میوه

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میوه • (mive or mêwa) (plural میوهجات (mive-jât) or میوهها (mive-hâ))

mive (romanization)
mêwa (romanization)
میوهجات (plural)
میوهها (plural)

→ Assamese: মেৱা (mewa)

desctree

→ Chagatai: میوه
Uyghur: مېۋە (mëwe)
Uzbek: meva

→ Gujarati: મેવો (mevo)

→ Gulf Arabic: ميوة (mēwa)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: मेवा (mevā)

Urdu: میوَہ (meva)

→ Kazakh: мәуе (mäue)

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: میوه (meyve)

Azerbaijani: meyvə

Ottoman Turkish: میوه (meyve), մէյվէ (meyve) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: meyve
→ Serbo-Croatian: mȉva /ми̏ва

→ Crimean Tatar: meyva

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭩𐭥𐭪 (mēwag, “fruit”), and within Iranian, related to Manichaean Middle Persian 𐫖𐫏𐫇 (myw /mēw/), Baluchi نیوَگ (nēwag, “fruit”), and Parthian 𐫖𐫏𐫃𐫅 (mygd /miɣẟ/) and 𐫖𐫏𐫃𐫅𐫃 (mygdg /miɣẟag/, “fruit”).
The term is traditionally derived from Proto-Iranian *madvī- and further from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu (“honey, wine, mead”). However, Henning rejects this derivation, instead deriving the proto-form as *migda- and taking it as borrowed from Proto-Semitic *m-g-d- (“fruit”).

der

ز آن نداری میوهای مانند بید
کآبرو بردی پی نان سپید

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 3878:

Like the willow, thou hast no fruit,
because thou hast lost thine honour for the sake of white bread.

za ān na-dārī mēwa-ē mānand-i bēd
k-ābirū burdi pay-i nān-i sapēd


نار

→ Azerbaijani: nar

→ Bulgarian: нар (nar)

→ Gujarati: નાર (nār)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: نار (nâr)
Turkish: nar
→ Adyghe: нарэ (narɛ)
→ Kabardian: нары (narə)
→ Laz: ნარი (nari)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: нар
Latin script: nar


موز

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭬 𐭅 𐭆 (mwc /mōz/), from an earlier Middle Persian mōč, from Sanskrit मोच (moca), derived from Dravidian (compare Tamil மோத்தை (mōttai, “banana flower”), from Malayo-Polynesian (see Dobel muɁu, Manggarai muku), from Trans-New Guinea (see Fataluku muɁu, Mosimo mugu) and lastly from Proto-Trans-New Guinea *mugu.
The Arsacid/Early Middle Persian consonant č when occurring after a vowel went through a lenition process resulting in z by the end of Sassanid time, because of this it is highly unlikely this word is a loanword from Arabic as what would be borrowed exactly. Although there might have been an influence in the pronunciation of aw instead of native ō.


فندق

→ Azerbaijani: fındıq

→ Bashkir: фундук (funduk)

→ Chuvash: фундук (funduk)

desc

→ Georgian: ჶანდოხი (fandoxi) — Fereydan

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: فندق (funduq, finduq, fanduq)

→ Khalaj: fəndıq

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: فندق (funduq, fındıq)
Turkish: fındık, funduk
→ Crimean Tatar: fındıq, funduq
→ Russian: фунду́к (fundúk)
→ Belarusian: фунду́к (fundúk)
→ Estonian: fundukk
→ Ukrainian: фунду́к (fundúk)
→ Greek: φουντούκι (fountoúki)
→ Middle Armenian: ֆնտուխ (fntux)
→ Romanian: funduc, fundici

→ Tatar: фундук (funduq)

Borrowed from Arabic فُنْدُق (funduq, “hazelnut, pebble, bullet, gun”), from Middle Persian pndk' (pondik, “hazelnut”), from Ancient Greek Ποντικόν κάρυον (Pontikón káruon, “Pontic nut”), from the hazelnut's indigenousness and abundance in the area of Pontus.

der

Ποντικόν κάρυον

عشق دان ای فندق تن دوستت / جانت جوید مغز و کوبد پوستت

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume V, verse 1932:

O nut-like body, know that Love is thy friend: thy soul [inspired by Love] will seek thy kernel and batter thy shell [to pieces].

'ešq dân ey fandoq-e tan dust-at / jân-at juyad mağz o kubad pust-at


سیب

→ Bengali: সেব (Seb)

desc

→ Gujarati: સેબ (seb), સેપ (sep), સેવ (sev)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: सेब (seb)

Urdu: سیب (seb)

→ Khalaj: sîb

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸੇਬ (seb)

Shahmukhi script: سیب (seb)

→ Kannada: (via Indo-Aryan) ಸೇಬು (sēbu)

From Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭰 (sēb), from Proto-Iranian *cáywaH. Compare Sanskrit सेवि (sevi), which may be a borrowing from Iranian.


انار

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انار • (anâr)

fa-noun

انار • (anâr)

→ Awadhi: अनार (anār)

→ Bengali: আনার (anar)

→ Gujarati: અનાર (anār)

→ Hindustani: [Term?], anār

Hindi: अनार

desc

Urdu: اَنَار

Urdu: اَنَار

→ Kalmyk: анр (anr)

→ Kazakh: анар (anar)

→ Kumzari: آنر

→ Northern Kurdish: hinar

→ Kyrgyz: анар (anar)

→ Mongolian: анар (anar)

→ Nepali: अनार (anār)

→ Punjabi: ਅਨਾਰ (anār)

→ Sindhi: انار (anāru)

→ Shor: анар

→ Shor: анар

→ Turkmen: nar

→ Uyghur: ئانار (anar)

→ Uzbek: anor

desctree

⇒ Persian: نار (nâr)
→ Azerbaijani: nar
→ Bulgarian: нар (nar)
→ Gujarati: નાર (nār)
→ Ottoman Turkish: نار (nâr)
Turkish: nar
→ Adyghe: нарэ (narɛ)
→ Kabardian: нары (narə)
→ Laz: ნარი (nari)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: нар
Latin script: nar

From Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾnʾl /anār/). Arguably ultimately related to the pomegranate terms under Arabic رُمَّان (rummān).


گزر

desc

→ Arabic: جَزَر (jazar), جَزَرَة (jazara)

Egyptian Arabic: جزر (gazar)

Hijazi Arabic: جُزَر (juzar)

→ Ottoman Turkish: جزر (cezer)

→ Hebrew: גֶּזֶר (gézer)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गज़र (gazar)

Urdu: گزر (gazar)

desctree

→ Middle Armenian: գազար (gazar)
Armenian: գազար (gazar)
→ Udi: кӏаьзаьр (ḳäzär)

→ Karakhanid: كَشُرْ (gešür)
Old Anatolian Turkish: كشور (käşür)
Azerbaijani: (dialectal) kəşir
Ottoman Turkish:
Turkish: (dialectal) keşir
Turkmen: käşir
Bashkir: кишер (kişer)
Tatar: кишер (kişer)

From Middle Persian *gazar. Compare Sanskrit गार्जर (gārjara), Classical Syriac ܓܙܪܐ (gezzārāʾ), Hebrew גֶּזֶר (gézer), Pashto ګازره (gāzara), Alviri-Vidari گزر (gazer), Baluchi گزرک (gizirk, gazirk), Kurdish gêzer, گێزەر (gêzer), Northern Luri گزر (gezer). Compare also the Turkic borrowings: Bashkir кишер (kişer), Tatar кишер (kişer), Turkmen käşir.


آلو

→ Azerbaijani: alı

→ Khalaj: âlu

→ Ottoman Turkish: آلو (âlû)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlwk' /ālūg/, “plum, prune”). Ultimately a Wanderwort of unknown origin. Compare Proto-Turkic *erük (“plum, apricot”, whence Turkish erik (“plum”)), Nepali आरु (āru, “plum”), Ashkun arú (“plum”).

cog

whence Turkish <i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">erik</i> (“plum”)


آلو

Borrowed from Hindi आलु (ālu), from Sanskrit आलु (ālu). Doublet of Dari کچالو (kačālū).


گلابی

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گلابی • (golâbi) (plural گلابیها (golâbi-hâ))

desc

→ Kermanic: golābī, golōwī, gülüvī, golōvī

→ Swahili: gulabi

→ Talysh: گلابی (golâbi), گلاوی (golâvi)

Unknown; possibly cognate with Pashto وېروه (werwa, “pear”), perhaps from Proto-Iranian *wr̥bíš, ultimately of origin.

fa:صورتی fa:گلابی


گلابی

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: गुलाबी (gulābī)

Urdu: گلابی

→ Kannada: ಗುಲಾಬಿ (gulābi)

→ Marathi: गुलाबी (gulābī)

→ Nepali: गुलाबी (gulābī)

→ Pashto: ګلابي

[ɡʊ.lɑː.bíː]

[ɡʊ.lɑː.bíː]

[ɡʊ.lɑː.bíː]

Etymology tree
Proto-Iranian *wardah
Old Persian *vr̥dah
Middle Persian gwl
Classical Persian گُل (gul)
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps
Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš
Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (a-p-i-y-a)
Middle Persian ʾp̄
Classical Persian آب (āb)
Classical Persian گُلَاب (gulāb)
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas
Old Persian -𐎡𐎣 (-i-k)
Classical Persian ـِی (-ī)
Persian گلابی
گلاب (gulāb, “rosewater”) + ـی (-ī, “adjective forming suffix”), in reference to the pink color of rosewater.

etymon

fa:صورتی fa:گلابی


آبی

From آب (“water”) + ـی (“adjectival suffix”).


توت

Tajik: тут (tut)
→ Yagnobi: тут (tut)

→ Azerbaijani: tut

→ Bengali: তুঁত (tũt)

→ Bashkir: тут (tut)

→ Gujarati: તૂત (tūt)

→ Kazakh: тұт (tūt)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: طوت (tut, dut), توت (tut), دوت (dut)
Turkish: dut
→ Albanian: dudë
→ Aromanian: dudã
→ Bulgarian: дуд (dud)
→ Laz: მდუთა (mduta)
→ Macedonian: дуд (dud)
→ Romanian: dud, dudă
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ду̏д
Latin script: dȕd

→ Pashto: توت (tut)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤੂਤ (tūt)

Shahmukhi script: توت (tut)

→ Russian: тут (tut) (via Turkic)

→ Tatar: тут (tut)

→ Ukrainian: тут (tut) (via Turkic)

Related to Kermanic [script needed] (tü), Mazanderani [script needed] (tir), [script needed] (tīr), Khwarezmian [script needed] (twt), Wakhi tыt, tыẟ, Munji tūy, Parachi tī, Waneci [script needed] (tūwa, təwā), Sanskrit तूत (tūta), तूद (tūda), Kashmiri तूल् (tūl), تُل (tul), Odia ତୁଳ (tuḷa) etc., all meaning mulberry. The direction of borrowing between the Iranian and Indo-Aryan words is disputed.
The ultimate origin is unknown.
Found also in Semitic and the languages of the Caucasus, likely borrowed from Iranian: Aramaic תותא / ܬܘܬܐ (tūṯā), Hebrew תּוּת (tūṯ), Neo-Babylonian 𒄑𒌅𒌓𒌈 (/tuttu/), Arabic تُوت (tūt); Old Armenian թութ (tʻutʻ), Georgian თუთა (tuta, “mulberry”).

unk

unknown


گردو

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گردو • (gerdu) (plural گردوها (gerdu-hâ))

گردو شکستن


مو

(dialectal, Mashhad, Bushehr, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) Alternative form of من (man)


صورتی

Etymology tree
Arabic صُورَة (ṣūra)bor.
Classical Persian صُورَت (sūrat)
Proto-Indo-European *-kos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas
Old Persian -𐎡𐎣 (-i-k)
Classical Persian ـِی (-ī)
Persian صورتی From صورت (sūrat /surat, “face”) + ـی (-ī /-i, adjective forming suffix), because the complexion of skin gives off a pink undertone.


کاهو

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کاهو • (kâhu)

fa-noun

کاهو • (kâhu)

→ Bashkardi:

Minabi: کاهو (kâhu)

→ Kermanic: kāhū, kāū, kāvū

→ Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: کاهوو (kahû)

→ Pashto: کاهو (kâhu)

→ Shahrudi: کاو (kâu)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kʾhwk' /kāhōk/, “lettuce”), perhaps whence borrowings Mazanderani کاهوک (kâhuk), کاوک (kâuk), کهوک (kahuk, “lettuce”), ultimately of unknown origin.

inh

Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativa#Translingual


سیب‌زمینی

سیبزَمینی (canonical)
sib-zamini (romanization)

From سیب (“apple”) + زمینی (“earthly, from earth”), a calque of French pomme de terre.


کلم

Tajik: карам (karam), калам (kalam)

→ Azerbaijani: kələm

→ Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: kelem

Central Kurdish: کەلەرم (kelerm)

→ Kyrgyz: керем (kerem)

→ Ottoman Turkish: كلم (kelem)

Turkish: kelem

→ Uzbek: karam

From Middle Persian *kalamb, from Ancient Greek κράμβη (krámbē, “cabbage”).


گوجه

→ Gulf Arabic: كوجة (kōja)

From forms of the word treated under گوی (gôy, “ball, globule”) + ـچه (-če, forms diminutives). The similarity to Azerbaijani göyəm and its Turkic family meaning “sloe” is a coincidence.


