سلطان

Turkish: sultan

Borrowings

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: σουλτᾶνος (soultânos)

Greek: σουλτάνος (soultános)

→ Catalan: sultà

→ Czech: sultán

→ Danish: sultan

→ Dutch: sultan

→ Hungarian: szultán

→ Latvian: sultāns

→ Macedonian: султан (sultan)

→ Middle French: sultan (see there for further descendants)

→ Norwegian: sultan

→ Polish: sułtan

→ Romanian: sultan

→ Serbo-Croatian: sultan / султан

→ Slovak: sultán

→ Slovene: sultan

→ Spanish: sultán

→ Swedish: sultan
→ Finnish: sulttaani


دولت

head

دولت • (devlet) (definite accusative دولتی (devleti), plural دول (düvel))

devlet (romanization)
دولتی (accusative definite)
دول (plural)

Turkish: devlet

→ Albanian: dovlet, daulet

desc

→ Greek: δοβλέτι (dovléti), ντοβλέτι (ntovléti)

→ Romanian: devlet

dèvlet//дѐвлет

→ Serbo-Croatian: dèvlet／дѐвлет


قول

Turkish: kul

From Old Anatolian Turkish قل (qul), from Proto-Turkic *kul (“slave, servant”).


قول

قوللامق

to help, to assist; to protect, to look after, to guard

قول دولاشمق

squadron of soldiers watching out, platoon of an army going out for patrol, vigil


رسم

head

رسم • (resm, resim) (plural رسوم (rusum))

resm (romanization)
resim (romanization)
رسوم (plural)

Turkish: resim

Borrowed from Arabic رَسْم (rasm, “drawing, sketch”).

bor+

duty, tariff, customs, a government-imposed tax placed on imports or exports


زندان

zından (romanization)
zindan (romanization)

Turkish: zindan

→ Albanian: zindan

→ Aromanian: zindáne, zundáne, zãndáne

→ Bulgarian: занда́н (zandán)

→ Macedonian: зандана (zandana)

→ Romanian: zandán

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: зѝнда̄н

Latin script: zìndān


تاج

Turkish: taç

→ Serbo-Croatian: tȁdž/та̏џ


قرالیچه

kraliça (romanization)
kraliçe (romanization)

Ladino: kralicha

Turkish: kraliçe

From South Slavic. Compare Bulgarian крали́ца (kralíca) and Serbo-Croatian кра̀љица/kràljica. Analyzable as قرال (kral) + ـیچه (-içe). Ultimately from Proto-Slavic *korľica.


قرال

desctree

Turkish: kral
→ Northern Kurdish: kral, qral

→ Azerbaijani: kral

→ Crimean Tatar: qıral

From a South Slavic language; compare Proto-Slavic *korľь (“king”) (Serbo-Croatian krȃlj/кра̑љ, Bulgarian крал (kral), Slovene králj). Ultimately from Old High German Karl, name of the Frankish ruler Charlemagne.


خان

Turkish: han

Compare Old Turkic 𐰴𐰍𐰣 (qaɣan), considered to be of non-Turkic Central Asian origin.


فرعون

head

فرعون • (firʼavun) (definite accusative فرعونی (firʼavunu), plural فرعونلر (firʼavunlar))

firʼavun (romanization)
فرعونی (accusative definite)
فرعونلر (plural)

Turkish: firavun

Borrowed from Arabic فِرْعَوْن (firʕawn, “pharaoh”), probably from Classical Syriac ܦܹܪܥܘܼܢ (pɛrʕūn).

bor+

(historical) pharaoh, the supreme ruler of Ancient Egypt and the intermediary between the gods and the people


دستور

head

دستور • (düstur) (definite accusative دستوری (düsturu), plural دستورلر (düsturlar))

düstur (romanization)
دستوری (accusative definite)
دستورلر (plural)

Turkish: düstur

Borrowed from Arabic دُسْتُور (dustūr, “rule, set of rules”), from Persian دستور (dastur, “command, order”).

bor

permission, authorization, granting, leave, a formal consent from someone in authority


دیوان

head

دیوان • (dîvân)

ota-noun

دیوان • (dîvân)

