فاس

Fez (the capital city of the region of Fez-Meknes, Morocco)


مصر

head

مِصْر • (mesr)

fa-proper noun

مِصْر • (mesr)

Dari: مِصْر (misr)

Iranian Persian: مِصْر (mesr)

Tajik: Миср (Misr)

→ Assamese: মিছৰ (misor), মিচৰ (misor)

→ Bengali: মিশর (miśor), মিসর (miśor)

→ Gujarati: મિસર (misar)

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: मिस्र (misra), मिस्त्र (mistra), मिसर (misar)

Urdu: مِصْر (misr)

→ Kashmiri: مِصر (misr)

→ Kazakh: Мысыр (Mysyr)

→ Marathi: मिसर (misar)

→ Nepali: मिस्र (misra)

→ Odia: ମିଶର (miśara), ମିଶର୍ (miśar), ମିଶ୍ର (miśra)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮਿਸਰ (misar)

Shahmukhi script: مِصَر (miṣar)

این كمترین مریدان حكایتی از جنگ كردن سلطان صالحالدین مصر به فرنگیان كه از غرابت خالی نبوده به عرض اقـدس مـیرسانید.

1611, ʿAbd al-Sattār ibn Qāsim Lāhōrī, مجالس جهانگیری [Majālis-i Jahāngīrī]:

We humblest servants told a story in his imperial presence about the war that Sultan Saladin of Egypt had waged against the Crusaders, which was not devoid of marvels.

īn kamtarīn murīdān hikāyatē az jang kardan-i sultān sālah-ad-dīn-i misr ba farangīyān ki az ġurābat xālī na-būda ba arz-i aqdas mē-rasānīd.

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)

(archaic) Cairo (the capital and largest city of Egypt)


مسجد

head

مَسجِد • (masjed) (plural مساجد (masâjed) or مسجدها (masjed-hâ))

مَسجِد (canonical)
masjed (romanization)
مساجد (plural)
مسجدها (plural)
مزگت (alternative archaic)
مچد (alternative)
مجد (alternative dialectal)

Etymology tree
Arabic سَجَدَ (sajada)
Arabic مَسْجِد (masjid)bor.
Persian مسجد
Borrowed from Arabic مَسْجِد (masjid).


قطر

Qatar (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


کلیسا

head

کلیسا • (kalīsā /kelisâ) (plural کلیساها (kalīsā-hā /kelisâ-hâ))

kalīsā (romanization)
kelisâ (romanization)
کلیساها (plural)
کلیسیا (alternative)
کلسیا (alternative)

→ Gujarati: કલીસા (kalīsā)

یار چون باشد شفیق و شیشه در پهلو رفیق
گر کلیسا باشد از خلد برین بهتر بود

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 163:

When the beloved is affectionate and the wine-glass is a companion by my side,
Even if it is a church, it is better than the highest paradise.

yār čūn bāšad šafīq u šīša dar pahlū rafīq
gar kalīsā bāšad az xuld-i barīn bihtar buwad


ایران

ایران • (irân)

fa-proper noun

ایران • (irân)

irân (romanization)
ایرون (alternative Tehrani colloquial)

→ Assamese: ইৰান (iran)

→ Bengali: ইরান (iran)

→ Gujarati: ઈરાન (īrān)

→ Hindustani: īrān

Hindi: ईरान

desc

Urdu: اِیران

Urdu: اِیران

→ Marathi:

Devanagari script: इराण (irāṇ)

Modi script: 𑘃𑘨𑘰𑘜 (īrāṇ)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਇਰਾਨ (irān)

Shahmukhi script: اِیران (īyrān)

→ Sylheti: ꠁꠞꠣꠘ (iran)

→ Telugu: ఇరాన్ (irān)

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾērān, “[land] of the Aryans”). See 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾērān) for word formation, further etymology and cognates.

etymon

اِیرَان

der

میان ایران و توران تعصب و فتنه افتاد تا بدین غایت هنوز اندر آنند.

c. 1032, گردیزی [Gardēzī], زینالاخبار [Zaynu-l-axbār]:

There has been intolerance and strife between Iran and Turan to the point that they are still engaged in it to this moment.

miyān-i ērān u tūrān ta'assub u fitna uftād tā badīn ġāyat hanūz andar ān-and.

گر به صد زحمت من از هندوستان آیم برون
خود بگو از عهدهی ایران چسان آیم برون

1600s, اشرف مازندرانی [Ašraf Māzandārānī], edited by احمد گلچین معانی [Ahmad Golčin-e Ma'âni], کاروان هند [kārwān-i hind], volume 1, India, published 1970, page 71:

If, by a hundred efforts, I should leave Hindustan
Tell me, how should I ever leave my duty to Iran?

سکندر رفت و شمشیر و علم رفت
خراج شهر و گنج کان و یم رفت
امم را از شهان پاینده تر دان
نمی بینی که ایران ماند و جم رفت

1923, اقبال لاهوری [Muhammad Iqbal], پیام مشرق [Message from the East]:

Alexander is gone, with his sword and his banner,
His cities' revenues and his treasures from mines and seas are gone.
Know that nations are more lasting than kings;
Do you not see that Iran remains, while Jamshid is gone?

sekandar raft o šamšir o 'alam raft
xarâj-e šahr o ganj-e kân o yam raft
omam râ az šahân pâyande-tar dân
ne-mi-bini ke irân mânad o jam raft

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East); (historically) Persia


تهران

تِهْران (canonical)
tihrān (romanization)
tehrân (romanization)
طِهْران (alternative dated)
تِهْرون (alternative Tehrani colloquial)

[t̪ʰe̞ɦ.ɾɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰe̞ɦ.ɾɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɪ.ɾɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰi.ɾɔ́ːn]

[t̪ʰeɦ.ɹɒ́ːn]

[t̪ʰeɦ.ɹɒ́ːn]

[t̪ʰeɦ.ɾɔ́n]

There are various theories pertaining to the origin of the name Tehran:
* One theory is that the word "Tehran" is derived from Tiran/Tirgan, "The Abode of Tir", a Zoroastrian deity. The ancient Parthian town of Tiran was a neighbour to the town of Mehran, "The Abode of Mihr", the Zoroastrian deity of light. Both of these were mere villages in the suburbs of the great city of ری (“Ray”).
* Another theory is that Tehran means "a warm place", opposed to Shemiran, a cooler district in northern Tehran.
* The official City of Tehran website claims that "Tehran" comes from the Persian words ته (tah, “end, bottom”) and ران (rân, “mountain slope”, literally “bottom of the mountain slope”). Given Tehran's geographic position at the bottom of the slope of the Alborz Mountains, this appears to be the most plausible explanation of the origin of the name of the city.

Tehran (the capital city of Iran, the seat of Tehran County's Central District, and the capital of Tehran Province)

Tehran (a county of Iran, around the city)

Tehran (one of 31 provinces in Iran Tehran Province,)


طهران

head

طهران • (tehrân)

fa-proper noun

طهران • (tehrân)

تهران تهران#Persian

(obsolete) Alternative form of تهران (tehrân): Tehran (the capital city of Iran)

تهران

تهران تهران#Persian

(obsolete) Alternative form of تهران (tehrân): Tehran (a province of Iran)


اورشلیم

head

اورشلیم • (oršalim)

fa-proper noun

اورشلیم • (oršalim)

Borrowed from Arabic أُورُشَلِيم (ʔūrušalīm), or Middle Persian ʾwlyšlym (Urišlīm), from Aramaic אורשלם / ܐܘܪܫܠܡ (ʾŪrišlēm).

bor+

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


یونان

head

یونان • (yunân)

fa-proper noun

یونان • (yunân)

→ Arabic: الْيُونَان (al-yūnān)

→ Bengali: ইউনান (iunan)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: यूनान (yūnān)

Urdu: یُونان (yunān)

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: یونان (Yunan)

Ottoman Turkish: یونان (Yunan)

Turkish: Yunan

From Old Persian 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (Yauna), from Ancient Greek Ἰωνία (Iōnía, “Ionia”).

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


تاج محل

[t̪ʰɑːd͡ʒ mä.ɦäl]

[t̪ʰɑːd͡ʒ mä.ɦäl]

[t̪ʰɑːd͡ʒ mɑːäl]

[t̪ʰɔːd͡ʒ̥ mɔːäl̥]

[t̪ʰɒːd͡ʒ̥ mæ.ɦæl̥]

[t̪ʰɔd͡ʒ mä.ɦäl]

From تاج (tâj, “crown”) + محل (mahal, “palace”).

af

Taj Mahal (a monument in Agra, India, constructed between 1631 and 1654, considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in the world)


فرانسه

head

فَرانْسِه • (farânse)

fa-proper noun

فَرانْسِه • (farânse)

فَرانْسِه (canonical)
farânse (romanization)

→ Pashto: فرانسه (farānsa)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: فرانسه (firansa)
Turkish: Fransa
→ Laz: ჶრანსა (fransa)
→ Armenian: Ֆրանսա (Fransa) — Western Armenian

→ Azerbaijani: Fəransə, Fransa

France (a country located primarily in Western Europe)


عراق

head

عراق • (irāq, arāq /erâġ, arâġ) (Tajik spelling Ироқ, ароқ)

fa-proper noun

عِرَاق, عَرَاق

irāq (romanization)
arāq (romanization)
erâġ (romanization)
arâġ (romanization)
spelling Ироқ (Tajik)
ароқ (Tajik)

Borrowed from Arabic الْعِرَاق (al-ʕirāq, “Iraq”).

bor+

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


اسپانیا

head

اِسْپانِیا • (espâniyâ)

fa-proper noun

اِسْپانِیا • (espâniyâ)

اِسْپانِیا (canonical)
espâniyâ (romanization)

desc

→ Pashto: اسپانيا

→ Pashto: اسپانيا

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


سوریه

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


کنیا

head

کنیا • (kenyâ)

fa-proper noun

کنیا • (kenyâ)


پاکستان

head

پاکستان • (pâkestân)

fa-proper noun

پاکستان • (pâkestân)

[pʰɑː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[pʰɑː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[pʰɑː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[pʰɒː.kʰʲes.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

Borrowed from Urdu پَاکِسْتَان (pākistān), itself from پاک (pāk) + ـِستَان (-istān). By surface analysis, پاک + ـِسْتان.

affix

پاک (pāk) + ـِستَان (-istān)


دوشنبه

head

دوشنبه • (došanbe)

fa-proper noun

دوشنبه • (došanbe)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwáH
Persian دو
Akkadian šapattumbor.?
Hebrew שַׁבָּתder.
Persian شنبه
Persian دوشنبه
دو (do) + شنبه (šanbe), literally “two (days after) Saturday”. From Manichaean Middle Persian 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫁𐫎 (dwšmbṯ /dōšambat/, “Monday”). The name of the city derives from the large bazaar that occurred on Mondays in the area.

inh

Dushanbe (the capital city of Tajikistan)


استانبول

head

استانبول • (estânbol)

fa-proper noun

استانبول • (estânbol)

Borrowed from Byzantine Greek εἰς τὴν Πόλιν (eis tḕn Pólin, “to the City”), perhaps through Arabic.

bor+

εἰς τὴν Πόλιν

و آنجا یعنی بر آن مناره آیینهای حراقه ساخته بودند که هر کشتی رومیان که از استانبول میآمدی چون به مقابله آن رسیدی آتشی از آن آینه افتادی و بسوختی.

c. 1060, Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Safarnāma [Book of Travels]:

And there, that is to say on that lighthouse, a Mirror of Fireships had been constructed so that any Roman [Byzantine] ship which came from Constantinople would catch fire from that mirror when it passed in front of it and be burnt.

w-ānjā ya'nī bar ān munāra āyīna'ē harrāqa sāxta būdand ki har kaštī-yi rūmīyān ki az istānbūl mē-āmadē čōn ba muqābila-yi ān rasīdē ātišē az ān āyīna uftādē u bisōxtē.

Istanbul (a major city and province of Turkey)


افغانستان

head

اَفْغانِسْتان

اَفْغانِسْتان • (afġânestân)

fa-proper noun

اَفْغانِسْتان

اَفْغانِسْتان • (afġânestân)

اَفْغانِسْتان (canonical)
afġânestân (romanization)

[ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔäv.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

Fa-افغانستان.ogg

af

افغان (afġân) + ـستان (-estân)

Afghanistan (a landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


آلمان

head

آلْمان • (âlmân)

fa-proper noun

آلْمان • (âlmân)

[ʔɑːl.mɑ́ːn]

[ʔɒːl.mɒ́ːn]

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


انگلستان

head

اِنْگِلِسْتان

اِنْگِلِسْتان • (engelestân)

fa-proper noun

اِنْگِلِسْتان

اِنْگِلِسْتان • (engelestân)

اِنْگِلِسْتان (canonical)
engelestân (romanization)

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑːn]

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑːn]

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑːn]

From اِنْگِلیس (engelis) + ـسْتان (-estân).

England (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


روسیه

head

روسِیِه • (rusiye)

fa-proper noun

روسِیِه • (rusiye)

روسِیِه (canonical)
rusiye (romanization)

Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


اسلواکی

head

اِسلُواکی • (eslovâki)

fa-proper noun

اِسلُواکی • (eslovâki)

اِسلُواکی (canonical)
eslovâki (romanization)

(Iran) Slovakia (a country in Central Europe)


ایتالیا

head

ایتالِیا • (itâliyâ)

fa-proper noun

ایتالِیا • (itâliyâ)

ایتالِیا (canonical)
itâliyâ (romanization)

Borrowed from Italian Italia, possibly via Ottoman Turkish ایتالیا (İtalya).


لهستان

head

لَهِسْتان or لهستان • (lahestân or lehestân)

لَهِسْتان (canonical)
لهستان (canonical)
lahestân (romanization)
lehestân (romanization)

[lä.ɦɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[lä.ɦɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From له (lah, “Lech”) + ـستان (-estân, “place of”).


بلژیک

head

بِلژیک • (belžik)

fa-proper noun

بِلژیک • (belžik)

بِلژیک (canonical)
belžik (romanization)
بلجیک (alternative dated)

(Iran) Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


رومانی

head

رومانی • (rumâni)

fa-proper noun

رومانی • (rumâni)

Borrowed from French Roumanie, from Latin Romania.


هند

→ Azerbaijani: hind

→ Bashkir: һинд (hind)

→ Bengali: হিন্দ (hindo)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: हिंद (hind)

Urdu: ہند (hind)

→ Odia: ହିନ୍ଦ୍ (hind)

→ Ottoman Turkish: هند

Turkish: Hint

→ Punjabi: ਹਿੰਦ (hind)

→ Uzbek: hind

From Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”) or from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “a river, stream”).


تایوان

head

تایوان • (tâyvân)

fa-proper noun

تایوان • (tâyvân)

[t̪ʰɑːj.wɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɒːj.vɒ́ːn]

Taiwan (a partly-recognized country in East Asia consisting of a main island and 167 smaller islands)


ایسلند

head

ایسْلَنْد • (island)

fa-proper noun

ایسْلَنْد • (island)

ایسْلَنْد (canonical)
island (romanization)

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Iceland (an island and country in the North Atlantic Ocean in Europe)


ماه

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (mʾy /māy/), from Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐎭 (m-a-d /mādaʰ/). Doublet of ماد (mâd).

inh+

(historical) Media (a geographic region and ancient satrapy of the Persian Empire in northwestern Iran, originally inhabited by the Medes)


لندن

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; the capital city of England)


آمستردام

head

آمستردام • (âmsterdâm)

fa-proper noun

آمستردام • (âmsterdâm)

[ʔɒːms.t̪ʰeɹ.d̪ɒ́ːm]

Amsterdam (the capital city of the Netherlands)


لیسبون

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula#English

Lisbon (a port city on the Iberian Peninsula, at the mouth of the Tagus River on the Atlantic Ocean; the capital city of Portugal)


پاریس

head

پاریس • (pâris)

fa-proper noun

پاریس • (pâris)

Paris (the capital and largest city of France)


صوفیا

head

صوفیا • (sofiyâ)


رم

Rome (a major city, the capital of Italy and the Italian region of Lazio, located on the Tiber River; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire)

Rome (a metropolitan city of Lazio, Italy)


مسکو

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)

Moscow (an oblast of Russia, surrounding the city of Moscow)


گلستان

→ Gujarati: ગુલિસ્તાન (gulistān)

[ɡʊ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊ.lɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]


موش

Mush (the capital city of Mush province, Turkey)


کیف

کِیِف (canonical)
kiyef (romanization)
کییف (alternative)
کییف (alternative)


اسرائیل

اِسْرائیل • (esrâ'il)

fa-proper noun

اِسْرائیل • (esrâ'il)

اِسْرائیل (canonical)
esrâ'il (romanization)
اِسْراییل (alternative)

[ʔɪs.ɾɑː.ʔíːl]

[ʔɪs.ɾɑː.ʔíːl]

[ʔɪs.ɾɑː.jíːl]

[ʔes.ɹɒː.ʔíːl̥]

Borrowed from Arabic إِسْرَائِيل (ʔisrāʔīl).