ریواس

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ریواس • (rivâs)

fa-noun

ریواس • (rivâs)

→ Arabic: رِيبَاس (rībās) (see there for further descendants)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (lypʾs /rēbās/, “rhubarb”), from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (lypʾs /rēbās, rēbāh/), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *(h)rabā́š ~ *(h)rabacáh.


آناناس

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آناناس • (ânânâs)

fa-noun

آناناس • (ânânâs)

[ʔɒː.nɒː.nɒ́ːs]


هویج

→ Ottoman Turkish: هاوج (havuc)

> Turkish: havuç (inherited)

Corrupted from Arabic حَوَائِج القِدْر (ḥawāʔij al-qidr, “kitchen provisions”, literally “the necessaries of the cooking pot”).

der

حَوَائِج القِدْر


تره

→ Azerbaijani: tərə

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: تره (tere), تره اوتی (tere otu)
Turkish: tere, tere otu
→ Armenian: թառա (tʻaṙa), թէրէ (tʻērē)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (tlk’ /tarrag/, “vegetable”), from [script needed] (tl’ /tarr/, “wet, moist”), compare تر (tar, “wet”).

inh

Allium ampeloprasum
Allium ampeloprasum#Translingual

(Iran) Iranian leek, Persian leek (Allium ampeloprasum subsp. persicum, a specific cultivar of the great-headed garlic, Allium ampeloprasum)


انبه

→ Gujarati: અંબા (ambā)

From Middle Persian *anbag, from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀅𑀁𑀩𑀅 (aṃbaa), from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀅𑀁𑀩-𑀓 (*aṃba-ka), from Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”).


گوجه‌فرنگی

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گُوْجِهفَرَنْگی

گُوْجِهفَرَنْگی • (gowje-farangi) (plural گوجهفرنگیها (gowje-farangi-hâ))

fa-noun

گُوْجِهفَرَنْگی

گُوْجِهفَرَنْگی (canonical)
gowje-farangi (romanization)
گوجهفرنگیها (plural)

[ɡ̥ow.d͡ʒe.fæ.ɹæɲ.ɡʲíː]

From گوجه (gowje, “plum”) + فرنگی (farangi, “European”). Compare with Dari بادنجان رومی (bādinjān-e rumi, “Roman aubergine”), Bengali বিলাতী বেগুন (bilati begun, “British eggplant”), and Urdu ولایتی بینگن (vilāyatī baiṅgan, “foreign aubergine”).


بامیه

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بامیه • (bâmiye)

fa-noun

بامیه • (bâmiye)

Likely related to Arabic بَامِيَة (bāmiya); see there for more. The sweet is named for its resemblance to the vegetable.


بادنجان

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بادنجان • (bâdenjân) (plural بادنجانها (bâdenjân-hâ))

bâdenjân (romanization)
بادنجانها (plural)

desc

Tajik: бодинҷон (bodinjon), бодимҷон (bodimjon), боқлаҷон (boqlajon)

→ Arabic: بَاذِنْجَان (bāḏinjān), بَاتِنْجَان (bātinjān), بَتِنْجَان (batinjān), بِدِنْجَان (bidinjān) (see there for further descendants)

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܦܐܬܠܓܢ (pāṯelgān)

→ Azerbaijani: badımcan

→ Northern Kurdish: balîcan, bacan, balîcan, badincan

Northern Kurdish: bacanê

→ Lishana Deni: באגׄאנא (bājāna), בנגׄאנא (banjāna)

Central Kurdish: بادمجان (badimcan), باینجان (bayincan)

→ Lak: бадуржан (baduržan), бадиржан (badiržan)

→ Lezgi: бадамжан (badamžan)

→ Ottoman Turkish: بادلجان (bâdlicân), بادنجان (badincan), بادنگان (badingan), پاتلجان (patlıcan), پاطلجان (patlıcan) (see there for further descendants)

→ Turkmen: badamjan

→ Urdu: بادنجان (bādinjān, bādanjān)

→ Uyghur: پەتىنگان (petin'gan)

→ Uzbek: baqlajon

→ Zazaki: baincan

[bɑː.d̪ɪn.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

[bɑː.d̪ɪn.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

[bɑː.d̪ɪn.d͡ʒɑ́ːn]

From earlier بَادِنْگَان (bādingān), an Indo-Aryan borrowing, from Sanskrit वातिङ्गण (vātiṅgaṇa).


خربزه

head

خَربُزِه • (xarboze) (plural خربزهها (xarboze-hâ))

خَربُزِه (canonical)
xarboze (romanization)
خربزهها (plural)

→ Abaza: харбыз (xarbəz)

→ Adyghe: къэпраз (qɛpraz)

desc

→ Arabic: خِرْبِز (ḵirbiz, “honeydew melon”)

→ Chechen: хорбаз (xorbaz)

→ Gujarati: ખરભુજા (kharbhujā), ખરબૂજા (kharbūjā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ख़रबूज़ा (xarbūzā)

Urdu: خربوزہ (xarbūzā)

→ Ingush: харбаз (xarbaz)

→ Kabardian: хъарбыз (χarbəz)

→ Ossetian: харбыз (xarbyz)

→ Ottoman Turkish: خربز (harbüz), خربزه (harbüze)

→ Old East Slavic: арбузъ (arbuzŭ)

Russian: арбу́з (arbúz)

→ Buryat: арбуз (arbuz)

→ Estonian: arbuus

→ Latvian: arbūzs

→ Lithuanian: arbūzas

→ Polish: arbuz

→ Volga German: Erbus

→ Ukrainian: гарбу́з (harbúz, “pumpkin”)

→ Belarusian: гарбу́з (harbúz)

→ Latgalian: garbuzs, Latgalian: garbūzs

→ Polish: harbuz

→ Romanian: harbuz

→ Turkic: (taking Persian as representative for all Iranian)

Azerbaijani: qarpız

→ Persian: قارپوز (qârpuz)

Bashkir: ҡарбуз (qarbuz)

Crimean Tatar: qarpız

Karachay-Balkar: харбыз (xarbız)

Kazakh: қарбыз (qarbyz)

Kipchak: قربز (karbız)

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: قارپوز (karpuz), գարփուզ (karpuz) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: karpuz
→ Abkhaz: а-карпы́жә (a-kʼarpʼə́ẑʷ)
→ Adyghe: хъырбыдз (χərbədz)
→ Albanian: karpuz
→ Bulgarian: карпу́за (karpúza)
→ Greek: καρπούζι (karpoúzi)
→ Kabardian: хъарбыз (χarbəz)
→ Ladino: karpus
→ Serbo-Croatian: kàrpuza / ка̀рпуза

Tatar: карбыз (qarbız)

Turkmen: garpyz

→ Sanskrit: खर्बूज (kharbūja)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hlbyck' /xarbīzag/, “watermelon”), of unclear origin:
* According to Horn, the latter is formed as 𐮴𐮹 (xar, “ass, donkey”) + 𐮱𐮵𐮿𐮵𐮰 (bwcnʾ /bōzīnʾ/, “cucumber; citron”). The first part is from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰáras, and the second part is probably related to Proto-Semitic *būṣ-. However, this is considered a folk etymology by Nişanyan.
* According to Pelliot, a reshaping of Sanskrit त्रपुस (trapusa, “the fruit of colocynth”) by popular etymology.
Forms with t- are attested in Persian: تربزه (tarboze), تربز (tarboz, “watermelon”). Akin to Middle Armenian խարպիզակ (xarpizak), խարբզակ (xarbzak), Georgian ხაბურზაკი (xaburzaḳi), ხარბუზაკი (xarbuzaḳi), Iranian borrowings.


جعفری

→ Azerbaijani: cəfəri

Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Ja'far ibn Abi Talib

From a Caspian language, probably Mazanderani جفری (jaferi). Cognate with Transoxianan Persian obsolete ژافه (žâfa, “a kind of herb, saffron?”), dialectal زافه (zâfe, “a kind of Persian shallot”), and Sanskrit जवा (javā, “saffron, rose”). Related to زعفران (za'ferân, “saffron”).
It is a misspelling to match to Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib, the prophet’s companion, even though there is no correlation. See also گل لالب بوسی (gol-e lâ lab busi, “Mirabilis jalapa”) which most people recognize as گل لاله عباسی (gol-e lâle 'abbâsi, “the tulip of ʿAbbās”).

/d͡ʒæʔfæˈɾiː/

[d͡ʒæːfæˈɾi]

جعفری دیدم که بر جعفر سوار
جعفری میخورد و از جعفر گذشت
ja'fari didam ke bar ja'far savâr
ja'fari mixord o az ja'far gozašt
I saw a [man named] Ja'far riding on a camel
he was eating parsley and crossed the stream


جعفری

/d͡ʒæʔfæˈɾiː/

[d͡ʒæːfæˈɾi]


کدو

→ Gujarati: કદૂ (kadū)

→ Khalaj: kudı

Uncertain.
Read in Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kaẟō). In Gilaki کوی (kūī, “gourd; bowl, vessel, stop”). Possibly related to Sanskrit कटु (kaṭu, “bitter”), or a variant reflex of کندو (kandū, “beehive; a large clay bin for grain”) extended from Aramaic כּדּא (kaddā), כַּנְדָּא (kandā), from Old Tamil 𑀓𑀺𑀡𑁰𑀝𑀺 (kiṇṭi).


خیار

head

خیار • (xiyâr)

fa-noun

خیار • (xiyâr)

→ Amharic: ኪያር (kiyar)

→ Arabic: خِيَار (ḵiyār)

Gulf Arabic: خيار (ḵyār)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܟ݂ܝܵܪܵܐ (ḵyārā)

→ Azerbaijani: xiyar

→ Bashkir: ҡыяр (qıyar)

→ Chuvash: хӑяр (hăjar)

→ Gujarati: ખિયાર (khiyār)

→ Kalmyk: хаяр (xayar)

→ Karakalpak: qıyar

→ Kazakh: қияр (qiär)

→ Khalaj: xiyâr

→ Kumyk: хыяр (xıyar)

→ Maltese: ħjara

→ Middle Armenian: խիար (xiar)

Armenian: խիար (xiar)

→ Moksha: куяр (kujar)

→ Ottoman Turkish: خیار (hıyar)

Turkish: hıyar

→ Tatar: кыяр (qıyar)

→ Turkmen: hyýar

→ Udmurt: кияр (kijar)

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭩𐭠𐭥 (xyār). Cognate to Sanskrit क्षीरक (kṣīraka).


هندوانه

head

هندوانه • (hendevâne) (plural هندوانهها (hendevâne-hâ))

hendevâne (romanization)
هندوانهها (plural)

→ Khalaj: hunduvâna

→ Pashto: هندوانه (hindvāná)

→ Punjabi: hiṉdvāṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਹਿੰਦਵਾਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: ہندواݨہ

By surface analysis, هندو (hendu, “Indian”) + ـانه (-âne).

surf

دو تا هندوانه را با یک دست برداشتن

do tâ hendevâne râ bâ yek dast bardâštan


هلو

head

هلو • (halô)


نعناع

نعناع • (na'nâ')

fa-noun

نعناع • (na'nâ')


پرتقال

portoqâl (romanization)
porteqâl (romanization)

→ Khalaj: purtəğâl

[pʰoɹ.t̪ʰo.ʁɒ́ːl̥]

[pʰoɹ.t̪ʰe.ʁɒ́ːl̥]

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پورتقال (portokal, portakal).

bor+

(Mughal empire)


پیاز

head

پیاز • (piyâz) (plural پیازها (piyâz-hâ))

→ Assamese: পিয়াঁজ (piãz)

→ Bengali: পেঁয়াজ (pẽẏaj)

→ Gujarati: પ્યાજ (pyāj)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: प्याज़ (pyāz)

Urdu: پیاز (pyāz)

→ Kazakh: пияз (piäz)

→ Kyrgyz: пияз (piyaz)

→ Maithili: पेआजु (pēājʉ)

→ Magahi: 𑂣𑂵𑂄𑂔𑂳 (peāju)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪਿਆਜ਼ (piāza)

Shahmukhi script: پیاز (peyāz)

→ Uyghur: پىياز (piyaz)

→ Uzbek: piyoz

→ Chinese: 皮芽子, 皮牙子 (píyázi)

Inherited from Proto-Iranian; compare Sogdian [script needed] (pyʾk /piyāk/, “onion”), Khotanese pau (“onion”). Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ-; compare Ancient Greek πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”).


