خرگوش

head

خرگوش • (xargôš) (plural خرگوشها (xargôš-hâ))

→ Arabic: خَرْكُوش (ḵarkūš, “plantain”) (never common)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ख़रगोश (xargoś)

Urdu: خرگوش (xargoś)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਖ਼ਰਗੋਸ਼ (xargoś)

Punjabi: خرگوش (xargoś)

From Middle Persian 𐭤𐭫𐭢𐭥𐭱 (xar-gōš, “rabbit, hare”, literally “big ear”), equivalent to خر (xar) + گوش (gôš). Compare Tajik харгӯш (xargüš), Talysh هووش, هوۊش (havüš), Pashto خرغوږ (xarğwaž), خرغوړ (xarğwaṛ), خرغوګ (xarğwag, “mullein”, literally “big ear”).

inh

Plantago major
Plantago major#Translingual


انار

head

انار • (anâr)

fa-noun

انار • (anâr)

→ Awadhi: अनार (anār)

→ Bengali: আনার (anar)

→ Gujarati: અનાર (anār)

→ Hindustani: [Term?], anār

Hindi: अनार

desc

Urdu: اَنَار

Urdu: اَنَار

→ Kalmyk: анр (anr)

→ Kazakh: анар (anar)

→ Kumzari: آنر

→ Northern Kurdish: hinar

→ Kyrgyz: анар (anar)

→ Mongolian: анар (anar)

→ Nepali: अनार (anār)

→ Punjabi: ਅਨਾਰ (anār)

→ Sindhi: انار (anāru)

→ Shor: анар

→ Shor: анар

→ Turkmen: nar

→ Uyghur: ئانار (anar)

→ Uzbek: anor

desctree

⇒ Persian: نار (nâr)
→ Azerbaijani: nar
→ Bulgarian: нар (nar)
→ Gujarati: નાર (nār)
→ Ottoman Turkish: نار (nâr)
Turkish: nar
→ Adyghe: нарэ (narɛ)
→ Kabardian: нары (narə)
→ Laz: ნარი (nari)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: нар
Latin script: nar

From Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾnʾl /anār/). Arguably ultimately related to the pomegranate terms under Arabic رُمَّان (rummān).


آلو

→ Azerbaijani: alı

→ Khalaj: âlu

→ Ottoman Turkish: آلو (âlû)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlwk' /ālūg/, “plum, prune”). Ultimately a Wanderwort of unknown origin. Compare Proto-Turkic *erük (“plum, apricot”, whence Turkish erik (“plum”)), Nepali आरु (āru, “plum”), Ashkun arú (“plum”).

cog

whence Turkish <i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">erik</i> (“plum”)


گلابی

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गुलाबी (gulābī)

Urdu: گلابی

→ Kannada: ಗುಲಾಬಿ (gulābi)

→ Marathi: गुलाबी (gulābī)

→ Nepali: गुलाबी (gulābī)

→ Pashto: ګلابي

[ɡʊ.lɑː.bíː]

[ɡʊ.lɑː.bíː]

[ɡʊ.lɑː.bíː]

Etymology tree
Proto-Iranian *wardah
Old Persian *vr̥dah
Middle Persian gwl
Classical Persian گُل (gul)
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps
Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš
Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a)
Middle Persian ʾp̄
Classical Persian آب (āb)
Classical Persian گُلَاب (gulāb)
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas
Old Persian -𐎡𐎣 (-i-k)
Classical Persian ـِی (-ī)
Persian گلابی
گلاب (gulāb, “rosewater”) + ـی (-ī, “adjective forming suffix”), in reference to the pink color of rosewater.

etymon

fa:صورتی fa:گلابی


آبی

From آب (“water”) + ـی (“adjectival suffix”).


توت

Tajik: тут (tut)
→ Yagnobi: тут (tut)

→ Azerbaijani: tut

→ Bengali: তুঁত (tũt)

→ Bashkir: тут (tut)

→ Gujarati: તૂત (tūt)

→ Kazakh: тұт (tūt)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: طوت (tut, dut), توت (tut), دوت (dut)
Turkish: dut
→ Albanian: dudë
→ Aromanian: dudã
→ Bulgarian: дуд (dud)
→ Laz: მდუთა (mduta)
→ Macedonian: дуд (dud)
→ Romanian: dud, dudă
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ду̏д
Latin script: dȕd

→ Pashto: توت (tut)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤੂਤ (tūt)

Shahmukhi script: توت (tut)

→ Russian: тут (tut) (via Turkic)

→ Tatar: тут (tut)

→ Ukrainian: тут (tut) (via Turkic)

Related to Kermanic [script needed] (tü), Mazanderani [script needed] (tir), [script needed] (tīr), Khwarezmian [script needed] (twt), Wakhi tыt, tыẟ, Munji tūy, Parachi tī, Waneci [script needed] (tūwa, təwā), Sanskrit तूत (tūta), तूद (tūda), Kashmiri तूल् (tūl), تُل (tul), Odia ତୁଳ (tuḷa) etc., all meaning mulberry. The direction of borrowing between the Iranian and Indo-Aryan words is disputed.
The ultimate origin is unknown.
Found also in Semitic and the languages of the Caucasus, likely borrowed from Iranian: Aramaic תותא / ܬܘܬܐ (tūṯā), Hebrew תּוּת (tūṯ), Neo-Babylonian 𒄑𒌅𒌓𒌈 (/tuttu/), Arabic تُوت (tūt); Old Armenian թութ (tʻutʻ), Georgian თუთა (tuta, “mulberry”).

unk

unknown


گوجه

→ Gulf Arabic: كوجة (kōja)

From forms of the word treated under گوی (gôy, “ball, globule”) + ـچه (-če, forms diminutives). The similarity to Azerbaijani göyəm and its Turkic family meaning “sloe” is a coincidence.


لیمو

→ Arabic: لَيْمُون (laymūn) (see there for further descendants)

→ Ottoman Turkish: لیمون
Turkish: limon

desc

→ Urdu: لیموں (līmūṉ)

→ Urdu: لیموں (līmūṉ)

Borrowed from Sanskrit निम्बू (nimbū, “lime”), of Austroasiatic origin. Also compare Malay limau.


انبه

→ Gujarati: અંબા (ambā)

From Middle Persian *anbag, from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀅 (aṃbaa), from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀅𑀁𑀩-𑀓 (*aṃba-ka), from Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”).


پرتقال

portoqâl (romanization)
porteqâl (romanization)

→ Khalaj: purtəğâl

[pʰoɹ.t̪ʰo.ʁɒ́ːl̥]

[pʰoɹ.t̪ʰe.ʁɒ́ːl̥]

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پورتقال (portokal, portakal).

(Mughal empire)


پسته

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پسته • (peste) (plural پستهها (peste-hâ))

→ Azerbaijani: püstə

→ Bengali: পেস্তা (pesta)

→ Georgian: ფისტა (pisṭa)

→ Gujarati: પિસ્તા (pistā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: पिस्ता (pistā)

Urdu: پستہ (pistā)

→ Kazakh: пісте (pıste)

→ Khalaj: pistə

→ Marathi: पिस्ता (pistā)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پسته (piste)

→ Pashto: پسته (pistá)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪਿਸਤਾ (pistā)

Shahmukhi script: پستا (pistā)

→ Sindhi: پستو (pisto)

→ Tatar: пестә (pestä)

→ Uzbek: pista

From Middle Persian pstk' (/pistag/, “pistachio nut”), from Old Persian *pistaka, attested as Elamite [Term?] (/pi-iš-tuk-ka₄/, “pistachio nut”). Related to Persian بسته (boste, “nut”), cognate with Sanskrit बुस्त (busta, “husk or shell of fruit”).


هلو

head

هلو • (halô)


نعناع

نعناع • (na'nâ')

fa-noun

نعناع • (na'nâ')


گیلاس

head

گیلاس • (gilâs or gêlâs) (plural گیلاسها (gilâs-hâ))

gilâs (romanization)
gêlâs (romanization)
گیلاسها (plural)

Borrowed from Hindustani گلاس / गिलास (gilās), from English glass.

یَک گیلاس اَو بالایِ میز است (more colloquial)


گز

→ Middle Armenian: գազ (gaz), կազ (kaz)

→ Azerbaijani: gəz

→ Ottoman Turkish: گز (gez)

Turkish: gez

→ Crimean Tatar: gez

From Middle Persian [script needed] (gc /gaz/, “tamarisk”). Compare Old Armenian գազ (gaz, “milkvetch”), an Iranian borrowing.

inh

a kind of confectionary which is a speciality of Isfahan and is similar to nougat, gaz – made from tragacanth and other gums of various manna trees

Fraxinus ornus
Fraxinus ornus#Translingual


شلیل

head

شلیل • (šalil)

fa-noun

شلیل • (šalil)


خرمالو

head

خُرْمالو • (xormâlu) (plural خرمالوها (xormâluhâ))

خُرْمالو (canonical)
xormâlu (romanization)
خرمالوها (plural)

→ Arabic: خُرْمَال (ḵurmāl)

From خرما (xormâ, “date”) + آلو (âlu, “plum”).