Turkish: divan

→ Azerbaijani: divan

→ Czech: divan

desctree

→ French: divan
→ English: divan
→ German: Diwan
→ Portuguese: divã

desc

→ Greek: διβάνι (diváni), ντιβάνι (ntiváni)

→ Hungarian: díván

→ Italian: divano, diwan

→ Middle Armenian: տիւան (tiwan)

Armenian: դիվան (divan)

→ Polish: dywan

→ Romanian: divan

→ Russian: дива́н (diván)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: дѝва̄н

Latin script: dìvān

→ Bulgarian: дива̀н (divàn)

→ Spanish: diván

An administrative unit consisting of a few villages in the Ottoman Empire.


ایالت

Turkish: eyalet

→ English: eyalet

→ French: eyalet

→ German: Ejalet

⇒ Portuguese: eialete

→ Russian: эялет (ejalet)

⇒ Spanish: eyalato

eyalet (administrative division of the Ottoman Empire)


ولایت

Turkish: vilayet

→ Albanian: vilajet

→ Armenian: վիլայեթ (vilayetʻ)

→ Dutch: vilajet

→ English: vilayet

→ French: vilayet

→ German: Wilajet

→ Hungarian: vilajet

From Persian ولایت (velâyat), derived from Arabic وِلَايَة (wilāya).


حبس

haps (romanization)
hapis (romanization)

Turkish: hapis

→ Adyghe: хьэпс (ḥɛps)

→ Albanian: haps

→ Armenian: հափը՛ս (hapʻə́s), հափս (hapʻs)

→ Aromanian: hápse, hápsã, hápsi

→ Bulgarian: апс (aps)

→ Greek: χάψη (chápsi)

→ Macedonian: апс (aps)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ха̏пс, а̏пс

Latin script: hȁps, ȁps


لوا

Turkish: liva

Borrowed from Arabic لِوَاء (liwāʔ, “flag, banner, standard”).

bor+

sanjak, the second level administrative division of the Ottoman Empire


كمرك

head

كمرك • (gümrük)

ota-noun

كمرك • (gümrük)

Turkish: gümrük

→ Egyptian Arabic: جمرك (gumruk)

→ Arabic: جُمْرُك (jumruk)

→ Hijazi Arabic: جمرك (jumruk)

→ Azerbaijani: gömrük

→ Crimean Tatar: gümrük

→ Persian: گمرک (gomrok)

→ Serbo-Croatian: đùmruk

From Byzantine Greek κομμέρκιον (kommérkion), itself from Latin commercium (“trade, commerce, exchange”).


سنجاق

Turkish: sancak

→ Albanian: sanxhak

→ Arabic: سَنْجَق (sanjaq)

desc

→ Armenian: սանջակ (sanǰak), սանճախ (sančax)

→ Belarusian: санджа́к (sandžák)

→ Bulgarian: санджа́к (sandžák)

→ Czech: sandžak

→ English: sanjak, sanjakate

→ French: sandjak, sangiac

→ German: Sandschak

→ Hungarian: szandzsák

→ Italian: sangiacco

→ Kazakh: санжақ (sanjaq)

→ Macedonian: санџак (sandžak)

→ Polish: sandżak

→ Portuguese: sanjaco

→ Romanian: sangeac

→ Russian: санджа́к (sandžák)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: са̀нџак

Latin script: sàndžak

→ Slovak: sandžak

→ Spanish: sanjacado

→ Ukrainian: санджа́к (sandžák)

→ Uyghur: سانجاق (sanjaq)

From Proto-Turkic *sančgak (“lance, streamer attached to a spear”) and thus sharing the same root of صانجیمق (sancımak, “to stab, stick a sharp pointed thing into”) and صنجی (sancı, “pain in the gut”).


قوللق

Turkish: kulluk

desc

→ Aromanian: culuche (corvée; drudgery; patrol)

→ Albanian: kulluk

→ Bulgarian: кулу́к (kulúk, “corvée”)

→ Macedonian: кулук (kuluk, “corvée”)

→ Romanian: culuc (“patrol”)

→ Serbo-Croatian: (“corvée; drudgery”)

Cyrillic script: ку̀лук

Latin script: kùluk

work owed by a villein or serf to his feudal lord, corvée

official patrols to ensure security and order in the streets (in Istanbul performed by janissary orders)


ویوده

voyvoda (romanization)
vayvoda (romanization)

Turkish: voyvoda, vayvoda

From a South Slavic language, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *vojevoda.