اسفناج

head

اسفناج • (esfanâj, esfenâj) (plural اسفناجها (esfanâj, esfenâj-hâ))

esfanâj (romanization)
esfenâj (romanization)
اسفناجها (plural)

desctree

→ Arabic: سَبَانِخ (sabāniḵ), إِسْفَانَاخ (ʔisfānāḵ), إِسْفَنَاخ (ʔisfanāḵ), إِسْفَنَاج (ʔisfanāj), إِسْفَانَاج (ʔisfānāj), سَبَانَغ (sabānaḡ), سَبَانَج (sabānaj)
Andalusian Arabic: إِسْفِنَاج (isfināj), إِسْبِنَاج (isbināj), إِسْبِنَاخ (isbināḵ)
→ Aragonese: espinai
→ Catalan: espinac
→ Occitan: espinac, espinarc (influenced by french)
→ Portuguese: espinafre
→ Spanish: espinaca
→ Medieval Latin: spinacium, spinachium, spinarchia (influenced by spina (“thorn”))
→ Byzantine Greek: σπινάκιον (spinákion), σπανάκιν (spanákin), σπινάκι (spináki)
Greek: σπανάκι (spanáki), σπανάκιον (spanákion)
→ Bulgarian: спанак (spanak)
→ Romanian: spanac
→ Serbo-Croatian: спанаћ / spanać
→ Italian: spinacio, spinace (uncommon)
→ Middle High German: spināt (final -t perhaps influenced by Salat)
German: Spinat
→ Kashubian: szpinat
→ Russian: шпинат (špinat)
→ Bashkir: шпинат (şpinat)
→ Serbo-Croatian: шпинат / špìnāt
→ Ukrainian: шпина́т (špynát)
→ Old French: espinoche, espinache, espinarde, espinaces
French: épinard, (obsolete) epinart
→ English: spinach, (obsolete) spinage
→ Irish: spionáiste
→ Sicilian: spinacia

→ Georgian: ისპანახი (isṗanaxi)

→ Middle Armenian: սպանախ (spanax), ասպանախ (aspanax), սպաննախ (spannax)
Armenian: սպանախ (spanax)

desc

→ Ottoman Turkish: اسفناج (isfinâj), اسپناخ (ispenâh), اسفاناخ (isfânâh)

→ Turkic:

Azerbaijani: ispanaq

Kipchak:

Kipchak: yspanac

Ottoman Turkish: اسپانق, اسپناق, اسپاناق (ispanak, ıspanak), اسپاناك, اسپناك (ispanâk)

Turkish: ıspanak

Turkmen: ysmanak

Kulturwort of Iranian origin. According to Asatrian, there were probably two forms in late Middle Iranian, *ispanāg (or *ispināg) and (the dialectal) *ispanāx (or *ispināx), yielding Arabized forms إِسْفَنَاج / إِسْفِنَاج (ʔisfanāj / ʔisfināj) and إِسْفَنَاخ / إِسْفِنَاخ (ʔisfanāḵ / ʔisfināḵ), which were popularized in Persian and Arabic, respectively (alternative forms with پ (p) are directly from Middle Iranian). The Old Iranian form would be *spināka-, *spinaka- (compare Northern Kurdish sping), from the root *spin- (Northwestern Iranian), *sin- (Southwestern Iranian), ultimately from the Proto-Iranian *spai- (*spi-), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“thorn-like”) (*spi-), which are also reflected in Latin spina, Persian سنجد (senjed), Ossetian сындз (synʒ), синдзӕ (sinʒæ, “thorn”), Baluchi [script needed] (šinž), Central Iranian šeng, Kermani šank (“thorn”). Also akin to Semnani esbenāγa.
According to Cabolov, related to Northern Kurdish siping (“meadow salsify, possibly also spinach”) and Persian سپند (sepand, “wild rue”).

cog

من سپاناخ تو با هرچم پزی
 یا ترشبا یا که شیرین میسزی

man sipānāx tō bā harčam pazī
 yā turš-bā yā ka šīrīn mī-sazī


سیر

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: سیر (sir)
Turkish: sir, sirmo (dialectal)

→ Romani: sir

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European; in Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (syl) or Aramaic heterogram [script needed] (TWMʾ); often claimed to come from an Old Persian *θigraʰ, only imagined to be reflected in the month name Old Persian 𐎰𐎠𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎨𐎡𐏁 (Θāigraciš, literally “*the month of garlic-collecting”), while another suggestion sees the full term rather reflected by Proto-Turkic *sarmïsak (“garlic”) borrowed from Iranian.


سیر

داشتیم وقت سحر در سیر گلشن گریهای
کز غمم خواند این غزل مرغی بدرد افغان کنان

c. 1520, Selim I of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Benedek Péri, The Persian Dīvān of Yavuz Sulṭān Selīm, Budapest, Hungary: Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, →ISBN, page 83:

I wept a little at the time of dawn during my outing to the rose garden,
For out of my grief, a bird sang this love poem with a pain that makes one cry out.

dāštēm waqt-i sahar dar sayr-i gulšan girya'ē
k-az ğamam xwānd īn ğazal murğē ba-dard-i afğān kunān


گیلاس

head

گیلاس • (gilâs or gêlâs) (plural گیلاسها (gilâs-hâ))

gilâs (romanization)
gêlâs (romanization)
گیلاسها (plural)

Borrowed from Hindustani گلاس / गिलास (gilās), from English glass.

یَک گیلاس اَو بالایِ میز است (more colloquial)


به

From Middle Persian 𐭯𐭥𐭭 (pʿn) / PWN (pad, “to, at, in, on”), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎹 (patiy), from Proto-Iranian *pati-.

به سرعت

به زور

Forms adverbial phrases of manner: by, -ly

به فارسی

Indicates the language of a text, speech, etc.: in


به

From Middle Persian [Term?] ŠPYL / wyh (weh, “better, good”), from Old Persian 𐎺𐎢 (vahu, “good”), from Proto-Iranian *Hwáhuš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwásuš, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wésus (“good”). Related to Old Armenian վեհ (veh, “sublime”), an Iranian borrowing.

بَاغْبَان هَم دَانَد آن رَا دَر خَزَان / لیک دِیدِ یَک بِهْ اَز دِیدِ جَهَان

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 2925:

The Gardener knows that (difference) even in autumn, but the One's sight is better than the world's sight.

bāğbān ham dānad ān rā dar xazān / lēk dīd-i yak bih az dīd-i jahān


پسته

پسته • (peste) (plural پستهها (peste-hâ))

→ Azerbaijani: püstə

→ Bengali: পেস্তা (pesta)

→ Georgian: ფისტა (pisṭa)

→ Gujarati: પિસ્તા (pistā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: पिस्ता (pistā)

Urdu: پستہ (pistā)

→ Kazakh: пісте (pıste)

→ Khalaj: pistə

→ Marathi: पिस्ता (pistā)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پسته (piste)

→ Pashto: پسته (pistá)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪਿਸਤਾ (pistā)

Shahmukhi script: پستا (pistā)

→ Sindhi: پستو (pisto)

→ Tatar: пестә (pestä)

→ Uzbek: pista

From Middle Persian pstk' (/pistag/, “pistachio nut”), from Old Persian *pistaka, attested as Elamite [Term?] (/pi-iš-tuk-ka₄/, “pistachio nut”). Related to Persian بسته (boste, “nut”), cognate with Sanskrit बुस्त (busta, “husk or shell of fruit”).


توت فرنگی

[t̪ʰuːt̪ fä.ɾäŋ.ɡíː]

[t̪ʰuːt̪ fä.ɾäŋ.ɡíː]

[t̪ʰuːt̪ fä.ɾäŋ.ɡíː]

[t̪ʰut̪ fä.ɾäŋ.ɡí]

[t̪ʰuːt̪ fæ.ɹæɲ.ɡʲíː]

[t̪ʰut̪ fä.ɾäŋ.ɡí]

fa:توت فرنگی


فلفل

head

فلفل • (felfel) (plural فلفلها (felfel-hâ))

Borrowed from Arabic فِلْفِل (filfil), from Persian پلپل (pelpel), from Indo-Aryan. Compare Old Armenian պղպեղ (płpeł), պղպիղ (płpił) and Georgian პილპილი (ṗilṗili), Iranian borrowings.

pepper (including sweet peppers, chilis as well as black pepper)


عناب

'onnâb (romanization)
'anâb (romanization)


نخود

نخود • (noxod) (plural نخودها (noxod-hâ))

→ Azerbaijani: noxud

→? Gulf Arabic: نخي (naxi)

→? Khowar: نَخوے (naxóy)

→ Ottoman Turkish: نخود (nohut)

Turkish: nohut

→ Romanian: năut

→ Ukrainian: нут (nut)

From Middle Persian nhwt' (naxōd, “chickpea”).


پاپایا

head

پاپایا • (pâpâyâ)

fa-noun

پاپایا • (pâpâyâ)


میوه اژدها

head

میوه اژدها • (mêve-ye aždahâ)

fa:میوه اژدها


آواکادو

آواکادو • (âvâkâdo)

fa-noun

آواکادو • (âvâkâdo)

[ʔɒː.vɒː.kʰɒː.d̪ó]


شلیل

head

شلیل • (šalil)

fa-noun

شلیل • (šalil)


خرمالو

head

خُرْمالو • (xormâlu) (plural خرمالوها (xormâluhâ))

خُرْمالو (canonical)
xormâlu (romanization)
خرمالوها (plural)

→ Arabic: خُرْمَال (ḵurmāl)

From خرما (xormâ, “date”) + آلو (âlu, “plum”).


گریپ فروت

head

گریپ فروت • (grep frūt)

fa-noun

گریپ فروت • (grep frūt)


زردآلو

Tajik: зардолу (zardolu)

→ Azerbaijani: (obsolete)

Cyrillic script: зәрдалу, зәрдали

Latin script: zərdalu, zərdali

→ Gujarati: જરદાળુ (jardāḷu)

→ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: ज़र्दालू (zardālū), ज़रदालू (zardālū)

Urdu: زرد آلو (zard ālū)

→ Karakalpak: зәрдәли

→ Kyrgyz: зардолy (zardoly) (Southern dialectal)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: زردالو (zerdalu, zerdali)
Turkish: zerdali
→ Armenian: զերտալի (zertali), զերտալու (zertalu), զա̈րդալո̈ւ (zärdalü)
→ Bulgarian: за́рзала (zárzala), зарзали́я (zarzalíja), зе́рдала (zérdala) (dialectal)
→ Cappadocian Greek: ζέρντελι (zérnteli)
→ Crimean Tatar:
Cyrillic script: зердали
Latin script: zerdali
→ Greek: ζέρδελο n (zérdelo), ζερδελί n (zerdelí), ζερδαλί n (zerdalí), ζέρζελο n (zérzelo), ζαρταλούδι n (zartaloúdi) (dialectal)
→ Pontic Greek: ζέρταλο n (zértalo), ζερταλί(ν) n (zertalí(n)), ζερτελί(ν) n (zertelí(n))
→ Romanian: zarzără
→ Russian: жердёла (žerdjóla) (dialectal)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: зердѐлица
Latin script: zerdèlica

→ Punjabi: ਜਰਦਾਲੂ (jardālū)

→ Uzbek: зардоли (zardoli)

[zäɾ.d̪ɑː.lúː]

[zäɾ.d̪ɑː.lúː]

[zäɾ.d̪ɑː.lúː]

[zæɹ.d̪ɒː.lúː]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (zltʾlwk' /zardālūg/), equivalent to زرد (zard, “yellow”) + آلو (âlu, “plum”).


شاه‌توت

head

شاهتوت • (šâh-tut) (plural شاهتوتها (šâh-tut-hâ))

شاهتوت (canonical)
šâh-tut (romanization)
شاهتوتها (plural)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਤੂਤ (śatūt)

Shahmukhi script: شتوت (śatūt)

Urdu: شہتوت (śahtūt), شاہ توت (śāh-tūt)

[ʃɑːɦ.t̪ʰúːt̪]

[ʃɑːɦ.t̪ʰúːt̪]

[ʃɑː.t̪ʰúːt̪]

[ʃɔː.t̪ʰút̪]

[ʃɒːɦ.t̪ʰúːt̪]

[ʃɔɦ.t̪ʰút̪]

From شاه + توت.