تبت

tabbat (romanization)
tobbat (romanization)

→ Ottoman Turkish: تبت

From Sogdian ܬܘܦܐܝܝܬ (twpʾyyt /tupēt, tubēt/). The ultimate origin may be Tibetan བོད (bod).

der

Nasir Khusraw
صبا را ندانی ز عطار تبت
زمین را ندانی ز دیبای ششتر
sabâ râ nadâni ze attâr-e tobbat
zamin râ nadâni ze dibâ-ye šoštar

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


جمهوری اسلامی ایران

head

جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران

جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران • (jomhuri-ye eslâmi-ye irân)

fa-proper noun

جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران

جُمْهوریِ اِسْلامیِ ایران (canonical)
jomhuri-ye eslâmi-ye irân (romanization)

[d͡ʒum.huː.ˈɾiː.ji ʔis.lɑː.ˈmiː.ji ʔeː.ˈɾɑːn]

[d͡ʒäm.huː.ɾí.jɪ ʔɪs.lɑː.mí.jɪ ʔeː.ɾɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒä.muː.ɾí.jɪ ʔɪs.lɑː.mí.jɪ ʔeː.ɾɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒom.huː.ɹí.je ʔes.lɒː.mí.je ʔiː.ɹɒ́ːn]

Islamic Republic of Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran#English:_Q794

Islamic Republic of Iran (official name of Iran, a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


عربستان سعودی

head

عَرَبِسْتانِ سَعودی

عَرَبِسْتانِ سَعودی • ('arabestân-e sa'udi)

fa-proper noun

عَرَبِسْتانِ سَعودی

عَرَبِسْتانِ سَعودی (canonical)
'arabestân-e sa'udi (romanization)

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ː.nɪ sä.ʔuː.d̪íː]

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ː.nɪ sä.ʔuː.d̪íː]

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ː.nɪ sä.wuː.d̪íː]

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia)


اردن

head

اُرْدُن • (ordon)

fa-proper noun

اُرْدُن • (ordon)

اُرْدُن (canonical)
ordon (romanization)

Borrowed from Arabic الْأُرْدُنّ (al-ʔurdunn).

bor+

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)

Jordan (a river in Western Asia, in the Middle East, that empties into the Dead Sea, flowing through Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank and Jordan)


فلسطین

Borrowed from Arabic فِلَسْطِين (filasṭīn).

Palestine (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East; the State of Palestine; the homeland of the Palestinian people)


کویت

Kuwait (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ترکیه

torkiyye (romanization)
torkiye (romanization)

Dari: تُرْکِیَه (turkiya)

desc

Iranian Persian: تُرْکِیِّه (torkiyye), تُرْکِیِه (torkiye)

Tajik: Туркия (Turkiya)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तुर्किया (turkiyā)

Urdu: تُرْکِیَہ (turkiya)

→ Punjabi:

Shahmukhi script: تُرْکِیَہ (turkiyah)

Borrowed from Arabic تُرْكِيَّة (turkiyya, “Turkey”).

bor+

Southeastern Europe
Southeastern Europe#English

Turkey (a country located in Eastern Thrace in Southeastern Europe and Anatolia in western Asia)


لیبی

Borrowed from French Libye f (“Libya”), from Latin Libya f, from Ancient Greek Λῐβῠ́η f (Lĭbŭ́ē).


تونس

Tunis (the capital city, since 1159, and largest city of Tunisia)


لبنان

head

لبنان • (lobnân)

fa-proper noun

لبنان • (lobnân)

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


هندوستان

head

هِنْدوسْتان • (hendustân)

fa-proper noun

هِنْدوسْتان • (hendustân)

هِنْدوسْتان (canonical)
hendustân (romanization)

→ Assamese: হিন্দুস্তান (hindustan)

desctree

→ Middle Bengali: হিন্দুস্তান (hindustan)
Bengali: হিন্দুস্তান (hindustan)

→ Gujarati: હિંદુસ્તાન (hindustān)

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: हिंदुस्तान (hindustān), हिन्दुस्तान (hindustān)

Urdu: ہِنْدوسْتان (hindostān)

→ Maithili: hindustān

Devanagari script: हिन्दुस्तान

Tirhuta script: 𑒯𑒱𑒢𑓂𑒠𑒳𑒮𑓂𑒞𑒰𑒢

→ Marathi: हिंदुस्थान (hindusthān)

→ Odia: ହିନ୍ଦୁସ୍ଥାନ (hindusthāna)

desctree

→ Old Punjabi: ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨੁ (hindusatānu)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਹਿੰਦੋਸਤਾਨ (hindostān)
Shahmukhi script: ہِندُوستان (hindūstān)

desc

→ Sanskrit: हिन्दुस्थान (hindusthāna) (calque)

→ English: Hindusthan (Hindutva)

→ Sindhi: hindustānu

Arabic script: هِندُسْتانُ

Devanagari script: हिंदुस्तानु

[ʔɪn̪.d̪uːs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From هندو (hendu, “Indian”) + ـستان (-stân, “land”).

af

(colloquial) India (a country in South Asia)


ژاپن

head

ژاپُن • (žâpon)

fa-proper noun

ژاپُن • (žâpon)

ژاپُن (canonical)
žâpon (romanization)
ژاپون (alternative)
جاپن (alternative)
جاپون (alternative)

(chiefly Iran) Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


مراکش

head

مراکش • (marâkeš)

fa-proper noun

مراکش • (marâkeš)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मराकिश (marākiś)

Urdu: مَراکِش (marākiś)

desc

ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼//مَراکَش

→ Punjabi: ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼ /مَراکَش (marākiś)

→ Punjabi: ਮਰਾਕਿਸ਼ /مَراکَش (marākiś)

[mä.ɾɑː.kʰɪʃ]

[mä.ɾɑː.kʰɪʃ]

[mä.ɾɑː.kʰɪʃ]

[mæ.ɹɒː.kʰʲeʃ]

[mä.ɾɔ.kʰäʃ]

Borrowed from Arabic مُرّاكُش (murrākuš). See Morocco for more. In Persian, the word came to be read and pronounced like an Arabic broken plural form.

bor+

Marrakech (the capital city of the Marrakesh-Safi region, Morocco)


سرباز

head

سَرْباز • (sarbâz)

fa-proper noun

سَرْباز • (sarbâz)

سَرْباز (canonical)
sarbâz (romanization)

From سر (sar, “head”) + باز (-bâz, “to loose, to let go”).

compound

Sistan and Baluchestan
w:Sistan and Baluchestan

Sarbaz (a city and county of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran)


بغداد

head

بغداد • (baġdâd)

fa-proper noun

بغداد • (baġdâd)

[bäɣd̪ɑ́ːd̪]

[bäɣd̪ɑ́ːd̪]

[bäɣ.d̪ɑ́ːd̪]

[bäɣ.d̪ɔ́ːd̪̥]

[bæɢd̪ɒ́ːd̪̥]

Most scholars accept a derivation from Middle Persian 𐭡𐭢𐭣𐭲 (bgdt /bag-dād/, “given by god”), from Old Persian *Bagadātah; compare
Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬕𐬋-𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀 (baġō-dāta), Proto-Slavic *Bogъdanъ and Polish Bogdan. Other origins have been suggested, and if the place name can be identified with Akkadian 𒄷𒁕𒁺 (ḫu-da-du; bag-da-du /Ḫudadu; Bagdadu/, literally “location characterized with pits, cavities, crevices, deep trenches, or irrigation canals”), it may be of much older provenance than Old Persian.

cog

بغداد بزرگترین شهر عراق و پایتخت این کشور است.

baġdâd bozorg-tarin šahr-e 'erâq va pâytaxt-e in kešvar ast.

Baghdad is Iraq's largest city and the capital of the country.


هلند

Holland (a traditional region of the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


سوئد

Sweden (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


آفریقا

head

آفریقا • (âfriqâ)

fa-proper noun

آفریقا • (âfriqâ)

[ʔɑːf.ɾiː.ˈqɑː]

[ʔɑːf.ɾiː.qɑ́ː]

[ʔɑːf.ɾiː.qɑ́ː]

[ʔɑːf.ɾiː.qɑ́ː]

[ʔɔːf.ɾi.qɔ́ː]

[ʔɒːf.ɹiː.ʁɒ́ː]

(historical) Africa (a former province of the Roman Empire, containing what is now Tunisia and portions of coastal Algeria and Libya)


ماداگاسکار

head

ماداگاسکار • (mâdâgâskâr)

fa-proper noun

ماداگاسکار • (mâdâgâskâr)

[mɒːdɒːɡɒːsˈkɒːɾ]

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


آنکارا

head

آنکارا • (ânkârâ)

[ʔɒːŋ.kʰɒː.ɹɒ́ː]

Borrowed from Turkish Ankara. Displaced Classical Persian اَنْگُورِیَّه (angūriyya), اَنْگُورَه (angūra), and اَنْقَرَه (anqara) in Iranian Persian.

ncog

اَنْگُورِیَّه

displaced

اَنْگُورِیَّه


نیلی

From نیل (nil, “indigo”) + ـی (-i, suffix forming adjectives).

af

ـی
<id:adjective><pos:suffix forming adjectives>


کره

head

کُرِه • (kore)

fa-proper noun

کُرِه • (kore)

(chiefly Iran) Korea (a country in East Asia, now divided in two)


تاجیکستان

head

تاجیکِسْتان • (tâjikestân)

fa-proper noun

تاجیکِسْتان • (tâjikestân)

تاجیکِسْتان (canonical)
tâjikestân (romanization)

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒeː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒiː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒeː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒiː.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɑː.d͡ʒɪ.kʰɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[t̪ʰɒː.d͡ʒiː.kʰʲes.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

From تاجیک (tâjik, “Tajik”) + ـستان (estân).

جُمْهوریِ تاجیکِسْتان

Tajikistan (a country in Central Asia; capital: Dushanbe)


ازبکستان

uzbakistān (romanization)
ozbakestân (romanization)

From ازبک (uzbak /ozbak, “Uzbek”) + ـستان (-istān /-estân, “place of”).


آذربایجان

head

آذَرْبایْجان

آذَرْبایْجان • (âzarbâyjân)

fa-proper noun

آذَرْبایْجان

آذَرْبایْجان • (âzarbâyjân)

آذَرْبایْجان (canonical)
âzarbâyjân (romanization)
آذرآبادگان (alternative)
آذربادگان (alternative)
آذربایگان (alternative)
اذربیجان (alternative)
آذربادجان (alternative rare)

desc

أَذَرْبَيْجَان

→ Arabic: أَذَرْبَيْجَان (ʔaḏarbayjān)

→ Arabic: أَذَرْبَيْجَان (ʔaḏarbayjān)

→ Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan

→ Bashkir: Әзербайжан (Əzerbayjan)

→ English: Azarbayjan

→ Kazakh: Әзірбайжан (Äzırbaijan)

→ Kyrgyz: Азербайжан (Azerbayjan)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: آذربایجان (Azerbaycan)
Turkish: Azerbaycan
→ English: Azerbaijan
→ French: Azerbaïdjan
→ German: Aserbaidschan
→ Russian: Азербайджа́н (Azerbajdžán), Азербайджа́нъ (Azerbajdžán) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ English: Azerbaidzhan

→ Tatar: Әзербайҗан (Äzerbaycan)

→ Turkmen: Azerbaýjan

desc

آذَرْبائِیجان

→ Urdu: آذَرْبائِیجان (āzarbāījān)

→ Urdu: آذَرْبائِیجان (āzarbāījān)

→ Uyghur: ئەزەربەيجان (ezerbeyjan)

→ Uzbek: Ozarbayjon

[ʔɑː.ðaɾ.bɑːj.ˈd͡ʒɑːn]

[ʔɑː.zaɾ.bɑːj.ˈd͡ʒɑːn]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

[ʔɔː.zäɾ.bäj.d͡ʒɔ́ːn]

[ʔɒː.zæɹ.bɒːj.d͡ʒɒ́ːn]

Arabized form of Early Classical Persian آذَرْبَایْگَان (āḏarbāygān, āzarbāygān) / آذَرْبَادْگَان (āḏarbādgān, āzarbādgān), from Middle Persian ʾtwrpʾtkʾn (ādurbādagān). By surface analysis, آذرباد (âzarbâd, “Atropates”) + ـگان (-gân, “relational suffix”).

m+

آذَرْبَایْگَان

surf

fa:آذربایجان

اهل دربند از شهرهای شروان و مردم میانه آذربایجان بسیار جنیان را همیدیدهاند.

c. 1599, Bahāʾ al‐Dīn ʿĀmilī, “Section IV, Part I”, in کشکول:

The people of the city of Derbent in Shirvan and Mianeh in Azerbaijan have seen many genies.

ahl-e darband az šahr-hâ-ye šervân va mardom-e miyâne-ye âzarbâyjân besyâr jenniyân râ hamidide'and.

(original sense) Azerbaijan (a region in northwestern Iran, where ancient Atropatene was located, encompassing the modern provinces of Ardabil, East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan)

[from 20th c.] Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus in Asia and Europe)


کره‌ای

کرهای (canonical)
kare-yi (romanization)


پکن

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


آلبانی

head

آلبانی • (âlbâni)

fa-proper noun

آلبانی • (âlbâni)

[ʔɒːl.bɒː.níː]

(Iran) Albania (a country in Southeast Europe)


یمن

Borrowed from Arabic اَلْيَمَن (al-yaman).

bor+

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


نپال

head

نپال • (nepâl)

fa-proper noun

نپال • (nepâl)

Borrowed from French Népal, from Sanskrit नेपाल (nepāla).