خراج

head

خراج • (harac) (definite accusative خراجی (haracı), plural اخراج (ahrac))

harac (romanization)
خراجی (accusative definite)
اخراج (plural)

Turkish: haraç

desc

→ Bulgarian: хара́ч (haráč), хара́дж (harádž)

→ Greek: χαράτσι (charátsi)

→ Hungarian: harács

→ Macedonian: арач (arač)

→ Polish: haracz

→ Romanian: haraci

→ Serbo-Croatian: hàrāč / ха̀ра̄ч

Borrowed from Arabic خَرَاج (ḵarāj, “public levy; tribute”).

bor+

poll tax, capitation, head tax, a tax determined as a uniform, fixed amount per individual


چفتلك

Turkish: çiftlik

→ Albanian: çiflig

desc

→ Arabic: جِفْتْلِك (jiftlik), جِفْلِك (jiflik), شِفْتْلِك (šiftlik), شِفْلِك (šiflik)

→ Armenian: չիֆլիկ (čʻiflik), չիֆթլիկ (čʻiftʻlik)

→ Bulgarian: чифли́к (čiflík)

→ Greek: τσιφλίκι (tsiflíki)

→ Hungarian: csiflik

→ Macedonian: чифлиг (čiflig), чифлик (čiflik)

→ Romanian: ciftlâc

→ Russian: чифтлик (čiftlik)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: чѝтлук, чѝфлук, чѝвлук, чѝфтлук

Latin script: čìtluk, čìfluk, čìvluk, čìftluk

From چفت (çift, “pair, team”) + ـلك (-lik).


تیمار

Turkish: tımar

→ Arabic: تِيمَار (tīmār, “timar”) – in Egypt and the Sudan in the 19ᵗʰ century tamar, meaning a hospital; now only تَمَرْجِيّ (tamargi, “medical orderly”)

→ Armenian: թիմար (tʻimar)

→ Bulgarian: тима́р (timár)

→ English: timar

→ Macedonian: тимар (timar)

→ Serbo-Croatian: tìmār / тѝма̄р

→ Spanish: timar

تیمارجی

who has the right to receive a rent from a timar

a kind of Ottoman Empire fief granted by the Sultan to a spahi (سپاهی (sipahi)) in exchange for his cavalryman service and cultivated by villeins who leased it from him, timar

تیمارخانهجی

تیمارخانه (timarhane, “hospital; insane asylum”)


بوجاق

Turkish: bucak

→ Armenian: պուճախ (pučax), պուջախ (puǰax), պոճախ (počax)

→ Bulgarian: буджа́к (budžák)

→ English: bucak

→ Romanian: Bugeac

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бу̀џа̄к

Latin script: bùdžāk

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *būčgak (“corner, angle”), a development of *būč- or *bïč-. Cognate with Tatar почмак (poçmaq), Uyghur بۇرجەك (burjek), and Uzbek burchak.

inh+

(by extension, historical) bucak, a subdistrict of a district within a Turkish province


بوجاق

Turkish: Bucak

(historical) Bessarabia, a geographic region in Eastern Europe bounded by the rivers Dniester and Prut

Bucak (a town and district in Burdur province, Turkey)


حبسخانه‌جی

حبسخانهجی (canonical)
hapshaneci (romanization)
hapishaneci (romanization)

Turkish: hapishaneci

→ Albanian: hapsanxhi

→ Aromanian: hapsãngí

desc

→ Bulgarian: апсанджи́я (apsandžíja), хапсанджи́я (hapsandžíja)

→ Macedonian: апсанџија (apsandžija)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хапса̀нџија, апса̀нџија

Latin script: hapsàndžija, апса̀нџија

حبسخانه (hapshane, hapishane, “prison”) + ـجی (ci, occupational suffix).