ازگیل

→ Azerbaijani: əzgil

→ Lak: азгил (azgil)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: ازگیل (ezgil)
Turkish: ezgil
→⇒ Arabic: إِسْكِدُنْيَا (ʔiskidunyā), أَسْكِيدُنْيَا (ʔaskīdunyā), إِسْكِيدُنْيَا (ʔiskīdunyā), إِكِّدُنْيَا (ʔikkidunyā), أَكِدُنْيَا (ʔakidunyā), إِيكِّيدُنْيَا (ʔīkkīdunyā), إِكِّيدُنْيَا (ʔikkīdunyā)

[ʔæz.ˈɡiːl̥]

The origin is unknown. Possibly connected with Georgian ასკილი (asḳili, “dog rose”) and Middle Armenian զկեռ (zkeṙ, “medlar”).

unk

unknown


زردآلو

Tajik: зардолу (zardolu)

→ Azerbaijani: (obsolete)

Cyrillic script: зәрдалу, зәрдали

Latin script: zərdalu, zərdali

→ Gujarati: જરદાળુ (jardāḷu)

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: ज़र्दालू (zardālū), ज़रदालू (zardālū)

Urdu: زرد آلو (zard ālū)

→ Karakalpak: зәрдәли

→ Kyrgyz: зардолy (zardoly) (Southern dialectal)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: زردالو (zerdalu, zerdali)
Turkish: zerdali
→ Armenian: զերտալի (zertali), զերտալու (zertalu), զա̈րդալո̈ւ (zärdalü)
→ Bulgarian: за́рзала (zárzala), зарзали́я (zarzalíja), зе́рдала (zérdala) (dialectal)
→ Cappadocian Greek: ζέρντελι (zérnteli)
→ Crimean Tatar:
Cyrillic script: зердали
Latin script: zerdali
→ Greek: ζέρδελο n (zérdelo), ζερδελί n (zerdelí), ζερδαλί n (zerdalí), ζέρζελο n (zérzelo), ζαρταλούδι n (zartaloúdi) (dialectal)
→ Pontic Greek: ζέρταλο n (zértalo), ζερταλί(ν) n (zertalí(n)), ζερτελί(ν) n (zertelí(n))
→ Romanian: zarzără
→ Russian: жердёла (žerdjóla) (dialectal)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: зердѐлица
Latin script: zerdèlica

→ Punjabi: ਜਰਦਾਲੂ (jardālū)

→ Uzbek: зардоли (zardoli)

[zäɾ.d̪ɑː.lúː]

[zäɾ.d̪ɑː.lúː]

[zäɾ.d̪ɑː.lúː]

[zæɹ.d̪ɒː.lúː]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (zltʾlwk' /zardālūg/), equivalent to زرد (zard, “yellow”) + آلو (âlu, “plum”).


سماق

head

سماق • (somâq)

fa-noun

سماق • (somâq)


نارگیل

head

نارگیل • (nārgēl／nârgil) (plural نارگیلها (nārgēl／nârgil-hâ))

nārgēl／nârgil (romanization)
نارگیلها (plural)
نارگیل (singular)
nârgil (singular)
نارگیلها (plural)
nârgil-hấ (plural)
نارگیلا (colloquial plural)
nârgilấ (plural)
نارگیل را (definite direct-object singular)
nârgil râ (definite direct-object singular)
نارگیل رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
nârgilo (definite direct-object singular)
نارگیلها را (definite direct-object plural)
nârgil-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
نارگیلا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
nârgilấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
نارگیل (ezafe singular)
nârgil-e (ezafe singular)
نارگیلهای (ezafe plural)
nârgil-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
نارگیلای (colloquial ezafe plural)
nârgilấ-ye (ezafe plural)
نارگیلی (definite relative singular)
نارگیلی (indefinite singular stressed)
nârgil-i (definite relative singular)
nârgil-i (indefinite singular stressed)
نارگیلهایی (definite plural relative)
نارگیلهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
nârgilấn-i, nârgil-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
nârgilấn-i, nârgil-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
نارگیلایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
نارگیلایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
nârgilấi (definite plural relative)
nârgilấi (indefinite plural stressed)
نارگیلم (first-person possessive singular)
nârgilam (first-person possessive singular)
نارگیلهایم (first-person possessive singular)
nârgil-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
نارگیلهام، نارگیلام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
nârgilấm (first-person possessive singular)
نارگیلت (possessive second-person singular)
nârgilat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
nârgilet (possessive second-person singular)
نارگیلهایت (possessive second-person singular)
nârgil-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
نارگیلهات، نارگیلات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
nârgilất (possessive second-person singular)
نارگیلش (possessive singular third-person)
nârgilaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
nârgileš (possessive singular third-person)
نارگیلهایش (possessive singular third-person)
nârgil-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
نارگیلهاش، نارگیلاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
nârgilấš (possessive singular third-person)
نارگیلمان (first-person plural possessive)
nârgilemân (first-person plural possessive)
نارگیلمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
nârgilemun (first-person plural possessive)
نارگیلهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
nârgil-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
نارگیلهامون، نارگیلامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
nârgilấmun (first-person plural possessive)
نارگیلتان (plural possessive second-person)
nârgiletân (plural possessive second-person)
نارگیلتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
nârgiletun (plural possessive second-person)
نارگیلهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
nârgil-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
نارگیلهاتون، نارگیلاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
nârgilấtun (plural possessive second-person)
نارگیلشان (plural possessive third-person)
nârgilešân (plural possessive third-person)
نارگیلشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
nârgilešun (plural possessive third-person)
نارگیلهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
nârgil-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
نارگیلهاشون، نارگیلاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
nârgilấšun (plural possessive third-person)
نارگیلم (first-person predicative singular)
nârgilam (first-person predicative singular)
نارگیلیم (first-person plural predicative)
nârgilim (first-person plural predicative)
نارگیلی (predicative second-person singular)
nârgili (predicative second-person singular)
نارگیلید (plural predicative second-person)
nârgilid (plural predicative second-person)
نارگیلین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
nârgilin (plural predicative second-person)
نارگیل است (predicative singular third-person)
nârgil ast (predicative singular third-person)
نارگیله (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
nârgile (predicative singular third-person)
نارگیلند (plural predicative third-person)
nârgiland (plural predicative third-person)
نارگیلن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
nârgilan (plural predicative third-person)

desctree

→ Arabic: نَارْجِيل (nārjīl), نَرْجِيل (narjīl)
→ Ottoman Turkish: نارجیل (narcil), نارچیل (narçil)

→ Northern Kurdish: nargîl

→ Ottoman Turkish: نارگیل (nargil)

[nɑːɾ.ˈɡeːl]

[nɑːɾ.ˈɡiːl]

[nɒːɹ.ɡʲíːl̥]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾnʾlgyl /anārgēl/, “coconut”), from Sanskrit नारिकेल (nārikela).

inh

(dated in Dari, normal elsewhere) coconut


خرما

head

خرما • (xormâ or xurmâ) (plural خرماها (xormâ-hâ))

xormâ (romanization)
xurmâ (romanization)
خرماها (plural)

Tajik: хурмо (xurmo)

→ Uzbek: xurmo

→ Bengali: খোরমা (khorma)

→ Chagatai: خرما (hurma)

Uyghur: خورما (xorma)

→ Georgian: ხურმა (xurma)

→ Gujarati: ખુરમો (khurmo)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ख़ुरमा (xurmā)

Urdu: خرما (xurmā)

→ Kazakh: құрма (qūrma)

→ Kipchak: قرما (kurma)

→ Central Kurdish: خورما (xurma)

→ Hulaulá: xurma

→ Northern Kurdish: xurme

→ Lishana Deni: כורמא (xurma)

→ Kyrgyz: курма (kurma)

→ Malay: kurma

Indonesian: kurma

→ Middle Armenian: խուրմայ (xurmay)

Armenian: խուրմա (xurma)

→ Punjabi: ਖੁਰਮਾ (khurmā)

→ Turkmen: hurma

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: خرما (hurma) (11th–15th c.)

Azerbaijani: xurma

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: خرما (hurma)
Turkish: hurma
→ Adyghe: хъурмэ (χʷurmɛ)
→ Albanian: hurmë
→ Belarusian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
→ Bulgarian: фурма́ (furmá, “persimmon”)
→ Crimean Tatar: hurma
→ Estonian: hurmaa
→ Greek: χουρμάς (chourmás)
→ Romanian: curmală
→ Ido: hurmo
→ Latvian: hurma
→ Macedonian: урма (urma)
→ Polish: hurma
→ Russian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: хурма, у̀рма
Latin script: hurma, ùrma
→ Tatar: хөрмә (xörmä, “persimmon”)
→ Ukrainian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (Tᵍ) / [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk' /xormā/, “date”), possibly from earlier *harmāw. The logogram is from Aramaic 𐡕𐡌𐡓𐡉𐡍 pl (tmryn, “dates”).
Compare Parthian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk /xurmāg/) and [Book Pahlavi needed] (Tᵍ /*amrāw/), both forms appeared in Draxt ī Āsūrīg. The former is from Middle Persian. For reading of the latter, compare Manichaean Parthian [Manichaean needed] (ʾmrʾw /amrāw/) and Old Armenian արմաւ (armaw) (see Korn).
Akin to Kumzari أرما (“date (fruit)”), Baluchi هرماگ (hurmág, “date; fully ripe date fruit”). Compare also Sanskrit खर्जु (kharju) (wild date tree).

cog

940-1020, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh
بکن کار و کرده بیزدان سپار
بخرما چه یازی چو ترسی ز خار
bokon kâr u karda ba-yazdân sepâr
ba-xormâ če yâzi ču tarsi ze xâr

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


بادام

head

بَادَامْ • (bâdâm) (plural بادامها (bâdâm-hâ))

بَادَامْ (canonical)
bâdâm (romanization)
بادامها (plural)

→ Armenian: բադամ (badam)

→ Assamese: বাদাম (badam)

→ Azerbaijani: badam

→ Bengali: বাদাম (badam)

→ Burmese: ဗာဒံ (badam)

→ Chagatai:

Uyghur: بادام (badam)

Uzbek: bodom

→ Chinese:

Mandarin: 巴旦 (bādàn)

Dungan: бадан (badan)

→ Cantonese: 巴旦 (baa¹ daan³)

→ Central Kurdish: بادەم (badem)

→ Gujarati: બદામ (badām)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बादाम (bādām)

Urdu: بادام (bādām)

desc

→ Kashmiri: بادام (bādām), بادَم (bādam)

→ Kazakh: бадам (badam)

→ Khalaj: bâdâm

→ Kyrgyz: бадам (badam)

→ Marathi: बदाम (badām)

→ Malay: badam
Indonesian: badam

→ Odia: ବାଦାମ (bādāma)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: بادم (badem), بادام (badam), بایام (bayam)
Turkish: badem
→ Albanian: bajame
→ Adyghe: бадэ (badɛ)
→ Bulgarian: баде́м (badém)
→ Crimean Tatar: badem
→ Macedonian: бадем (badem)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бадем, ба̀јам, бајем (regional)
Latin script: badem, bàjam, bajem (regional)

→ Punjabi: badām

→ Gurmukhi script: ਬਦਾਮ

→ Shahmukhi script: بدام, بادام (bādām)

→ Rohingya: badam

→ Sindhi: بادام (bādāmu)

desc

→ Sanskrit: वाताद (vātāda), वाताम (vātāma)

→ Hindi: वाताद (vātād)

→ Tatar: бәдәм (bädäm)

→ Tibetan: བ་དམ (ba dam), འབའ་དམ ('ba' dam)

→ Turkmen: badam

→ Telugu: బాదం (bādaṁ)

→ Malayalam: ബദാം (badāṁ)

→ Tamil: பாதாம் (pātām), பாதம் (pātam)

[bɑː.d̪ɑ́ːm]

[bɑː.d̪ɑ́ːm]

[bɑː.d̪ɑ́ːm]

[bɔː.d̪ɔ́ːm]

[bɒː.d̪ɒ́ːm]

[bɒː.d̪ɒ́ːm]

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭠𐭣𐭠𐭬 (wʾtʾm /wādām/), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *vātādám. Cognate with Northern Kurdish bahîv, Zazaki vame and Baluchi گواتام (gwátám, “almond”).