Nepal (a country in South Asia, located between China and India)


آمریکا

head

آمْریکا • (âmrikâ)

fa-proper noun

آمْریکا • (âmrikâ)

آمْریکا (canonical)
âmrikâ (romanization)
آمریکاییم (first-person plural)
آمریکایی (second-person singular)
امریکا (alternative)

[ʔɑːm.ɾiː.ˈkɑː]

[ʔɑːm.ˈɾiː.kɑː]

[ʔɑːm.ɾiː.kʰɑ́ː]

[ʔɑːm.ɾíː.kʰɑː]

[ʔɑːm.ɾiː.kʰɑ́ː]

[ʔɑːm.ɾíː.kʰɑː]

[ʔɑːm.ɾiː.kʰɑ́ː]

[ʔɑːm.ɾíː.kʰɑː]

[ʔɔːm.ɾi.kʰɔ́ː]

[ʔɔːm.ɾí.kʰɔː]

[ʔɒːm.ɹiː.kʰɒ́ː]

[ʔɒːm.ɹíː.kʰɒː]

United States of America
United States of America#English

ایالات متحدهٔ آمریکا
ایالات متحده آمریکا#Persian

America, United States of America (a country in North America; in full, United States of America; official name: ایالات متحدهٔ آمریکا (eyâlât-e mottahede-ye âmrikâ))


آسیا

head

آسیا • (âsiyâ)

fa-proper noun

آسیا • (âsiyâ)

(historical) Asia (an ancient province of the Roman Empire in modern western Turkey, existing between 133 BC (during the Roman Republic) and the 7th century AD)


مدینه

Borrowed from Arabic الْمَدِينَة (al-madīna).

bor+

Medina (a city, the provincial capital of Medina province, Saudi Arabia, holy to Islam, 200 miles north of Mecca along the Hejaz, from which the Hijra was launched; contains Muhammad's tomb)


گرجستان

head

گُرجِستان • (gorjestân)

fa-proper noun

گُرجِستان • (gorjestân)

گُرجِستان (canonical)
gorjestân (romanization)

desc

→ Azerbaijani: گورجیستان, Ҝүрҹүстан, Gürcüstan

→ Central Kurdish: گورجستان (gurcistan)

→ Crimean Tatar: Гурджистан, Gürcistan

→ Hindi: गुर्जिस्तान (gurjistān)

→ Kazakh: Гүржістан (Gürjıstan)

→ Lak: Гуржисттан (Guržist:an)

→ Lezgi: Гуржистан (Guržistan)

→ Northern Kurdish: Gurcistan

→ Ossetian: Гуырдзыстон (G°yrʒyston)

→ Ottoman Turkish: گورجستان, گرجستان (Gürcistan), Կիւրճիսթան (Gürcistan) — Armeno-Turkish

Turkish: Gürcistan

→ Pashto: ګرجستان (gurjistān)

→ Tatar: Гөрҗистан (Görcistan)

→ Turkmen: Gürjüstan

→ Urdu: گرجستان

→ Urdu: گرجستان

→ Uzbek: Gurjiston

[ɡʊɾ.d͡ʒɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊɾ.d͡ʒɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡʊɾ.d͡ʒɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ɡ̥oɹ.d͡ʒes.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

Georgia (a country in Europe and Asia; capital: Tbilisi)


فنلاند

head

فَنلاند • (fanlând)

fa-proper noun

فَنلاند • (fanlând)

فَنلاند (canonical)
fanlând (romanization)


شانگهای

head

شانگهای • (šânghâi)

fa-proper noun

شانگهای • (šânghâi)

[ʃɑːŋɡ.hɑ́ːj]

[ʃɒːɲɡʲ.hɒ́ːj]

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


بن

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari#English

Ben (the capital city of Ben County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran).

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province#English

Ben (a county of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran).


بن

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Bonn (an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the Rhine River; the former capital of West Germany and (until 1999) seat of government of unified Germany)


کنیسه

head

کنیسه • (kanīsa /kanise) (plural کنیسهها (kanīsa-hā /kanise-hâ))

kanīsa (romanization)
kanise (romanization)
کنیسهها (plural)


مکه

Mecca (a large city, the provincial capital of Mecca Province in the in the Hejaz region, Saudi Arabia, the holiest place in Islam, location of the sacred Ka'ba, and to which Muslims are required to make a hajj at least once in their lifetime, if possible)


اوگاندا

اوگاندا • (ugândâ)

fa-proper noun

اوگاندا • (ugândâ)

[ʔuː.ɡɑːn.dɑː]

[ʔuː.ɡɑːn̪.d̪ɑː]

[ʔuː.ɡɑːn̪.d̪ɑː]

[ʔuː.ɡɑːn̪.d̪ɑː]

[ʔu.ɡɔːn̪.d̪ɔː]

[ʔuː.ɡɒːn̪.d̪ɒː]

Ultimately from Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


زامبیا

head

زامبیا • (zâmbyâ)

fa-proper noun

زامبیا • (zâmbyâ)


ایرلند

head

ایرْلَنْد • (irland)

fa-proper noun

ایرْلَنْد • (irland)

ایرْلَنْد (canonical)
irland (romanization)

[ʔiːɹ.lǽn̪d̪̥]

Ireland (an island and country in northwestern Europe)


نروژ

Norway (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


تایلند

head

تایلَنْد • (tâyland)

fa-proper noun

تایلَنْد • (tâyland)

تایلَنْد (canonical)
tâyland (romanization)

[t̪ʰɒːj.læn̪d̪̥]


کربلا

[kʲæɾbæˈlɒː]

Borrowed from Arabic كَرْبَلَاء (karbalāʔ), a compound of كَرْب (karb) + بَلَاء (balāʔ)

compound

كَرْب (karb) + بَلَاء (balāʔ)

Karbala (a city in central Iraq, site of the murder of Husayn ibn Ali and major pilgrimage destination for Shiite Muslims)


نجف

Borrowed from Arabic النَّجَف (an-najaf).


زلاند نو

head

زِلانْدِ نُو

زِلانْدِ نُو • (zelând-e now)

fa-proper noun

زِلانْدِ نُو

زِلانْدِ نُو • (zelând-e now)

زِلانْدِ نُو (canonical)
zelând-e now (romanization)

New Zealand (a country and archipelago in Oceania; capital: Wellington)


مشهد

Mashhad (a city in Iran, the seat of Mashhad County's Central District, and the capital of Razavi Khorasan Province)

Mashhad (a county of Iran, around the city)


حیفا

head

حیفا • (hayfâ)

(by extension) Haifa (a district of Israel)


کابل

کابُل • (kâbol)

fa-proper noun

کابُل • (kâbol)

Borrowed from Sanskrit कुभा (kubhā, “Kabul River”) and Avestan 𐬐𐬎𐬡𐬀 (kuβa). Pronunciation changed to "Kabul" around the 11th century.

bor+

ولایت کابل


عشق‌آباد

head

عشقآباد • ('ešq-âbâd)

fa-proper noun

عشقآباد • ('ešq-âbâd)

عشقآباد (canonical)
'ešq-âbâd (romanization)

[ʔiʃq.ʔɑː.ˈβɑːð]

[ʔɪʃq.ʔɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔɪʃq.ʔɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔɪʃq.ʔɑː.bɑ́ːd̪]

[ʔiʃq.ʔɔː.bɔ́ːd̪̥]

[ʔeʃɢ.ʔɒː.bɒ́ːd̪̥]

[ʔäʃq.ʔɔ.bɔ́d̪]

Literally "city of love", from عشق ('ešq, “love”) + ـآباد (-âbâd, “city”).

af

Ashgabat (the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan)


تاشکند

head

تاشکند • (tâškand)

fa-proper noun

تاشکند • (tâškand)

[t̪ʰɑːʃ.kʰǽn̪d̪]

[t̪ʰɑːʃ.kʰǽn̪d̪]

[t̪ʰɑːʃ.kʰǽn̪d̪]

[t̪ʰɔːʃ.kʰǽn̪d̪̥]

[t̪ʰɒːʃ.kʰʲǽn̪d̪̥]

[t̪ʰɔʃ.kʰǽn̪d̪]

Tashkent (the capital city of Uzbekistan)


عمان

head

عمان • ('omân)

fa-proper noun

عمان • ('omân)

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


عمان

'ammân (romanization)
امان (alternative)


کرواسی

korovâsi (romanization)
کروآسی (alternative)

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


زاگرب

zâgreb (romanization)
zâgrib (romanization)

[zɒːɡʲ.ɹéb̥]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


مزار شریف

[mä.zɑː.ɾɪ ʃä.ɾiːf]

[mä.zɑː.ɾɪ ʃä.ɾiːf]

[mä.zɑː.ɾɪ ʃä.ɾiːf]

Mazar-i-Sharif (a city, the provincial capital of Balkh Province, Afghanistan)

fa:مزار شریف


هرات

head

هرات • (harât)

fa-proper noun

هرات • (harât)

→ Ottoman Turkish: هَرات (Herât)

Turkish: Herat

Borrowed from Arabic هَرَاة (harāh, “Herat”), itself borrowed from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hlyb' /harēw/), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 (h-r-i-v /haraiva/), from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to flow, run”); see also Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬊𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬀 (haroiuua).

der

ولایت هرات


آتن

head

آتن • (âten)

fa-proper noun

آتن • (âten)

âten (romanization)
آطن (alternative dated)

Borrowed from French Athènes, from Latin Athēnae, from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι (Athênai).


پیونگ‌یانگ

پیونگیانگ (canonical)
piyong-yâng (romanization)

[pʰi.joːŋɡ.jɑ́ːŋɡ]

[pʰi.joɲɡʲ.jɒ́ːɲɡʲ̥]

Borrowed from English Pyongyang, and hence a poor approximation of the Korean.

Pyongyang (the capital city of North Korea)

fa:پیونگ‌یانگ


پراگ

head

پراگ • (perâg)

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


قزاقستان

قَزّاقِسْتان

قَزّاقِسْتان • (qazzâqestân)

fa-proper noun

قَزّاقِسْتان

قَزّاقِسْتان • (qazzâqestân)

قَزّاقِسْتان (canonical)
qazzâqestân (romanization)

From قزاق + ـستان.

af

قزاق + ـستان

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


مجارستان

head

مَجارِستان • (majârestân)

fa-proper noun

مَجارِستان • (majârestân)

مَجارِستان (canonical)
majârestân (romanization)

[mä.d͡ʒɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[mä.d͡ʒɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[mä.d͡ʒɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[mä.d͡ʒɔː.ɾis.t̪ʰɔ́ːn]

[mæ.d͡ʒɒː.ɹes.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

بوداپـست پایتخت کشور مجارستان و بزرگترین شهر این کشور است.

budâpest pâytaxt-e kešvar-e majârestân va bozorg-tarin šahr-e in kešvar ast.

Budapest is the capital of the country of Hungary and is the largest city in this country.


مغولستان

head

مُغولِسْتان • (moġolestân)

fa-proper noun

مُغولِسْتان • (moġolestân)

مُغولِسْتان (canonical)
moġolestân (romanization)

From مغول (moġol, “Mongol”) + ـستان (-estân, “-land”).

af

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


صربستان

head

صِربِستان • (Serbestân)

fa-proper noun

صِربِستان • (Serbestân)

صِربِستان (canonical)
Serbestân (romanization)

From صرب (Serb, “Serb”) + ـستان (-estân, “-istan, -land: forming place names”).

af

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


ارمنستان

head

ارمنستان • (armanistān /armanestân) (Tajik spelling Арманистон)

fa-proper noun

اَرْمَنِسْتَان

armanistān (romanization)
armanestân (romanization)
spelling Арманистон (Tajik)

[ʔäɾ.mä.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔäɾ.mä.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔäɾ.mä.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From ارمن (arman /arman) + ـستان (-istān /-estân).

af

رفیق من آقای پتروسیان در ارمنستان زندگی میکند.

rafiġ-e man âġâ-ye petrosiyân dar armanestân zendegi mi-konad.

رفیقم آقای پتروسیان تو ارمنستان زندگی میکنه.

rafiġam âġâ-ye petrosiyân tu armanestân zendegi mi-kone.

My pal Mister Petrosyan lives in Armenia.

Armenia (a country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)

نسلکشی ارامنه

nasl-kušī-yi arāmana / nasl-koši-ye arâmane


کردستان

[kʰʊɾ.d̪ɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[kʰʊɾ.d̪ɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[kʰʊɾ.d̪ɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From کرد + ـستان.

Kurdistan (a cultural region in Western Asia inhabited mostly by the Kurds, encompassing parts of Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria)

(by extension) Kurdistan (an autonomous region in northern and northeastern Iraq, lying within the aforementioned Kurdish-majority region)

(by extension) Kurdistan (a province in northwestern Iran, lying within the aforementioned Kurdish-majority region)


عربستان

head

عَرَبِسْتان • ('arabestân)

fa-noun

عَرَبِسْتان • ('arabestân)

عَرَبِسْتان (canonical)
'arabestân (romanization)

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[ʔä.ɾä.bɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From عَرَب ('arab, “Arab”) + ـِستان (-estân).

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


اتازونی

head

اتازونی • (etâzuni)

fa-proper noun

اتازونی • (etâzuni)

(Iran, dated) United States (a country in North America)


اسکاتلند

head

اسکاتلند • (eskâtland)

Scotland (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


شیراز

شیراز • (širâz)

fa-proper noun

شیراز • (širâz)

Shiraz (a city in Iran, the seat of Shiraz County's Central District, and the capital of Fars Province, near the remains of Persepolis)

Shiraz (a county of Iran, around the city)


یزد

From Middle Persian 𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭲𐭩 (yzdty /yazd/, “god, divinity”), from Avestan 𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬀 (yazata, “yazata, (an entity that is) worthy of worship”).

der

Yazd (a city in Iran, the seat of Yazd County's Central District, and the capital of Yazd Province)

Yazd (a county of Iran, around the city)


جمهوری چک

head

جُمْهوریِ چِک

جُمْهوریِ چِک • (jomhuri-ye ček)

fa-proper noun

جُمْهوریِ چِک

جُمْهوریِ چِک • (jomhuri-ye ček)

جُمْهوریِ چِک (canonical)
jomhuri-ye ček (romanization)

Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


تاسمانی

head

تاسمانی • (tâsmâni)

Tasmania (an island group and state of Australiaa former British colony, from 1856 to 1901)


بریتانیا

بِریتانِیا • (beritâniyâ)

fa-proper noun

بِریتانِیا • (beritâniyâ)

بِریتانِیا (canonical)
beritâniyâ (romanization)
برتانیه (alternative)
برطانیه (alternative)
بریطانیا (alternative)

→ Pashto: بريتانيا (britāniyā́)

(loosely) Britain (the United Kingdom, a kingdom and country in Northern Europe including the island of Great Britain as well as Northern Ireland on the northeastern portion of the island of Ireland)


باکو

head

باکو • (bâku)

fa-proper noun

باکو • (bâku)

→ Georgian: ბაქო (bako)


کرمان

kirmān (romanization)
kermân (romanization)

Kerman (a city in Iran, the seat of Kerman County's Central District, and the capital of Kerman Province)

Kerman (a county of Iran, around the city)


پنجاب

head

پنجاب • (panjâb)

fa-proper noun

پنجاب • (panjâb)

→ Arabic: الْبَنْجَاب (al-banjāb)

→ Azerbaijani: Pəncab

→ Bashkir: Пәнжаб (Pənjab)

desctree

→ Chagatai: پَنْجاب
Uyghur: پەنجاب (penjab)
Uzbek: Panjob

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: पंजाब (pañjāb)

Urdu: پَنْجاب (panjāb)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پَنْجاب (Pencâb)
Turkish: Pencap
→ Bulgarian: Пенджаб (Pendžab)
→ French: Pendjab
→ Macedonian: Пенџаб (Pendžab)
→ Polish: Pendżab
→ Portuguese: Pendjab
→ Russian: Пенджа́б (Pendžáb)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: Пенџаб
Latin script: Pendžab

→ Pashto: پَنْجاب (panjāb)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪੰਜਾਬ (pañjāb)

Shahmukhi script: پَن٘جاب (pañjāb)

→ Sindhi: پَنْجابُ (panjābu)

→ Tatar: Пәнҗаб (Päncab)

→ Turkmen: Penjap

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːb]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɑ́ːw]

[pʰän.d͡ʒɔ́ːb̥]

[pʰæn.d͡ʒɒ́ːb̥]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps
Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš
Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a)
Middle Persian ʾp̄
Persian آب
Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pánča
Proto-Iranian *pánča
Persian پنج
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pánča
Sanskrit पञ्चन् (pañcan)
Sanskrit पञ्च (pañca)
Proto-Indo-Iranian *nadader.?
Sanskrit नद (nada)
Sanskrit पञ्चनद (pañcanada)calq.
Persian پنجاب
Compound of پنج (panj, “five”) + آب (âb, “river”), a calque of Sanskrit पञ्चनद (pañcanada, “[Land of] the Five Rivers”), from पञ्च (pañca, “five”) and नद (nada, “river”).

calque

Punjab (a geographical region in South Asia, politically divided between India and Pakistan)


سومالی

head

سومالی • (somâli)

fa-proper noun

سومالی • (somâli)

Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


دانمارک

head

دانمارک • (dânmârk)

fa-proper noun

دانمارک • (dânmârk)

[d̪ɒːn.mɒ́ːɹkʲ]


شام

→ Urdu: شام (śām)

Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)


کامبوج

head

کامبوج • (kâmboj)

fa-proper noun

کامبوج • (kâmboj)

[kʰɒːm.bód͡ʒ̥]


قاهره

head

قاهره • (qāhira /ġâhere) (Tajik spelling Қоҳира)

qāhira (romanization)
ġâhere (romanization)
spelling Қоҳира (Tajik)

→ Bashkir: Ҡаһирә (Qahirə)

→ Chagatai: قاهره

Uyghur: قاھىرە (qahire)

Uzbek: Qohira

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: क़ाहिरा (qāhirā), काहिरा (kāhirā)

Urdu: قاہِرَہ (qāhira)

→ Pashto: قاهره

→ Punjabi: قاہِرَہ (qāhirah)

→ Sindhi: قاهره

→ Tatar: Каһирә (Qahirä)

Borrowed from Arabic الْقَاهِرَة (al-qāhira).