حبسخانه

hapshane (romanization)
hapishane (romanization)

Turkish: hapishane

→ Albanian: hapsane, hapsanë

→ Armenian: հափսանա (hapʻsana)

desc

→ Aromanian: hãpseáne, hãpsáne, hãpsáni, hãpsanáu

→ Bulgarian: апсана́ (apsaná), хапсана́ (hapsaná)

→ Macedonian: апсана (apsana)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: хапса̀на

Latin script: hapsàna

From Persian حبسخانه (habsxâne), equivalent to حبس (habs, “imprisonment”) + خانه (hane, “house”).


سورسات

head

سورسات • (sürsat)

ota-noun

سورسات • (sürsat)

→ Turkish: sürsat

requisitions, contributions raised by the army on the route of war


جزیه

Turkish: cizye

Borrowed from Arabic جِزْيَة (jizya, “jizya”).

(Islam) jizya, a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens


دائره

Turkish: daire

→ Albanian: dajré

desc

→ Armenian: դայրա (dayra), դայիրա (dayira), դահրե (dahre), դըհարե (dəhare), դահիրա (dahira), դարյա (darya)

→ Aromanian: daire

→ Bulgarian: дайре́ (dajré)

→ Greek: νταϊρές (ntaïrés)

→ Macedonian: дајре (dajre)

→ Romanian: dairea, daierea, daerea, daera, daira, dara

→ Serbo-Croatian: даире / daire

department or subdivision of administration


جمهوریت

Turkish: cumhuriyet

→ Azerbaijani: cümhuriyyət

desctree

جُمْهُورِيَّة

→ Arabic: جُمْهُورِيَّة (jumhūriyya)
→ Avar: жумгьурият (žumhurijat)
→ Azerbaijani: cümhuriyyət
→ Bengali: জমহুরিয়ত (jômhuriyôt)
→ Dhivehi: ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ (jum̊hūriyyā)
→ Hausa: jàmhūr̃iyā̀
→ Hindi: जम्हूरिया (jamhūriyā), जम्हूरियत (jamhūriyat)
→ Kazakh: жұмхұрият (jūmxūriät)
Kurdish:
→ Central Kurdish: جمھوریەت (cimhuryet)
→ Northern Kurdish: cimhûriyet
→ Kyrgyz: жумурият (jumuriyat)
→ Mazanderani: جوموری
→ Pashto: جمهوريت (jamhuryat)
→ Persian: جمهوری (jomhuri)
→ Somali: jamhuuriyadda
→ Swahili: jamhuri
→ Tatar: җөмһүрият (cömhüriyat)
→ Turkish: cumhuriyet
→ Tajik: ҷумҳурӣ (jumhuri)
→ Urdu: جمہوریہ (jumhūriyā), جمہوریت (jamhūriyat)
→ Uyghur: جۇمھۇرىيەت (jumhuriyet)
→ Uzbek: jumhuriyat

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: جمہوریت (jamhūriyat), جمہوریہ (jumhūriyā)

Hindi: जम्हूरियत (jamhūriyat)

Pseudo-Arabism from Arabic جُمْهُور (jumhūr). Morphologically جمهور (cümhur) + ـیت (iyet).


دوره

Turkish: devre

From Arabic دَوْرَة (dawra) and Persian دوره (dowre).


قامره

Turkish: kamara

→ Armenian: խամառա (xamaṙa)

(politics) chamber of a legislative body


قابینه

Turkish: kabine


استیضاح

Turkish: istizah

From Arabic اِسْتِيضَاح (istīḍāḥ), verbal noun of اِسْتَوْضَحَ (istawḍaḥa).

der

Arabic اِسْتِيضَاح (istīḍāḥ)

(politics) questioning, demanding an explanation (in Parliament)


باج

Turkish: bac

→ Serbo-Croatian: bádža / ба́џа

tribute, tax, especially a transit duty, a toll


ایپلكخانه

A compound of ایپلك (iplik, “thread, yarn”) + خانه (hâne, “place”).

com

prison or penitentiary in which prisoners where employed in spinning


اسرب

Borrowed from Persian اسرب (osrob), a variant of سرب (sorb, “lead”).

seal applied for transit in a custom house


دفتردار

Turkish: defterdar

From Arabic دَفْتَر (daftar) and Persian دار (dâr), literally "register keeper".