ارغوان

arğavân (romanization)
arğovân (romanization)

→ Azerbaijani: ərqəvan

→ Georgian: არღავანი (arɣavani)

→ Gujarati: અરગવાની (aragvānī)

→ Hindustani:

→ Hindi: अर्ग़वान (arġavān)

desc

→ Urdu: ارغوان

→ Urdu: ارغوان

→ Kurdish:

→ Northern Kurdish: erxewan (“purple; Judas tree”)

→ Central Kurdish: ئەرخەوان (erxewan, “purple; Judas tree”)

→ Middle Armenian: եղրեւանի (eġrewani, “lilac”)

Armenian: եղրեւանի (eġrewani)

→ Ottoman Turkish: ارغوان (ergavân, erguvân)

Turkish: erguvan

→ Albanian: jargavan

→ Hungarian: orgovány

→ Romanian: iergovan, iorgovan

→ Serbo-Croatian: jȍrgovān / јо̏ргова̄н (“lilac”)

→ Slovak: orgován (“lilac”)

→ Pashto: ارغوان (arğawān, “red-purple; a plant”)

[ʔäɾ.ɣä.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣʊ.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣä.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣʊ.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣä.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣʊ.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣä.wɔːn]

[ʔæɹ.ɢæ.vɒːn]

[ʔäɾ.ʁä.vɔn]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlgwkʾn' /argawān/, “purple”), ultimately from Akkadian 𒋠𒍝𒆳𒋛𒀀 (argawannu, “red purple”), probably via Aramaic, cf. Classical Syriac ܐܪܓܘܢܐ (ʾargəwānā). A Wanderwort in the Middle East: Biblical Hebrew אַרְגְּוָן (ʾargɔmɔn, “purple”), Arabic أَرْجُوَان (ʔarjuwān, “purple; redbud; amethyst”).

cog

مینماید عکسِ مِی، در رنگِ رویِ مه وشت
همچو برگِ ارغوان بر صفحهٔ نسرین، غریب

c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 14”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]:

The wine's reflection shows in the color of your moon-like face
Like a Judas tree petal on the face of a wild rose: how strange!

mê-namâyad aks-i may, dar rang-e rôy-i mah waš-at
hamčô barg-i arğawân bar safha-yi nasrîn, ğarîb

Cercis siliquastrum
Cercis siliquastrum#Translingual

Judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) or its flower


ارغوان

head

ارغوان • (arğavân)

fa-proper noun

ارغوان • (arğavân)

[ʔäɾ.ɣä.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣʊ.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣä.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣʊ.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣä.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣʊ.wɑːn]

[ʔäɾ.ɣä.wɔːn]

[ʔæɹ.ɢæ.vɒːn]

[ʔäɾ.ʁä.vɔn]

a female given name, Arghavan or Arghawan, from Middle Persian


درخت

head

درخت • (deraxt, daraxt) (plural درختان (deraxtân, daraxtân) or درختها (deraxt-hâ, daraxt-hâ))

deraxt (romanization)
daraxt (romanization)
درختان (plural)
درختها (plural)

→ Gujarati: દરખત (darkhat)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: दरख़्त (daraxt)

Urdu: درخت (daraxt)

→ Khalaj: diraxt

→ Kyrgyz: дарак (darak)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਦਰਖ਼ਤ (darxat)

Shahmukhi script: درخت (daraxt)

→ Marwari: दरखत (darakht)

→ Uyghur: دەرەخ (derex)

→ Uzbek: daraxt

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlht'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlʾht'), 𐫅𐫡𐫟𐫤 (drxt /draxt/, “tree”), from Proto-Iranian *draxta- (“firmly standing”), with the first part deriving from Proto-Iranian *drag- (“to hold, strengthen”), itself related to Proto-Iranian *dā́ru (“wood, tree”) and/or Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰar- (“to hold, support”). Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit दारुष् (dāruṣ), Parthian 𐫅𐫡𐫟𐫤 (drxt /draxt/), Baluchi درچک (diračk, “tree”). Compare also the Iranian borrowings Imperial Aramaic 𐡃𐡓𐡇𐡕𐡀 (drḥtʾ, “tree”), Old Armenian դրախտ (draxt, “garden; paradise”).


امرود

→ Arabic: عَنْبَرُوت (ʕanbarūt)

→ Bashkir: армыт (armıt)

desc

→ Gujarati: અમરૂદ (amarūd), અમરૂત (amarūt)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अमरूद (amrūd)

Urdu: امرود (amrūd)

→ Kazakh: алмұрт (almūrt)

→ Khalaj: amrût

→ Kyrgyz: алмурут (almurut)

→ Tatar: армут (armut)

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: ارمد (armud), امرود (amrud, emrud)

Azerbaijani: armud

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آرمود (armut)
Turkish: armut
→ Armenian: արմուտ (armut)
→ Yemenite, Iraqi, Syrian and Gulf Arabic: عَرْمُوط (ʕarmūṭ)

→ Romani: ambrol

→ Turkmen: armyt

→ Uyghur: ئامۇت (amut)

→ Uzbek: olmur

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (/umrōd/, /ambrōd/, /umbrōd/, /anbarōt/), Old Persian [script needed] (*umrūta), ultimately from a Caucasian substrate. Compare Elamite 𒌝𒊒𒁕 (/umruda, umruta/, “pear”), Central Kurdish ھەرمێ (hermê, “pear”).


برس

head

برس • (boros or bros) (plural برسها (boros-hâ))

boros (romanization)
bros (romanization)
برسها (plural)


مردمک

desc

→ Azerbaijani: mərdümək, mərcimək, mərci

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: مردمك (merdümek), مرجمك (mercimek)
Turkish: merdimek, mercimek, mercemek, mürdümük, mürdük, mercek
→ Armenian: մէրճիմէկ (mērčimēk) — Constantinople
→ Bulgarian: мерджеме́к (merdžemék), мержеме́к (meržemék), мермжеме́к (mermžemék), мерджумек (merdžumek)
→ Georgian: მერჯიმეგ (merǯimeg) — Imerkhevi


گوز

gowz (romanization)
گوزها (plural)
گوز (singular)
gowz (singular)
گوزها (plural)
gowz-hấ (plural)
گوزا (colloquial plural)
gowzấ (plural)
گوز را (definite direct-object singular)
gowz râ (definite direct-object singular)
گوز رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
gowzo (definite direct-object singular)
گوزها را (definite direct-object plural)
gowz-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
گوزا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
gowzấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
گوز (ezafe singular)
gowz-e (ezafe singular)
گوزهای (ezafe plural)
gowz-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
گوزای (colloquial ezafe plural)
gowzấ-ye (ezafe plural)
گوزی (definite relative singular)
گوزی (indefinite singular stressed)
gowz-i (definite relative singular)
gowz-i (indefinite singular stressed)
گوزهایی (definite plural relative)
گوزهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
gowzấn-i, gowz-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
gowzấn-i, gowz-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
گوزایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
گوزایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
gowzấi (definite plural relative)
gowzấi (indefinite plural stressed)
گوزم (first-person possessive singular)
gowzam (first-person possessive singular)
گوزهایم (first-person possessive singular)
gowz-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
گوزهام، گوزام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
gowzấm (first-person possessive singular)
گوزت (possessive second-person singular)
gowzat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
gowzet (possessive second-person singular)
گوزهایت (possessive second-person singular)
gowz-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
گوزهات، گوزات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
gowzất (possessive second-person singular)
گوزش (possessive singular third-person)
gowzaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
gowzeš (possessive singular third-person)
گوزهایش (possessive singular third-person)
gowz-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
گوزهاش، گوزاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
gowzấš (possessive singular third-person)
گوزمان (first-person plural possessive)
gowzemân (first-person plural possessive)
گوزمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
gowzemun (first-person plural possessive)
گوزهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
gowz-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
گوزهامون، گوزامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
gowzấmun (first-person plural possessive)
گوزتان (plural possessive second-person)
gowzetân (plural possessive second-person)
گوزتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
gowzetun (plural possessive second-person)
گوزهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
gowz-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
گوزهاتون، گوزاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
gowzấtun (plural possessive second-person)
گوزشان (plural possessive third-person)
gowzešân (plural possessive third-person)
گوزشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
gowzešun (plural possessive third-person)
گوزهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
gowz-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
گوزهاشون، گوزاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
gowzấšun (plural possessive third-person)
گوزم (first-person predicative singular)
gowzam (first-person predicative singular)
گوزیم (first-person plural predicative)
gowzim (first-person plural predicative)
گوزی (predicative second-person singular)
gowzi (predicative second-person singular)
گوزید (plural predicative second-person)
gowzid (plural predicative second-person)
گوزین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
gowzin (plural predicative second-person)
گوز است (predicative singular third-person)
gowz ast (predicative singular third-person)
گوزه (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
gowze (predicative singular third-person)
گوزند (plural predicative third-person)
gowzand (plural predicative third-person)
گوزن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
gowzan (plural predicative third-person)

→ Urdu: گوز (gōz)

From Middle Persian 𐭢𐭥𐭦 (gōz, “walnut”), from unattested Old Persian *angauza, probably ultimately from Old Iranian *gauza- (“nut”), with the preverb *han-, from Proto-Iranian *gauz- (“to hide, conceal”) (compare Sanskrit गूहति (gū́hati, “to cover, conceal”)), referring to the fact that the edible nut is enclosed in a green outer fruit wall. See Old Armenian ընկոյզ (ənkoyz) for more.