گرینلند

gerinland (romanization)
گروئنلند (alternative)

From English Greenland, itself derived from Old Norse Grǿnland.

Greenland (a large self-governing island and dependent territory of Denmark, in North America)


جنین

Jenin (a city in the West Bank, Palestine).


فارس

head

فارس • (fârs)

fa-proper noun

فارس • (fârs)

Borrowed from Arabic فَارِس (fāris), from Middle Persian 𐭯𐭠𐭥𐭮𐭩 (Pārs), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (Pārsa).

استان فارس


بوسنی

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Bosnia (a geographic region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, consisting of the northern three fourths of the country)

بوسنی و هرزگوین
بوسنی و هرزگوین#Persian

Bosnia (a country in southeast Europe; in full, بوسنی و هرزگوین (bosni o herzegovin, “Bosnia and Herzegovina”))


غزه

head

غَزِّه • (Ġazze)

fa-proper noun

غَزِّه • (Ġazze)

Ottoman Turkish: غزه (Gazze)

Turkish: Gazze

Urdu: غزہ (Ġazza)

Gaza (a city in the Gaza Strip, Palestine, in the Levant)


بیروت

Beirut (the capital and largest city of Lebanon)


خوی

Khoy (a city in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran)

Khoy County (a county of West Azerbaijan Province, Iran)


آرژانتین

head

آرژانتین • (âržântin)

fa-proper noun

آرژانتین • (âržântin)

[ʔɒːɹ.ʒɒːn̪.t̪ʰíːn]

(Iran) Argentina (a country in South America)


آستانه

head

آستانه • (âstâne)

fa-proper noun

آستانه • (âstâne)

desctree

→ Kazakh: Астана (Astana)
→ Russian: Астана́ f (Astaná)
→ Armenian: Աստանա (Astana)

[ʔɑːs.t̪ʰɑː.nǽ]

[ʔɑːs.t̪ʰɑː.nǽ]

[ʔɑːs.t̪ʰɑː.nǽ]

[ʔɔːs.t̪ʰɔː.nǽ]

[ʔɒːs.t̪ʰɒː.né]

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾstʾnk' /āstānag/). By surface analysis, آستان (âstân) + ـه (-e).

surf

Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh
Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh#English

Astaneh (the capital city of Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh County, Gilan Province, Iran); in full, Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh

Astaneh (a city in the Central District, Shazand County, Markazi Province, Iran)


آشور

head

آشور • (âšur)

fa-proper noun

آشور • (âšur)

(historical) Assyria (an ancient Semitic Akkadian kingdom and at times an empire, extant from the mid-23rd century BCE to 608 BCE and centred on the Upper Tigris river in northern Mesopotamia (present day northern Iraq, but at its maximum extent including parts of modern Iran, Syria, Israel, Palestine and Egypt))


گنگ

→ Arabic: الْكَنْك (al-kank)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كنك (Geng)

Turkish: Geng


گنگ

گنگ دژ
گنگ دژ#Persian

گنگ دز
گنگ دز#Persian

گنگ بهشت
گنگ بهشت#Persian

(historical) the name of a certain mythological city fully گنگ دژ, گنگ دز, or گنگ بهشت


سمرقند

desctree

→ Chagatai: سمرقند
Uyghur: سەمەرقەند (semerqend)
Uzbek: Samarqand

→ Ottoman Turkish: سمرقند (semerkand)
Turkish: Semerkant

→ Russian: Самарка́нд (Samarkánd), Самарка́ндъ (Samarkánd) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ English: Samarkand

→ Hindi: समरक़ंद (samarqand)

→ Urdu: سمرقند (samarqand)

[sæ.mæɹ.ɢǽn̪d̪̥]

From Middle Persian 𐮐𐮋𐮊𐮉𐮌𐮃 (smlknd /samarkand/), borrowed from Sogdian 𐼼𐼺𐼰𐽀𐼸𐼻𐼹𐼳 (smʾrknδh /*Smā́rkąθ/).

inh

Samarkand (a city in eastern Uzbekistan)


بخارا

head

بخارا • (boxârâ)

fa-proper noun

بخارا • (boxârâ)

[bʊ.xɑː.ɾɑ́ː]

[bʊ.xɑː.ɾɑ́ː]

[bʊ.xɑː.ɾɑ́ː]

Said by some to be from Sanskrit विहार (vihāra, “vihara, monastery”), closely matching the name in Uyghur. Said by others to be from Sogdian βuxārak (“place of good fortune”). More at Bukhara.

der

1325-1390, Hafez, Diwan
اگر آن ترک شیرازی به دست آرد دل ما را
به خال هندویش بخشم سمرقند و بخارا را
agar ān turk-i šērāzī ba dast ārad dil-i mā rā
ba xāl-i hindūyaš baxšam samarqand u buxārā rā

بخارای شریف

Bukhara the Noble; a title used when referring to the city


اتریش

head

اُتْریش • (otriš)

fa-proper noun

اُتْریش • (otriš)

اُتْریش (canonical)
otriš (romanization)
اطریش (alternative dated)


کانادا

head

کانادا • (kânâdâ)

fa-proper noun

کانادا • (kânâdâ)

[kɑː.nɑː.ðɑː]

[kʰɑː.nɑː.d̪ɑː]

[kʰɑː.nɑː.d̪ɑː]

[kʰɑː.nɑː.d̪ɑː]

[kʰɔː.nɔː.d̪ɔː]

[kʰɒː.nɒː.d̪ɒː]

Canada (a country in North America; capital: Ottawa)


استرالیا

head

اُسْتُرالِیا

اُسْتُرالِیا or استرالیا • (ostorâliyâ or ostrâliyâ)

fa-proper noun

اُسْتُرالِیا

اُسْتْرالِیا

اُسْتُرالِیا (canonical)
استرالیا (canonical)
ostorâliyâ (romanization)
ostrâliyâ (romanization)

Australia (a country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire)


آبادان

head

آبادان • (âbâdân)

fa-proper noun

آبادان • (âbâdân)

[ʔɑː.βɑː.ˈðɑːn]

[ʔɑː.bɑː.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[ʔɑː.bɑː.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[ʔɑː.bɑː.d̪ɑ́ːn]

[ʔɔː.bɔː.d̪ɔ́ːn]

[ʔɒː.bɒː.d̪ɒ́ːn]

[ʔɒːbɒːd̪ɒn]

[ʔɒːbɒːd̪ɒːn]

From آباد (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated”) + ـان (ân).


جمهوری عربی مصر

head

جمهوری عربی مصر

جمهوری عربی مصر • (jomhuri-ye 'arabi-ye mesr)

fa-proper noun

جمهوری عربی مصر

jomhuri-ye 'arabi-ye mesr (romanization)

Arab Republic of Egypt
Arab Republic of Egypt#English:_Q79

Arab Republic of Egypt (official name of Egypt, a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


ایروان

head

ایروان • (iravân)

fa-proper noun

ایروان • (iravân)

iravân (romanization)
روان (alternative)

→ Azerbaijani: İrəvan

→ Ottoman Turkish: اروان (Erivan)

> Turkish: Erivan (inherited)

→ Russian: Эривань (Erivanʹ)

Ultimately from Armenian Երևան (Erewan).


دمشق

Damascus (the capital city of Syria; an ancient settlement, the ancient capital of various polities, most notably the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 744 CE and Aram-Damascus, existing from the 12th to 8th centuries BCE)


طرابلس

fa:طرابلس
fa:طرابلس (لبنان)

Borrowed from Arabic طَرَابُلُس (ṭarābulus), from Ancient Greek Τρίπολις (Trípolis).


عدن

Aden (a port city, the largest city in Yemen; the former capital of South Yemen)


حلب

هست در دیدهام خیال لبت
همچو شکر بشیشههای حلب

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 111:

Fantasies of your lips are in my eyes,
Like sugar in Aleppo glass.

hast dar dīda'am xayāl-i labat
hamčū šikar ba-šīša-hā-yi halab

Aleppo (the capital city of Aleppo governorate, Syria)


تبریز

[t̪ʰäb.ɾéːz]

[t̪ʰäb.ɾéːz]

[t̪ʰäb.ɾéːz]

[t̪ʰäb.ɾéːz]

[t̪ʰæb.ɹíːz]

Mount Sahand
Sarpol-e Zahab County
de:Gilzanu
fa:تبریز

Unknown.
After the earliest resemblance it has been implied of Urartian origin by being equated with Neo-Assyrian mentions of cities [script needed] (Tarwi, Tarui) and [script needed] (Tarmakisa, Tarwakisa) in the Sangibutu = Gilzanu = Baru = Bāri district occupied by Urartu, which equation however has been reckoned far-fetched, seemingly because this region is to the west of Lake Urmia, “though it must be stressed that the concept of a linear boundary wholly fails to express the complex patterns of relationships which existed between neighbouring regions and interspersed peoples,” leading to the suggestion of Iranian origin since the area of Tabriz was territory of the Medes known by another homonymous Sangibuti, possibly equivalent to تو (taw, “pool, puddle”) + ریز (rēz, “flow”) as in إِبْرِيق (ʔibrīq) referring to the springs of mineral water that rise on the slopes of Mount Sahand; however a place-forming suffix ـویج (-vīj) is known, attached to تر (tar, “fresh, moist”) in the Sarpol-e Zahab County village name ترویج (tarvij, literally “watery place”).

Tabriz (a city in Iran, the seat of Tabriz County's Central District, and the capital of East Azerbaijan Province)

Tabriz (a county of Iran, around the city)


ویتنام

From Vietnamese Việt Nam, likely via English Vietnam.


اصفهان

head

اصفهان • (isfahān /esfahân or isfihān /esfehân)

isfahān (romanization)
esfahân (romanization)
isfihān (romanization)
esfehân (romanization)
اصفهانم (first-person singular)
اصفهانیم (first-person plural)
اصفهانی (second-person singular)
اسپهان (alternative)
سپاهان (alternative)

[ʔɪs.fä.ɦɑ́ːn]

[ʔɪs.fä.ɦɑ́ːn]

[ʔɪs.fɑːɑ́ːn]

From earlier form, سپاهان (sipahān /sepahân) from Middle Persian [script needed] (spʾhʾn /Spāhān/) ultimately from Old Persian *spādānah (“connected with the army”) or *spādānām (“of the armies”), from 𐎿𐎱𐎠𐎭 (s-p-a-d /spādaʰ/, “army”), from Proto-Iranian *cwáHdaH (“army”); see there for further information.

اصفهانی

isfahānī / esfahâni or isfihānī / esfehâni

Isfahan (a city in Iran, the seat of Isfahan County's Central District, and the capital of Isfahan Province, the third largest city of Iran; the former capital of Iran, from 1598–1736)

Isfahan (a county of Iran, around the city)


بوگوتا

head

بوگوتا • (bogotâ)

fa-proper noun

بوگوتا • (bogotâ)


رشت

head

رشت • (Rašt)

fa-proper noun

رشت • (Rašt)

English: Rasht

Rasht (a city in Iran, the seat of Rasht County's Central District, and the capital of Gilan Province, located on the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea)

Rasht (a county of Iran, around the city)


لس‌آنجلس

لسآنجلس (canonical)
los-ânjeles (romanization)
لس آنجلس (alternative)
لوسآنجلس (alternative)
لوس آنجلس (alternative)
لسانجلس (alternative)
لس انجلس (alternative)
لوسانجلس (alternative)
لوس انجلس (alternative)

Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


کوبا

head

کوبا • (kubâ)

fa-proper noun

کوبا • (kubâ)

Cuba (a country, the largest island (based on land area) in the Caribbean)


قبرس

قِبرِس (canonical)
qebres (romanization)

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


برزیل

(Iran) Brazil (a large Portuguese-speaking country in South America)


ساموآی آمریکا

head

ساموآی آمریکا • (sâmo-â-ye âmrikâ)

American Samoa (an archipelago and overseas territory of the United States in Polynesia)

fa:ساموآی آمریکا


تگزاس

تگزاس • (tegzâs)

fa-proper noun

تگزاس • (tegzâs)

Texas (a state in the south-central region of the United States)


واشینگتن دی.سی.

head

واشینگتن دی.سی. • (vâšington d.c.)

fa-proper noun

واشینگتن دی.سی. • (vâšington d.c.)

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States)

fa:واشینگتن دی.سی.


سودان

head

سودان • (sudân)

fa-proper noun

سودان • (sudân)

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


کشمیر

head

کَشمیر • (kašmir)

fa-proper noun

کَشمیر • (kašmir)

کَشمیر (canonical)
kašmir (romanization)

[kʰʲæʃ.míːɹ]

Borrowed from Sanskrit कश्मीर (kaśmīra).

6th A.H., Abul-Ma'ālī Nasrullāh-i Munšī, "Kabūtar-i Tawq-dār [کبوتر طوقدار]", Kalīla u Dimna.
آوردهاند که در ناحیت کشمیر متصیَّدی خوش و مرغزاری نزه بود که از عکس ریاحین او، پر زاغ چون دم طاووس نمودی و در پیش جمال او دم طاووس به پر زاغ مانستی.
âvarda-and ki dar nâhiyat-i kašmîr mutasayyadê xwaš u marġzârê nazih bûd ki az aks-i rayâhîn-i û, par-i zâġ čun dum-i tâvûs namûdê va dar pêš-i jamâl-i û, dum-i tâvûs ba par-i zâġ mânistê.

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


افریقا

head

افریقا • (afriqâ)

fa-noun

افریقا • (afriqâ)

آفریقا آفریقا#Persian

Africa (a former province of the Roman Empire, containing what is now Tunisia and portions of coastal Algeria and Libya)


جاپان

head

جاپان • (jâpân)

fa-proper noun

جاپان • (jâpân)

[d͡ʒɑː.pʰɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒɑː.pʰɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒɑː.pʰɑ́ːn]

[d͡ʒɔː.pʰɔ́ːn]

Borrowed from English Japan. Either directly from English or via Pashto and Urdu جاپان (jāpān).