نارگیل

نارگیل • (nārgēl /nârgil) (plural نارگیلها (nārgēl /nârgil-hâ))

nārgēl (romanization)
nârgil (romanization)
نارگیلها (plural)
نارگیل (singular)
nârgil (singular)
نارگیلها (plural)
nârgil-hấ (plural)
نارگیلا (colloquial plural)
nârgilấ (plural)
نارگیل را (definite direct-object singular)
nârgil râ (definite direct-object singular)
نارگیل رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
nârgilo (definite direct-object singular)
نارگیلها را (definite direct-object plural)
nârgil-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
نارگیلا رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
nârgilấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
نارگیل (ezafe singular)
nârgil-e (ezafe singular)
نارگیلهای (ezafe plural)
nârgil-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
نارگیلای (colloquial ezafe plural)
nârgilấ-ye (ezafe plural)
نارگیلی (definite relative singular)
نارگیلی (indefinite singular stressed)
nârgil-i (definite relative singular)
nârgil-i (indefinite singular stressed)
نارگیلهایی (definite plural relative)
نارگیلهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
nârgilấn-i, nârgil-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
nârgilấn-i, nârgil-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
نارگیلایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
نارگیلایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
nârgilấi (definite plural relative)
nârgilấi (indefinite plural stressed)
نارگیلم (first-person possessive singular)
nârgilam (first-person possessive singular)
نارگیلهایم (first-person possessive singular)
nârgil-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
نارگیلهام، نارگیلام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
nârgilấm (first-person possessive singular)
نارگیلت (possessive second-person singular)
nârgilat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
nârgilet (possessive second-person singular)
نارگیلهایت (possessive second-person singular)
nârgil-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
نارگیلهات، نارگیلات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
nârgilất (possessive second-person singular)
نارگیلش (possessive singular third-person)
nârgilaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
nârgileš (possessive singular third-person)
نارگیلهایش (possessive singular third-person)
nârgil-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
نارگیلهاش، نارگیلاش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
nârgilấš (possessive singular third-person)
نارگیلمان (first-person plural possessive)
nârgilemân (first-person plural possessive)
نارگیلمون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
nârgilemun (first-person plural possessive)
نارگیلهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
nârgil-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
نارگیلهامون، نارگیلامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
nârgilấmun (first-person plural possessive)
نارگیلتان (plural possessive second-person)
nârgiletân (plural possessive second-person)
نارگیلتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
nârgiletun (plural possessive second-person)
نارگیلهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
nârgil-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
نارگیلهاتون، نارگیلاتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
nârgilấtun (plural possessive second-person)
نارگیلشان (plural possessive third-person)
nârgilešân (plural possessive third-person)
نارگیلشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
nârgilešun (plural possessive third-person)
نارگیلهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
nârgil-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
نارگیلهاشون، نارگیلاشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
nârgilấšun (plural possessive third-person)
نارگیلم (first-person predicative singular)
nârgilam (first-person predicative singular)
نارگیلیم (first-person plural predicative)
nârgilim (first-person plural predicative)
نارگیلی (predicative second-person singular)
nârgili (predicative second-person singular)
نارگیلید (plural predicative second-person)
nârgilid (plural predicative second-person)
نارگیلین (colloquial plural predicative second-person)
nârgilin (plural predicative second-person)
نارگیل است (predicative singular third-person)
nârgil ast (predicative singular third-person)
نارگیله (colloquial predicative singular third-person)
nârgile (predicative singular third-person)
نارگیلند (plural predicative third-person)
nârgiland (plural predicative third-person)
نارگیلن (colloquial plural predicative third-person)
nârgilan (plural predicative third-person)

desctree

→ Arabic: نَارْجِيل (nārjīl), نَرْجِيل (narjīl)
→ Ottoman Turkish: نارجیل (narcil), نارچیل (narçil)

→ Northern Kurdish: nargîl

→ Ottoman Turkish: نارگیل (nargil)

[nɑːɾ.ˈɡeːl]

[nɑːɾ.ˈɡiːl]

[nɒːɹ.ɡʲíːl̥]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾnʾlgyl /anārgēl/, “coconut”), from Sanskrit नारिकेल (nārikela).

inh

(dated in Dari, normal elsewhere) coconut


زرشک

→ Arabic: زِرِشْك (zirišk)

→ Azerbaijani: zirişk

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܙܪܫܩ (zršq), ܣܪܫܩ (sršq)

→ Georgian: ზირიშკი (zirišḳi), ზერეშკი (zerešḳi), ზერეშქი (zereški), ზერენგი (zerengi) (Fereydan)

desctree

→ Middle Armenian: զրիշկ (zrišk)
Armenian: զրիշկ (zrišk), զիրիշք (ziriškʻ)

→ Ottoman Turkish: زرشك (zirişk)

→ Punjabi: زِرِشْک (ziriśk)

→ Urdu: زِرِشْک (ziriśk)

Related to Northern Kurdish zerêşk, zirêşk, zirîşk, Gilaki [script needed] (zərəšk); Persian زریک (zerik), زرک (zerek), زرنگ (zarang), زراج (zarâj), زراک (zarâk); Yidgha [script needed] (azīto); Khotanese ysālva; all meaning "barberry" and ultimately deriving from the word for "yellow": compare Persian زر (zar, “gold”).

زرشکپلو

زرشکپلو با مرغ


بادام

head

بَادَامْ • (bâdâm) (plural بادامها (bâdâm-hâ))

بَادَامْ (canonical)
bâdâm (romanization)
بادامها (plural)

→ Armenian: բադամ (badam)

→ Assamese: বাদাম (badam)

→ Azerbaijani: badam

→ Bengali: বাদাম (badam)

→ Burmese: ဗာဒံ (badam)

→ Chagatai:

Uyghur: بادام (badam)

Uzbek: bodom

→ Chinese:

Mandarin: 巴旦 (bādàn)

Dungan: бадан (badan)

→ Cantonese: 巴旦 (baa¹ daan³)

→ Central Kurdish: بادەم (badem)

→ Gujarati: બદામ (badām)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: बादाम (bādām)

Urdu: بادام (bādām)

desc

→ Kashmiri: بادام (bādām), بادَم (bādam)

→ Kazakh: бадам (badam)

→ Khalaj: bâdâm

→ Kyrgyz: бадам (badam)

→ Marathi: बदाम (badām)

→ Malay: badam
Indonesian: badam

→ Odia: ବାଦାମ (bādāma)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: بادم (badem), بادام (badam), بایام (bayam)
Turkish: badem
→ Albanian: bajame
→ Adyghe: бадэ (badɛ)
→ Bulgarian: баде́м (badém)
→ Crimean Tatar: badem
→ Macedonian: бадем (badem)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бадем, ба̀јам, бајем (regional)
Latin script: badem, bàjam, bajem (regional)

→ Punjabi: badām

→ Gurmukhi script: ਬਦਾਮ

→ Shahmukhi script: بدام, بادام (bādām)

→ Rohingya: badam

→ Sindhi: بادام (bādāmu)

desc

→ Sanskrit: वाताद (vātāda), वाताम (vātāma)

→ Hindi: वाताद (vātād)

→ Tatar: бәдәм (bädäm)

→ Tibetan: བ་དམ (ba dam), འབའ་དམ ('ba' dam)

→ Turkmen: badam

→ Telugu: బాదం (bādaṁ)

→ Malayalam: ബദാം (badāṁ)

→ Tamil: பாதாம் (pātām), பாதம் (pātam)

[bɑː.d̪ɑ́ːm]

[bɑː.d̪ɑ́ːm]

[bɑː.d̪ɑ́ːm]

[bɔː.d̪ɔ́ːm]

[bɒː.d̪ɒ́ːm]

[bɒː.d̪ɒ́ːm]

Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭠𐭣𐭠𐭬 (wʾtʾm /wādām/), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *vātādám. Cognate with Northern Kurdish bahîv, Zazaki vame and Baluchi گواتام (gwátám, “almond”).


انگور

→ Assamese: আঙুৰ (aṅur)

→ Bengali: আঙুর (aṅur)

→ Baluchi: انگور (angúr)

→ Ancient Greek: άγγουρα (ángoura)

→ Hindustani:

→ Hindi: अंगूर (aṅgūr)

→ Urdu: انگور (aṅgūr)

→ Rohingya: añggur

→ Khalaj: angûr

→ Thai: องุ่น (à-ngùn)

→ Malay: anggur

→ Indonesian: anggur

→ Odia: ଅଙ୍ଗୁର (aṅgura)

→ Ottoman Turkish: انگور (engur)

→ Punjabi:

→ Gurmukhi script: ਅੰਗੂਰ (aṅgūr)

→ Shahmukhi script: انگور (aṅgūr)

→ Northern Luri: ںݩڳێر (ənğır)

From Middle Persian ʾngwl (angūr, “grape”), from Proto-Iranian *angaura- (“vine, grape”), probably a derivative of Proto-Iranian *Hangas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hángas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“to curve, bend”), referring to the curving nature of grapevines.

der

آب در غوره ترش باشد و لیک / چون به انگوری رسد شیرین و نیک

c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 2601:

In the unripe grape the juice is sour, but it is sweet and good when it becomes a (ripe) grape.

âb dar ğura turš bâšad wa lek / čon ba angûr-i rasad šîrîn u nek


خرما

head

خرما • (xormâ or xurmâ) (plural خرماها (xormâ-hâ))

xormâ (romanization)
xurmâ (romanization)
خرماها (plural)

Tajik: хурмо (xurmo)

→ Uzbek: xurmo

→ Bengali: খোরমা (khorma)

→ Chagatai: خرما (hurma)

Uyghur: خورما (xorma)

→ Georgian: ხურმა (xurma)

→ Gujarati: ખુરમો (khurmo)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ख़ुरमा (xurmā)

Urdu: خرما (xurmā)

→ Kazakh: құрма (qūrma)

→ Kipchak: قرما (kurma)

→ Central Kurdish: خورما (xurma)

→ Hulaulá: xurma

→ Northern Kurdish: xurme

→ Lishana Deni: כורמא (xurma)

→ Kyrgyz: курма (kurma)

→ Malay: kurma

Indonesian: kurma

→ Middle Armenian: խուրմայ (xurmay)

Armenian: խուրմա (xurma)

→ Punjabi: ਖੁਰਮਾ (khurmā)

→ Turkmen: hurma

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: خرما (hurma) (11th–15th c.)

Azerbaijani: xurma

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: خرما (hurma)
Turkish: hurma
→ Adyghe: хъурмэ (χʷurmɛ)
→ Albanian: hurmë
→ Belarusian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
→ Bulgarian: фурма́ (furmá, “persimmon”)
→ Crimean Tatar: hurma
→ Estonian: hurmaa
→ Greek: χουρμάς (chourmás)
→ Romanian: curmală
→ Ido: hurmo
→ Latvian: hurma
→ Macedonian: урма (urma)
→ Polish: hurma
→ Russian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: хурма, у̀рма
Latin script: hurma, ùrma
→ Tatar: хөрмә (xörmä, “persimmon”)
→ Ukrainian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (Tᵍ) / [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk' /xormā/, “date”), possibly from earlier *harmāw. The logogram is from Aramaic 𐡕𐡌𐡓𐡉𐡍 pl (tmryn, “dates”).
Compare Parthian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk /xurmāg/) and [Book Pahlavi needed] (Tᵍ /*amrāw/), both forms appeared in Draxt ī Āsūrīg. The former is from Middle Persian. For reading of the latter, compare Manichaean Parthian [Manichaean needed] (ʾmrʾw /amrāw/) and Old Armenian արմաւ (armaw) (see Korn).
Akin to Kumzari أرما (“date (fruit)”), Baluchi هرماگ (hurmág, “date; fully ripe date fruit”). Compare also Sanskrit खर्जु (kharju) (wild date tree).

cog

940-1020, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh
بکن کار و کرده بیزدان سپار
بخرما چه یازی چو ترسی ز خار
bokon kâr u karda ba-yazdân sepâr
ba-xormâ če yâzi ču tarsi ze xâr

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


انجیر

→ Azerbaijani: əncir, incir

→ Chechen: инжир (inžir)

→ Sanskrit: अञ्जीर (añjīra)

→ Gujarati: અંજીર (añjīr)

→ Hindi: अंजीर (añjīr)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: انجیر (encir, incir)
Turkish: incir

→ Russian: инжир (inžir)

→ Urdu: انجیر (añjīr)

[ʔän.d͡ʒíːɾ]

[ʔän.d͡ʒíːɾ]

[ʔän.d͡ʒíːɾ]

[ʔæn.d͡ʒíːɹ]

From Middle Persian ʾncyl (anjīr, “fig”). Cognates found in Sogdian ʾncyr (anjēr) and Northern Kurdish hejîr. From the same Middle Iranian source, this word has been borrowed into Turkish incir, Russian инжир (inžir) and Sanskrit अञ्जीर (añjīra).


امرود

→ Arabic: عَنْبَرُوت (ʕanbarūt)

→ Bashkir: армыт (armıt)

desc

→ Gujarati: અમરૂદ (amarūd), અમરૂત (amarūt)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अमरूद (amrūd)

Urdu: امرود (amrūd)

→ Kazakh: алмұрт (almūrt)

→ Khalaj: amrût

→ Kyrgyz: алмурут (almurut)

→ Tatar: армут (armut)

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: ارمد (armud), امرود (amrud, emrud)

Azerbaijani: armud

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: آرمود (armut)
Turkish: armut
→ Armenian: արմուտ (armut)
→ Yemenite, Iraqi, Syrian and Gulf Arabic: عَرْمُوط (ʕarmūṭ)

→ Romani: ambrol

→ Turkmen: armyt

→ Uyghur: ئامۇت (amut)

→ Uzbek: olmur

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (/umrōd/, /ambrōd/, /umbrōd/, /anbarōt/), Old Persian [script needed] (*umrūta), ultimately from a Caucasian substrate. Compare Elamite 𒌝𒊒𒁕 (/umruda, umruta/, “pear”), Central Kurdish ھەرمێ (hermê, “pear”).


ریحان

head

ریحان • (reyhân)

fa-noun

ریحان • (reyhân)

Borrowed from Arabic رَيْحَان (rayḥān, “basil”).


رز

→ Ottoman Turkish: رز (rez)

Middle Persian [script needed] (lc), [script needed] (lz /raz/). Cognates include Ancient Greek ῥάξ (rháx, “grape”), Latin racēmus, and their descendants, including English raisin.


رز

Borrowing from French rose, from Latin rosa, possibly from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon), itself possibly from an Iranian language. Doublet of گل (gol) if the Greek is an Iranian borrowing.