ریحان

head

ریحان • (reyhân)

fa-noun

ریحان • (reyhân)

Borrowed from Arabic رَيْحَان (rayḥān, “basil”).


زان

Variant of زبان (zabân), also زوان (zavân), as in زبان گنجشک (zabân-gonješk, “ash”), which is a tree with very similar leaves.


اسفند

→ Ottoman Turkish: اسفند

From Middle Persian [script needed] (spand), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *cwantaH (“holy”) (compare Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta, “holy”), because the plant is used in fumigation against evil eye. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwen-. Cognate to Pashto "Spelani", the same thing.


میخک

→ Armenian: մեխակ (mexak)

→ Azerbaijani: mixək

→ Georgian: მიხაკი (mixaḳi)

From میخ (mix, “nail”) + ـک (-ak, “diminutive suffix”).


ملک

Borrowed from Hindustani مونگ / मूँग (mūṅg)


آلبالو

head

آلبالو • (âlbâlu)

fa-noun

آلبالو • (âlbâlu)

[ʔɑːl.bɑː.lúː]

[ʔɑːl.bɑː.lúː]

[ʔɑːl.bɑː.lúː]

[ʔɒːl.bɒː.lúː]

Contraction of آلوبالو (âlubâlu) which has now become more common, although both are still in frequent use.


دارچین

head

دارچین • (dârčin)

fa-noun

دارچین • (dârčin)

desctree

دَارْصِينِيّ

→ Arabic: دَارْصِينِيّ (dārṣīniyy), دَار صِينِيّ (dār ṣīniyy), دَارَصِينِيّ الصِين (dāraṣīniyy aṣ-ṣīn), دَارْصِين (dārṣīn), دَارْسِين (dārsīn)
→ Middle Armenian: դարիսեն (darisen), դարիսէն (darisēn), դարիսենի (dariseni), դարսենի (darseni), դարսենիկ (darsenik), դարսենեկ (darsenek)

desc

→ Armenian: դարչին (darčʻin), դարիչին (daričʻin)

darçın//دارچین//дарчын

→ Azerbaijani: darçın／دارچین／дарчын

→ Azerbaijani: darçın／دارچین／дарчын

→ Baluchi: [script needed] (dār-čīnī)

→ Bats: დარიჩი (dariči)

→ Bengali: দারচিনি (darcini)

→ Georgian: დარიჩინი (daričini), დარიჭინი (darič̣ini)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: दारचीनी (dārcīnī)

Urdu: دَارْچِینِی (dārcīnī)

Urdu: دَارْچِینِی (dārcīnī)

→ Kazakh: даршын (darşyn)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: دارچین (darçin, tarçin)
Turkish: tarçın
→ Albanian: darçin (regional)
→ Bulgarian: дарчи́н (darčín)
→ Macedonian: дарчин (darčin)
→ Serbo-Croatian: darčin / дарчин, tarčin / тарчин (regional)

→ Pashto: دارچيني (dārčiní)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਦਾਲ਼ਚੀਨੀ (dāḷcīnī)

Shahmukhi script: دالچینی (dālcīnī)

→ Swahili: dalasini

→ Tatar: дарчин (darçin)

[d̪ɒːɾˈt͡ʃʰin]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dóru
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dā́ru
Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺 (d-a-ru-u-v)der.
Old Chinese 秦 (*zin)der.?
Sanskrit चीन (cīna)der.
Persian دارچین
From Middle Persian *dār-i-čēnīk (literally “Chinese tree”), ultimately a combination of Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎽𐎢𐎺 (d-a-ru-u-v, “tree”) + Sanskrit चीन (cīna, “China”) + -𐎡𐎣 (-i-k, adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ikas). Note also from the same source are Jewish Babylonian Aramaic דַּרְצִינִי (darṣīnī, “cinnamon”), Classical Syriac ܕܪܨܝܢܝ (dārṣīnī), ܨܝܢܕܪܓ (ṣīndreḡ, “cinnamon”) and Old Armenian դարիճենիկ (daričenik, “cinnamon”).


قیصی

→ Khalaj: qəysi

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قیصی (kaysi, kayısı).


نارنگ

head

نارنگ • (nârang)

fa-noun

نارنگ • (nârang)

desctree

→ Arabic: نَارَنْج (nāranj)
→⇒ Byzantine Greek: νεράντζιον (nerántzion), νεράντζιν (nerántzin), νεράντζι (nerántzi), νεράτζι (nerátzi), ἐράντζι (erántzi)
Greek: νεράντζι (nerántzi), νεράτζι (nerátzi)
Pontic Greek: νεράντζιν (nerántzin), αναράντζιν (anarántzin), ανάραντζιν (anárantzin), αναράντζ' (anarántz') — Trapezounta, αραράντζι (ararántzi), νεράντζι (nerántzi) — Oinoe
→ Laz: არანძი (aranżi), არარანცი (araranʒi) — Khopa, ანძი (anżi) — Vitse
→ Middle Armenian: նարանճ (naranč)
→ Classical Persian: نَارَنْج (nāranj)
→ Azerbaijani: narınc
→ Gujarati: નારંજ (nārañj)
→ Middle Armenian: նարինջ (narinǰ)
Armenian: նարինջ (narinǰ)
→ Portuguese: laranja
→ Spanish: naranja
→ Alcozauca Mixtec: láxa
→ Guaraní: narã
→ Italian: narancia
→ Hungarian: narancs
⇒ Italian: arancia
→ Old Occitan: auranja
Occitan: irange
→ Old French: orenge, orange
Middle French: orange, orenge
French: orange (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: orenge, arange, araunge, orange, orynge
English: orange
→ Esperanto: oranĝo
→ Japanese: オレンジ (orenji)
→ Kashubian: orendż (Canada, United States)
→ Korean: 오렌지 (orenji)
→ Makah: ʔo·linčas
→ Malay: oren
→ Marshallese: oran
Scots: orange, oranger
Norman: orange
→ Southeastern Tepehuan: naraankas
→ Tagalog: narangha
→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: alöxöx
→ Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl: naranja
→ Ottoman Turkish: نارنج (narenc, narenç)
Turkish: narenc
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Latin script: nàrānča, nàrāndža
Cyrillic script: на̀ра̄нча, на̀ра̄нџа

[nɒː.ɹǽŋɡʲ̥]

From Sanskrit नारङ्ग (nāraṅga, “orange tree”).


غار

Laurus nobilis
Laurus nobilis#Translingual


شنبلیله

desctree

Azerbaijani: şəmbəllə, şənbəllə, şəmbələ
→ Armenian: շամբալա (šambala)
→ Russian: шамбала́ (šambalá)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (šmblyt /šamblīt, šamblīd/), [script needed] (šmblytk' /šambalīdag/, “fenugreek”), whence also Old Armenian շամղիտակ (šamłitak) and Arabic شِمْلِيدَج (šimlīdaj). Ultimately borrowed from a Semitic language. Compare Jewish Babylonian Aramaic שִׁבְּלִילְתָא (šibbəlīləṯā), Classical Syriac ܫܒܠܝܠܬܐ (šebbəlīltā) and ܦܠܝܠܬܐ (pəlīltā), all from Akkadian 𒊭𒄠𒁀𒇷𒅋𒌈 (/šambaliltum/), 𒊭𒁀𒇸𒌅 (/šabbaliltu/), 𒊭𒄠𒈬 𒁀𒅋𒌈 (/šammu baliltu/, “fenugreek”, literally “mixture grass”).
The word is found in other modern Iranian languages: compare Harzani [script needed] (šunbulla), Badakhshan Tajik шалит (šalit, “orach”), Wakhi šlit, šliṭ (“Chenopodium album”), Shiraz Persian شملیز (šamliz) and Central Kurdish شمڵی (şimllî).

cog

שִׁבְּלִילְתָא

colchicum (at least variants ending in -id or -it)


لوبیا

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لوبیا • (lôbiyâ) (plural لوبیاها (lôbiyâ-hâ))

desctree

→ Arabic: لُوبِيَا (lūbiyā), لُوبِيَاء (lūbiyāʔ), لُوبَاء (lūbāʔ), لُوبِيَة (lūbiya), לוביא — Judeo-Arabic
Moroccan Arabic: لوبيا (lūbya)
→ Tarifit: ǧubiyet, rubiyet
→ Israeli Hebrew: לוּבׅיָא (lūḇīyā)
→ Spanish: alubia

→ Aramaic:

Classical Syriac: ܠܘܒܝܐ (lōbyā)

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: לובי

Classical Mandaic: ࡋࡅࡁࡉࡀ

desc

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: רוּבְיָא (rūḇəyā), לוּבְיָא (lūḇəyā)

→ Armenian: լոբի (lobi)

→ Azerbaijani: lobya

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: लोबिया (lobiyā)

Urdu: لوبیا (lobiyā)

→ Kazakh: лобия (lobiä)

→? Russian: ло́бия (lóbija)

→ Turkmen: noýba

desctree

→ Middle Armenian: լովիաս (lovias), լովէստ (lovēst), լուպիա (lupia), լուպիայ (lupiay), լուպիաս (lupias), լուվիաս (luvias), լօվիաս (lōvias)
Armenian: լուբիա (lubia)

desc

→ Middle Georgian: ლობიო (lobio), ლებუა (lebua) — Kakheti, ლებიო (lebio) — Mtiuleti, Khevi, Pshavi, Khevsureti, Tusheti, ლობიე (lobie), ლობიეი (lobiei) — Guria, ლუბია (lubia), ლუბიო (lubio), ლობია (lobia) — Fereydan (see there for further descendants)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਲੋਬੀਆ (lobīā)

Shahmukhi script: لوبیا (lobiyā)

→ Turkish: lobya

→ Uzbek: loviya

Borrowed from Ancient Greek λόβια (lóbia), plural of λόβιον (lóbion, “fruit of the cowpea (σμῖλαξ (smîlax))”), from Akkadian 𒇻𒂠𒊬 (LU-UB₂-^(SAR) /lubbu, luppu/, “cowpea”), from Sumerian 𒇻𒂠𒊬 (LU-UB₂-^(SAR) /lub/, “cowpea”), likely connected to the Sumerian 𒇻𒂠 (LU-UB₂ /lub/, “pouch, pod, bag”); possibly also found in Arabic جُلُبَّان (julubbān, “grass pea”).