Japan (a country and archipelago in East Asia)


تاج‌محل

تاجمحل (canonical)
tâj-mahal (romanization)

From تاج (tâj, “crown”) + محل (mahall, “place”).

af

Taj Mahal (a monument in Agra, India, constructed between 1631 and 1654, considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in the world)


میانمار

head

میانمار • (myânmâr)

fa-proper noun

میانمار • (myânmâr)


بحرین

bahrayn (romanization)
bahreyn (romanization)

uder

الْبَحْرَيْن

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


غنا

head

غنا • (ġanâ)

fa-proper noun

غنا • (ġanâ)


مازندران

head

مازندران • (mâzandarân)

fa-proper noun

مازندران • (mâzandarân)

[mɑː.zän̪.d̪ä.ɾɑ́ːn]

[mɑː.zän̪.d̪ä.ɾɑ́ːn]

[mɑː.zän̪.d̪ä.ɾɑ́ːn]

[mɔː.zän̪.d̪ä.ɾɔ́ːn]

[mɒː.zæn̪.d̪æ.ɹɒ́ːn]

Literally, “the gate or the valley of the giants” from مازن (mâzan) + در (dar) + ـان (-ân), from Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀 (mazaⁱniia, “giant”). The name has been used in Shahnameh to refer to a land inhabited by divs (daevas) and sorcerers and is difficult to conquer. On the other hand, after Muslim invasion of Persia, the region of Tabaristan remained unconquered for a relatively long period of time, which was later called (and mistaken for) Mazandaran.

lit

استان مازندران

Mazandaran (a northern province of Iran)


فیلیپین

Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


دبی

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Dubai (a city in the United Arab Emirates; the capital of Dubai emirate)

Dubai (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates)


اریحا

head

اریحا • (arihâ)

fa-proper noun

اریحا • (arihâ)

[ʔä.ɾeː.ɦɑ́ː]

[ʔä.ɾeː.ɦɑ́ː]

[ʔä.ɾi.jɑ́ː]

[ʔä.ɾi.jɔ́ː]

[ʔæ.ɹiː.ɦɒ́ː]

Jericho (a city in the West Bank, Palestine)


وزیرستان

Waziristan (a mountainous region in northwestern Pakistan)


قندهار

→ Azerbaijani: Qəndəhar

desc

→ Chagatai: قَندَهار

→ Chagatai: قَندَهار

Uzbek: Qandahor

→ Ottoman Turkish: قَندَهار

Turkish: Kandehar

[qän̪.d̪ä.ɦɑ́ːɾ]

[qän̪.d̪ä.ɦɑ́ːɾ]

[qän̪.d̪ɑːɑ́ːɾ]

[qän̪.d̪ɔːɔ́ːɾ]

[qæn̪.d̪æ.ɦɒ́ːɹ]

[qän̪.d̪ä.ɦɔ́ɾ]

Kandahar (the capital city of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan)

ولایت قندهار


جامائیکا

head

جامائیکا • (jâmâ'ikâ)

fa-proper noun

جامائیکا • (jâmâ'ikâ)

Jamaica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


جمهوری ارمنستان

head

جمهوری ارمنستان • (jomhuri-ye armanestân)

Republic of Armenia
Republic of Armenia#English:_Q399

Republic of Armenia (official name of Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


دامنه

دامنه • (dâmane)

fa-proper noun

دامنه • (dâmane)

From دامن (dâman, “skirt, hems of a robe”) + ـه (-e). "Domain; range" is a phono-semantic matching of French domaine.


وان

Van (the capital city of Mush province, Turkey)


بوسنی و هرزگوین

head

بوسنی و هِرزِگوین

بوسنی و هِرزِگوین • (bosni o herzegovin)

fa-proper noun

بوسنی و هِرزِگوین

بوسنی و هِرزِگوین (canonical)
bosni o herzegovin (romanization)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English:_Q225

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

(Iran) Bosnia and Herzegovina (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


اروگوئه

(Iran) Uruguay (a country in South America)


پاراگوئه

head

پاراگوئه • (pârâgu'e)

fa-proper noun

پاراگوئه • (pârâgu'e)


پرتغال

head

پرتغال • (portoġâl)

fa-proper noun

پرتغال • (portoġâl)

[pʰoɹ.t̪ʰo.ˈɢɒːl̥]


آلاسکا

head

آلاسکا • (âlâskâ)

fa-proper noun

آلاسکا • (âlâskâ)

Alaska (a state of the United States, formerly a territory)


هاوائی

head

هاوائی • (hâvâ'i)

fa-proper noun

هاوائی • (hâvâ'i)

Hawaii (an insular state of the United States, formerly a territory)


سودان جنوبی

head

سودانِ جُنوبی

سودانِ جُنوبی • (sudân-e jonubi)

fa-proper noun

سودانِ جُنوبی

سودانِ جُنوبی • (sudân-e jonubi)

سودانِ جُنوبی (canonical)
sudân-e jonubi (romanization)

South Sudan (a country in East Africa, formerly the southern part of Sudan)


شیلی

head

شیلی • (šili)

fa-proper noun

شیلی • (šili)


اکوادور

head

اکوادور • (ekvâdor)

fa-proper noun

اکوادور • (ekvâdor)


گویان

head

گویان • (guyân)

fa-proper noun

گویان • (guyân)

[ɡ̥uː.jɒ́ːn]


سورینام

head

سورینام • (surinâm)

fa-proper noun

سورینام • (surinâm)


ساری

head

ساری • (sārī /sâri)

fa-proper noun

ساری • (sārī /sâri)

Sari (a city in Iran, the seat of Sari County's Central District, and the capital of Mazandaran Province)

Sari (a county of Iran, around the city)


آدیس آبابا

head

آدیس آبابا • (âdis âbâbâ)

[ʔɑː.ðiːs ʔɑː.βɑː.βɑː]

[ʔɑː.d̪iːs ʔɑː.bɑː.bɑː]

[ʔɑː.d̪iːs ʔɑː.bɑː.bɑː]

[ʔɑː.d̪iːs ʔɑː.bɑː.bɑː]

[ʔɔː.d̪is ʔɔː.bɔː.bɔː]

[ʔɒː.d̪iːs ʔɒː.bɒː.bɒː]

Addis Ababa (the capital city of Ethiopia)

fa:آدیس آبابا


اتیوپی

Borrowed from French Éthiopie, from Latin Ethiopia, from Ancient Greek Αἰθιοπία (Aithiopía).

(Iran) Ethiopia (a country in East Africa)


آلاباما

آلاباما • (âlâbâmâ)

fa-proper noun

آلاباما • (âlâbâmâ)


فلوریدا

head

فلوریدا • (feloridâ)

fa-proper noun

فلوریدا • (feloridâ)


کالیفرنیا

head

کالیفرنیا • (kâliforniyâ)

fa-proper noun

کالیفرنیا • (kâliforniyâ)

California (the most populous state of the United States)

fa:کالیفرنیا


واشنگتن

head

واشنگتن • (vâšengton)

fa-proper noun

واشنگتن • (vâšengton)

[vɒː.ʃeɲɡʲ.t̪ʰón]

[vä.ʃiŋɡ.t̪ʰɔ́n]

Washington, Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States)

Washington State
Washington State#English

Washington, Washington State (a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States)


اوکراین

head

اوکْرایْن • (okrâyn)

fa-proper noun

اوکْرایْن • (okrâyn)

اوکْرایْن (canonical)
okrâyn (romanization)
اکراین (alternative)

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


بلاروس

head

بلاروس • (belârus)

fa-proper noun

بلاروس • (belârus)


کبک

Quebec, Quebec City (the capital city of the province of Quebec, Canada)


تورنتو

Toronto (the capital city of Ontario, Canada and largest city in Canada)


الجزایر

head

اَلجَزایِر • (aljazâyer)

fa-proper noun

اَلجَزایِر • (aljazâyer)

اَلجَزایِر (canonical)
aljazâyer (romanization)
الجزائر (alternative)

[ʔäl.d͡ʒä.zɑː.jɪ́ɾ]

[ʔäl.d͡ʒä.zɑː.jɪ́ɾ]

[ʔäl.d͡ʒä.zɑː.jɪ́ɾ]

[ʔäl.d͡ʒä.zɔː.jíɾ]

[ʔæl.d͡ʒæ.zɒː.jéɹ]

Borrowed from Arabic الْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir).


آندورا

head

آندورا • (ândorâ)

fa-proper noun

آندورا • (ândorâ)

[ʔɒːn̪.d̪o.ɹɒ́ː]

(Iran) Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


آنگولا

head

آنگولا • (ângulâ)

fa-proper noun

آنگولا • (ângulâ)

[ʔɑːn.ɡuː.lɑː]

[ʔɑːŋ.ɡuː.lɑː]

[ʔɑːŋ.ɡuː.lɑː]

[ʔɑːŋ.ɡuː.lɑː]

[ʔɔːŋ.ɡu.lɔː]

[ʔɒːŋ.ɡuː.lɒː]


قرقیزستان

head

قِرْقیزِسْتان

قِرْقیزِسْتان • (qerqizestân)

fa-proper noun

قِرْقیزِسْتان

قِرْقیزِسْتان • (qerqizestân)

قِرْقیزِسْتان (canonical)
qerqizestân (romanization)
قِرْغیزِسْتان (alternative)

From قرقیز + ـستان.

af

قرقیز + ـستان

Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia; capital: Bishkek)


سری‌لانکا

head

سِریلانْکا • (seri-lânkâ)

fa-proper noun

سِریلانْکا • (seri-lânkâ)

سِریلانْکا (canonical)
seri-lânkâ (romanization)

[sɪ.ɾiː.lɑːŋ.kʰɑ́ː]

[sɪ.ɾiː.lɑːŋ.kʰɑ́ː]

[sɪ.ɾiː.lɑːŋ.kʰɑ́ː]

Sri Lanka (a country and island in South Asia; capital: Colombo)


مالی

head

مالی • (mâli)

fa-proper noun

مالی • (mâli)


نیجریه

Nigeria (a country in West Africa, south of the country of Niger)


ساحل عاج

head

ساحل عاج • (sâhel-e 'âj)

fa-proper noun

ساحل عاج • (sâhel-e 'âj)

[sɑː.ɦɪ́.lɪ ʔɑ́ːd͡ʒ]

[sɑː.ɦɪ́.lɪ ʔɑ́ːd͡ʒ]

[sɑː.jɪ́.lɪ ʔɑ́ːd͡ʒ]

[sɔː.jí.li ʔɔ́ːd͡ʒ̥]

[sɒː.ɦé.le ʔɒ́ːd͡ʒ̥]

[sɔ.ɦí.li ʔɔ́d͡ʒ]

Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire (a country in West Africa)


جمهوری آفریقای مرکزی

head

جمهوری آفریقای مرکزی

جمهوری آفریقای مرکزی • (jomhuri-ye âfriqâ-ye markazi)

fa-proper noun

جمهوری آفریقای مرکزی

jomhuri-ye âfriqâ-ye markazi (romanization)

[d͡ʒʊm.huː.ɾí.jɪ ʔɑːf.ɾiː.qɑ́ː.jɪ mäɾ.kʰä.zíː]

[d͡ʒʊ.muː.ɾí.jɪ ʔɑːf.ɾiː.qɑ́ː.jɪ mäɾ.kʰä.zíː]

[d͡ʒu.mu.ɾí.ji ʔɔːf.ɾi.qɔ́ː.ji mäɾ.kʰä.zí]

[d͡ʒom.huː.ɹí.je ʔɒːf.ɹiː.ʁɒ́ː.je mæɹ.kʰʲæ.zíː]

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English

Central African Republic (a country in Africa)

fa:جمهوری آفریقای مرکزی

en-جمهوری_آفریقای_مرکزی-fa-name-jDI-qXUn


رواندا

head

رواندا • (ravândâ)

fa-proper noun

رواندا • (ravândâ)

[rä.wɑːn̪.d̪ɑ́ː]

[rä.wɑːn̪.d̪ɑ́ː]

[rä.wɑːn̪.d̪ɑ́ː]

[rä.wɔːn̪.d̪ɔ́ː]

[ɹæ.vɒːn̪.d̪ɒ́ː]


ترکمنستان

[t̪ʰoɾkʲæmænesˈt̪ʰɒːn]

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)

fa:ترکمنستان


مولداوی

head

مولداوی • (moldâvi)

fa-proper noun

مولداوی • (moldâvi)

Borrowed from French Moldavie, from Latin Moldavia.


استونی

head

اِستونی • (estoni)

fa-proper noun

اِستونی • (estoni)

اِستونی (canonical)
estoni (romanization)

Estonia (a country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea)


لتونی

لِتونی (canonical)
letoni (romanization)

Latvia (a country in northeastern Europe)


لیتوانی

head

لیتوانی • (litvâni)

Lithuania (a country in northeastern Europe)


بنگلادش

بَنْگِلادِش • (banglâdeš)

fa-proper noun

بَنْگِلادِش • (banglâdeš)

بَنْگِلادِش (canonical)
banglâdeš (romanization)

[bäŋɡ.lɑː.d̪ɪ́ʃ]

[bäŋɡ.lɑː.d̪ɪ́ʃ]

[bäŋɡ.lɑː.d̪ɪ́ʃ]

[bäŋɡ.lɔː.d̪íʃ]

[bæŋɡʲ.lɒː.d̪éʃ]


بلغارستان

head

بُلغارِستان • (bolġârestân)

fa-proper noun

بُلغارِستان • (bolġârestân)

بُلغارِستان (canonical)
bolġârestân (romanization)

[bʊl.ɣɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[bʊl.ɣɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[bʊl.ɣɑː.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


شوش

šuš (romanization)
سوس (alternative obsolete)

→ English: Shush

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 (sūš), from Old Persian 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠 (çūšā), from Elamite 𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗 (šušen).

inh+

Shush (a city in Khuzestan Province, Iran, site of ancient Susa)


سوئیس

su'is (romanization)
سوییس (alternative)

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)


امریکا

head

امریکا • (amrikâ)

fa-proper noun

امریکا • (amrikâ)

[ʔäm.ɾiː.kʰɑ́ː]

[ʔäm.ɾiː.kʰɑ́ː]

[ʔäm.ɾiː.kʰɑ́ː]

[ʔäm.ɾi.kʰɔ́ː]

[ʔæm.ɹiː.kʰɒ́ː]

Borrowed from Arabic أَمْرِيكَا (ʔamrīkā).

bor+

United States of America
United States of America#English

America, United States of America (a country in North America; in full, United States of America)


پادشاهی متحد

head

پادِشاهیِ مُتَّحِد

پادِشاهیِ مُتَّحِد or پادشاهی متحد • (pâdešâhi-ye mottahed or pâdšâhi-ye mottahed)

fa-proper noun

پادِشاهیِ مُتَّحِد

پادْشاهیِ مُتَّحِد

پادِشاهیِ مُتَّحِد (canonical)
پادشاهی متحد (canonical)
pâdešâhi-ye mottahed (romanization)
pâdšâhi-ye mottahed (romanization)

[pʰɑː.d̪ɪ.ʃɑː.ɦi.jɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.ɦɪ́d̪]

[pʰɑːd̪.ʃɑː.ɦi.jɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.ɦɪ́d̪]

[pʰɑː.d̪ɪ.ʃɑː.ɦi.jɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.ɦɪ́d̪]

[pʰɑːd̪.ʃɑː.ɦi.jɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.ɦɪ́d̪]

United Kingdom
United Kingdom#English:_Q145

United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)


اسلوونی

head

اِسلووِنی • (esloveni)

fa-proper noun

اِسلووِنی • (esloveni)

اِسلووِنی (canonical)
esloveni (romanization)
اسلونی (alternative)

Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


بوتان

head

بوتان • (butân)

fa-proper noun

بوتان • (butân)

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


جمهوری ترکیه

head

جمهوری ترکیه • (jomhuri-ye torkiyye, jomhuri-ye torkiye)

jomhuri-ye torkiyye (romanization)
jomhuri-ye torkiye (romanization)

Republic of Türkiye
Republic of Türkiye#English:_Q43

Republic of Türkiye (official name of Turkey, a country in West Asia and Southeast Europe)


مقدونیه

maqduniye (romanization)
مقدونیا (alternative)
ماقدونیا (alternative)
ماقدون (alternative)
ماکدونیه (alternative)
ماکدون (alternative)

→ Gujarati: મકદુનિયા (makduniyā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मक़दूनिया (maqdūniyā)

desc

مَقْدُونِیَہ

Urdu: مَقْدُونِیَہ (maqdūniya)

Borrowed from Arabic مَقْدُونِيَا (maqdūniyā).

bor+

مَقْدُونِيَا

Macedonia (a geographic region in Southeast Europe in the Balkans, including North Macedonia and parts of Greece, Bulgaria, Albania and Serbia)

Macedonia (former name of North Macedonia, a country in Southeast Europe in the Balkans)

administrative region
administrative region

Macedonia (a geographic region and former administrative region of Greece)

Bulgarian Macedonia
Bulgarian Macedonia#English

Macedonia (a geographic region in southwestern Bulgaria; in full, Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia)

(historical) Macedonia (a former constituent republic of Yugoslavia)


آفریقای جنوبی

head

آفْریقایِ جُنوبی

آفْریقایِ جُنوبی • (âfriqâ-ye jonubi)

fa-proper noun

آفْریقایِ جُنوبی

آفْریقایِ جُنوبی • (âfriqâ-ye jonubi)

آفْریقایِ جُنوبی (canonical)
âfriqâ-ye jonubi (romanization)

[ʔɑːf.ɾiː.qɑ́ː.jɪ d͡ʒä.nuː.bíː]

[ʔɑːf.ɾiː.qɑ́ː.jɪ d͡ʒä.nuː.bíː]

[ʔɑːf.ɾiː.qɑ́ː.jɪ d͡ʒä.nuː.bíː]


خوارزم

head

خوارزم • (xwârazm)

fa-proper noun

خوارزم • (xwârazm)

→ Arabic: خَوَارِزْم (ḵawārizm)

→ Armenian: Խորեզմ (Xorezm)

→ Azerbaijani: Xarəzm

→ English: Khwarazm

→ Kazakh: Хорезм (Xorezm)

→ Russian: Хоре́зм (Xorézm)

→ Turkish: Harezm

→ Turkmen: Horezm

→ Uzbek: Xorazm

From Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 (u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š /ʰuvārazmī-/). More at Khwarazm.

der

خیزید و خز آرید که هنگام خزان است
باد خنک از جانب خوارزم وزان است
xêzêd u xaz ârêd ki hangâm-i xazân ast

bâd-i xunak az jânib-i xwârazm vazân ast

Chorasmia, Khwarazm (a large oasis geographical region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia; currently split politically between Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan)


پرتگالی

head

پرتگالی • (purtaġâlî)

fa-proper noun

پرتگالی • (purtaġâlî)

[pʰʊɾ.t̪ʰä.ɡɑː.liː]

From پرتگال.


