Greek Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloníkē).


لاهه

head

لاهه • (lâhe)

The Hague (a city, the administrative capital of the Netherlands)


بیجینگ

بیجینگ • (bējīng)

fa-proper noun

بیجینگ • (bējīng)

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

(metonymically) Beijing (the government of the People's Republic of China)


ناروی

head

ناروی • (nārwē)

fa-noun

ناروی • (nārwē)

Norway (a country in Scandinavia, in northern Europe)