باقلا

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باقلا • (bâqelâ)

fa-noun

باقلا • (bâqelâ)

From Arabic بَاقِلّاء (bāqillāʔ, “broad bean (Vicia faba)”), from Aramaic בקילא (“broad bean (Vicia faba)”).

der

نیام باقلا


آلش

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آلش • (âlaš)

fa-noun

آلش • (âlaš)


ممرز

Borrowed from Mazanderani [Term?], ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérHǵos.


نارنج

nârenj (romanization)
nâranj (romanization)

→ Azerbaijani: narınc

→ Gujarati: નારંજ (nārañj)

→ Middle Armenian: նարինջ (narinǰ)

Armenian: նարինջ (narinǰ)

[nɑː.ɾǽnd͡ʒ]

[nɑː.ɾǽnd͡ʒ]

[nɑː.ɾǽnd͡ʒ]

[nɔː.ɾǽnd͡ʒ̥]

[nɒː.ɹénd͡ʒ̥]

[nɒː.ɹǽnd͡ʒ̥]

Borrowed from Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj), from Classical Persian نارنگ (nārang).

Citrus aurantium
Citrus aurantium#Translingual

Seville orange, bitter orange, Citrus aurantium


گون

Apparently گو (gaw, “cow”) with suffix as hinted at گرزن (garzan, “crown”).


کنار

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کنار • (konâr)

fa-noun

کنار • (konâr)

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kunār). Compare Classical Syriac ܟܢܪܐ (kənārā), Old Armenian քնարուկ (kʻnaruk), Late Koine Greek κόνναρος (kónnaros), Iranian borrowings.

inh+

Ziziphus, especially of species Ziziphus spina-christi


ارس

Ultimately from Proto-Iranian *Raxsā- (“swift-flowing”), akin to Sanskrit रङ्घते (raṅghate, “to hasten, run”). Compare Old Armenian Երասխ (Erasx), Ancient Greek Ἀράξης (Aráxēs), Old Georgian რახსი (raxsi), Iranian borrowings.


بید

→ Northern Kurdish: bîd

From Middle Persian [script needed] (wyt /wēd/), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *waytaháh, from Proto-Iranian *waytasás, from Proto-Indo-European *wéh₁itis.

inh

درختِ بید


بید

Unknown, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split”), in reference to the harmful activities of these insects. Compare the variants بیو (biv), بیب (bib).

der

moth; especially, the clothes moth or other types of moths that cause damage to crops or fabric, or the larva thereof


بید

Borrowed from Urdu بید (bed) / Hindi बेद (bed), from Sanskrit वेद (veda).

چهار بید که به زعم ایشان نامهٔ سماوی است به لغت سنسکریت است که در هیچ شهری بدان زبان تکلم نکنند سوای کتب این طایفه یافته نشود.

c. 1655, دبستان مذاهب [Dabistān-i Mazāhib]:

The four Vedas, which they claim to be celestial texts, are in the Sanskrit language, which is a language not spoken in any city and is not to be found except in the books of this sect.

čahâr bêd ki ba za'm-i êšân nâma-yi samâwî ast ba luğat-i sanskrît ast ki dar hêč šahrî bad-ân zabân takallum na-kunand siwây kutub-i în tâyifa yâfta na-šawad.

(Indo-Persian, obsolete) Veda (Hindu scripture)


توله

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توله • (tôle)

fa-noun

توله • (tôle)

Inherited from Middle Persian *tōlag, whence also Arabic طَوْلَق (ṭawlaq, “mallow”).


بالو

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بالو • (bâlu)

fa-noun

بالو • (bâlu)

desctree

→ Middle Armenian: բալ (bal)
Armenian: բալ (bal)

Akin to Proto-Georgian-Zan *bal- (“wild cherry”). The nature of the relationship and the ultimate origin are unknown.

unk

unknown


خارگیل

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خارگیل • (xârgil) (plural خارگیلها (xârgil-hâ))

[xɒːɹ.ɡʲíːl̥]

Blend of خار (xār／xâr) + نارگیل (nārgēl／nârgil).


دوریان

Borrowed from English durian, from Malay durian.


بادرنگ

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بادرنگ • (bâdrang)

fa-noun

بادرنگ • (bâdrang)

Tajik: бодиринг (bodiring)

Uzbek: bodring

Kazakh: бәдірен (bädıren)

Kyrgyz: бадыраң (badıraŋ)

→ Gujarati: બાદરંગ (bādraṅg)

[bɑːð.ˈɾaŋɡ]

[bɑːd̪.ɾǽŋɡ]

[bɑːd̪.ɾǽŋɡ]

[bɑːd̪.ɾǽŋɡ]

[bɔːd̪.ɾǽŋɡ̥]

[bɒːd̪.ɹǽŋɡʲ̥]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (wʾtlng /wādrang/, “citron”). Akin to Manichaean Parthian [script needed] (wʾdrwng /wādrūng/, “lemon balm, balm mint”) and Iranian-borrowed Old Armenian վարունգ (varung), Mongolian батраш (batraš), Kalmyk батраш (batraş). Further origin in Sanskrit मातुलुङ्ग (mātuluṅga, “citron (tree)”).


ون

Probably from Mazanderani [Term?]., from Middle Persian wn' (/wan/, “tree”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wán- (“tree, wood”).


کنگر

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کنگر • (kangar) (plural کنگرها (kangar-hâ))

desc

→ Arabic: كَنْكَر (kankar), كَنْجَر (kanjar)

→ Middle Armenian: կանկար (kankar), կանկառ (kankaṙ)

desctree

Armenian: կանկառ (kankaṙ), կանկար (kankar)
→ Cappadocian Greek: καγκάρι (kagkári)

→ Azerbaijani: kəngər

→ Ottoman Turkish: كنگر (kenger)

Turkish: kenger

→ Northern Luri: کݩڳێر (kenğır)

[kʰʲæɲ.ɡʲǽɹ]

Probably an ancient Aramaic borrowing, given that widespread Northeastern Neo-Aramaic ܩܰܠܩܳܐ (qalqa, “cardoon”) has another widespread variant ܩܰܩܢܳܐ (qaqna). For ܩ (q) giving ک (k) see کما (komâ, “Ferula”), for the ر (r) شنار (šenâr, “swimming; horehound”) in place of شنا (šenâ), though trailing extension of a root by ر (r) within Semitic is also very often observed, so either way a match is statistically likely.


چنار

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چنار • (čenâr) (plural چنارها (čenâr-hâ))

[t͡ʃi.ˈnɑːɾ]

[t͡ʃʰɪ.nɑ́ːɾ]

[t͡ʃʰɪ.nɑ́ːɾ]

[t͡ʃʰɪ.nɑ́ːɾ]

[t͡ʃʰi.nɔ́ːɾ]

[t͡ʃʰe.nɒ́ːɹ]

[t͡ʃʰi.nɔ́ɾ]

Platanus orientalis
Platanus orientalis#Translingual

chinar, oriental plane, Platanus orientalis


زیزفون

Borrowed from Arabic زَيْزَفُون (zayzafūn), from Ancient Greek ζίζυφον (zízuphon).


قرنفل

→ Adyghe: къэрмэфибл (qɛrmɛfibl)

→ Azerbaijani: qərənfil

desc

→ Bashkir: ҡәләмфер (qələmfer), ҡәнәфер (qənəfer)

→ Kazakh: қалампыр (qalampyr)

→ Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: qerefîl, qerenfîl

Central Kurdish: قەنەفِڵ (qenefill)

→ Kyrgyz: калемпир (kalempir)

→ Ottoman Turkish: قرنفل (karanfil) (see there for further descendants)

> Turkish: karanfil (inherited)

→ Uyghur: قەرەنفىل (qerenfil), قەلەمپۇر (qelempur)

→ Uzbek: qalampir

Borrowed from Arabic قَرَنْفُل (qaranful).


توسکا

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توسکا • (tuskâ) (plural توسکاها (tuskâ-hâ))

Borrowed from Mazanderani توسکا (tuskā), تسکا (teskā), توسا (tusā), تسا (tosā, “alder”). Apparently ultimately Mongolic, Mongolian хус (xus, “birch”), with the ending ـا (-â) as in many Mongolic nouns auslauting in -аа (-aa); correspondingly, Persian قان (qân, “birch”) is from Turkic.

betulaceous tree, alder or birch (whereof the disyllables more often alder and the monosyllables birch)

Sorbus aucuparia
Sorbus aucuparia#Translingual

(variant تیس (tis)) mountain ash, rowan (Sorbus aucuparia)


توسکا

توسکا • (tuskâ)

fa-proper noun

توسکا • (tuskâ)

a female given name, Tooska, Touska, Tuska


زغال

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زغال • (zoğâl) (plural زغالها (zoğâl-hâ))

→ Arabic: زُوقَال (zūqāl)

→ Azerbaijani: zoğal

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܙܘܓܠ f (zoġal)

→ Khalaj: zuğâl

→ Northern Kurdish: zuẍal

desc

→ Middle Armenian: զողալ (zoġal), զղալ (zġal)

Armenian: զողալ (zoġal), զուղալ (zuġal)

→ Ottoman Turkish: زغال (zuğal)

Turkish: zağal; zanğal, zaval; zavrak; zoğal; zonğal; zoval; zuğal; zuhal; zuval

→ Udi: зокъал (zoq̇al)

Ultimately from Proto-Iranian *jar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ar-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵwelH- (“to burn, shine”). Compare Proto-Germanic *kulą (“coal”), Irish gual (“coal”).