تاتارستان

head

تاتارستان • (tâtârestân)

fa-proper noun

تاتارستان • (tâtârestân)

af

تاتار (tâtâr) + ـستان (-estân)

Tatarstan (a republic and federal subject of south-central Russia)


وهران

head

وهران • (vahrân)

fa-proper noun

وهران • (vahrân)


مچد

head

مچد • (maččed)

fa-noun

مچد • (maččed)


بم

ارگ بم


ری

→ Azerbaijani: Rey

→ Chagatai: ری

Uzbek: Ray

→ Ottoman Turkish: ری (Rey)

Turkish: Rey

From Middle Persian [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (ldy /Ray/), from Old Persian 𐎼𐎥𐎠 (Ragā), a Median district. Compare Akkadian 𒊏𒂵𒀪 (ra-ga-'), Elamite 𒊩𒋡𒀭 (rák-ka₄-an) (loc.), Ancient Greek Ῥάγαι (Rhágai), Latin Rhagae, Rhaganae, Iranian borrowings.


بیت‌المقدس

بیتالمقدس (canonical)
beyt-ol-moqaddas (romanization)
بیت المقدس (alternative)

desc

બૈતુલમુકદ્દસ

→ Gujarati: બૈતુલમુકદ્દસ (baitulmukaddas)

→ Malay: Baitulmuqaddis

→ Pashto: بيت المقدس (bayt-ul-muqadas)

→ Urdu: بیت المقدس (bait-ul-muqaddas)

Borrowed from Arabic بَيْت الْمَقْدِس (bayt al-maqdis), but the less common word مَقْدِس (maqdis, “sanctuary, the Temple in Jerusalem”) was mistakenly read as the more common word مُقَدَّس (muqaddas, “holy, sacred”), which are visually identical when written without vowel diacritics.

bor+

بَيْت الْمَقْدِس

بیت المقدس است دل تو بنور دین
وه تا نه خوک خانه کند کافر فرنگ

c. 1160, Sōzanī of Samarqand, “Qaṣīda 95”, in دیوان سوزنی:

Your heart is Jerusalem by the light of the faith;
Woe should the Frankish unbeliever turn it into a pigsty!

bayt-ul-maqdis ast dil-i tu ba nūr-i dīn
wah tā na xūk xāna kunad kāfir-i firang

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


روم

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrōm), from Byzantine Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē, “Rome”) and Ῥωμανία (Rhōmanía, “Byzantine Empire”), from Latin Romani (“Romans”), from Roma (“Rome”) of uncertain origin. In particular application to central Anatolia, from such use in Seljuk Old Anatolian Turkish.

(obsolete or archaic) Synonym of رُم (Rom): Rome (the capital of Italy)


روم

Rome (a major city, the capital of Italy and the Italian region of Lazio, located on the Tiber River; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire)

Rome (a metropolitan city of Lazio, Italy)


قزوین

qazwīn (romanization)
ġazvin (romanization)

وقتی میخواهید به قزوین بروید، کمربندتان را محکم ببندید.

vaġti mi-xâhid be ġazvin beravid, kamarbandetân râ mohkam bebandid.

When you want to go to Qazvin, you should tighten your belt.

Qazvin (a city in Iran, the seat of Qazvin County's Central District, and the capital of Qazvin Province).

Qazvin (a county of Iran, around the city).

استان قزوین


قم

qum (romanization)
ġom (romanization)
کنب (alternative obsolete)
کمب (alternative obsolete)
کم (alternative obsolete)
قنب (alternative obsolete)

→ Chagatai: قم

Uzbek: Qum

Dehkhoda Dictionary
Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute
Tarikh-i Qum
University of Tehran Press
fa:قم

Immediately from Arabic, since the city was founded by Arabs in 685 and because ق (q) does not occur in native Persian words. The 988 book History of Qum offers several etymologies:
* An Arabic corruption of Classical Persian کُومَه (kūma, “shed; hut”), since the site of the city was previously used by shepherds for shelter. This may be the most plausible.
* An Arabic corruption of the nearby Persian village of کُوب (kūb).
* From Arabic قُمْ (qum, “stand up!”, singular imperative of قَامَ (qāma, “to stand up”)), with various religious etymologies (e.g. because the Prophet Muhammad was ordered to "stand up" on the site of the city during his heavenly journey); these are obvious cases of folk etymology.
Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda claims that the alternative spellings کُنْب (kunb), کُمْب (kumb), and کُم (kum), which are attested in Classical Persian, are the original forms, and that قُم (qum) is an Arabicised derivative of them.

cog

singular imperative of <i class="Arab mention" lang="ar">قَامَ</i> (qāma, “to stand up”)

Qom (a city in Iran, the seat of Qom County's Central District, and the capital of Qom Province, a shrine city and center of Shi'ite seminarian learning)


هرمز

hormoz (romanization)
هورمز (alternative)
هرمزد (alternative)
هورمزد (alternative)
اورمزد (alternative)

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣 (Ōhrmazd, Hormozd). Compare Parthian 𐭀𐭇𐭅𐭓𐭌𐭆𐭃 (ʾḥwrmzd).

inh

planets of the Solar System: سیارههای منظومه شمسی: تیر · ناهید · زمین · مریخ · مشتری · زحل · اورانوس · نپتون [edit]

a district of Qeshm, Hormozgan Province, Iran

a city in Iran; capital of the district of the same name


راجستان

head

راجستان • (râjastân)

fa-proper noun

راجستان • (râjastân)

[rɑː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[rɑː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[rɑː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[rɔː.d͡ʒäs.t̪ʰɔ́ːn]

[ɹɒː.d͡ʒæs.t̪ʰɒ́ːn]

Rajasthan (a state in northwestern India, created in 1949 and replacing the former province of Rajputana)


گجرات

→ Arabic: كُجَرَات (kujarāt)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: گجرات (Gücerât)
Turkish: Gücerat
→ French: Gudjérat
→ Italian: Gugerat
→ Russian: Гуджера́т (Gudžerát)

→ Tatar: Гөҗәрат (Göcärat)

→ Turkmen: Güjerat

→ Uzbek: Gujarot

[ɡʊ.d͡ʒä.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ɡʊ.d͡ʒä.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ɡʊ.d͡ʒä.ɾɑ́ːt̪]

[ɡu.d͡ʒä.ɾɔ́ːt̪]

[ɡ̥o.d͡ʒæ.ɹɒ́ːt̪]

[ɡu.d͡ʒä.ɾɔ́t̪]


آسام

head

آسام • (âsâm)

fa-proper noun

آسام • (âsâm)


بنگال

head

بَنْگَال • (bangâl)

fa-proper noun

بَنْگَال • (bangâl)

بَنْگَال (canonical)
bangâl (romanization)
بَنْگَالَه (alternative archaic)

[bäŋ.ɡɔ́ːl̥]

[bæŋ.ɡɒ́ːl̥]

[beŋ.ɡɒ́ːl̥]

Borrowed from Middle Bengali বাঙ্গালা (baṅgala), said to be named after the Vanga Kingdom, of uncertain ultimate origin. Suggestions include a connection to Sanskrit वङ्ग (vaṅga, “tin”), a borrowing from the Dravidian tribe *Bong with the suffix അളം (aḷaṁ, “place”), or from Tibetan བནས (bans, “marshy place”). More at Bengal.

bor+

Bengal (a geographic region in the northeast of South Asia today divided between Bangladesh and India (particularly the state of West Bengal))


بیشکک

head

بیشکک • (biškek)

fa-proper noun

بیشکک • (biškek)

Bishkek (the capital city of Kyrgyzstan)


برلین

berlin (romanization)
برلن (alternative)

Berlin (the capital and largest city of Germany)

Berlin (a state of Germany, containing the capital city)


سنگاپور

head

سنگاپور • (sangâpur)

fa-proper noun

سنگاپور • (sangâpur)

[sɪŋ.ɡɑː.pʰúːɾ]

[sɪŋ.ɡɑː.pʰúːɾ]

[sɪŋ.ɡɑː.pʰúːɾ]

[siŋ.ɡɔː.pʰúɾ]

[sæŋ.ɡɒː.pʰúːɹ]

In the case of Iranian Persian, borrowed from French Singapour. In the case of Dari, borrowed from English Singapore. Both are ultimately from Sanskrit सिंहपुर (siṃhapura).

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965))


گرگان

head

گرگان • (gorgân)

fa-proper noun

گرگان • (gorgân)

From Middle Persian 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 (Gurgān), from Old Persian 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (Varkāna), from Proto-Iranian *wr̥kāna- (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬁𐬥𐬀 (Vəhrkāna)).
Equivalent to گرگ (gorg, “wolf”) + suffix.
Borrowed into Ancient Greek as Ὑρκᾱνίᾱ (Hurkāníā).

Gorgan (a city in Iran, the seat of Gorgan County's Central District, and the capital of Golestan Province, formerly called Astrabad)

Gorgan (a county of Iran, around the city)


کره جنوبی

head

کُرِهٔ جُنوبی

fa-proper noun

کُرِهٔ جُنوبی

کُرِهٔ جُنوبی (canonical)
kore-ye jonubi (romanization)

fa:کره جنوبی


کره شمالی

head

کُرِهٔ شُمالی

کُرِهٔ شُمالی • (kore-ye šomâli)

fa-proper noun

کُرِهٔ شُمالی

کُرِهٔ شُمالی • (kore-ye šomâli)

کُرِهٔ شُمالی (canonical)
kore-ye šomâli (romanization)


بیرجند

bīrjand (romanization)
birjand (romanization)

[biːɹ.d͡ʒæn̪d̪̥]

Birjand (a city in Iran, the seat of Birjand County's Central District, and the capital of South Khorasan Province)

Birjand (a county of Iran, around the city)


مرغاب

head

مرغاب • (morġâb)

fa-noun

مرغاب • (morġâb)

[muɾ.ˈɣɔːb̥]

[moɹ.ˈɢɒːb̥]

Badghis Province
Badghis Province#English

Murghab (a district of Badghis Province, Afghanistan)


میامی

head

میامی • (miyâmi)

fa-proper noun

میامی • (miyâmi)

Miami (a city in Florida, United States)


میامی

meyâmi (romanization)
mayâmi (romanization)
mayâmey (romanization)

Meyami (a city and county of Semnan Province, Iran)


زنجان

zanjān (romanization)
zanjân (romanization)

Zanjan (a city in Iran, the seat of Zanjan County's Central District, and the capital of Zanjan Province)

Zanjan (a county of Iran, around the city)

استان زنجان


البرز

From Middle Persian hlbwlc (Harborz, “the mountain range surrounding the world”), from Old Persian *Harā Brzatī (“high mountain”), northwestern borrowing from Proto-Iranian *Harā Bṛzatī (Compare Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬁⸱𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍 (harā.bər^əzaⁱtī, “a legendary mountain in Iranian mythology”)). Akin to English Elbrus.

cog

𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬁⸱𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍


کریمه

Crimea (a geographic region and peninsula in Eastern Europe, jutting out into the Black Sea; de facto occupied and annexed in 2014 as a republic of Russia, but internationally recognized as an autonomous republic of Ukraine :)


اوهایو

head

اوهایو • (ohâyo)

fa-proper noun

اوهایو • (ohâyo)


سمنان

simnān (romanization)
semnân (romanization)

Semnan (a city in Iran, the seat of Semnan County's Central District, and the capital of Semnan Province)

Semnan (a county of Iran, around the city)


بدخشان

head

بدخشان • (badaxšân)

fa-proper noun

بدخشان • (badaxšân)

badaxšân (romanization)
بذخشان (alternative)
بلخشان (alternative)

From Middle Persian 𐭡𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭩 (Badaxš, “an official Sassanian title”).

uder

(historical) Badakhshan (a historical region comprising parts of what is now northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan)

Gorno-Badakhshan (an autonomous province of Tajikistan)

ولایت بدخشان

the province of Badakhshan, Badakhshan Province

Badakhshan (a province of Afghanistan, named after the historical region)


سند

→ Arabic: السِّنْد (as-sind)

→ English: Sind

Sindh (a populated province in southeastern Pakistan, notably the region in which the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation flourished)

Indus (a major river in China, India and Pakistan, rising in Tibet and flowing into the Arabian Sea)


مکزیک

head

مِکْزیک • (mekzik)

fa-proper noun

مِکْزیک • (mekzik)

مِکْزیک (canonical)
mekzik (romanization)

(Iran) Mexico (a country in North America)


فوکوشیما

head

فوکوشیما • (fokošimâ)

fa-proper noun

فوکوشیما • (fokošimâ)


وین

(Iran) Vienna (the capital city of Austria)


ابولا

head

ابولا • (ebolâ)

fa-proper noun

ابولا • (ebolâ)

رودخانه ابولا

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English

Ebola (a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)


لیورپول

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Liverpool (a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England)


هلمند

Borrowed from Pashto هلمند (Helmand), from Old Iranian *haytumants (“with dams”) (compare Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬝 (haētumant̰)), from *haytu (“dam”) + *-mants (possessive suffix), from Proto-Iranian *hHáytuš (from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sHáytuš (“bridge”); compare Sanskrit सेतु (setu)) and *-mánts (from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-mánts; compare Sanskrit -मत् (-mat)).

com

ولایت هلمند

the province of Helmand, Helmand Province


ننگرهار

ولایت ننگرهار

the province of Nangarhar, Nangarhar Province


بلخ

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (Balx), transposed from [Book Pahlavi needed] (bʾhl /Baxl/), apparently the Sogdian form 𐫁𐫆𐫓 (bẖl /Baxl/, “Bactria”) of Old Persian 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁 (b-a-x-t-r-i-š /Bāxtriš/, “Bactria”).

بلخ بامی

Balkh the Ancient; a title used when referring to the city

Balkh (a town in Balkh, province of Afghanistan, historically an ancient city and centre of Buddhism, Islam, and Zoroastrianism and capital of Bactria.)

ولایت بلخ

Balkh (a province of Afghanistan, named after the ancient city)


غزنی

head

غزنی • (ġazni)

fa-proper noun

غزنی • (ġazni)

ġazni (romanization)
غَزنه (alternative)
غَزنین (alternative)

Dehkhoda Dictionary
Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute
University of Tehran Press

Through metathesis and apocope (elision of the final sound) of
گنزک (ganzak, “treasury”) (also the name of an ancient town in Azerbaijan). See گنج (ganj, “treasure”) and گنجه (ganje, “Ganja”) (a city in Republic of Azerbaijan) for more. Ultimately from Old Median *ganǰam (“treasure”).