مارچوبه

head

مارچوبه • (mârčube)

fa-noun

مارچوبه • (mârčube)


گشنیز

head

گشنیز • (gešniz)

fa-noun

گشنیز • (gešniz)

Tajik: кашнич (kašnič)

→ Uzbek: кашнич (kashnich)

desc

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: كشنچ (kişniç), كشنش (kişniş)

Azerbaijani: kişniş, keşniş

desctree

Ottoman Turkish: كشنش (kişniş), كشنیش (kişniş)
Turkish: kişniş
→ Armenian: քիշնիշ (kʻišniš)
→ Bulgarian: кишни́ш (kišníš) (regional)
→ Karaim: кишниш, кишнош

→ Uyghur: كەشنىز (keshniz)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (gšnyc /gišnīz/, “coriander”). Cognate with Central Kurdish گژنیژ (gijnîj), Baluchi [script needed] (gēnīč). Compare the Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian գինձ (ginj), Old Georgian ქინძი (kinʒi), Mandarin 胡荽 (húsuī).

inh

کشنیج

considered forms influenced by Ottoman Turkish


ترخون

Middle Armenian: թարխուն (tʻarxun)

Borrowed from Arabic طَرْخُون (ṭarḵūn), from Ancient Greek δρακόντιον (drakóntion, “edder-wort”). Or from another Iranian language and derived from the cognate to Persian تلخ (talx, “bitter”), compare Dari ترخ, طرخ (tarx, terx), ترخه, طرخه (tarxa, terxa, “any Artemisia”), Pashto ترخه f (tarxa, terxa, “any Artemisia”), homonymic to the feminine of تریخ (trix, “bitter”).


زنجبیل

→ Armenian: զանջաֆիլ (zanǰafil)

→ Azerbaijani: zəncəfil

→ Chagatai: زنجبیل

Uyghur: زەنجىۋىل (zenjiwil)

Uzbek: zanjabil

→ Georgian: ჯანჯაფილი (ǯanǯapili)

desc

→ Kazakh: жанжабіл (janjabıl), занзабіл (zanzabıl)

→ Kurdish:

Northern Kurdish: zencefîl

Central Kurdish: زهنجهفیل (zencefîl)

→ Lezgi: сенжефил (senžefil)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: زنجبیل (zencebil, zencefil), زنجفیل (zencefil)
Turkish: zencefil
→ Albanian: xhenxhefil
→ Armenian: զենճեֆիլ (zenčefil)
→ Bulgarian: джинджифи́л (džindžifíl)

→ Turkmen: zenjebil

→ Urdu: زنجبیل (zanjabīl)

Borrowed from Arabic زَنْجَبِيل (zanjabīl). Doublet of شنگویر (šangevir, “ginger”, now archaic).


آلبالو

head

آلبالو • (âlbâlu)

fa-noun

آلبالو • (âlbâlu)

[ʔɑːl.bɑː.lúː]

[ʔɑːl.bɑː.lúː]

[ʔɑːl.bɑː.lúː]

[ʔɒːl.bɒː.lúː]

Contraction of آلوبالو (âlubâlu) which has now become more common, although both are still in frequent use.


شلغم

head

شلغم • (šalğam) (plural شلغمها (šalğam-hâ))

šalğam (romanization)
شلغمها (plural)
شلغم (singular)
šalğam (singular)
شلغمها (plural)
šalğam-hấ (plural)
شلغما (colloquial plural)
šalğamấ (plural)
شلغم را (definite direct-object singular)
šalğam râ (definite direct-object singular)
شلغم رو (colloquial definite direct-object singular)
šalğamo (definite direct-object singular)
شلغمها را (definite direct-object plural)
šalğam-hấ râ (definite direct-object plural)
شلغما رو (colloquial definite direct-object plural)
šalğamấ ro (definite direct-object plural)
شلغم (ezafe singular)
šalğam-e (ezafe singular)
شلغمهای (ezafe plural)
šalğam-hấ-ye (ezafe plural)
شلغمای (colloquial ezafe plural)
šalğamấ-ye (ezafe plural)
شلغمی (definite relative singular)
شلغمی (indefinite singular stressed)
šalğam-i (definite relative singular)
šalğam-i (indefinite singular stressed)
شلغمهایی (definite plural relative)
شلغمهایی (indefinite plural stressed)
šalğamấn-i, šalğam-hấ-i (definite plural relative)
šalğamấn-i, šalğam-hấ-i (indefinite plural stressed)
شلغمایی (colloquial definite plural relative)
شلغمایی (colloquial indefinite plural stressed)
šalğamấi (definite plural relative)
šalğamấi (indefinite plural stressed)
شلغمم (first-person possessive singular)
šalğamam (first-person possessive singular)
شلغمهایم (first-person possessive singular)
šalğam-hấyam (first-person possessive singular)
شلغمهام، شلغمام (colloquial first-person possessive singular)
šalğamấm (first-person possessive singular)
شلغمت (possessive second-person singular)
šalğamat (possessive second-person singular)
Term? (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
šalğamet (possessive second-person singular)
شلغمهایت (possessive second-person singular)
šalğam-hấyat (possessive second-person singular)
شلغمهات، شلغمات (colloquial possessive second-person singular)
šalğamất (possessive second-person singular)
شلغمش (possessive singular third-person)
šalğamaš (possessive singular third-person)
Term? (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
šalğameš (possessive singular third-person)
شلغمهایش (possessive singular third-person)
šalğam-hấyaš (possessive singular third-person)
شلغمهاش، شلغماش (colloquial possessive singular third-person)
šalğamấš (possessive singular third-person)
شلغممان (first-person plural possessive)
šalğamemân (first-person plural possessive)
شلغممون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
šalğamemun (first-person plural possessive)
شلغمهایمان (first-person plural possessive)
šalğam-hấyemân (first-person plural possessive)
شلغمهامون، شلغمامون (colloquial first-person plural possessive)
šalğamấmun (first-person plural possessive)
شلغمتان (plural possessive second-person)
šalğametân (plural possessive second-person)
شلغمتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
šalğametun (plural possessive second-person)
شلغمهایتان (plural possessive second-person)
šalğam-hấyetân (plural possessive second-person)
شلغمهاتون، شلغماتون (colloquial plural possessive second-person)
šalğamấtun (plural possessive second-person)
شلغمشان (plural possessive third-person)
šalğamešân (plural possessive third-person)
شلغمشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
šalğamešun (plural possessive third-person)
شلغمهایشان (plural possessive third-person)
šalğam-hấyešân (plural possessive third-person)
شلغمهاشون، شلغماشون (colloquial plural possessive third-person)
šalğamấšun (plural possessive third-person)

desctree

→ Arabic: شَلْجَم (šaljam), سَلْجَم (saljam), شَلْغَم (šalḡam), ثَلْجَم (ṯaljam)
→ Galician: acelga
→ Gujarati: શલજમ (śaljam)
→ Middle Armenian: շալճամ (šalčam), սալճամ (salčam)
→ Portuguese: acelga
→ Spanish: acelga
→ Ottoman Turkish: شلجم (şelcem)

→ Azerbaijani: şalğam

→ Assamese: চালগোম (salogüm)

→ Bashkir: шалҡан (şalqan)

→ Bengali: শালগম (śalogom)

desc

→ Gujarati: સલગમ (salgam), શલગમ (śalgam)

→ Hindustani:

→ Hindi: शलगम (śalgam)

→ Urdu: شلغم (šalğam)

→ Kazakh: шалғам (şalğam), шалқан (şalqan)

→ Middle Armenian: շալղամ (šalġam)

Armenian: շալղամ (šalġam)

→ Northern Kurdish: şêlim

→ Ottoman Turkish: شلغم (şelgam, şalgam)

Turkish: şalgam, şalğam

→ Greek: σαλγάμι (salgámi)

→ Punjabi: ਸ਼ਲਗਮ (śalgam)

→ Turkmen: şalgam

From Middle Persian [script needed] (SLKʾ /šalgam/), possibly from Ancient Greek σικελικόν (sikelikón, literally “the Sicilian one”). Cognate with Old Armenian շաղգամ (šałgam), Classical Syriac ܫܠܓܡܐ (šalgəmā), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic שלגמא (šalgəmā), Georgian თალგამი (talgami), ܣܠܩܐ (silqā, selqā), Aramaic סילקא, Neo-Babylonian 𒌑𒋛𒅋𒋡 (/silqu/), Arabic سِلْق (silq), Arabic شَلْجَم (šaljam), Russian свёкла (svjókla), and Ancient Greek σεῦκλον (seûklon).


قیصی

→ Khalaj: qəysi

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قیصی (kaysi, kayısı).


ترشی

head

ترشی • (torši) (plural ترشیها (torši-hâ))

→ Egyptian Arabic: تورشى (toršī)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: թուռշի (tʻuṙši), թուրշի (tʻurši)

desctree

Armenian: թուռշի (tʻuṙši), թուրշի (tʻurši) — Erzurum
→ Russian: турша́ (turšá)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तुर्शी (turśī)

Urdu: ترشی (turśī)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤੁਰਸ਼ੀ (turśī)

Shahmukhi script: ترشی (turśī)

→ Ottoman Turkish: ترشی (turşı, turşu)
Turkish: turşu
→ Albanian: turshi
→ Arabic: طُرْشِيّ (ṭuršiyy)
→ Bulgarian: турши́я (turšíja)
→ Greek: τουρσί (toursí)
→ Ladino: trushi
→ Macedonian: туршија (turšija)
→ Serbo-Croatian: ту̀ршија / tùršija

From ترش (torš, “sour”) + ـی (-i). Compare سبزی (sabzi, “herb”), from سبز (sabz, “green”) + ـی (-i).


خاویار

head

خاویار • (xâvyâr)

fa-noun

خاویار • (xâvyâr)

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: χαβιάρι (khabiári), χαβιάριον (khabiárion), χαβάρα (khabára) (from 12ᵗʰ century)

Greek: χαβιάρι (chaviári)

→ Arabic: خِبْيَارِيّ (ḵibyāriyy)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: خاویار (havyar)
Turkish: havyar
→ Albanian: havjar
→ Middle Armenian: խաւիար (xawiar)
Armenian: խավիար (xaviar)
→ Bulgarian: хайве́р (hajvér)
→ Italian: caviale
→ French: cavial
→ Medieval Latin: caviarium
→ Serbo-Croatian: àjvār / а̀јва̄р
→ Crimean Tatar: havyar
→ Venetan: caviaro
→ Dutch: kaviaar
→ Middle French: cavyaire
French: caviar
→ Arabic: كَافِيَار (kāfiyār)
→ Catalan: caviar
→ Danish: kaviar
→ Greenlandic: kaviaari
→ English: caviar
→ Korean: 캐비어 (kaebieo)
→ Welsh: cafiâr, cafiar
→ Estonian: kaviaro
→ Faroese: kaviar
→ Finnish: kaviaari
→ Galician: caviar
→ Icelandic: kavíar
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kaviar
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kaviar
→ Polish: kawior
→ Portuguese: caviar
→ Romanian: caviar
→ Romansch: caviar
→ Spanish: caviar
→ Swahili: kaviar
→ German: Kaviar
→ Czech: kaviár
→ Hungarian: kaviár
→ Macedonian: кавијар (kavijar)
→ Serbo-Croatian: kȁvijār / ка̏вија̄р
→ Slovak: kaviár

Formed in another Indo-Iranian language, equivalent to the common Ossetian кӕф (kæf, “fish”) compounded with well-known Romani jaro which is with their usual prejotation and cluster reduction from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hāndrám (Sanskrit आण्ड (āṇḍa, “egg”)), so literally “fish-eggs”.


نارنگ

head

نارنگ • (nârang)

fa-noun

نارنگ • (nârang)

desctree

→ Arabic: نَارَنْج (nāranj)
→⇒ Byzantine Greek: νεράντζιον (nerántzion), νεράντζιν (nerántzin), νεράντζι (nerántzi), νεράτζι (nerátzi), ἐράντζι (erántzi)
Greek: νεράντζι (nerántzi), νεράτζι (nerátzi)
Pontic Greek: νεράντζιν (nerántzin), αναράντζιν (anarántzin), ανάραντζιν (anárantzin), αναράντζ' (anarántz') — Trapezounta, αραράντζι (ararántzi), νεράντζι (nerántzi) — Oinoe
→ Laz: არანძი (aranżi), არარანცი (araranʒi) — Khopa, ანძი (anżi) — Vitse
→ Middle Armenian: նարանճ (naranč)
→ Classical Persian: نَارَنْج (nāranj)
→ Azerbaijani: narınc
→ Gujarati: નારંજ (nārañj)
→ Middle Armenian: նարինջ (narinǰ)
Armenian: նարինջ (narinǰ)
→ Portuguese: laranja
→ Spanish: naranja
→ Alcozauca Mixtec: láxa
→ Guaraní: narã
→ Italian: narancia
→ Hungarian: narancs
⇒ Italian: arancia
→ Old Occitan: auranja
Occitan: irange
→ Old French: orenge, orange
Middle French: orange, orenge
French: orange (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: orenge, arange, araunge, orange, orynge
English: orange
→ Esperanto: oranĝo
→ Japanese: オレンジ (orenji)
→ Kashubian: orendż (Canada, United States)
→ Korean: 오렌지 (orenji)
→ Makah: ʔo·linčas
→ Malay: oren
→ Marshallese: oran
Scots: orange, oranger
Norman: orange
→ Southeastern Tepehuan: naraankas
→ Tagalog: narangha
→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: alöxöx
→ Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl: naranja
→ Ottoman Turkish: نارنج (narenc, narenç)
Turkish: narenc
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Latin script: nàrānča, nàrāndža
Cyrillic script: на̀ра̄нча, на̀ра̄нџа

[nɒː.ɹǽŋɡʲ̥]

From Sanskrit नारङ्ग (nāraṅga, “orange tree”).