شفتالو

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شفتالو • (šaftâlu)

fa-noun

شفتالو • (šaftâlu)

desc

→ Armenian: շավթալ (šavtʻal), շաֆդալի (šafdali), շափտալի (šapʻtali), շեֆթալի (šeftʻali), շաֆթալի (šaftʻali), շեֆթելյու (šeftʻelyu), շավթլի (šavtʻli) (in some cases via Turkic)

→ Chechen: шаптал (šaptal)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: शफ़तालू (śaftālū)

Urdu: شفتالو (śaftālū)

→ Ingush: шапта (šapta)

→ Kabardian: шэфтал (šɛftal)

→ Karachay-Balkar: шаптал (şaptal)

→ Kazakh: шабдалы (şabdaly)

→ Turkmen: şetdaly

→ Turkmen: شبداله (“şepdaly”) (Turkmensahra)

→ Khalaj: şəftâlu

→ Kyrgyz: шабдалы (şabdalı), шапталы (şaptalı)

→ Russian: шептала́ (šeptalá) (via Turkic)

→ Shor: шаптал

→ Shor: шаптал

desctree

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: شفتالو (şeftalü, şeftali)
Azerbaijani: şaftalı
Gagauz: шефтели
Ottoman Turkish: شفتالو (şeftalı)
Turkish: şeftali, şeftalı
→ Bulgarian: шефталия (šeftalija) (archaic)
→ Crimean Tatar: şaftalı
→ Northern Kurdish: şeftalî
→ Ladino: shefteli
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шефтелија, шептелија, шевтелија, шепталија (archaic)
Latin script: šeftelija, šeptelija, ševtelija, šeptalija (archaic)

→ Uyghur: شاپتۇل (shaptul)

→ Uzbek: шафтоли (shaftoli)

[ʃäf.t̪ʰɑː.lúː]

[ʃäf.t̪ʰɑː.lúː]

[ʃäf.t̪ʰɑː.lúː]

[ʃäf.t̪ʰɔː.lú]

[ʃæf.t̪ʰɒː.lúː]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (špt'twk' /šiftālūg/, “peach”), a compound describing its texture of [Term?] (/šift/, “milk”) via Northwestern Iranian from Proto-Iranian *xšwiptah (“milk”) and [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlwk' /ālūg/, “plum”).


ورتاج

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ورتاج • (vartâj) (plural ورتاجها (vartâj-hâ))


سپند

→ Middle Armenian: սպանդ (spand)

→ Ottoman Turkish: سپند

→ Wakhi: spandr

From Middle Persian [script needed] (spand), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *cwantaH (“holy”) (compare Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta, “holy”) and Middle Persian sp(y)nʾk' (spenāg, “holy”)), because the plant is used in fumigation against evil eye. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwen-.
Persian اسپناخ (espanâx, “spinach”), سپندان (sepandân, “mustard seed; garden cress seed”) (from Middle Persian spndʾn' (spandān, “mustard seed”)) and Northern Kurdish sping (“meadow salsify”) may be related.

cog

Peganum harmala
Peganum harmala#Translingual


دال

From Middle Persian d'lmn (/dālman/, “eagle, lammergeyer”). Cognate with Southern Luri دال (dâl, “eagle”), from the same root.

inh

دال معمولی


پودنه

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پودنه • (classical pûdina, iranian pudene)

classical pûdina (romanization)
iranian pudene (romanization)

→ Assamese: পদিনা (podina)

→ Bengali: পুদিনা (pudina)

desctree

→ Georgian: პიტნა (ṗiṭna), პიტნაკი (ṗiṭnaḳi)
→ Armenian: պիտնա (pitna)
→ Laz: პიტნე (p̌iťne)
→ Mingrelian: პიტინე (ṗiṭine)
→ Svan: პიტნა̈ჲ (ṗiṭnäy)

→ Gujarati: ફુદીનો (phudīno)

→ Hindi: पुदीना (pudīnā)
→ English: pudina
→ Burmese: ပူဒီနာ (pudina)
→ Malay: pudina
→ Tamil: புதினா (putiṉā)

→ Kannada: ಪುದೀನ (pudīna)

→ Konkani: पुदीन (pudīn)

→ Malayalam: പുതിന (putina)

→ Marathi: पुदिना (pudinā)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: պուտինա (putina), պուտինայ (putinay)

→ Punjabi: ਪੁਦੀਨਾ (pudīnā) / پُدینا (pudenā)

q

→ Sanskrit: पुदीन (pudīna) (first attested in Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara, 16th century)

→ Telugu: పుదీనా (pudīnā)

From Middle Persian *pūdīnag, [script needed] (pūdanag). Akin to Mazanderani پتنیک (petenik), Northern Kurdish pûng (“Mentha pulegium”), Arabic فُوذَنَج (fūḏanaj, “Mentha pulegium”). Earlier also *pūtīnag and *pūtanag, whence Arabic فُوتَنَج (fūtanaj), Classical Syriac ܦܘܛܢܐ (puṭənā), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic פוּטְנַק (pūṭənaq), פוּטְנַג (pūṭənag).


ماش

Tajik: мош (moš)

→ Arabic: مَاش (māš)

→ Azerbaijani: maş

→ Georgian: მაშა (maša)

→ Karakalpak: мәш

→ Kazakh: мәш (mäş)

→? Russian: маш (maš)

→ Romanian: maș (Moldova)

→ Ukrainian: маш (maš)

→ Middle Armenian: մաշ (maš)

Armenian: մաշ (maš)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: ماش (maş)
Turkish: maş

→ Uzbek: мош (mosh)

From or otherwise related to Sanskrit माष (māṣa, “mungo bean”).

Vigna radiata
Vigna radiata#Translingual

ماش سبز
ماش سبز#Persian

ماش سیاه
ماش سیاه#Persian

mung bean (Vigna radiata, ماش سبز (mâš sabz)) and mungo bean (Vigna mungo, ماش سیاه (mâš siyâh))


آبنوس

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آبنوس • (âbnus)

fa-noun

آبنوس • (âbnus)

desctree

→ Arabic: أَبْنُوس (ʔabnūs), آبِنُوس (ʔābinūs), يَابَنُوس (yābanūs) — obsolete
→ Catalan: banús
→ Hebrew: יאבנוס, אבנוס (Medieval)
→ Spanish: ebanuz
→ Malay: abnus
→ Swahili: abunusi

→ Bengali: আবলুস (abolus)

desc

→ Gujarati: અબનૂસ (abanūs), અબનૂરા (abanūrā)

→ Hindi: आबनूस (ābnūs)

→ Middle Armenian: ապանօս (apanōs)

Armenian: աբանոս (abanos)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: آبانوز (abanoz), آبنوس (abnus) — obsolete, ապանօզ (abanoz) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: abanoz
→ Albanian: abanoz
→ Armenian: ապանօզ (apanōz)
→ Aromanian: abanozi
→ Bulgarian: абано́с (abanós)
→ Georgian: აბანოზი (abanozi)
→ Greek: αμπανόζι (ampanózi)
→ Macedonian: абонос (abonos)
→ Romanian: abanos
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: а̀бонос
Latin script: àbonos

→ Uyghur: ئابنۇس (abnus)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾpnws /abnūs/), from Ancient Greek ἔβενος (ébenos), from Egyptian hbnj (“ebony”).


سرو

→ Azerbaijani: sərv

→ Tatar: сәрви (särwi), сәрби (särbi)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: سروی (servi), سلوی (selvi) — Vulgar Turkish
Turkish: servi, selvi
→ Albanian: selvi
→ Armenian: սալվի (salvi), սալբ (salb), սալբի (salbi), սելվի (selvi), սևլի (sewli), սարվի (sarvi) (all dialectal), Սալբի (Salbi) (female given name)
→ Bulgarian: се́лвия (sélvija), се́влия (sévlija) — metathesis, σέλβεια — Greek
→ Greek: σελβίνι (selvíni) — Cretan
→ Macedonian: селвија (selvija)
→ Serbo-Croatian: sèlvija／сѐлвија
→ Crimean Tatar: servi, selbi

From Middle Persian 𐫘𐫡𐫇 (srw /sarw/, “cypress”), a Near Eastern Wanderwort. Perhaps from Classical Syriac ܫܱܪܘܱܝܢܳܐ (šarwēnā, “cypress”), ultimately from Akkadian 𒋗𒌫𒎙 (šu-ur₂-min₃ /šurmēnu/, “cypress”), from Sumerian 𒋗𒌫𒈨 (šu-ur₂-me /šurmen/, “cypress”).


آلوبالو

head

آلوبالو • (âlubâlu)

fa-noun

آلوبالو • (âlubâlu)

→ Azerbaijani: albalı

desctree

→ Georgian: ალუბალი (alubali)
→ Armenian: ալուբալի (alubali) — Tbilisi

→ Gujarati: આલૂબાલૂ (ālūbālū), આલુબાલુ (ālubālu)

→ Northern Kurdish: alûbalû

→ Lezgi: ала баъли (ala baʾli)

→ Nogai: аьлбели (älbeli)

آلبالو آلبالو#Persian

Alternative form of آلبالو (âlbâlu, “sour cherry”)


اسپرزه

→ Arabic: أَسْفِيُوس (ʔasfiyūs)

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: इसबग़ोल (isabġol), इसबगोल (isbagol) — nuqtaless, इस्बग़ोल (isbaġol), इस्बगोल (isbagol), इस्पग़ोल (ispaġol), इस्पगोल (ispagol)

desctree

Urdu: اسبغول (isabgol, isbagol), اسپغول (ispaġol)
→ Arabic: إِسْبَغُول (ʔisbaḡōl)
→ Bengali: ইসবগুল (isobgul)
→ English: ispaghula, ispaghul, isabgol, spogel
→ French: ispaghul
→ Italian: ispaghul
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਈਸਬਗੋਲ (īsbagol)
Shahmukhi script: اسبغول (īsbagol)
→ Russian: исфа́гула (isfágula)
→ Tamil: இசப்கோல் (icapkōl)

اسب (asb), اسپ (asp, “horse”) + گوش (gôš), غوش (ğôš), غول (ğôl, “ear”), because the seeds remind of horse ears, and پرزه (parza, “powder”) by their dosage form.


تمر هندی

Borrowed from Arabic تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy).

bor+

تَمْر هِنْدِيّ


سوسنبر

→ Armenian: սուսամբար (susambar)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: սիսամբար (sisambar), սիսանպար (sisanpar)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (sysymbl), [script needed] (sysynbl /sīsīmbar/, “sisymbrium, wild thyme”), from Ancient Greek σισύμβριον (sisúmbrion).

inh

Thymus serpyllum
Thymus serpyllum#Translingual


آویشن

head

آویشن • (âvišan)

fa-noun

آویشن • (âvišan)

[ʔɒː.viː.ʃɒ́ːn]

From earlier form آبشن (ābišan) from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾp̄yšn' /ābēšan ~ ābešan/).