ولایت غزنی


بامیان

bâmiyân (romanization)
bâmyân (romanization)

ولایت بامیان


فاریاب

head

فاریاب • (fâryâb)

fa-proper noun

فاریاب • (fâryâb)

[fɔːɾ.jɔːb̥]

[fɒːɹ.jɒːb̥]

Faryab (the capital city of Faryab County, Kerman Province, Iran)

ولایت فاریاب


تخار

head

تخار • (taxâr)

fa-proper noun

تخار • (taxâr)

ولایت تخار


کندز

kunduz (romanization)
کندوز (alternative)
قندوز (alternative)

ولایت کندز


پکتیکا

head

پکتیکا • (paktikâ)

fa-proper noun

پکتیکا • (paktikâ)

[pʰäk.t̪ʰɪ.kʰɑː]

[pʰäk.t̪ʰɪ.kʰɑː]

[pʰäk.t̪ʰɪ.kʰɑː]

ولایت پکتیکا

the province of Paktika, Paktika Province


بغلان

head

بغلان • (baġlân)

fa-proper noun

بغلان • (baġlân)

ولایت بغلان

the province of Baghlan, Baghlan Province


خوست

ولایت خوست


غور

ولایت غور


وردک

ولایت وردک


سرپل

Sar-e Pol (the capital city of Sar-e Pol Province, Afghanistan)

ولایت سرپل

the province of Sar-e Pol, Sar-e Pol Province


بادغیس

head

بادغیس • (bâdġis)

fa-proper noun

بادغیس • (bâdġis)

[bɑːð.ˈɣiːs]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (Wādgēs, “a mount”), from Old Iranian (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌-𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (vāⁱti-gaēsa, “a mount”)).

cog

ولایت بادغیس

the province of Badghis, Badghis Province


فراه

head

فراه • (farâh)

fa-proper noun

فراه • (farâh)

Farah (the provincial capital of Farah Province, Afghanistan)

ولایت فراه


پروان

head

پروان • (parvân)

fa-proper noun

پروان • (parvân)

ولایت پروان


دایکندی

head

دایکندی • (dâykondi)

fa-proper noun

دایکندی • (dâykondi)

[d̪ɑːj.kʰʊn̪.d̪íː]

[d̪ɑːj.kʰʊn̪.d̪íː]

[d̪ɑːj.kʰʊn̪.d̪íː]

ولایت دایکندی

the province of Daykundi, Daykundi Province


جوزجان

head

جوزجان • (jowzjân)

fa-proper noun

جوزجان • (jowzjân)

[d͡ʒʊːz.d͡ʒɔːn]

Arabicised form of Persian گوزگان (gowzgân, “land of walnuts”), from گوز (gowz, “walnut”) + ـگان (-gân, “relational suffix”).

af

ولایت جوزجان

the province of Jowzjan, Jowzjan Province


پکتیا

ولایت پکتیا


کنر

Kunar (a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan)

Kunar (a valley in Afghanistan and Pakistan)

ولایت کنر


لغمان

head

لغمان • (laġmân)

fa-proper noun

لغمان • (laġmân)

ولایت لغمان

the province of Laghman, Laghman Province


سمنگان

[sä.mäŋ.ɡɑ́ːn]

[sä.mäŋ.ɡɑ́ːn]

[sä.mäŋ.ɡɑ́ːn]

[sä.mäŋ.ɡɔ́ːn]

[sæ.mæŋ.ɡɒ́ːn]

ولایت سمنگان

the province of Samangan, Samangan Province


کاپیسا

head

کاپیسا • (kâpisâ)

fa-proper noun

کاپیسا • (kâpisâ)

[kʰɑː.pʰiː.sɑ́ː]

[kʰɑː.pʰiː.sɑ́ː]

[kʰɑː.pʰiː.sɑ́ː]

[kʰɒː.pʰiː.sɒ́ː]

ولایت کاپیسا


لوگر

وِلَایَتِ لوگَر


اروزگان

head

اروزگان • (orozgân)

fa-proper noun

اروزگان • (orozgân)

ولایت اروزگان

the province of Urozgan, Urozgan Province


زابل

head

زابل • (zâbol)

fa-proper noun

زابل • (zâbol)

Sistan and Baluchestan
Sistan and Baluchestan#English

Zabol (a city in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran)

ولایت زابل


نورستان

head

نورستان • (nurestân)

fa-proper noun

نورستان • (nurestân)

Since 1895 known as "the land of illumination, light," equivalent to نور (“light”) + ـستان.

af

نور (“light”) + ـستان

ولایت نورستان

the province of Nuristan, Nuristan Province


پنجشیر

panjšir (romanization)
panjšêr (romanization)

→ English: Panjshir

→ Urdu: پنج شیر (panjśer)

[pʰänd͡ʒ.ʃéːɾ]

[pʰänd͡ʒ.ʃéːɾ]

[pʰänd͡ʒ.ʃéːɾ]

[pʰänd͡ʒ.ʃéːɾ]

[pʰænd͡ʒ.ʃíːɹ]

[pʰänd͡ʒ.ʃéɾ]

From پنج (panj, “five”) + شیر (šir, “lion”), literally “five lions”.

ولایت پنجشیر

the province of Panjshir, Panjshir Province


ایالات متحده

head

ایالات متحده

fa-proper noun

ایالات متحده

[ʔi.jɑː.lɑ́ː.t̪ʰɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.ɦɪ.d̪ǽ]

[ʔi.jɑː.lɑ́ː.t̪ʰɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.ɦɪ.d̪ǽ]

[ʔi.jɑː.lɑ́ː.t̪ʰɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.jɪ.d̪ǽ]

United States (a country in North America)


آذربایجان شرقی

head

آذربایجان شرقی • (âzarbâyjân-e šarqi)

fa-proper noun

آذربایجان شرقی • (âzarbâyjân-e šarqi)

[ʔɑː.ðaɾ.bɑːj.ˈd͡ʒɑː.ni ʃaɾ.ˈqiː]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ː.nɪ ʃäɾ.qíː]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ː.nɪ ʃäɾ.qíː]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ː.nɪ ʃäɾ.qíː]

[ʔɔː.zäɾ.bäj.d͡ʒɔ́ː.ni ʃäɾ.qí]

[ʔɒː.zæɹ.bɒːj.d͡ʒɒ́ː.ne ʃæɹ.ɢíː]

استان آذربایجان شرقی

East Azerbaijan
East Azerbaijan#English:_Q176081


آذربایجان غربی

head

آذربایجان غربی • (âzarbâyjân-e ġarbi)

fa-proper noun

آذربایجان غربی • (âzarbâyjân-e ġarbi)

[ʔɑː.ðaɾ.bɑːj.ˈd͡ʒɑː.ni ɣaɾ.ˈbiː]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ː.nɪ ɣäɾ.bíː]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ː.nɪ ɣäɾ.bíː]

[ʔɑː.zäɾ.bɑːj.d͡ʒɑ́ː.nɪ ɣäɾ.bíː]

[ʔɔː.zäɾ.bäj.d͡ʒɔ́ː.ni ɣäɾ.bí]

[ʔɒː.zæɹ.bɒːj.d͡ʒɒ́ː.ne qæɹ.bíː]

استان آذربایجان غربی

fa:آذربایجان غربی


فاتح

head

فاتح • (fâteh)

[fɑː.t̪ʰɪ́ʱ]

[fɑː.t̪ʰɪ́ʱ]


لائوس

لائوس • (lâ'us)

fa-proper noun

لائوس • (lâ'us)


لوزان

head

لوزان • (lozân)

fa-proper noun

لوزان • (lozân)


مالت

head

مالت • (mâlt)

fa-proper noun

مالت • (mâlt)

Borrowed from French Malte. Doublet of مالته (mālta, “orange”).

Malta (an archipelago and country in Southern Europe, in the Mediterranean Sea)


سربرنیتسا

کشتار سربرنیتسا

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Srebrenica (a town in Bosnia and Herzegovina)

fa:سربرنیتسا


جمهوری خلق چین

head

جمهوری خلق چین • (jomhuri-ye xalq-e čin)

People's Republic of China#English:_Q148

People's Republic of China (official name of China, a country in East Asia)


سویدن

swīdan (romanization)
suwīdan (romanization)

(Dari) Sweden (a country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe)


اردبیل

ardebil (romanization)
ardabil (romanization)
اردویل (alternative archaic)

Ardabil (a city in Iran, the seat of Ardabil County's Central District, and the capital of Ardabil Province)

Ardabil (a county of Iran, around the city)

استان اردبیل

the province of Ardabil, Ardabil Province


بوشهر

بوشهر • (bušehr)

fa-proper noun

بوشهر • (bušehr)

Bushehr (a city in Iran, the seat of Bushehr County's Central District, and the capital of Bushehr Province)

Bushehr (a county of Iran, around the city)

استان بوشهر

the province of Bushehr, Bushehr Province


گیلان

head

گیلان • (gilân)

fa-proper noun

گیلان • (gilân)

[ɡʲiː.lɒ́ːn]

استان گیلان

هر چند بگیلان همه شب باران بارد
هر چند نبینند بمصر اندر باران

11th century, Qaṭrān of Tabrīz, دیوان قطران تبریزی:

Though rain falls every night upon Gilan,
Though you do not see Egypt in the rain […]

har čand ba gēlān hama šab bārān bārad
har čand na-bēnand ba masr andar bārān […]


لرستان

[lʊ.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[lʊ.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[lʊ.ɾɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

استان لرستان

the province of Luristan, Luristan Province

Lorestan (a province of Iran, mostly inhabited by the Lur people)


پاناما

head

پاناما • (pânâmâ)

fa-proper noun

پاناما • (pânâmâ)


حجاز

head

حجاز • (hejâz)

fa-proper noun

حجاز • (hejâz)

Borrowed from Arabic الْحِجَاز (al-ḥijāz).

bor+

Hejaz (a mountainous geographic area in northwest Saudi Arabia which gave rise to early Islam and which contains the sites of many holy places)

(historical) Hejaz (a former kingdom in modern Saudi Arabia, existing between 1924 and 1932, when it merged with Najd to form the present state of Saudi Arabia)


دریای مرده

[d̪äɾ.jɑ́ː.jɪ mʊɾ.d̪ǽ]

[d̪äɾ.jɑ́ː.jɪ mʊɾ.d̪ǽ]

[d̪äɾ.jɑ́ː.jɪ mʊɾ.d̪ǽ]

From دریا (daryâ, “sea”) + مرده (morde, “dead”), a calque of Arabic الْبَحْر الْمَيِّت (al-baḥr al-mayyit).

cal

الْبَحْر الْمَيِّت

Dead Sea (a lake in the Middle East in Palestine and Jordan, noted for high salinity and for its banks being the lowest land-based elevation on Earth)


مالزی

head

مالزی • (mâlezi)

fa-proper noun

مالزی • (mâlezi)

(Iran) Malaysia (a country in Southeast Asia)


اسکندریه

Borrowed from Arabic الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّة (al-ʔiskandariyya), from Ancient Greek Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Alexándreia).

bor+

الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّة

Alexandria (a city, port, and former capital of Egypt, famed for its ancient library and lighthouse)

Alexandria (a governorate of Egypt, around the city)


بابل

head

بابل • (bâbol)

fa-proper noun

بابل • (bâbol)

Babol (a city in Mazandaran Province, Iran)


بابل

head

بابل • (bâbel)

fa-proper noun

بابل • (bâbel)

(historical) Babylon (an ancient city, the ancient capital of Babylonia in modern Iraq, built on the banks of the Euphrates)

(historical) Babylonia (an ancient empire and geographic region of Mesopotamia, existing from 1850 BCE to 539 BCE, based around the city of Babylon; at its maximum extent, covering parts of modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, Syria and Iran)


فرات

head

فرات • (forât)

fa-proper noun

فرات • (forât)

→ Azerbaijani: Fərat

→ Bengali: ফোরাত (phōrat)

→ Hindi: फ़रात (farāt)

→ Punjabi: ਫ਼ਰਾਤ (farāt)

Borrowed from Arabic الْفُرَات (al-furāt).

bor+

Euphrates (a river in the Middle East, 2780 kilometers in length, flowing southwest from Turkey, then southeast, and uniting with the Tigris before entering the Persian Gulf)


خراسان

head

خراسان • (xorâsân)

fa-proper noun

خراسان • (xorâsân)

desc

→ Greek: κουρασάνι (kourasáni, “Khorasani style lime mortar”)

[xʊ.ɾɑː.sɑ́ːn]

[xʊ.ɾɑː.sɑ́ːn]

[xʊ.ɾɑː.sɑ́ːn]

From earlier خوراسان (xwarāsān), from Middle Persian hwlʾsʾn' (xwarāsān, literally “sunrise; east”). Equivalent to خور (xwar, “sun”) + آسان (âsân, “coming”). آسان (âsân) is the Parthian conjugation of a verb meaning “to come, to rise”. For the first part, compare خورشید (xoršid), for the second part compare Baluchi آسگ (ásag, “to rise”).

inh

Khorasan (a former province of Iran, which subsequently divided into the South Khorasan, North Khorasan, and Razavi Khorasan provinces)


جرمنی

Borrowed from Hindustani جرمنی / जर्मनी (jarmanī), from English Germany.

(now less common) Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


نیویورک

head

نْیویورک • (nyuyork)

fa-proper noun

نْیویورک • (nyuyork)

نْیویورک (canonical)
nyuyork (romanization)

New York, New York City (the largest city in the state of New York, and the largest city in the United States, a metropolis extending into neighboring New Jersey)


حمات

head

حمات • (hamât)

fa-proper noun

حمات • (hamât)

Borrowed from Arabic حَمَاة (ḥamāh).
Compare Persian هَرات (harât), from Arabic هَرَاة (harāh) (itself from Middle Persian [Term?] (/harēw/)).

حمات

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


دهلی

head

دِهْلی • (dehli)

fa-proper noun

دِهْلی • (dehli)

→ Arabic: دِهْلِي (dihlī)

→ Ottoman Turkish: دهلی (Dihli)

desctree

→ Urdu: دہلی (dihlī)
→ Arabic: دِهْلِي (dihlī)
→ English: Delhi
→ Arabic: دِلْهِي (dilhī)
→ Chinese: 德里 (Délǐ)
→ Greek: Δελχί (Delchí)
→ Hebrew: דֵלְהִי (delhī)
→ Japanese: デリー (Derī)
→ Tamil: டெல்லி (ṭelli)
→ Turkish: Delhi
→ Kannada: ದೆಹಲಿ (dehali)

Delhi (a megacity and union territory of India, containing the national capital New Delhi)

حضرت دهلی

Delhi the Sacred; a title used when referring to the city


لیختن‌اشتاین

head

لیختناشتاین • (lixten-eštâyn)

fa-proper noun

لیختناشتاین • (lixten-eštâyn)

لیختناشتاین (canonical)
lixten-eštâyn (romanization)

Liechtenstein (a microstate in Central Europe)


امارات متحده عربی

head

اِماراتِ مُتَّحِدِهٔ عَرَبی

اِماراتِ مُتَّحِدِهٔ عَرَبی • (emârât-e mottahede-ye 'arabi)

fa-proper noun

اِماراتِ مُتَّحِدِهٔ عَرَبی

اِماراتِ مُتَّحِدِهٔ عَرَبی (canonical)
emârât-e mottahede-ye 'arabi (romanization)

[ʔɪ.mɑː.ɾɑ́ː.t̪ʰɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.ɦɪ.d̪ǽ.jɪ ʔä.ɾä.bíː]

[ʔɪ.mɑː.ɾɑ́ː.t̪ʰɪ mʊt̪.t̪ʰä.jɪ.d̪ǽ.jɪ ʔä.ɾä.bíː]

[ʔi.mɔː.ɾɔ́ː.t̪ʰi mut̪.t̪ʰä.ji.d̪ǽ.ji ʔä.ɾä.bí]

[ʔe.mɒː.ɹɒ́ː.t̪ʰe mot̪.t̪ʰæ.ɦe.ˈd̪e.je ʔæ.ɹæ.bíː]

[ʔi.mɔ.ɾɔ́.t̪ʰi mut̪.t̪ʰä.ɦi.d̪ǽ.ji ʔä.ɾä.bí]

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


ورشو

varšow (romanization)
وارشو (alternative)

Masovian Voivodeship
Masovian Voivodeship#English

(chiefly Iran) Warsaw (the capital city of Poland; the capital city of Masovian Voivodeship)


معبد

head

مَعبَد • (ma'bad) (plural مَعابِد (ma'âbed) or مَعبَدها (ma'bad-hâ))

مَعبَد (canonical)
ma'bad (romanization)
مَعابِد (plural)
مَعبَدها (plural)


رقه

Borrowed from Arabic الرَّقَّة (ar-raqqa).