امروت

امرود امرود#Persian

Alternative spelling of امرود, meaning pear or guava.


گلپر

Not present until the late 18ᵗʰ century and borrowed from Mazanderani کوله پر (kūle-par), bearing formerly also the forms گوله پر (gôla par), کوله پر (kôla par), کله پر (kola par), meaning “leafy ball”, referring to the umbels, see گوی (gôy, “ball”) and پر (par, “wing; feather; leaf”).

golpar, Persian hogweed (Heracleum persicum) (the seeds, leaves and stalks are used in Persian cooking)


شنبلیله

desctree

Azerbaijani: şəmbəllə, şənbəllə, şəmbələ
→ Armenian: շամբալա (šambala)
→ Russian: шамбала́ (šambalá)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (šmblyt /šamblīt, šamblīd/), [script needed] (šmblytk' /šambalīdag/, “fenugreek”), whence also Old Armenian շամղիտակ (šamłitak) and Arabic شِمْلِيدَج (šimlīdaj). Ultimately borrowed from a Semitic language. Compare Jewish Babylonian Aramaic שִׁבְּלִילְתָא (šibbəlīləṯā), Classical Syriac ܫܒܠܝܠܬܐ (šebbəlīltā) and ܦܠܝܠܬܐ (pəlīltā), all from Akkadian 𒊭𒄠𒁀𒇷𒅋𒌈 (/šambaliltum/), 𒊭𒁀𒇸𒌅 (/šabbaliltu/), 𒊭𒄠𒈬 𒁀𒅋𒌈 (/šammu baliltu/, “fenugreek”, literally “mixture grass”).
The word is found in other modern Iranian languages: compare Harzani [script needed] (šunbulla), Badakhshan Tajik шалит (šalit, “orach”), Wakhi šlit, šliṭ (“Chenopodium album”), Shiraz Persian شملیز (šamliz) and Central Kurdish شمڵی (şimllî).

cog

שִׁבְּלִילְתָא


پیچک

head

پیچک • (pičak) (plural پیچکها (pičak-hâ))


تره‌فرنگی

ترهفرنگی (canonical)
tare-farangi (romanization)


باقلا

باقلا • (bâqelâ)

fa-noun

باقلا • (bâqelâ)

From Arabic بَاقِلّاء (bāqillāʔ, “broad bean (Vicia faba)”), from Aramaic בקילא (“broad bean (Vicia faba)”).

der

نیام باقلا


پیازچه

head

پیازچه • (piyâzče)

fa-noun

پیازچه • (piyâzče)

From پیاز + ـچه.


نارنج

nârenj (romanization)
nâranj (romanization)

→ Azerbaijani: narınc

→ Gujarati: નારંજ (nārañj)

→ Middle Armenian: նարինջ (narinǰ)

Armenian: նարինջ (narinǰ)

[nɑː.ɾǽnd͡ʒ]

[nɑː.ɾǽnd͡ʒ]

[nɑː.ɾǽnd͡ʒ]

[nɔː.ɾǽnd͡ʒ̥]

[nɒː.ɹénd͡ʒ̥]

[nɒː.ɹǽnd͡ʒ̥]

Borrowed from Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj), from Classical Persian نارنگ (nārang).

Citrus aurantium
Citrus aurantium#Translingual

Seville orange, bitter orange, Citrus aurantium


تربز

head

تربز • (tarboz) (plural تربزها (tarboz-hâ))

→ Assamese: তৰমুজ (toromuz)

→ Bengali: তরমুজ (toromuj)

desc

→ Gujarati: તરબૂચ (tarbūc), તડબૂચ (taḍbūc)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तरबूज़ (tarbūz)

Urdu: تربوز (tarbūz)

→ Kalmyk: тарвс (tarvs)

→ Mongolian: тарвас (tarvas)

→ Marathi: टरबूज (ṭarbūj), तरबूज (tarbūj)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਤਰਬੂਜ਼ (tarbūz), ਤਰਬੂਜ (tarbūj)

Shahmukhi script: تربوز (tarbūz)

→ Old Turkic: [script needed] (*tarbuz)

Kyrgyz: дарбыз (darbız)

Turkish: karpuz

Uyghur: تاۋۇز (tawuz)

Uzbek: tarvuz

desctree

→ Russian: арбуз (arbuz), арбу́зъ (arbúz) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Estonian: arbuus
→ Finnish: arbuusi
→ Ingrian: arbuza
→ Latvian: arbūzs
→ Lithuanian: arbūzas
→ Polish: arbuz
→ Volga German: Erbus

Possibly a metathesized and zetacized derivative of Sanskrit त्रपुस (trapusa, “colocynth fruit”) (compare خَربُز).

der

(archaic, dialectal or nonstandard) watermelon


کچالو

head

کچالو • (kačālū)

fa-noun

کچالو • (kačālū)

[kʰä.t͡ʃʰɑː.lúː]

[kʰä.t͡ʃʰɑː.lúː]

[kʰä.t͡ʃʰɑː.lúː]

[kʰä.t͡ʃʰɔː.lú]

Borrowed from Hindi कचालू (kacālū) / Urdu کچالو (kacālū).


تمشک

head

تمشک • (tamešk) (plural تمشکها (tamešk-hâ))

Perhaps from Mazanderani. In old Persian dictionaries, it was wrongly recorded as نَمُتک.


بالو

بالو • (bâlu)

fa-noun

بالو • (bâlu)

desctree

→ Middle Armenian: բալ (bal)
Armenian: բալ (bal)

Akin to Proto-Georgian-Zan *bal- (“wild cherry”). The nature of the relationship and the ultimate origin are unknown.

unk

unknown


مرغانه

head

مرغانه • (morğâne)

fa-noun

مرغانه • (morğâne)

[mʊɾ.ɣɑː.nǽ]

[mʊɾ.ɣɑː.nǽ]

[mʊɾ.ɣɑː.nǽ]

Borrowed from Mazanderani مرغانه (merğâne).


جفت

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ywht /ǰuxt/), from Proto-Iranian *yuxtáh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yuktás, from Proto-Indo-European *yugtós. Doublet of یوغ (yuğ) and زوج (zowj).

inh

جفت جنین
جفت جنین#Persian

Short for جفت جنین (joft-e janin, “placenta”).


زردک

→ Algerian Arabic: زرودية (zrūdiyya)

→ Moroccan Arabic: زرودية (zrūdiyya)

→ Kabyle: zrudga

→ Kyrgyz: зардек (zardek)

→ Qašqay: зәдәк, зәрдәк, зардәк

→ Siberian Tatar: сәртәк

desc

→ Ottoman Turkish: زردك (zerdek), زدك (zedek) (rare)

→ Punjabi: ਜਰਦ (jarad)

→ Fergana Valley Uyghur: зәдәк (zedek)

From زرد (zard, “yellow”) + ـک (ak, “diminutive suffix”).


مرچ

murč (romanization)
mareč (romanization)

→ Bashkir: борос (boros)

→ Kazakh: бұрыш (būryş)

→ Kyrgyz: мурч (murc)

→ Southern Altai: мырч (mïrč)

Borrowed from Hindustani (see Urdu مرچ and Hindi मिर्च (mirc)), or from dialectal Hindi मरिच (maric) (in Iran), from Sanskrit मरिच (marica).


شملی

head

شملی • (šamli)

fa-noun

شملی • (šamli)


خارگیل

head

خارگیل • (xârgil) (plural خارگیلها (xârgil-hâ))

[xɒːɹ.ɡʲíːl̥]

Blend of خار (xār /xâr) + نارگیل (nārgēl /nârgil).


دوریان

dūriyān (romanization)
duriyân (romanization)

Borrowed from English durian, from Malay durian.


بادرنگ

head

بادرنگ • (bâdrang)

fa-noun

بادرنگ • (bâdrang)

Tajik: бодиринг (bodiring)

Uzbek: bodring

Kazakh: бәдірен (bädıren)

Kyrgyz: бадыраң (badıraŋ)

→ Gujarati: બાદરંગ (bādraṅg)

[bɑːð.ˈɾaŋɡ]

[bɑːd̪.ɾǽŋɡ]

[bɑːd̪.ɾǽŋɡ]

[bɑːd̪.ɾǽŋɡ]

[bɔːd̪.ɾǽŋɡ̥]

[bɒːd̪.ɹǽŋɡʲ̥]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (wʾtlng /wādrang/, “citron”). Akin to Manichaean Parthian [script needed] (wʾdrwng /wādrūng/, “lemon balm, balm mint”) and Iranian-borrowed Old Armenian վարունգ (varung), Mongolian батраш (batraš), Kalmyk батраш (batraş). Further origin in Sanskrit मातुलुङ्ग (mātuluṅga, “citron (tree)”).


کیله

Perhaps from Mazanderani. Cognate with Sanskrit कुल्या (kulyā). See also کول.


کیله

head

کیله • (kêla)

fa-noun

کیله • (kêla)

Borrowed from Hindi केला (kelā) or Urdu کیلا (kelā), from Sanskrit कदल (kadala).


چغاله

head

چغاله • (čağâle)

fa-noun

چغاله • (čağâle)

desc

→ Azerbaijani: çağala, çaqqala, çağla, cağla

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: چاغلا (çağala, çağla, “unripe almond”), چغاله (çağala, çağla), چغله (çağala, çağla), چغلا (çağala, çağla)
Turkish: çağla
→ Armenian: չաղլա (čʻaġla), չալաղա (čʻalaġa), չաղալա (čʻaġala)
→ Greek: τσάγαλο n (tságalo)

[t͡ʃʰä.ɣɑː.lǽ]

[t͡ʃʰä.ɣɑː.lǽ]

[t͡ʃʰä.ɣɑː.lǽ]

[t͡ʃʰä.ɣɔː.lǽ]

[t͡ʃʰæ.ɢɒː.lé]

[t͡ʃʰä.ʁɔ.lǽ]

According to Monchi-Zadeh, the basic meaning is "small hard ball" and is borrowed from a Northeastern Iranian language: compare Pashto ځغاله (źəǧālá, “small lump of dough”).
Compare also Armenian կաղաղ (kaġaġ), ցոգոլ (cʻogol).


بادیان

head

بادیان • (bâdiyân)

fa-noun

بادیان • (bâdiyân)

→ Azerbaijani: badyan

→ Bashkir: баҙыян (baźıyan)

→ French: badiane

→ Asturian: badiana

→ Belarusian: бадзян (badzjan)

→ Catalan: badiana

→ Czech: badyán

→ English: badian

→ Galician: badián

→ German: Badian

→ Occitan: badiana

→ Polish: badian

→ Portuguese: badiana

→ Russian: бадья́н (badʹján)

→ Spanish: badián, badiana

→ Slovak: badián

→ Ukrainian: бодян (bodjan)

→ Gujarati: બાદિયાન (bādiyān)

→ Hindi: बादियान (bādiyān)

→ Kazakh: бәден (bäden)

→ Ottoman Turkish: بادیان (badyan)

Turkish: badyan

→ Chagatai:

Uyghur: بەدىيان (bediyan)

1004-1088, Nasir Khusraw
نیست مرا وقت ضعیفی هنوز
بشکند این را شکر و بادیان
nist marâ vaqt-e za'ifi hanuz
beškanad in râ šakar o bâdiyân


کرفس

head

کرفس • (karafs) (plural کرفسها (karafs-hâ))

→ Arabic: كَرَفْس (karafs)

→ Azerbaijani: kərəviz

desc

→ Middle Armenian: կարոս (karos), կարաւս (karaws), կարօս (karōs), կարուս (karus), քարոս (kʻaros), քարաւս (kʻaraws), քարաւիս (kʻarawis), քարաւուզ (kʻarawuz), քրեւս (kʻrews), քրեֆս (kʻrefs), քրէֆս (kʻrēfs), քերեւս (kʻerews), քէրէֆս (kʻērēfs), քարսոն (kʻarson), կարսոն (karson)

→ Northern Kurdish: kerefs

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كرویز (kereviz, kerviz)
Turkish: kereviz
→ Armenian: քերեվիզ (kʻereviz)
→ Bulgarian: кереви́з (kerevíz), керви́з (kervíz)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (karafs /klps/, “celery”). Akin to Transoxianan Persian obsolete کرویز (karaviz), Central Kurdish کەرەوز (kerewz), Classical Syriac ܟܪܦܣܐ (kerpəsā), Hebrew כַּרְפַּס (karpás).


تاک

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (tʾk /tāk/, “branch”).


سوخ

From Middle Iranian, whence also Old Armenian սոխ (sox). Further derivation uncertain, but probably ultimately Turkic, from Proto-Turkic *sogan, cognate to Southern Altai согоно (sogono), Tuvan согуна (soguna), Khakas соған (soğan), Bashkir һуған (huğan), Chuvash сухан (suh̬an), Azerbaijani soğan (“onion”), Turkish soğan, Old Turkic 𐰣𐰍𐰽 (soɣun), etc., all meaning “onion”; also borrowed into Mongolian as сонгино (songino). Compare that on the other hand the most widespread Turkic word for garlic, *sarïmsak, is borrowed from Iranian.