مالته

mâlte (romanization)
mâlta (romanization)

[mɑːl̪.t̪ʰǽ]

Borrowed from Pashto مالټه, from Urdu مالٹا (mālṭā), originally the name of certain cultivars from Malta introduced by the Portuguese.

der

Urdu مالٹا (mālṭā)


مورد

→ Malay: murad

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (mwlt' /mōrd/), which is akin to Ancient Greek μύρτος (múrtos); see there for more.


کندر

→ Azerbaijani: kündür

[kʰʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ]

[kʰʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ]

[kʰʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwndl /kundur/, “frankincense”). Compare the Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian կնդրուկ (kndruk), Old Georgian გუნდრუკი (gundruḳi), Udi куьнддуьрукӏ (künddüruḳ), Aramaic [script needed] (qndrwg), Sanskrit कुन्दुर (kundura), कुन्दुरुक (kunduruka).

cog

куьнддуьрукӏ

Udi куьнддуьрукӏ (künddüruḳ)


صنوبر

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: सनोवर (sanovar), सनोबर (sanobar)

Urdu: صنوبر (sanobar)

→ Malay: sanubari
Indonesian: sanubari

Borrowed from Arabic صَنَوْبَر (ṣanawbar, “pine”).


نارون

head

نارون • (nârvan)

fa-noun

نارون • (nârvan)

Akin to Manichaean Parthian 𐫗𐫀𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫗 (nārwān /nʾrwʾn/, “elm”) and Old Uyghur 𐫗𐫀𐫡𐫇𐫗 (narvan /nʾrβn/, “elm”) (also 𐽺𐽰𐽾𐽱𐽰𐽺 (nʾrβʾn)).

cog

(Transoxianan, obsolete) a large tree with many branches


ترنج

head

ترنج • (classical turunj, turanj, iranian toronj, toranj)

classical turunj (romanization)
turanj (romanization)
iranian toronj (romanization)
toranj (romanization)

desc

→ Gujarati: તુરુંજ (turuñj), તુરંજ (turañj)

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾʊnd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾänd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾʊnd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾänd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾʊnd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾänd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰu.ɾänd͡ʒ̥]

[t̪ʰo.ɹænd͡ʒ̥]

ترنجیدن

classical turunjîdan, iranian toronjidan

ترنج باید در مرکز فرش قرار گیرد

The medallion should be placed in the center of carpet …

toranj bâyad dar markaz-e farš qarâr girad

بررسی نقش نمادین ترنج در فرش ایرانی

On the Symbolic Role of Medallion in Persian Carpet

barresi-ye naqš-e namâdin-e toranj dar farš-e irâni

(art) medallion created using rich arabesque patterns usually found in some artworks, especially that of a (Persian) carpet, an illuminated manuscript, or in Islamic tiles


شرابه

head

شرابه • (šarâbe)

fa-noun

شرابه • (šarâbe)

Borrowed from Arabic شَرَّابَة (šarrāba).


مرزه

From a Middle Persian simple term seen in the first compound part of Arabic مَرْزَنْجُوش (marzanjūš, “marjoram”) + ـه (-a), look there for more.

cog

مَرْزَنْجُوش


بلنجمشک

desc

فَلَنْجَمُشْك

أَفْلَنْجَمُشْك

فَرَنْجَمُشْك

بَرَنْجَمُشْك

أَفْرَنْجَمُشْك

→ Arabic: فَلَنْجَمُشْك (falanjamušk), أَفْلَنْجَمُشْك (ʔaflanjamušk), فَرَنْجَمُشْك (faranjamušk), بَرَنْجَمُشْك (baranjamušk), أَفْرَنْجَمُشْك (ʔafranjamušk)

From a variant of بالنگ (bâlang, “citron; cucumber”) or بادرنگ (bâdrang, “cucumber; lemon”) + مشک (mošk, “moschus”), compare the lemon-balm’s other common names وارنگبو (vârang-bu, literally “citron-smelling”) and بادرنگبویه (bâdrang-buye, literally “cucumber-smelling or citron-smelling”). The f-anlauting forms are understood as from فرنج (faranj, “Frank”) perceiving a “Frankish moschus, European moschus”.


هرول

By specialization from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwlwl), 𐫀𐫇𐫡𐫇𐫡 (ʾwrwr /urwar/, “plant, crop, vegetable”), from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥HwáraH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥HwáraH, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥h₃-wé-reh₂ (“fertile land”) from *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”). Compare dialectal Persian الور (olvar, “legume”). Otherwise borrowed from one of the Aramaic ancestors of Arabic خُلَّر (ḵullar), see it.


تبریزی

fa-adj

تبریزی • (tabrêzi)

تبریز + ـی. For the development of the "poplar" sense see Old Armenian կաղամախի (kałamaxi).


سندروس

Borrowed from Arabic سَنْدَرُوس (sandarūs).

bor+

Tetraclinis articulata
Tetraclinis articulata#Translingual


شاه‌بلوط

head

شاهبلوط • (šâh-balut)

fa-noun

شاهبلوط • (šâh-balut)

شاهبلوط (canonical)
šâh-balut (romanization)

desc

شَاهْبَلُّوط

→ Arabic: شَاهْبَلُّوط (šāhballūṭ)

→ Arabic: شَاهْبَلُّوط (šāhballūṭ)

→ Azerbaijani: şabalıd

→ Middle Armenian: շահպալութ (šahpalutʻ), շահպալլուտ (šahpallut)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (šhblwt' /šāhbalūt/, “chestnut”). Compare Persian بلوط (“acorn”).


ساج

Ultimately from Sanskrit शाक (śāka, “vegetable; herb; teak-tree”).

der

teak tree and wood (Tectona gen. et spp.)


شمشاد

head

شمشاد • (šemšâd) (plural شمشادها (šemšâd-hâ))

desc

→ Arabic: شَمْشَاد (šamšād), شَمْشَار (šamšār), شَمْشِير (šamšīr)

→ Kazakh: шамшат (şamşat)

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: شمشاد (şimşad)

Azerbaijani: şümşad

→ Lezgi: шуьмшат (šümšat)

→ Lezgi: шуьмшат (šümšat)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: چمشیر (çimşir), شمشیر (şimşir), شمشار (şimşar), شمشاد (şimşad)
Turkish: şimşir
→ Albanian: shimshir
→ Aromanian: šimšír
→ Bulgarian: чимши́р (čimšír), чемши́р (čemšír)
→ Greek: τσιμσίρι (tsimsíri), τσιμισίρι (tsimisíri)
→ Karachay-Balkar: шемсер (şemser)
→ Macedonian: шимшир (šimšir)
→ Romanian: cimișir, cimșir
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шѝмшир
Latin script: šìmšir

→ Pashto: شمشاد (šamšâd)

→ Punjabi: ਸ਼ਮਸ਼ਾਦ (śamśād)

→ Russian: самши́т (samšít)

→ Belarusian: самши́т (samšít)

→ Ukrainian: самши́т (samšýt)

→ Turkmen: şemşat

→ Uzbek: шамшод (shamshod)

[ʃɪm.ʃɑ́ːd̪]

[ʃɪm.ʃɑ́ːd̪]

[ʃɪm.ʃɑ́ːd̪]

[ʃim.ʃɔ́ːd̪̥]

[ʃem.ʃɒ́ːd̪̥]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (šmšʾl /šimšār/), borrowed from Classical Syriac ܫܡܫܪܐ (šemšārā, šamšārā), ܫܡܫܛ (šemšaṭ, “boxwood”), or perhaps the other way around, ultimately of uncertain origin. Cognate with Akkadian 𒅆𒈨𒌍𒊭𒇻𒌋 (ši-meš-ša-lu-u /šimeššalû/), 𒋆𒊭𒇻𒌋 (šim-ša-lu-u /šimšalû, šimšallu/, “a tree; potentially boxwood”).

der

šemšārā, šamšārā

cog

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual


کولخاس

head

کولخاس • (kulexâs)

fa-noun

کولخاس • (kulexâs)


گیدی

→ Arabic: كَاذِيّ (kāḏiyy)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كاذی (kazi)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (gytyk /gēdīg/) (attested in Husraw ī Kawādān ud rēdag-ē), probably from Sanskrit केतक (ketaka).

inh

گل گیدی


صنار

head

صنار • (senâr)

چنار چنار#Persian

(rare) Alternative form of چنار (čenâr, “oriental plane (Platanus orientalis)”)


یاسمن

Etymology tree
Middle Persian yʾsmn'
Persian یاسمن
From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (yʾsmn' /yāsaman/, “jasmine”). Akin to Sogdian 𐫝𐫀𐫢𐫖𐫗 (cʾšmn /jāsmin/) and the Iranian borrowings: Classical Syriac ܝܣܡܐ (yasmā), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic יסמין (/ysmyn/), Byzantine Greek ἰάσμη (iásmē), Old Armenian յասմիկ (yasmik).


مازو

head

مازو • (mâzu)

fa-noun

مازو • (mâzu)

→ Hindi: माजूफल (mājūphal)

desc

→ Urdu: ماجو (mājū), مازو (māzū), ماجوپهل (mājūphal)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: مازو (mazu, mazı), مازی (mazı)
Turkish: mazı
→ Armenian: մազի (mazi)

Akin to Central Kurdish مازوو (mazû), Northern Kurdish mazî, Southern Kurdish مازێ (mazê), and Gurani مازوو (mâzû), and Chinese 沒食子／没食子 (mòshízǐ), a Middle Iranian borrowing, all meaning the oak apple.