بالقخانه

head

بالقخانه • (balıkhane)

ota-noun

بالقخانه • (balıkhane)

Turkish: balıkhane

→ Armenian: պալըխանա (paləxana)

A compound of بالق (balık, “fish”) + خانه (hâne, “place”).

com

(historical) the custom house for dues on fish brought to market in Istanbul


قضا

Turkish: kaza

→ Albanian: kaza

→ Armenian: խազա (xaza), կա̈զա̈ (käzä)

→ Bulgarian: кааза̀ (kaazà)

→ English: kaza

→ French: casa

→ Greek: καζάς (kazás)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: каза

Latin script: kaza

From Arabic قَضَاء (qaḍāʔ, “judgement; jurisdiction”).

قضالق

extent of country sufficient for a district

(historical) kaza, a subdistrict, or third-level administrative division of the Ottoman Empire


مستشار

head

مستشار • (müsteşar)

Turkish: müsteşar

From Arabic مُسْتَشَار (mustašār), passive participle of اِسْتَشَارَ (istašāra).


ملكه

Turkish: melike

Borrowed from Arabic مَلِكَة (malika). By surface analysis, ملك (melik) + ـه (-e).


قوزغونجق

Turkish: kuzguncuk

From قوزغون (kuzgun, “raven”) + ـجق (-cuk, diminutive suffix).

affix

the small grilled window or wicket in the gate of a prison


پرنس

head

پرَنْس • (prens)

ota-noun

پرَنْس • (prens)

Turkish: prens

Borrowed from French prince, from Middle French prince, from Old French prince, from Latin prīnceps.


پرانقه

Turkish: pranga

→ Albanian: pranga

desc

→ Armenian: փըռանկա (pʻəṙanka) — Constantinople

Borrowed from Italian branca (“claw, talon; branch”).

bor+

penitentiary, penal colony, a prison where inmates are forced to labour


طومروق

Turkish: tomruk

→ Albanian: tumrruk

→ Armenian: թօմրուխ (tʻōmrux)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *tomuruk (“bud; log”), a development of *tomur- (“to swell, to become round”).

inh+

(figuratively) prison, a place where people are held against their will


قرانتینه

Turkish: karantina

From Italian quarantina, from Latin quadrāgintā (“forty”).


ضبطیه

Turkish: zaptiye

→ Albanian: zaptije

→ Armenian: զապթիյէ (zaptʻiyē)

→ Bulgarian: заптие (zaptie)

→ English: zaptieh

→ French: zaptieh

→ Italian: zaptiè

→ Romanian: zapciu

Borrowed from Arabic ضَبْطِيَّه (ḍabṭiyyah, “policeman”).

bor+

police officer, a peace officer who is a member of a police force


ویركی

head

ویركی • (vergi) (definite accusative ویركیی (vergiyi), plural ویركیلر (vergiler))

vergi (romanization)
ویركیی (accusative definite)
ویركیلر (plural)

Turkish: vergi

→ Albanian: vergji

desc

→ Armenian: վէրկի (vērki), վերգի (vergi)

→ Ubykh: уергьы (wergʲə)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *bērgü (“something which ought to be, or is, given”), a derivation from *bēr- (“to give”), whence ویرمك (vermek, “to give”). Cognate with Azerbaijani vergi and Crimean Tatar vergi.

inh+

tax, impost, tribute, a compulsory financial charge or levy imposed by the government


اسپنج

head

اسپنج • (ispenc) (definite accusative اسپنجی (ispenci), plural اسپنجلر (ispencler))

ispenc (romanization)
اسپنجی (accusative definite)
اسپنجلر (plural)

Turkish: ispenç

desc

→ Armenian: ըսփէնճ (əspʻēnč), սփէնճ (spʻēnč), ըսպէնճ (əspēnč), իսպէնճ (ispēnč), սպէնճ (spēnč)

→ Bulgarian: испендже́ (ispendžé), испе́нч (ispénč)

From a corruption of پنجك (pencik, “a title for slaves”), from پنج (penc, “five”).

(historical) poll tax on slaves when first brought to the market from abroad, as the fiscal fifth due to treasury on all prisoners of war