کمبزه

کمبیزه کمبیزه#Persian


شفتالو

head

شفتالو • (šaftâlu)

fa-noun

شفتالو • (šaftâlu)

desc

→ Armenian: շավթալ (šavtʻal), շաֆդալի (šafdali), շափտալի (šapʻtali), շեֆթալի (šeftʻali), շաֆթալի (šaftʻali), շեֆթելյու (šeftʻelyu), շավթլի (šavtʻli) (in some cases via Turkic)

→ Chechen: шаптал (šaptal)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: शफ़तालू (śaftālū)

Urdu: شفتالو (śaftālū)

→ Ingush: шапта (šapta)

→ Kabardian: шэфтал (šɛftal)

→ Karachay-Balkar: шаптал (şaptal)

→ Kazakh: шабдалы (şabdaly)

→ Turkmen: şetdaly

→ Turkmen: شبداله (“şepdaly”) (Turkmensahra)

→ Khalaj: şəftâlu

→ Kyrgyz: шабдалы (şabdalı), шапталы (şaptalı)

→ Russian: шептала́ (šeptalá) (via Turkic)

→ Shor: шаптал

→ Shor: шаптал

desctree

→ Old Anatolian Turkish: شفتالو (şeftalü, şeftali)
Azerbaijani: şaftalı
Gagauz: шефтели
Ottoman Turkish: شفتالو (şeftalı)
Turkish: şeftali, şeftalı
→ Bulgarian: шефталия (šeftalija) (archaic)
→ Crimean Tatar: şaftalı
→ Northern Kurdish: şeftalî
→ Ladino: shefteli
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шефтелија, шептелија, шевтелија, шепталија (archaic)
Latin script: šeftelija, šeptelija, ševtelija, šeptalija (archaic)

→ Uyghur: شاپتۇل (shaptul)

→ Uzbek: шафтоли (shaftoli)

[ʃäf.t̪ʰɑː.lúː]

[ʃäf.t̪ʰɑː.lúː]

[ʃäf.t̪ʰɑː.lúː]

[ʃäf.t̪ʰɔː.lú]

[ʃæf.t̪ʰɒː.lúː]

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (špt'twk' /šiftālūg/, “peach”), a compound describing its texture of [Term?] (/šift/, “milk”) via Northwestern Iranian from Proto-Iranian *xšwiptah (“milk”) and [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlwk' /ālūg/, “plum”).


شنگویر

Borrowed from Sanskrit शृङ्गवेर (śṛṅgavēra). Doublet of زنجفیل (zanjefil) and زنجبیل (zanjebil).


جواری

head

جواری • (jovâri)

fa-noun

جواری • (jovâri)

[d͡ʒʊ.wɑː.ɾiː]

[d͡ʒʊ.wɑː.ɾiː]

[d͡ʒʊ.wɑː.ɾiː]

Borrowed from Hindustani جوار / जुवार (juvār).


دال

From Middle Persian d'lmn (/dālman/, “eagle, lammergeyer”). Cognate with Southern Luri دال (dâl, “eagle”), from the same root.

inh

دال معمولی


کمبیزه

Diminutive of کمب, کنب (konb, “golden shower”); see also کبست (kabast, “colocynth”).


پودنه

head

پودنه • (classical pûdina, iranian pudene)

classical pûdina (romanization)
iranian pudene (romanization)

→ Assamese: পদিনা (podina)

→ Bengali: পুদিনা (pudina)

desctree

→ Georgian: პიტნა (ṗiṭna), პიტნაკი (ṗiṭnaḳi)
→ Armenian: պիտնա (pitna)
→ Laz: პიტნე (p̌iťne)
→ Mingrelian: პიტინე (ṗiṭine)
→ Svan: პიტნა̈ჲ (ṗiṭnäy)

→ Gujarati: ફુદીનો (phudīno)

→ Hindi: पुदीना (pudīnā)
→ English: pudina
→ Burmese: ပူဒီနာ (pudina)
→ Malay: pudina
→ Tamil: புதினா (putiṉā)

→ Kannada: ಪುದೀನ (pudīna)

→ Konkani: पुदीन (pudīn)

→ Malayalam: പുതിന (putina)

→ Marathi: पुदिना (pudinā)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: պուտինա (putina), պուտինայ (putinay)

→ Punjabi: ਪੁਦੀਨਾ (pudīnā) / پُدینا (pudenā)

q

→ Sanskrit: पुदीन (pudīna) (first attested in Nighaṇṭu Ratnākara, 16th century)

→ Telugu: పుదీనా (pudīnā)

From Middle Persian *pūdīnag, [script needed] (pūdanag). Akin to Mazanderani پتنیک (petenik), Northern Kurdish pûng (“Mentha pulegium”), Arabic فُوذَنَج (fūḏanaj, “Mentha pulegium”). Earlier also *pūtīnag and *pūtanag, whence Arabic فُوتَنَج (fūtanaj), Classical Syriac ܦܘܛܢܐ (puṭənā), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic פוּטְנַק (pūṭənaq), פוּטְנַג (pūṭənag).


ماش

Tajik: мош (moš)

→ Arabic: مَاش (māš)

→ Azerbaijani: maş

→ Georgian: მაშა (maša)

→ Karakalpak: мәш

→ Kazakh: мәш (mäş)

→? Russian: маш (maš)

→ Romanian: maș (Moldova)

→ Ukrainian: маш (maš)

→ Middle Armenian: մաշ (maš)

Armenian: մաշ (maš)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: ماش (maş)
Turkish: maş

→ Uzbek: мош (mosh)

From or otherwise related to Sanskrit माष (māṣa, “mungo bean”).

Vigna radiata
Vigna radiata#Translingual

ماش سبز
ماش سبز#Persian

ماش سیاه
ماش سیاه#Persian

mung bean (Vigna radiata, ماش سبز (mâš sabz)) and mungo bean (Vigna mungo, ماش سیاه (mâš siyâh))


آلوبالو

head

آلوبالو • (âlubâlu)

fa-noun

آلوبالو • (âlubâlu)

→ Azerbaijani: albalı

desctree

→ Georgian: ალუბალი (alubali)
→ Armenian: ալուբալի (alubali) — Tbilisi

→ Gujarati: આલૂબાલૂ (ālūbālū), આલુબાલુ (ālubālu)

→ Northern Kurdish: alûbalû

→ Lezgi: ала баъли (ala baʾli)

→ Nogai: аьлбели (älbeli)

آلبالو آلبالو#Persian

Alternative form of آلبالو (âlbâlu, “sour cherry”)


انگنار

angenâr (romanization)
engenâr (romanization)

[ʔäŋ.ɡɪ.nɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.nɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔäŋ.ɡɪ.nɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.nɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔäŋ.ɡɪ.nɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔɪŋ.ɡɪ.nɑ́ːɾ]

[ʔäŋ.ɡi.nɔ́ːɾ]

[ʔiŋ.ɡi.nɔ́ːɾ]

[ʔæɲ.ɡʲe.nɒ́ːɹ]

[ʔeɲ.ɡʲe.nɒ́ːɹ]

[ʔäŋ.ɡi.nɔ́ɾ]

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish انكنار (enginar, inginar), from Greek αγκινάρα (agkinára). False cognate of Persian کنگر (kangar, “thistle”).


سوسنبر

→ Armenian: սուսամբար (susambar)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: սիսամբար (sisambar), սիսանպար (sisanpar)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (sysymbl), [script needed] (sysynbl /sīsīmbar/, “sisymbrium, wild thyme”), from Ancient Greek σισύμβριον (sisúmbrion).

inh

Thymus serpyllum
Thymus serpyllum#Translingual


آویشن

head

آویشن • (âvišan)

fa-noun

آویشن • (âvišan)

[ʔɒː.viː.ʃɒ́ːn]

From earlier form آبشن (ābišan) from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾp̄yšn' /ābēšan ~ ābešan/).


مالته

mâlte (romanization)
mâlta (romanization)

[mɑːl̪.t̪ʰǽ]

Borrowed from Pashto مالټه, from Urdu مالٹا (mālṭā), originally the name of certain cultivars from Malta introduced by the Portuguese.

der

Urdu مالٹا (mālṭā)


ترنج

head

ترنج • (classical turunj, turanj, iranian toronj, toranj)

classical turunj (romanization)
turanj (romanization)
iranian toronj (romanization)
toranj (romanization)

desc

→ Gujarati: તુરુંજ (turuñj), તુરંજ (turañj)

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾʊnd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾänd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾʊnd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾänd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾʊnd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰʊ.ɾänd͡ʒ]

[t̪ʰu.ɾänd͡ʒ̥]

[t̪ʰo.ɹænd͡ʒ̥]

ترنجیدن

classical turunjîdan, iranian toronjidan

ترنج باید در مرکز فرش قرار گیرد

The medallion should be placed in the center of carpet …

toranj bâyad dar markaz-e farš qarâr girad

بررسی نقش نمادین ترنج در فرش ایرانی

On the Symbolic Role of Medallion in Persian Carpet

barresi-ye naqš-e namâdin-e toranj dar farš-e irâni

(art) medallion created using rich arabesque patterns usually found in some artworks, especially that of a (Persian) carpet, an illuminated manuscript, or in Islamic tiles


رشک

head

رشک • (rešk)

fa-noun

رشک • (rešk)

Related to Sanskrit रिक्षा (rikṣā, “nit”). Compare also Latin ricinus in the sense “tick”, but further connections are problematic.


مرزه

From a Middle Persian simple term seen in the first compound part of Arabic مَرْزَنْجُوش (marzanjūš, “marjoram”) + ـه (-a), look there for more.

cog

مَرْزَنْجُوش


بلنجمشک

desc

فَلَنْجَمُشْك

أَفْلَنْجَمُشْك

فَرَنْجَمُشْك

بَرَنْجَمُشْك

أَفْرَنْجَمُشْك

→ Arabic: فَلَنْجَمُشْك (falanjamušk), أَفْلَنْجَمُشْك (ʔaflanjamušk), فَرَنْجَمُشْك (faranjamušk), بَرَنْجَمُشْك (baranjamušk), أَفْرَنْجَمُشْك (ʔafranjamušk)

From a variant of بالنگ (bâlang, “citron; cucumber”) or بادرنگ (bâdrang, “cucumber; lemon”) + مشک (mošk, “moschus”), compare the lemon-balm’s other common names وارنگبو (vârang-bu, literally “citron-smelling”) and بادرنگبویه (bâdrang-buye, literally “cucumber-smelling or citron-smelling”). The f-anlauting forms are understood as from فرنج (faranj, “Frank”) perceiving a “Frankish moschus, European moschus”.


بلنجاسپ

desc

بِرِنْجَاسَف

→ Arabic: بِرِنْجَاسَف (birinjāsaf), بِلِنْجَاسَف (bilinjāsaf), فِرِنْجَاسَف (firinjāsaf)

→ Classical Syriac: ܒܪܢܓܣܦ (brngsp), ܦܠܢܓܣܦ (plngsp)

→ Middle Armenian: պարանճասիֆ (parančasif)

The origin is uncertain, but possibly بالنگ (bâlang, “citron; cucumber”) or بادرنگ (bâdrang, “cucumber; lemon”) + اسپ (asp, “horse”), the first element generic for any plant of penetrative smell—as بلنجمشک (balanjmošk, “lemon balm”, literally “lemon musk”)— and the second because horses are naturally attracted to artemisias in cases of digestive issues. However see a different termination in Middle Armenian բարձուենեկ (barjuenek).


چغندر

head

چغندر • (classical čuğundar, čuğundur, iranian čoğondar, čoğondur)

classical čuğundar (romanization)
čuğundur (romanization)
iranian čoğondar (romanization)
čoğondur (romanization)

→ Pashto: چغندر (čuğundar)

→ Azerbaijani: çuğundur

→ Gujarati: ચુકનદાર (cukandār)

desc

→ Ottoman Turkish: چوكندر (çükündür, çökündür, çügündür, çükündur, çükundur)

Turkish: çükündür, çökündür

→ Bulgarian: чукунду́р (čukundúr)

→ Ladino: chukundur

→ Middle Armenian: չքնտուր (čʻkʻntur)

→ Serbo-Croatian: (Syrmia, obsolete)

Cyrillic script: чуку̀ндрук

Latin script: čukùndruk

→ Bashkir: сөгөлдөр (sögöldör)

→ Chuvash: чĕкĕнтĕр (čĕkĕntĕr)

→ Turkmen: şugundyr

→ Tatar: чөгендер (çögender)

→ Karachay-Balkar: чюгюндюр (çügündür)

→ Hindi: चुक़न्दर (cuqandar), चुकंदर (cukandar)

→ Urdu: چقندر (cuqandar)

→ Lezgi: чугъундур (čuġundur)

[t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ]

[t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ǽɾ]

[t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ]

[t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ǽɾ]

[t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ]

[t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ǽɾ]

[t͡ʃʰo.ɢon̪.d̪úːɹ]

Bailey derives from Proto-Iranian *čak- (“be pointed, horned”) (compare Khotanese [script needed] (cakurīka-, “wood sorrel”), Persian چکش (čakoš, “hammer”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kek-, *kenk-, *keg-, *keng- (“be pointed; hook, peg”), on which see Pokorny.
An improbable origin from Old Armenian ճակնդեղ (čakndeł) has also been suggested.
Cognate with Kurdish çewender, چەوەندەر (çewender), Gurani چۆنڎەری (čōnḓarī), Talysh чәғынде (“beet”); çəğınde, Northern Kurdish çarkindêle (“beet; carrot”) and the Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian ճակնդեղ (čakndeł, “beet”), Old Georgian ჭაკუნტელი (č̣aḳunṭeli), Chinese 莙薘 /莙荙 (jūndá, “chard”).

cog

Gurani چۆنڎەری (čōnḓarī)


کوژ

kewž (romanization)
kuviž (romanization)

→ Arabic: كِوَز (kiwaz), كُوِز (kuwiz)


شاه‌بلوط

head

شاهبلوط • (šâh-balut)

fa-noun

شاهبلوط • (šâh-balut)

شاهبلوط (canonical)
šâh-balut (romanization)

desc

شَاهْبَلُّوط

→ Arabic: شَاهْبَلُّوط (šāhballūṭ)

→ Arabic: شَاهْبَلُّوط (šāhballūṭ)

→ Azerbaijani: şabalıd

→ Middle Armenian: շահպալութ (šahpalutʻ), շահպալլուտ (šahpallut)

From Middle Persian [script needed] (šhblwt' /šāhbalūt/, “chestnut”). Compare Persian بلوط (“acorn”).