(usually دار مازو (dâr mâzu)) gall oak, Aleppo oak (Quercus infectoria)


مازریون

head

مازریون • (mâzaryun)

fa-noun

مازریون • (mâzaryun)

desctree

→ Arabic: مَازَرْيُون (māzaryūn), مَازَر (māzar)
→ Medieval Hebrew: מאזריון
→ Medieval Latin: mezereon, almezereon, mezereum
→ Translingual: Daphne mezereum
→ English: mezereon, mezereum
→ French: mézéréon
→ Portuguese: mezereão
→ Spanish: mezereón
→ Middle Armenian: մազարիոն (mazarion) (or from Persian)

→ Ottoman Turkish: مازریون (mezeryon)

Turkish: mezeryon

From ماز (mâz, “oak gall”) + زریون (zaryun, “green, fresh”, literally “gold-coloured”), a dvandva after the berries and leaves of the plant, probably borrowed from another Iranian language as the second part of the compound is of restricted, literary use.

Daphne mezereum
Daphne mezereum#Translingual

mezereon, spurge-olive (Daphne mezereum)


پودینه

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


دهمشت

desc

→ Arabic: دَهْمَسْت (dahmast), دَهْمَشْت (dahmašt)

→ Ottoman Turkish: دهمشت (dehmešt), دهمست (dehmest)


آلوی بخارا

head

آلوی بخارا • (âlu-ye boxârâ)

fa-noun

آلوی بخارا • (âlu-ye boxârâ)

desc

→ Armenian: ալբուխարա (albuxara), ալբուխարի (albuxari), ալբուխար (albuxar), ալիբուխարա (alibuxara), ալի պոխորա (ali poxora)

→ Azerbaijani: albuxara

→ English: alubukhara, alu-bukhara, alu bukhara, albukhara, aloo bukhara, aloo bokhara, aloobukhara

→ Hindi: आलूबुखारा (ālūbukhārā)

→ Hindi: आलूबुखारा (ālūbukhārā)

→ Nepali: आरु बुखारा (āru bukhārā)

→ Ottoman Turkish: آلوی بخارا (alu buhara)

→ Pashto: آلوبخارا (ālubuxārā́)

→ Russian: алибухара (alibuxara), али-бухара (ali-buxara), алибухар (alibuxar), альбухара (alʹbuxara)

[ʔɑː.luː.jɪ bʊ.xɑː.ɾɑ́ː]

[ʔɑː.luː.jɪ bʊ.xɑː.ɾɑ́ː]

[ʔɑː.luː.jɪ bʊ.xɑː.ɾɑ́ː]

Literally, "plum of Bukhara", from آلو (âlu, “plum”) and بخارا (boxârâ, “Bukhara”).


خیار چنبر

head

خیار چنبر • (xiyâr čanbar)

desc

خِيَار شَنْبَر

→ Arabic: خِيَار شَنْبَر (ḵiyār šanbar)

→ Arabic: خِيَار شَنْبَر (ḵiyār šanbar)

→ Gujarati: ખયારસંબર (khayārsambar)

→ Ottoman Turkish: خیارشنبه (hıyarşembe)

Turkish: hıyarşembe

→ Middle Armenian: խիարշամպար (xiaršampar), խիարշամբար (xiaršambar), խիար շամբլ (xiar šambl), խիարշամբայ (xiaršambay), խիարշամպայ (xiaršampay), խիարշամպէ (xiaršampē), խիարշանպէ (xiaršanpē) (some forms via Ottoman Turkish)

Armenian: խիարշեմպե (xiaršempe), խըյարշեմպե (xəyaršempe), խիար շեմպե (xiar šempe), խիարշէմպէ (xiaršēmpē), խըյարշէմպէ (xəyaršēmpē), խիար շէմպէ (xiar šēmpē) — traditional orthography

Cassia fistula
Cassia fistula#Translingual


سداب

sadâb (romanization)
sodâb (romanization)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: سداب (sedâb, sedâp), سدب (sedeb, sedep), سدف (sedef)
Turkish: sedef
→ Bulgarian: седе́ф (sedéf), седефче (sedefče)
→ Macedonian: седеф (sedef), седефче (sedefče)
→ Middle Armenian: սատաֆ (sataf)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Latin script: sèdef
Cyrillic script: сѐдеф

→ Middle Armenian: սատապ (satap)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (stʾp /saẟāb/), Compare Arabic سَذَاب (saḏāb) and Classical Syriac ܣܕܒ (/*səḏāḇ/) borrowed from it.

inh

Ruta graveolens
Ruta graveolens#Translingual


گوجه سبز

→ Gulf Arabic: كوجة (kōja)

→ English: greengage (calque)


ماشک

head

ماشک • (mâšak)

fa-noun

ماشک • (mâšak)


شبدر

desc

→ Russian: шабда́р (šabdár, “Persian clover, Trifolium resupinatum”)

Cognate to Pashto شغتل, شوتل, شوتله (“clover”).


اسپرس

[ʔɪs.pʰɪ́ɹs]

[ʔɪs.pʰɪ́ɹs]

[ʔɪs.pʰɪ́ɹs]

Borrowed from French esparcet, esparcette, from Occitan esparceto or Spanish esparceta, possibly related to esparcir (“to scatter”).


یونجه

Borrowed from Azerbaijani yonca (“clover; alfalfa”).


کاکوتی

head

کاکوتی • (kâkuti)

fa-noun

کاکوتی • (kâkuti)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ككك اوتی (kekik otu, “thyme”), also kek otu.


فاخره

head

فاخره • (fâxere)

fa-noun

فاخره • (fâxere)

Sichuan pepper (any of the spice plants under the Zanthoxylum genus and their produce)


ترشک

→ Azerbaijani: turşəng

→ Uzbek: turshak (“dried apricots”)

[t̪ʰoɹ.ʃǽkʲ]

From ترش (torš, “sour”) + ـک (-ak). Compare Armenian թրթնջուկ (tʻrtʻnǰuk, “sorrel”).


گندلاش

gandalâš (romanization)
gandlâš (romanization)

desc

→ Armenian: քանդալաշ (kʻandalaš, “elder”)

desctree

→ Azerbaijani: gəndalaş (“elder”), gəndal (Zangilan), geηgəlaş (Oghuz)
→ Budukh: гандалаш (gandalaš)
→ Khinalug: гандалаш (gandalaš)
→ Udi: гандалаш (gandalaš)

Contains گند (gand, “stink, stench, bad smell, fetid smell”) as the first element, as also گندنا (gandanâ, “leek”).
Related to Judeo-Tat kongoluş, Talysh qandalaş (“elder”).
For the development of the sense "elder" note that elder has a bad smell. Its berries are used to make a dye.

(Astara) velvet maple, Persian maple (Acer velutinum)


باقالی

head

باقالی • (bâqâli)

fa-noun

باقالی • (bâqâli)


غان

The Turkic *kiān (“blood”) as in Kazakh қандыағаш (qandyağaş, “alder”). Analogously, for cornel, *kïŕïl (“red”) also sufficed alone for a dendronym in East Slavic, Russian кизи́л (kizíl), Ukrainian кизи́л (kyzýl), Belarusian кізі́л (kizíl), in spite of Turkic languages themselves only using derivations from the adjective therefor. Compare the other name of betulaceous plants هوش (huš) in Persian corresponding to Mongolian хус (xus, “birch”).


خون سیاوشان

head

خون سیاوشان • (xun-e siyâvašân, xun-e siyâvošân)

xun-e siyâvašân (romanization)
xun-e siyâvošân (romanization)

Inherited from Middle Persian *xōn-i siyāwaxšān equivalent to Neo-Persian خون (xūn, “blood”) + a by-form of سیاوش (siyāwuš), within the ancient Iranian religion mythicized as a character whose blood purified everyone, paralleled by the wide range of application of the red resin of the dragon tree.
The S͟ẖahnāma then preserves the idea in the recount that the legendary prince falls victim to افراسیاب (afrāsiyāb) and where his blood was spilled the dragon-tree grew, accompanied by پر سیاوشان (par-i siyāwašān, “maidenhair fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris”) representing the crest on his helmet.
To this day the passion is reenacted in the course of the bloody Muḥarram mourning rituals, after a history of transformation in which during the emergence of S͟ẖiʿa Islam Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī took the place of the likewise violently killed Siiāuuaršan of the Avesta.

inh+

History of Shia Islam
Mourning of Muharram
ancient Iranian religion
fa:خون سیاوشان


میش بهار

head

میش بهار • (mēš-bahār)

fa-noun

میش بهار • (mēš-bahār)

desc

→ Arabic: مِيشْبَهَار (mīšbahār)

→ Arabic: مِيشْبَهَار (mīšbahār)

Inherited from Middle Persian *hamēšag-wahār, whence also Classical Syriac ܡܝܫܓܒܗܪ (myšgbhr), ܡܝܫܟܒܗܪ (myškbhr), ܡܫܟܒܗܪ (mškbhr).
By surface analysis, همیشه (hamēša) + بهار (bahār).

surf

houseleek (Sempervivum), stonecrop (Sedum spp., Hylotelephium spp.), perennial flowering succulents of the Sedoideae subfamily about the taxonomy of which there is no consensus yet


شنار

head

شنار • (šanār, šinār)

fa-noun

شنار • (šanār, šinār)

šanār (romanization)
šinār (romanization)

desc

→ Arabic: شَنَار (šanār), شِنَار (šinār)

See the swimming word, in this case from a form *snā-θra with the tool suffix *-θra from Proto-Indo-European *-trom.

Obsolete form of شنا (šinā, “swimming”).


خلنگ

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خَلَنْگ • (xalang)

fa-noun

خَلَنْگ • (xalang)

خَلَنْگ (canonical)
xalang (romanization)

→ Arabic: خَلَنْج (ḵalanj)


ساداوران

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ساداوران • (sādāwarān)

fa-noun

ساداوران • (sādāwarān)

desc

→ Arabic: سَادَوَرَان (sādawarān), سَادَاوَرَان (sādāwarān), سَادْآوَرَان (sādʔāwarān), سَادِرْوَان (sādirwān), سَاذَوَرَان (sāḏawarān), سَاذِرْوَان (sāḏirwān)

Uncertain constituent words, which were deformed. Dozy sees *سیاه داوران (*siyāh-i dāwarān, “black [habit of] judges”), Corriente or his ghostwriters in the same a reinterpretation of *سیاه درون (*siyāh-i darūn, “black insides”). We may suspect instead that the present plant name preserves some word’s unattested byform as is recognized for پرسیاوشان (parsiyāwušān).

Juglans regia
Juglans regia#Translingual