اندونزی

head

اَندونِزی • (andonezi)

fa-proper noun

اَندونِزی • (andonezi)

اَندونِزی (canonical)
andonezi (romanization)

Indonesia (a country in Southeast Asia; capital: Jakarta)


نهاوند

From Middle Persian [Term?], probably from Old Persian *Niθāvanta-, related to Old Persian [script needed] (n-i-s-a-y /Nisāya-/), from the prefix [Term?] (/ni-/, “down”). For the second component, compare Avestan [Term?] (/√say/), [Term?] (/√si/, “lie down”).


ایلیریا

head

ایلیریا • (iliryâ)

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

(historical) Illyria (a vaguely-defined geographic region in Southeast Europe in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula, approximately coincident with modern Albania)

(historical) Illyria, Illyricum (a much larger former province of the Roman Empire, covering the whole of Dalmatia and Pannonia, existing from 27 BC to c. 70 AD and reconstituted in 293 AD by Diocletian)


سیستان

سیستان • (sistân)

fa-proper noun

سیستان • (sistân)

From earlier سجستان (sajestân), from سکاستان (sakâstân), from Old Persian 𐎿𐎣𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (sakastāna). Akin to Latin Segestan, Sacastene.

سیستان و بلوچستان
سیستان و بلوچستان#Persian

Sistan (a province in eastern Iran; in full, سیستان و بلوچستان (sistân-o balučestân))

(historical) Sistan (a geographic region of the eastern Iranian Plateau in eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan, extending into southwestern Pakistan; inhabited by the Scythian Saka tribe between the 2nd century BCE and 1st century C.E.)


سکاستان

head

سکاستان • (sakâstân) (Tajik spelling [Term?])

sakâstân (romanization)
spelling [Term?] (Tajik)
ساکاستان (alternative)

From Old Persian 𐎿𐎣𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (Sakastāna). By surface analysis, سَکا (sakâ, “Scyth”) + ـستان (-stân).


مونته‌نگرو

مونتهنگرو (canonical)
monte-negro (romanization)

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)

fa:مونته‌نگرو


گواتمالا

head

گواتمالا • (guâtemâlâ)

fa-proper noun

گواتمالا • (guâtemâlâ)

Guatemala (a country in Central America)


هائیتی

head

هائیتی • (hâ'iti)

fa-proper noun

هائیتی • (hâ'iti)


هندوراس

head

هندوراس • (hondurâs)

fa-proper noun

هندوراس • (hondurâs)


نیکاراگوئه

head

نیکاراگوئه • (nikârâgu'e)

fa-proper noun

نیکاراگوئه • (nikârâgu'e)

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)

fa:نیکاراگوئه


السالوادور

head

السالوادور • (elsâlvâdor)

fa-proper noun

السالوادور • (elsâlvâdor)

El Salvador (a country in Central America)

fa:السالوادور


کاستاریکا

head

کاستاریکا • (kâstârikâ)

fa-proper noun

کاستاریکا • (kâstârikâ)

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)

fa:کاستاریکا


نکا

head

نکا • (nekâ)

fa-proper noun

نکا • (nekâ)

Neka (a city in Mazandaran province, Iran)


بنارس

Varanasi (a city in Uttar Pradesh, India, sacred to Hinduism and Jainism)


موناکو

head

موناکو • (monâko)

fa-proper noun

موناکو • (monâko)


سن مارینو

head

سن مارینو • (san mârino)

fa-proper noun

سن مارینو • (san mârino)

fa:سن مارینو

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


سوازیلند

suâziland (romanization)
sevâziland (romanization)

(historical) Swaziland (the former name of Eswatini, a country in Southern Africa)


سیشل

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


صحرای غربی

head

صَحْرایِ غَرْبی

صَحْرایِ غَرْبی • (sahrâ-ye ġarbi)

fa-proper noun

صَحْرایِ غَرْبی

صَحْرایِ غَرْبی • (sahrâ-ye ġarbi)

صَحْرایِ غَرْبی (canonical)
sahrâ-ye ġarbi (romanization)

[säɦ.ɾɑ́ː.jɪ ɣäɾ.bíː]

[säɦ.ɾɑ́ː.jɪ ɣäɾ.bíː]

[sɑː.ɾɑ́ː.jɪ ɣäɾ.bíː]

[sɔː.ɾɔ́ː.ji ɣäɾ.bí]

[sæɦ.ɹɒ́ː.je qæɹ.bíː]

[säɦ.ɾɔ́.ji ʁäɾ.bí]

Western Sahara
Western Sahara#English:_Q6250

Western Sahara (a territory and former Spanish colony in North Africa, now mostly occupied by Morocco, which claims ownership over the territory)


کاپ ورد

head

کاپ ورد • (kâp verd)

fa-proper noun

کاپ ورد • (kâp verd)

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


کومور

head

کومور • (kômôr)

fa-proper noun

کومور • (kômôr)

Comoros (a country and group of islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa)


موریس

Mauritius (a country in the Indian Ocean, east of East Africa and Madagascar)

Mauritius (the main island of the country of Mauritius)


گینه بیسائو

head

گینه بیسائو • (gine bisâ'u)

fa-proper noun

گینه بیسائو • (gine bisâ'u)

Guinea-Bissau (a country in West Africa)

fa:گینه بیسائو


گابن

head

گابن • (gâbon)

fa-proper noun

گابن • (gâbon)


لسوتو

head

لسوتو • (lesôtô)

fa-proper noun

لسوتو • (lesôtô)


جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو

head

جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو • (jomhuri-ye demokrâtik-e kongo)

jomhuri-ye demokrâtik-e kongo (romanization)

[d͡ʒom.huː.ɹí.je d̪e.muːkʲ.ɹɒː.t̪ʰíː.kʰʲe kʰoŋ.ɡó]

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English:_Q974

Democratic Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)

en-جمهوری_دموکراتیک_کنگو-fa-name-F32FmYUc


تانزانیا

تانزانیا • (tânzânyâ)

fa-proper noun

تانزانیا • (tânzânyâ)

[tɒːnzɒːnˈjɒː]


موزامبیک

head

موزامبیک • (muzâmbik)

fa-proper noun

موزامبیک • (muzâmbik)

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


کامرون

head

کامِرون or کامَرُون • (kâmerun or kāmarûn)

کامِرون (canonical)
کامَرُون (canonical)
kâmerun (romanization)
kāmarûn (romanization)

[kʰɑː.mä.ɾúːn]

[kʰɑː.mä.ɾúːn]

[kʰɑː.mä.ɾúːn]


بورکینافاسو

بورکینافاسو • (borkinâfâso)

fa-proper noun

بورکینافاسو • (borkinâfâso)

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)

fa:بورکینافاسو


مالاوی

head

مالاوی • (mâlâvi)

fa-proper noun

مالاوی • (mâlâvi)

[mɒːlɒːˈviː]


لاهور

head

لاهور • (lâhor)

fa-proper noun

لاهور • (lâhor)

Lahore (the second largest city of Pakistan and the provincial capital of Punjab; located on the Ravi river)


زیمبابوه

head

زیمبابوه • (zimbâbve)

fa-proper noun

زیمبابوه • (zimbâbve)

From Shona dzimba-dze-mabwe (“house of stones”), in reference to Great Zimbabwe.


بنین

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


اریتره

Borrowed from French Érythrée, from Latin Erythraea, from Ancient Greek Ἐρῠθραίᾱ (Erŭthraíā).

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


سیرالئون

head

سیرالئون • (seyerâle'ôn)

fa-proper noun

سیرالئون • (seyerâle'ôn)

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone#English:_Q1044


مالدیو

head

مالدیو • (mâldiv)

fa-proper noun

مالدیو • (mâldiv)

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


سائوتومه و پرنسیپ

head

سائوتومه و پرنسیپ • (sâ'utume vo paransip)

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe#English:_Q1039

São Tomé and Príncipe (a country and archipelago in Central Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean)


تفلیس

→ Ottoman Turkish: تفليس (Tiflis)

English: Tiflis

Turkish: Tiflis

→ Russian: Тифлис (Tiflis)

From Arabic تفليس (tiflīs), ultimately from Old Georgian ტფილისი (ṭpilisi).

Tbilisi (the capital city of the country of Georgia)


ریاض

ریاض • (riyâz)

fa-proper noun

ریاض • (riyâz)

Borrowed from Arabic الرِّيَاض (ar-riyāḍ).

bor+

Riyadh (the capital city of Saudi Arabia)


توکیو

[t̪ʰʊːk.jʊ́ː]

Tokyo (a prefecture, the capital city of Japan)


باختر

head

باختر • (bâxtar)

fa-proper noun

باختر • (bâxtar)

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾpʾhtl /abāxtar/, “north”), derived from Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬑𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (apāxtara, “north; direction of the daevas, direction of Ahriman, direction of Hell”), from Old Iranian *apāxtara (“retrograde, backward-turning”), comparative stem based on *apāk-/*apāŋ (“backward”), from the preposition *apa (“behind”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *apatamás, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo-tm̥mo-, from *h₂epó (“from, away, off”).
See also Albanian afër (“close, nearby”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 (afar, “after”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼 (apara, “later, after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (apara, “more behind, later”).

cog

Bokhtar (a city, the provincial capital of Khatlon, Tajikistan)


کهگیلویه و بویراحمد

head

کهگیلویه و بویراحمد • (kohgeluye va boyerahmad)

استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد

the province of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province

Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad#English

Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (a province of Iran)

fa:کهگیلویه و بویراحمد


کرمانشاه

کرمانشاه • (kirmānšāh /kermânšâh)

fa-proper noun

کرمانشاه • (kirmānšāh /kermânšâh)

kirmānšāh (romanization)
kermânšâh (romanization)

[kʰɪɾ.mɑːn.ʃɑ́ːʱ]

[kʰɪɾ.mɑːn.ʃɑ́ːʱ]

[kʰɪɾ.mɑːn.ʃɑ́ː]

[kʰiɾ.mɔːn.ʃɔ́ː]

[kʰʲeɹ.mɒːn.ʃɒ́ːʰ]

کرمان (kermân, “Kerman”) + شاه (šâh, “king”).

Kermanshah (a city in Iran, the seat of Kermanshah County's Central District, and the capital of Kermanshah Province)

Kermanshah (a county of Iran, around the city)

استان کرمانشاه

Kermanshah (a province of Iran, formerly known as Bakhtaran and Kermanshahan)


هرمزگان

[ʔʊɾ.mʊz.ɡɑ́ːn]

From هرمز (hormoz, “Hormuz”) + ـگان (-gân). The province is located along the Strait of Hormuz.

استان هرمزگان

the province of Hormozgan, Hormozgan Province


ایرلند شمالی

head

ایرْلَنْدِ شُمالی

ایرْلَنْدِ شُمالی • (irland-e šomâli)

fa-proper noun

ایرْلَنْدِ شُمالی

ایرْلَنْدِ شُمالی • (irland-e šomâli)

ایرْلَنْدِ شُمالی (canonical)
irland-e šomâli (romanization)

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English:_Q26

Northern Ireland (a constituent country and province of the United Kingdom, situated in the northeastern part of the island of Ireland)


سغد

head

سغد • (soġd)

fa-proper noun

سغد • (soġd)

From Old Persian 𐎿𐎢𐎦𐎢𐎭 (s-u-gᵘ-u-d /Suguda/).


خوزستان

head

خوزستان • (xuzestân)

fa-proper noun

خوزستان • (xuzestân)

From خوز (xuz, “Susia”) and ـستان (-estân, “place”), meaning land of the Khuzi (Susian) people, the original inhabitants of the region. Alternatively borrowed wholly from Middle Persian 𐭧𐭥𐭰𐭮𐭲𐭭 (ḥʿcstn /hūzestān/, literally “land of Hūz”), itself from [script needed] (hwc /hūz/) + -stan (-stʾn' /-estān/).
The first component is from Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎩 (u-v-j /ʰūvja-/, “Elam, Elamite”), or from the name of Susa. Etymologically, compare اهواز, the Arabized broken-plural of Middle Persian [script needed] (hwc /hūz/, “Susia”).


اهواز

head

اهواز • (ahvâz)

fa-proper noun

اهواز • (ahvâz)

From Arabic أَهْوَاز (ʔahwāz), a shortened form of سُوق الْأَهْوَاز (sūq al-ʔahwāz), a partial-calque of Middle Persian Hūǰestān-wāzār (literally “the market of Khuzestan”), name of a major town in Sassanian-era. The word is the broken-plural form of Middle Persian hwc (Hūz). Related to هویزه (hoveyze) and خوزستان (xuzestân); see there for more.

der

Ahvaz (a city in Iran, the seat of Ahvaz County's Central District, and the capital of Khuzestan Province)

Ahvaz (a county of Iran, around the city)


قشمیر

head

قشمیر • (qešmir)

fa-proper noun

قشمیر • (qešmir)

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


زورا

head

زورا • (zowrâ)

fa-proper noun

زورا • (zowrâ)

Borrowed from Arabic الزَّوْرَاء (az-zawrāʔ).

bor+

(Islam, archaic) Zawra' (the cities of Tehran (capital of Iran) and Ray (near Tehran))

(rare) Baghdad (the capital city of Iraq)


مزوره

Borrowed from Arabic مُزَوَّرَة (muzawwara).

(Islam, archaic) Muzawwara (the city of Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq)


انطاکیه

head

انطاکیه • (antâkiye)

fa-proper noun

انطاکیه • (antâkiye)

Borrowed from Arabic أَنْطَاكِيَة (ʔanṭākiya), borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἀντιόχεια (Antiókheia).

etymon

ar>أَنْطَاكِيَة>city

Antakya (a city and district in southeastern Turkey, Hatay Province, the ancient Antioch)


پیشوا

head

پیشوا • (pišvâ)

fa-proper noun

پیشوا • (pišvâ)

[pʰeːʃ.wɑ́ː]

[pʰeːʃ.wɑ́ː]

[pʰeːʃ.wɑ́ː]

[pʰeːʃ.wɔ́ː]

[pʰiːʃ.vɒ́ː]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (pyšʾwpʾd /pēšōbāy/, “leader, vanguard”).

inh

a city, the county seat of Pishva County, Iran.


نوار غزه

head

نَوارِ غَزِّه

نَوارِ غَزِّه • (navâr-e ġazze)

fa-proper noun

نَوارِ غَزِّه

نَوارِ غَزِّه • (navâr-e ġazze)

نَوارِ غَزِّه (canonical)
navâr-e ġazze (romanization)

[nä.wɑ́ː.ɾɪ ɣäz.zǽ]

حملات هوایی اسرائیل و نبردهای شدید در اطراف حداقل سه بیمارستان در نوار غزه ادامه دارد. پزشکان هشدار میدهند که شبکه مراقبتهای درمانی غزه در آستانه فروپاشی است.

2024 March 20, “حملات هوایی اسرائیل در نوار غزه؛ هشدار در مورد فروپاشی شبکه درمان”, in bbc.com/persian, BBC Persian:

Israeli aerial attacks and severe combat in the environs of at least three hospitals in the Gaza Strip continue. Doctors warn that Gaza's health care system is on the threshold of collapse.

hamalât-i havâyi-ye esrâ'il va nabard-hâ-ye šadid dar atrâf-i hadd-e-aqall-e se bimârestân dar navâr-e ġazze edâme dârad. pezeškân hošdâr mi-dehand ke šabake-ye morâqabat-hâ-ye darmâni-ye ġazze dar âstâne-ye forupâši ast.

Gaza Strip (a region in Palestine between Egypt and Israel)