انیسون

→ Mazanderani: انگیسم (angisem)

Borrowed from Arabic أَنِيسُون (ʔanīsūn).


رازیانه

head

رازیانه • (râziyâne)

fa-noun

رازیانه • (râziyâne)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: ռազիան (ṙazian), ռազանա (ṙazana), ըռազիան (əṙazian), ըռզիան (əṙzian), ռզիան (ṙzian), ռազինայ (ṙazinay)

→ Azerbaijani: razyana, razyanə, raziyana, raziyanə

→ Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: ڕازیانه (razyane)

Northern Kurdish: rizyane, rizyana

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: رزنه (rezene), رازیانه (raziyane)
Turkish: rezene, raziyane
→ Armenian: ըռեզենե (əṙezene)
→ Azerbaijani: rəzənə
→ Bulgarian: резене́ (rezené)

→ Uyghur: رازىيانە (raziyane)

From Middle Persian *rāziyānag, whence borrowings Northern Kurdish rizyank, rizyang, Arabic رَازِيَانَج (rāziyānaj), ultimately of unknown origin.


ساج

Ultimately from Sanskrit शाक (śāka, “vegetable; herb; teak-tree”).

der

teak tree and wood (Tectona gen. et spp.)


ژدوار

head

ژدوار • (žadvâr)

fa-noun

ژدوار • (žadvâr)

desctree

→ Arabic: جَدْوَار (jadwār), زَدْوَار (zadwār)
→ Byzantine Greek: τζεστουάρια (tzestouária), τζηντουάρ (tzēntouár), ζουδάρα (zoudára), ζαδόαρ (zadóar)
→ Medieval Latin: zedoārium (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Armenian: ճատվար (čatvar)
→ Persian: جدوار (jadvâr)
→ Ottoman Turkish: جدوار (cedvar), زدوار (zidvar)
Turkish: cedvar

[ʒäd̪.wɑ́ːɾ]

[ʒäd̪.wɑ́ːɾ]

[ʒäd̪.wɑ́ːɾ]

[ʒäd̪.wɔ́ːɾ]

[ʒæd̪.vɒ́ːɹ]

Borrowed from Northwestern Iranian, whence borrowing Sanskrit जडुवार (jaḍuvāra), जडुपार (jaḍupāra), जदुवार (jaduvāra), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“resin, gum”), also found as ژد (žad, “resin, gum”), as well as ـوار (-vâr, suffix denoting something having a characteristic).

der

Curcuma zedoaria
Curcuma zedoaria#Translingual


زرنباد

desctree

→ Arabic: زُرُنْبَاد (zurunbād)
→ Byzantine Greek: ζουρουμπέδ (zouroumpéd), ζηρωμπᾶ (zērōmpâ)
→ Medieval Latin: zurumbet, zurumbeth, zarumbet, zerumbet
→ French: zérumbet
→ English: zerumbet

Zingiber zerumbet
Zingiber zerumbet#Translingual


شوکران

head

شوکران • (šowkarân)

fa-noun

شوکران • (šowkarân)

→ Arabic: شَوْكَرَان (šawkarān)

[ʃäw.kʰä.ɾɑ́ːn]

[ʃäw.kʰä.ɾɑ́ːn]

[ʃäw.kʰä.ɾɑ́ːn]

[ʃäw.kʰä.ɾɔ́ːn]

[ʃow.kʰʲæ.ɹɒ́ːn]

[ʃäw.kʰä.ɾɔ́n]

Through a Semitic borrowing, however a false cognate to the Semitic root for drunkenness, intoxication (Arabic س ك ر (s-k-r)); from a form equaling Aramaic שׁכרונא / ܫܲܟܪܘܿܢܵܐ (šaḵrōnā, “henbane”), Hebrew שִׁכָּרוֹן (šikārōn, “henbane”), Arabic سَكْرَان (sakrān), سَيْكَرَان (saykarān, “henbane”). Derived from Akkadian 𒌑𒅫 (^(U₂).ŠAKIR /šakirû/, “a plant, drug”), ultimately a loan from Sumerian 𒌑𒅫 (^(U₂).ŠAKIR /šakir/, “a plant, drug”).

cog

Aramaic שׁכרונא

der

Conium maculatum
Conium maculatum#Translingual

hemlock (Conium gen. et spp., particularly Conium maculatum)


پودینه

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


کما

→ Translingual: Ferula kuma

Borrowed from Aramaic קוֹמָּא (qommā) / ܩܘܡܐ (qommā, “acacia gum”), from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi, “acacia gum”), from Egyptian qmy (“anointing oil”), qmyt (“acanthus resin, gum”).

der

(modernly employed for) various Ferula and what is now Dorema species


کما

kamâ (romanization)
kemâ (romanization)
komâ (romanization)

Borrowed from Arabic كِمّ (kimm, “calyx, envelope”).


شومین

šumin (romanization)
šomin (romanization)

→ Middle Armenian: շոմին (šomin)

→ Armenian: շոմեն (šomen) (New Julfa)


زافه

head

زافه • (zâfe)

fa-noun

زافه • (zâfe)

Akin to Persian ژافه (žâfe), Persian جعفری (ja'fari).

16th century, Mohammad Qāsem Soruri, Farhang-e Soruri
من یکی زافه بدم خشک و به فرغانه شدم، مورد گشتم تر و شد قامت چون نارونا.
man yek-i zâfe badam xošk o be farğâne šodam, mowred gaštam tar o šod qâmat čon nâromâ.


حلتیت

Borrowed from Arabic حِلْتِيت (ḥiltīt, “asafoetida”), itself from Aramaic חלתיתא (ḥeltīṯā, “asafoetida”).

bor+

Ferula assa-foetida
Ferula assa-foetida#Translingual

hing, devil's dung (Ferula assa-foetida)


کماشیر

head

کماشیر • (kamâšir)

fa-noun

کماشیر • (kamâšir)

desc

→ Arabic: كَمَاشِير (kamāšīr)

→ Arabic: كَمَاشِير (kamāšīr)

[kʰä.mɑː.ʃeːɾ]

[kʰä.mɑː.ʃeːɾ]

[kʰä.mɑː.ʃeːɾ]

[kʰä.mɔː.ʃeːɾ]

[kʰʲæ.mɒː.ʃiːɹ]

an opopanax-like gum from a certain umbelliferous plant


آلوی بخارا

head

آلوی بخارا • (âlu-ye boxârâ)

fa-noun

آلوی بخارا • (âlu-ye boxârâ)

desc

→ Armenian: ալբուխարա (albuxara), ալբուխարի (albuxari), ալբուխար (albuxar), ալիբուխարա (alibuxara), ալի պոխորա (ali poxora)

→ Azerbaijani: albuxara

→ English: alubukhara, alu-bukhara, alu bukhara, albukhara, aloo bukhara, aloo bokhara, aloobukhara

→ Hindi: आलूबुखारा (ālūbukhārā)

→ Hindi: आलूबुखारा (ālūbukhārā)

→ Nepali: आरु बुखारा (āru bukhārā)

→ Ottoman Turkish: آلوی بخارا (alu buhara)

→ Pashto: آلوبخارا (ālubuxārā́)

→ Russian: алибухара (alibuxara), али-бухара (ali-buxara), алибухар (alibuxar), альбухара (alʹbuxara)

[ʔɑː.luː.jɪ bʊ.xɑː.ɾɑ́ː]

[ʔɑː.luː.jɪ bʊ.xɑː.ɾɑ́ː]

[ʔɑː.luː.jɪ bʊ.xɑː.ɾɑ́ː]

Literally, "plum of Bukhara", from آلو (âlu, “plum”) and بخارا (boxârâ, “Bukhara”).


گوجه سبز

→ Gulf Arabic: كوجة (kōja)

→ English: greengage (calque)


جودر

→ Azerbaijani: çovdar

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: چاودار (çavdar), چودار (çavdar), چودر (çavdar)
Turkish: çavdar
→ Arabic: جَاوْدَار (jāwdār), جَوْدَار (jawdār), جَوْدَر (jawdar), جَاوْدَر (jāwdar)
→ Armenian: չավդար (čʻavdar)
→ Northern Kurdish: çewder
→ Ladino: chavdar
→ Persian: چاودار (čâvdâr)

[d͡ʒäw.d̪ǽɾ]

[d͡ʒäw.d̪ǽɾ]

[d͡ʒäw.d̪ǽɾ]

[d͡ʒäw.d̪ǽɾ]

[d͡ʒäw.d̪ǽɾ]

From Classical Persian جو (jaw, “cereal, barley”) + ـتر (-tar, “contrastive suffix”).


کاکوتی

head

کاکوتی • (kâkuti)

fa-noun

کاکوتی • (kâkuti)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ككك اوتی (kekik otu, “thyme”), also kek otu.


چاودار

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چاودار • (čâvdâr)

fa-noun

چاودار • (čâvdâr)

[t͡ʃʰɒːv.d̪ɒːɹ]

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish چاودار (çavdar) or Azerbaijani çovdar, from Persian جودر (jowdar).


مویز

maviz (romanization)
meviz (romanization)

desc

→ Azerbaijani: məviz, meviz, meviç, mövüz, standard mövüc

→ Kazakh: мейіз (meiız)

→ Ottoman Turkish: مویز (meviz)

→ Uzbek: mayiz

From Middle Persian *maywēz, from Proto-Iranian *madwī-ča-, analyzable as می (mey, “wine”) + an unknown second element. Compare Northern Kurdish mêwîj (“raisins”) and Mazanderani ممیج (mamij, “raisins”).


باریجه

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باریجه • (bârije)

fa-noun

باریجه • (bârije)


ترشک

→ Azerbaijani: turşəng

→ Uzbek: turshak (“dried apricots”)

[t̪ʰoɹ.ʃǽkʲ]

From ترش (torš, “sour”) + ـک (-ak). Compare Armenian թրթնջուկ (tʻrtʻnǰuk, “sorrel”).


باقالی

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باقالی • (bâqâli)

fa-noun

باقالی • (bâqâli)


توت زمینی

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توت زمینی • (tūt zamīnī)

fa-noun

توت زمینی • (tūt zamīnī)

تُوت (tūt) + زمِینِی (zamīnī) (Classical transliteration)

af

تُوت (tūt) + زمِینِی (zamīnī)

fa:توت زمینی


گندنا

[ɡän̪.d̪ä.nɑː]

[ɡän̪.d̪ä.nɑː]

[ɡän̪.d̪ä.nɑː]

[ɡän̪.d̪ä.nɔː]

[ɡʲæn̪.d̪æ.nɒː]

Inherited from Middle Persian [Term?] (/gandanāk/), suffixing the word behind گند (stench) also found in گندلاش (gandalâš).


شنار

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شنار • (šanār, šinār)

fa-noun

شنار • (šanār, šinār)

šanār (romanization)
šinār (romanization)

desc

→ Arabic: شَنَار (šanār), شِنَار (šinār)

See the swimming word, in this case from a form *snā-θra with the tool suffix *-θra from Proto-Indo-European *-trom.

Obsolete form of شنا (šinā, “swimming”).


شقاقل

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شقاقل • (šaqâqol)

fa-noun

شقاقل • (šaqâqol)

[ʃæ.ʁɒː.ʁol̥]

Borrowed from Arabic شَقَاقُل (šaqāqul).


کسنی

کَسنی (canonical)
کِسنی (canonical)
kasni (romanization)
kesni (romanization)

q

→ Arabic: قَسْنِيّ (qasniyy) (but claimed in Persian dictionaries, not Arabic sources)

→ Middle Mongol: 哈昔泥 (xa-si-ni)

From Ğaznī in Zābulistān said to be the home of the plant.

(obsolete) hing (oleo-gum-resin of Ferula spp.)